title: A novel cryptic exon in intron 2 of the human dystrophin gene evolved from an intron by acquiring consensus sequences for splicing at different stages of anthropoid evolution.
abstract: The dystrophin gene, which is mutated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, is thus the largest human gene. A full spectrum of splicing of the dystrophin transcript has not been elucidated yet, though more than 10 alternative splicings have been identified in the 5' region of the dystrophin gene. In this study, two novel dystrophin transcripts containing a 140-nucleotide insertion precisely between exons 2 and 8 or between exons 2 and 18 were identified in skeletal muscle. The genomic region corresponding to and surrounding this 140-nucleotide sequence was sequenced to reveal that the insertion possessed a branch point and both acceptor and donor splice site consensus sequences perfectly. Therefore, the 140-bp insertion sequence was considered to be a novel exon. The novel exon was mapped to intron 2 and was designated exon 2a. Reverse-transcription PCR screening for transcripts containing exon 2a in 12 human tissues revealed its presence in 3 of them, including skeletal muscle. Phylogenetic studies disclosed that exon 2a evolved from intron DNA by the progressive acquisition of nucleotide substitutions in ancestral hominoids.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Medical Research, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Dwi Pramono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Surono
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics; D012326:RNA Splicing; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016189:Dystrophin