title: Acute graded hypercapnia increases collateral coronary blood flow in a swine model of chronic coronary artery obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of acute hypercapnia on regional myocardial blood flow in a swine model of chronic, single-vessel coronary artery obstruction. Permissive hypercapnia is being used frequently in critical care settings. One possible detrimental effect of hypercapnia is the initiation of coronary "steal" in patients with coronary artery disease. The effects of hypercapnia on collateral coronary blood flow in the setting of coronary obstruction have not been defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective controlled experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional animal research facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight juvenile swine weighing 25-30 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Collateral coronary circulation was induced in eight piglets by banding the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery for 8-10 wks followed by total ligation. Graded hypercapnia (mean Paco2, 81 torr [10.80 kPa; Paco2 = 81 torr] and 127 torr [16.93 kPa; Paco2 = 127 torr]) was induced by increasing inspiratory carbon dioxide under isoflurane anesthesia (1 minimum alveolar concentration).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals were attached to instruments to measure pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics, regional myocardial blood flow, and cardiac output. Regional myocardial blood flow was determined using radiolabeled microspheres. Cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and coronary perfusion pressure were unchanged at both levels of hypercapnia compared with baseline values. Heart rate was increased at Paco2 [HI] (p < .05). Regional blood flow was increased at both levels of hypercapnia in the collateral-dependent and normally perfused myocardium (p < .05; as high as 56% for subendocardium and as high as 106% for subepicardium at Paco2 [HI]). The intercoronary blood flow ratio remained unaltered. The transmural flow ratio was reduced at Paco2 [HI] (P < .05). During hypercapnia, regional lactate extraction remained unaltered, and regional oxygen extraction was unchanged or reduced despite the increase in oxygen consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this swine model of chronic single-vessel coronary artery obstruction, acute hypercapnia does not induce coronary steal from collateral-dependent myocardium, but it does increase global coronary blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arellano
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boylen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Demajo
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine