title: Potentiation of anticoagulant effect of warfarin caused by enantioselective metabolic inhibition by the uricosuric agent benzbromarone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the mechanism(s) for the interaction between warfarin and benzbromarone, a uricosuric agent, and to predict changes in the in vivo pharmacokinetics of (S)-warfarin from in vitro data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Warfarin enantiomers and benzbromarone in serum, 7-hydroxywarfarin in urine, and serum unbound fractions of warfarin enantiomers were measured in patients with heart disease given warfarin with (n = 13) or without (n = 18) oral benzbromarone (50 mg/d). In vitro inhibition constants (K(i)) of benzbromarone for (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation were determined with use of human CYP2C9 and liver microsomes. The magnitude of changes in the formation clearance for 7-hydroxylation (CLf), the unbound oral clearance (CL(oral,u)), and the oral clearance (CL(oral)) for (S)-warfarin were predicted by equations incorporating the in vitro Ki, the theoretical maximum unbound hepatic benzbromarone concentration, and the fractions of warfarin eliminated through metabolism and of CYP2C9-mediated metabolic reaction susceptible to inhibition by benzbromarone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients given warfarin with benzbromarone required a 36% less (P < .01) warfarin dose than those given warfarin alone (2.5 versus 3.9 mg/d) to attain similar international normalized ratios (2.1 and 2.2, respectively), and the former had 65%, 53%, and 54% lower (P < .05 or P < .01) CLf, CL(oral),u, and CL(oral) for (S)-warfarin than the latter, respectively. In contrast, no significant differences were observed for (R)-warfarin kinetics between the groups. Benzbromarone was found to be a potent competitive inhibitor (Ki < 0.01 micromol/L) for (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation mediated by CYP2C9. The average changes in the in vivo CLf, CL(oral),u, and CL(oral)values for (S)-warfarin induced by benzbromarone were largely predictable by the proposed equations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benzbromarone would intensify anticoagulant response of warfarin through an enantioselective inhibition of CYP2C9-mediated metabolism of pharmacologically more potent (S)-warfarin. The magnitude of changes in the in vivo warfarin kinetics may be predicted by in vitro data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimoyama
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shioda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tainaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasumori
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Echizen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D001553:Benzbromarone / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008875:Middle Aged; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism; D014528:Uricosuric Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D014859:Warfarin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014528:Uricosuric Agents; D001553:Benzbromarone; D014859:Warfarin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase