title: Vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been recognized as an important constituent of vascularization and growth of solid tumors. Serum VEGF levels were evaluated and correlated to clinicopathologic findings and clinical outcome in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were collected before surgery in 164 patients with RCC. Levels of VEGF165 protein in sera were measured using a quantitative ELISA. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VEGF165 level in serum was significantly increased (p = 0.0001) in patients with RCC (median 343.4 pg./ml.) compared with the control patients (median 103.8 pg./ml.). The level of VEGF165 in serum correlated to clinical stage and histopathological grade. Patients with VEGF165 levels below median value had significantly longer survival time than patients with higher levels (p = 0.0001). This was also shown when VEGF165 was analyzed in univariate Cox regression (p = 0.0001). The impact of VEGF165 on survival was especially shown in patients having tumors with vein invasion (pT3b-c N0 M0) and in patients with clinical stages I - III (p = 0.0240 and p = 0.0023, respectively). When using multivariate analysis, only tumor stage and grade remained as independent prognostic variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In RCC, serum VEGF165 level was significantly correlated to tumor stage and grade. Increased levels were correlated to adverse survival. Although, VEGF did not remain as an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis the levels of VEGF165 in serum was found useful for the identification of patients with potentially progressive disease especially for those with vein invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology & Andrology, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rasmuson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grankvist
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000097:blood; D015996:Survival Rate; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors