title: Clonal spread of staphylococci among patients with peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peritonitis is the most important complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most common causes of peritonitis, only limited information is available regarding the distribution and epidemiology of different CNS species associated with CAPD peritonitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  CNS isolated from dialysis effluent from CAPD patients with peritonitis was identified by species and further analyzed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 216 microorganisms (206 bacteria and 10 Candida species) were isolated from 196 consecutive culture-positive CAPD samples obtained from 75 patients. One hundred and twenty-one (56%) isolates represented staphylococci. The four most frequently isolated staphylococcal species were Staphylococcus epidermidis (70 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (31 isolates), Staphylococcus hemolyticus (10 isolates), and Staphylococcus hominis (4 isolates). PFGE analysis revealed the clonal spread among patients of three different clones of S. epidermidis and one clone of S. aureus among the investigated patients. Indistinguishable isolates of either S. epidermidis, S. hominis, or S. aureus were also isolated in repeated samples from several patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PFGE is a useful method for the epidemiological evaluation of staphylococci-associated CAPD infections and should replace older and less accurate methods, such as antibiotic sensitivity patterns. We recommend that CNS isolates from patients with CAPD-associated peritonitis should be saved for future investigations and typing, which would aid in the management of this patient category.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Umeå, Sweden. Tor.Monsen@climi.umu.se
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Monsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rönnmark
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiström
mesh_terms: D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D002999:Clone Cells; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial