title: Visualization and comparison of drug effects after local paclitaxel delivery with different catheter types.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The microtubule stabilizing compound paclitaxel has proved to have potent antiproliferative effects on smooth muscle cells both in vitro and in vivo. It induces cellular modifications that result in reduced proliferation, migration and signal transduction by shifting the cellular microtubule equilibrium towards assembly. We therefore reasoned that a visualization of the altered cytoskeleton could enable an evaluation of the drug effects following local drug delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3 catheters - the porous balloon, the microporous balloon and the double balloon catheter - were chosen for this study representing the spectrum from passive to active, pressure-driven delivery. After the induction of a defined plaque in the right carotid arteries of 40 New Zealand rabbits by electrical stimulation, 32 animals underwent balloon dilatation and 8 animals served as pre-interventional control group with electrostimulation only. In 24 animals (n = 8 in each group) subsequent local paclitaxel delivery (10 micromol/L) was performed. 8 animals served as control with angioplasty only. Vessels were excised 1 week following intervention. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against bromodeoxyuridine, alpha-actin, macrophages, von Willebrand factor and alpha-tubulin was performed. Cytoskeletal changes were analyzed by electron microscopy. Tubulin staining and electron microscopy revealed changes with distinct staining patterns for the different catheters. Specific catheter-induced injuries could be identified for the porous and double balloon catheter. Intimal proliferation, percentage of macrophages and extent of injury favor the double balloon catheter for local paclitaxel delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The alterations of the cytoskeleton induced by paclitaxel allowed for the detection of drug action by staining of tubulin and electron microscopy. This enables an evaluation of transfer, distribution and drug effects directly in the vasculature without marker substances. The double balloon catheter appears to be best suited for local paclitaxel therapy.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Germany. christian.herdeg@t-online.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herdeg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oberhoff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blattner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Küttner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Karsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D002404:Catheterization; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D017239:Paclitaxel