title: Evaluation of nitric oxide as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the equine ventral colon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of nitric oxide and an apamin-sensitive nonadrenergic noncholingeric inhibitory transmitter on contractility of the ventral colon of horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Strips of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and taenia of the ventral colon from 14 horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Muscle strips were suspended in tissue baths and attached to force transducers. Contractile activity of circular, longitudinal, and taenia muscle strips in response to electrical field stimulation was measured after addition of apamin and a nitric oxide inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrical field stimulation reduced contractile activity in the circular muscle layer and taenia but not the longitudinal muscle layer. Addition of L-NAME significantly reduced inhibitory contractile activity at all frequencies for the circular muscle layer, whereas a significant effect was evident for the taenia only at the highest frequency. The combination of L-NAME and apamin resulted in a significant reduction in inhibition of the taenia at all frequencies but for circular muscle only at lower frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nitric oxide and an apamin-sensitive neurotransmitter appear to mediate a component of inhibitory transmission in the circular muscle and taenia, but not the longitudinal muscle layer, of the equine ventral colon. Nitric oxide has a role in regulating contractile activity of the equine ventral colon, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may be useful in horses with ileus of the large colon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Van Hoogmoed
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rakestraw
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Harmon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D014159:Transducers / Q000662:veterinary; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D001030:Apamin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester