title: Placental membrane inflammation and risks of maternal-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Uganda.
abstract: Prospective follow-up of 172 HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants was conducted at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda during 1990 to 1992. Information was collected on maternal immune status (CD4 counts or clinical AIDS), and concurrent infections with sexually transmitted diseases. Infants were observed on a follow-up basis to determine HIV infection, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under 15 months of age and enzyme immunoassay/Western blot for those older than 15 months. Placental membrane inflammation (chorioamnionitis and funisitis), and placental villous inflammation (villitis, intervillitis, and deciduitis) were diagnosed by histopathology. Mother-to-child HIV transmission rates were assessed, and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of transmission were estimated using women with no placental pathology or evidence of immune suppression as a reference group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mother-to-child HIV transmission rate was 23.3%. Women with no placental membrane inflammation or immune suppression had a transmission rate of 11.3%; compared with 25.5% in women with placental inflammation and no immunosuppression (adjusted OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.04-7.90), and 37.0% in immunosuppressed women (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.42-6.67). We estimate that 34% of HIV transmission could be prevented by treatment of placental membrane inflammation in nonimmunocompromised women. Transmission rates were 40.9% with genital ulcer disease (OR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.28-9.66). Placental villous inflammation and artificial rupture of membranes did not increase transmission rates and cesarean section was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of risk (OR, 0.70; 95% CI 0.24-2.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placental membrane inflammation increases the rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wabwire-Mangen
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Mmiro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ndugwa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abramowsky
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wabinga
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Saah
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007249:Inflammation; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology; D014454:Uganda