title: Decreased awareness of cognitive deficits in patients with mild dementia of the Alzheimer type.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the unawareness of cognitive deficits in patients with mild dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study. We surveyed the medical records of outpatients meeting the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable DAT who were able to complete the Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS) and had a close informant relative (IR) who could complete the family form of the same questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  A department of neurology in a general teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight patients, aged 73.2+/-8.6 years with a mean MMSE score of 22.5+/-3.2. Fifty-two of the 88 patients had a follow-up examination after a mean interval of 21 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Awareness of cognitive deficits was mainly assessed as the difference between the scores on the CDS completed by the IR and the patient (Index of Unawareness, IU). Two secondary assessments of unawareness were performed: (1) an assessment by the clinician on the basis of the patient's answers to questions probing the awareness of memory deficits; (2) an evaluation by the IR of the frequency of behavioural manifestations of unawareness in everyday life. SPECT was performed in 78 patients to study the relationship between unawareness and the topography of perfusion deficits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Awareness of the cognitive deficits varied greatly between patients, according to the assessment method used and the stage of progression of the disease. Most patients with mild DAT were cognitively aware of their cognitive deficits but failed to appraise their severity and their consequences in everyday life. Decreased awareness was positively correlated with age and perfusion deficits in the frontal regions and negatively with the anxious symptomatology. However, the main correlate of unawareness was apathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nature of unawareness of cognitive deficits appeared to be more dimensional than categorical. In patients with mild dementia, decreased awareness appeared to be more related to affective disturbances, especially to emotional deficit or apathy, than to cognitive deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. cherou@cybercable.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derouesné
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thibault
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lagha-Pierucci
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baudouin-Madec
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ancri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lacomblez
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001364:Awareness; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon