title: Expression of Von Willebrand factor, an endothelial cell marker, is up-regulated by angiogenesis factors: a potential method for objective assessment of tumor angiogenesis.
abstract: von Willebrand factor (vWF), a glycoprotein produced uniquely by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, is routinely used to identify vessels in tissue sections. Vessel density in tumor specimens, as determined by immuno-histochemical staining for vWF or other endothelial cell markers, is a negative prognostic factor for many solid tumors. vWF is heterogeneously distributed throughout the vasculature, transcriptional control in response to the tissue microenvironment being responsible for local variations in endothelial cell levels of vWF. Here, we report that fibroblast growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, potent angiogenesis inducers expressed in a variety of tumors, up-regulate expression of vWF mRNA and protein in cultured endothelial cells with a synergistic effect. Our data support the measurement of vWF mRNA in tumors to detect activated endothelium or angiogenesis. For this purpose, we developed a semi-quantitative RT-PCR for vWF mRNA. Preliminary results obtained with specimens from colon carcinoma and the corresponding normal colonic mucosa showed higher vWF mRNA levels in most tumors than in their normal counterparts. The differences in vWF mRNA levels were much larger than the differences in vessel counts between a tumor and the corresponding normal mucosa, indicating that high vWF mRNA levels in tumors may indeed be an early sign of activation of the endothelium. The rapidity, objectivity, sensitivity and specificity of this technique make it suitable for routine clinical application to identify aggressive, highly angiogenic tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, S.A. Localio Laboratory for General Surgery Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zanetta
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vasile
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dobryansky
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shamamian
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mignatti
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001681:Biological Assay; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2