title: Twinship and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrauterine exposure to high levels of endogenous estrogens has been hypothesized to increase the risk of breast cancer. Because estrogens and other pregnancy hormones are substantially elevated in twin pregnancies, and possibly more so in dizygotic twin pregnancies, we evaluated the association between aspects of twin membership (i.e., belonging to a twin pair) and the risk of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort of 29 197 postmenopausal Iowa women with no prior diagnosis of cancer (except for nonmelanoma skin cancer), breast cancer risk factors were determined by use of a mailed questionnaire in 1986 (baseline); twin membership, sex of the twin, and zygosity were determined by use of a follow-up questionnaire in 1992.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the cohort, 1.8% (n = 538) of the women reported being a twin; of these, 24% (n = 130) were monozygotic twins, 63% (n = 337) were dizygotic twins, and 13% (n = 71) did not know their zygosity. From 1986 through 1996, 1230 breast cancers in the cohort were ascertained by linkage to the Iowa Cancer Registry. Compared with singletons, women who belonged to a twin pair were at elevated risk of breast cancer (multivariate-adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-2.42), with adjustment for educational level, family history of breast cancer, height, body mass index, body fat distribution, age at menarche, age at first live birth, use of hormone replacement therapy, and alcohol use. Multivariate-adjusted risk was elevated (in comparison with singletons) if the sex of the other twin was female (RR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.20-2.75); however, this risk was limited to female dizygotic twins (RR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1. 21-3.79), since no excess risk was evident for monozygotic twins (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.43-2.50). The risk to women with a male twin was also elevated (RR = 1.49; 95% CI = 0.80-2.78) in comparison with singletons, but this estimate was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cohort study lends further support to the theory that there are important intrauterine influences on carcinogenesis of the breast.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. cerhan.james@mayo.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cerhan
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kushi
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sellers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017698:Postmenopause; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic