title: Regulatory mechanisms for modulation of signaling through the cell integrity Slt2-mediated pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: Signal transduction mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Slt2 pathway is essential to maintain the cell wall integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Stimulation of MAPK pathways results in activation by phosphorylation of conserved threonine and tyrosine residues of MAPKs. We have used an antibody that specifically recognizes dually phosphorylated Slt2 to gain insight into the activation and modulation of signaling through the cell integrity pathway. We show that caffeine and vanadate activate this pathway in the absence of osmotic stabilization. The lack of the putative cell surface sensor Mid2 prevents vanadate- but not caffeine-induced Slt2 phosphorylation. Disruption of the Rho1-GTPase-activating protein genes SAC7 and BEM2 leads to constitutive Slt2 activation, indicating their involvement as negative regulators of the pathway. MAPK kinases also seem to participate in signaling regulation, Mkk1 playing a greater role than Mkk2 in signal transmission to Slt2. Additionally, one of the phosphatases involved in Slt2 dephosphorylation is likely to be the dual specificity phosphatase Msg5, since overexpression of MSG5 in a sac7Delta mutant eliminates the high Slt2 phosphorylation, and disruption of MSG5 in wild type cells results in increased phospho-Slt2 levels. These data present the first evidence for a negative regulation of the cell integrity pathway.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Pachón
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nombela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molina
mesh_terms: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D005838:Genotype; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C084219:BEM2 protein, S cerevisiae; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; C490634:SAC7 protein, S cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C072724:SLT2 protein, S cerevisiae; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; C085791:MSG5 protein, S cerevisiae; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases