title: Bronchodilator response to albuterol after regular formoterol and effects of acute corticosteroid administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is controversy about the development of bronchodilator subsensitivity after regular administration of long-acting beta(2)-agonists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether regular treatment with formoterol affects the bronchodilator response to repeated puffs of albuterol, and also to assess the effects of acute administration of a bolus dose of IV or inhaled corticosteroid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients (mean [SD] age, 43 [15] years; FEV(1), 57 [17] % predicted) with stable, moderate to severe persistent asthma who were all taking inhaled corticosteroids were evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover study. Patients received treatments each for 2 weeks followed by a bolus (IV/inhaled) of corticosteroid or placebo: (1) placebo inhaler bid + bolus placebo; (2) formoterol Turbuhaler 24 microg metered dosage bid (delivered dosage 18 microg bid) + placebo; (3) formoterol 24 microg bid + bolus IV hydrocortisone, 200 mg; or (4) formoterol 24 microg bid + bolus inhaled budesonide, 1,600 microg. Bronchodilator response to repeated puffs of albuterol (200 to 1,600 microg) for > 80 min was measured at 2 h after bolus administration of placebo or corticosteroid. The study was powered at the 80% level to detect a 20% difference in area under curve between 20 and 80 min (AUC) for FEV(1) response to albuterol as change from baseline (primary end point).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant subsensitivity (p = 0.01) of the mean albuterol FEV(1) response (as AUC, L x s) after formoterol alone (737) as compared to placebo (1,453) along with partial reversal by steroid administration: formoterol + hydrocortisone (1, 050), and formoterol + budesonide (942). There was a similar pattern of subsensitivity (p = 0.03) for the mean albuterol forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity response (as AUC, L): placebo (2,149), formoterol alone (1,002), formoterol + hydrocortisone (1,402), and formoterol + budesonide (1,271).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular treatment with formoterol produced significant bronchodilator subsensitivity to repeated puffs of albuterol, which was partially reversed by a bolus dose of systemic or inhaled corticosteroid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK. b.j.lipworth@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lipworth
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aziz
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D019819:Budesonide; D000420:Albuterol; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006854:Hydrocortisone