title: Calpain inhibitors protect auditory sensory cells from hypoxia and neurotrophin-withdrawal induced apoptosis.
abstract: Inhibitors of calpain have been shown to protect nerve growth factor (NGF)-deprived ciliary ganglion neurons and hypoxic cortical neurons. Calpains have been identified in the cochlea and are active during ischemic injury. Since apoptosis can be initiated by loss of neurotrophic support, hypoxia, and ototoxins (e.g., cisplatin, CDDP), the role of calpain inhibitors under these conditions was examined in auditory hair cells and neurons. Dissociated spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) cell cultures and organ of Corti explants from P3 rats were used to test the efficacy of calpain inhibitors as otoprotective molecules. Our results indicate that calpain inhibitor I, calpain inhibitor II, and leupeptin all provided significant protection of SGNs against neurotrophin-withdrawal and hypoxia-induced apoptosis. The increase in neuronal survival ranged from 2.16 to 2.31 times greater than in untreated neurotrophin-withdrawn SGN cell cultures. BOC-Asp(Ome)-Fluoromethyl Ketone (B-D-FMK), a general caspase inhibitor, increased neuronal survival 2.16 times more. Neuronal survival rates were from 1.88 to 2.27 times greater than in untreated, hypoxic neurons and hair cell survival rates were from 1.98 to 2.03 times greater than untreated, hypoxic organ of Corti explants. However, protection of auditory hair cells and neurons from CDDP-induced damage (10 and 6 micrograms/ml, respectively) was limited with any of these calpain inhibitors. Apoptotic pathways initiated by neurotrophin-deprivation and ototoxic stress (e.g., CDDP) have been shown to be different. Our results agree with this finding, with neurotrophin-withdrawal and hypoxia, but not CDDP damage-induced apoptosis being calpain-dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stracher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malgrange
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Van de Water
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000633:toxicity; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006309:Hearing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D009925:Organ of Corti / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013136:Spiral Ganglion / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D002154:Calpain; D002945:Cisplatin