title: Ankle restraint modifies motility at E12 in chick embryos.
abstract: The chick's relationship to its environment changes dramatically over 21 days of embryonic development. At early ages embryos are buoyant; their posture and movements are relatively unconstrained. As embryos grow and fluid level in ovo decreases, movements are increasingly constrained by gravitational forces and reactive forces due to body contact with the shell wall. The issue of how age-related changes in the constraints on movement in ovo may affect embryonic motility is addressed in this paper. Our long-term goal is to determine whether experience imposed by these conditions contributes to development of posthatching motor behaviors. Because previous work indicated that parameters of motility can be modified by a reduction in buoyancy at embryonic day (E) 9, we sought to determine whether a restraint localized to a single joint could also alter either the episodic distribution of activity or the spatiotemporal patterns of limb movement at either E9 or E12. Thus a restraint was applied to the right ankle of embryos prepared for kinematic recordings. Video and kinematic analyses indicated that the restraint had minimal effect at E9, but significantly modified several motility parameters in both the wing and leg at E12. Ankle restraint decreased episode duration. Restraint also decreased most joint excursion parameters, including excursion range, cycles per sequence, and excursion velocity. Restraint increased cycle period duration and signal frequency content under 1.0 Hz. Parameters of intralimb and interlimb coordination exhibited small mixed effects. Results provide support for the hypothesis that environmental conditions contribute to features of embryonic motility. Further, significant modifications of wing excursions in ankle restrained embryos suggest that sensory feedback arising from mechanical perturbations of leg movements may entrain rostral spinal circuits for preservation of interlimb coordination at E12. Potential mechanisms and implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biokinesiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sebelski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006614:Hindlimb; D007596:Joints / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D014741:Video Recording; D014921:Wings, Animal