title: Chondroprogenitor cells of synovial tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the chondrogenic potential of cells within the synovium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Explants of synovium taken from various sites in the joint were embedded in agarose and cultured with transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) to assess their chondrogenic potential. Isolated synovial cells were also tested for their chondrogenic potential by culturing them as aggregates in a chemically defined medium with TGFbeta1. Cartilage formation was determined with histologic staining and immunohistochemistry. The osteochondral potential of the isolated cells was also assessed after subcutaneous implantation of the cells, loaded into porous calcium phosphate ceramic cubes, in athymic mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 48 synovial explants were cultured in agarose with TGFbeta1. The formation of cartilage was observed in the outer region of 21 explants, and type II collagen was localized in that region by immunohistochemistry. A larger percentage of TGFbeta1+ explants from the inner synovium sites formed cartilage compared with those from the outer synovium sites. Chondrogenesis occurred in aggregates incubated with TGFbeta1 as early as day 7, and by day 14, all TGFbeta1+ aggregates demonstrated chondrogenesis. In contrast with the results of the in vitro aggregate assay for chondrogenesis, no formation of cartilage or bone was evident in any section containing synovial cell-loaded ceramic cubes that were harvested at either 3 or 6 weeks after implantation subcutaneously in athymic mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synovial explants and isolated synovial cells will undergo chondrogenesis when cultured in the presence of TGFbeta1. The data indicate a possible synovial origin for the chondrocytic cells found in rheumatoid pannus. Furthermore, these data are consistent with the clinical findings of synovial chondrogenesis leading to synovial chondromatosis.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Solchaga
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnstone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012685:Sepharose / Q000494:pharmacology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D012685:Sepharose