title: Urease as a virulence factor in experimental cryptococcosis.
abstract: Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbamate and has been found to be an important pathogenic factor for certain bacteria. Cryptococcus neoformans is a significant human pathogenic fungus that produces large amounts of urease; thus we wanted to investigate the importance of urease in the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis. We cloned and sequenced the genomic locus containing the single-copy C. neoformans urease gene (URE1) and used this to disrupt the native URE1 in the serotype A strain H99. The ure1 mutant strains were found to have in vitro growth characteristics, phenoloxidase activity, and capsule size similar to those of the wild type. Comparison of a ure1 mutant with H99 after intracisternal inoculation into corticosteroid-treated rabbits revealed no significant differences in colony counts recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid. However, when these two strains were compared in both the murine intravenous and inhalational infection models, there were significant differences in survival. Mice infected with a ure1 strain lived longer than mice infected with H99 in both models. The ure1 strain was restored to urease positivity by complementation with URE1, and two resulting transformants were significantly more pathogenic than the ure1 strain. Our results suggest that urease activity is involved in the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis but that the importance may be species and/or infection site specific.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. cox00005@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Perfect
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011817:Rabbits; D013045:Species Specificity; D014510:Urease / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D014510:Urease