title: Cluster randomised trials in maternal and child health: implications for power and sample size.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interventions based in the community can be evaluated by randomising clusters, such as general practices, rather than individuals, as in conventional randomised trials. This increases the sample size needed because of intracluster correlation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate sample size requirements for cluster randomised trials of interventions based in general practice directed at common health problems affecting mothers and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from a pilot trial of the effect of Citizen's Advice Bureau services involving six general practices. Outcome measures included the Edinburgh postnatal depression score, the Warwick child health and morbidity profile, number of visits to the general practitioner, and two questionnaires delivered at the beginning and end of the study. Intracluster correlation coefficients and inflation factors (the ratio of the sample size required for a cluster randomised trial to that required for an individually randomised trial) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracluster correlation coefficients ranged from 0 (sleeping problems, accidental injury, hospitalisation) to 0.09 (maternal smoking), with most being < 0.04 (for example, maternal depression, breast feeding, general health, minor illness, behavioural problems, and visits to the general practitioner). Assuming 50 cases/practice, cluster randomised trials require sample sizes up to 3 times greater than individually randomised trials for most health outcomes measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data enable sample sizes to be estimated for cluster randomised trials into a range of maternal and child health outcomes. Using such a design, approximately 40 practices would be sufficient to evaluate the effect of an intervention on maternal depression, sleeping, and behavioural problems, and non-routine visits to the general practitioner.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. r.reading@uea.ac.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reading
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mclean
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008430:Maternal-Child Health Centers / Q000592:standards*; D016389:Maternal-Child Nursing / Q000592:standards*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018401:Sample Size; D006113:United Kingdom