title: Ischemic preconditioning and glucose metabolism during low-flow ischemia: role of the adenosine A1 receptor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycolysis-from-glycose may be more beneficial than glycogenolysis in protecting hearts against ischemia. We tested the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning is mediated by increased exogenous glucose use during low-flow ischemia, an effect triggered by adenosine A1 receptor activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Langendorff rat hearts were subjected to 25 min low-flow ischemia (0.6 ml/min) and 30 min reperfusion. Prior to underperfusion, hearts (n = 6 per group) were subjected to two cycles of either preconditioning ischemia (PC), infusion of the adenosine A1 agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; 0.25 mumol/l), or PC in the presence of the adenosine antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline (SPT; 50 mumol/l). Glycolysis-from-glucose during underperfusion was measured using D-[2-3H]glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of reperfusion, recovery of rate-force product was enhanced in the PC and CCPA groups (62 and 67% of preischemic value) compared to the ischemic control hearts (IC, 32%; P < 0.05), whereas protection was abolished in the SPT hearts (20%; P < 0.05 vs. PC). PC improved total glycolysis-from-glucose during underperfusion by 31% (P < 0.05 vs. IC); SPT abolished this increase. CCPA reduced total lactate release and glucose uptake during ischemia by 47% and 61%, respectively (P < 0.05 vs. IC). Abolishment of the preconditioning-associated increase in glucose uptake during underperfusion, by switching to a low glucose buffer, resulted in a loss of functional protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study strongly suggests that increased exogenous glucose utilization during low-flow ischemia mediates ischemic preconditioning without increasing total anaerobic glycolytic flux. Although adenosine A1 receptor activation reduces ischemic injury, it does not facilitate the increased glucose uptake observed with ischemic preconditioning, suggesting a different mechanism of protection.
authors.affiliation: Cardiochemical Laboratory, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.w.dejong@tch.fgg.eur.nl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; C058394:2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine; C031433:8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline; D013806:Theophylline; D005947:Glucose; D000241:Adenosine