title: Cheek cell phospholipids in human infants: a marker of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids in the diet, plasma, and red blood cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of essential fatty acid status requires collection of blood or adipose tissue samples. However, these invasive techniques cannot always be used in studies involving infants, young children, or subjects from whom it is difficult to obtain blood. A body tissue that is easy to access is the buccal mucosa (cheek cells).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate the degree to which fatty acids of cheek cells reflect the fatty acid content of plasma, red blood cells, and the diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one infants aged 12 mo were enrolled. Five infants were fed human milk and 26 infants received formulas that provided a wide range of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intakes. Cheek cells were collected on a small piece of gauze by gently swabbing the inside of the cheek 3 times. Lipids were extracted from the gauze and the phospholipid fatty acid content of the cheek cells was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cheek cell DHA and arachidonic acid in phospholipids were significantly correlated with DHA and arachidonic acid in plasma [r = 0.61 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.37 (P <0.05), respectively], red blood cells [r = 0.58 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.37 (P < 0.05), respectively], and the diet [r = 0.65 (P < 0.001) and r = 0. 51 (P < 0.01), respectively].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given these correlations and the ease and noninvasive nature of this technique, cheek cell fatty acids may serve as a marker of the essential fatty acid content, especially of DHA and arachidonic acid, in plasma, red blood cells, and the diet.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA. Connors@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Connor
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D008895:Milk, Human; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids