title: Smallpox and its control in Canada.
abstract: Edward Jenner's first treatise in 1798 described how he used cowpox material to provide immunity to the related smallpox virus. He sent this treatise and some cowpox material to his classmate John Clinch in Trinity, Nfld., who gave the first smallpox vaccinations in North America. Dissemination of the new technique, despite violent criticism, was rapid throughout Europe and the United States. Within a few years of its discovery, vaccination was instrumental in controlling smallpox epidemics among aboriginal people at remote trading posts of the Hudson's Bay Company. Arm-to-arm transfer at 8-day intervals was common through most of the 19th century. Vaccination and quarantine eliminated endemic smallpox throughout Canada by 1946. The last case, in Toronto in 1962, came from Brazil.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Houston
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D012899:Smallpox / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D012900:Smallpox Vaccine