title: Caffeine and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A stimulus presented immediately prior to a startle reflex-eliciting stimulus inhibits the startle reflex. This is termed prepulse inhibition (PPI) and is postulated to index automatic and controlled attentional processing of the prepulse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Two experiments investigated the effect of 0, 2, and 4 mg/kg oral caffeine on PPI of the acoustic startle eyeblink reflex across stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) ranging from 30 to 420 ms. In experiment 1, acoustic prepulses were used and automatic attention was investigated, whereas in experiment 2, acoustic and tactile prepulses were used and automatic and controlled attention was investigated. Controlled attention was investigated by instructing the subjects to attend to one stimulus (attended stimulus) and not to another stimulus (non-attended stimulus).
  
  
  METHODS
  Caffeine was administrated to human subjects in within-subjects designs (n = 24 and n = 18). Startle reflexes to 100 dB noise were recorded by electromyography. A mood scale and readings of blood pressure indexed arousal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caffeine increased the indexes of arousal. There were, however, no significant main effects of caffeine on startle, nor did caffeine significantly interact with any other variable. Attended acoustic prepulses increased PPI at the 120 ms and longer SOAs. Caffeine 4 mg/kg abolished this difference between attended and non-attended stimuli. Attended tactile prepulses facilitated startle at short SOAs, and caffeine reduced facilitation of startle by tactile prepulses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caffeine did not facilitate automatic attention. Caffeine 4 mg/kg abolished the effect of controlled attention on PPI. Facilitation of startle by attended acoustic prepulses is best explained by facilitation of motoneurons in the facial nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. magne.flaten@svt.nthu.no
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Flaten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elden
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001767:Blinking / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine