title: Derivation of isoeffect dose rate for low-dose-rate brachytherapy and external beam irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The combination of external beam irradiation and brachytherapy has been used effectively in the management of many malignancies. Brachytherapy dose is typically prescribed to an isodose rate line, from which the implant duration is derived. In this study, the linear-quadratic model is used to derive the brachytherapy dose rate at which biological effectiveness is equivalent to that of external beam irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative effectiveness per unit dose (RE) for brachytherapy was based on Dale's formalism. Isoeffect dose rate, defined as the brachytherapy dose rate at which the biological effectiveness is equivalent to that of external beam irradiation, was derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The functional dependencies of brachytherapy RE on dose rate, alpha/beta ratio, and implant duration were investigated. The isoeffect dose rate depends only on the dose per fraction, sublethal damage repair (SLDR) constant, and the implant duration. The isoeffect dose rate does not depend on alpha/beta ratio. For sufficiently long implant duration >10-15 hours, the value for isoeffect dose rate approaches a constant value around 40 to 50 cGy/hr.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The isoeffect dose rate may be useful in treatment planning and optimization for low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy, especially when brachytherapy is used in combination with external beam irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Giap
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Massullo
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016014:Linear Models; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D013997:Time Factors