title: Minidose bupivacaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture in the aged.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal anesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture in the elderly is associated with a high incidence of hypotension. The synergism between intrathecal opioids and local anesthetics may make it possible to achieve reliable spinal anesthesia with minimal hypotension using a minidose of local anesthetic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients aged > or = 70 yr undergoing surgical repair of hip fracture were randomized into two groups of 10 patients each. Group A received a spinal anesthetic of bupivacaine 4 mg plus fentanyl 20 microg, and group B received 10 mg bupivacaine. Hypotension was defined as a systolic pressure of < 90 mmHg or a 25% decrease in mean arterial pressure from baseline. Hypotension was treated with intravenous ephedrine boluses 5-10 mg up to a maximum 50 mg, and thereafter by phenylephrine boluses of 100-200 microg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had satisfactory anesthesia. One of 10 patients in group A required ephedrine, a single dose of 5 mg. Nine of 10 patients in group B required vasopressor support of blood pressure. Group B patients required an average of 35 mg ephedrine, and two patients required phenylephrine. The lowest recorded systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures as fractions of the baseline pressures were, respectively, 81%, 84%, and 85% versus 64%, 69%, and 64% for group A versus group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A "minidose" of 4 mg bupivacaine in combination with 20 microg fentanyl provides spinal anesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture in the elderly. The minidose combination caused dramatically less hypotension than 10 mg bupivacaine and nearly eliminated the need for vasopressor support of blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, Israel. bbendavid@mindspring.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ben-David
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arzumonov
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Marchevsky
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Volpin
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D004809:Ephedrine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine