title: Evolution of physicians' attitudes towards practice guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess changes in physicians' attitudes towards practice guidelines and towards the role of empirical evidence in their development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The findings from two surveys carried out in 1993 and 1997 on the same random sample from two Italian medical specialty societies were compared. In both studies, physicians were mailed a questionnaire asking their views on the goals and role of practice guidelines in influencing clinical decision-making, and the role of empirical evidence versus subjective clinical experience in their development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and seventy physicians participated in both surveys. An increasing proportion of physicians accepted that cost containment could be a legitimate goal of practice guidelines (from 26% in 1993 to 40% in 1997; P = 0.010). More clinicians (43% in 1993 and 57% in 1997; P < 0.01) supported the use of empirical evidence, as opposed to subjective clinical experience, as the primary basis for practice guidelines. Although only a tiny minority of physicians (6% in 1993 and 1997) supported the view that practice guidelines should reflect patient preferences, an increased proportion of physicians supported the participation of representatives from outside the medical profession in their development. The level of support increased from 6% in 1993 to 26% in 1997 (P < 0.001) in the case of consumers, from 24% to 38% (P = 0.015) for patient involvement and from 16% to 33% (P = 0.003) in the case of health care administrators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The documented changes suggest that more clinicians acknowledge the role of empirical evidence and the need for a dialogue with other professionals and patient groups in the development of practice guidelines than was the case in the recent past.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grilli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trisolini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Labianca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003625:Data Collection; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic