title: Modeling cross-border care in the EU using a principal-agent framework.
abstract: Cross-border care is likely to become a major issue among EU countries because patients have the option of obtaining treatment abroad under Community Regulations 1408/71. This paper develops a model formalizing both the patient's decision to apply for cross-border care and the authorizing physician's decision to admit a patient to the program. The patient is assumed to maximize expected utility, which depends on the quality of care and the length of waiting in the home country and the host country, respectively. Not all patients qualifying for the EU program present themselves to the authorizing physician because of the transaction cost involved. The physician in her turn shapes effective demand for authorization through her rate of refusal, which constitutes information to potential applicants about the probability of obtaining treatment abroad. The authorizing physician thus acts as an agent serving two principals, her patient and her national government, trading off the perceived utility loss of patients who are rejected against her commitment to domestic health policy. The model may be used to explain existing patient flows between EU countries.
authors.affiliation: University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crivelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zweifel
mesh_terms: D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D004608:Eligibility Determination; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D020793:Gatekeeping / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D014195:Travel; D014850:Waiting Lists