title: Effects of chronic haloperidol and clozapine on vacuous chewing and dopamine-mediated jaw movements in rats: evaluation of a revised animal model of tardive dyskinesia.
abstract: Rats received haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) or clozapine (10 mg/kg i.p.), twice daily for 4 weeks: vacuous chewing--recorded 26 h after the final injection--similarly increased in both groups. Three h later, the rats were challenged with dopaminomimetics, and automatically recorded jaw movements were analysed. Both apomorphine and a mixture of D1 and D2 receptor agonists (SKF 38393 resp. quinpirole) increased jaw movements in haloperidol-treated, but not clozapine-treated rats; SKF 38393 or quinpirole remained ineffective, when given alone. A fixed dose of quinpirole together with increasing doses of SKF 38393, but not a fixed dose of SKF 38393 together with increasing doses of quinpirole, produced a dose-dependent increase in jaw movements in otherwise non-treated rats, suggesting that the noted haloperidol-induced increase was due to a shift in the D1-D2 receptor balance towards a predominance of D1 receptors. This study presents a new animal model of tardive dyskinesia with predictive validity, good reliability and, especially, great efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koshikawa
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cools
mesh_terms: D015647:2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007568:Jaw / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000187:drug effects*; D019257:Quinpirole / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D019257:Quinpirole; D015647:2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D001058:Apomorphine; D004298:Dopamine