title: Current evaluation of cardiac stab wounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with penetrating cardiac injuries may be stable or only mildly shocked, especially if the laceration has sealed off and the patient has been aggressively resuscitated. Clinical signs, chest roentgenograms, pericardiocentesis, and subxiphoid window are not always helpful in establishing the diagnosis. We reflect on the current evaluation based on 128 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were four groups of patients, ranging from lifeless (group I) to stable (group IV). Patients in groups I and II were prepared immediately for operation. Those in groups III and IV were often investigated further (chest roentgenogram and cardiac ultrasound).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality was 8%. Significant findings were a precordial stab, central venous pressure of more than 15 cm of water, one or more clinical signs of tamponade, and initial shock. Cardiac ultrasound was performed in 5 patients in group II (15%), 14 patients in group III (48%), and 37 patients in group IV (86%). There were no false positives, and 6 false negatives (11%). Thirty-one patients (24%) had clotted lacerations. There were no negative sternotomies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efficient fluid resuscitation and rapid confirmation of diagnosis with cardiac ultrasound should decrease mortality. Stable patients with a precordial wound should undergo cardiac ultrasound or echocardiogram. Diagnosis may be reliably confirmed in these patients whose clinical signs often fluctuate (or rapidly deteriorate).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. dharris@maties.sun.ac.za
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Papagiannopoulos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Rooyen
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Rossouw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery