title: An exploratory study of developmental growth in adults with heart failure.
abstract: Persons with heart failure face a myriad of challenges due to the physical limitations imposed by the chronic illness. Despite these changes, each person must continue to face the developmental challenges of adulthood. This exploratory study was conducted to examine the impact that this chronic illness has on the developmental processes of adults. Methods triangulation was used to examine the content of unprompted, written goals and the results of surveys of life satisfaction and mood states of 138 persons with heart failure. Younger adults had higher anger, depression, and anxiety scores than older or middle-aged adults and had lower scores of life satisfaction. This may reflect the emotional reaction to the realization that their lives may be shortened by this chronic illness. Analysis of their goals reflected the developmental challenges described by Erikson. Despite severe physical limitations, these individuals demonstrated growth and achievement of developmental tasks by transcending usual time lines.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati, College of Nursing and Health, OH 45221-0038, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Baas
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Beery
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wagoner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D018939:Holistic Nursing; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life