title: Drinking patterns and problems of the "stably insured": a study of the membership of a health maintenance organization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes drinking patterns and examines the prevalence of heavy drinking and alcohol problems, and their association with other behavioral and social problems within the membership of a health maintenance organization, a setting in which increasing numbers of Americans receive services.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample is representative of the stably insured membership of the Northern California Region of Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program; i.e., those who have been insured continuously under that plan for 30 months or longer. A telephone survey of the adult membership (N = 10,292) was conducted between June 1994 and February 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As in other studies, health and mental health status and smoking were related to drinking levels, with symptoms higher for those in the heaviest drinking group. However, in contrast to studies of those using medical services, demographic characteristics (e.g., young age) were not associated with heavy drinking in this population. When controlling for drug use and drinking, however, women and those reporting any mental health symptom were more likely to report alcohol problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that in private managed care populations, particular behavioral indicators may be more important than demographic characteristics in screening for problem drinkers. The identification of individuals who report a mental health symptom, who drink a large number of drinks occasionally or who report any drug use may be important in a health maintenance approach to prevention and case finding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0984, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weisner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conell
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hunkeler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fireman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology