title: Immunologic factors: the major risk for decreased long-term renal allograft survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both antigen-dependent (immunologic) and non-antigen-dependent (nonimmunologic) factors have been implicated in long-term renal allograft loss. Differentiating between these two factors is important because prevention strategies differ.
  
  
  METHODS
  To isolate the importance of these 2 factors, we studied long-term actuarial graft survival in a cohort of adult kidney recipients who underwent transplants at a single institution between January 1, 1984 and October 31, 1998. Excluded were recipients with graft loss as a result of death with function, technical failure, primary nonfunction, and recurrent disease, leaving 1587 recipients (757 cadaver [CAD], 830 living donor [LD]) who would be at risk for graft loss secondary to both immunologic and nonimmunologic factors. These recipients were analyzed in the following 2 groups: those treated for a previous episode of acute rejection (AR) (Group1; n = 588; 328 CAD, 260 LD) and those with no AR (Group 2: n = 999; 429 CAD, 570 LD). Actuarial graft survival and causes of graft loss were determined for each group. Presumably, graft loss in Group 1 would be caused by immunologic and nonimmunologic factors; graft loss in Group 2 would be caused primarily by nonimmunologic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 10-year graft survival rate (censored for death with function, technical failure, primary nonfunction, and recurrent disease) in Group 2 was 91%. In contrast, the 10-year graft survival rate in Group 1 was 45% (P<0.001 vs. Group 2). Causes of graft loss in Group 2 were chronic rejection in 1.8% (3.0% CAD, 0.9% LD), de novo disease, 0.4%; sepsis, 0.2%; discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy, 0.3%; and unknown, 0.6%. In contrast, 23.8% (29.9% CAD, 16.2% LD) of recipients in Group 1 had graft loss caused by chronic rejection (P = 0.001 vs. Group 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This very low incidence of chronic rejection in recipients without previous AR suggests that immunologic factors are the main determinants of long-term kidney transplant outcome; nonimmunologic factors in isolation may have only a minimal impact on long-term graft survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. humar001@tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Humar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassoun
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandaswamy
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Matas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D019520:Living Donors; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors