title: Differential onset of expression of mRNAs encoding proopiomelanocortin, prohormone convertases 1 and 2, and granin family members during Xenopus laevis development.
abstract: The production of peptide hormones through proteolytic cleavage of prohormones, e.g., proopiomelanocortin (POMC), involves a number of regulated secretory proteins, such as prohormone convertase PC1, PC2 and granin family members, that are co-expressed with the prohormone. Although the expression of these proteins has been well-studied in adult animals, data on their expression during development are limited. We used whole-mount in situ hybridization to visualize POMC mRNA expression in the intermediate and anterior pituitary of Xenopus tadpoles. A more sensitive analysis, namely semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on total RNA isolated from Xenopus developmental stages, revealed that the expression of POMC, PC1 and PC2 mRNA commenced at stages 13 (neural plate stage), 15 (neural fold stage) and 19 (neural tube stage), respectively, with a gradual increase in their expression levels during further development. Surprisingly, and in contrast to what holds for POMC and the convertases, mRNAs for secretogranin II and III (SgII, SgIII) and 7B2 were not only expressed during neural development, but could already be detected in unfertilized mature oocytes, the first cleavage stages and in blastula-stage embryos. These granins are thus maternally present in Xenopus embryos suggesting that they may have a role during oogenesis and/or early embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Holling
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Herp
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Durston
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Martens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics*; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology; D002864:Chromogranins; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051859:Neuroendocrine Secretory Protein 7B2; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000235:genetics*; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin / Q000235:genetics*; D045706:Proprotein Convertase 2; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013381:Subtilisins / Q000235:genetics*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D002864:Chromogranins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051859:Neuroendocrine Secretory Protein 7B2; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D013381:Subtilisins; D045706:Proprotein Convertase 2; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases