title: Flow cytometric, phase-resolved fluorescence measurement of propidium iodide uptake in macrophages containing phagocytized fluorescent microspheres.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spectral interference (overlap) from phagocytosed green-yellow (GY) microspheres in the flow cytometric, red fluorescence emission measurement channel causes errors in quantifying damaged/dead alveolar macrophages by uptake of propidium iodide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Particle burdens of uniform GY fluorescent microspheres phagocytosed by rat alveolar macrophages and the discrimination of damaged/dead cells as indexed by propidium iodide uptake were assessed with conventional and phase-sensitive flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fluorescence spectral emission from phagocytosed microspheres partly overlapped the propidium iodide red fluorescence emission and interfered with the measurement of damaged/dead cells when using conventional flow cytometry without subtractive compensation. This caused errors when estimating the percentage of nonviable, propidium iodide-positive, phagocytic macrophages. The interference was eliminated by employing phase-sensitive detection in the red fluorescence measurement channel based on differences in fluorescence lifetimes between the fluorescent microspheres and propidium iodide. Intrinsic cellular autofluorescence, whose fluorescence lifetime is approximately the same as that of the phagocytosed microspheres, also was eliminated in the phase-sensitive detection process. Because there was no detectable spectral interference of propidium iodide in the green fluorescence (phagocytosis) measurement channel, conventional fluorescence detection was employed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phase-resolved, red fluorescence emission measurement eliminates spectral overlap errors caused by autofluorescent phagocytes that contain fluorescent microspheres in the analyses of propidium iodide uptake. Cytometry 39:45-55, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico. steinkamp@lanl.gov
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Steinkamp
authors.forename: Y E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lehnert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D048429:Cell Size; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D010587:Phagocytosis; D011419:Propidium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011419:Propidium