title: Regulation of HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA reductase by insulin and epidermal growth factor in HaCaT keratinocytes.
abstract: Synthesis of cholesterol, via the isoprenoid/mevalonate pathway, is required for keratinocyte growth and differentiation, and maintenance of the stratum corneum lipid lamellae. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase catalyzes the first step in isoprenoid/mevalonate synthesis and under some conditions controls the flux into the pathway. We have investigated whether selected growth factors and hormones could increase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase mRNA in keratinocytes. Northern blotting was used to demonstrate that 10 microg per ml insulin and 0.1 microg per ml epidermal growth factor both increased steady-state levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase mRNA by 2.5 and 6-fold, respectively. Epidermal growth factor and insulin also increased 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase enzyme activity. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase promoter activity in a luciferase reporter construct was increased 2-fold by insulin and 2.9-fold by epidermal growth factor. When a mutation in the sterol regulatory element was introduced into the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase promoter, activity was not increased by insulin, but was increased by epidermal growth factor. Mutation of an AP-1 site in the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase promoter did not affect the increase in activity following treatment with insulin or epidermal growth factor. Therefore, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase expression in keratinocytes is regulated by insulin and epidermal growth factor by different mechanisms. These results suggest a role for hormones and growth factors in the control of epidermal cholesterol synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Research Department, Paul Gerson Unna Skin Research Center, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany. Harrisi@hamburg.beiersdorf.com
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Höppner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siefken
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wittern
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006904:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D007476:Ionophores; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D000001:Calcimycin; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D006904:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase