title: Analgesia after intracranial surgery: a double-blind, prospective comparison of codeine and tramadol.
abstract: We have compared codeine and tramadol in a prospective, double-blind study of postoperative analgesia in 75 patients after elective intracranial surgery. Twenty-five patients received codeine 60 mg, tramadol 50 mg or tramadol 75 mg i.m. Patients receiving codeine had significantly lower pain scores over the first 48 h after operation (P < 0.0001). Although there was no difference in visual analogue scale (VAS) scores between the three groups at 24 h, the codeine group had significantly lower scores at 48 h (P < 0.0001). The tramadol 75 mg group had significantly higher scores for both sedation and nausea and vomiting (P < 0.0001 for both scores). We conclude that codeine 60 mg i.m. provided better postoperative analgesia than tramadol after craniotomy and that tramadol 75 mg should be avoided because of its side effects of increased sedation and nausea and vomiting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Leeds General Infirmary, UK.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vucevic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003061:Codeine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003399:Craniotomy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D003061:Codeine