title: Repair halftimes estimated from observations of treatment-related morbidity after CHART or conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The CHART (Continuous Hyperfractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy) head and neck cancer fractionation schedule delivered 54 Gy in 36 fractions on 12 consecutive days and this was compared in a randomised controlled trial with conventional fractionation delivering 66 Gy in 33 fractions over 6-7 weeks. Patients receiving CHART experienced statistically significantly less treatment-related morbidity after 6 months than patients receiving conventional fractionation. However, this improved tolerance was much less than anticipated from existing knowledge of dose-fractionation effects on late-responding normal tissues. Here, the experience from the CHART study is analysed and repair halftimes for three types of late treatment-related morbidity of human tissues are estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CHART trial was open for patient accrual from March 1990 to April 1995 and a total of 918 patients in 11 participating centres were randomised. All patients were followed at regular intervals for a minimum of 5 years or until the time of death. At each follow-up, a number of treatment-related morbidity items were evaluated and scored prospectively. Data for three late endpoints are analysed here: laryngeal oedema, skin telangiectasia and subcutaneous fibrosis. Differences in the incidence of these endpoints in the two trial arms were quantified by means of the ratio of hazard rates in a Cox proportional hazards model. Monte Carlo sampling was performed from distributions of fractionation sensitivity (quantified by the alpha/beta-ratio) and steepness of the dose-response curve (quantified by the normalised dose-response gradient, gamma50) with means and standard deviations derived from the literature. Each pair of values were used to convert a Monte Carlo sampled estimate of the difference in biological effect into an estimate of the repair halftime. From the distribution of 1000 Monte Carlo samples, the mean repair halftime and its 95% confidence interval were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated repair halftimes, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses, were 4.9 h (3.2, 6.4) for laryngeal oedema, 3.8 h (2.5, 4.6) for skin telangiectasia and 4.4 h (3.8, 4.9) for subcutaneous fibrosis. Calculations show that these repair halftimes are consistent with the observations from two published randomised controlled trials of altered fractionation in head and neck cancer, the EORTC 22791 and 22851 trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These long repair halftimes for late effects in human normal tissues have to be considered in order to gain the full benefit from fractionation schedules employing multiple fractions per day.
authors.affiliation: Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust and the Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bentzen
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dische
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005355:Fibrosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007819:Laryngeal Edema / Q000209:etiology; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D017445:Skin Diseases, Vascular / Q000209:etiology; D013684:Telangiectasis / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing