title: Rho-kinase-mediated pathway induces enhanced myosin light chain phosphorylations in a swine model of coronary artery spasm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently demonstrated in our swine model of coronary artery spasm that enhanced myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylations (both MLC mono- and diphosphorylations) play a central role in the pathogenesis of the spasm. However, the molecular mechanism for and the phosphorylation sites for the enhanced MLC phosphorylations were unknown. In the present study, we addressed these points using hydroxyfasudil, a novel inhibitor of protein kinases, which we found preferentially inhibits Rho-kinase.
  
  
  METHODS
  The specificity of the inhibitory effects of hydroxyfasudil on Rho-kinase, MLCK, MRCK beta and PKC were examined by kinase assay in vitro. The left porcine coronary artery was chronically treated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta, 2.5 micrograms). Two weeks after the operation, coronary artery vasomotion was examined both in vivo and in vitro. MLC phosphorylations were examined by Western blot analysis and the sites for the phosphorylations by anti-phosphorylated MLC antibodies that identified the monophosphorylation site as Ser19 and diphophorylation sites as Ser19/Thr18 of MLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhibitory effects of hydroxyfasudil was at least 100 times more potent for Rho-kinase as compared with other protein kinases tested. Intracoronary serotonin (10 micrograms/kg) caused coronary hyperconstriction at the IL-1 beta-treated site in vivo, which was dose-dependently inhibited by hydroxyfasudil (p < 0.01). The coronary segment taken from the spastic site also showed hypercontractions to serotonin in vitro, which were again dose-dependently inhibited by hydroxyfasudil (p < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed that MLC monophosphorylation was significantly greater in the spastic segment than in the control segment, while MLC diphosphorylation was noted only at the spastic segment (p < 0.01). The sites for the mono- and diphosphorylated MLC were identified as the monophosphorylated site Ser19 and diphosphorylated sites Ser19/Thr18 of MLC, respectively. Both types of MLC phosphorylations at the spastic segment were markedly inhibited by hydroxyfasudil (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that hydroxyfasudil-sensitive Rho-kinase-mediated pathway appears to mediate the enhanced MLC phosphorylations (on Ser19 and Ser19/Thr18 residues) and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan. shimo@cardiol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimokawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsumata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kozai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamawaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kandabashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Egashira
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ikegaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaibuchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeshita
mesh_terms: D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003329:Coronary Vasospasm / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D018994:Myosin Light Chains / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013552:Swine; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018994:Myosin Light Chains; D012701:Serotonin; D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases