title: Three-dimensional sonographic visualization of fetal skeleton in the second trimester of pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the potential of using three-dimensional (3D) sonography to reveal anomalies of fetal skeleton.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two normal fetuses and 3 anencephalic fetuses from 14 to 27 weeks' gestation were studied with a specially developed abdominal 3D transducer (3.5 MHz). This imaging system provided conventional two-dimensional (2D) sonographic images and also generated within seconds high-quality 3D images in the surface and transparent mode with no need for an external workstation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using this imaging system, we obtained 2D and 3D images of fetal skeleton (skull, scapula, spine, rib, humerus, ulna/radius, pelvis, femur, and tibia/fibula) at two gestational ages. The percentages of fetal skeletal visualization at less than 20 weeks of gestation using 3D sonography were 78-100%, whereas those with 2D sonography were all 100%. The percentages of skeletal structures revealed after 20 weeks' gestation using 3D sonography were 82-100%, whereas those with 2D sonography were all 100%. We found no significant differences in detection rates of the fetal skeleton between 2D and 3D sonography. However, 3D sonographic images generally provided a more comprehensive view of the fetal skeleton than did conventional 2D sonography. In 2 cases with anencephaly, 3D sonography clearly revealed the defect of cranium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new 3D sonographic technology can generate within seconds high-quality 3D images of the fetal skeleton. The 3D technology seems to perform at least as well as conventional 2D sonography. Our results suggest that 3D sonography has the potential to supplement 2D sonography and might be useful in identifying malformations of the fetal skeleton and chromosomal abnormalities in utero.
authors.affiliation: Department of Perinatology, Kagawa Medical University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hata
mesh_terms: D000757:Anencephaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*