title: Precision and accuracy of measurements in digital panoramic radiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the precision and accuracy of digital measurements in digital panoramic radiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 70 digital panoramic radiographs were obtained of a dry skull in seven different positions with metallic pins and spheres fixed to the mandible. Three replicate measurements were performed with the mouse-driven cursor by one reader at 1:1 and 2:1 magnification. Precision was assessed with the reliability index (R) and Malony/Rastogi test and the effect of magnification on accuracy by paired Wilcoxon test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vertical measurements were less reproducible than horizontal measurements. There were significant differences in assessments between images at 1:1 and 2:1 magnification (P < 0.05). The maximum variation in mean difference was 0.4% of actual object length for pins and 1.2% for spheres. The difference did not exceed 0.1 mm. R was lower for 2:1 magnification and consistently lower for spheres compared with pins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most reliable measurements were obtained of linear objects in the horizontal plane. Digital measurements are sufficiently accurate for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krummenauer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schalldach
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: d'Hoedt
mesh_terms: D003626:Data Display; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011858:Radiographic Magnification; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric