title: The comparative ocular hypotensive effect of apraclonidine with timolol maleate in exfoliation versus primary open-angle glaucoma patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of adding apraclonidine 0.5% to timolol maleate 0.5% in patients with exfoliation versus primary open-angle glaucoma. Since exfoliation glaucoma is known to demonstrate higher pressures than primary open-angle glaucoma on timolol maleate therapy alone, the authors wished to determine whether apraclonidine equalised the intraocular pressure (IOP) between these two glaucomas when added to timolol maleate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We age-matched 30 consecutive exfoliation and 30 primary open-angle glaucoma patients who had an IOP > or = 22 mmHg on timolol maleate alone. Patients underwent IOP diurnal curve testing on timolol maleate twice daily alone and, 2 months later, following the addition of apraclonidine 0.5% three times daily. Statistical analysis of the IOP at each time point was by an unpaired t-test between groups. A paired t-test was used to evaluate the reduction in IOP from baseline within groups after the addition of apraclonidine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On timolol maleate alone, exfoliation patients had a higher mean IOP at 06:00 and 10:00 hours as well as a higher peak, range and standard deviation of the IOP compared with primary open-angle glaucoma patients (p < 0.05). Following the addition of apraclonidine the mean, peak and range of IOP were statistically similar between groups and only the standard deviations remained higher in the exfoliation glaucoma group (p < 0.001). The mean diurnal IOP after apraclonidine was added was 20.5 +/- 7.0 mmHg in the exfoliation glaucoma group and 20.0 +/- 3.4 mmHg in the primary open-angle glaucoma group, which was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that apraclonidine 0.5% used adjunctively with timolol maleate 0.5% solution is associated generally with similar IOP control in exfoliation and primary open-angle glaucoma patients.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Ophthalmology, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Konstas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maltezos
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mantziris
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sine
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017889:Exfoliation Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013999:Timolol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D013999:Timolol; C016986:apraclonidine; D003000:Clonidine