title: Kaposi sarcoma of major salivary gland origin: A clinicopathologic series of six cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kaposi sarcoma (KS), one of the defining tumors of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is rarely identified in the major salivary glands. To the authors' knowledge, no previous published series has evaluated the clinicopathologic aspects of this tumor in major salivary glands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cases of salivary gland KS, diagnosed between 1970 and 1998, were retrieved from the files of the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Registry of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Histologic features were reviewed and special stains, immunohistochemical studies, and in situ hybridization were performed (n = 4). Patient follow-up data were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients included 6 men ages 20-73 years (average, 53.0 years). Patients presented clinically with a mass in the submandibular (n = 4) or parotid (n = 2) gland region. Symptoms were present for a mean of 13.7 months. The tumors measured 1-4 cm (average, 2.5 cm) in greatest dimension. Histologically, the tumors exhibited the usual features of KS: a spindle cell vascular proliferation arranged in fasciculated bundles, variable nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic figures, extravasated erythrocytes, and hyaline globules. Five patients were serologically positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (three homosexual males, one infected by a contaminated blood transfusion, and one with an unknown risk factor). Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) was present in all cases tested (n = 4). Patients were treated with surgical excision (n = 6), followed by chemotherapy (n = 1) for the single patient with other foci of KS (rectal). Three patients died of AIDS-related infectious complications and one of congestive heart failure, whereas the remaining patients are alive with AIDS but free of salivary gland KS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salivary gland enlargement is frequently identified in HIV positive or AIDS patients. Although rare, it is important to consider KS in the differential diagnosis of other AIDS-related salivary gland manifestations (infections and tumors).
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012468:Salivary Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology