title: Learning process by goldfish and its use of a local site as a map.
abstract: The issue we address is whether an animal knows or understands the significance of learning. We constructed an animal's own conceptualization via resolving a paradox underlying the process of learning. We found a kind of self-similar pattern in the behavior of goldfish resolving a paradoxical experimental problem. The pattern can be considered as a solution to the paradox in the experiment. An animal's own learning should be revised through solving paradoxes. The dualism of mechanistic thinking and vitalism can thus be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada Kobe, Japan. mizukami@scipx.planet.kobe-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mizukami
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Gunji
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Migita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D003116:Color; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D006054:Goldfish / Q000502:physiology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012201:Reward