title: Conformal and intensity modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer: the potential for improved target irradiation, salivary gland function, and quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop techniques which facilitate sparing of the major salivary glands while adequately treating the targets in patients requiring comprehensive bilateral neck irradiation (RT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Conformal and static, multisegmental intensity modulated (IMRT) techniques have been developed. The salivary flow rates before and periodically after RT have been measured selectively from each major salivary gland and the residual flows correlated with glands' dose volume histograms. Subjective xerostomia questionnaires have been developed and validated. The pattern of local-regional recurrences has been examined using CT scans at the time of recurrence, transferring the recurrence volumes to the planning CT scans and regenerating the dose distributions at the recurrence sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Target coverage and dose homogeneity in IMRT treatment plans were found to be significantly better than standard RT plans. Significant parotid gland sparing was achieved. The relationships among dose, irradiated volume and saliva flow rates from the parotid glands were characterized by dose and volume thresholds. A mean dose of 26 Gy was found to be the threshold for stimulated saliva. Subjective xerostomia was significantly reduced in patients irradiated with parotid sparing techniques, compared to patients with similar tumors treated with standard RT. The large majority of recurrences occurred inside high-risk targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tangible gains in salivary gland sparing and target coverage are being achieved and an improvement in some measures of quality of life is suggested by our findings. A mean parotid gland dose of < or = 26 Gy should be a planning objective if significant parotid function preservation is desired. The pattern of recurrence suggests that careful escalation of the dose to targets judged to be at highest risk may improve tumor control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eisbruch
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Terrell
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chepeha
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Teknos
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Anzai
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ten Haken
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ship
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011788:Quality of Life; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000517:prevention & control