title: Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hepatic steatosis is seen with increasing frequency in clinical practice, its prevalence and risk factors are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis, such as alcohol consumption and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Dionysos Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  257 participants assigned to one of four categories (67 controls, 66 obese persons, 69 heavy drinkers, and 55 obese heavy drinkers).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethanol intake, assessed by a validated questionnaire and expressed as daily (g/d) and lifetime (kg) consumption, and body mass, expressed as body mass index. Biochemical tests of liver and metabolic function and hepatic ultrasonography were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of steatosis was increased in heavy drinkers (46.4% [95% CI, 34% to 59%]) and obese persons (75.8% [CI, 63% to 85%]) compared with controls (16.4% [CI, 8% to 25%]). Steatosis was found in 94.5% (CI, 85% to 99%) of obese heavy drinkers. Compared with controls, the risk for steatosis was higher by 2.8-fold (CI, 1.4-fold to 7.1-fold) in heavy drinkers, 4.6-fold (CI, 2.5-fold to 11.0-fold) in obese persons, and 5.8-fold (CI, 3.2-fold to 12.3-fold) in persons who were obese and drank heavily. In heavy drinkers, obesity increased the risk for steatosis by twofold (CI, 1.5-fold to 3.0-fold) (P < 0.001), but heavy drinking was associated with only a 1.3-fold (CI, 1.02-fold to 1.6-fold) increase in risk in obese persons (P = 0.0053). Elevated alanine aminotransferase and triglyceride levels are the most reliable markers of steatosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Steatosis is frequently encountered in healthy persons and is almost always present in obese persons who drink more than 60 g of alcohol per day. Steatosis is more strongly associated with obesity than with heavy drinking, suggesting a greater role of overweight than alcohol consumption in accumulation of fat in the liver.
authors.affiliation: Fondo per lo Studio delle Malattie del Fegato and University of Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bellentani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saccoccio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Masutti
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Crocè
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sasso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cristanini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tiribelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014280:Triglycerides; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase