title: Cutting edge: preferentially the R-stereoisomer of the mycoplasmal lipopeptide macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 activates immune cells through a toll-like receptor 2- and MyD88-dependent signaling pathway.
abstract: Mycoplasmas and their membranes are potent activators of macrophages, the active principle being lipoproteins and lipopeptides. Two stereoisomers of the mycoplasmal lipopeptide macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) differing in the configuration of the lipid moiety were synthesized and compared in their macrophage-activating potential, the R-MALP being >100 times more active than the S-MALP in stimulating the release of cytokines, chemokines, and NO. To assess the role of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in mycoplasmal lipopeptide signaling, the MALP-2-mediated responses were analyzed using macrophages from wild-type, TLR2-, TLR4-, and MyD88-deficient mice. TLR2- and MyD88-deficient cells showed severely impaired cytokine productions in response to R- and S-MALP. The MALP-induced activation of intracellular signaling molecules was fully dependent on both TLR2 and MyD88. There was a strong preference for the R-MALP in the recognition by its functional receptor, TLR2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grote
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morr
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Mühlradt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016858:Mycoplasma fermentans / Q000276:immunology*; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C106335:macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide 2