title: Topical treatment of cutaneous chronic graft versus host disease with halofuginone: a novel inhibitor of collagen type I synthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD), skin fibrosis, contractures, and an increase in collagen content form the hallmark. We report a successful treatment of a cGvHD patient by topical application of halofuginone, an inhibitor of collagen alpha1(I) gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Halofuginone-containing ointment was applied daily on the left side of the neck and shoulder of a cGvHD patient. Collagen alpha1(I) gene expression and collagen content in skin biopsy specimens were evaluated by in situ hybridization and sirius red staining, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 3 and 6 months, a marked reduction in skin collagen synthesis was observed, accompanied with increase neck rotation on the treated side. After cessation of treatment, the sclerosis, skin tightness, and collagen alpha1(I) gene expression returned to baseline level. No adverse effects were observed, and no plasma levels of halofuginone could be detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Halofuginone may provide a promising novel and safe therapy for cGvHD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pines
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck / Q000503:physiopathology; D010880:Piperidines; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D052999:Quinazolinones; D011817:Rabbits; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012598:Sclerosis; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016038:Skin Transplantation
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D052999:Quinazolinones; D003094:Collagen; C010176:halofuginone