title: Defining the burden of pneumonia in children preventable by vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the burden of pneumonia requiring hospitalization in infants and young children preventable by vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaccination centers in Santiago, Chile, were randomly selected to administer PRP-T, an Hib conjugate vaccine, combined with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis (DTP) vaccine or DTP alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants who received > or =2 doses of DTP or DTP and Hib conjugate vaccine combined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pneumonia episodes leading to hospitalization accompanied by indicators of likely bacterial infection including radiologic evidence of alveolar consolidation or pleural effusion, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (> or =40 mm/h) or bronchial breath sounds on auscultation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In participants age 4 to 23 months, PRP-T reduced the incidence of pneumonia associated with alveolar consolidation or pleural effusion by 22% (95% confidence interval, -7 to 43) from 5.0 to 3.9 episodes per 1000 children per year. When the pneumonia case definition included any of the following, alveolar consolidation, pleural effusion, erythrocyte sedimentation rate > or =40 mm/h or bronchial breath sounds, PRP-T provided 26% protection (95% confidence interval, 7 to 44) and prevented 2.5 episodes per 1000 children per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hib vaccine provides substantial protection against nonbacteremic pneumonia, particularly those cases with alveolar consolidation, pleural effusion or other signs of likely bacterial infection. Hib vaccination prevented approximately 5 times as many nonbacteremic pneumonia cases in infants as meningitis cases, thus indicating that the largest part of the effect of Hib vaccination might be undetectable by routine culture methods.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villaroel
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abrego
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C055753:Haemophilus influenza type b polysaccharide vaccine-tetanus toxin conjugate; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate