title: New valves--new dangers? 22 valves (38 probes) designed in the 'nineties in ultralong-term tests (365 days)'.
abstract: In the nineties, more than 30 valves have been launched, most are "clones", but some introduce new concepts (Diamond, SiphonGuard, PaediGAV). Of the 22 designs we tested, 20 have no previous tests and 3 are low-cost valves from Mexico (Dewimed), Zimbabwe (Harare-shunt) and England (Nottingham Shunt). 27 were tested using non-stop-perfusions for 365 days, 8 for 168-294 and 3 for 2 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ranking of the mean relative deviation: adjustable valves 19%, gravitational 34%, simple ball 51%, diaphragm 73%, distal slit 74% and autoregulating valves 121%. Ranking of physiological flow properties: gravitational > Equiflow > autoregulating > adjustable > ball > diaphragm > distal slit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Equiflow were highly susceptible to external pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most valves designed in the nineties showed inaccuracy, long-term-drifts, safety deficits and hydraulic mismanagement similar to more than 400 previously tested probes. With regard to accuracy and drift the ball designs were superior, but simple and adjustable ball valves are at risk of overdrainage. The gravitational ball valves (Cordis GCA, Miethke valves) showed the closest relation to physiological flow requirements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aschoff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunze
mesh_terms: D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing