title: Cholinesterase inhibitors: A new class of psychotropic compounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews evidence indicating that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have psychotropic properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The author reviewed the English-language literature pertinent to the response of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease and related conditions to cholinergic agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cholinergic system originates in the basal forebrain and projects diffusely to the cerebral cortex; the limbic and paralimbic regions receive the most abundant cholinergic projections. The basal forebrain nuclei are positioned at the interface of the limbic system and cerebral cortex, where they play a role in mediating emotional responses. The basal forebrain nuclei are atrophic in Alzheimer's disease, leading to a widespread cholinergic deficit. The cholinergic disturbance may contribute to neuropsychiatric manifestations of the disease. The treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors reduces neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly apathy and visual hallucinations. In some studies, a variety of other neuropsychiatric symptoms have been reported to respond to treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Response profiles vary among acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have psychotropic effects and may play an important role in controlling neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These agents also may contribute to the management of other disorders with cholinergic system abnormalities and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The beneficial response is most likely mediated through limbic cholinergic structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA. cummings@ucla.edu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic