title: Ureteroscopic biopsy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: improved diagnostic accuracy and histopathological considerations using a multi-biopsy approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a ureteroscopic multi-biopsy approach to upper tract urothelial carcinoma compared with subsequently resected surgical specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1990 to 1998, 45 upper tract lesions were ureteroscopically evaluated and biopsied with 3Fr cup forceps and/or an 11.5Fr resectoscope before nephroureterectomy or ureterectomy. A definitive diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma was made by biopsy in 40 lesions (89%). Each tumor was histopathologically graded but only staged if the lamina propria were uninvolved (Ta), and if the lamina propria were invaded by tumor (T1+).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 40 urothelial tumors 16 (40%) were in the renal pelvis, and 8 (20%) in the proximal and 16 (40%) in the distal ureter. Of the lesions 95% were papillary and 65% were grade 2. Ureteroscopic biopsy grade matched surgical pathological grade in 31 of the 40 cases (78%), and was less than surgical pathological grade in the remainder. Lamina propria was detected in 27 of the 40 biopsies, including 21 of the 34 cup (62%) and all 6 resection loop (100%) biopsies. Ureteroscopic biopsy staging in 27 cases revealed Ta and T1+ disease in 22 and 5, respectively. In the 5 cases in which ureteroscopic biopsy stage was T1+ surgical pathological stage was also pT1+ (range pT1 to pT3). Tumors were pathologically up staged to pT1+ (range pT1 to pT3) in 10 of the 22 cases (45%) in which ureteroscopic biopsy stage was Ta. Tumor location did not affect diagnostic accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This multi-biopsy ureteroscopic approach provided the tissue diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in 89% of cases and predicted exact histopathological grade in 78%. Although it is not accurate as a staging modality, multi-biopsy ureteroscopy may assess lamina propria invasion in two-thirds of cases.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guarnizo
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Pavlovich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seiba
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sosa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018666:Ureteroscopy