Etiology of early age onset substance use disorder: a maturational perspective.
The etiology of early age onset substance use disorder (SUD), an Axis I psychiatric illness, is examined from the perspective of the multifactorial model of complex disorders. Beginning at conception, genetic and environment interactions produce a sequence of biobehavioral phenotypes during development which bias the ontogenetic pathway toward SUD. One pathway to SUD is theorized to emanate from a deviation in somatic and neurological maturation, which, in the context of adverse environments, predisposes to affective and behavioral dysregulation as the cardinal SUD liability-contributing phenotype. Dysregulation progresses via epigenesis from difficult temperament in infancy to conduct problems in childhood to substance use by early adolescence and to severe SUD by young adulthood.
Tarter
R
R
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Vanyukov
M
M
Giancola
P
P
Dawes
M
M
Blackson
T
T
Mezzich
A
A
Clark
D B
DB
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology