title: In vivo evaluation of brain iron in Alzheimer disease using magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The basal ganglia contain the highest levels of iron in the brain, and postmortem studies indicate a disruption of iron metabolism in the basal ganglia of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Iron can catalyze free radical reactions and may contribute to oxidative damage observed in AD brains. Treatments aimed at reducing oxidative damage have offered novel ways to delay the rate of progression and could possibly defer the onset of AD. Brain iron levels were quantified in vivo using a new magnetic resonance imaging method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one patients with AD and 68 control subjects participated in this study. A magnetic resonance imaging method was employed that quantifies the iron content of ferritin molecules (ferritin iron) with specificity through the combined use of high and low field-strength magnetic resonance imaging instruments. Three basal ganglia structures (caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus) and one comparison region (frontal lobe white matter) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal ganglia ferritin iron levels were significantly increased in the caudate (P = .007; effect size, 0.69) and putamen (P = .008; effect size, 0.67) of AD subjects, with a trend toward an increase in the globus pallidus (P = .13). The increased basal ganglia ferritin iron levels were not a generalized phenomenon; white matter ferritin iron levels were unchanged in patients with AD (P = .50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data replicate and extend prior results and suggest that basal ganglia ferritin iron levels are increased in AD. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate whether premorbid iron levels are increased in individuals who develop AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Mental Health Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, USA. gbar@ucla.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartzokis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sultzer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hance
authors.forename: V W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mintz
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011699:Putamen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005293:Ferritins