title: Forced normalization: clinical and therapeutic relevance.
abstract: The phenomenon of forced normalization and its clinical counterpart, alternative psychoses, is discussed. The historical origins are briefly noted before the clinical presentation, and some associated clinical findings are given. The main part of the article is devoted to the literature on chemical and electrical kindling, in an attempt to provide some heuristic model to understand the antithetical relationship between seizures and behavior disorders. We conclude that the use of the kindling model may provide further insights into these phenomena, particularly taking into account such key neurotransmitters as glutamate, dopamine, and GABA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Krishnamoorthy
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Trimble
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000502:physiology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D004298:Dopamine