An international survey of medical ethics curricula in Asia.
METHODS
Medical ethics education has become common, and the integrated ethics curriculum has been recommended in Western countries. It should be questioned whether there is one, universal method of teaching ethics applicable worldwide to medical schools, especially those in non-Western developing countries.


OBJECTIVE
To characterise the medical ethics curricula at Asian medical schools.


METHODS
Mailed survey of 206 medical schools in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Australia and New Zealand.


METHODS
A total of 100 medical schools responded, a response rate of 49%, ranging from 23%-100% by country.


METHODS
The degree of integration of the ethics programme into the formal medical curriculum was measured by lecture time; whether compulsory or elective; whether separate courses or unit of other courses; number of courses; schedule; total length, and diversity of teachers' specialties.


RESULTS
A total of 89 medical schools (89%) reported offering some courses in which ethical topics were taught. Separate medical ethics courses were mostly offered in all countries, and the structure of vertical integration was divided into four patterns. Most deans reported that physicians' obligations and patients' rights were the most important topics for their students. However, the evaluation was diverse for more concrete topics.


CONCLUSIONS
Offering formal medical ethics education is a widespread feature of medical curricula throughout the study area. However, the kinds of programmes, especially with regard to integration into clinical teaching, were greatly diverse.
Miyasaka
M
M
Niigata University, Japan.
Akabayashi
A
A
Kai
I
I
Ohi
G
G
D032761:Animal Experimentation; D001208:Asia; D026688:Bioethical Issues; D003479:Curriculum; D003906:Developing Countries; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D028601:Euthanasia, Active; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D038622:Internationality; D037141:Mandatory Programs; D028681:Moral Obligations; D028701:Patient Rights; D040841:Resource Allocation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching / Q000458:organization & administration; D013997:Time Factors; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement; D035141:Voluntary Programs