title: The efficacy of psychosocial approaches to behaviour disorders in dementia: a systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper provides a systematic review of research findings published between 1989 and 1998 concerning non-pharmacological strategies to alleviate behavioural disturbances in elderly persons with dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection strategies included computer literature searches, manual searches of selected journals and checks of references listed in previous reviews. To warrant inclusion, studies were required to include some measure of behaviour before and after the introduction of an intervention. Papers were appraised in the following domains: design, sampling technique, setting, behaviours studied, measurement tools, data collection methods, type of interventions and feasibility. An overall validity rating was assigned to each article using predetermined rules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three studies met criteria for inclusion including five randomised controlled trials. Validity ratings were as follows: one strong, 15 moderate, and 27 weak. Areas of scientific weakness included small numbers of subjects, inadequate descriptions of study participants, imprecise data collection methods, high attrition rates and insufficient statistical analysis. Despite this, there is evidence to support the efficacy of activity programs, music, behaviour therapy, light therapy, carer education and changes to the physical environment. The evidence in favour of multidisciplinary teams, massage and aromatherapy is inconclusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was easier to interpret the results of rigorously designed studies that focused on a single behaviour or single intervention tailored to the needs of individuals and carers. Future studies should seek to replicate the findings outlined here, improving methodologies where necessary and including outcome measures that encompass the interests of people with dementia, family caregivers and health professionals.
authors.affiliation: Aged Mental Health Research Group, Kingston Centre, Australia. Janet.Opie@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Opie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosewarne
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012931:Social Environment; D016896:Treatment Outcome