title: Mania pre-lithium.
abstract: The changes that lithium brought are most fully understood when we grasp the difficulties for management that acute mania presented. Restraint in canvas camisoles, padded cells, paraldehyde, water-baths and salts-Epsom, not Lithium-met mania in echos of Bedlam still heard in the early 1950s. It is a part of psychiatric history important to remember.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cawte
mesh_terms: D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001315:Australia; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000266:history; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000266:history; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history*; D012149:Restraint, Physical
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate