title: Tissue factor expression in human colorectal carcinoma: correlation with hepatic metastasis and impact on prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that tissue factor (TF) plays an important role in tumor metastasis. Its expression in sarcoma cells was reported to up-regulate the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene and thereby enhance tumor angiogenesis, which is essential to tumor metastasis. Although many malignant tumors have been reported to express this protein constitutively, recent clinical studies have focused mainly on the correlations among TF expression, tumor progression, and histologic grade. Therefore, to address the role of TF and the underlying mechanism of hematogenous metastasis of colorectal carcinoma, the authors analyzed the correlations among TF expression, hepatic metastasis, and VEGF gene expression in surgical specimens. Furthermore, they analyzed the prognostic significance of TF expression with respect to overall patient survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of TF and VEGF genes in 67 advanced colorectal carcinoma specimens was studied by immunohistochemistry and Northern blot analysis, respectively. The correlations among TF expression, hepatic metastasis, and other factors were analyzed with univariate and multivariate statistics. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate and multivariate analyses showed TF expression to be a significant (P = 0.0001) and independent risk factor for hepatic metastasis, whereas a weak but insignificant correlation was observed between TF and VEGF gene expression. The outcomes in the TF positive group were significantly worse in all cases (P = 0.0001) and in the cases without synchronous hepatic metastasis (P = 0.0156).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the precise mechanisms are unknown, TF expression is a suitable indicator of both hepatic metastasis and prognosis for colorectal carcinoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onodera
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaido
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishigami
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arii
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D013925:Thromboplastin