title: Uptake, toxicity, and effects on detoxication enzymes of atrazine and trifluoroacetate in embryos of zebrafish.
abstract: The uptake, toxicity, and elimination of atrazine and trifluoroacetate (TFA) were studied in early life stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Furthermore, the effects of these xenobiotics on soluble (s) and microsomal (m) glutathione S-transferases (GST) of zebrafish embryos were investigated using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), and [(14)C]atrazine. [(14)C]Atrazine was taken up by the embryos within seconds, unhindered by the chorions. It accumulated in the embryos by a factor of 19 after 24 h of exposure time. LC(50) (48 h) was determined at 36.8 mg/L. At a level of 5 mg/L atrazine, activities of s and m GSTs were elevated in most stages, especially in prim 6 and long pec stage (24, 48 h after fertilization, respectively). GST activity toward atrazine was detectable only in untreated D. rerio eggs, increasing with developmental time. [(14)C]Atrazine was eliminated from the embryos between 24 and 48 h, indicating a possible metabolism to a more hydrophilic GSH conjugate. [(14)C]TFA was taken up by embryos, reaching at maximum fivefold the concentration of the incubation medium after 10 h. The chorions served no physiological protection. TFA (1 g/L) caused low elevation of the GST activity. No acute toxic effects (48 h) were observed up to 4 g/L TFA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 256, Berlin, D-12587, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pflugmacher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014269:Trifluoroacetic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014269:Trifluoroacetic Acid; C122107:microsomal glutathione S-transferase-I; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001280:Atrazine