title: The benefit of treatment intensification is age and histology-dependent in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a quality-adjusted survival analysis of radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) chemoradiation studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, chemoradiation treatment strategies in locally advanced NSCLC are essentially the same irrespective of tumor histology or patient age. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of age, histology, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), and specific toxicities on the median survival time (MST) and quality-adjusted survival (QTime) for each treatment strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred seventy-nine patients with Stage II-IIIB inoperable NSCLC were enrolled on 6 prospective Phase II and III studies from 1983 to 1995. Treatment regimens ranged from standard RT (SRT) to 60 Gy, hyperfractionated RT (HRT) to 69.6 Gy, induction chemotherapy (ICT) of cisplatin (CIS) and vinblastine (VBL) followed by SRT, ICT + concurrent CT (CCT) + SRT, and CCT + HRT; CCT consisted of etoposide or VBL + CIS. Toxicities assessed were skin, mucous membrane, lung, esophagus, neurologic, hematologic, and upper GI. QTime was calculated by weighting the time spent with a specific toxicity, as well as local or distant tumor progression. Each toxicity was weighted with increasing severity as the toxicity increased in grade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, patients with the worst KPS (50-70) had the lowest MST (7.8 months) and QTime (6.7 months). Patients <70 years had improved survival with more aggressive therapy (i.e., ICT + SRT or CCT + HRT), while patients > 70 years achieved the best QTime with standard RT (SRT) alone. In patients with squamous cell carcinoma, those treated with ICT + CCT + SRT had dramatically improved MST (25.7 months) and QTime (21.8 months) compared to the other treatment regimens (11.7-12.8 and 10.7-12 months, respectively). Patients with adenocarcinoma, however, generally manifested incrementally better MST and QTime as the therapies intensified. Within the concurrent chemoradiation arms, the upper GI and lung toxicities had the greatest impact on QTime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This quality-adjusted survival analysis suggests that there is a critical relationship between the type of histology and its optimal treatment, age and the ability to tolerate intensive therapy, and the need to reduce lung and upper GI toxicities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA. BvMovsas@FCCC.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Movsas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sause
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Byhardt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Komaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andras
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide; D002945:Cisplatin