title: Infundibulopelvic anatomy and clearance of inferior caliceal calculi with shock wave lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluate the significance of inferior caliceal radiographic anatomy and determine its influence on successful fragmentation and clearance of inferior caliceal calculi with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 1996 and February 1998, 88 patients and 90 renal units with single or multiple inferior caliceal calculi of all sizes and composition were treated with ESWL. The size, number and area of calculi, length and width of the stone bearing inferior calix and infundibulopelvic angle were determined on pretreatment excretory urography. The infundibulopelvic angle was measured by 2 methods using the angle between the inferior caliceal infundibular and ureteral axes (angle 1), and between the infundibular and ureteropelvic axes (angle 2). Cases with residual fragments not clearing within 6 months of satisfactory fragmentation after lithotripsy were considered failures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall stone clearance at 6 months was achieved in about 72% of the renal units. Infundibular length was 30 mm. or less in 77% of successful cases and in 64% of failures. Similarly, the smallest infundibular width of 5 mm. or more was found in 75% of successful cases compared to 41% of failures. Angle 1 of 35 degrees or more was observed in 73% of cases with compared to 18% without clearance. Angle 2 of 45 degrees or more was seen in 71% of successful cases compared to 9% of failures. The chances of a patient becoming stone-free with all favorable criteria of infundibular length 30 mm. or less, infundibular width 5 mm. or greater and infundibular ureteropelvic angle 45 degrees or greater was 100% (23 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiographic features of a stone bearing inferior calix and its relation to the renal pelvis can be easily measured on standard excretory urography. An infundibular width of 5 mm. or more and infundibulopelvic angle 1 of 35 degrees or more or angle 2 of 45 degrees or more were statistically significant factors of radiographic anatomy in stone clearance following ESWL. Inferior caliceal length was not statistically significant, although length of 30 mm. or less appeared to be more favorable for stone clearance. The ideal treatment of inferior caliceal calculi in patients with all 3 favorable criteria is ESWL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hemal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged