title: HIV-1 and T cell dynamics after interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with a history of sustained viral suppression.
abstract: Identifying the immunologic and virologic consequences of discontinuing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients is of major importance in developing long-term treatment strategies for patients with HIV-1 infection. We designed a trial to characterize these parameters after interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients who had maintained prolonged viral suppression on antiretroviral drugs. Eighteen patients with CD4(+) T cell counts >/= 350 cells/microliter and viral load below the limits of detection for >/=1 year while on HAART were enrolled prospectively in a trial in which HAART was discontinued. Twelve of these patients had received prior IL-2 therapy and had low frequencies of resting, latently infected CD4 cells. Viral load relapse to >50 copies/ml occurred in all 18 patients independent of prior IL-2 treatment, beginning most commonly during weeks 2-3 after cessation of HAART. The mean relapse rate constant was 0.45 (0.20 log(10) copies) day(-1), which was very similar to the mean viral clearance rate constant after drug resumption of 0.35 (0.15 log(10) copies) day(-1) (P = 0.28). One patient experienced a relapse delay to week 7. All patients except one experienced a relapse burden to >5,000 RNA copies/ml. Ex vivo labeling with BrdUrd showed that CD4 and CD8 cell turnover increased after withdrawal of HAART and correlated with viral load whereas lymphocyte turnover decreased after reinitiation of drug treatment. Virologic relapse occurs rapidly in patients who discontinue suppressive drug therapy, even in patients with a markedly diminished pool of resting, latently infected CD4(+) T cells.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. rdavey@niaid.nih.gov
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dewar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lempicki
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Adelsberger
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Polis
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falloon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masur
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baseler
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Dimitrov
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fauci
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005544:Forecasting; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D007376:Interleukin-2