title: Predicting adolescent smoking: a prospective study of personality variables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated how personality variables measured at 5th grade predict daily smoking in 12th grade.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 3130 fifth graders was assessed for a propensity toward Rebelliousness, Risk Taking, Problem Helplessness, Affect Regulation, and Early Maturation and susceptibility to Peer Compliance and Peer Approval. Daily smoking status was determined for 94.7% of them 7 years later, in 12th grade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rebelliousness and Risk Taking were the most significant predictors of smoking. There was no statistical evidence that the extent of prediction depended on gender or history of early smoking. No predictive evidence was seen for the other personality measures, including those describing susceptibility to peer influences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that propensity toward rebelliousness and risk taking in childhood predicts adolescent smoking. They suggest that smoking prevention programs would do well to address the needs and expectations of rebellious and risk-taking youth.
authors.affiliation: Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project, Cancer Prevention Research Program, Division of Public Health, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Sarason
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012925:Social Conformity