title: Sacral anterior root stimulation and cryotechnique: A new option for selective urethral sphincter block and reversible deafferentation in the future?
abstract: A possible application of cryotechnique might be a selective block of nerve fiber activity during sacral anterior root stimulation to achieve selective block of urethral sphincter and reversible deafferentation. In 13 foxhounds, electrical stimulation of sacral anterior roots S2 was performed while the accompanying spinal nerves were simultaneously cooled down from +25 degrees C in a stepwise fashion until a block of urethral sphincter activity was observed. The effects of cold block on the urethral sphincter and bladder were monitored by urodynamic investigation. In 2 additional dogs sacral posterior roots S2 were cooled down to +3 degrees C while accompanying anterior and posterior roots were stimulated distal to the cryothermode. Compound action potentials (APs) were registered proximal to the cryothermode before, during and after cooling and recovery time of cold blocked nerves was evaluated. Complete cold block of the urethral sphincter during spinal nerve cooling was achieved in all cases. Block temperature averaged +12 degrees C. Detrusor pressure was a mean 5,2 cm water. Recovery time was on average 5 min. The cold block was always reversible. In both dogs of the second series the compound action potentials disappeared nearly completely at +3 degrees C. Three min after the end of the cooling period the appearance of the compound action potentials was back to normal. In this study, cryotechnique proved to be effective for selective and reversible block of nerve fibers during sacral anterior root stimulation. In functional electrical stimulation this technique may lead to an improvement of quality of life in para- or tetraplegic patients resulting in optimization of voiding, standing, walking and grasping and does so without the necessity of surgical dorsal root rhizotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Bonn, Germany. stefanschumacher@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Scheepe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bross
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Böhler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Jünemann
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D017679:Cryotherapy; D004285:Dogs; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000150:complications; D011788:Quality of Life; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000502:physiology*; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation*; D014554:Urination; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy