title: The Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG): validation of the Hebrew version in elderly demented patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The CAMCOG is the second most popular cognitive testing instrument in use by Israeli clinicians. The present study examines the reliability and validity of a Hebrew version of the CAMCOG in a group of dementia sufferers in a clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants included 36 dementia sufferers and 19 control non-demented, depressed elderly subjects, consecutive referrals to an outpatient psychogeriatric service and an 'open' ward of a psychiatric hospital. Operational clinical criteria for dementia and its subtypes and for the various forms of depression were used as the 'gold' standards. The CAMCOG was translated into Hebrew and then back to English. Seven items needed modifications for local usage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interrater and test-retest scores calculated as exact agreement rates ranged from good to excellent for all items, although test-retest reliability scores were generally lower than interrater scores. Kappa statistics ranged from good to excellent for all but one item in the interrater scores and for two items in the test-retest scores. A strong convergent validity was found with the MMSE score (r=0.89, p<0.01). The 79/80 cutoff point provided moderate sensitivity (57.9%), excellent specificity (97.2%) and a strong predictive value (83.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Hebrew version of the CAMCOG was found to be an appropriate instrument to discriminate between demented and non-demented depressed controls in a clinical setting. In light of the demographic, cultural and linguistic heterogeneity of the Israeli elderly population, further studies should examine the psychometric characteristics of the CAMCOG in a more varied sample and also using other cutoff points in order to establish if an increase in its discriminatory power is obtainable.
authors.affiliation: Margoletz Psychogeriatric Center, Ichilov Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinik
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raikher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bleich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014177:Translations