The prognosis of non-critical limb ischaemia: a systematic review of population-based evidence.
BACKGROUND
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is the most common peripheral vascular disorder in the elderly. A clear picture of the disease's course, especially in patients with non-critical limb ischaemia (Fontaine stages I and II), is essential for the general practitioner, who plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of PAOD.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the population-based evidence on the course and prognosis of PAOD.


METHODS
An exhaustive literature search yielded 16 population-based studies on the prognosis of PAOD. The methodological qualities of the studies were assessed according to eight criteria.


RESULTS
Thirteen studies of high methodological quality show that data on the course, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality of asymptomatic PAOD are scarce. Only a small group of asymptomatic patients seem to develop intermittent claudication symptoms. However, asymptomatic patients appear to have the same increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality when compared with claudicants. No data were available on prognostic factors for intermittent claudication and cardiovascular morbidity in asymptomatic patients. The course, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality of symptomatic PAOD are better documented. A small group of claudicants experience symptom progression. Smoking, hypertension, increasing age, and diabetes are the most relevant risk factors for intermittent claudication. Claudicants are at a higher risk for developing other cardiovascular diseases, resulting in a significantly increased mortality mainly owing to coronary heart disease. Intermittent claudication and a low ankle-brachial pressure index are significant predictors of mortality. Men had intermittent claudication and symptom progression more often than women. Cardiovascular (co-)morbidity was common in both male and female PAOD patients, but male PAOD patients had a higher mortality compared with female PAOD patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Given the current knowledge on the prognosis of PAOD in the general population, an important task for (secondary) prevention is reserved for the general practitioner. Further research is required to document the course and prognosis of asymptomatic PAOD patients.
Hooi
J D
JD
Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Jurenne.Hooi@HAG.UniMass.NL
Stoffers
H E
HE
Knottnerus
J A
JA
van Ree
J W
JW
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000401:mortality*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis