title: A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. IV. Benign thyroid diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain more precise estimates of the association between thyroid cancer and benign thyroid diseases and to elucidate the role of potential confounders or effect modifiers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original data from 12 case-control studies from the United States, Asia, and Europe were pooled. Based on 2,094 women and 425 men with cancer of the thyroid and, respectively, 3,248 and 928 control subjects, odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by conditional regression models, conditioning on study and age at diagnosis, and adjusting for age and radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A history of hypothyroidism was not associated with cancer risk (pooled ORs = 0.9, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.7-1.3 in women and 1.7, 95% CI: 0.3-11.7 in men). ORs for hyperthyroidism were 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0-2.1) in women and 3.1 (95% CI: 1.0-9.8) in men. In women, however, risk was lower in the absence of or after allowance for history of goiter. Pooled ORs for a history of goiter were 5.9 (95% CI: 4.2-8.1) in women and 38.3 (95% CI: 5.0-291.2) in men. Risk for a history of benign nodules/adenomas was especially high (OR = 29.9, 95% CI: 14.5-62.0, in women; 18 cases versus 0 controls in men). The excess risk for goiter and benign nodules/adenomas was greatest within 2-4 years prior to thyroid cancer diagnosis, but an elevated OR was present 10 years or more before cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Goiter and benign nodules/adenomas are the strongest risk factors for thyroid cancer, apart from radiation in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Epidemiologia, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preston-Martin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Maso
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTiernan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kolonel
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mabuchi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wingren
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galanti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hallquist
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Glattre
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Linos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ron
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000150:complications*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications*; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000150:complications*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology