title: Taurine chloramine inhibition of cell proliferation and cytokine production by rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether taurine (Tau) or its physiologic chlorinated derivative, taurine chloramine (Tau-CI), affects proliferation of, and proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-8) production by, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  FLS, isolated from the synovial tissue of 19 RA patients and cultured in vitro for 3-6 passages, were stimulated with the recombinant human cytokines IL-1beta (1 ng/ml), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha; 10 ng/ml), or IL-17 (10 ng/ml) in the presence of either Tau or Tau-Cl, which were added at concentrations of 50-500 microM. Tau and Tau-Cl were added simultaneously with, 2 hours before, or 24 hours after the stimuli. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were determined in culture supernatants using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Proliferation of FLS was estimated on the basis of 3H-thymidine incorporation into the cells, which were cultured for 72 hours in the presence of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (1 ng/ml) and Tau or Tau-Cl, which were added simultaneously at the beginning of the culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cultured in vitro, RA FLS spontaneously secreted low levels of IL-6 and IL-8, but when RA FLS were stimulated with IL-1beta, TNFalpha, or IL-17, significantly higher amounts of IL-6 and IL-8 were produced. Tau-Cl, but not Tau, inhibited cytokine-triggered synthesis of IL-6 (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] approximately 225 microM) and IL-8 (IC50 approximately 450 microM) when added simultaneously with the stimuli. However, IL-17-induced production of IL-8 was not affected by Tau-Cl. In the cells prestimulated with IL-1beta for 24 hours, Tau-Cl still inhibited synthesis of IL-6, but did not affect IL-8 production. Moreover, Tau-Cl inhibited spontaneous and bFGF-triggered proliferation of FLS in a dose-dependent manner. Neither Tau nor Tau-Cl affected cell viability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of these studies demonstrate that Tau-Cl inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokines by RA FLS, as well as proliferation of these cells. Thus, Tau-Cl may act as a physiologic modulator of FLS functions related to their pathogenic role in RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kontny
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grabowska
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalczewski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurowska
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janicka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcinkiewicz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maśliński
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013654:Taurine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D013654:Taurine; C043410:N-chlorotaurine