title: A physical model describing the mechanism for formation of gas microbubbles in patients with mitral mechanical heart valves.
abstract: This study was aimed at developing a physical model, supported by experimental observations, to describe the formation and growth of microbubbles seen in patients with mitral mechanical heart valves (MHV). This phenomenon, often referred to as high intensity transient signals (HITS), appears as bright, intense, high-velocity and persistent echoes detected by Doppler ultrasonography at the instant of closure. The long-term clinical implications of HITS has yet to be determined. However, there are reports of a certain degree of neurological disorder in patients with mitral MHV. The numerical analysis has shown the existence of a twofold process (1) nucleation and (2) microbubble growth as a result of cavitation. While mild growth of nuclei is governed by diffusion, explosive growth of microbubbles is controlled by pressure drop on the atrial side of mitral MHV. It was demonstrated that there exist limits on both microbubble size and regurgitant velocity, above which microbubbles grow explosively, and below which growth is almost nonexistent. Therefore, prevention of excessive pressure drops induced by high closing velocities related to the dynamics of closure of mitral MHV may offer design changes in the future generations of mechanical valves.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Fluid Dynamics Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rambod
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beizaie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shusser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gharib
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004058:Diffusion; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D008943:Mitral Valve; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors