title: Modelling cortical cataractogenesis XXIV: uptake by the lens of glutathione injected into the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Work of several groups including ours has shown that injection of glutathione may help to prevent the formation of cataract in the rat lens both in vitro and in vivo. These experiments were initiated to investigate the mechanism by which injected glutathione reaches the lens in vivo. The route is uncertain, but might involve either aqueous or vitreous humors, in contact with the lens anterior and posterior, respectively. Kannan's work has indicated that glutathione can be taken up ex vivo from the aqueous, by perfused isolated lens, but has not investigated; (1) whole animal glutathione injections, (2) the relative proportion of reduced and oxidized glutathione, and (3) the possibility that uptake can occur from the vitreous (in contrast to the aqueous humor) route.
  
  
  METHODS
  3H- or 35S-glutathione was injected into rats intraperitoneally and the radioactivity in serum and lens homogenates followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3H-radioactivity reached a peak in the serum approximately 20-30 min after injection. Counts were also found in the lens, aqueous and vitreous humors. HPLC using a C18 Bondapak column (37 x 300 mm) indicated that the majority of the 3H-radioactivity in the lens was found in a component of a lower molecular weight than glutathione, but 8.1% of the counts occurred in the peak corresponding to reduced glutathione. Analysis of the unidentified radioactive component revealed a mobility the same as that of a dipeptide. Further analysis suggested this contained the amino acids cysteine and glycine bound in peptide linkage. These results suggest that glutathione may be degraded by the gamma-glutamyl cycle, and the action of transpeptidase produced cysteinylglycine. To confirm these results, similar experiments were undertaken using 35S-glutathione injection, to test whether a differently labelled form would be able to enter the lens. Homogenates prepared from the lens 20 min after 35S-glutathione injection were fractionated by HPLC. The glutathione peak contained 4.5% of the radioactivity in the lens extract. This amount was similar in quantity to the value for 3H-glutathione uptake by the lens. The average of the two values indicated that 6.3% of the total lens label was glutathione. The source of the labelled glutathione taken up by the lens was investigated by determining its concentration in the aqueous and vitreous humors and serum. The dipeptide appeared to be the major radiolabelled form occurring in the serum. This may explain its high level in the lens, as a result of uptake from other sources. Analysis using HPLC revealed that reduced glutathione (GSH) was the predominant chemical species of glutathione in the aqueous humor. In the vitreous humor, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was the major species. The ratio of GSSG:GSH in the vitreous varied between 2:1 and 4:1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over a 4 h period the lens could obtain 12.3% of its total GSH from the injected GSH, using the specific activity of the labelled glutathione to calculate the actual uptake of glutathione by the lens, suggesting a half-time of 16.25 h for replenishing GSH from external sources. The probable route of glutathione entry was by blood plasma and aqueous since the specific activity of the vitreous humor was too low for the vitreous to be a possible source of the lens GSH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stewart-DeHaan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dzialoszynski
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Trevithick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism; D002386:Cataract / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D012979:Sodium Radioisotopes; D013997:Time Factors; D014316:Tritium; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012979:Sodium Radioisotopes; D014316:Tritium; D005978:Glutathione