title: Unprotected protein at the dentin-adhesive interface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With dental bonding systems that require acid etching of dentin, inadequate adhesive penetration can leave exposed collagen at the dentin-adhesive interface. The exposed collagen could be degraded by bacterial proteases, compromising the integrity of the dentin-adhesive bond and, ultimately, the restoration. The purpose of this study was to develop a nondestructive staining technique to identify exposed collagenous protein at the dentin-adhesive interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following adhesives were placed, according to manufacturer's instructions, on dentin cut from 15 human third molars: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, and 3M Single Bond. Light microscopic sections of native dentin-adhesive interfaces of each tooth were cut and stained with Goldner's trichrome. This reagent stained exposed protein in the sections a distinct red-orange.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposed protein was identified at the dentin-adhesive interface with each of the adhesives. Corollary scanning electron microscopic examination confirmed the presence of exposed protein, i.e., protein that was removed by sodium hypochlorite, at the interface. Sites of exposed protein that were clearly identified in the light microscopic sections were obscured in the transmission electron microscopic sections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro identification of inadequacies in the dentin-adhesive bond is the first step in determining sites that may be vulnerable to premature breakdown under clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Dentistry 64108, USA. SpencerP@umkc.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Swafford
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000009:adverse effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000209:etiology; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS); D006801:Humans; D008739:Methyl Green; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008963:Molar; D019279:Resin Cements; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D019279:Resin Cements; C084018:Scotchbond Multi-Purpose; C115612:single bond; C017768:trichrome stain; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D008739:Methyl Green; D003094:Collagen; D004801:Eosine Yellowish-(YS)