title: Solvent for etomidate may cause pain and adverse effects.
abstract: We tested the hypothesis that the solvent for etomidate was a factor in the incidence of pain and other side effects after injection, and that these were associated with histamine release. Nine of 10 volunteers who received etomidate in a propylene glycol formulation reported moderate to severe pain on injection; only one of 10 subjects who received a lipid emulsion formulation reported mild pain (P < 0.05). The incidence of venous sequelae in the injected vein over the next 8 days was 50% in the propylene glycol group and 0% in the lipid emulsion group (P < 0.05). In one volunteer in the propylene group, there was a 13-fold increase in histamine concentrations and in one subject a four-fold increase. In the lipid emulsion group, no volunteer had an increase in histamine concentrations > 1 ng ml-1. We conclude that etomidate formulated in propylene glycol may cause direct injury to vascular endothelium resulting in pain and venous sequelae, whereas etomidate in lipid emulsion does not. There was no relationship between pain or venous sequelae and histamine release.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, München, Germany.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Doenicke
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Roizen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoernecke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ostwald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005045:Etomidate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D005260:Female; D006632:Histamine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D012997:Solvents; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D006632:Histamine; D005045:Etomidate