title: Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates proliferation but suppresses the follicle-stimulating hormone-induced differentiation of cultured granulosa cells from small antral and preovulatory rat follicles.
abstract: In addition to pituitary gonadotropins and paracrine factors, ovarian follicle development is also modulated by oocyte factors capable of stimulating granulosa cell proliferation but suppressing their differentiation. The nature of these oocyte factors is unclear. Because growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) enhanced preantral follicle growth and was detected in the oocytes of early antral and preovulatory follicles, we hypothesized that this oocyte hormone could regulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells from these advanced follicles. Treatment with recombinant GDF-9, but not FSH, stimulated thymidine incorporation into cultured granulosa cells from both early antral and preovulatory follicles, accompanied by increases in granulosa cell number. Although GDF-9 treatment alone stimulated basal steroidogenesis in granulosa cells, cotreatment with GDF-9 suppressed FSH-stimulated progesterone and estradiol production. In addition, GDF-9 cotreatment attentuated FSH-induced LH receptor formation. The inhibitory effects of GDF-9 on FSH-induced granulosa cell differentiation were accompanied by decreases in the FSH-induced cAMP production. These data suggested that GDF-9 is a proliferation factor for granulosa cells from early antral and preovulatory follicles but suppresses FSH-induced differentiation of the same cells. Thus, oocyte-derived GDF-9 could account, at least partially, for the oocyte factor(s) previously reported to control cumulus and granulosa cell differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5317, USA.
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Vitt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hsueh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055430:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004967:Estrogens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D055429:Growth Differentiation Factor 9; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011974:Receptors, LH / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013256:Steroids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C525904:Bmp15 protein, rat; D055430:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15; D004967:Estrogens; C525899:Gdf9 protein, rat; D055429:Growth Differentiation Factor 9; D006133:Growth Substances; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011974:Receptors, LH; D013256:Steroids; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D005576:Colforsin; D011374:Progesterone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D013936:Thymidine