title: Factors contributing to the poorer survival of black Americans diagnosed with oral cancer (United States).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify factors that contribute to the poorer survival of blacks in the United States diagnosed with oral cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for 6,338 whites and 1,165 blacks diagnosed from 1988 to 1993 with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx were obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program 1973-1993 Public-Use Database. The covariables were sex, age, geographic area, marital status, socioeconomic status (five census-tract measures), stage, anatomic site, grade, lymph node involvement, tumor size, and treatment. Hazard ratios were estimated with Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted for age and geographic area, the hazard of death from oral cancer was 1.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-1.9) times greater among blacks than whites. The addition of the socioeconomic status (SES) variables to the model reduced the hazard ratio for race to 1.3 (1.0-1.7). Further adjustment by stage and treatment reduced the hazard ratio for race to 1.1 (0.9-1.4). In a model containing all covariables (except lymph node involvement and tumor size), the hazard ratio for race remained 1.1 (0.9-1.4). Analyses with the outcome death from any cause gave similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower SES, more advanced stage, and differences in treatment accounted for 86% of the excess hazard of death from oral cancer among blacks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7450, USA. sam_arbes@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Arbes
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Olshan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Schoenbach
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Symons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018426:SEER Program / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*