title: Protection of acute myeloblastic leukemia cells against apoptotic cell death by high glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase levels during etoposide-induced oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Etoposide mediates its cytotoxicity by inducing apoptosis. Thus, mechanisms which regulate apoptosis should also affect drug resistance. Oxidants and antioxidants have been shown to participate in the regulation of apoptosis. We were interested in studying whether responsiveness of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) cells to etoposide is mediated by oxidative stress and glutathione levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two subclones of the OCI/AML-2 cell line which are etoposide-sensitive (ES), and etoposide-resistant (ER), were established by the authors at the University of Oulu, and used as models. Assays for apoptosis included externalization of phosphatidylserine (as evidenced by annexin V binding), and caspase activation as indicated by cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (Western blotting). Peroxide formation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) levels were determined spectrophotometrically and by Western blotting, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Etoposide-induced apoptosis was evident 12 hours after treatment in the ES subclone, but was apparent in the ER subclone only after 24 hours. The basal glutathione and gamma-GCS levels were higher in the ER than the ES subclone. Etoposide increased peroxide formation in both subclones after 12-hour exposure. Significant depletion of glutathione was observed in the ES subclone during etoposide exposure, while glutathione levels were maintained in the ER subclone. In neither of the subclones was induction of gamma-GCS observed during 24-hour exposure to etoposide. Furthermore, the catalytic subunit of gamma-GCS was cleaved during apoptosis, concurrent with depletion of intracellular glutathione. When glutathione was depleted by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine, a direct inhibitor of gamma-GCS, the sensitivity to etoposide was increased, particularly in the ER subclone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results underline the significance of glutathione biosynthesis in the responsiveness of AML cells to etoposide. The molecular mechanisms mediating glutathione depletion during etoposide exposure might include the cleavage of the catalytic subunit of gamma-GCS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Siitonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alaruikka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mäntymaa
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Krejsa
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kinnula
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koistinen
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005047:Etoposide; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase