title: [New aspects in the evaluation of risk factors for fetal development].
abstract: Much knowledge concerning the effects of xenobiotics on prenatal development derive from experimental studies, which are generally performed on laboratory animals according to standardized protocols. Conventional in vivo studies should be integrated by other models within a scientifically-based risk assessment strategy. The paper reviews a few in vitro and/or in vivo approaches: identification of critical effects through the characterization of the pathogenesis as well as the use of dose-response relationships; alternative models to identify reproductive risks from single substances and/or mixtures present in the environment; interactions between in vitro and in vivo studies in the risk assessment of solvents: embryonic metabolism in teratogenicity; interactions between experimental and epidemiological studies to understand the pathogenesis of embryolethality; risk assessment of the effects of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Tossicologia Comparata ed Ecotossicologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Stazi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Broccia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nuccetelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Settimi
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Tiboni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000009:adverse effects; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D015262:Xenobiotics