title: Visually induced changes in components of the retinoic acid system in fundal layers of the chick.
abstract: Eye growth is visually regulated via messengers that are released from the retina. The retina involves a yet unknown algorithm to analyse the projected image so that the appropriate growth rates for the back of the eye are ensured. One biochemical candidate that could act as a growth controller, is retinoic acid (RA). Previous work (Seko, Shimokawa and Tokoro, 1996; Mertz et al., 1999) has shown that retinal and choroidal RA levels are indeed predictably changed by visual conditions that cause myopia or hyperopia, respectively. We have studied in which fundal tissues aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (AHD2) and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (RALDH2), enzymes involved in RA synthesis, are expressed and at which levels the effects of vision on RA levels may be controlled. Using Northern blot analysis, we have found that the retinal mRNA level of the AHD2 is up-regulated after 3 days of treatment with negative lenses (negative lenses place the image behind the retina). The abundance of the retinal mRNA of a RA receptor, RAR-beta, was up-regulated already after 6 hr of treatment with positive lenses (positive lenses place the image in front of the retina). The up-regulation persisted for at least 1 week. Finally, we have studied the effects of an inhibitor of RA synthesis, disulfiram, on the visual control of eye growth. We found inhibition of myopia as induced by frosted goggles ('deprivation myopia') but no significant inhibitory effects on refractive errors induced by +7D or -7D lenses. Our results are in line with the hypothesis that RA may play a role in the visual control of eye growth. The RA system differs from a number of other candidates (dopamine, cholinergic agents, opiates) in that it distinguishes between positive and negative defocus, similar to the immediate early gene ZENK (Stell et al., 1999). The exact time kinetics of the changes have still to be worked out since it is possible that the changes in RA relate to already occurring changes in growth rather than to initial steps of the signaling cascade.
authors.affiliation: University Eye Hospital, Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Roentgenweg 11, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bitzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldkaemper
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaeffel
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002645:Chickens; D002829:Choroid / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D009216:Myopia / Q000378:metabolism*; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000201:enzymology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D012160:Retina / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development*; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012590:Sclera / Q000201:enzymology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D014212:Tretinoin; D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; C096127:ALDH2 protein, human; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase