title: Long-term graft survival after transplantation with kidneys from uncontrolled nonheartbeating donors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Notwithstanding the widely acknowledged organ-donor shortage coupled with the expanded waiting list for organs, many transplant programs have been reluctant to use kidneys from nonheartbeating donors. Some reasons expressed by those programs include a higher rate of delayed graft function, additional dialysis requirements, more medication usage, and inferior graft survival rates. To refute the common misperceptions, we reviewed our 4-year experience with 31 nonheartbeating donor kidneys recovered from uncontrolled donors (Maashticht classification) at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  After cardiac arrest and declaration of death, all donors underwent intravascular and intraperitoneal cooling. Immediately after bilateral en bloc nephrectomy, kidneys were placed on the Waters MOX pulsatile preservation machine. Preservation parameters were monitored hourly, using pharmacologic agents (Stelazine, dexamethasone, Humulin R) as indicated by those parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nonheartbeating donors ranged in age from 15 to 53 years, 83% were males, and 60% of deaths were caused by trauma. For the 21 recovered and transplanted at our center, delayed graft function occurred with 16 kidneys; there was no primary nonfunction. There was no obvious correlation between functional status and donor age. It was noted that the immediate-function kidneys had shorter warm ischemia and total preservation times compared with the delayed graft function group. Nineteen of the 21 grafts continue to function. All patients are surviving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series suggests that to obtain excellent results with nonheartbeating donor kidneys certain principles should be followed: use machine preservation to resuscitate and evaluate viability, choose immunologically low-risk recipients, avoid immediate exposure to immunophilin antagonists, and perform biopsy frequently for allograft dysfunction to exclude low-grade rejection.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Services, Department of Surgery, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Light
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Barhyte
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Aquino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009926:Organ Preservation; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome