title: The "knowingly and willfully" continuum of the anti-kickback statute's scienter requirement: its origins, complexities, and most recent judicial developments.
abstract: Mr. Blair analyzes the evolution of the Anti-Kickback Statute's scienter requirement. The article includes a historical review of the Anti-Kickback Statute and an in-depth discussion of three notable cases in this area, United States v. Greber, Hanlester Network v. Shalala, and United States v. Davis. The author concludes that without further guidance from either Congress or the Department of Health and Human Services, the split among circuits as to the proper definition of the Statute's scienter requirement makes the matter ripe for Supreme Court review.
authors.affiliation: BJC Health System, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Blair
mesh_terms: D005607:Fraud / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008484:Medicaid / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006278:Medicare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D018584:Physician Self-Referral / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014481:United States; D014483:United States Dept. of Health and Human Services