Effect of redox-active drugs on superoxide generation from nitric oxide synthases: biological and toxicological implications.
In this article, we address the mechanism of superoxide formation from constitutive nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Merits and drawbacks of the various superoxide detection assays are reviewed. One of the most viable techniques for measuring superoxide from NOS is electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping using a novel phosphorylated spin trap. Implications of superoxide and peroxynitrite formation from NOS enzymes in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders are discussed.
Vásquez-Vivar
J
J
Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
Hogg
N
N
Martásek
P
P
Karoui
H
H
Tordo
P
P
Pritchard
K A
KA
Kalyanaraman
B
B
D000818:Animals; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013113:Spin Labels; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D013113:Spin Labels; D013481:Superoxides; C098505:5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide; C017245:5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide; D004317:Doxorubicin; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II