title: Contextualizing the effects of childhood sexual abuse on adult self- and social functioning: an attachment theory perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective survey study explored the hypothesis that multiple maltreatment and loss experiences in early childhood would interfere with the formation of secure attachments, creating (1) an increased vulnerability to childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and (2) adult problems in self- and social functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 687 undergraduates on an urban, commuter campus. They were analyzed by means of between group (individuals with and without CSA histories) and within group (individuals with CSA histories) path analytic models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of maltreatment and loss experiences encountered in early childhood predicted greater CSA frequency in childhood and increased maltreatment in adulthood in the form of more frequent reports of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Childhood maltreatment and loss experiences also predicted poor adult self-functioning in the form of higher levels of depression and lower levels of self-esteem. Self-blame in response to CSA and maltreatment in adult relationships also predicted poorer adult self- and social functioning for individuals with CSA histories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support both direct and mediational effects of childhood maltreatment and loss experiences on adult self- and social functioning and are consistent with predictions derived from attachment theory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston 02125, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Boudewyn
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009769:Object Attachment; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012944:Social Support