title: NOF-11: a one-year pediatric randomized double-blind comparison of neoral versus sandimmune in orthotopic liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cyclosporine (CsA) has been a mainstay in liver transplantation immunosuppression the original formulation [Sandimmune (SIM)] has variable absorption, particularly in children. Neoral is a new formulation of CsA that may have improved biovailability that would be advantageous in children. This study was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) and effects on outcome of Neoral versus Sandimmune (SIM) in primary pediatric liver transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients were randomized to receive Neoral (17 patients) or SIM (15 patients) in the early posttransplant period (days 1-7) in a double-blind fashion. Intravenous CsA was instituted immediately posttransplant followed by Neoral or SIM as soon as the patient was tolerating oral fluids (days 1-7). PK were compared after the first dose (1-7 days), 3 weeks, and 6 and 12 months posttransplant. In addition, side effects, effect of age and food on absorption, and rejection episodes were assessed by intent to treat analysis. Notable characteristics of this study include the use of a central laboratory for all sample analyses and the assessment of renal function using radioisotopic evaluation of glomerular filtration rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline the two groups were comparable. Neoral resulted in higher peak levels of CsA and total drug exposure with comparable time to peak drug levels at days 1-7 and week 3. This trend was maintained at 6 and 12 months. Time on i.v. CsA was reduced in the Neoral group (8.4 vs. 11.1 days) and the weight adjusted daily dose of SIM required to achieve target trough levels was about 2-fold more than Neoral from day 22 onward. In addition, biopsy proven and treated and steroid-resistant rejection episodes were fewer in the Neoral group (6 vs. 12; P=0.01 and 1 vs. 8: P=0.004, respectively). Side effects were comparable in both treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neoral was well tolerated and had greater biovailability than SIM without any increase in the incidence of side effects. In addition fewer episodes of rejection were observed with Neoral versus SIM. We conclude that Neoral is the CsA formulation of choice for use in pediatric liver transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Atkison
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guilbault
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kneteman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laurin
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paradis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Superina
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine