title: Discriminative stimulus effects of two doses of fentanyl in rats: pharmacological selectivity and effect of training dose on agonist and antagonist effects of mu opioids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discriminative stimulus effects of mu opioids vary systematically as a function of training dose. Differences among training doses may arise from multiple mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In vivo apparent pA(2) analyses were used to examine the contributions of opioid mechanisms to stimulus control by low and high training doses of the mu opioid fentanyl.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saline and one of two doses of fentanyl, administered s.c., were established as discriminative stimuli in two groups of rats (low training dose group: 0.01 mg/kg; high training dose group: 0.04 mg/kg). Generalization tests and in vivo apparent pA(2) analyses were used to evaluate receptor mechanisms of stimulus control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fentanyl, etonitazene, methadone, and morphine evoked full fentanyl generalization in both groups but were more potent in the low-dose group. Spiradoline and d-amphetamine did not evoke generalization in either group. Naltrexone antagonized stimulus and rate-altering effects of fentanyl in both groups, with apparent pA(2) values of 7. 6 in the low-dose group and 7.5 in the high-dose group. Nalbuphine and nalorphine evoked full generalization in the low-dose group but less than 40% generalization in the high-dose group. In the high-dose group, nalbuphine and nalorphine antagonized the stimulus and rate-altering effects of fentanyl with apparent pA(2) values of 5.3 and 6.1, respectively, demonstrating lower efficacy mu actions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in fentanyl training dose preserved the mu opioid selectivity of stimulus control but altered the intensity of the transduced mu opioid stimulus required for generalization. These differences in intensity of the fentanyl stimulus determined whether low efficacy mu opioids would evoke or antagonize fentanyl generalization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 71 West Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009269:Nalorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000819:agonists; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009271:Naltrexone; D009020:Morphine; D009266:Nalbuphine; C051272:spiradoline; D003913:Dextroamphetamine; D009269:Nalorphine; D008691:Methadone; D005283:Fentanyl