title: Suspected tolazoline toxicosis in a llama.
abstract: Clinical signs of tolazoline toxicosis developed in a 4-year-old llama that received 2 doses of tolazoline hydrochloride to reverse xylazine-induced sedation. The full first dose (4.3 mg/kg [2.0 mg/lb] of body weight) was erroneously injected i.v., and the second dose was administered half i.v., half i.m. 45 minutes later, because the llama became weak and recumbent. Signs of anxiety, hyperesthesia, profuse salivation, and tachypnea were the first detectable clinical signs of tolazoline toxicosis. Convulsions, hypotension, gastrointestinal tract hypermotility, and diarrhea also developed. The llama was treated successfully with i.v. administration of diazepam, phenylephrine, and lactated Ringer's solution supplemented with potassium chloride and oxygen administered via nasal insufflation. We suggest that the maximum dose of tolazoline administered at any one time to llamas not exceed 2 mg/kg (0.91 mg/lb). Furthermore, tolazoline should be administered slowly i.v. or i.m. to reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anesthesiology, Radiology, and Surgery, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Toews
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000502:physiology*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D014043:Tolazoline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014140:Tracheotomy / Q000662:veterinary; D014991:Xylazine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D010656:Phenylephrine; D014991:Xylazine; D014043:Tolazoline; D003975:Diazepam