Effects of vaginal birth versus caesarean section birth with general anesthesia on blood gases and brain energy metabolism in neonatal rats.
Using a rat model, several laboratories have demonstrated long-term effects of Caesarean section (C-section) birth or of global hypoxia during C-section birth on a variety of central nervous system (CNS) parameters. These studies used C-section delivery from rapidly decapitated dams, to avoid confounding anesthetic effects, or from dams anesthetized with halothane or ether under unspecified conditions. Systemic oxygenation or cerebral energy metabolites in the pups at birth have not been systematically measured in this model. To develop and characterize a C-section model with relevance to the human situation, the present study measured arterial/venous blood gases and pH and brain ATP and lactate, a widely accepted measure of CNS hypoxia, in pups born either vaginally, by C-section from decapitated dams, or by C-section from dams anesthetized with nitrous oxide (N2O) and increasing concentrations of isoflurane under well-defined conditions. Immediately after birth, pups born vaginally, by C-section with maternal decapitation, or by C-section with 2.5% isoflurane showed no group differences in systemic pO2 or pH or brain ATP levels, but pCO2 was elevated in the C-section/2.5% isoflurane group. Pups born by C-section with 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0% isoflurane, showed progressive reductions in blood pO2 and increases in pCO2 and blood pH was reduced with 3.5% isoflurane. Relative to vaginal birth, brain lactate levels were unchanged in pups born by C-section with any concentration (2.5-4.0%) of isoflurane, but reduced in pups born by C-section from decapitated dams. At 1 h (and 4 h) after birth, in both vaginally born controls and the 2.5% isoflurane group, brain lactate fell while blood pO2 and brain ATP remained stable. In the 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0% isoflurane groups, blood gases and pH and brain lactate also normalized to control values. In conclusion, rat neonates show minimal signs of systemic or CNS hypoxia following C-section birth under 2.5% isoflurane with N2O. However, there is a rather narrow window of isoflurane concentrations which produces effective maternal anesthesia without producing respiratory compromise in the neonate. Thus the results indicate that the level of maternal anesthesia employed is an important factor influencing neonatal systemic and CNS oxygenation during C-section birth.
Vaillancourt
C
C
Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.
Berger
N
N
Boksa
P
P
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001034:Apgar Score; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010808:Physical Examination; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014621:Vagina
D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007773:Lactates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen