title: Retinoic acid is a potent regulator of growth plate chondrogenesis.
abstract: Vitamin A deficiency and excess both cause abnormalities in mammalian longitudinal bone growth. Because all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is synthesized from vitamin A, we hypothesized that RA regulates growth plate chondrogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, a single oral dose of RA reduced the height of the rat proximal tibial growth plate. To determine whether RA acts directly on growth plate, fetal rat metatarsal bones were cultured in the presence of RA. In this system, RA inhibited longitudinal bone growth by three mechanisms: 1) decreased chondrocyte proliferation, (assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation), particularly in the proliferative zone of the growth plate; 2) decreased matrix synthesis (assessed by 35SO4 incorporation into glycosaminoglycans); and 3) decreased cell hypertrophy (determined histologically). The growth-inhibiting effects of RA were completely reversed by a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist. In the absence of exogenous RA, this antagonist accelerated bone growth, as did an RA-specific neutralizing antibody, suggesting that endogenous RA negatively regulates growth plate chondrogenesis. We conclude that RA, acting through RARs, negatively regulates longitudinal bone growth by inhibiting growth plate chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and matrix synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. fdeluca@peds.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Uyeda
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mericq
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Mancilla
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yanovski
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zile
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baron
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D008297:Male; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000166:cytology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009281:Naphthalenes; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D013431:Sulfates; D014212:Tretinoin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D013936:Thymidine; C096920:AGN 193109