title: Sentinel node localization in primary melanoma: preoperative dynamic lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe, and vital dye guidance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sentinel node (SN) biopsy can be used to select patients with primary melanoma for therapeutic lymphadenectomy. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of 3 methods to locate the SN: preoperative dynamic lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative patent blue dye (PBD), and gamma-detecting probe (GDP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 133 patients with cutaneous melanoma and clinically negative lymph nodes. Within 24 hours before surgery, colloid labeled with technetium 99m was injected intradermally around the site of the primary melanoma. The patients were studied before their operations by using dynamic lymphoscintigraphy. A total of 208 SNs were found in 164 lymph node basins. In addition, all the patients had PBD injected immediately before the surgical procedure. When the blue-stained node was identified intraoperatively, its radioactivity level was measured with the GDP. In the absence of blue coloration, the GDP was used to trace the SN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 208 SNs, 168 (80.8%) were identified in the regional draining basin during intraoperative lymphatic mapping by using PBD. By using the GDP method, 202 (97.1%) of 208 were identified (GDP vs PBD; P < .01). By combining the 2 methods, 206 (99%) of 208 SNs were detected. Of the 133 patients, 29 (21.8%) had pathologically positive SNs, and were subsequently subjected to regional lymphadenectomy. In 26 (89.7%) of 29 patients, the SN was the only node with metastasis. Three cases (10.3%) of recurrence in patients with microscopic SN metastasis and 7 cases (6.7%) of recurrence in patients without SN metastasis were found during a median follow-up of 566 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative mapping with PBD and GDP offer simple and reliable methods of staging regional lymph nodes without subjecting every patient to a regional lymphadenectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gennari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartolomei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Testori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zurrida
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Stoldt
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Audisio
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Geraghty
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paganelli
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Veronesi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C008769:sulfan blue