title: Nitrofen-induced congenital malformations of the heart and great vessels in rats: an animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitrofen (2,4-dichloro-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether), a diapheny ether herbicide, is known to induce in rat fetuses a variety of congenital cardiovascular anomalies, together with diaphragmatic hernia and hydronephrosis. The purpose of the current study was to produce congenital cardiovascular anomalies in rat fetuses by oral nitrofen administration at the indicated doses and days of gestation, and to determine the characteristics of resulting nitrofen-induced cardiovascular anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the observed fetuses were removed from pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats killed on the 21st day of gestation. They were preserved in 10% formalin, and dissection for examination was carried out under a dissecting microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following results were based on dissecting microscopic findings of 482 offspring: (1) The 11th day of gestation was the most sensitive for nitrofen induction of congenital cardiovascular anomalies. The incidence of these was dose related. (2) Ventricular septal defect was the most common single cardiovascular anomaly, representing more than half of all such irregularities. The next most common were aortic arch anomalies and tetralogy of Fallot. (3) Cardiac anomalies derived from infundibular maldevelopment such as tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect were observed only in the group treated with nitrofen on the 11th gestational day. (4) Aortic arch anomalies were very frequent; the great majority were anomalous right subclavian artery with left aortic arch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This animal model is suitable for further embryological investigation of the development of congenital cardiovascular anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000139:chemically induced; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; C007350:nitrofen