title: Snoring, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and growth retardation of the fetus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to study the relationship between snoring and pregnancy-induced hypertension and growth retardation of the fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, cross-sectional, consecutive case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Umeâ, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the day of delivery, 502 women with singleton pregnancies completed a questionnaire about snoring, witnessed sleep apneas, and daytime fatigue. Data concerning medical complications were taken from the women's casebooks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the last week of pregnancy, 23% of the women reported snoring every night. Only 4% reported snoring before becoming pregnant. Hypertension developed in 14% of snoring women, compared with 6% of nonsnorers (p < 0.01). Preeclampsia occurred in 10% of snorers, compared with 4% of nonsnorers (p < 0.05). An Apgar score < or = 7 was more common in infants born to habitual snorers. Growth retardation of the fetus, defined as small for gestational age at birth, had occurred in 7.1% of the infants of snoring mothers and 2.6% of the remaining infants (p < 0.05). Habitual snoring was independently predictive of hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 2.03; p < 0.05) and growth retardation (OR, 3.45; p < 0.01) in a logistic regression analysis controlling for weight, age, and smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Snoring is common in pregnancy and is a sign of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Snoring indicates a risk of growth retardation of the fetus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. Karl.Franklin@lung.umu.se
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Poromaa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stenlund
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svanborg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012913:Snoring / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires