title: Functional analysis of six novel ORFs on the left arm of chromosome XII in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals two essential genes, one of which is under cell-cycle control.
abstract: Six novel Open Reading Frames (ORFs) located on the left arm of chromosome XII (YLL044w, YLL042c, YLL040c, YLL038c, YLL035w and YLL034c) have been analysed using short-flanking homology (SFH) gene replacement. Sporulation and tetrad analysis showed that YLL035w and YLL034c are essential for cell growth; yll035w spores arrested after two or three cell divisions, while the majority of yll034c spores stopped growth within two cell cycles after germination. Complementation of the yll035w deletion with its cognate clone, and a promoter-substitution experiment, indicated that the promoter of YLL035w may lie within the adjacent ORF, YLL036c. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that YLL035w is under cell-cycle regulation. Bioinformatic analyses produced significant matches between YLL034c and mammalian valosin and many other ATPases. The standard EUROFAN growth tests failed to reveal obvious phenotypes resulting from deletion of any of the four non-essential ORFs. Replacement cassettes, comprising the kanMX marker flanked by each ORF's promoter and terminator regions, were cloned into pUG7. All the cognate clones, except for YLL040c, were generated using direct PCR products amplified from genomic DNA or using gap-repair. All clones and strains produced have been deposited in the EUROFAN genetic stock centre (EUROSCARF, Frankfurt).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: El-Moghazy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed Khan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Merlotti
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cara Woodwark
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gaskell
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics*; D015825:Chromosomes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019295:Computational Biology; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020043:Genes, Essential; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic