title: Production of the mycotoxins fusaproliferin and beauvericin by South African isolates in the Fusarium section Liseola.
abstract: The production of fusaproliferin (FUS), a recently described mycotoxin, and beauvericin (BEA), a mycotoxin recently reported to co-occur with FUS in Fusarium-infected corn, by South African isolates in the Fusarium section Liseola, was investigated. Five isolates each of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. globosum were cultured on corn kernels. Four each of the five South African isolates of F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans produced FUS (10-1725 and 330-2630 mg/kg, respectively). BEA was produced by four of the F. proliferatum strains (310-1130 mg/kg) and three of the F. subglutinans strains (140-700 mg/kg). The isolates of F. verticillioides failed to produce significant levels of either of these secondary metabolites. F. globosum was a weak producer of both in that one isolate of five produced 25 mg/kg FUS and five out of five produced BEA at levels ranging between 10 and 110 mg/kg. To further characterize these strains, their production of fumonisins B(1), B(2), and B(3), as well as moniliformin, was investigated. Of the four species investigated, fumonisins were produced by all except F. subglutinans, which in turn was the only species whose isolates in this study produced moniliformin (four of five isolates, ranging from 155 to 2095 mg/kg). Analysis of visibly Fusarium-infected home-grown corn collected in the Transkei region of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa showed that nine of the ten samples contained low levels of FUS (up to 62 microg/kg), whereas all ten samples showed BEA contamination ranging from 8 to 1734 microg/kg with a mean of 258 microg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.gordon.shephard@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Shephard
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sewram
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Nieuwoudt
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Marasas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritieni
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003503:Cyclobutanes / Q000032:analysis; D047630:Depsipeptides; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010455:Peptides; D013019:South Africa; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003503:Cyclobutanes; D047630:Depsipeptides; D009183:Mycotoxins; D010455:Peptides; D013729:Terpenes; C093577:fusaproliferin; C004456:beauvericin; C008539:moniliformin