title: Superiority of magnesium cardioplegia in neonatal myocardial protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have shown that magnesium can offset the detrimental effects of normocalcemic cardioplegia in hypoxic neonatal hearts. It is not known, however, whether magnesium offers any additional benefit when used in conjunction with hypocalcemic cardioplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty neonatal piglets underwent 60 minutes of ventilator hypoxia (FiO2 8% to 10%) followed by 20 minutes of normothermic ischemia on cardiopulmonary bypass (hypoxic-ischemic stress). They then underwent 70 minutes of multidose blood cardioplegic arrest. Five (Group 1), received a hypocalcemic (Ca+2 0.2 to 0.4 mM/L) cardiologic solution without magnesium, whereas in 10, magnesium was added at either a low dose (5 to 6 mEq/L, Group 2) or high dose (10 to 12 mEq/L, Group 3). In the last 5 (Group 4), magnesium (10 to 12 mEq/L) was added to a normocalcemic cardioplegic solution. Function was assessed using pressure volume loops and expressed as percentage of control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to hypocalcemia cardioplegic solution without magnesium (Group 1), both high- and low-dose magnesium enrichment (Groups 2 and 3) improved myocardial protection resulting in complete return of systolic (40% vs 101% vs 102%) (p < 0.001 vs Groups 2 and 3) and global myocardial function (39% vs 102% vs 101%) (p < 0.001 vs Groups 2 and 3), and reduced diastolic stiffness (267% vs 158% vs 154%) (p < 0.001 vs Groups 2 and 3). Conversely, even high-dose magnesium supplementation could not offset the detrimental effects of normocalcemic cardioplegia resulting in depressed systolic (End Systolic Elastance [EES] 41%+/-1%) (p < 0.001 vs Groups 2 and 3) and global myocardial function (40%+/-1%) (p < 0.001 vs Groups 2 and 3), and a marked rise in diastolic stiffness (258%+/-5%) (p < 0.001 vs Groups 2 and 3). Hypocalcemic magnesium cardioplegia has now been used successfully in 247 adult and pediatric patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnesium enrichment of hypocalcemic cardioplegic solutions improves myocardial protection resulting in complete functional preservation. However, magnesium cannot prevent the detrimental effects of normocalcemic cardioplegia when the heart is severely stressed. This study, therefore, strongly supports using both a hypocalcemic cardioplegic solution and magnesium supplementation as their benefits are additive.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Institute for Children, Hope Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, Illinois 60453, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kronon
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernan
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Halldorsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Buckberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ilbawi
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002118:Calcium; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D002648:Child; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008274:Magnesium; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013552:Swine; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium