title: Effective acute desensitization for immediate-type hypersensitivity to human granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is the treatment of choice for patients with life threatening neutropenias. Hypersensitivity to GM-CSF may lead to cessation of treatment. Acute desensitization is an alternative mode of managing drug hypersensitivity, especially when other common modes like substitution of offending drug or premedication with antihistamines and/or corticosteroids are not available or fail.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 42-year-old woman with a 17-year history of severe chronic mucocutaneous candidal infections became resistant to all common antifungal drugs. As her disorder was associated with defective functions of monocytes and granulocytes, GM-CSF treatment was started yielding a very good clinical effect. After a short period of treatment, however, the patient developed anaphylactic reactions which could not be abolished by preadministration of antihistamines and/or corticosteroids. Replacement of therapy by G-CSF caused identical hypersensitivity phenomena.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prick skin tests with 100, 200, or 400 microg/mL of GM-CSF or G-CSF, using also negative and positive controls, were performed on the patient and three healthy control subjects. A positive local reaction was observed only in patient at the prick point of 200 microg/mL GM-CSF or 400 microg/mL G-CSF. Acute desensitization to GM-CSF was initiated adopting a protocol used for parenteral desensitization to penicillin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient tolerated the desensitization procedure very well and we could resume the administration of GM-CSF. For the past 30 months the patient has been treated uneventfully by subcutaneous administration of GM-CSF, 500 microg twice weekly, and is free of candidal infections. Skin prick tests were repeated 1 month postdesensitization and resulted in a very weak response to GM-CSF compared with the predesensitization response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute desensitization can be utilized in patients who develop drug hypersensitivity reactions to GM-CSF. As GM-CSF is a very unique agent and in most cases cannot be replaced by another one, acute desensitization may play a very important role in managing failure of GM-CSF treatment due to hypersensitivity reactions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Allergy, Immunology & AIDS, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krivoy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000009:adverse effects; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology*; D012882:Skin Tests
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor