title: A simple method of obtaining equivalent doses for use in HDR brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a simple program that can be easily used by clinicians to calculate the tumor and late tissue equivalent doses (as if given in 2 Gy/day fractions) for different high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy regimens. The program should take into account the normal tissue sparing effect of brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Microsoft Excel, a program was developed incorporating the linear-quadratic (LQ) formula to calculate the biologically equivalent dose (BED). To express the BED in terms more familiar to all clinicians, it was reconverted to equivalent doses as if given as fractionated irradiation at 2 Gy/fraction. Since doses given to normal tissues in HDR brachytherapy treatments are different from those given to tumor, a normal tissue dose modifying factor (DMF) was applied in this spreadsheet (depending on the anticipated dose to normal tissue) to obtain more realistic equivalent normal tissue effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spreadsheet program created requires the clinician to enter only the external beam total dose and dose/fraction, HDR dose, and the number of HDR fractions. It automatically calculates the equivalent doses for tumor and normal tissue effects, respectively. Generally, the DMF applied is < 1 since the doses to normal tissues are less than the doses to the tumor. However, in certain circumstances, a DMF of > 1 may need to be applied if the dose to critical normal tissues is higher than the dose to tumor. Additionally, the alpha/beta ratios for tumor and normal tissues can be changed from their default values of 10 Gy and 3 Gy, respectively. This program has been used to determine HDR doses needed for treatment of cancers of the cervix, prostate, and other organs. It can also been used to predict the late normal tissue effects, alerting the clinician to the possibility of undue morbidity of a new HDR regimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple Excel spreadsheet program has been developed to assist clinicians to easily calculate equivalent doses to be used in HDR brachytherapy regimens. The novelty of this program is that the equivalent doses are expressed as if given at 2 Gy per fraction rather than as BED values and a more realistic equivalent normal tissue effect is obtained by applying a DMF. Its ease of use should promote the use of LQ radiobiological modeling to determine doses to be used for HDR brachytherapy. The program is to be used judiciously as a guide only and should be correlated with clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA. nag.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001918:Brachytherapy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012984:Software; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy