title: Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is strong consensus that caring for an elderly individual with disability is burdensome and stressful to many family members and contributes to psychiatric morbidity. Researchers have also suggested that the combination of loss, prolonged distress, the physical demands of caregiving, and biological vulnerabilities of older caregivers may compromise their physiological functioning and increase their risk for physical health problems, leading to increased mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between caregiving demands among older spousal caregivers and 4-year all-cause mortality, controlling for sociodemographic factors, prevalent clinical disease, and subclinical disease at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population-based cohort study, from 1993 through 1998 with an average of 4.5 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four US communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 392 caregivers and 427 noncaregivers aged 66 to 96 years who were living with their spouses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-year mortality, based on level of caregiving: (1) spouse not disabled; (2) spouse disabled and not helping; (3) spouse disabled and helping with no strain reported; or(4) spouse disabled and helping with mental or emotional strain reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 4 years of follow-up, 103 participants (12.6%) died. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, prevalent disease, and subclinical cardiovascular disease, participants who were providing care and experiencing caregiver strain had mortality risks that were 63% higher than noncaregiving controls (relative risk [RR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.65). Participants who were providing care but not experiencing strain (RR, 1.08; 95 % CI, 0.61-1.90) and those with a disabled spouse who were not providing care (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.73-2.58) did not have elevated adjusted mortality rates relative to the noncaregiving controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that being a caregiver who is experiencing mental or emotional strain is an independent risk factor for mortality among elderly spousal caregivers. Caregivers who report strain associated with caregiving are more likely to die than noncaregiving controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and University Center for Social & Urban Research, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. schulz+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beach
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006701:Home Nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018454:Spouses; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology