Emergency vaccination against epidemic meningitis in Ghana: implications for the control of meningococcal disease in West Africa.
BACKGROUND
Recurrent epidemics of meningococcal disease have been reported throughout the African meningitis belt since description of the disease in 1912. Meningooccal polysaccharide vaccines can effectively prevent disease but the optimum strategy for their use in this setting has been controversial. We used data from an outbreak of meningococcal disease in northern Ghana in 1997 to assess the potential effect of different vaccination strategies.


METHODS
We identified all reported cases of meningococcal meningitis and estimated the number of cases and deaths that could have been prevented by vaccination through use of a simple mathematical model. We then assessed the potential effect of different vaccination strategies and the burden of these strategies on the public-health system.


RESULTS
In the three affected regions in northern Ghana there were 18703 cases and 1356 deaths reported between November, 1996, and May, 1997. Vaccination began in the third week of February and continued to April, reaching 72% of the at-risk population and preventing an estimated 23% of cases and 18% of deaths. A strategy of routine childhood and adult immunisation would have prevented 61% of cases had this same rate of vaccine coverage been achieved and maintained before the epidemic. If vaccination had started after the onset of the epidemic in January, as currently advocated by WHO guidelines, a similar proportion (61%) of cases could have been prevented.


CONCLUSIONS
Prevention of epidemics of meningococal disease in west Africa will be difficult until long-lasting conjugate vaccines capable of interrupting transmission of Neisseria meningitidis can be incorporated into routine infant-immunisation schedules. Until then, the strategy of surveillance and response advocated by WHO is as effective and more practical than a strategy of routine childhood and adult vaccination with currently available polysaccharide vaccines.
Woods
C W
CW
Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
Armstrong
G
G
Sackey
S O
SO
Tetteh
C
C
Bugri
S
S
Perkins
B A
BA
Rosenstein
N E
NE
D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D002648:Child; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines
D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines