title: Traumatic stress, life events, and emotional support in women with metastatic breast cancer: cancer-related traumatic stress symptoms associated with past and current stressors.
abstract: This study examined levels of intrusion and avoidance symptoms and their relationships to past life stress, current emotional support, disease-related variables, and age in 125 women with metastatic breast cancer. The results indicate that a sizable proportion of these women experienced clinically significant levels of intrusion and avoidance symptoms related to their cancer, particularly those with both more stressful past life events and higher current levels of aversive emotional support. Additionally, both types of symptoms were associated with shorter time since recurrence, and avoidance symptoms were associated with smaller emotional support networks. These results indicate that metastatic breast cancer is an emotionally traumatic event for a significant proportion of women, particularly those with past life stressors and unsupportive social environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5718, USA. butler@psych.stanford.edu
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koopman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Classen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological