title: In vivo and in vitro comparison of the short-term hematopoietic toxicity between hydroxyurea and trimidox or didox, novel ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors with potential anti-HIV-1 activity.
abstract: Inhibitors of the cellular enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (hydroxyurea, [HU]) have been proposed as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection. However, HU use may be limited by the frequent development of hematopoietic toxicity. We report here short-term hematopoietic toxicity in mice receiving HU when compared to either of two more potent enzyme inhibitors, didox (DX) and trimidox (TX). High dose HU, DX, and TX monotherapy (500, 460, and 220 mg/kg/day respectively) was administered by daily i.p. injection (Monday-Friday) to C57BL/6 mice for 10 weeks. Effects on hematopoiesis were established by quantitating peripheral blood indices (hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, RBC, and WBC) and numbers of colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and BFU-E from bone marrow and spleen. HU produced rapid induction of a macrocytic hypochromic anemia and altered white blood cell kinetics associated with myelosuppression defined as reduced marrow organ cellularity and induction of splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis. Compared to HU, TX and DX induced fewer changes in peripheral blood indices and CFU-GM and BFU-E per hematopoietic organ. In vitro human and murine marrow CFU-GM and BFU-E colony formations were assayed in the presence of dose escalation HU, DX, or TX (0, 1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 microM). HU inhibited colony formation more than either DX or TX. These in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that novel ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors TX and DX may provide an effective alternative to HU in HIV-1 therapy because they demonstrate reduced hematopoietic toxicity.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Mayhew
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Elford
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Gallicchio
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001550:Benzamidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000633:toxicity*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D009929:Organ Size; D012264:Ribonucleotide Reductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: C074761:3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D001550:Benzamidines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D012264:Ribonucleotide Reductases; C035419:3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid; D006918:Hydroxyurea