title: Can sonographic signs predict long-term results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether sonographic signs of the gallbladder can predict the long-term outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
  
  
  METHODS
  All 346 patients, who underwent LC at our institution between January 1, 1993 and March 1, 1996, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire on the persistence of pre-operative abdominal symptoms. Patients without a sonographic examination 6 months prior to surgery were excluded. Sonographic parameters, scored on the pre-operative examination, were evaluated by univariate analysis using the relief of abdominal symptoms as a dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate of correctly returned questionnaires was 68%. The follow-up ranged from 14-53 months. Fourteen percent (18/133) of all patients reported persistence of abdominal complaints after cholecystectomy. Grit in the gallbladder on the pre-operative ultrasound examination was significantly associated with a higher relative risk (RR) for persistence of pre-operative abdominal symptoms (RR 4.5, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.0-10.1). The presence of echogenic bile (RR 1.9, 95% CI 0.8-4.9), gallbladder distention (RR 1.9, 95% CI 0.6-5.7), and gallbladder wall thickening (RR 1.5, 95% CI 0.5-4.1) were associated with the persistence of symptoms. A contracted gallbladder (RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-1.1) and stone impaction (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.1-1.8) were associated with the relief of abdominal symptoms. None of these sonographic signs reached significance. There was no difference in the post-operative symptoms rate between patients with a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and those who were converted to an open cholecystectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective study showed that the sonographic sign of grit in the gallbladder is associated with a high relative risk for persistent abdominal symptoms after cholecystectomy. These findings will be re-evaluated in a prospective study to estimate the definitive clinical importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. jurgenvandervelden@wxs.nl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaap Bonjer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brakel
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lameris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography