title: short stop is allelic to kakapo, and encodes rod-like cytoskeletal-associated proteins required for axon extension.
abstract: short stop (shot) is required for sensory and motor axons to reach their targets in the Drosophila embryo. Growth cones in shot mutants initiate at the normal times, and they appear normal with respect to overall morphology and their abilities to orient and fasciculate. However, sensory axons are unable to extend beyond a short distance from the cell body, and motor axons are unable to reach target muscles. The shot gene encodes novel actin binding proteins that are related to plakins and dystrophin and expressed in axons during development. The longer isoforms identified are predicted to contain an N-terminal actin binding domain, a long central triple helical coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal domain that contains two EF-hand Ca(2+) binding motifs and a short stretch of homology to the growth arrest-specific 2 protein. Other isoforms lack all or part of the actin binding domains or are truncated and contain a different C-terminal domain. Only the isoforms containing full-length actin binding domains are detectably expressed in the nervous system. shot is allelic to kakapo, a gene that may function in integrin-mediated adhesion in the wing and embryo. We propose that Shot's interactions with the actin cytoskeleton allow sensory and motor axons to extend.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0295, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Whitington
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kolodziej
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004330:Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C450828:shot protein, Drosophila