title: The effect of transesophageal echocardiography on ventilation in small infants undergoing cardiac surgery.
abstract: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is frequently used during congenital cardiac surgery. Complications are infrequent, but interference with ventilation has been reported, especially in small infants. Ventilation variables were measured prospectively in 22 infants, 2-5 kg, undergoing heart surgery with TEE. Measurements were made preoperatively before and after TEE probe insertion and postoperatively before and after TEE probe removal. The variables measured included arterial blood gases, expired tidal volume, peak inspiratory pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, minute ventilation, airway resistance, dynamic compliance, and peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates. No significant change in any ventilatory variable at either time period was noted in the infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ventilatory compromise is infrequent in small infants undergoing transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examination. Careful ventilatory monitoring rapidly detects changes in ventilation during TEE examination. Small infants who benefit from TEE during heart surgery should not be excluded from receiving a TEE examination because of concern of ventilatory compromise.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030-2399, USA. dra@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Andropoulos
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stayer
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bent
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*