title: A theoretical study on the metabolic requirements resulting from alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent cleavage of phenoxyalkanoates.
abstract: The etherolytic cleavage of phenoxyalkanoic acids in various bacteria is catalyzed by an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase. In this reaction, the electron acceptor is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinate, whereas the proper substrate is cleaved by forming the oxidized alkanoic acid and the phenolic intermediate. The necessity of regenerating alpha-ketoglutarate and the consequences for the overall metabolism were investigated in a theoretical study. It was found that the dioxygenase mechanism is accompanied by a significant loss of carbon amounting to up to 62.5% in the assimilatory branch, thus defining the upper limit of carbon conversion efficiency. This loss in carbon is almost compensated for in comparison to a monooxygenase-catalyzed initial step when the dissimilatory efforts of the entire metabolism are included: the yield coefficients become similar. The alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase mechanism has more drastic consequences for microorganisms which are restricted in their metabolism to the first step of phenoxyalkanoate degradation by excreting the phenolic intermediate as a dead-end product. In the case of phenoxyacetate derivatives, the cleavage reaction would quickly cease due to the exhaustion of alpha-ketoglutarate and no growth would be possible. With the cleavage products of phenoxypropionate and phenoxybutyrate herbicides, i.e., pyruvate and succinate(semialdehyde), respectively, as the possible products, the regeneration of alpha-ketoglutarate will be guaranteed for stoichiometric reasons. However, the maintenance of the cleavage reaction ought to be restricted due to physiological factors owing to the involvement of other metabolic reactions in the pool of metabolites. These effects are discussed in terms of a putative recalcitrance of these compounds.
authors.affiliation: UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Babel
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D010105:Oxygenases