title: Why is the pain relief of dying patients often unsuccessful? The relatives' perspectives.
abstract: In order to determine relatives' opinions of the pain relief of dying patients a postal questionnaire was sent to close relatives (n = 371) of aged patients (mean age 80.1 years) who had died one to two years earlier. In the relatives' opinions, 57% of the patients (n = 211) had suffered from moderate to severe pain and in 22% (n = 46) of these the pain relief was unsuccessful. Inadequate pain relief was associated with a feeling of helplessness in the patients (odds ratio 2.6), insufficient self-determination of analgesic use (9.4), unsatisfactory care of daily needs such as nutrition (8.3), and insufficient care of concomitant symptoms such as dry mouth (6.2). The pain relief was also evaluated as having been unsuccessful when the relatives received limited information about the forthcoming death (5.7), when it was difficult to discuss with the clinical staff (5.7), and when the relatives were not supported by, for example, comforting and heartening (7.9) or encouraging to participate in the care (7.2). In the multivariate analysis, the self-determination of the patients about their pain medication (5.7), difficulties of the relatives to discuss issues with the nursing staff (3.7) and poor atmosphere of the treatment environment (2.8) emerged as the most significant associates of unsuccessful pain relief. The results show that dissatisfaction with the pain management is associated with low appreciation of the treatment of other discomforts and complaints. Successful pain management therefore requires a holistic approach to the wider spectrum of problems in dying patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tilvis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karppi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arve
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management; D010166:Palliative Care; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000592:standards*; D019452:Terminally Ill; D017211:Treatment Failure