title: Conjunctival rhinosporidiosis associated with scleral melting and staphyloma formation: diagnosis and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although conjunctival rhinosporidiosis is endemic in India, associated scleral melting and staphyloma formation are quite rare. We report clinical features and management in three patients with this unusual presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of case records of three patients with conjunctival rhinosporidiosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection occurred in young, healthy adults and was localized to the forniceal conjunctiva in all patients. The affected conjunctiva had numerous grey-white spherules, but a polyp-like lesion was not present in any patient. Diagnosis was based on clinical features and examination of scrapings from the involved conjunctiva. Treatment was surgical, with excision of infected conjunctival tissues and staphyloma repair with homologous sclera or autogenous periosteum. Failure to recognize the conjunctival pathology in one patient resulted in recurrence of the staphyloma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conjunctival rhinosporidiosis can be associated with scleral staphyloma in young, healthy, adults. Differentiating this entity from idiopathic scleral ectasia requires knowledge of the clinical features of conjunctival rhinosporidiosis and a high index of clinical suspicion.
authors.affiliation: Sankara Nethralaya, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Castelino
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D010521:Periosteum / Q000637:transplantation; D012227:Rhinosporidiosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D012590:Sclera / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation; D015422:Scleral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D013524:Surgical Flaps