title: Incidence of RET mutations in patients with Hirschsprung's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  RET mutations have been reported variously to affect 7% to 41% of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) patients depending on familial or sporadic occurrence of the disease, length of aganglionosis and possible association with other disease phenotypes. The authors report a study of the incidence of RET mutations in unselected HSCR patients from two regional centers and correlate their genotypes and phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of HSCR patients treated in 2 regional centers with a combined population of 5 million were reviewed, and blood samples were obtained from 57 patients. During the same period, 39 patients with similar demographic data refused or provided insufficient blood for study. DNA was extracted, and the 21 exons of the RET protooncogene were screened for mutations using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 57 patients, 48 were sporadic, and 9 were familial. Lengths of aganglionosis were total colonic, 4; long, 11; short, 39; ultrashort, 1; unclassified, 2. Associated anomalies were present in 20. Causative mutations were identified in 4 (7%): missense or "silent" in 3 (exons 5, 11, 13) and deletion in 1. The silent mutation of exon 11 recently has been shown to have effects on correct RET mRNA splicing. One mutation occurred in total colonic aganglionosis (25%), 1 in long segment dysganglionosis (9%), and 2 in short segment aganglionosis (5%). Surprisingly, all these mutations occurred in sporadic cases (10%). Five patients (9%) had rare polymorphic alleles at exon 14 (n = 1) and exon 18 (n = 4). Fifty patients (88%) showed common polymorphic alleles (sequence variants) in 1 or more exons (> 4, n = 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RET mutation as a primary cause for Hirschsprung's disease in the general surgical population is less frequent than previously thought. This observation is compatible with the hypothesis that HSCR could be a polygenic disease caused by additive subclinical effects of more than one gene, including RET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Center, Queen Mary Hospital, SAR, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sancandi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ceccherini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofstra
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laurie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griffths
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burge
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004586:Electrophoresis; D006627:Hirschsprung Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C416649:Ret protein, Drosophila