title: Transformation of carbon tetrachloride in an anaerobic packed-bed reactor without addition of another electron donor.
abstract: Carbon tetrachloride (52 microM) was biodegraded for more than 72% in an anaerobic packed-bed reactor without addition of an external electron donor. The chloride mass balance demonstrated that all carbon tetrachloride transformed was completely dechlorinated. Chloroform and dichloromethane were sometimes also found as transformation products, but neither accumulated to significant levels in comparison to the amount of carbon tetrachloride transformed. Transformation of carbon tetrachloride in the absence of an added electron donor suggests that carbon tetrachloride itself is the source of energy for the biological reaction observed, and possibly the source of carbon for cell growth. No such mechanism is yet known. The pathway of carbon tetrachloride transformation is not clear; it may be dehalogenated by hydrolytic reduction to carbon monoxide or formic acid which are electron demanding transformations. Carbon monoxide or formic acid may be further utilized and serve as electron donor. Complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride according to this pathway is independent of a second electron donor or electron acceptor, as with a fermentation process. Vancomycin, an inhibitor of gram positive eubacteria, severely inhibited carbon tetrachloride transformation in batch incubations with an enrichment culture from the reactor, indicating that gram positive eubacteria were involved in carbon tetrachloride transformation. Batch experiments with bromoethanesulfonic acid, used to inhibit methanogens, and molybdate, an inhibitor of sulfate reduction in sulfate reducing bacteria, demonstrated that neither methanogens nor sulfate reducers were involved in the complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride.
authors.affiliation: TNO Environmental Technology and Process Engineering Division, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands. jappe.debest@grontmij.nl
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Best
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hunneman
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Doddema
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harder
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000378:metabolism*; D004583:Electrons
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride