title: Catastrophic hemorrhage on sternal reentry: still a dreaded complication?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To define the incidence of catastrophic hemorrhage (CH) during reoperations, the experience of the University of New Mexico was reviewed and compared with the practice of surgeons contacted by questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the University of New Mexico, 610 reoperations were reviewed and 210 deemed high risk because of multiple reoperation, aneurysm, patent grafts, chamber's enlargement, conduit or previous mediastinitis. In the questionnaire, we asked about reentry technique, occurrence and outcome of CH, and precautions for high-risk patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the University of New Mexico there were 4 CH with 1 death, and in the questionnaire there were 2,046 CH with 392 deaths. Our rate per surgeon was lower than that of the questionnaire. Rate of CH according to the saw was 2.09 for reciprocating, 2.0 for sagittal, and 1.74 for stryker in the questionnaire. Our rate was lower (0.65) with a micro sagittal saw. High-risk category predicted CH during sternotomy (p = 0.01) but only conduit (p = 0.005) was significant by univariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of CH could be as high as 1%. The sagittal micro oscillating saw is the safest reported to date. Presence of a conduit increases the risk by 2.5 fold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87131, USA. follis@unm.edu
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Follis
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Pett
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Temes
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wernly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery*; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects