title: School difficulties at adolescence in a regional cohort of children who were extremely low birth weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare measures of psychometric assessment and school difficulties in a cohort of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) teenagers and term controls, and to determine whether there is stability in psychometric measures between age 8 and the teen years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal follow-up; geographically defined region.
  
  
  METHODS
  150 of 169 (89%) ELBW survivors born between 1977 and 1982 and 124 of 145 (86%) sociodemographically matched term controls between 12 and 16 years of age. Psychometric measures: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised, and a validated parent questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurosensory impairments were present in 28% of ELBW and 1% of controls. The mean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised scores were ELBW: 89 +/- 19 and controls: 102 +/- 13. ELBW children did less well on Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic measures with mean scores in the range from 75 to 85. ELBW children <750 g were more disadvantaged, compared with those >/=750 g. A significantly higher proportion of ELBW children were receiving special educational assistance and/or had repeated a grade (ELBW: 58%; controls: 13%; odds ratio: 9.0). Paired analysis of within-cohort data at age 8 and teen years showed that for both cohorts Arithmetic scores declined, but there were small improvements in other measures, predominantly in the term children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences of 13 to 18 points in psychometric measures in ELBW teens compared with controls are both statistically significant and clinically relevant. Decreasing birth weight was associated with increased risk on all measures. The high utilization of special educational resources has economic implications, and the incremental cost attributable to being extremely premature needs to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Children's Hospital at Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saigal
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hoult
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Streiner
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Stoskopf
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004519:Education, Special; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007360:Intelligence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011594:Psychometrics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012574:Schools; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires