title: The use of a thrombus-specific ultrasound contrast agent to detect thrombus in arteriovenous fistulae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of a new thrombus-specific ultrasound contrast agent, MRX-408, in the ultrasonic detection of thrombus in arteriovenous (AV) fistulae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six purpose-bred mongrels with two AV fistulae each were imaged with gray-scale ultrasound 7 weeks after graft implantation before and after the intravenous bolus injection of MRX-408 (a GPIIb receptor-targeted ultrasound contrast agent). Pre- and postcontrast videotaped segments were randomized and reviewed by four radiologists blinded to the presence of thrombus in the grafts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the use of MRX-408, there was improved visualization of thrombus within the grafts (P < 0.0001). This was due to the enhancement of the thrombus (P < 0.0001). The improved visualization and contrast enhancement were more marked in the grafts that contained thrombus nonhyperechoic to surrounding soft tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRX-408 demonstrated better visualization of thrombus within AV fistulae. This was shown in both patent and occluded grafts. These results are encouraging and suggest that this contrast agent merits further development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson 85724-5067, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krupinski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hulett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gabaeff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ihnat
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCreery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D003287:Contrast Media; D004285:Dogs; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006614:Hindlimb; D008863:Microspheres; D010743:Phospholipids; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C112670:MRX 408; D010743:Phospholipids