title: Prenatal or early postnatal events predict infectious deaths in young adulthood in rural Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research over the past decade has suggested that prenatal and early postnatal nutrition influence the risk of developing chronic degenerative diseases up to 60 years later. We now present evidence that risk of death from infectious diseases in young adulthood is similarly programmed by early life events.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three rural Gambian villages, affected by a marked annual seasonality in diet and disease, we have kept detailed demographic, anthropometric and health records since 1949. Fate was known with certainty for 3,162 individuals (2,059 alive/1,103 dead, most dying in childhood). For this case-control analysis of antecedent predictors of premature mortality, all adult deaths (n = 61) were paired with two randomly selected controls matched for sex and year of birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age at death was 25 (SD: 8) years. Adult death was associated with a profound bias in month of birth with 49 cases born in the nutritionally-debilitating hungry season (Jul-Dec) versus 12 in the harvest season (Jan-Jun). Relative to harvest season the hazard ratio for early death in hungry-season births rose from 3.7 (for deaths >14.5 years, P = 0.000013) to 10.3 (for deaths >25 years, P = 0.00002). Anthropometric and haematological status at 18 months of age was identical in cases and controls, indicating an earlier origin to the defect. Most deaths for which cause was known had a definite or possible infectious aetiology; none were from degenerative diseases of affluence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early life exposures, correlated with season of birth, strongly influence susceptibility to fatal infections in young adulthood. The evidence suggests that nutritionally-mediated intrauterine growth retardation may permanently impair the development of immune function.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council, Keneba, The Gambia.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Collinson
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Poskitt
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prentice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000886:Anthropometry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis