title: Surgical management of urinary incontinence in children with neurogenic sphincteric incompetence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are many alternatives for the surgical treatment of children with neurogenic sphincteric incompetence. However, there is no consensus regarding appropriate evaluation and long-term management in these patients. We critically reviewed the literature and compare the outcomes of each technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was performed to select all relevant peer reviewed publications since 1966. In addition, the bibliography of each article was examined for additional published resources. The results of each technique were compared in 7 objective categories, including continence (defined as complete dryness for 4 hours between voidings or catheterizations), the need for intermittent catheterization, effects on bladder compliance, the need for bladder augmentation, upper tract changes, other complications and the revision rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term results of artificial urinary sphincter placement were superior and reproducible in terms of continence, preservation of volitional voiding and avoidance of bladder augmentation. Revision rates of various procedures were similar but the incidence of complications was highest with the Kropp procedure. Long-term published data were limited in regard to bladder neck sling, reconstruction, injection, suspension and urethral lengthening techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term published data support artificial urinary sphincter creation as first line surgical management of neurogenic sphincteric incontinence. Girls who already depend on intermittent catheterization may benefit equally from a sling procedure if successful long-term continence is demonstrated in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Kryger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barthold
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000150:complications*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016741:Urinary Sphincter, Artificial; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods