title: The putative tumor suppressors EXT1 and EXT2 form a stable complex that accumulates in the Golgi apparatus and catalyzes the synthesis of heparan sulfate.
abstract: Hereditary multiple exostoses, a dominantly inherited genetic disorder characterized by multiple cartilaginous tumors, is caused by mutations in members of the EXT gene family, EXT1 or EXT2. The proteins encoded by these genes, EXT1 and EXT2, are endoplasmic reticulum-localized type II transmembrane glycoproteins that possess or are tightly associated with glycosyltransferase activities involved in the polymerization of heparan sulfate. Here, by testing a cell line with a specific defect in EXT1 in in vivo and in vitro assays, we show that EXT2 does not harbor significant glycosyltransferase activity in the absence of EXT1. Instead, it appears that EXT1 and EXT2 form a hetero-oligomeric complex in vivo that leads to the accumulation of both proteins in the Golgi apparatus. Remarkably, the Golgi-localized EXT1/EXT2 complex possesses substantially higher glycosyltransferase activity than EXT1 or EXT2 alone, which suggests that the complex represents the biologically relevant form of the enzyme(s). These findings provide a rationale to explain how inherited mutations in either of the two EXT genes can cause loss of activity, resulting in hereditary multiple exostoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Goutsos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tufaro
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002384:Catalysis; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D005097:Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary / Q000235:genetics; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000235:genetics; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007739:L Cells; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000099065:Exostosin 2; D000099058:Exostosin 1
chemical_list: D016695:Glycosyltransferases; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases; D011506:Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000099065:Exostosin 2; D000099058:Exostosin 1