title: A prospective audit of pacemaker function, implant lifetime, and cause of death in the patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To audit prospectively the reasons for pacemaker implantation, the duration of the pacemaker use, the cause of death, and pacemaker function after removal from the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pacemakers were removed at necropsy, or from the bodies of patients awaiting cremation, in three hospitals over a three year period. The cause of death was taken from the results of the necropsy or from the certified cause of death. Demographic data, including the time of implant and reasons for implantation, were checked. The pacemakers were analysed in terms of battery status, program, and output under a standard 470 ohm load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  69 patients were studied. Average age at death was 78 and 80 years for men and women, respectively. The average duration since pacemaker implantation was 46 months. Eleven patients had necropsies, showing that three died from ischaemic heart disease, six from cardiomyopathy, one from an aortic aneurysm, and one from disseminated neoplasia. From the necropsy results and death certificates, the distribution of causes of death in the group as a whole were ischaemic heart disease (21), cardiomyopathy (8), cerebrovascular disease (11), neoplasia (11), chest infection/chronic obstructive airways disease (8), and other causes (10). In all cases the pacemaker box function was within normal limits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither primary nor secondary pacemaker dysfunction was found. The study highlights the impact of arrhythmias in cardiomyopathy, and raises questions about the true role of ischaemic heart disease in these pacemaker requiring patients. The relatively short gap between pacemaker implantation and death requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK. S.K.Suvarna@Sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Suvarna
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Start
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Tayler
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy*; D002423:Cause of Death; D004739:England; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors