title: Genotoxicity of fractionated organic material in airborne particles from São Paulo, Brazil.
abstract: Particulate matter less than 10 microns aerodynamic diameter (PM10) is associated with adverse health effects including increased respiratory problems and mortality. PM10 is also associated with increases in cancer in some urban areas. Identification of toxic compounds in PM10 is a step toward estimating exposure to these compounds and evaluating their public health risk. However, the toxic compounds on PM10 are part of a highly complex mixture of compounds that makes chemical characterization difficult. Before this study, there has been little investigation of genotoxic compounds in particulate matter from Latin American cities. Here, both bioassay (mutagenicity) and chemical analyses were conducted with organic solvent extracts of PM10 collected from São Paulo, a major Brazilian city. Sequential extraction in dichloromethane (DCM) followed by acetone (ACE) yielded 20.3% and 10.2% of the total mass, respectively. Non-polar and moderately polar organic material solubilized in DCM. ACE extracted more polar organic species and some inorganic ions. Both extracts were fractionated separately using cyanopropyl-bonded silica chromatography with organic solvents of increasing polarity. The mass distribution among the fractions was measured. The mutagenic activity of the fractions was assayed using the microsuspension procedure with the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98, with and without addition of metabolic enzymes (S9). The DCM extract had about four times higher mutagenic activity than the ACE extract. In general, addition of S9 resulted in an increase in mutagenicity of DCM fractions, but a decrease for the ACE extract. Most of the activity was concentrated in fractions in the mid-range of polarity within both the DCM and ACE extracts. The fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC/MS) without derivatization. The most mutagenic fractions in the DCM extract contained ketones, aldehydes, and quinolines. The most mutagenic ACE fraction had ketones, carboxylic acids, and aldehydes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. martinis@spider.usp.br
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: De Martinis
authors.forename: N Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Kado
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gundel
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009153:Mutagens; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012997:Solvents