title: Use of estrogen in young girls with Turner syndrome: effects on memory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Turner syndrome (TS) phenotype is characterized by a specific neurocognitive profile of normal verbal skills, impaired visual-spatial and visual-perceptual abilities, and impaired nonverbal more than verbal memory. We compared verbal and nonverbal memory in estrogen- and placebo-treated girls with TS (ages 7 to 9 years) and age-matched female controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children received either estrogen (ethinyl estradiol, 25 ng/kg/d) or placebo for 1 to 3 years (mean, 2.1+/-0.9 years) in a randomized, double-blind study. Memory and language tasks administered included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Digit Span (forward and backward), the Children's Word List, the Denman Paragraph, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Boston Naming, immediate and delayed Recall of the Rey Complex Figure, Nonword Reading, Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised reading subtest, Verbal fluency, and the Token Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estrogen-treated TS group performed better than the placebo-treated TS group for the Children's Word List immediate and delayed recall and the Digit Span backwards test (p<0.01 to 0.04), although the results were not significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. The placebo-treated TS group performed less well than the controls for recall of Digit Span backward (p<0.0001; placebo-treated, 2.8+/-1.3; estrogen-treated, 3.4+/-1.2; and controls, 4.2+/-1.3) and immediate and delayed recall of the Children's Word List (delayed recall, p<0.0001; placebo-treated, 6.2+/-3.1; estrogen-treated, 8.0+/-2.9; and controls, 9.0+/-2.9). Performance for these measures was similar for the estrogen-treated TS group and the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estrogen replacement therapy in young girls with Turner Syndrome is associated with improved verbal and nonverbal memory. The optimal patient age, dose, and duration of estrogen replacement require further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Ross4@jeflin.tju.edu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roeltgen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feuillan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Cutler
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D012016:Reference Values; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol