title: EMG and strength correlates of selected shoulder muscles during rotations of the glenohumeral joint.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify activation patterns of several muscles acting on the shoulder joint during isokinetic internal and external rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combined EMG and isokinetic strength analysis in healthy subjects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  EMG studies of the shoulder region revealed intricate muscular activation patterns during elevation of the arm but no parallel studies regarding pure rotations of the joint could be located.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen (n=30 shoulders) young, asymptomatic male subjects participated in the study. Strength production during isokinetic concentric and eccentric internal and external rotations at 60 and 180 degrees /s was correlated with the EMG activity of the rotator cuff, biceps, deltoid and pectoralis major. Analysis of the smoothed EMG related to the timing of onset of the signal and to the normalized activity at the angle of the peak moment. Determination of the association between the EMG and the moment was based on strength ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated that for both types of rotations, the rotator cuff and biceps were active 0.092+/-0.038-0.215+/-0.045 s prior to the initiation of the actual movement and 0.112-0.034 s prior to onset of deltoid and pectoralis major activity. These differences were significant in all of the eight conditions (P<0.05). In terms of the strength ratios, strong association was found between electrical activity and moment production in the subscapularis and infraspinatus (r(2)=0.95 and 0. 72, respectively) at the low and high angular velocities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior to actual rotation of the shoulder joint, normal recruitment of the rotator cuff and biceps is characterized by a non-specific presetting phase which is mainly directed at enhancing the joint 'stiffness' and hence its stability. Once movement is in progress, the EMG patterns of these muscles become movement specific and are correlated with the resultant moment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscular dysfunction relating to delayed onset activity or altered activation patterns, due to pain, perturbed mechanics or disturbed neural activation have been implicated as concomitant factors in other joint associated pathologies. Through highlighting the role of the rotator cuff in shoulder joint rotations, this study lends further support to the argument that a parallel situation may prevail with respect to shoulder joint dysfunction. This could lead to the development of rehabilitation protocols aimed specifically at redressing such dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Magarey
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dvir
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Türker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharpe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012399:Rotation; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D014102:Torsion Abnormality