title: Relationship between plasma concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine and therapeutic response in patients with schizophrenia resistant to conventional neuroleptics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring plasma clozapine concentrations may play a useful role in the management of patients with schizophrenia, but information on the relationship between the plasma levels of the drug and response is still controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between plasma concentrations of clozapine and its weakly active metabolite norclozapine and clinical response in patients with schizophrenia resistant to conventional neuroleptics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients, 35 males and ten females, aged 19-65 years, were given clozapine at a dosage up to 500 mg/day for 12 weeks. Steady-state plasma concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine were measured at week 12 by a specific HPLC assay. Psychopathological state was assessed at baseline and at week 12 by using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and patients were considered responders if they showed a greater than 20% reduction in total BPRS score compared with baseline and a final BPRS score of 35 or less.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean plasma clozapine concentrations were higher in responders (n=18) than in non-responders (n=27) (472+/-220 versus 328+/-128 ng/ml, P<0.01), whereas plasma norclozapine levels did not differ between the two groups (201+/-104 versus 156+/-64 ng/ml, NS). A significant positive correlation between plasma levels and percent decrease in total BPRS score was found for clozapine (r(s)=0.371, P<0.02), but not for norclozapine (r(s)=0.162, NS). A cutoff value at a clozapine concentration of about 350 ng/ml differentiated responders from non-responders with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 70%. At a cutoff of 400 ng/ml, sensitivity was 67% and specificity 78%. The incidence of side effects was twice as high at clozapine concentrations above 350 ng/ml compared with lower concentrations (38% versus 17%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that plasma clozapine levels are correlated with clinical effects, although there is considerable variability in the response achieved at any given drug concentration. Because many patients respond well at plasma clozapine concentrations in a low range, aiming initially at plasma clozapine concentrations of 350 ng/ml or greater would require in some patients use of unrealistically high dosages and imply an excessive risk of side effects. Increasing dosage to achieve plasma levels above 350-400 ng/ml may be especially indicated in patients without side effects who failed to exhibit amelioration of psychopathology at standard dosages or at lower drug concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Centers of Mental Health, Azienda USL 5, Messina, Italy. espina@www.unime.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avenoso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Facciolà
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Scordo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ancione
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Madia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ventimiglia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perucca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced; D004244:Dizziness / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012798:Sialorrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000139:chemically induced; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; C058272:norclozapine; D003024:Clozapine