title: Neurocognitive effects of therapeutic irradiation for base of skull tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether radiation therapy delivered to the paranasal sinuses causes any long-term impairment in neurocognitive function as a result of incidental brain irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients who received paranasal sinus irradiation at least 20 months and up to 20 years before assessment were given a battery of neuropsychologic tests of cognitive function. Radiation was delivered by a three-field (one anteroposterior and two lateral) technique. The median radiation dose was 60 Gy (range 50-68 Gy) in fractions of 1.8 to 2 Gy. The volume of irradiated brain was calculated from planning computed tomography slices or simulation films. The results of the neuropsychologic tests were compared to normative control values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Memory impairment was found in 80% of the patients, and one-third manifested difficulty with visual-motor speed, frontal lobe executive functions, and fine motor coordination. Two of the patients had frank brain necrosis with resultant dementia and blindness, and three had evidence of brain atrophy. Three of the fourteen patients without documented cerebral atrophy or necrosis were disabled from their normal activities. Three patients also developed pituitary dysfunction. Neurocognitive symptoms were related to the total dose of radiation delivered but not to the volume of brain irradiated, side of radiation boost, or chemotherapy treatment. The pattern of test findings was consistent with radiation injury to subcortical white matter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation therapy for paranasal sinus cancer may cause delayed neurocognitive side effects. Currently, however, the development of severe adverse effects appears to be decreasing because of improvements in the techniques used to deliver radiation. Lowering the total dose and improving dose distributions should further decrease the incidence of delayed brain injury due to radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA. cameyers@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geara
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008444:Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed