title: Conventional ventilation modes with small pressure amplitudes and high positive end-expiratory pressure levels optimize surfactant therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-frequency oscillation studies have shown that ventilation at high end-expiratory lung volumes combined with small volume cycles at high rates best preserves exogenous surfactant and gas exchange in lavaged lungs. We investigated whether surfactant composition and gas exchange can also be preserved by conventional modes of mechanical ventilation, which combine high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with small pressure amplitudes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, nonblinded, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were lung-lavaged and treated with exogenous surfactant (100 mg/kg). After 5 mins, four different ventilator settings (F(IO)2 = 1.0) were applied for 3 hrs in four groups of rats [peak inspiratory pressure (cm H2O); static PEEP (cm H2O); inspiratory/expiratory ratio; frequency], as follows: 26/2/1:2/30 (group 26/2), 26/6/1:2/30 (group 26/6), 20/10/1:2/30 (group 20/ 10-static), and 20/6/7:3/130, creating an auto PEEP of 4 cm H2O (group 20/10-auto).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all groups, Pao2 increased immediately to prelavage values after surfactant therapy. In group 26/2, Pao2 deteriorated to postlavage values within 30 mins when PEEP was decreased to 2 cm H2O, whereas Pao2 remained stable for 3 hrs in the other groups. The Paco2 increased in groups 26/2 and 20/10-static; Paco2 could not be reduced by increasing ventilation frequency to 130 in group 20/10-static. Groups 26/6 and 20/10-auto remained normocapnic. Bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentration was higher in groups 26/2 and 26/6 compared with groups 20/10-static and 20/10-auto. There was significantly more conversion of surface active large aggregates into nonactive small aggregates in group 26/2 compared with groups 20/10-static and 20/10-auto.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that exogenous surfactant composition is preserved by conventional modes of mechanical ventilation that use small pressure amplitudes, and adequate oxygenation is maintained by high end-expiratory pressure levels. Effective carbon dioxide removal can be achieved by applying a ventilation mode that creates auto PEEP and not by a mode that applies the same level of PEEP by static PEEP only.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Verbrugge
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gommers
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lachmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D018467:Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants