title: The flavonoid apigenin suppresses vitamin D receptor expression and vitamin D responsiveness in normal human keratinocytes.
abstract: Apigenin, a flavonoid with chemopreventive properties, induces cellular growth arrest, with concomitant inhibition of intracellular signaling cascades and decreased proto-oncogene expression. We report that apigenin potently inhibited vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA and protein expression in human keratinocytes without changes in VDR mRNA half-life. Concurrently, downregulation of retinoid X receptor alpha, a dramatic loss of c-myc mRNA, and upregulation of p21(WAF1) took place. Furthermore, a nearly complete suppression of vitamin D responsiveness was observed as estimated by induction of 24-hydroxylase mRNA. The apigenin effect on VDR expression was shared by some other (quercetine and fisetine) but not all tested flavonoids. Interestingly, the apigenin-mediated VDR suppression was counteracted by the NFkappaB inhibitors sodium salicylate and caffeic acid phenethyl ester. The presented results propose suppression of nuclear receptor levels as a novel mechanism whereby flavonoids exert their pleiotropic effects. This study may also contribute to the understanding of the regulation of VDR expression in epidermal keratinocytes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Segaert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Courtois
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garmyn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Degreef
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bouillon
mesh_terms: D047310:Apigenin; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D005419:Flavonoids; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014807:Vitamin D; D047310:Apigenin