title: Ultrasonographic examination of the carpal region in cattle--normal appearance.
abstract: The carpal region was examined ultrasonographically in 18 healthy cattle (14 cows, 4 bull calves) and five bovine cadavers in order to determine the normal appearance of the carpal soft tissues using 7.5 MHz linear transducers. The course of the echogenic flexor and extensor tendons over the carpus and the joint spaces interposed between the articular bone surfaces were successfully imaged in all carpi. The palmar vessels were easily visualized in live animals. The lumina of carpal tendon sheaths and the boundaries of the carpal joint pouches could not be defined. Small anechoic fluid filled areas were visualized only at the level of the joint spaces. After experimental filling, the distended synovial cavities were imaged as well demarcated anechoic areas. The cross-sectional diameters of the extensor tendons, width of the palmar joint pouches and intraluminal diameters of the palmar vessels were measured. The results presented serve as reference data for ultrasonographic investigation of disorders of the bovine carpus.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Orthopaedics in Large Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria. johann.kofler@vu-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kofler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D007596:Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008022:Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography