title: Multiple muscle force simulation in axial rotation of the cervical spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To produce axial rotation of the cervical spine in vitro by coordinated application of eight simulated muscle forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanical testing of the cervical spine by controlled pneumatics.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Some muscle simulation experiments have been performed in vitro in the lumbar spine but data generally are lacking for this testing mode in the cervical spine. Thus, physiological biomechanical behavior in this region remains poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six human donor cervical spines were loaded by a set of computer-controlled pneumatic cylinders representing pairs of trapezius, splenius and sternocleiodmastoid muscles, plus longus and splenius colli left. Muscle functions were derived from a previously-developed mathematical optimization model. Muscle forces generally were achievable within 2 N of the intended values provided by the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rotation of the head followed fairly closely that predicted by the model. The resulting force components to produce 37 degrees were dominated by axial compression of about--100 N and the resulting moments were similar in all planes at about 2 Nm. Coupled motions were larger than primary motions in some intersegmental behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Slow, physiologic axial rotation of the head may be simulated by a complex and representative series of controlled pneumatics. Controlled rotation results in a relatively high compressive force and occurs through fairly balanced and small moments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental approaches in biomechanics are generally limited to one or two simplified muscle forces whose representation of in vivo loading conditions can only be presumed. Improvements in the application of pneumatic technology are a promising approach to more thoroughly duplicating the physiological loading environment.
authors.affiliation: Department Unfallchirurgische Forschung und Biomechanik, Universität Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jungkunz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Claes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical