title: Iodine deficiency in ambulatory participants at a Sydney teaching hospital: is Australia truly iodine replete?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess iodine status in four separate groups--pregnant women, postpartum women, patients with diabetes mellitus and volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study at a tertiary referral hospital in Sydney.
  
  
  METHODS
  81 pregnant women attending a "high risk" obstetric clinic; 26 of these same women who attended three months postpartum; 135 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus attending the diabetes clinic for an annual complications screen; and 19 volunteers. There were no exclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spot urine samples were obtained, and urinary iodine was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iodine status based on urinary iodine concentration categorised as normal (> 100 micrograms/L), mild deficiency (51-100 micrograms/L) and moderate to severe deficiency (< 50 micrograms/L).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe iodine deficiency was found in 16 pregnant women (19.8%), five postpartum women (19.2%), 46 patients with diabetes (34.1%) and five volunteers (26.3%). Mild iodine deficiency was found in an additional 24 pregnant women (29.6%), nine postpartum women (34.6%), 51 patients with diabetes (37.8%) and 9 normal volunteers (47.4%). Median urinary iodine concentration was 104 micrograms/L in pregnant women, 79 micrograms/L in postpartum women, 65 micrograms/L in patients with diabetes mellitus and 64 micrograms/L in volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high frequency of iodine deficiency found in our participants suggests that dietary sources of iodine in this country may no longer be sufficient. Further population studies are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW. jennyeg@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gunton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hams
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiegert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McElduff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D007455:Iodine