title: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase negatively regulates the induction of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes that detoxify carcinogens.
abstract: Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, play an important role in the detoxification of chemical carcinogens. The induction of these detoxifying enzymes by a variety of agents occurs at the transcriptional level and is regulated by a cis-acting element, called the antioxidant response element (ARE) or electrophile-response element. In this study, we identified a signaling kinase pathway that negatively regulates ARE-mediated gene expression. Treatment of human hepatoma HepG2 and murine hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells with tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) stimulated the activity of p38, a member of mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Inhibition of p38 activation by its inhibitor, SB203580, enhanced the induction of quinone reductase activity and the activation of ARE reporter gene by tBHQ. In contrast, SB202474, a negative analog of SB203580, had little effect. Consistent with this result, interfering with the p38 kinase pathway by overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of p38 or MKK3, an immediate upstream regulator of p38, potentiated the activation of the ARE reporter gene by tBHQ, whereas the wild types of p38 and MKK3 diminished such activation. In addition, inhibition of p38 activity augmented the induction of ARE reporter gene activity by tert-butylhydroxyanisole, sulforaphane, and beta-naphthoflavone. Thus, p38 kinase pathway functions as a negative regulator in the ARE-mediated induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandlekar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Fahl
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002083:Butylated Hydroxyanisole / Q000494:pharmacology; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D007700:Kinetics; D048371:MAP Kinase Kinase 3; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D019324:beta-Naphthoflavone / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D006873:Hydroquinones; D007093:Imidazoles; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D011725:Pyridines; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates; D002083:Butylated Hydroxyanisole; D019324:beta-Naphthoflavone; C051361:2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole; C018855:2-tert-butylhydroquinone; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048371:MAP Kinase Kinase 3; C482530:MAP2K3 protein, human; C482531:Map2k3 protein, mouse; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; C016766:sulforaphane; C093642:SB 203580