title: Effects of nutrient intake and number of oestrous cycles on in vitro development of preimplantation pig embryos.
abstract: The effects of nutrient intake and insemination of gilts at first versus third oestrus on the in vitro development of preimplantation pig embryos were investigated. Standard swine management involves ad libitum feeding of gilts at first oestrus and restricted feeding of gilts at third oestrus. According to previous research, gilts inseminated at first oestrus demonstrate greater embryonic mortality than gilts inseminated at third oestrus, and it is possible that differences in nutrient intake between gilts inseminated at first versus third oestrus affect the viability of eggs or embryos. In the present study, experimental gilts were assigned to three treatments: animals designated 1A were inseminated at first oestrus and fed ad libitum; animals designated 3R were inseminated at third oestrus and were fed a restricted diet; and 3A animals were inseminated at third oestrus and fed ad libitum. Embryos collected from each treatment group were cultured in vitro, and data were evaluated according to cell stage at collection. Comparison of treatments 1A and 3R supported the contention of increased embryo mortality in gilts inseminated at first oestrus under normal management conditions. When cultures were initiated at the one- to two-cell or two- to four-cell stages, the percentage of 1A embryos developing to the morula stage (50.9%, 68.0%) was significantly lower than that of 3R embryos (88.9%, 90.9%; P < 0.05). Comparison of treatments 1A and 3A addressed effects due to the number of oestrous cycles. Significantly more two- to four-cell embryos from gilts inseminated at third oestrus and fed ad libitum reached the morula and expanded blastocyst stages of development (87.0%, 41.3%) compared with embryos from gilts inseminated at first oestrus and fed ad libitum (68.0%, 20.3%; P < 0.05). Finally, the effects of ad libitum feeding were determined by comparing treatments 3A and 3R. These data were inconclusive, as both positive and negative effects were observed. More one- to two-cell embryos from treatment 3R developed to the morula stage (88.9%) compared with 3A embryos collected at the same stage (64.7%), whereas a greater number of 3A embryos in the two- to four-cell category reached the expanded blastocyst stage (41.3%) than 3R embryos (21.2%; P < 0.05). These results support the hypothesis of lower in vitro developmental capacity for embryos collected from gilts inseminated at first oestrus. Furthermore, the findings indicate that differences in embryo viability between gilts inseminated at first versus third oestrus are related to the number of oestrous cycles and possibly to differential nutrition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley 80639, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Salmen
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gardiner
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D007315:Insemination, Artificial; D011247:Pregnancy; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*