title: Effect of repetitive asphyxia on leukocyte-vessel wall interactions in the developing chick intestine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Information on leukocyte-vessel wall interactions (LVWI) during development of the immature intestine is scarce. The authors designed an experimental model for studying the microcirculation in the developing intestine of chick fetuses at days 13 (n = 12), 15 (n = 17), and 17 (n = 19) of incubation (0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 of the incubation time, respectively) using intravital microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors investigated whether episodes of asphyxia increase LVWI and induce tissue damage in the developing intestine. Asphyxia was induced by clamping of the chorioallantoic vein for 6 periods of 5 minutes each, with 5-minute intervals, whereas in sham groups a sham procedure was performed. Video recordings were made before as well as 10, 20, and 30 minutes after the end of the asphyxia or sham protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline number of rolling leukocytes per minute significantly increased (P < .001) from 0 at 0.6 incubation to 1.5 and to 4 at 0.7 and 0.8 incubation time, respectively. At 0.6 and 0.7 incubation no adherent leukocytes were observed under baseline conditions, whereas at 0.8 incubation single leukocytes adhered to the venular wall. LVWI variably increased during the course of the experiments. Asphyxia neither enhanced LVWI nor induced histological damage in the intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that (1) leukocyte-vessel wall interactions mature during fetal development, and (2) repetitive episodes of asphyxia induce neither an inflammatory response nor histological tissue injury in the developing intestine from 0.6 to 0.8 incubation. The authors hypothesize that immaturity of leukocyte-vessel wall interactions, as part of the nonspecific host defense to invading bacteria, might play a role in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Rouwet
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Beuk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heineman
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Slaaf
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: oude Egbrink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000196:embryology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002642:Chick Embryo; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000196:embryology; D018715:Microscopy, Video