title: Angiographic embolization for arrest of bleeding after penetrating trauma to the abdomen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiographic embolization is an effective technique to control bleeding after blunt trauma to the liver or pelvis. Its role in penetrating trauma to the abdomen has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1992 to May 1998, 40 patients underwent angiography for bleeding resulting from intra-abdominal penetrating injuries (33 gunshot wounds, 7 stab wounds). Angiographic embolization of intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal vessels was performed by standard angiographic techniques with gelatin sponge and/or coils. Data were extracted from medical records, radiology data bank, trauma registry, and morbidity/mortality records, and compared by Student's t test and chi-square test. The main outcome measures were failure of angiographic embolization to control bleeding and complications of angiographic embolization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiography was performed during a course of nonoperative management in 6 patients (group A), because of failure to control bleeding surgically in 23 (group B), and because of late vascular complications after an initially successful operation in 11 more (group C). In 32 patients, angiography revealed active bleeding; 29 (91 %) underwent successful angiographic embolization. Of the remaining 3 patients, 2 were successfully managed surgically (1 each from groups A and B) and 1 died despite multiple surgical maneuvers (group B). One patient who developed postoperatively a large, bleeding superior mesenteric artery pseudoaneurysm, suffered extensive bowel necrosis after angiographic embolization. No other significant complication was related to angiographic embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiographic embolization after penetrating injuries to the abdomen is safe and effective for a small number of selected patients. It is a valuable tool for bleeding control when surgery has failed. It may be ideal for control of late vascular complications when reoperation is not desirable. It may prove to be a useful adjunct in the nonoperative treatment of selected injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California School of Medicine and the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, 90033-4525, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Velmahos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chahwan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Asensio
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Berne
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000098:blood supply; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000628:therapy*