title: PC-SPES: a unique inhibitor of proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo .
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of prostate cancer that has spread beyond the capsule is a difficult problem. Innovative and nontoxic approaches to the disease are urgently required. Recently, a commercially available herbal mixture called PC-SPES showed potent antitumor activities on a variety of malignant cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  PC-SPES was evaluated for its ability to inhibit clonal growth, and to induce cell cycle arrest of three human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU 145). Western blot analysis examined the effect of PC-SPES on levels of p21(waf1), p27(kip1), Bcl-2, and E-cadherin in the three cell lines; and telomerase activity was examined by telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. Furthermore, the effect of oral PC-SPES (250 mg/kg/day) on growth of PC-3 and DU 145 tumors present in male BNX nu/nu triple immunodeficient mice was studied. LNCaP cells were not analyzed in mice because they grow only with difficulty in these immunodeficient mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PC-SPES markedly inhibited clonal growth of LNCaP, PC-3, and DU 145 prostate cancer cells, with a 50% inhibition (ED50) at approximately 2 microl/ml. Pulse-exposure studies showed that a 5-day pulse-exposure to PC-SPES (2 microl/ml) in liquid culture achieved a 50% inhibition of PC-3 clonal growth in soft agar, suggesting that the growth inhibition mediated by the extracts remained after removal of PC-SPES. Cell cycle analysis using the prostate cancer cell lines found that PC-SPES induced a significant increase in the number of cells in G0-G1 and G2/M, with a concomitant decrease in the number of cells in S phase. PC-SPES (2 microl/ml, 4 days) increased slightly the levels of p21(waf1) in the three cell lines, decreased by 40% the levels of Bcl-2 in PC-3, and the levels of p27(kip1) and E-cadherin and telomerase were unchanged in each of the lines. In vivo treatment with oral PC-SPES of male BNX mice having DU 145 tumors produced significant inhibition of their growth (P < 0.001), with no objective side effects including blood chemistries, weights, or autopsy analysis. The PC-SPES showed no statistical effect on the in vivo growth of PC-3 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC-SPES inhibits clonal proliferation of human prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, using a murine model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hisatake
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hisatake
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D015820:Cadherins; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C114209:herbal preparation PC-SPES; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D019098:Telomerase