title: Donor polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor gene: relationship with variable severity of hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis C-related liver failure is the leading indication for liver transplantation worldwide. Although histologic recurrence is identified in the majority of patients, the spectrum of allograft injury is wide. To date, most studies have focused on the contribution of immunosuppression and viral factors. We hypothesized that the allograft plays a significant role in determining timing and severity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence. The purpose of this analysis was to determine if genetic polymorphisms of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) locus were associated with the highly variable severity of HCV recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one HCV-seropositive liver transplant recipients with long-term follow-up were studied. Genomic DNA was extracted from archived donor spleens which corresponded to each patient. We performed polymerase chain reaction amplification, followed by sequencing for two promoter TNF-alpha variants (at positions -238 and -308), and restriction fragment length analysis for four polymorphic loci within the TNF-beta gene (NcoI, TNFc, aa13, and aa26).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative prevalence of polymorphisms corresponded to distributions previously reported in normal control populations. Twenty-two of 31 (71%) patients received a donor liver homozygous for the wild type allele (TNF1) at the -308 TNF-alpha promoter region. The interval to histologic recurrence was significantly shorter and severity of HCV allograft hepatitis was significantly greater in patients with one or two TNF308.2 alleles. At last follow-up biopsy, 5 of 9 (56%) patients with a TNF308.2 donor liver had evidence of severe histological activity index as compared to 2 of 22 (9%) of patients receiving a donor liver homozygous for the TNF1 allele (P = 0.01). There was no correlation between rejection rates and the presence of any TNF-alpha or TNF-beta alleles. TNF-beta polymorphisms within the donor liver did not correlate with severity of HCV recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The donor TNF-alpha promoter genotype may influence the inflammatory response to HCV reinfection of the graft and contribute to accelerated graft injury. If the association between this genetic marker (TNF308.2) and disease progression is confirmed, it could improve our understanding of HCV pathogenesis and influence donor selection and patient management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health Sciences University, USA.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lentz
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rabkin
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Corless
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001706:Biopsy; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D019520:Living Donors; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha