title: A multicenter, placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. The Pregnancy Loss Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin improves fetal survival among women with antiphospholipid syndrome. Despite treatment, however, these pregnancies are frequently complicated by preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and placental insufficiency, often with the result of preterm birth. Small case series suggest that intravenous immune globulin may reduce the rates of these obstetric complications, but the efficacy of this treatment remains unproven. This pilot study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of a multicenter trial of intravenous immune globulin and to assess the impact on obstetric and neonatal outcomes among women with antiphospholipid syndrome of the addition of intravenous immune globulin to a heparin and low-dose aspirin regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multicenter, randomized, double-blind pilot study compared treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin plus intravenous immune globulin with heparin and low-dose aspirin plus placebo in a group of women who met strict criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome. All patients had lupus anticoagulant, medium to high levels of immunoglobulin G anticardiolipin antibodies, or both. Patients with a single live intrauterine fetus at </=12 weeks' gestation were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous immune globulin (1 g/kg body weight) or an identical-appearing placebo for 2 consecutive days each month until 36 weeks' gestation in addition to a heparin and low-dose aspirin regimen. Maternal characteristics, obstetric complications, and neonatal outcomes were compared with the Student t test and the Fisher exact test as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen women were enrolled during a 2-year period; 7 received intravenous immune globulin and 9 were given placebo. The groups were similar with respect to age, gravidity, number of previous pregnancy losses, and gestational age at the initiation of treatment. Obstetric outcomes were excellent in both groups, with all women being delivered of live-born infants after 32 weeks' gestation. The rates of antepartum complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and placental insufficiency (as manifested by fetal growth restriction or fetal distress) were similar between the 2 groups. Gestational age at delivery (intravenous immune globulin group, 34.6 +/- 1.1 weeks; placebo group, 36.7 +/- 2.1 weeks) and birth weights (intravenous immune globulin group, 2249.7 +/- 186.1 g; placebo group; 2604.4 +/- 868.9 g) were similar between the 2 groups. There were fewer cases of fetal growth restriction (intravenous immune globulin group, 0%; placebo group, 33%) and neonatal intensive care unit admission (intravenous immune globulin group, 20%; placebo group, 44%) among the infants in the intravenous immune globulin group than those in the placebo group, but these differences were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multicenter treatment trial of intravenous immune globulin is feasible. In this pilot study intravenous immune globulin did not improve obstetric or neonatal outcomes beyond those achieved with a heparin and low-dose aspirin regimen. Although not statistically significant, the findings of fewer cases of fetal growth restriction and neonatal intensive care unit admissions among the intravenous immune globulin-treated pregnancies may warrant expansion of the study.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City 84132, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Branch
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Peaceman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Druzin
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Esplin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spinnato
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D017359:HELLP Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010919:Placebos; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000150:complications; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D010919:Placebos