title: Heparin blunts endotoxin-induced coagulation activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major trigger of sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) via the tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa-dependent pathway of coagulation. Experimental endotoxemia has been used repeatedly to explore this complex pathophysiology, but little is known about the effects of clinically used anticoagulants in this setting. Therefore, we compared with placebo the effects of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) on LPS-induced coagulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 30 healthy male volunteers received LPS 2 ng/kg IV followed by a bolus-primed continuous infusion of UFH, LMWH, or placebo. In the placebo group, activation of coagulation caused marked increases in plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F(1+2) (P<0.01) and polymerized soluble fibrin, termed thrombus precursor protein (TpP; P<0.01); TF-positive monocytes doubled in response to LPS, whereas levels of activated factor VII slightly decreased and levels of TF pathway inhibitor remained unchanged. UFH and LMWH markedly decreased activation of coagulation caused by LPS, as F(1+2) and TpP levels only slightly increased; TF expression on monocytes was also markedly reduced by UFH. TF pathway inhibitor values increased after either heparin infusion (P<0.01). Concomitantly, factor VIIa levels dropped by >50% at 50 minutes after initiation of either heparin infusion (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experimental model proved the anticoagulatory potency of UFH and LMWH in the initial phase of experimental LPS-induced coagulation. Successful inhibition of thrombin generation also translates into blunted activation of coagulation factors upstream and downstream of thrombin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology-The Adhesion Research Group Elaborating Therapeutics (TARGET), University of Tromsø, Norway. thomas.pernerstorfer@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pernerstorfer
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hollenstein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knechtelsdorfer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stohlawetz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Graninger
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Eichler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Speiser
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jilma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000941:Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017985:Dalteparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005167:Factor VII / Q000032:analysis; D015942:Factor VIIa / Q000032:analysis; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D005337:Fibrin / Q000032:analysis; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000032:analysis; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000032:analysis; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000941:Antigens; D004731:Endotoxins; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C042580:factor VII clotting antigen; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C051928:lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005167:Factor VII; D011516:Prothrombin; D005337:Fibrin; D006493:Heparin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D015942:Factor VIIa; D017985:Dalteparin