title: BCAR1, a human homologue of the adapter protein p130Cas, and antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of breast cancer with the antiestrogen tamoxifen is effective in approximately one half of the patients with estrogen receptor-positive disease, but tumors recur frequently because of the development of metastases that are resistant to tamoxifen. We have previously shown that mutagenesis of human estrogen-dependent ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells by insertion of a defective retrovirus genome caused the cells to become antiestrogen resistant. In this study, we isolated and characterized the crucial gene at the breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1) locus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transfer of the BCAR1 locus from retrovirus-mutated, antiestrogen-resistant cells to estrogen-dependent ZR-75-1 cells by cell fusion conferred an antiestrogen-resistant phenotype on the recipient cells. The complete coding sequence of BCAR1 was isolated by use of exon-trapping and complementary DNA (cDNA) library screening. Sequence analysis of human BCAR1 cDNA predicted a protein of 870 amino acids that was strongly homologous to rat p130Cas-adapter protein. Genomic analysis revealed that BCAR1 consists of seven exons and is located at chromosome 16q23.1. BCAR1 transcripts were detected in multiple human tissues and were similar in size to transcripts produced by retrovirus-mutated ZR-75-1 cells. Transfection of BCAR1 cDNA into ZR-75-1 cells again resulted in sustained cell proliferation in the presence of antiestrogens, confirming that BCAR1 was the responsible gene in the locus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression of the BCAR1 gene confers antiestrogen resistance on human ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells. Overexpression of BCAR1 in retrovirus-mutated cells appears to result from activation of the gene's promoter. The isolation and characterization of this gene open new avenues to elucidating mechanisms by which the growth of human breast cancer becomes independent of estrogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology/Division of Molecular Biology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands. brinkman@bidh.azr.nl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van der Flier
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dorssers
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002459:Cell Fusion; D050719:Crk-Associated Substrate Protein; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019398:Genes, BRCA1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011506:Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects*; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; C493841:BCAR1 protein, human; D050719:Crk-Associated Substrate Protein; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011506:Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D013629:Tamoxifen