title: Foregone health care among adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No annual national population estimates exist of the numbers of adolescents who think they need but do not receive health care or their risk of health problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the proportion of adolescents who report foregone health care each year and the influence of sociodemographic factors, insurance status, past health care, and health risks/behaviors on foregone care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analyses of data from wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, conducted during 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-home interviews conducted throughout the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 27000 adolescents in grades 7 through 12 who were invited to participate, 20746 (76.8%) completed the in-home interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reported foregone health care in the preceding year by individual and family characteristics, insurance status, past health care, health/behavior risk factors, and symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, 2268 (18.7%) of 12 079 adolescents reported foregone health care within the past year. Factors associated with decreased risk of foregone care included continuous private or public insurance (adjusted relative risk [95% confidence interval], 0.64 [0.50-0.82] to 0.82 [0.70-0.96]), and having a physical examination within the past year (0.87 [0.78-0.97] for male and 0.79 [0.70-0.88] for female adolescents). Factors associated with increased risk of foregone care included older age (1.12 [1.06-1.15] for male), minority race/ethnicity (1.25 [1.06-1.46] to 1.50 [1.30-1.73]), single-parent home (1.31 [1.18-1.46] for female), and disability (2.03 [1.61-2.52] for male and 1.66 [1.20-2.10] for female). Adolescents participating in the following behaviors were more likely to report foregone care than those who did not: daily cigarette use (26.0% vs 16.8%; 1.34 [1.16-1.55]), frequent alcohol use (30.3% vs 18.1%; 1.34 [1.11-1.62] for male), and sexual intercourse (25.1% vs 15.1%; 1.23 [1.09-1.39] for male and 1.39 [1.23-1.56] for female). From 32.4% to 38.2% of adolescents with symptoms suggesting health problems reported foregone care (1.61 [1.13-2.26] to 2.03 [1.81-2.28]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that adolescents who forego care are at increased risk of physical and mental health problems. Efforts to improve adolescent health through health care should address factors influencing foregone care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7225, USA. caf@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bearman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moody
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology