title: Bilateral Q angle asymmetry and anterior knee pain syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether quadriceps (Q) angles were bilaterally symmetric in individuals asymptomatic vs symptomatic for anterior knee pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous attempts to link excessive Q angles to the occurrence of knee pain have yielded equivocal results. Deriving unilateral rather than bilateral measures of the Q angle and thereafter analysing data using traditional between-group analysis-of-variance structural models may, however, play a role in obscuring the true nature of the Q angle-knee pain relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left and right Q angles were goniometrically measured in 75 subjects (37 males, 38 females) while they adopted a static, standing position with quadriceps relaxed. The majority (n = 50) were asymptomatic, while the remainder were unilaterally (n = 11) or bilaterally (n = 14) symptomatic for anterior knee pain. A questionnaire was used to determine the extent and magnitude of pain experienced in each of the symptomatic subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant right vs left lower limb differences in Q angles were observed by group (p < 0.001) and group by gender (p < 0.05). Mean values, however, did not always reflect the true variation of data within the sample. Forty-seven percent of the subjects studied demonstrated a minimum 4 degrees bilateral Q angle difference, while in 13 of 75 subjects, this difference ranged from 8 degrees to 12 degrees. Only a weak yet significant relationship between right and left Q angles (r = 0.53, p < 0.001) was noted. While there were no correlations between Q angle measures and the magnitude of discomfort experienced in unilateral knee pain sufferers, these relationships were weak yet significant in bilateral knee pain sufferers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Q angles are not bilaterally symmetric, with the magnitude and direction of the observed asymmetry varying according to whether an individual is asymptomatic, unilaterally symptomatic, or bilaterally symptomatic for anterior knee pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future investigations of the Q angle must ensure that measures are derived bilaterally and analysed appropriately. Data from unilateral vs bilateral symptomatic subjects should be evaluated separately, and the shortcomings of standard ANOVA structural models must be recognized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada. llivings@mach1.wlu.ca
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mandigo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013577:Syndrome