Induction of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme by aggregated low density lipoprotein in human macrophages and its implications for atherosclerosis.
Recently, we have found that aggregated low density lipoprotein (agLDL) inhibits apoptosis of lipid-bearing macrophages, thereby facilitating foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. To clarify the mechanisms by which agLDL inhibits apoptosis of macrophages, we isolated the genes specifically induced by agLDL by using a subtraction-based cloning strategy. One of the cloned genes, termed low density lipoprotein (LDL)-inducible gene (LIG), encodes a human homologue of bovine ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-25K. Although LIG mRNA was ubiquitously expressed among human tissues, including hematopoietic cells, the abundance of transcripts was markedly increased by agLDL treatment in activated monocytes. LIG mRNA expression was not enhanced by nonatherogenic lipoproteins such as native LDL and high density lipoprotein, suggesting a role in atherosclerosis. Polyubiquitination of intracellular proteins was observed in monocytes cultured with agLDL, which coincided with upregulation of LIG. Furthermore, ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p53, an inducer of apoptosis, was accompanied by LIG induction in agLDL-treated monocytes. The antiapoptotic effect of agLDL was abrogated by a specific proteasome inhibitor, which also increased the half-life of p53 in monocytes. These results suggest that LIG contributes to foam cell formation by the suppression of apoptosis of lipid-bearing macrophages through ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of p53.
Kikuchi
J
J
Division of Molecular Hemopoiesis, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
Furukawa
Y
Y
Kubo
N
N
Tokura
A
A
Hayashi
N
N
Nakamura
M
M
Matsuda
M
M
Sakurabayashi
I
I
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008025:Ligases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000378:metabolism
D018076:DNA, Complementary; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D014452:Ubiquitins; C100879:UBE2K protein, human; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; D008025:Ligases