title: High prevalence of G1 and G2 TT-virus infection in subjects with high and low blood exposure risk: identification of G4 isolates in Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus (TTV) was detected in Japanese patients with fulminant hepatitis (47%) and chronic liver disease of unknown etiology (46%) more frequently than in blood donors (12%). Subsequent studies, however, questioned the association of TTV with liver disease. We further investigated the role of this novel virus in liver diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 106 patients and 102 blood donors for TTV by polymerase chain reaction using conserved region primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TTV DNA was found in 19 of 102 volunteer blood donors (18.6%) and in 27 of 106 patients with liver disease (25.5%): 10 of 28 chronic hepatitis B (35.7%), 9 of 28 chronic hepatitis C (32.1%) and 8 of 50 (16%) cryptogenic liver disease patients. Previous interferon treatment was not associated with a significantly lower prevalence of TTV infection. TTV prevalence was higher in patients with blood exposure (42.8%, 6/14) than in patients without risk factors (21.4%, 18/84). Four of five patients (80%) with HBV familial infection and without blood exposure were also TTV positive. Partial nucleotide sequences from 3 Italian isolates diverged more than 30% from the 2 prototype genotypes G1 and G2 and were 88% homologous to the recently described genotype G4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G1 and G2 TTV are common in Italy and in the USA in liver disease patients and in blood donors. The prevalence is high in patients with blood exposure but also in subjects without risk factors; other routes of transmission should therefore be considered.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Spedali Riuniti Santa Chiara, Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Cisanello, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colombatto
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Brunetto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kansopon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oliveri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aragon
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bortoli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scatena
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baicchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonino
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015995:Prevalence