title: Laboratory evaluations of feed-grade and agricultural-grade phosphates.
abstract: Nine samples of pure, feed-grade (FP) and agricultural-grade (AP) phosphates were evaluated at seven laboratories (six in Brazil and one in the U.S.) for physical and chemical characteristics. Phosphates were one "standard" pure dicalcium phosphate; four FP, two dicalcium phosphates (FP-1 and FP-2) made in Brazil, one di-monocalcium phosphate (FP-3), and one defluorinated phosphate (FP-4) made in the U.S.; and four AP made in Brazil [single superphosphate (AP-1), triple superphosphate (AP-2) and monoammonium (AP-3), and thermomagnesium (AP-4) phosphates]. Average analytical values for FP and AP, respectively, were 3.3 and 6.3% moisture, 1.0 and 2.5% insoluble residue, 16.2 and 28.4% loss on ignition, 6.8 and 4.7 (pH), 1,028 and 1,023 g/L apparent density, 9.6 and 55.0% P solubility in water, 83.6 and 88.4% P solubility in 2% citric acid, and 85.2 and 97.0% P solubility in neutral ammonium citrate. Based on particle size, six products were classified as "fine," and three were classified as "irregular." Atomic absorption and plasma spectrometry determinations were performed for 31 essential and potentially harmful or radioactive minerals. The Na level was high in FP-4 (6.03%). Mineral concentrations were safe for all FP as compared with NRC standards. Levels in AP were toxic, exceeding the tolerance limits for F, Fe, Mg, and Ba, and were particularly high as compared with FP for S, Ti, and radioactive Th. The AP-1 was high in F, Ba, S, and Th; AP-2 and AP-3 were high in F and S; and AP-4 was high in F, Ba, Fe, Mg, Ti, and Th. X-ray diffraction assays detected impurities for all commercial samples and identified as major components CaHPO4*2H2O (standard phosphate), CaCO3 and CaHPO4 (FP-1, FP-2, and FP-3), Ca(H2PO4)2*H2O (FP-3), Na2Ca3Al2(PO4)2(SiO4)2 and Ca3(PO4)2 (FP-4), CaSO4*nH2O and (NH4)Fe3P6O20*(PO4)2 (AP-1), Ca(H2PO4)2*H2O and KFe3P6O20*10H2O (AP-2), (NH4)H2PO4 and CaSO4*nH2O (AP-3), and no definite molecular structure for AP-4, an amorphous product. The biological consequences of feeding animals a mineral source with no definite molecular structure, an amorphous product, is not known. A biological evaluation of all phosphates included in this article is being published as a separate report (Fernandes et al., 1999).
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. frlima@usp.br
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fronzaglia
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007753:Laboratories; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D012995:Solubility; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D010710:Phosphates; D011868:Radioisotopes