title: Aetiological risk factors for personality disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elucidation of aetiological processes leading to development of Axis II disorders is important in category validation and could lead to new treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish aetiological associations between Axis II disorders and specific risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female subjects (n = 260) in maximum security hospitals and prisons were interviewed to determine DSM-III Axis II and lifetime Axis I diagnoses. Aetiological risk factors were obtained at interview and from case files. Independent statistical associations were established by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axis II categories were divided into four groups: (a) disorders of character development, secondary to an adverse early environment: antisocial, self-defeating and paranoid; (b) disorders of temperament, secondary to constitutional aetiology: avoidant, dependent, schizoid and schizotypal; (c) a 'mixed' disorder of constitutional and environmental aetiology: borderline; and (d) aetiological associations not established: narcissistic, histrionic, compulsive and passive-aggressive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study validates several Axis II categories but challenges the inclusion of others within Axis II of DSM-IV, in particular schizoid, schizotypal, avoidant and borderline personality disorders. The findings have implications for future treatment interventions.
authors.affiliation: Academic Section of Forensic Psychiatry, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Howard Centre.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Coid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004782:Environmental Health; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors