title: In vitro activities of phenothiazine-type calmodulin antagonists against Mycobacterium leprae.
abstract: Calmodulin-like protein has been established as the primary receptor for calcium in eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic cells. The calmodulin-calcium complex regulates a variety of enzymes including nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Recently, the presence of this protein in Mycobacterium leprae has been demonstrated and the effects of phenothiazine-type calmodulin antagonists on in vitro growth of M. leprae in a cell-free culture system were investigated. Two biochemical parameters were used to measure metabolic activity and growth of the organism. Among the six phenothiazine derivatives tested, trifluoperazine appeared to be the most potent in inhibiting the in vitro growth of M. leprae, with an MIC of 10 micrograms/ml. Chlorpromazine, triflupromazine and thioridazine were less active than trifluoperazine, with an MIC of 20 micrograms/ml each, while the other two, acetopromazine and fluphenazine, were totally ineffective even at 80 micrograms/ml. All four compounds inhibited the uptake of labelled acetate, glycine and thymidine by whole cells of M. leprae. This suggests that these phenothiazine derivatives have multiple sites of action and probably affect the synthesis of lipids, proteins and DNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne 32901-6976, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dhople
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009166:Mycobacterium leprae / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013881:Thioridazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D014268:Trifluoperazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002147:Calmodulin; D014268:Trifluoperazine; D000075:Acepromazine; D013881:Thioridazine; D005998:Glycine; D002746:Chlorpromazine; D013936:Thymidine