Social inequalities in perceived health and the use of health services in a southern European urban area.
People of lower social class have worse health and less access to health services and preventive care. This article describes social class inequalities in health status and use of services, both curative and preventive, in Barcelona, in a country with a national health service. The cross-sectional study uses information from the 1992 Barcelona Health Interview Survey. Social class was designated using an adaptation of the British Registrar General classification. The study variables measured health status, health services utilization, and preventive practices. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. Some 88 percent of men in social class I and 81 percent in class V had very good or good perceived health status. For women these figures were 85.2 and 57.6 percent, respectively. Chronic illness increased with lower social class. There were no social class differences in the frequency of physician visits during the two weeks prior to the interview among people with poor perceived health. Some 60.7 percent of women aged over 29 in social class I had periodic cervical smears, but only 32 percent of those in class V; the corresponding figures for mammography were 37.8 and 11.3 percent. The national health service has advantages in terms of access to health services, but more knowledge about the quality of these services is required. The study findings are sufficient to defend the undertaking of equitable health policies, especially in providing access to preventive care for the entire population.
Borrell
C
C
Municipal Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain.
Rohlfs
I
I
Ferrando
J
J
Pasarín
M I
MI
Domínguez-Berjón
F
F
Plasència
A
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008489:Medical Indigency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012923:Social Class; D012935:Social Justice; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*