title: Immunoaffinity/gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry method for the detection of N(2),3-ethenoguanine.
abstract: Etheno adducts are formed after exposure to a number of carcinogens, including vinyl chloride, as well as endogenously as a result of lipid peroxidation. A sensitive and selective assay for N(2), 3-ethenoguanine (epsilonGua) was developed using immunoaffinity (IA) columns made with polyclonal antibodies to epsilonGua followed by gas chromatography/electron capture negative chemical ionization/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/ECNCI/HRMS) analysis of its pentafluorobenzyl derivative. These IA columns were specific for epsilonGua and did not bind guanine, deoxyguanosine, 1, N(6)-ethenoadenine, or 1,N(2)-ethenoguanine. The level of recovery of standards from the IA columns was 107 +/- 7% and throughout the entire method (using nucleoside enzymatic digestion) with or without DNA was 72 +/- 6%. Four different hydrolysis/digestion procedures were compared, nucleoside enzymatic (EZ), neutral thermal hydrolysis (NT), formic acid hydrolysis (FA), and HCl hydrolysis. All hydrolysis methods with subsequent IA chromatography produced linear standard curves with r(2) values of 0.999 or better. The level of epsilonGua in chloroethylene oxide-treated calf thymus DNA (CEO-ctDNA) was 38 +/- 2, 42 +/- 3, and 49 +/- 2 fmol of epsilonGua/microg of DNA using EZ, NT, and FA, respectively. These numbers remained consistent when the amount of DNA processed was doubled or tripled. These numbers were comparable to the previously published value of 55 +/- 8 fmol of epsilonGua/micrograms of DNA for the same DNA using HCl hydrolysis, cation exchange cleanup, and LC/MS analysis [Yen, T. Y., et al. (1996) J. Mass Spectrom. 31, 1271-1276]. Additionally, HCl hydrolysis of rat liver DNA from control and vinyl fluoride-exposed rats gave similar epsilonGua results when compared to those from enzymatic digestion using this method. This method gave a detection limit of 5 epsilonGua adducts/10(8) normal dGuo nucleosides in 150 micrograms of DNA using EZ and somewhat lower detection limits using NT and HCl hydrolysis. The method is more sensitive and selective than previously used methods for the quantitation of this adduct.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranasinghe
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Morinello
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Swenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D002417:Cattle; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D018736:DNA Adducts; C015196:N(2),3-ethenoguanine; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C016829:vinyl fluoride; D006147:Guanine; D004247:DNA