title: Toxicological interactions of chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury in the amphipod, Hyalella azteca.
abstract: The mechanism of interaction between chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, and methyl mercury, an organometal, was assessed utilizing the amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Previous studies have demonstrated that chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury interact additively, with survival as the endpoint. In addition, exposure to chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury increased the accumulation and decreased the elimination of methyl mercury. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for these interactions, biochemical mechanisms indicative of chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury toxicity were assessed in H. azteca. Biochemical endpoints that were evaluated include the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme and indicators of oxidative stress such as glutathione-S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and glutathione content. Methyl mercury antagonized the effects of chlorpyrifos in vivo on acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Methyl mercury did not induce oxidative damage; however, chlorpyrifos decreased glutathione-S-transferase activity. Additional studies demonstrated that methyl mercury did not affect the in vitro bioactivation of chlorpyrifos or the subsequent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. Chemical-chemical interactions were examined utilizing chromatographic techniques. Results of thin layer chromatography suggested the formation of a chlorpyrifos-methyl mercury complex. The formation of this complex may result in increased accumulation of methyl mercury, apparent additive toxicity, and protection against chlorpyrifos mediated acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Steevens
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D003445:Crustacea / Q000502:physiology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D011506:Proteins; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005978:Glutathione; D004390:Chlorpyrifos