title: Methylnaltrexone for reversal of constipation due to chronic methadone use: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Constipation is the most common chronic adverse effect of opioid pain medications in patients who require long-term opioid administration, such as patients with advanced cancer, but conventional measures for ameliorating constipation often are insufficient.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of methylnaltrexone, the first peripheral opioid receptor antagonist, in treating chronic methadone-induced constipation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted between May 1997 and December 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical research center of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two subjects (9 men and 13 women; mean [SD] age, 43.2 [5.5] years) enrolled in a methadone maintenance program and having methadone-induced constipation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laxation response, oral-cecal transit time, and central opioid withdrawal symptoms were compared between the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 11 subjects in the placebo group showed no laxation response, and all 11 subjects in the intervention group had laxation response after intravenous methylnaltrexone administration (P<.001). The oral-cecal transit times at baseline for subjects in the methylnaltrexone and placebo groups averaged 132.3 and 126.8 minutes, respectively. The average (SD) change in the methylnaltrexone-treated group was -77.7 (37.2) minutes, significantly greater than the average change in the placebo group (-1.4 [12.0] minutes; P<.001). No opioid withdrawal was observed in any subject, and no significant adverse effects were reported by the subjects during the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that intravenous methylnaltrexone can induce laxation and reverse slowing of oral cecal-transit time in subjects taking high opioid dosages. Low-dosage methylnaltrexone may have clinical utility in managing opioid-induced constipation.
authors.affiliation: Committee on Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Ill 60637, USA. cyuan@midway.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osinski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karrison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Roizen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C032257:methylnaltrexone; D009271:Naltrexone; D008691:Methadone