title: Skin-to-skin contact is analgesic in healthy newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their newborns will reduce the pain experienced by the infant during heel lance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 newborn infants were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants were assigned randomly to either being held by their mothers in whole body, skin-to-skin contact or to no intervention (swaddled in crib) during a standard heel lance procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effectiveness of the intervention was determined by comparing crying, grimacing, and heart rate differences between contact and control infants during and after blood collection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crying and grimacing were reduced by 82% and 65%, respectively, from control infant levels during the heel lance procedure. Heart rate also was reduced substantially by contact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin-to-skin contact is a remarkably potent intervention against the pain experienced during heel stick in newborns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. lag@bu.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Blass
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000009:adverse effects; D003448:Crying; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012867:Skin; D014110:Touch