title: Mitochondrial aconitase gene expression is regulated by testosterone and prolactin in prostate epithelial cells .
abstract: BACKGROUND
  m-aconitase catalyzes the first step leading to the oxidation of citrate via the Krebs cycle. It is a constituitive enzyme in virtually all mammalian cells, found in excess, and is considered to be a regulatory or regulated enzyme. In contrast to these general relationships, prostate secretory epithelial cells possess a uniquely limiting mitochondrial (m-) aconitase which minimizes the oxidation of citrate. This permits the unique prostate function of accumulating and secreting extraordinarily high levels of citrate. Previous animal studies demonstrated that testosterone and prolactin regulate the level of m-aconitase specifically in citrate-producing prostate cells. The present studies were conducted to determine if testosterone and prolactin regulated the expression of the m-aconitase gene in prostate cells, and to determine the effect of the hormones on human prostate cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies were conducted with freshly prepared rat ventral, rat lateral, and pig prostate epithelial cells, and with the human malignant cell lines LNCaP and PC-3. The effects of 1 nM testosterone and 3 nM prolactin on the level of m-aconitase mRNA and on the transcription rate of m-aconitase were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studies revealed that both prolactin and testosterone increase the levels of m-aconitase mRNA and the transcription rates of m-aconitase in rat ventral prostate cells, pig prostate cells, and human malignant prostate cells (LNCaP and PC-3). In contrast, both hormones decreased the level of m-aconitase mRNA and repressed m-aconitase gene transcription in rat lateral prostate cells. The hormonal regulation of m-aconitase corresponded with the levels of m-aconitase enzyme, m-aconitase activity, and citrate oxidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to the constitutive expression of m-aconitase, the m-aconitase gene is testosterone- and prolactin-regulated in specifically targeted prostate cells. The hormonal regulation of m-aconitase gene expression and biosynthesis of m-aconitase provide a regulatory mechanism for the oxidation of citrate, and consequently, the level of net citrate production by prostate. The hormonally increased expression and biosynthesis of m-aconitase in human malignant cells might be involved in the increased citrate oxidation associated with the development of true malignant cells in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Biology Section, OCBS/Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. LCC001@DENTAL.UMARYLAND.EDU
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000154:Aconitate Hydratase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000502:physiology*; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013552:Swine; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013739:Testosterone; D011388:Prolactin; D000154:Aconitate Hydratase