title: Multiple sites of action in the inhibitory effect of nociceptin on the micturition reflex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nociceptin, the endogenous peptide ligand for the opioid receptor-like1 (ORL1) receptors, exerts a naloxone-resistant suppressant effect on micturition reflex after intravenous administration. This work aims to elucidate the mechanism and the site of action of the inhibitory effect of nociceptin on the micturition reflex.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bladder of urethane-anesthetized rats was cannulated through the dome (cystometries) or the urethra in isovolumetric conditions (distension-induced reflex contractions, DIRCs). In this latter model, the effect of the application of nociceptin onto the serosal surface of the urinary bladder was determined. The effect of intravenous, intrathecal and intracerebroventricular administration of nociceptin on ongoing cystometries at two different infusion rates (50 and 250 microL/min.) was assessed. The effect of the intravenous administration of nociceptin on cystometries was also studied in capsaicin-pretreated animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When cystometric recordings were obtained at a low infusion-rate (50 microL/min.), the intravenous administration of nociceptin (10 to 100 nmol./kg.) induced a dose-dependent reduction in the micturition frequency associated to an increase of the pressure threshold for activating the micturition reflex, whereas the amplitude of micturition contractions was unaffected. These effects faded within 60 minutes. The intracerebroventricular administration of nociceptin (0.3 nmol./rat) produced urodynamic changes similar to those observed after the intravenous route and, in addition, also reduced the amplitude of micturition contractions. The intrathecal administration of nociceptin up to 1 nmol./rat was ineffective. Capsaicin pretreatment (164 micromol./kg., s.c. 5 to 6 days before) significantly reduced the micturition frequency as compared with controls. In capsaicin pretreated animals intravenous nociceptin was ineffective. When cystometries were recorded at a high infusion-rate (250 microL/min.) either intravenous (100 nmol./kg.), i.t. (1 nmol./rat) nociceptin or capsaicin pretreatment had no effect. In contrast, intracerebroventricular nociceptin (0.3 and 1 nmol./rat) inhibited the micturition reflex by reducing both the frequency and the amplitude of micturition contractions: these effect were not modified by naloxone (0.5 micromol./kg., i.v.). The topical application of nociceptin (5 and 50 nmol./rat) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of DIRCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nociceptin inhibits the micturition reflex at a peripheral and at a supraspinal site. The effects observed after the intravenous administration of nociceptin indicate that the functional integrity of capsaicin-sensitive bladder afferents is required for exerting its inhibitory activity at the peripheral level. In contrast, the supraspinal effect of nociceptin involves both the afferent and the efferent pathways of the micturition reflex, possibly through a direct effect on ORL1 receptors located in the pontine micturition center.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lecci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tramontana
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Criscuoli
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D014521:Urethra / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects*; D000097629:Nociceptin
chemical_list: D002211:Capsaicin; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D000097629:Nociceptin