title: Hypothenar hammer syndrome: proposed etiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Finger ischemia caused by embolic occlusion of digital arteries originating from the palmar ulnar artery in a person repetitively striking objects with the heel of the hand has been termed hypothenar hammer syndrome (HHS). Previous reports have attributed the arterial pathology to traumatic injury to normal vessels. A large experience leads us to hypothesize that HHS results from trauma to intrinsically abnormal arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the arteriography, histology, and clinical outcome of all patients treated for HHS in a university clinical research center study of hand ischemia, which prospectively enrolled more than 1300 subjects from 1971 to 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one men had HHS. All had occupational (mechanic, carpenter, etc) or avocational (woodworker) exposure to repetitive palmar trauma. All patients underwent upper-extremity and hand arteriography, unilateral in eight patients (38%) and bilateral in 13 patients (62%). By means of arteriogram, multiple digital artery occlusions were shown in the symptomatic hand, with either segmental ulnar artery occlusion in the palm or characteristic "corkscrew" elongation, with alternating stenoses and ectasia. Similar changes in the contralateral asymptomatic (and less traumatized) hand were shown by means of 12 of 13 bilateral arteriograms (92%). Twenty-one operations, consisting of segmental ulnar artery excision in the palm and vein grafting, were performed on 19 patients. Histology was compatible with fibromuscular dysplasia with superimposed trauma. Patency of arterial repairs at 2 years was 84%. One patient (5%) required amputative debridement of necrotic finger tips. No other tissue loss occurred. There have been no recurrences of ischemia in patients with patent bypass grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the largest reported group of HHS patients. The characteristic angiographic appearance, histologic findings, and striking incidence of bilateral abnormalities in patients with unilateral symptoms lead us to conclude that HHS occurs when persons with preexisting palmar ulnar artery fibrodysplasia experience repetitive palmar trauma. This revised theory for the etiology of HHS explains why HHS does not develop in most patients with repetitive palmar trauma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, USA.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: McLafferty
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Moneta
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001706:Biopsy; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004617:Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005352:Fibromuscular Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017535:Ulnar Artery / Q000293:injuries*