title: Lower frequency of focal lip sialadenitis (focus score) in smoking patients. Can tobacco diminish the salivary gland involvement as judged by histological examination and anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La antibodies in Sjögren's syndrome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prospectively collected computer database information was previously assessed on a cohort of 300 patients who fulfilled the Copenhagen classification criteria for primary Sjögren's syndrome. Analysis of the clinical data showed that patients who smoked had a decreased lower lip salivary gland focus score (p<0.05). The aim of this original report is to describe the tobacco habits in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome or stomatitis sicca only and to determine if there is a correlation between smoking habits and focus score in lower lip biopsies as well as ciculating autoantibodies and IgG.
  
  
  METHODS
  All living patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome or stomatitis sicca only, who were still in contact with the Sjögren's Syndrome Research Centre were asked to fill in a detailed questionnaire concerning present and past smoking habits, which was compared with smoking habits in a sex and age matched control group (n=3700) from the general population. In addition, the patients previous lower lip biopsies were blindly re-evaluated and divided by the presence of focus score (focus score = number of lymphocyte foci per 4 mm(2) glandular tissue) into those being normal (focus score </= 1) or abnormal (focus score > 1). Furthermore the cohort was divided into three groups; 10-45, 46-60 and >/= 61 years of age. Finally the focus score was related to the smoking habits. Seroimmunological (ANA; anti-SSA/Ro antibodies; anti-SSB/La antibodies; IgM-RF and IgG) samples were analysed routinely.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was answered by 98% (n=355) of the cohort and the percentage of current smokers, former smokers and historical non-smokers at the time of lower lip biopsy was not statistically different from that of the control group. Cigarette smoking at the time of lower lip biopsy is associated with lower risk of abnormal focus score (p<0.001; odds ratio 0.29, 95%CI 0.16 to 0.50). The odds ratio for having focal sialadenitis (focus score > 1) compared with having a non-focal sialadenitis or normal biopsy (focus score </= 1) was decreased in all three age groups (10-45: odds ratio 0.27, 95%CI 0.11 to 0.71; 46-60: odds ratio 0.22, 95%CI 0. 08 to 0.59; and >/= 61: odds ratio 0.36, 95%CI 0.10 to 1.43) although there was only statistical significance in the two younger age groups. Moreover, among current smokers at the time of the lower lip biopsy there was a decreasing odds ratio for an abnormal lip focus score with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per week (p trend 0.00). In the group of former smokers, which included patients that had stopped smoking up to 30 years ago, the results were in between those of the smokers and the historical non-smokers (odds ratio 0.57, 95%CI 0.34 to 0.97, compared with never smokers). Present or past smoking did not correlate with the function of the salivary glands as judged by unstimulated whole sialometry, stimulated whole sialometry or salivary gland scintigraphy. Among former smokers, the median time lapse between the first symptom of primary Sjögren's syndrome and the performance of the lower lip biopsy was approximately half as long as the median time lapse between smoking cessation and biopsy (8 versus 15 years). Hence, symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome are unlikely to have had a significant influence on smoking habits at the time of the biopsy. Among the seroimmunological results only anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La antibodies reached statistical significance in a manner similar to the way smoking influenced the focus score in lower lip biopsies. On the other hand the level of significance was consistently more pronounced for the influence of smoking on the focus score than for the influence on anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La autoantibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is believed to be the first report showing that cigarette smoking is negatively associated with focal sialadenitis-focus score >1-in lower lip biopsy in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Furthermore, tobacco seems to decrea
authors.affiliation: Sjögren's Syndrome Research Centre, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manthorpe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benoni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jacobsson
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kirtava
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liedholm
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nyhagen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabery
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood*; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008047:Lip Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood; D012793:Sialadenitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; C035356:SS-A antibodies; C035357:SS-B antibodies; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor