title: Pharmacodynamic modeling of risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with cultures (any site) positive for P aeruginosa, susceptible to ciprofloxacin, between January 1993 and December 1996 were identified using a computerized database. Factors predictive of emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in P aeruginosa strains isolated from the same cultured site, within 21 days of the initial culture, were determined. Factors considered included length of stay prior to initial P aeruginosa culture, isolation site, initial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antibiotic area under the 24-hour concentration curve (AUC24), total area under the 24-hour inhibitory concentration curve ([AUIC24] AUC24/MIC summed for all active drugs), antibiotic(s) used as dichotomous variables (yes/no), and use of monotherapy or combination therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 635 patients, 43 (7%) subsequently had ciprofloxacin-resistant P aeruginosa isolated. Four significantly differing patient groups were identified: group 1, P aeruginosa isolates from all sites other than the respiratory tract, treated with any drugs; group 2, respiratory tract isolates treated with drugs other than ciprofloxacin; group 3, respiratory tract isolates treated with ciprofloxacin at AUIC24 >110 (microg x h/mL)/microg/mL; and group 4, respiratory tract isolates treated with ciprofloxacin at AUIC24 < or =110 (microg x h/mL)/microg/mL. The observed percentage resistant was a continuous function of prior length of stay in all four groups. Respiratory tract isolates had higher rates of ciprofloxacin resistance (12%) than isolates from other infection sites (4%). Respiratory tract isolates exposed to ciprofloxacin at AUIC24 < or =110 (microg x h/mL)/microg/mL had the highest resistance (17%). At AUIC24 >110 (microg x h/mL)/microg/mL, resistance was decreased to 11%, a rate similar to that seen in respiratory isolates not exposed to ciprofloxacin (7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles to dosing of ciprofloxacin may reduce the risk of ciprofloxacin resistance to the level seen in isolates exposed to other agents.
authors.affiliation: The Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Millard Fillmore Health System, Buffalo, New York 14209, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hyatt
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schentag
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin