title: Present state of closed-loop drug delivery in anesthesia and intensive care.
abstract: Although closed-loop systems have a long tradition in engineering, their continued use for patient care is limited to the last 20 years, with the exception of BICKFORD's pioneering work in 1950. During the past 2 years it has been shown that automated closed-loop systems for drug delivery can provide unique study designs for clinical research allowing experimental setups not realizable by traditional means. It is, however, evident that a lot of research and development has to be done on therapeutic closed-loop systems to solve the many questions related to their reliability, safety and use in the routine clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüttler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwilden
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000379:methods*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics