title: Adolescent-parent conflict in middle-class African American families.
abstract: Everyday conflicts between adolescents and parents were examined in 95 middle-class African American families, 44 with preadolescents and 51 with early adolescents, who were further divided into two groups based on family income. The incidence, frequency, and intensity of conflicts were assessed using the Issues Checklist, and content, justifications, and resolutions were coded from individual interviews. Conflicts were relatively frequent, low in intensity, and occurred over issues such as the adolescent's room, chores, choice of activities, and homework. Early adolescents rated conflicts as more intense than did preadolescents, but mothers' ratings of conflict intensity and families' ratings of conflict frequency differed by family income. African American adolescents primarily reasoned about conflicts as issues of personal jurisdiction, whereas their mothers primarily appealed to social conventions. Nearly all conflicts were resolved by adolescents giving in to parents, but adolescent concession declined with age, whereas unresolved conflicts and use of punishment increased. Number and intensity of conflicts and adolescent concession were predicted by both parenting practices and sociodemographic background; conflict frequency and joint resolution were predicted only by parents' educational attainment. Although conflict may reflect normative developmental processes of individuation, the cultural and ecological context of middle-class African American families influences its expression and resolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY 14627, USA. smetana@psych.rochester.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smetana
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaines
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004291:Dominance-Subordination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011340:Problem Solving; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011678:Punishment; D012923:Social Class