title: Isolated fetal echogenic intracardiac foci or golf balls: is karyotyping for Down's syndrome indicated?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of isolated echogenic intracardiac foci and the subsequent risk for Down's syndrome at 18-23 weeks in an unselected obstetric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A district general hospital serving a routine obstetric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  16,917 pregnant women who underwent a routine ultrasound screening at 18-23 weeks of gestation between November 1994 and August 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  All women were offered screening for Down's syndrome by nuchal translucency or maternal serum biochemistry. The prevalence of isolated echogenic intracardiac foci was determined and the relative risk for Down's syndrome was calculated for different ultrasound findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined sensitivity of age, nuchal translucency and maternal serum biochemistry for Down's syndrome was 84% (27/32). The relative risk for Down's syndrome was 0.17 (95% CI 0.07-0.41) for the women with normal scan findings at 18-23 weeks. The prevalence of isolated echogenic intracardiac foci at 18-23 weeks was 0.9% (144/16,917). None of these pregnancies were affected by Down's syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significance of the association between isolated echogenic intracardiac foci and Down's syndrome is a matter of ongoing debate. The data of this study suggest that in an unselected obstetric population with prior, effective, routine Down's syndrome screening, the association between isolated echogenic intracardiac foci and Down's syndrome is no longer significant.
authors.affiliation: Feto-Maternal Medicine Unit, Homerton Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thilaganathan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olawaiye
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sairam
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harrington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping / Q000379:methods; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*