title: Smad1 domains interacting with Hoxc-8 induce osteoblast differentiation.
abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins are potent osteotropic agents that induce osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. The signal transduction of bone morphogenetic proteins has recently been discovered to involve Smad proteins. Smad1 is an essential intracellular component that is specifically phosphorylated by bone morphogenetic protein receptors and translocated into the nucleus upon ligand stimulation. Previously, we have reported that Smad1 activates osteopontin gene expression in response to bone morphogenetic protein simulation through an interaction with a homeodomain transcription factor, Hoxc-8. In the present study, the interaction domains between the two proteins were characterized by deletional analysis in both yeast two-hybrid and gel shift assays. Two regions within the amino-terminal 87 amino acid residues of Smad1 were mapped to interact with Hoxc-8, one of which binds to the homeodomain. Overexpression of recombinant cDNAs encoding the Hoxc-8 interaction domains of Smad1 effectively activated osteopontin gene transcription in transient transfection assays. Furthermore, stable expression of these Smad1 fragments in 2T3 osteoblast precursor cells stimulated osteoblast differentiation-related gene expression and led to mineralized bone matrix formation. Our data suggest that the interaction of amino-terminal Smad1 with Hoxc-8 mimics bone morphogenetic protein signaling and is sufficient to induce osteoblast differentiation and bone cell formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C489815:HOXC8 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C489816:Hoxc8 protein, mouse; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C497399:SMAD1 protein, human; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051898:Smad1 Protein; C497401:Smad1 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D008156:Luciferases; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase