title: A study of dental staining among competitive swimmers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of dental stains (DS) in competitive swimmers and quantify the risk of these stains compared with sportsmen in a non-swimmers group in Castellón, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and case-control designs. Between July 1996 and March 1997, 404 subjects, (171 enrolled in two clubs of competitive swimming and 233 sportsmen from two schools), were examined in order to detect and classify yellowish-brown or dark-brown stains on the facial surface of the eight incisors. Participation rates were 88.6% for swimmers, and 95.7% for sportsmen. Mean of participants' age was 12 years, range 7-22 years. Castellón has three public competition swimming pools, two of which are indoors. Two of the pools used chloride products, and the third bromine for the disinfection of water. The recommended hygiene regulations were adhered to.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of DS was 60.2% in swimmers and 12.9% in sportsmen (P= 0.0001). Risk factors for DS included: use of competition swimming pools, age, gender, years of competition, daily consumption of coffee, red wine, and iron supplement during the last year. Professional dental cleanliness was a protective factor. In a logistic regression analysis, the use of competition swimming pools maintained a high risk of DS, odds ratio (OR)=9.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.21-16.5, adjusted by the other variables. Amongst swimmers, more than 6 h of training a week increased the risk of these stains (OR=3.51; 95% CI 1.35-9.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicated a high risk of DS in competitive swimmers.
authors.affiliation: Dental Health Unit and Epidemiology Division, Conselleria de Sanitet, Castellón, Spain. prtextos@sgprint.com
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Escartin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnedo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vela
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013550:Swimming / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data