title: The use of chemical restraint in helicopter transport.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicopter transport of the combative patient is a major safety hazard facing air medical teams. Although physical restraints alone are helpful, the addition of chemical restraint (CR) often is necessary to control these patients while in flight.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was conducted to determine the current practices of using nonparalyzing CR in air medical transport programs nationwide. The survey consisted of 24 questions on the use of CR during transport. Each U.S. program belonging to the Association of Air Medical Services was contacted by telephone, and a flight nurse or paramedic provided answers based on personal experience and statistics compiled by his or her individual program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 100 programs responding, benzodiazepines were used most commonly to control agitation with 51% using micazolam. Patients with a head injury required CR more frequently than any other condition (73%). Crews flying larger aircraft reported less need for CR. A physician order was required by only 30% of the programs, but delays infrequently endangered the patient (2%). Only 7% of the responding programs had a patient whose condition deteriorated because of CR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CR is necessary in air medical transport. Most programs use short-acting benzodiazepines. Crews in smaller aircraft use CR more frequently, and head injury is the most common condition requiring such restraint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McMullan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carlton
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deschamp
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Galli
mesh_terms: D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003625:Data Collection; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines