The effect of decreased intrathoracic pressure on ventricular function.
Large decreases in inspiratory intrathoracic pressure (ITP) occur during obstructive apnoeas. The cardiac effects of apnoea-associated decreased ITP come from the interaction of increased preload (venous return) on the right ventricle (RV) and increased afterload on the left ventricle (LV), and are modulated by the autonomic effects of shifts in blood volume and hypoxaemia. During obstructed breathing, venous return increases by as much as three-fold during inspiration even though mean flow may change little. This leads to a substantial inspiratory increase in RV end-diastolic and stroke volume. Because of ventricular interdependence, there is a decrease in LV diastolic compliance and corresponding decrease LV preload. Sustained decreases in ITP (Müller manoeuvre) inhibit LV ejection, and hence increase LV afterload. However, breathing against an obstructed airway (repetitive short Müller manoeuvre) is not necessarily modelled by the sustained manoeuvre. Animal studies indicate that with airway obstruction, for the first beat or two of inspiration the primary effect on the LV is a reduction in stroke volume related to a decrease in preload, and afterload, if anything, decreases. In fact, afterload only increases during early expiration when stroke volume increases. When obstructive and central apnoeas are paired for duration and blood-gas alterations, there are increases in pulmonary blood volume with central apnoeas and in RV volume with obstructive apnoeas, consistent with the postulation that the primary effect of obstructive apnoeas is on venous return. In conclusion, the putative role of decreased ITP in increasing LV afterload under conditions appropriate to OSA is not well supported by experimental studies. However, effects with very large swings in ITP as might be seen under the most extreme forms of OSA, and differences in timing of the swings between diastole and systole have yet to be investigated.
Scharf
SM
Sleep/Wake Disorders Center, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Long Island Campus for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA.