title: Thymidine dinucleotides inhibit contact hypersensitivity and activate the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha1.
abstract: DNA is a target for ultraviolet-B-induced inhibition of contact hypersensitivity, and small DNA fragments such as thymidine dinucleotides (pTpT) can simulate several ultraviolet-induced effects. To determine whether pTpT mimics the suppressive influence of ultraviolet-B on contact hypersensitivity, we compared the effects of topical application of pTpT with those of ultraviolet-B irradiation on C57BL/6 mice sensitized to dinitrofluorobenzene. Mice pretreated with pTpT or ultraviolet-B irradiation showed markedly suppressed ear swelling responses to dinitrofluorobenzene challenge. Because tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates ultraviolet-B-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity, and because pTpT exerts many ultraviolet-mimetic effects by augmenting mRNA and protein levels of effector molecules, we asked if pTpT mimics ultraviolet-B's upregulatory influence on tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Using transgenic mice carrying a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter linked to the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter, we examined effects of ultraviolet-B irradiation versus intradermal injection of pTpT on tumor necrosis factor alpha gene transcription. Both treatments induced cutaneous chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity. Ultra- violet-B or pTpT treatment of cultured dermal fibroblasts from these mice also stimulated chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity. To determine whether human cells responded similarly, a well- differentiated ultraviolet-responsive human squamous cell carcinoma line was treated with pTpT. pTpT increased tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression and protein secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings expand the spectrum of ultraviolet effects mimicked by pTpT to include inhibition of contact hypersensitivity and activation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene. These results support the hypothesis that DNA photoproducts and/or their repair intermediates trigger many of the biologic consequences of ultraviolet irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leverkus
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaar
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gilchrest
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013936:Thymidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D009841:Oligonucleotides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013936:Thymidine