title: Differentiation-inducing factor-1, a morphogen of dictyostelium, induces G(1) arrest and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a morphogen that induces differentiation of DICTYOSTELIUM: Recently, DIF-1 has been shown to inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation in tumor cells, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of DIF-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, to explore novel therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis. DIF-1 nearly completely inhibited DNA synthesis and cell division in mitogen-stimulated cells. DIF-1 inhibited the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and the activities of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 4, Cdk6, and Cdk2, which phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein. DIF-1 strongly suppressed the expression of cyclins D1, D2, and D3, as well as those of cyclins E and A, which normally began after that of the D-type cyclins. The mRNAs for the smooth muscle myosin heavy chains SM1 and SM2 were expressed in quiescent cells in primary culture, and these expression levels decreased after mitogenic stimulation. In the presence of DIF-1, the rate of the reduction was significantly decelerated. Moreover, the addition of DIF-1 to dedifferentiated cells induced the expressions of SM1 and SM2, accompanied by a reduction in the level of SMemb, a nonmuscle-type myosin heavy chain. Therefore, DIF-1 seemed to interrupt a very early stage of G(1) probably by suppressing the expressions of the D-type cyclins. Furthermore, this compound may prevent phenotypic modulation and induce differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaguri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kosaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abumiya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubohara
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006588:Hexanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008934:Mitogens / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006588:Hexanones; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008934:Mitogens; C053433:1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains