title: Derivation of a needs based capitation formula for allocating prescribing budgets to health authorities and primary care groups in England: regression analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a weighted capitation formula for setting target allocations for prescribing expenditures for health authorities and primary care groups in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regression analysis relating prescribing costs to the demographic, morbidity, and mortality composition of practice lists.
  
  
  METHODS
  8500 general practices in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the 1991 census were attributed to practice lists on the basis of the place of residence of the practice population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variation in age, sex, and temporary resident originated prescribing units (ASTRO(97)-PUs) adjusted net ingredient cost of general practices in England for 1997-8 modelled for the impact of health and social needs after controlling for differences in supply.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A needs gradient based on the four variables: permanent sickness, percentage of dependants in no carer households, percentage of students, and percentage of births on practice lists. These, together with supply characteristics, explained 41% of variation in prescribing costs per ASTRO(97)-PU adjusted capita across practices. The latter alone explained about 35% of variation in total costs per head across practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model has good statistical specification and contains intuitively plausible needs drivers of prescribing expenditure. Together with adjustments made for differences in ASTRO(97)-PUs the model is capable of explaining 62% (35%+0.65% (41%)) of variation in prescribing expenditure at practice level. The results of the study have formed the basis for setting target budgets for 1999-2000 allocations for prescribing expenditure for health authorities and primary care groups.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York Y01 5DD. nr5@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D002017:Budgets; D002204:Capitation Fee; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics*; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017062:Small-Area Analysis