title: Comparison of cross-sectional and daily reports in studying the relationship between depression and use of alcohol in response to stress in college students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol use in response to stress in college students may be affected by the presence of symptoms of depression. However, this is a challenging issue to study due to the various methodologies used as well as the possible effect of depressed mood on the accuracy of self-report. This study focused on methodological issues as possible sources of equivocal findings regarding the relationship between depressed mood and alcohol use in response to stress in a college student population. Findings may differ when these variables are examined cross-sectionally versus longitudinally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressed mood and alcohol coping were assessed both cross-sectionally and repeatedly over time in 125 college students. Participants were assessed at baseline using a diagnostic self-report measure of depression as well as a measure of typical coping style. In addition, daily measures of stress, symptoms of depression, and coping were completed for 45 consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different relationships between depressed mood and alcohol coping were found when depressed individuals were analyzed separately from those who were not depressed. Although a significant correlation between daily use of alcohol coping and daily depressed mood was found, there were no differences between depressed and nondepressed participants (as assessed at baseline) on daily alcohol coping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have implications for research design as well as clinical assessment regarding the relationships between mood and use of alcohol for coping; the findings suggest that cross-sectional measures of mood and alcohol use may obscure differences as assessed repeatedly over time. In addition, these findings support the utility of frequent assessment of depressive symptoms when implementing or evaluating programs that target coping skills in college students.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor 48108-3318, USA. hflynn@umich.edu
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Flynn
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012650:Self Disclosure; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*