title: Lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation in culture: temporal profiles of morphological change and release of cytokines and nitric oxide.
abstract: Microglial activation has been considered as a result of neuronal damage, however, recently it becomes to recognize as a possible cause of the damage in various neurodegenerative diseases. To elucidate the mechanism of the microglial activation, we examined the time course of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced change in morphology and the release of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in cultured microglia from neonatal rat brains. With addition of 1 microg/ml LPS, the cell morphology was drastically changed within 3 h from amoeboid shape to bipolar rod shape. The peak time of such morphological change was at 6 h and then returned to small round shape gradually. This transient change in morphology was completely inhibited by 0.1 mM dibutyryl-cAMP. On the other hand, the release of cytokines and NO showed different time courses after stimulation by LPS; at first tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was released within 1 h lag time, secondly interleukin (IL)-1beta within 3 h, thirdly IL-6, and at last NO was released with about 6 h lag time. The addition of dibutyryl cAMP markedly inhibited the release of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, but not IL-6 and NO at all. These results suggest that there are at least two different intracellular signaling pathways of LPS-induced microglial activation; one for early release of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta sensitive to dibutyryl-cAMP and the other for late release of IL-6 and NO insensitive to dibutyryl-cAMP. The transient morphological change seems to be associated with the early release based on the sensitivity to dibutyryl-cAMP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shigenobu, Japan. yoichi@m.ehime-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Q S
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kataoka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003994:Bucladesine