title: Optimization of coplanar six-field techniques for conformal radiotherapy of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal coplanar treatment technique for six-field conformal radiotherapy of prostate only (PO) or prostate plus seminal vesicles (PSV).
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 6-MV six-field coplanar treatment plans were created for PO and PSV volumes in 10 patients prescribed to both 64 and 74 Gy. All plans consisted of laterally-symmetric anterior oblique, lateral, and posterior oblique fields. The posterior oblique fields were varied through 20-45 degrees relative to the lateral fields, and for each of these angles, the anterior oblique fields were varied through 25-65 degrees relative to lateral. The plans were compared by means of rectal volumes irradiated to 80% or more of the prescribed dose (V80); normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for rectum, bladder, and femoral heads; and tumor control probability (TCP). Femoral head tolerance was designated as 52 Gy to no more than 10% volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the PO group, anterior oblique fields at 50 degrees from lateral and posterior oblique fields at 25 degrees from lateral produced the lowest V80, together with femoral head doses which were appropriate for most patients (V80 = 24.4+/-5.3% [1 SD]). Compared to a commonly-used six-field (reference) plan with both anterior and posterior oblique fields at 35 degrees from lateral (V80 = 26.3+/-5.9%), this represented an improvement (p = 0.001). For the PSV group, the optimal anterior and posterior oblique fields were at 65 degrees and 30 degrees from lateral, respectively (V80 = 47.5+/-6.3%). Relative to the reference plan (V80 = 49.4+/-5.6%), this was a marginal improvement (p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimized six-field plans provide increased rectal sparing at both standard and escalated doses. Moreover, the gain in TCP resulting from dose escalation can be achieved with a smaller increase in rectal NTCP using the optimized six-field plans.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Surrey, United Kingdom. j.bedford@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dearnaley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005269:Femur / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000528:radiation effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000528:radiation effects; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects