title: Effects of urethrography on prostate position: considerations for radiotherapy treatment planning of prostate carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retrograde urethrography is commonly used to define the prostate apex at simulation. This study evaluated the hypothesis that urethrography causes prostate displacement, resulting in an error in treatment planning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients with carcinoma of the prostate were evaluated. Gold seeds were placed in the apex, posterior wall, and base of the gland. In the first 20 patients, the position of the seed-defined apex was compared at simulation (with urethrogram) and on day 1 of treatment (without urethrogram). In the second cohort of 25 patients, the effects of urethrography on prostate position were evaluated directly at simulation by comparing the position of apex pre- and post-urethrography. An analysis was performed to estimate the possible impact of urethrogram-induced prostate motion on target coverage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean superior displacement in the first and second cohort was 5.2 mm and 6.8 mm, respectively (combined mean shift 6.1 mm). With a 10-mm field margin below the tip of the urethrogram cone, 56% of patients in this study would have inadequate planning target volume (PTV) coverage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde urethrography causes a significant superior shift of the prostate. Strict reliance on urethrography in determining the inferior field margin could result in inadequate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ontario, Canada. smalone@cancercare.on.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broader
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dahrouge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szanto
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerig
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bociek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crook
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014567:Urography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006046:Gold