title: Methylation of the estrogen receptor gene is associated with aging and atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methylation of the promoter region of the estrogen receptor gene alpha (ER alpha) occurs as a function of age in human colon, and results in inactivation of gene transcription. In this study, we sought to determine whether such age-related methylation occurs in the cardiovascular system, and whether it is associated with atherosclerotic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Southern blot analysis to determine the methylation state of the ER alpha gene in human right atrium, aorta, internal mammary artery, saphenous vein, coronary atherectomy samples, as well as cultured aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An age related increase in ER alpha gene methylation occurs in the right atrium (range 6 to 19%, R = 0.36, P < 0.05). Significant levels of ER alpha methylation were detected in both veins and arteries. In addition, ER alpha gene methylation appears to be increased in coronary atherosclerotic plaques when compared to normal proximal aorta (10 +/- 2% versus 4 +/- 1%, P < 0.01). In endothelial cells explanted from human aorta and grown in vitro, ER alpha gene methylation remains low. In contrast, cultured aortic smooth muscle cells contain a high level of ER alpha gene methylation (19-99%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylation associated inactivation of the ER alpha gene in vascular tissue may play a role in atherogenesis and aging of the vascular system. This potentially reversible defect may provide a new target for intervention in heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. wpost@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt-Clermont
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wilhide
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Heldman
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Milliken
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Issa
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen