title: Methylation patterns of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor gene promoters are established several weeks prior to onset of their function.
abstract: Expression of the human parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTHR) gene is controlled by three promoters, P1-P3. P1 functions specifically in kidney, whereas P2 is ubiquitously active. P3 is also widely active, although more so in kidney than other tissues. However, only P2 functions at midgestation. We examined the role of methylation in controlling PTHR promoter activity. Function of all promoters was inhibited by CpG methylation in vitro. Significantly, P1 is selectively hypomethylated in adult kidney in vivo, strongly suggesting that demethylation is required for renal P1 function. Moreover, this pattern is established by 11. 75 weeks of fetal age, several weeks prior to the onset P1 activity. P3 is unmethylated at midgestation, although it is inactive at this stage of development, and thus exhibits characteristics of both tissue-specific and ubiquitously active promoters. These results show that adult methylation patterns of P1 and P3 are established several weeks prior to their induction, indicating that their function requires factors expressed late in development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Human Genetics, McGill University, 3655 Drummond Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bettoun
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minagawa
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Goodyer
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Hendy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goltzman
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D018899:CpG Islands; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; D018016:Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics*; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; D018016:Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases