title: Current perspectives on the management of seasonal affective disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To concisely review the etiology and current treatment modalities of seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search (1966-1999) was performed using the search term "seasonal affective disorder." The search was subsequently focused to "drug therapy" with limits of human studies and English-language papers. The search term "light therapy" was combined with "seasonal affective disorder."
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles discussing the epidemiology and treatment of SAD were independently examined by each author. Additional literature was reviewed from selected references identified by the original articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAD most likely results from a deficiency in serotonin. Light therapy remains the therapeutic intervention with the most experience and success. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have also shown benefit in treating the disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAD is an important subtype of major depressive disorder. Clinicians should remain vigilant for signs and symptoms of the illness. Successful treatment may include light therapy or antidepressants, particularly SSRIs.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Jepson
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism; D010789:Phototherapy; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D012701:Serotonin; D008550:Melatonin