title: Environmental risk assessment for the polycyclic musks, AHTN and HHCB. II. Effect assessment and risk characterisation.
abstract: Reports of the polycyclic musks AHTN and HHCB in surface water and fish, primarily in Europe, have prompted studies of their environmental effects. These effects then are used, along with the predicted environmental concentrations in a risk assessment according to the approach developed under European Union Regulation 793/93, in line with the Technical Guidance Document for risk assessment of new and existing chemicals. In 72-h studies with algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), NOECs were 0.374 mg/l (AHTN) and 0.201 mg/l (HHCB). In 21-day reproductive tests with daphnia (Daphnia magna) NOECs were 0.196 (AHTN) and 0.111 mg/l (HHCB). In 21-day growth tests with bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), NOECs were 0.067 (AHTN) and 0.068 mg/l (HHCB). And, finally 35-day early life stage tests with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) resulted in NOECs of 0.035 (AHTN) and 0.068 mg/l (HHCB). These results lead to Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC) of 3.5 microg/l (AHTN) and 6.8 microg/l (HHCB) for aquatic organisms. For the soil compartment, 8-week studies with earthworms (Eisenia fetida) resulted in NOECs of 105 (AHTN) and 45 mg/kg (HHCB) and 4-week studies with springtails (Folsomia candida) resulted in a NOECs of 45 mg/kg for both substances. These values lead to a PNEC of 0.32 mg/kg dw for both materials. Using mammalian studies, PNECs for fish or worm eating predators of 10 mg/kg fw (AHTN) and 100 mg/kg fw (HHCB) can be derived. For sediment dwelling organisms, PNECs were derived by equilibrium partitioning using the aquatic PNECs. Comparing PNECs with the measured or predicted environmental exposures leads to risk characterisation ratios as follows: aquatic species: AHTN 0.086, HHCB 0.074; sediment organisms: AHTN 0.44, HHCB 0.064; soil organisms: AHTN 0.091, HHCB 0.10; fish eating predators: AHTN 0.012, HHCB 0.001; worm eating predators: AHTN 0.007, HHCB 0.001.
authors.affiliation: HASKONING Consulting Engineers and Architects, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. fba@haskoning.nl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000633:toxicity*; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects; D010476:Perfume / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010476:Perfume; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C008563:musk