title: Evaluation of the accuracy of preoperative staging in thoracic esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exact clinical staging before treatment of esophageal cancer has become increasingly important in the evaluation and comparison of the results of different treatment modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The accuracy of preoperative tumor staging by using an esophagography, esophagoscopy, percutaneous and endoscopic ultrasonography, and computed tomography was assessed in 224 patients with resectable esophageal cancer. The results of tumor staging by these tests were compared prospectively with the pathologic stage of the esophagectomy specimens with respect to the T and N categories defined by the International Union Against Cancer TNM classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the T category, the overall accuracy was 80%. For the N category, overall accuracy was 72%, with a sensitivity of 78%, a specificity of 60%, and a positive predictive value of 78%. Overall, the accuracy of stage grouping was 56%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Either the T or N categories can be predicted reliably by clinical staging techniques. However, the preoperative stage grouping might not be valid in resectable, localized esophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimaki
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takiyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamana
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isono
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeuchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitomi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iizuka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity