title: Urinary hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase: markers for bladder cancer detection and evaluation of grade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Specific patterns of progression and frequent recurrence of bladder tumors determine the choice of treatment, frequency of surveillance, quality of life, and ultimately, patient prognosis. The prognosis would be improved if an accurate noninvasive test was available for diagnosis. Identification of markers that function in bladder cancer progression would be helpful in designing such diagnostic tests. The glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA), promotes tumor metastasis. Hyaluronidase (HAase), an endoglycosidase, degrades HA into small fragments that promote angiogenesis. We have previously shown that both HA and HAase are associated with bladder cancer and may function in bladder tumor angiogenesis. In this study we examined whether urinary HA and HAase levels serve as bladder cancer markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the 513 urine specimens analyzed, 261 were from transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) patients, 9 from patients with non-TCC tumors, and 243 from controls (normals, patients with other genitourinary (GU) conditions or a history of bladder cancer (HxBCa)). The urinary HA and HAase levels were measured by two ELISA-like assays that utilize a biotinylated HA binding protein for detection. These levels were normalized to total urinary protein and were expressed as ng./mg. (HA test) and mU/mg. (HAase test), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urinary HA levels were elevated (2.5 to 6.5 fold) in bladder cancer patients (1173.7+/-173.4; n = 261) as compared with normals (246.1+/-38.5; n = 41); GU patients (306.6+/-32.2; n = 133), and patients with a HxBCa (351.1+/-49.1; n = 69) (p <0.001). The urinary HAase levels were elevated (3 to 7 fold) in G2/G3 bladder cancer patients (26.2+/-3.2) as compared with normals (4.5+/-0.9) and patients with either GU conditions (5.8+/-1.3), HxBCa (8.2+/-2.6) or G1 tumors (9.7+/-2.5) (p <0.001). The HA test showed 83.1% sensitivity, 90.1% specificity and 86.5% accuracy in detecting bladder cancer, regardless of the tumor grade. The HAase test showed 81.5% sensitivity, 83.8% specificity and 82.9% accuracy to detect G2/G3 patients. Combining the inferences of the HA and HAase tests (HA-HAase test) resulted in detection of bladder cancer, regardless of tumor grade and stage, with higher sensitivity (91.2%) and accuracy (88.3%), and comparable specificity (84.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the HA-HAase urine test is a noninvasive, highly sensitive and specific method for detecting bladder cancer and evaluating its grade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Lokeshwar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obek
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Block
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000652:urine*; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase