title: Experimentally induced aggressiveness in adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs): preliminary behavioral and neuroendocrine findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the nature of the reaction of nonalcoholic adult children of alcoholic (ACOA) fathers to the experimental induction of aggression. Of particular interest was the relationship between biochemical factors and personality traits during a stressful event experienced by persons at risk for alcoholism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aggression was induced by a modified free-operant procedure in 14 ACOA and 14 non-ACOA subjects between 18 and 19 years of age with men and women represented in equal numbers. Neurotransmitter-hormonal assays from blood drawn immediately before, and 20 and 30 minutes after, starting the test included norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and cortisol (Cort). Personality traits were assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the aggression induction session, ACOAs gained (F = 4.6, 1/13 df, p < .05) and subtracted (F = 9.2, 1/13 df, p < .005) significantly less money than non-ACOAs, evidence of lower outward-directed aggressiveness among ACOAs. Higher baseline plasma levels of Cort (F = 9.8, 1/13 df, p < .01) and PRL (F = 4.0, 1/13 df, p < .05) and decreased NE (F = 8.5, 1/13 df, p < .005) and GH (F = 10.9, 1/13 df, p < .001) responses during the experimental session were observed. On personality measures ACOAs scored higher than non-ACOAs on MMPI hysteria (F = 10.8, 1/13 df, p < .005), hypochondria (F = 20.1, 1/13 df, p < .001) and paranoia (F = 4.7, 1/13 df, p < 0.5) subscales, on the TPQ reward dependence (F = 10.9, 1/13 df, p < .005) subscale and on BDHI guilt (F = 15.7, 1/13 df, p < .001) and resentment (F = 6.4, 1/13 df, p < .05) subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings, preliminary in nature, support a hypothesis of inhibition of state and trait aggression in ACOAs in association with monoaminergic and endocrine changes.
authors.affiliation: Centro Studi Farmacotossicodipendenze, Ser T, and Laboratory, Az. U.S.L., Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaimovic
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bocchi
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zambelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timpano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zanichelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delsignore
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brambilla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010556:Personality Tests; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D011594:Psychometrics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011388:Prolactin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine