title: A randomised controlled trial. Shifting boundaries of doctors and physiotherapists in orthopaedic outpatient departments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of specially trained physiotherapists in the assessment and management of defined referrals to hospital orthopaedic departments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthopaedic outpatient departments in two hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  481 patients with musculoskeletal problems referred for specialist orthopaedic opinion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial assessment and management undertaken by post-Fellowship junior orthopaedic surgeons, or by specially trained physiotherapists working in an extended role (orthopaedic physiotherapy specialists).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient centred measures of pain, functional disability and perceived handicap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 654 patients were eligible to join the trial, 481 (73.6%) gave their consent to be randomised. The two arms (doctor n = 244, physiotherapist n = 237) were similar at baseline. Baseline and follow up questionnaires were completed by 383 patients (79.6%). The mean time to follow up was 5.6 months after randomisation, with similar distributions of intervals to follow up in both arms. The only outcome for which there was a statistically or clinically important difference between arms was in a measure of patient satisfaction, which favoured the physiotherapist arm. A cost minimisation analysis showed no significant differences in direct costs to the patient or NHS primary care costs. Direct hospital costs were lower (p < 0.00001) in the physiotherapist arm (mean cost per patient = 256 Pounds, n = 232), as they were less likely to order radiographs and to refer patients for orthopaedic surgery than were the junior doctors (mean cost per patient in arm = 498 Pounds, n = 238).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of the patient centred outcomes measured in this randomised trial, orthopaedic physiotherapy specialists are as effective as post-Fellowship junior staff and clinical assistant orthopaedic surgeons in the initial assessment and management of new referrals to outpatient orthopaedic departments, and generate lower initial direct hospital costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daker-White
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Woolhead
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bannister
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kammerling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010814:Physical Therapy Department, Hospital; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D006113:United Kingdom; D000078329:Workforce