title: Scoliosis correction maintenance in skeletally immature patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Is anterior fusion really necessary?
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective evaluation of the occurrence of the crankshaft phenomenon in skeletally immature patients with idiopathic scoliosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine what factors, if any, contribute to a decreased occurrence of crankshaft phenomenon in patients treated with posterior surgery only.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Reports have described the progression of scoliotic deformity, termed the crankshaft phenomenon, in a region of solid posterior arthrodesis in skeletally immature patients. This has led some authors to advocate the use of concomitant anterior discectomy and fusion to prevent crankshaft.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1989 through 1994, 18 Risser 0 patients with thoracic or thoracolumbar idiopathic scoliosis underwent Isola (De Puy-Acromed, Raynham, MA) posterior instrumentation and fusion. They were assessed for evidence of the crankshaft phenomenon, identified by coronal plane deformity progression of 10 degrees or more, or a rib vertebra angle difference of 10 degrees or more. The average age of the patients was 12.5 years (range, 10.5-15.5 years), and the average follow-up period was 39 months (range, 24-68 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients (10 girls and 1 boy) had closed triradiate cartilage at the time of surgery. Their average Cobb angle was 62 degrees before surgery, 21 degrees after surgery, and 22 degrees at follow-up assessment. No patients in this group met the criteria for crankshaft. Seven patients (6 girls and 1 boy) had open triradiate cartilage at the time of surgery. Their average Cobb angle was 62 degrees before surgery, 18 degrees after surgery, and 20 degrees at follow-up evaluation. No patient had a 10 degrees or more increase in rib vertebra angle difference. One patient had more than a 10 degrees increase in her Cobb angle (11 degrees) from postoperative to latest follow-up assessment. Her instrumentation construct, performed in 1989, used sublaminar wires as the caudal anchors. Hooks and pedicle screws are now used. Two of the seven patients with open triradiate cartilage underwent surgery during or before their peak height velocity and displayed no evidence of crankshaft. No deaths, neurologic complications, or infections occurred in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that scoliotic deformity progression can be prevented in skeletally immature patients with idiopathic scoliosis as young as 10 years of age with the use of stiff segmental posterior instrumentation, without the necessity of concomitant anterior arthrodesis.
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery