title: Nasal mucosal swelling and reactivity during a menstrual cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nasal stuffiness is a great problem for many women in the later part of pregnancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to evaluate whether oestrogen causes nasal congestion and/or a hyperreactive reaction of the nasal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy fertile women were examined during menstruation. Nasal mucosal congestion was studied with rhinostereometry and acoustic rhinometry. The nasal mucosa was challenged with 3 doses of histamine solution to study nasal reactivity. Measurements were made 3 times during menstruation. To find the exact time of ovulation, when oestrogen reaches its peak value, intravaginal ultrasound tests were done and blood samples taken, to determine the oestrogen and progesterone levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nasal mucosa became hyperreactive to histamine in connection with ovulation, when the blood level of oestrogen reached its peak. This does not occur during the menstrual or the luteal phase. No significant alteration was found in the baseline position during the menstruation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a connection between high oestrogen level and nasal mucosal reactivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Söder Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haeggström
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ostberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stjerna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hallén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006632:Histamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011374:Progesterone; D006632:Histamine