title: Piezoelectric shockwave lithotripsy of urinary calculi: comparative study of stone depth in kidney and ureter treatments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective study was to assess the relation between stone depth and the efficiency of piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 150 patients presenting with 25 pelvic, 75 caliceal, and 25 upper and 25 lower ureteral calculi were treated using the EDAP LT02 lithotripter. All of the stones were easy to localize with sonographic and radiographic systems, and their largest diameter ranged from 4 to 25 mm (mean 8.5 mm). Renal and upper ureteral calculi were treated with the patient in the supine position and lower ureteral stones in prone position. On the basis of a meticulous stone localization and focusing, depth measurements were carried out under real-time ultrasonic guidance, the minimal distance between the cutaneous plane and the focal point being recorded only for definitely localized calculi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ureteral calculi were significantly deeper than renal stones (p < 0.0001), but the distance from the cutaneous plane was statistically similar for upper and lower ureteral calculi. Stone depth was statistically affected by body mass index (BMI), patients with a BMI >25 having significantly deeper renal and ureteral calculi than subjects with a BMI < or =25 (p < 0.00001 and 0.01, respectively). Renal stones resisting SWL were significantly deeper than successfully treated calculi (p < 0.03). At the level of the ureter, the success rate after one SWL session was 85% for stones with a depth < or =110 mm and 57% for deeper stones, the difference being significant (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stone depth has a significant influence on treatment outcome after piezoelectric SWL for both renal and ureteral calculi. We recommend particular attention be given to corpulent patients presenting with ureteral stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France. maxtime-robert@montpellier.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: A'Ch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lanfrey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guiter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Navratil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011859:Radiography; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*