title: Evaluation and management services. A comparison of medical record documentation with actual billing in community family practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the concordance of family physicians' billing for evaluation and management services with medical record documentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-method, cross-sectional observation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four family practices in northeast Ohio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand fifty-four outpatients visiting 138 family physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The degree of concordance between evaluation and management Current Procedural Terminology codes billed by physicians, with those codes assigned by trained research nurses using American Medical Association criteria to code medical records for the same visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Discrepancies between the multifactorial nature of family practice outpatient visits and the Current Procedural Terminology coding criteria, which dictate overcoding for depth rather than breadth, made coding difficult (multiple-rater kappa statistic between research nurses = 0.36). Among 4137 outpatient visits with complete billing information, 57% of the Current Procedural Terminology codes generated by medical record review were concordant with the actual billing code assigned by physicians. Undercoding and overcoding occurred at a similar frequency (21% and 19%, respectively) and differed by more than 1 code in fewer than 4% of visits. Visits by new patients were more likely to be inaccurately coded than visits by established patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Record documentation by community family physicians largely reflects the level of services billed using evaluation and management codes. Undercoding is as common as overcoding. Efforts from regulatory agencies should be redirected from penalizing physicians for overcoding to focusing on the development of coding criteria that reflect the multifactorial nature of outpatient primary care practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA. gek@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Kikano
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Stange
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005568:Forms and Records Control; D006801:Humans; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting; D008499:Medical Records / Q000145:classification*; D009820:Ohio; D010350:Patient Credit and Collection; D011216:Practice Management, Medical