title: Oral contraceptives as risk factors for cervical adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas.
abstract: To assess the hypothesis that oral contraceptives (OCs) increase the risk of cervical adenocarcinomas, we conducted a six-center case-control study of 124 patients with adenocarcinomas, 139 with squamous cell carcinomas, and 307 population controls. Women between the ages of 18 and 69 who were newly diagnosed with cervical adenocarcinomas between 1992 and 1996 were eligible. Healthy female controls and a second case group of incident cervical squamous cell carcinomas were matched to the adenocarcinoma cases. All participants were interviewed regarding OCs, other risk factors for cervical carcinoma, and utilization of cytological screening, and a PCR-based test determined HPV genotype of cervical samples for both case groups and controls. Use of OCs was positively and significantly associated with adenocarcinomas and positively but weakly associated with squamous cell carcinomas. Associations between OCs and invasive adenocarcinomas (n = 91), squamous cell carcinoma in situ (n = 48), and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (n = 91) disappeared after accounting for HPV infection, sexual history, and cytological screening, but a positive association remained between current use of OCs and cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (n = 33). This association persisted after stratification by screening and sexual history and after restriction according to HPV status, but small numbers made it difficult to exclude detection bias, selection bias, or residual confounding by HPV as potential explanations Current OC use was associated with cervical adenocarcinomas in situ, but we saw no other evidence that OCs independently increase the risk of cervical carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852-7234, USA. laceyj@exchange.nih.gov
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brinton
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gravitt
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Hadjimichael
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mortel
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Silverberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hildesheim
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm