title: Stabilization of growing retinal axons by the combined signaling of nitric oxide and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
abstract: The pattern of axonal projections early in the development of the nervous system lacks the precision present in the adult. During a developmental process of refinement, mistargeted projections are eliminated while correct projections are retained. Previous studies suggest that during development nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the elimination of mistargeted retinal axons, whereas brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may stabilize retinal axon arbors. It is unclear whether these neuromodulators interact. This study showed that NO induced growth cone collapse and retraction of developing retinal axons. This effect was not attributable to NO-induced neurotoxicity. BDNF protected growth cones and axons from the effects of NO. This effect was specific to BDNF, because neither nerve growth factor (NGF) nor neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) prevented NO-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. Exposure to both BDNF and NO, but not either factor alone, stabilized growth cones and axons. Stabilized axons exhibited minimal retraction or extension. This response appears to be a new axon "state" and not simply a partial amelioration of the effect of NO, because lower doses of BDNF or NO allowed axon extension. Furthermore, BDNF/NO-induced growth cone stabilization correlated with the appearance of a cytochalasin D-resistant population of actin filaments. BDNF protection from NO likely was mediated locally at the level of the growth cone, because growth cones or individual filopodia in contact with BDNF-coated beads were protected from NO-induced collapse. These findings suggest a cellular mechanism by which some axonal connections are stabilized and some are eliminated during development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Letourneau
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: McLoon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008981:Molsidomine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020933:Neurotrophin 3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C115239:3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamine; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D006834:Hydrazines; D020933:Neurotrophin 3; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002385:linsidomine; D008981:Molsidomine