title: Exploring the structure-activity relationships of [1-(4-tert-butyl-3'-hydroxy)benzhydryl-4-benzylpiperazine] (SL-3111), a high-affinity and selective delta-opioid receptor nonpeptide agonist ligand.
abstract: SL-3111 [1-(4-tert-butyl-3'-hydroxy)benzhydryl-4-benzylpiperazine] is a de novo designed, high-affinity and selective nonpeptide peptidomimetic agonist of the delta-opioid receptor. In a previous report we had described the unique biological characteristics of this ligand and also a need for further structural evaluation.(6) To pursue this, we have introduced a completely different heterocyclic template (2 and 3), which, based on molecular modeling studies, may present the required structural features to properly orient the pharmacophore groups. We also have made more subtle changes to the original piperazine scaffold (5 and 11). The biological activities of these compounds revealed an important participation of the scaffold in the ligand-receptor interaction. To further explore functional diversity on the scaffold, we have maintained the original piperazine ring and introduced four different functionalities at position 2 of the heterocyclic ring (15a-d; a = CH(2)-O-CH(2)-Ph; b = Me; c = CH(2)Ph; d = CH(2)OH). The biological activities observed for these compounds showed a very interesting trend in terms of the steric effects of the groups introduced at this position. A decrease of almost 2000-fold in affinity and potency at the delta-receptor was observed for 15c compared with 15b. This difference may be explained if we postulate that the bioactive conformation of these peptidomimetics is close to the minimal energy conformations calculated in our study. On the basis of these findings we have realized the importance of this position to further explore and simplify the structure of future generations of peptidomimetic ligands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alfaro-Lopez
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosohata
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porreca
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Hruby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008024:Ligands; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D016339:Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: C115931:1-(4-tert-butyl-3'-hydroxybenzhydryl)-4-benzylpiperazine; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D008024:Ligands; D010879:Piperazines; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta