title: Kinetics and cellular origin of cytokines in the central nervous system: insight into mechanisms of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
abstract: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice is characterized by early (day 12) acute paralysis, followed by a sustained chronic clinical course that gradually stabilizes. Extensive inflammation and demyelination coincide with clinical signs of disease. To identify the mechanisms of these processes, individual proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were studied. Sensitive single-cell assays were utilized to determine the cellular origin and kinetics of cytokine production in the CNS. Immunization with MOG35-55 peptide resulted in priming of both Th1 (lymphotoxin, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha) and Th2 (IL-4) cells in the spleen. However, only Th1 cells were apparent in the CNS. CD4 T cells that produced IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha were present in the CNS by day 7 after immunization with MOG35-55, peaked at day 20, and then waned. TNF-alpha was also produced in the CNS by Mac-1+ cells. On days 7 and 10 after immunization, the TNF-alpha-producing Mac1+ cells were predominantly microglia. By day 14, a switch occurred in that the Mac1+ TNF-alpha-producing cells had the phenotype of infiltrating macrophages. RANTES, IFN-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 chemokine mRNA were detected in the CNS by day 8 after immunization. The early presence of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) in the CNS provides a mechanism for the recruitment of macrophages. These data implicate TNF-alpha production by a continuum of T cells, microglia, and macrophages at various times during the course of disease. The importance of Th1 cytokines is highlighted, with little evidence for a role of Th2 cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Juedes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hjelmström
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Neild
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Ruddle
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D018992:Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C571327:Mog protein, mouse; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D018992:Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma