title: Adolescent risk behavior and the influence of parents and education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescent involvement with alcohol, drugs, tobacco, sexual relationships, and gang violence begins at increasingly younger ages. Awareness of the dangers and consequences of risk-taking behavior has not had a profound or lasting impact on adolescent behavior, and there appears to be no relation between risk behavior and general knowledge concerning these topics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using paired anonymous questionnaires, we surveyed 215 seventh-grade students and their parents about their experience with and attitudes toward adolescent risk-taking behaviors. The results of each student questionnaire were compared with results of his or her own parents. The survey instrument contained questions concerning tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, sexual activity, gang membership, general knowledge concerning these topics, and parental guidance given. Data were analyzed using the chi2 test of significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parent and student recollection of issues discussed and guidance given differed widely, as did the students' understanding of their parents' guidance. Factors found to have a meaningful impact on the reduction of risk behavior in the adolescent population were (1) students perceiving a satisfactory relationship with their parents, and (2) parents successfully communicating their expectations regarding these behaviors to their children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental direction has a powerful effect on the reduction of risk behavior in young adolescents. A limited ability for abstract reasoning during early adolescence requires clear anticipatory guidance by parents and an active effort to maintain communication in the child-parent relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, USA.
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Patience
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires