title: Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the era before widespread use of inhaled nitric oxide, to determine the prevalence of persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) in a multicenter cohort, demographic descriptors of the population, treatments used, the outcomes of those treatments, and variation in practice among centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 385 neonates who received >/=50% inspired oxygen and/or mechanical ventilation and had documented evidence of PPHN (2D echocardiogram or preductal or postductal oxygen difference) were tracked from admission at 12 Level III neonatal intensive care units. Demographics, treatments, and outcomes were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of PPHN was 1.9 per 1000 live births (based on 71 558 inborns) with a wide variation observed among centers (.43-6.82 per 1000 live births). Neonates with PPHN were admitted to the Level III neonatal intensive care units at a mean of 12 hours of age (standard deviation: 19 hours). Wide variations in the use of all treatments studied were found at the centers. Hyperventilation was used in 65% overall but centers ranged from 33% to 92%, and continuous infusion of alkali was used in 75% overall, with a range of 27% to 93% of neonates. Other frequently used treatments included sedation (94%; range: 77%-100%), paralysis (73%; range: 33%-98%), and inotrope administration (84%; range: 46%-100%). Vasodilator drugs, primarily tolazoline, were used in 39% (range: 13%-81%) of neonates. Despite the wide variation in practice, there was no significant difference in mortality among centers. Mortality was 11% (range: 4%-33%). No specific therapy was clearly associated with a reduction in mortality. To determine whether the therapies were equivalent, neonates treated with hyperventilation were compared with those treated with alkali infusion. Hyperventilation reduced the risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation without increasing the use of oxygen at 28 days of age. In contrast, the use of alkali infusion was associated with increased use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (odds ratio: 5.03, compared with those treated with hyperventilation) and an increased use of oxygen at 28 days of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperventilation and alkali infusion are not equivalent in their outcomes in neonates with PPHN. Randomized trials are needed to evaluate the role of these common therapies.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. mcw@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walsh-Sukys
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tyson
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Korones
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verter
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lemons
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Papile
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ehrenkranz
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fanaroff
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010547:Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide