title: Double high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue (HD-SCR) in patients with breast cancer - effect of sequence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A preliminary analysis of our double high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue (HD-SCR) clinical trial for breast cancer, and preclinical cross-resistant studies, suggested that melphalan (M) adversely affected response to subsequent chemotherapy, i.e., that the sequence of alkylating agents (AAs) might affect response. We, therefore, constructed and examined preclinical models to determine whether prior exposure to M, in fact, adversely affected response to other therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to determine whether the sequence of AAs, specifically the prior use of M, adversely affected response to subsequent treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methods employed were the following: (1) Human tumor cell lines rendered resistant by in vitro sequential exposure to five different AAs were developed. The resistant cell lines were examined for cross-resistance to alkylating and other agents. (2) In vivo studies in the p388 mouse leukemia for resistance and cross-resistance among the AAs. (3) In vivo studies of the effect of sequence of AAs on response in mice bearing EMT6 breast cancer. (4) The double transplant model was developed in the mouse and the sequence of high-dose AAs was studied. (5) Biochemical and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies of the various resistant tumor cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The in vitro human tumor cells resistant to M were cross-resistant in 57% of tests to other AAs. In contrast, resistance for other AAs crossed to other agents in only 10 to 20% of tests. (2) The in vivo studies of p388 indicated that resistance to M commonly crossed to other AAs and many non-AAs. (3) The results for the mouse breast cancer (EMT6) studies of the sequence of AAs again indicated that M employed first markedly reduced responsiveness to subsequent treatment, particularly with AAs. (4) The double transplant model: again, M first markedly reduced response to other agents. (5) The in vitro resistant human tumor cell lines, particularly the breast cancer cell line MCF7, were found to contain high concentrations of glutathione S1 transferase gamma, which is consistent with that mechanism being responsible for resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sequence of alkylating agent treatment may substantially influence response. Melphalan, particularly, produces resistance that commonly crosses to the other AAs. Mechanistic studies indicate significant changes in glutathione S1 transferase, a known mechanism for broadly based resistance to AAs.
authors.affiliation: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Adult Oncology, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ara
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teicher
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bunnell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tew
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elias
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002330:Carmustine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008466:Mechlorethamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008558:Melphalan / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C012358:4-hydroxycyclophosphamide; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002945:Cisplatin; D008558:Melphalan; D002330:Carmustine