title: Cocaine differentially modulates chemokine production by mononuclear cells from normal donors and human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients.
abstract: Earlier studies have supported a significant role for cocaine in the susceptibility to and the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Recently, several unique HIV-1 entry coreceptors (e.g., CCR5 and CCR3) and a trio of HIV-1-specific suppressor chemokines, namely, RANTES (regulated-upon-activation T expressed and secreted), macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and MIP-1beta, were identified. Although cocaine has been linked to the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection, the corresponding cellular and molecular mechanism(s) have not been well defined. We hypothesize that cocaine mediates these pathologic effects through the downregulation of HIV-1-suppressing chemokines and/or upregulating HIV-1 entry coreceptors in HIV-1-infected subjects, resulting in disease progression to AIDS. Our results show that cocaine selectively downregulates endogenous MIP-1beta secretion by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), while cocaine did not affect the MIP-1beta production by PBMC from AIDS patients. Cocaine also selectively suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced MIP-1beta production by PBMC from HIV-infected patients. Further, cocaine significantly downregulates endogenous MIP-1beta gene expression, while it upregulates HIV-1 entry coreceptor CCR5 by normal PBMC. These studies suggests a role for cocaine as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and support the premise that cocaine increases susceptibility to and progression of HIV-1 infection by inhibiting the synthesis of HIV-1 protective chemokines and/or upregulating the HIV-1 entry coreceptor, CCR5.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA. mnair@acsu.buffalo.edu
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chadha
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D003042:Cocaine