title: Smoking and drinking among alcoholics in treatment: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between tobacco dependence and alcohol dependence has received considerable scrutiny in the past few years. The present study of alcoholics in treatment for alcoholism extended previous work by investigating the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between drinking and smoking variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female alcoholics (N = 116) completed a standard assessment of smoking and drinking pretreatment followed by a laboratory assessment of reactivity to alcohol cues. Participants' drinking and smoking were evaluated again 6 months following treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Pretreatment tobacco dependence, pretreatment alcohol dependence, urge to smoke and urge to drink were positively correlated; (2) smoking rates and drinking rates were not correlated either before or following treatment; (3) pretreatment smoking history did not predict posttreatment drinking; (4) the rate of smoking declined following treatment for alcoholism for 45% of the smoking patients who completed a 6-month follow-up, independent of relapse status; and (5) relapsers who smoked more heavily also drank less frequently during follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent but modest cross-sectional relationships between drinking and smoking variables before alcohol treatment decrease after treatment for alcohol dependence. A spontaneous improvement in smoking rate occurs in many (45%), particularly among those who smoked more heavily pretreatment and thus benefit most by the reduction. Directions for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Outpatient Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gulliver
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kalman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rohsenow
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Monti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*