title: Anorectal malformations associated with enteric dysganglionosis in Danforth's short tail (Sd) mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spontaneous mutant Danforth's short tail (Sd) mouse has been studied over the last 60 years from the morphological, embryological, and genetic point of view. The Sd mutation affects a gene essential to notochordal development, and the Sd mouse phenotype represents an analogue of human caudal regression syndrome. The Sd/Sd mouse presents different types of anorectal malformations (ARM) and was suggested as a simple and cheap model of investigation of ARM morphology and embryology. In the current study, the Sd mouse enteric nervous system (ENS) was thoroughly investigated with specific immunohistochemical markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macroscopic analysis, normal histology, and immunohistochemical techniques for detecting neurofilaments (NF) and NOS1 were used to study ENS of 138 Sd mice and 25 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surprising results of this study showed that Sd mutation is associated with different degrees of hypoganglionosis and aganglionosis. In 41% of Sd/SD-affected mice, the rectal pouch was aganglionic and in the remaining 58% was severely hypoganglionic. In addition, 4.1% of heterozygous mice presented a distal aganglionosis and 8.3% hypoganglionosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Sd mutation independently affects distinct cell lines during early organogenesis, as notochord cells, ventral hingut endoderm, and neuroblasts migrating from neural crest cells. Comparing the Sd murine model with human pathology, this study confirms that the association between ARM and intestinal dysganglionosis is not rare and underlines the importance of detecting in every ARM patient the innervation abnormalities of rectal pouch and fistulas.
authors.affiliation: Department and Chair of Pediatric Surgery, G. Gaslini Institute, University of Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Favre
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Briano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brizzolara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cilli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanguineti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martucciello
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D005724:Ganglia / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000294:innervation*; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities*