title: Effectiveness of ascorbate and ascorbate peroxidase in promoting nitrogen fixation in model systems.
abstract: Ascorbate and ascorbate peroxidase are important antioxidants that are abundant in N2-fixing legume root nodules. Antioxidants are especially critical in root nodules because leghemoglobin, which is present at high concentrations in nodules, is prone to autoxidation and production of activated oxygen species such as O2.- and H2O2. The merits of ascorbate and ascorbate peroxidase for maintaining conditions favorable for N2 fixation were examined in two model systems containing oxygen-binding proteins (purified myoglobin or leghemoglobin) and N2-fixing microorganisms (free-living Azorhizobium or bacteroids of Bradyrhizobium japonicum) in sealed vials. The inclusion of ascorbate alone to these systems led to enhanced oxygenation of hemeproteins, as well as to increases in nitrogenase (acetylene reduction) activity. The inclusion of both ascorbate and ascorbate peroxidase resulted in even greater positive responses, including increases of up to 4.5-fold in nitrogenase activity. In contrast, superoxide dismutase did not provide beneficial antioxidant action and catalase alone provided only very marginal benefit. Optimal concentrations were 2 mM for ascorbate and 200 micrograms/ml for ascorbate peroxidase. These concentrations are similar to those found in intact soybean nodules. These results support the conclusion that ascorbate and ascorbate peroxidase are beneficial for maintaining conditions favorable for N2 fixation in nodules.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D020583:Azorhizobium / Q000502:physiology*; D020369:Bradyrhizobium / Q000502:physiology*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D007874:Leghemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D009591:Nitrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal
chemical_list: D006420:Hemeproteins; D007874:Leghemoglobin; D009211:Myoglobin; D010544:Peroxidases; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D009591:Nitrogenase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid