title: Evaluating the quality of cancer care: development of cancer quality indicators for a global quality assessment tool.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rise of managed care has increased interest in measuring, reporting, and improving quality of care. To date, quality assessment has relied on a leading indicator approach, which may miss important variations in care. The authors developed cancer specific indicators using a novel case-based approach for a quality measurement tool designed to compare different managed care organizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a review of the literature, quality indicators were developed for 6 types of cancer and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as 39 general adult conditions (GAC). The validity and feasibility of these candidate indicators were evaluated using three modified Delphi expert panels. The strength of evidence, type of care (preventive, acute, or chronic), function (screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up), and modality (history, physical examination, laboratory, medication, or other intervention) of the cancer/HIV quality indicators were compared with indicators developed for GAC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final system included 117 of the 145 proposed cancer/HIV quality indicators (81%) and 569 of the 705 proposed GAC indicators (81%). A greater percentage of the cancer/HIV indicators were based on evidence from clinical trials compared with the GAC indicators (59% vs. 31%; P = 0.001). Cancer/HIV had significantly more indicators pertaining to chronic care than did GAC (74% vs. 56%; P = 0.001) as well as more indicators for treatment (53% vs. 39%; P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the case-based approach, it is feasible to develop quality indicators for cancer that cover the continuum of care. Future studies will evaluate the reliability and validity of measurements made using these indicators in three managed care plans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6900, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Malin
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McGlynn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004194:Disease; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000592:standards; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results