title: Approach to the management of complex hepatic injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complex hepatic injuries American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale grades IV and V incur high mortality rate ranging from 40 to 80%, respectively. The objective of this study is to assess the clinical experience with an aggressive approach to the management of these, the most complex of hepatic injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective 6-year study (1992-1997) at an American College of Surgeons urban Level I trauma center of patients sustaining complex hepatic injuries whose interventions included surgery, angiographic embolization, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography plus biliary stenting and percutaneous computed tomographic-guided drainage. The main outcome measure was survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 patients sustaining complex hepatic injuries; mean age of 26 years (range, 10-52 years), mean Revised Trauma Scale score of 9.9, mean Injury Severity Score of 32 (range, 16-75), American Association for the Surgery of Trauma - Organ Injury Scale grade IV (13 cases); grade V (9 cases). Mean estimated blood loss was 4,600 mL; mean number of units of blood transfused was 15. The patients underwent the following interventions: surgery (n = 22), re-operated (n = 13), mean number of operations 1.6 (range, 1-4), extensive hepatotomy and hepatorrhaphy (n = 17), nonanatomic resection (n = 7), formal hepatectomy (n = 4), packing (n = 10), direct approach to hepatic veins (n = 3); angiographic embolization (n = 15); endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and stenting (n = 5); computed tomographic guided drainage (n = 6). Mean length of stay in the intensive care unit was 21 days (range, 2-134 days), mean hospital length of stay was 40 days (range, 2-147 days). Overall mortality rate was 14% (3 of 22 cases), hepatic mortality rate was 9% (2 of 22 cases), mortality rate by injury grade was 8% grade IV (1 of 13 cases) and 22% grade V (2 of 9 cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this select patient population, improvements in mortality rates can be achieved with an aggressive approach to the management of complex hepatic injuries, including surgery, early packing, angiographic embolization, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and stenting of biliary leaks, and drainage of hepatic abscesses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California and the Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, 90033-4525, USA. asensio@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Asensio
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chahwan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanpeter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Velmahos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Berne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D004322:Drainage; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome