title: Comparison of left and right atrial epicardial pacing in patients with congenital heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complex congenital heart disease (CHD) often necessitates the use of epicardial pacing. Adequate right atrial (RA) sensing and pacing thresholds are often difficult to obtain due to suture line scarring and RA dilatation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the placement of left atrial (LA) epicardial leads in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient demographics, pacing, and sensing data of atrial pacing systems implanted between January 1994 and January 1997 were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine pacing systems were implanted: 14 LA epicardial, 19 RA epicardial, and 16 transvenous in the right atrium. Lead impedance, current, and energy were similar in the two epicardial groups throughout the study. Energy thresholds (ET) were lower in the LA than RA at 6 months, and 1 and 2 years (p < 0.05). Analysis of post-Fontan patients performed alone revealed a lower ET in the LA as compared with the RA. Pacing and sensing parameters from transvenous leads are presented for relative comparison.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transvenous leads are most efficient but often contraindicated in complex CHD. LA leads offer lower energy thresholds than RA leads with similar sensing parameters.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Wieand
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rhodes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010496:Pericardium; D012189:Retrospective Studies