title: Activation analyses of authenticated hairs of Napoleon Bonaparte confirm arsenic poisoning.
abstract: In 1960, activation analyses at the Harwell Nuclear Research Laboratory of the University of Glascow, London of authenticated hairs of Napoleon Bonaparte taken immediately after his death confirmed Napoleon's chronic arsenic poisoning on the island of St. Helena. Timeline correlation of his clinical symptomatology of the preceding 4 months, as reported in the written diaries of his exiled companions, further supports the effect of fluctuating, elevated toxic levels of arsenic on his health. Independent analyses of authenticated hairs of Napoleon by the Toxicology Crime Laboratory of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1995 reveals toxic levels of arsenic. The successful assassination of Napoleon included both a cosmetic and lethal phase. The cosmetic phase consisted of arsenic poisoning over time to weaken Napoleon, making the associated debility appear to be a natural illness and thus allay any suspicions prior to instituting the lethal phase. On May 3, 1821, at 5:30 P.M., the lethal phase was carried out. Napoleon was given Calomel (HgCl), a cathartic, and a popular orange-flavored drink called orgeat, which was flavored with the oil of bitter almonds. Together they formed mercury cyanide, which is lethal. Napoleon lost consciousness and died two days later.
authors.affiliation: International Napoleonic Society, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weider
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fournier
mesh_terms: D000201:Activation Analysis; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology; D001266:Atlantic Islands; D005197:Famous Persons; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006708:Homicide / Q000266:history; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008630:Mercury Poisoning / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic