title: Viscoelastic properties of intervertebral disc cells. Identification of two biomechanically distinct cell populations.
abstract: METHODS
  A combined experimental and theoretical biomechanical study to quantify the mechanical properties of living cells of the porcine intervertebral disc.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify zonal variations in the mechanical properties and morphology of cells isolated from the intervertebral disc.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cellular response to mechanical stimuli is influenced by the mechanical properties of cells and of the extracellular matrix. Significant zonal variations in intervertebral disc matrix properties have been reported. No information is currently available on the corresponding regional variations in the mechanical properties of intervertebral disc cells, despite evidence of significant differences in cellular phenotype and biologic response to loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  The micropipette aspiration test was used in combination with a three-parameter viscoelastic solid model to measure the mechanical properties of cells isolated from the anulus fibrosus, transition zone, and nucleus pulposus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intervertebral disc cells exhibited viscoelastic solid behaviors. Highly significant differences were observed in the morphology, cytoskeletal arrangement, and biomechanical properties of the nucleus pulposus cells as compared with anulus fibrosus or transition zone cells. Cells of the nucleus pulposus were approximately three times stiffer and significantly more viscous than cells of the anulus fibrosus or transition zone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study provide new evidence for the existence of two biomechanically distinct cell populations in the intervertebral disc. These differences in mechanical behavior may be related to observed differences in the cytoskeletal architecture between these cells, and may further play an important role in the development, maintenance, and degeneration of the intervertebral disc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guilak
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Ting-Beall
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Trickey
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Setton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D048429:Cell Size; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology