title: Alcoholics' selective attention to alcohol stimuli: automated processing?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated alcoholics' selective attention to alcohol words in a version of the Stroop color-naming task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcoholic subjects (n = 23) and nonalcoholic control subjects (n = 23) identified the color of Stroop versions of alcohol, emotional, neutral and color words. Manual reaction times (RTs), skin conductance responses (SCRs) and heart rate (HR) were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholics showed overall longer RTs than controls while both groups were slower in responding to the incongruent color words than to the other words. Alcoholics showed longer RTs to both alcohol (1522.7 milliseconds [ms]) and emotional words (1523.7 ms) than to neutral words (1450.8 ms) which suggests that the content of these words interfered with the ability to attend to the color of the words. There was also a negative correlation (r = -.41) between RT and response accuracy to alcohol words for the alcoholics, reflecting that the longer time the alcoholics used to respond to the color of the alcohol words, the more incorrect their responses were. The alcoholics also showed significantly greater SCRs to alcohol words (0.16 microSiemens) than to any of the other words (ranging from 0.04-0.08 microSiemens), probably reflecting the emotional significance of the alcohol words. Finally, the alcoholics evidenced smaller HR acceleration to alcohol (1.9 delta bpm) compared to neutral (2.8 delta bpm), which could be related to difficulties alcoholics experience in terminating their attention to the alcohol words.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that it is difficult for alcoholics to regulate their attention to alcohol stimuli, suggesting that alcoholics' processing of alcohol information is automated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stormark
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Laberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nordby
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hugdahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D003116:Color; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D014936:Word Association Tests