title: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) is the most accurate method for evaluating the presence of retroperitoneal metastases from clinical Stage I nonseminomatous testicular tumors. We have introduced laparoscopy to reduce the morbidity of open RPLND, which is too high for a diagnostic procedure. As the next step, we replaced open surgery with the laparoscopic approach for Stage IIb tumors to remove residual tumor after chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One prerequisite for laparoscopic RPLND is free access to the retroperitoneum, which can be achieved by wide dissection of the colon and duodenum. The borders of the dissection are the same as with open surgery, and complete dissection can be achieved. Bipolar coagulation and the harmonic scalpel have proved very helpful in achieving adequate hemostasis, a crucial point. Venous lesions can be sealed with fibrin glue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic RPLND is superior to open surgery with regard to morbidity and complication rates, and operative times are equal once enough experience has been collected. The diagnostic accuracy is the same for both methods, and tumor control is not compromised by the laparoscopic approach. The only drawback of laparoscopy is the long and steep learning curve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janetschek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hobisch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peschel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012186:Retroperitoneal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology