title: Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after major shoulder surgery: effects on diaphragmatic and respiratory function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors compared the effects of patient-controlled interscalene analgesia (PCIA) with ropivacaine 0.2% and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIVA) with opioids on hemidiaphragmatic excursion and respiratory function after major shoulder surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients scheduled for elective major shoulder surgery were prospectively randomized to receive either PCIA or PCIVA. All patients received an interscalene block before surgery. In the PCIA group, a catheter was introduced between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Six hours after the initial block, patients received for 48 h either a continuous infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine through the interscalene catheter at a rate of 5 ml/h plus a bolus dose of 3 or 4 ml with a lockout time of 20 min (PCIA group) or a continuous intravenous infusion of nicomorphine at a rate or 0.5 mg/h plus a bolus dose of 2 or 3 mg with a lockout time of 20 min (PCIVA group). Hemidiaphragmatic excursion and respiratory function were assessed with the patient in a 45 degrees semirecumbent position the day before the operation and 20 min (in the operating room), 24 h, and 48 h after the initial block by means of ultrasonography and spirometry, respectively. Pain relief was regularly assessed, side effects were noted, and patient satisfaction was rated 6 h after the end of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemidiaphragmatic excursion was similar in the two groups 20 min after interscalene block. Hemidiaphragmatic excursion was increased in the PCIA group on the nonoperated side 24 and 48 h after the interscalene block (P < 0.05). Pulmonary function was similar in the two groups at each time. Pain was better controlled in the PCIA group at 12 and 24 h (P < 0.05). The incidence of nausea and vomiting were 5.5% versus 60% for the PCIA and PCIVA groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Patient satisfaction was greater in the PCIA group (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of PCIA or PCIVA techniques to provide analgesia after major shoulder surgery is associated with similar effects on respiratory function. In the PCIA group, hemidiaphragmatic excursion showed a significantly greater amplitude 24 and 48 h after the initial block on the nonoperated side. The PCIA technique provided better pain control, a lower incidence of side effects, and a higher degree of patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Orthopedic University Clinic Zurich/Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland. aborgeat@balgrist.unizh.ch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgeat
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perschak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D012782:Shoulder / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D000077212:Ropivacaine; C008549:nicomorphine