title: Up-regulation of neuronal NO synthase immunoreactivity in opiate dependence and withdrawal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) has been postulated to contribute significantly to analgesic effects of opiates as well as to the development of tolerance and physical dependence to morphine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of chronic morphine treatment and abstinence on the expression of neuronal NO synthase (neuronal NOS, nNOS) in several brain regions of mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven days after the implantation of a 75 mg morphine pellet, adult male CD1 mice received a SC dose of 1 mg/kg naloxone. Fifteen minutes after the naloxone injection, brains were removed and nNOS expression was studied by using immunohistochemical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine-dependence produced an increase in the number of nNOS-positive cells in the main and accessory olfactory bulb, olfactory nuclei, cerebellum, locus coeruleus, medulla oblongata (nucleus of the solitary tract and prepositus hypoglossal nucleus), and a decrease in nNOS immunoreactivity in hypothalamus. The administration of naloxone to morphine-dependent mice to induce abstinence increased nNOS immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and locus coeruleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the chronic treatment with morphine leads to alterations in nNOS expression in important regions implicated in the physical tolerance and dependence to opiates and suggest the use of specific inhibitors of this isoform in these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cuéllar
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lizasoain
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bentura
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D009021:Morphine Dependence / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D009020:Morphine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496321:Nos1 protein, mouse