title: Comparison of noninvasive sampling sites for early detection of Bacillus anthracis spores from rhesus monkeys after aerosol exposure.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium, is the etiologic agent of anthrax. B. anthracis spores can be aerosolized, are relatively easy to produce, and are capable of producing high mortality when inhaled. The prompt use of postexposure antibiotics combined with vaccination greatly increases the survival rate. Rapid detection of exposure is critical to effective case management. Using common collection swabs, culture medium, and culturing equipment, we compared six different noninvasive sampling sites to determine which might best be used to rapidly detect the presence of B. anthracis spores on rhesus monkeys after aerosolization. The results indicate that the greatest number of spores were deposited in the nares, on the face, and on the haired portions of the head, suggesting that these locations are the most effective sampling sites when attempting to detect B. anthracis aerosol exposure.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medicine Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hail
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ivins
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Tammariello
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Henchal
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols