title: Sentinel node localization in primary melanoma: learning curve and results.
abstract: Ninety primary melanoma patients were studied to investigate the importance of adopting the simultaneous use of patent blue dye (PBD) and lymphoscintigraphy plus gamma detection probe to locate the sentinel node (SN). In total 135 SNs in 105 basins were visualized preoperatively under a gamma camera after lymphoscintigraphy. When a SN was identified intraoperatively, its radioactivity level and colour were verified and documented. Two of the SNs seen on lymphoscintigraphy were not found. Using PBD 78.52% of the SNs were identified; 95.5% were identified using the gamma detection probe. Using both methods together 98.5% of the SNs were detected. Twenty-two patients (24.4%) had pathologically positive SNs. The surgical learning curve was assessed for the two techniques. The learning curve associated with the methodology was important in finding the SN when using PBD associated with lymphoscintigraphy, but not when the gamma detection probe was used; we found a statistically significant reduction in the percentage of stained SNs found using PBD in the initial 14 SNs biopsied compared with the subsequent 121 nodes. This is important as not all institutions have access to a gamma probe. The time required to identify each SN was documented and analysed. The duration of the procedure was significantly shorter for stained SNs than for non-stained SNs, which support the use of both PBD and the gamma probe. In conclusion, SN biopsy should be performed by surgeons and nuclear medicine doctors in co-operation, both methods being adopted simultaneously to reduce the percentage of procedure failures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. atestori@ieo.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Testori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartolomei
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grana
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mezzetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chinol
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzarol
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lazzari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paganelli
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Geraghty
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andreoni
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Veronesi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013997:Time Factors