title: Safety evaluation of synthetic beta-carotene.
abstract: The safety of beta-carotene was reassessed by evaluating the relevant literature on the beneficial and adverse effects of beta-carotene on cancer and, in particular, by evaluating the results of toxicity studies. Beta-carotene appeared neither genotoxic nor reprotoxic or teratogenic, and no signs of organ toxicity have been found in subacute, subchronic, or chronic oral toxicity studies in experimental animals receiving doses of up to 1000 mg/day beta-carotene per kg body weight via the diet. Synthetic beta-carotene did not exert any carcinogenic effect in Sprague-Dawley rats or in CD1 mice. An enhanced risk of lung cancer was found in two human intervention studies. Although dose and (timing of) exposure, smoking status, and imbalance of antioxidant defense have been recognized as potential factors accounting for the outcome of these studies, a conclusive explanation has not yet been found. It is concluded that exposure to beta-carotene resulting in mean plasma concentrations of no more than 2.2 micromol/l (1.2 microg/ml) is safe to the general population. By contrast, in heavy smokers higher plasma concentrations may be associated with a higher lung cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Toxicology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Woutersen
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Wolterbeek
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldbohm
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Feron
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D018890:Chemoprevention; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019207:beta Carotene