title: Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a collective experience of four teaching hospitals and results of repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been performed in Singapore since 1990 and, up until the end of 1997, a total of 4445 procedures had been performed in the four major teaching hospitals. Although bile duct injuries were thought to have increased following the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there have been no reviews done on the incidence of these injuries in the Singapore context.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present retrospective review aimed to audit the rate of bile duct injuries in the four major teaching hospitals in Singapore and to document the results of management of these injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4445 procedures performed, there were 19 (0.43%) cases of bile duct injuries. These involved the common hepatic duct (n = 8), common bile duct (n = 10), and the right hepatic duct (n = 1). The underlying gall bladder pathology included non-inflamed gall bladders (n = 10), acute cholecystitis (n = 4), Mirrizzi's syndrome (n = 3) and mucocele of the gall bladder (n = 2). Transection of the duct accounted for the majority of the injuries. Eleven bile duct injuries were identified at the time of operation. These were primarily repaired over a T tube (n = 4) or by a bilio-enteric bypass (n = 7). The remainder were diagnosed at a median of 7 days (range: 1-556 days) after surgery with a presentation of jaundice or pain. These were repaired by bilio-enteric anastomosis (n = 7) and closure over a T tube (n = 1). Three patients developed strictures subsequently, two following bilio-enteric repair after delayed diagnosis and one following immediate primary repair over a T tube. One patient developed intrahepatic stones and required a left lateral segmentectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experience of a 0.43% bile duct injury rate is comparable to the best results from most large series in the West. Inflammation at Calot's triangle is an important associated factor for injury. Early recognition and prompt repair affords good results, and hepaticojejunostomy is recommended as the repair of choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. dsoopj@nccs.com.sg
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foo
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ch'ng
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Soo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000601:surgery; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology