title: Immunogenicity of tetanus-diphtheria toxoids (Td) among Ukrainian adults: implications for diphtheria control in the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union.
abstract: After 30 years of control, epidemic diphtheria returned to the Soviet Union in 1990. To develop control strategies, the immunogenicity of the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine was assessed. Workers who were 18-67 years old received two Td immunizations separated by 30 days. A neutralization assay determined diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) on enrollment and on days 7, 30, 60, and 425. On enrollment, 43.0% of 488 workers had DAT <0.1 IU/mL. After one dose, 88.5% had DAT >/=0.1 IU/mL, after two doses, 92.2% had >/=0.1 IU/mL and >90% of participants <30 or >/=50 years of age attained >/=1.0 IU/mL; however, only 78.4% of those who were 30-39 years old and 51.8% of those who were 40-49 years old achieved >/=1.0 IU/mL after two doses. To control the epidemic in Ukraine, one Td dose should be administered to virtually the entire population (persons 30-49 years old require three doses of Td for optimal individual protection and to maximize population immunity).
authors.affiliation: Child Vaccine Preventable Disease Branch, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. rws4@cdc.gov
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Kozlova
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tchoudnaia
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Gluskevich
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marievsky
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deforest
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wharton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D017517:Commonwealth of Independent States / Q000453:epidemiology; D004165:Diphtheria / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004166:Diphtheria Antitoxin / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D022422:Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014455:Ukraine; D014611:Vaccination; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004166:Diphtheria Antitoxin; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D022422:Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D017778:Vaccines, Combined