title: Association of low plasma cholesterol with mortality for cancer at various sites in men: 17-y follow-up of the prospective Basel study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low serum cholesterol has been associated with an increased risk of cancer mortality in various studies, which has led to uncertainty regarding the benefit of lower blood cholesterol.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between low blood cholesterol (<5.16 mmol/L) and cancer at sites that have rarely been evaluated. We placed special emphasis on the potential confounding effect of antioxidant vitamins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma concentrations of cholesterol and antioxidant vitamins were measured in 1971-1973 in 2974 men working in Basel, Switzerland. In 1990, the vital status of all participants was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred ninety of the participants had died from cancer, 87 from lung, 30 from prostate, 28 from stomach, and 22 from colon cancer. Group means for plasma cholesterol concentrations did not differ significantly between survivors and those who died from cancer at any of the studied sites. With plasma cholesterol, vitamins C and E, retinol, carotene, smoking, and age accounted for in a Cox model, an increase in total cancer mortality in lung, prostate, and colon but not in stomach cancer mortality was observed in men >60 y of age with low plasma cholesterol. When data from the first 2 y of follow-up were excluded from the analysis, the relative risk estimates remained practically unchanged with regard to lung cancer but decreased for colon, prostate, and overall cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased cancer mortality risks associated with low plasma cholesterol were not explained by the confounding effect of antioxidant vitamins, but were attributed in part to the effect of preexisting cancer.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland. eichholz@swissonline.ch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichholzer
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Stähelin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gutzwiller
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lüdin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bernasconi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D013557:Switzerland; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002784:Cholesterol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid