title: beta-lapachone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human colon cancers have a high frequency of p53 mutations, and cancer cells expressing mutant p53 tend to be resistant to current chemo- and radiation therapy. It is thus important to find therapeutic agents that can inhibit colon cancer cells with altered p53 status. beta-Lapachone, a novel topoisomerase inhibitor, has been shown to induce cell death in human promyelocytic leukemia and prostate cancer cells through a p53-independent pathway. Here we examined the effects of beta-lapachone on human colon cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several human colon cancer cell lines, SW480, SW620, and DLD1, with mutant or defective p53, were used. The antiproliferative effects of beta-lapachone were assessed by colony formation assays, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis analysis, including annexin V staining and DNA laddering analysis. The effects on cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins were examined by immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three cell lines, SW480, SW620, and DLD1, were sensitive to beta-lapachone, with an IC(50) of 2 to 3 microM in colony formation assays, a finding similar to that previously reported for prostate cancer cells. However, these cells were arrested in different stages of S phase. At 24 hr post-treatment, beta-lapachone induced S-, late S/G2-, and early S-phase arrest in SW480, SW620, and DLD1 cells, respectively. The cell cycle alterations induced by beta-lapachone were congruous with changes in cell cycle regulatory proteins such as cyclin A, cyclin B1, cdc2, and cyclin D1. Moreover, beta-lapachone induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by annexin V staining, flow cytometric analysis of DNA content, and DNA laddering analysis. Furthermore, down-regulation of mutant p53 and induction of p27 in SW480 cells, and induction of pro-apoptotic protein Bax in DLD1 cells may be pertinent to the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of beta-lapachone on these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta-Lapachone induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through a p53-independent pathway. For human colon cancers, which often contain p53 mutations, beta-lapachone may prove to be a promising anticancer agent that can target cancer cells, especially those with mutant p53.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. lhuang@mbcrr.harvard.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Pardee
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; C494826:BAX protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C014638:beta-lapachone