title: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess retrospectively whether laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in patients with clinical Stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor (NSGCT) provides useful pathologic staging information on which subsequent management can be based. Approximately 30% of patients with clinical Stage I NSGCT will have pathologic Stage II disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 29 patients with clinical Stage I NSGCT who underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic RPLND by a single surgeon was performed. Selection criteria included the presence of embryonal carcinoma in the primary tumor or vascular invasion. A modified left (n = 18) or right (n = 11) template was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive retroperitoneal nodes were detected in 12 (41%) of 29 patients. Ten of these patients received immediate adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, and 2 patients refused chemotherapy. The nodes were negative in 1 7 (59%) of 29 patients; all but 2 patients (one with recurrence in the chest, the other with biochemical recurrence) have undergone observation. No evidence of disease recurrence has been found in the retroperitoneum of any patient (follow-up range 1 to 65 months). Prospectively, the dissection was limited if grossly positive nodes were encountered; therefore, the total number of nodes removed was significantly different if the nodes were positive or negative (14 +/- 2 and 25 +/- 3, respectively; P <0.004). Two patients required an open conversion because of hemorrhage. Complications included lymphocele (n = 1) and flank compartment syndrome (n = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic RPLND is a feasible, minimally invasive surgical alternative to observation or open RPLND for Stage I NSGCT. Disease outcomes are favorable to date. Longer follow-up in a larger series is necessary to determine therapeutic efficacy.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bishoff
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kantoff
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Donehower
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018237:Germinoma / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*