title: Dual labeling with green fluorescent proteins for confocal microscopy.
abstract: We report a dual labeling technique involving two green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants that is compatible with confocal microscopy. Two lasers were used to obtain images of (i) mixed cultures of cells, where one species contained GFPuv and another species contained GFPmut2 or GFPmut3, and (ii) a single species containing both GFPuv and GFPmut2 in the same cell. This method shows promise for monitoring gene expression and as a nondestructive and in situ technique for confocal microscopy of multispecies biofilms.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Joint Bioengineering Graduate Program, Berkeley and San Francisco, California 94720, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khlebnikov
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Keasling
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005898:Glass; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins