title: Metabolic impairment elicits brain cell type-selective changes in oxidative stress and cell death in culture.
abstract: Abnormalities in oxidative metabolism and inflammation accompany many neurodegenerative diseases. Thiamine deficiency (TD) is an animal model in which chronic oxidative stress and inflammation lead to selective neuronal death, whereas other cell types show an inflammatory response. Therefore, the current studies determined the response of different brain cell types to TD and/or inflammation in vitro and tested whether their responses reflect inherent properties of the cells. The cells that have been implicated in TD-induced neurotoxicity, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and brain endothelial cells, as well as neuroblastoma and BV-2 microglial cell lines, were cultured in either thiamine-depleted media or in normal culture media with amprolium, a thiamine transport inhibitor. The activity levels of a key mitochondrial enzyme, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), were uniquely distributed among different cell types: The highest activity was in the endothelial cells, and the lowest was in primary microglia and neurons. The unique distribution of the activity did not account for the selective response to TD. TD slightly inhibited general cellular dehydrogenases in all cell types, whereas it significantly reduced the activity of KGDHC exclusively in primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells. Among the cell types tested, only in neurons did TD induce apoptosis and cause the accumulation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a lipid peroxidation product. On the other hand, chronic lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation significantly inhibited cellular dehydrogenase and KGDHC activities in microglia and astrocytes but not in neurons or endothelial cells. The results demonstrate that the selective cell changes during TD in vivo reflect inherent properties of the different brain cell types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: N Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Calingasan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D000670:Amprolium; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007655:Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013832:Thiamine Deficiency / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D007655:Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D000670:Amprolium; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal