title: Surveillance transbronchial lung biopsies: implication for survival after lung transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wished to determine whether early rejection after lung transplantation as assessed by surveillance transbronchial biopsy predicts for survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 1997, 96 consecutive patients had lung transplantation: 89 had a minimum 1-month follow-up. For 71 consecutive patients we have 1-year follow-up and for 69 patients we have the results of the first 3 biopsies. Cytomegalovirus status, bronchiolitis obliterans prevalence, and use of total lymphoid irradiation are noted. Biopsies were done at 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months. Standard immunosuppression consisted of induction antilymphocyte globulin and high-dose methylprednisolone induction for 1 week and standard maintenance triple therapy. Acute rejection treatment was with pulse methylprednisolone. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome was treated with total lymphoid irradiation and a change to tacrolimus and mycophenolate. Blinded grading using International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation classification was done retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival at 1 month and 1, 2, and 3 years for the 96-patient cohort with 1-year follow-up was 93%, 74%, 62%, and 56%. Survival was not significantly different for subsets with rejection on any combination of the first 3 biopsies (1/3, 2/3, 3/3) or absence of rejection on the first 3 biopsies. Ninety-one positive biopsy results were graded. Eighteen of 71 patients had one or more moderate or severe rejection episodes without survival difference relative to the others. There was no statistically significant association between acute rejection on the first 3 surveillance biopsy results and bronchiolitis obliterans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive induction and maintenance immunotherapy with surveillance transbronchial biopsies and aggressive treatment of acute rejection is associated with a survival similar to that of patients without early acute rejection. This regimen appears to uncouple the association between early acute rejection and bronchiolitis obliterans. Further study may elucidate this mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Lung Transplant Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA. sjswanson@bics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mentzer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lukanich
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Jaklitsch
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kobzik
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Ingenito
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuhlbrigge
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sugarbaker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001989:Bronchiolitis Obliterans / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents