title: Management of Barrett's esophagus: a national study of practice patterns and their cost implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The optimal management of Barrett's esophagus (BE) is controversial. Little is known about current practice patterns or associated direct medical costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a national cross-sectional survey, we asked a random sample of gastroenterologists how they would manage patients with BE and various degrees of dysplasia. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with so-called "frequent" (at least every 12 months) surveillance. We calculated direct medical costs using Medicare payments and population-based estimates of the number of BE patients under surveillance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 50% of 555 gastroenterologists responded. More than 96% of respondents recommended endoscopic surveillance for BE. For BE without dysplasia, 30% would perform frequent surveillance; this was the case particularly gastroenterologists older than age 45 yr (odds ratio = 1.91, p = 0.038) or those receiving primarily fee-for-service reimbursement (odds ratio = 2.57, p = 0.004). For BE with low-grade dysplasia, the frequency of endoscopy was highly variable (range, 1-24 months). For BE with high-grade dysplasia, 73% of gastroenterologists recommended esophagectomy and the remainder recommended endoscopic surveillance. Approximately 95% of the gastroenterologists who recommended surveillance for high-grade dysplasia, however, were not in agreement with recommended protocols. We estimated the national annual expenditure for surveillance endoscopy every 24 months for BE without dysplasia to be at least $22 million. Increase in surveillance intensity from low frequency (every 36 months) to high frequency (every 12 months) strategies would escalate costs by $29 million annually.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician age and reimbursement influence BE surveillance practice, suggesting the influence of nonclinical factors on clinical decision making. The majority of clinicians who would recommend surveillance for high-grade dysplasia may not be using an appropriately aggressive strategy. Variations in surveillance strategies can have large cost implications.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Canto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hixson
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States