title: Sex differences in presentation, management, and prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize gender differences in lung cancer, we conducted a retrospective analysis including all patients undergoing surgery for non-small cell lung carcinoma in a single institution over a 20-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with men (n = 839), women (n = 198) were more likely to be asymptomatic (32% vs 20%, P =.006), nonsmokers (27% vs 2%, P <.001), or light smokers (31 pack-years vs 52 pack-years; P <.001). Squamous cell carcinoma predominated in men (65%), and adenocarcinoma predominated in women (54%). Preoperative bronchoscopy contributed more frequently to a histologic diagnosis in men (69% vs 49% in women, P <.001), and fewer pneumonectomies were performed in women (22% vs 32% in men, P =.01). After multivariate Cox regression analysis, women survived longer than men (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-0. 92; P =.009) independently of age, presence of symptoms, smoking habits, type of operation, histologic characteristics, and stage of disease. The protective effect linked to female sex was present in early-stage carcinoma (stage I and II) and absent in more advanced-stage carcinoma (stage III and IV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study emphasizes strong sex differences in presentation, management, and prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Surgery Unit and the Division of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Geneva, and the Geneva Cancer Registry, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Perrot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Licker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchardy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spiliopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome