title: Pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamilies, increase phosphorylation of c-Jun and ATF2 and upregulate c-Jun protein in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.
abstract: Pro-inflammatory cytokines may be important in the pathophysiological responses of the heart. We investigated the activation of the three mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) subfamilies ¿c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), p38-MAPKs and extracellularly-responsive kinases (ERKs) by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in primary cultures of myocytes isolated from neonatal rat ventricles. Both cytokines stimulated a rapid (maximal within 10 min) increase in JNK activity. Although activation of JNKs by IL-1 beta was transient returning to control values within 1 h, the response to TNF alpha was sustained. IL-1 beta and TNF alpha also stimulated p38-MAPK phosphorylation, but the response to IL-1 beta was consistently greater than TNF alpha. Both cytokines activated ERKs, but to a lesser degree than that induced by phorbol esters. The transcription factors, c-Jun and ATF2, are phosphorylated by the MAPKs and are implicated in the upregulation of c-Jun. IL-1 beta and TNF alpha stimulated the phosphorylation of c-Jun and ATF2. However, IL-1 beta induced a greater increase in c-Jun protein. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) (Ro318220, GF109203X) and the ERK cascade (PD98059) attenuated the increase in c-Jun induced by IL-1 beta, but LY294002 (an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase) and SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38-MAPK, which also inhibits certain JNK isoforms) had no effect. These data illustrate that some of the pathological effects of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha may be mediated through the MAPK cascades, and that the ERK cascade, rather than JNKs or p38-MAPKs, are implicated in the upregulation of c-Jun by IL-1 beta.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences (Molecular Pathology), Imperial College School of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clerk
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Sugden
mesh_terms: D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; C497107:Atf2 protein, rat; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases