title: Bioavailability of apomorphine following intranasal administration of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate both the in vitro and in vivo release of apomorphine from mucoadhesive powder formulations of Carbopol 971P and polycarbophil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro drug release from the mucoadhesive formulations was studied using a modified USP XXII rotating basket. The pharmacokinetics of apomorphine given as a solution was determined after subcutaneous and intranasal administrations to rabbits. The animals also received intranasally the mucoadhesive dosage forms and immediate release lactose powder mixture. Comparisons were made between the salient pharmacokinetic parameters of the different dosage forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sustained in vitro drug release was obtained from the mucoadhesive formulations. Apomorphine was absorbed more rapidly in rabbits when administered intranasally than as a subcutaneous injection. The mucoadhesive formulations both gave sustained plasma drug concentrations and bioavailabilities comparable to subcutaneous injections. The times taken to achieve peak plasma drug concentrations from these mucoadhesive formulations were more than three-fold that of lactose. With these mucoadhesive formulations apomorphine lasted longer in the blood. It could be detected for up to 6-8 h compared to approximately 3 h for the other forms of administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nasal bioavailability of powders is higher than that of solutions. Drug release from the mucoadhesive powders was sustained and there was no significant difference between Carbopol 971P and polycarbophil.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium voor Farmacotechnologie en Biofarmacie, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ugwoke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Exaud
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Den Mooter
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verbeke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kinget
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011145:Polyvinyls; D011208:Powders; C006912:carboxypolymethylene; C030312:calcium polycarbophil; D007785:Lactose; D001058:Apomorphine