title: Electrically stimulated elbow extension in persons with C5/C6 tetraplegia: a functional and physiological evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effect of electrically stimulated triceps on elbow extension strength, range of motion, and the performance of overhead reaching tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four individuals with spinal cord injuries at the C5 or C6 motor level.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants, who already had an implanted upper extremity neuroprosthesis, were provided with elbow extension through functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the triceps brachii.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparisons of stimulated elbow extension to voluntary elbow extension: (1) evaluations of impairment such as range of motion and strength; (2) performance of a set of functional overhead reaching tasks that required elbow extension; (3) a usage survey (conducted by telephone) to examine use of triceps stimulation in the home and community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants achieved greater range of motion and strength of elbow extension with stimulated triceps versus without. Overall functional task performance improved in 100% of the tasks tested for all but one participant, who showed improvement in 60% of the tasks. Participants reported using the triceps in at least one activity for at least 90% of the days the neuroprosthesis was donned.
authors.affiliation: The Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Louis B. Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bryden
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Memberg
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Crago
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004550:Elbow; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome