title: Neuroendocrine cells during human prostate development: does neuroendocrine cell density remain constant during fetal as well as postnatal life?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge concerning differentiation of neuroendocrine (NE) cells during development of the human prostate is rather fragmentary. Using immunohistochemistry combined with a morphometric method, we investigated the distribution and density of NE cells in the developing human prostate, with special emphasis on the topographical relationship of NE cells with the developing gland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive sections from a total of 42 human prostates taken during autopsy of fetuses (12-38 weeks of gestation), prepubertal males, and young adults were immunostained for chromogranin A and serotonin. Computer-assisted image analysis was used to assess the total number of cells in the different parts of the branching glandular anlage, i.e., budding tips and acini/ducts. Next, the number of NE cells was counted manually. The NE cell density (NE cell index) was then determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NE cells could first be detected in the prostate from 13 weeks of gestation. By 21 weeks of gestation, all prostates contained NE cells. NE cells were mainly confined to the acinous/ductal regions, while most of the budding tips lacked NE staining. NE cell indexes of individuals were highly variable, mostly in the youngest age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the normal prostate, NE cell density probably remains constant in acini/ducts from fetuses to young adulthood. The presence of neuroendocrine cells in well-developed glandular structures at such an early fetal age and their absence in the less differentiated budding tips possibly indicates that differentiation of NE cells is associated with glandular maturation. NE cells occur preferentially in the acinous/ductal region, implying a paracrine function during secretory differentiation of exocrine epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. y.xue@uro.azn.nl
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Laak
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smedts
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schoots
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verhofstad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schalken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002648:Child; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000166:cytology*; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000503:physiopathology