title: A population-based study of the use and outcome of radical radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to describe the use and outcome of radical radiotherapy for bladder cancer in the province of Ontario, Canada, between 1982 and 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic records of invasive bladder cancer (ICD code 188) from the Ontario Cancer Registry were linked to surgical records from all Ontario hospitals and radiotherapy (RT) records from all Ontario cancer centers. We identified cases receiving radical RT by selecting RT records containing "bladder" or "pelvis" anatomic region codes and a radical or curative intent code (or dose >39.5 Gy if intent missing). We identified cases receiving salvage total cystectomy by selecting total cystectomy procedure codes occurring at any time beyond 4 months from the start of radical RT. We used life table methods to compute the following: the time from diagnosis to radical RT, the time from radical RT to salvage cystectomy, overall and cause-specific survival from radical radiotherapy to death, and overall and cause-specific survival from salvage cystectomy to death. We modeled the factors associated with time to death, time to cystectomy conditional on survival, and time to cystectomy or death, whichever came first, using Cox proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 20,906 new cases of bladder cancer diagnosed in Ontario from 1982 to 1994, we identified 1,372 cases treated by radical radiotherapy (78% male, 22% female; mean age 69.8 years). The median interval to start of radical RT from diagnosis was 13.4 weeks. Ninety-three percent of patients were treated on high-energy linacs, and the most common dose/fractionation scheme was 60 Gy/30 (31% of cases). Five-year survival rates were as follows: bladder cancer cause-specific, 41%; overall, 28%; cystectomy-free, 25%; bladder cancer cause-specific following salvage cystectomy, 36%; overall following salvage cystectomy, 28%. Factors associated with a higher risk of death and a poorer cystectomy-free survival were histology (squamous or nonpapillary transitional cell carcinoma [TCC]) and advanced age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This population-based study confirms previous institutional studies and clinical trials and shows that radical RT has a curative role in the management of invasive bladder cancer and allows about one-quarter of patients receiving radiotherapy to survive 5 years while retaining the bladder. Salvage cystectomy following RT provides a chance of cure at the time of bladder relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Kingston Regional Cancer Centre, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada. charles.hayter@tsrcc.on.ca
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hayter
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Paszat
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Groome
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Math
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mackillop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery