title: Effect of dopamine infusion (3-30 microg/kg/min) on hepatic hemodynamics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While dopamine produces well-characterized dose-dependent effects on systemic hemodynamics, there is a paucity of information regarding its effects on hepatic hemodynamics. Infusion rates above 10 microg/kg/min are reported to produce significant vasoconstriction and impair organ perfusion. Therefore, donors are sometimes considered unsuitable when higher doses of dopamine are in use. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing doses of dopamine on hepatic hemodynamics in a nonanesthetized swine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen pigs were instrumented with indwelling catheters in a peripheral artery, peripheral vein, portal vein, and hepatic vein and flow probes around the portal vein and hepatic artery. After recovery, the following variables were measured 10 +/- 1 days postinstrumentation: hepatic arterial flow (HAF), portal venous flow (PVF), mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), portal venous pressure (PVP), hepatic venous pressure (HVP), heart rate (HR). Recordings were obtained at baseline and subsequently when dopamine was infused at rates of 3, 6, 12, 15, 21, and 30 microg/kg/min increasing at 1-h intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAF and PVF increased linearly over the entire infusion range, to 69 and 13% over baseline, respectively (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). Total hepatic blood flow rose 23% over baseline at the 30 microg/kg/min dosage (P < 0.01). MAP increased linearly 13% over the range 12 to 30 microg/kg/min (P < 0.001). CVP, HVP, and PVP did not change significantly. HR decreased from 12 to 15 microg/kg/min (P < 0.01), then increased from 15 to 30 microg/kg/min (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that dopamine infused at dosages of 3-30 microg/kg/min augments HAF, PVF, and THBF and that this effect is linear. These results suggest high-dose dopamine infusion does not disqualify a potential donor liver for transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Giullian
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: O K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Drougas
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Feurer
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine