title: S values for radionuclides localized within the skeleton.
abstract: Calculations of radiation absorbed dose to the active marrow are important to radionuclide therapies such as radioimmunotherapy and bone pain palliation. In diagnostic nuclear medicine, calculations of the effective dose for radiopharmaceutical procedures also require the assessment of radiation dose to the skeletal endosteum. We have previously reported the development of 2 3-dimensional electron transport models for assessing absorbed fractions to both marrow and endosteum in trabecular and cortical bone, respectively. Here, we extend these calculations to the assignment of radionuclide S values.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data published in International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 70 were used to develop tables of masses for total marrow space, active and inactive marrow, endosteum, and bone matrix within 22 skeletal sites in the adult. Using our site-specific tissue masses, along with electron absorbed fractions given by our 3-dimensional transport models, radionuclide S values (electron and beta particle components only) were subsequently calculated using the MIRD schema for 32P, 33P, 89Sr, 90Sr, 90Y, 117mSn, 153Sm, 169Er, 177Lu, and 186Re. Specific consideration was given to the trabecular active marrow as both a source and a target region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Site-specific radionuclide S values are reported for 22 skeletal sites, for 9 source-target tissue combinations within trabecular bone, and for 6 source-target tissue combinations within cortical bone. Skeletal-averaged S values are also provided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fully documented model is presented for the adult for use in radionuclide dosimetry of the skeleton. The model is based on both the latest international recommendations for skeletal tissue masses and results from three-dimensional electron transport calculations within the skeleton. Comparisons are additionally made against the radionuclide S values published in MIRD Pamphlet No. 11 and those calculated using the MIRDOSE2 and MIRDOSE3 computer codes. Differences in these datasets vary with the source-target combination considered and may be attributed to 1 of 3 causes: (a) assumptions on reference target masses, (b) transport models used to assign absorbed fractions, and (c) implicit assumptions made in considering the trabecular active marrow as both a source and a target tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear and Radiological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-8300, USA.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bouchet
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bolch
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011868:Radioisotopes; D011874:Radiometry; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals