title: Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Young children may be at increased risk for serious complications from influenzavirus infection. However, in population-based studies it has been difficult to separate the effects of influenzavirus from those of respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus often circulates with influenzaviruses and is the most frequent cause of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. We studied the rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory-disease among infants and children during periods when the circulation of influenzaviruses predominated over the circulation of respiratory syncytial virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each season from October to May during the period from 1992 to 1997, we used local viral surveillance data to define periods in Washington State and northern California when the circulation of influenzaviruses predominated over that of respiratory syncytial virus. We calculated the rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory disease, excess rates attributable to influenzavirus, and incidence-rate ratios for all infants and children younger than 18 years of age who were enrolled in either the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California or the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory disease among children who did not have conditions that put them at high risk for complications of influenza (e.g., asthma, cardiovascular diseases, or premature birth) and who were younger than two years of age were 231 per 100,000 person-months at Northern California Kaiser sites (from 1993 to 1997) and 193 per 100,000 person-months at Group Health Cooperative sites (from 1992 to 1997). These rates were approximately 12 times as high as the rates among children without high-risk conditions who were 5 to 17 years of age (19 per 100,000 person-months at Northern California Kaiser sites and 16 per 100,000 person-months at Group Health Cooperative sites) and approached the rates among children with chronic health conditions who were 5 to 17 years of age (386 per 100,000 person-months and 216 per 100,000 person-months, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants and young children without chronic or serious medical conditions are at increased risk for hospitalization during influenza seasons. Routine influenza vaccination should be considered in these children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Izurieta
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kramarz
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Shay
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: DeStefano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinefield
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology