title: Early [(11)C]Flumazenil/H(2)O positron emission tomography predicts irreversible ischemic cortical damage in stroke patients receiving acute thrombolytic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Central benzodiazepine receptor ligands, such as [(11)C]flumazenil (FMZ), are markers of neuronal integrity and therefore might be useful in the differentiation of functionally and morphologically damaged tissue early in ischemic stroke. We sought to assess the value of a benzodiazepine receptor ligand for the early identification of irreversible ischemic damage to cortical areas that cannot benefit from reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients (7 male, 4 female, aged 52 to 75 years) with acute, hemispheric ischemic stroke were treated with alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator; 0.9 mg/kg according to National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke protocol) within 3 hours of onset of symptoms. At the beginning of thrombolysis, cortical cerebral blood flow ([(15)O]H(2)O) and FMZ binding were assessed by positron emission tomography (PET). Those early PET findings were related to the change in neurological deficit (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) and to the extent of cortical damage on MRI or CT 3 weeks after the stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoperfusion was observed in all cases, and in 8 patients the values were below critical thresholds estimated at 12 mL/100 g per minute, comprising 1 to 174 cm(3) of cortical tissue. Substantial reperfusion was seen in most of these regions 24 hours after thrombolysis. In 4 cases, distinct areas of decreased FMZ binding were detected. Those patients suffered permanent lesions in cortical areas corresponding to their FMZ defects (112 versus 146, 3 versus 3, 2 versus 1, and 128 versus 136 cm(3)). In the other patients no morphological defects were detected on MRI or CT, although blood flow was critically decreased in areas ranging in size up to 78 cm(3) before thrombolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that imaging of benzodiazepine receptors by FMZ PET distinguishes between irreversibly damaged and viable penumbra tissue early after acute stroke.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Institut für neurologische Forschung and Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kracht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grond
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rudolf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wienhard
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pawlik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005442:Flumazenil; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D005442:Flumazenil