title: Visual outcome after contact lens and intraocular lens correction of neonatal monocular aphakia in monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A monkey model was used to evaluate intraocular lenses (IOLs) and extended-wear contact lenses (EWCLs) for the optical treatment of infantile aphakia in humans. Specifically, the relative effectiveness of EWCLs used alone and IOLs used in combination with EWCLs in preventing amblyopia was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 33 rhesus monkeys was studied in this project, 24 assigned to experimental treatment groups and 9 to normal controls. Contact lenses made from a diffusing material or dyed opaque were placed on one eye at birth to simulate an infantile cataract. A unilateral lensectomy was then performed on the same eye within 2.5 weeks after birth. In 15 monkeys this was combined with implantation of an IOL. The eyes were left aphakic in the remaining 9 animals. EWCLs were used to adjust the optical correction of both aphakic and pseudophakic eyes to a near point (3-5 D). Opaque lenses were used to maintain daily part-time (approximately 70%) occlusion of the fellow eye. The primary outcome measure was grating acuity assessed with behavioral methods. Some animals were also assessed for acuity with sweep visually evoked potentials (VEPs) and for optotype acuity (Landolt C) with behavioral methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of the animals with IOLs developed complications in the eye that precluded completion of the behavioral assessment protocol. Only behavioral outcomes obtained before or in the absence of surgical complications are presented. There was a developmental delay in the maturation of grating acuity in both eyes of both treatment groups. Normal adult levels of grating acuity were eventually achieved in the group treated with IOLs combined with EWCLs. Grating acuity was significantly poorer than normal in aphakic eyes treated only with EWCLs. Comparison of the two treatment groups revealed that pseudophakic eyes treated with multifocal IOLs had significantly better gating acuity than aphakic eyes. Assessments of optotype acuity and sweep VEP acuity revealed amblyopic deficits in both pseudophakic and aphakic eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given an absence of serious postoperative complications, neonatal correction of aphakia with IOLs combined with EWCLs can lead to normal grating acuity in a primate model. Correction with EWCLs alone was not sufficient to produce normal grating acuity. Multifocal IOL treatments combined with EWCL provided a significantly better outcome than EWCL methods alone. However, neither IOL nor EWCL methods were able to prevent amblyopia as evaluated using behavioral testing with optotypes or with sweep VEPs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Visual Science, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. boothe@rmy.emory.edu
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Boothe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Louden
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aiyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drews
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001036:Aphakia, Postcataract / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003262:Contact Lenses, Extended-Wear; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000502:physiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011897:Random Allocation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015349:Vision, Monocular; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*