title: Epidemiologic issues of sexually transmitted diseases in sexual assault victims.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic aspects of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in victims of sexual assault and to discuss the methodological issues in determining risk of STD acquisition. We performed a comprehensive review of the medical literature to determine the prevalence of STDs in victims of sexual assault. A MEDLINE search and a search of bibliographies of published manuscripts was performed to discover relevant articles published in the English language. Studies were included in our review if they provided estimates of the prevalence of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, or human papillomavirus (HPV). The main outcome measure was prevalence rates of STDs in victims of sexual assault. It is difficult to determine the rate of newly acquired STDs from sexual assault. In the populations studied the prevalence of STDs can be summarized as follows: N. gonorrhoeae 0.0 to 26.3 percent; C. trachomatis 3.9 to 17 percent; T. pallidum 0.0 to 5.6 percent; T. vaginalis 0.0 to 19.0 percent; and HPV 0.6 to 2.3 percent. We conclude that prevalence estimates vary widely depending on the population studied and known risk factors for STDs. Given the limited follow-up rates in this population, preventive treatment for STDs in addition to emergency contraception should be offered in most instances.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this article, the reader will be able to estimate the prevalence of STD transmission from an act of sexual assault, to describe the various types of STDs that a sexual assault victim is at risk for, and to explain the role of preventive therapy in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201-1596, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peipert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D011902:Rape / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology