title: Responses to depression in unipolar depressed patients: an investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The response styles theory suggests that rumination in response to depressed mood exacerbates and prolongs depression, while distraction ameliorates and shortens it. Gender differences in response styles are said to contribute to the observed gender differences in the prevalence of unipolar depression. While empirical support for the theory has been found from a variety of non-clinical studies, its generalizability to clinically depressed patient populations remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 52 unipolar depressed in-patients was assessed with the Response Styles Questionnaire during in-patient stay (T1) and 4 weeks after discharge (T2). The patients were followed up 4 months after discharge (T3). Clinical assessment included the SCAN-PSE-10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate and statistically significant retest-stabilities for rumination and distraction were found, comparable for patients with stable and changing depression status from T1 to T2. A cross-sectional diagnosis of a major depressive episode was associated with rumination, while gender was not. Post-discharge baseline rumination (T2), adjusted for concurrent depression, predicted follow-up levels of depression (T3), and, in patients who were non-remitted at post-discharge baseline, it predicted presence of a major depressive episode at follow-up (T3). Results on distraction were more ambiguous.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that rumination is likely to have a deteriorating impact on the course of clinical episodes of depression in unipolar depressed patients. Larger longitudinal patient studies are needed to validate these findings.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuehner
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001288:Attention; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012008:Recurrence; D012803:Sick Role