title: Auditory and electroencephalographic effects of midazolam and alpha-hydroxy-midazolam in healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whereas cortical EEG effects of benzodiazepines are well characterized, information about benzodiazepine effects in other areas of the central nervous system is sparse. This study investigated the action of midazolam and its active metabolite alpha-hydroxy-midazolam on different parts of the auditory pathway in six healthy volunteers in a randomized, double-blind, three-way cross-over study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acoustically evoked short (SLP) and middle (MLP) latency potentials, transitory evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE), and EEG power spectra were analysed after short i. v. injections of placebo, or 0.15 mg kg-1 midazolam, or alpha-hydroxy-midazolam, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects fell asleep during the 4 min infusion of active drug. SLP showed a significant transient increase of Jewett wave V 10 min after injection for midazolam and alpha-hydroxy-midazolam while the latency of wave I was unchanged. Both benzodiazepines induced a marked and long-lasting MLP amplitude decrease for 240 min with slow recovery over the following 360 min. No changes of TEOAE were observed. In agreement with earlier reports, increases in EEG beta activity and decreases in alpha activity were observed after administration of either drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemically administered benzodiazepines modulate the auditory pathway above the level of the cochlea. While SLP changes were closely associated with sedation and high plasma benzodiazepine concentrations, MLP effects persisted for hours after sedation even at low benzodiazepine plasma levels. Evoked potentials may therefore be more sensitive than EEG as a tool to monitor benzodiazepine effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hotz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scollo-Lavizzari
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Haefeli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; C040081:1-hydroxymethylmidazolam; D008874:Midazolam