title: Five-year prospective audit of routine intravenous cholangiography and selective endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with or without intraoperative cholangiography in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: Consensus has never been reached regarding the need or the imaging technique for evaluating the common bile duct (CBD) in patients considered for cholecystectomy. With the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy there has been a resurgence of interest in the role of preoperative intravenous cholangiography (IVC) as an alternative for evaluating the CBD. The purpose of this audit was to assess whether a diagnostic workup based on IVC, which permits selective use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) and endoscopic treatment of CBD stones before surgery, could be useful in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). In patients without jaundice, gallstone pancreatitis, a prior diagnosis of CBD stones, a prior history of contrast allergy, or a risk of contrast-associated acute renal failure, IVC was performed routinely. Patients suspected to have CBD stones based on IVC results or with inconclusive IVC and patients with a strong clinical suspicion of CBD stones were referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC). IOC was carried out in patients who had a history of contrast allergy or risk of contrast-associated acute renal failure and whenever the surgeon was in doubt as to the biliary anatomy or CBD clearance. IVC was carried out in 1155 patients, ERC in 225, and IOC in 54. IVC was conclusive in 1132 patients, with a diagnostic accuracy of 99%. Our workup permitted the sequential endoscopic-laparoscopic treatment of cholecystocholedocholithiasis in 162 cases. During the follow-up period residual CBD stones were detected in four patients. Our diagnostic workup showed that routine IVC exposes the population to a large radiation burden, and the cost is high for the small number of patients who benefit. Moreover, it does not seem helpful in reducing the incidence of CBD injuries during LC.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Surgery, University of Parma, School of Medicine, Via Gramsci n. 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pietra
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sarli
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Maccarini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sabadini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Costi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gobbi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome