title: Craniocervical injuries in judicial hangings: an anthropologic analysis of six cases.
abstract: Restoration projects and archaeologic excavations in two Canadian prisons resulted in the recovery of the skeletons of six felons executed by judicial hanging. Damage inflicted by hanging on various skeletal elements was observed. Among the injuries seen were fractures of the hyoid cornua, styloid processes, occipital bones, and cervical vertebral bodies (C2) and transverse processes (C1, C2, C3, and C5). Despite the general uniformity of the hanging technique, which involved a subaural knot, the trauma to the skeletal elements and the cause of death varied among individuals. Although some of this variation was probably due to minor differences in hanging practices, individual anatomic peculiarities of the victims likely also contributed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shkrum
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ariss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Regan
mesh_terms: D002203:Capital Punishment / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000293:injuries; D008297:Male; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000293:injuries; D009864:Ontario; D011330:Prisons / Q000266:history; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000266:history / Q000473:pathology; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology