title: Anatomical suitability of C1-2 transarticular screw placement in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Craniovertebral instability is a challenging problem in pediatric spinal surgery. Recently, C1-2 transarticular screw fixation has been used to assist in craniovertebral joint stabilization in pediatric patients. Currently there are no available data that define the anatomical suitability of this technique in the pediatric population. The authors report their experience in treating 31 pediatric patients with craniovertebral instability by using C 1-2 transarticular screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 1992 to October 1998, 31 patients who were 16 years of age or younger with atlantooccipital or atlantoaxial instability, or both, were evaluated at our institution. There were 21 boys and 10 girls. Their ages ranged from 4 to 16 years (mean age 10.2 years). The most common causes of instability were os odontoideum (12 patients) and ligamentous laxity (eight patients). Six patients had undergone a total of nine previous attempts at posterior fusion while at outside institutions. All patients underwent extensive preoperative radiological evaluation including fine-slice (1-mm) computerized tomography scanning with multiplanar reconstruction to evaluate the anatomy of the C1-2 joint space. Preoperatively, of the 62 possible C1-2 joint spaces in 31 patients, 55 sides (89%) were considered suitable for transarticular screw placement. In three patients the anatomy was considered unsuitable for bilateral screw placement. In three patients the anatomy was considered inadequate on one side. Fifty-five C1-2 transarticular screws were subsequently placed, and there were no neurological or vascular complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that C1-2 transarticular screw fixation is technically possible in a large proportion of pediatric patients with craniovertebral instability.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brockmeyer
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Apfelbaum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001863:Bone Screws; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*