title: Emission characteristics of VOCs from athletic tracks.
abstract: Dynamic and flow-through flux chambers are convenient tools for field measurements of gas or VOC emission flux from solid surfaces in the field. This study was undertaken to collect on site and quantify the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from athletic running tracks. Three typical types of tracks, one synthetic rubber and two tracks (types I and II) consisting mainly of polyurethane, were studied. They were all installed with adhesives and backings, both of which contributed significant amount of VOCs. VOCs released from the track surface were collected with a flux chamber and subsequently analyzed by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Also, for each track and at each selected time the emission flux and mass emission were measured on site under outdoor conditions over a period of 40 min. GC/MS analyses show that the VOCs emitted include 2-methyl furan, butanal, methyl ethyl ketone, benzene, heptane, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene+octane, hexanal, nonane+ethylbenzene, xylenes+styrene, propyl benzene, decane, 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene, 1,2, 3-trimethyl benzene and undecane. Of these, hexanal was the common and principal compound for all three types of tracks. 2-Methyl furan and methyl isobutyl ketone were the characteristic compounds for the synthetic rubber and the type II of polyurethane tracks, respectively. In the field studies, no unique compounds were found in the type I of polyurethane tracks. For each of these three types of tracks the total-VOCs emission flux was correlated to the track age and track surface temperature. The results of multiple regression analysis showed good correlation. The type II polyurethane track had the highest decay rate, while the synthetic rubber track had the lowest decay rate. Two years after the track installation, the VOC concentrations measured at 1.5 m above the track, the breathing height of school children, were not significantly higher than the background levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002648:Child; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012420:Running; D012574:Schools; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011140:Polyurethanes