title: Effects of intravenous and intracoronary adenosine 5'-triphosphate as compared with adenosine on coronary flow and pressure dynamics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurements of Doppler derived coronary flow reserve (CFR) and pressure derived fractional flow reserve (FFR) for coronary stenosis assessment depend on the induction of maximal hyperemia. Adenosine is the most widely used pharmacological agent but is expensive and poorly tolerated by some patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The objective of this study was to test the equivalency of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine in their ability to cause maximal hyperemia as compared with the hyperemic response of complete coronary occlusion in 6 canines. Intracoronary administration of either ATP or adenosine resulted in a significant increase in CFR (2.79+/-0.64 and 2.22+/-0.7 for 10 microgram versus 4. 65+/-1.22 and 4.25+/-0.78 for 100 microgram for ATP and adenosine, respectively, P for trend <0.001) but not reaching the level of coronary occlusion (6.35+/-2.26). Additionally, FFR and CFR were measured in 35 different stenoses using ATP, adenosine, and coronary occlusion. There was an excellent linear correlation between ATP and adenosine for both CFR (R=0.934, P<0.001) and FFR (R=0.985, P<0.001). However, hyperemia with either ATP or adenosine was less than postocclusion hyperemia, resulting in significantly different reserve measurements (CFR: 1.93+/-0.66 and 2.08+/-0.81 versus 2.35+/-0.97, P<0.001; FFR: 0.62+/-0.24 and 0.63+/-0.23 versus 0.58+/-0.2, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) Step up in dosage of ATP and adenosine beyond currently recommended clinical doses resulted in a significant increase in coronary hyperemia; 2) ATP was equivalent to adenosine for both CFR and FFR; and 3) complete coronary occlusion yielded a better hyperemic response than either drug, indicating that maximal hyperemia was not achieved by either pharmacological stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeremias
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Filardo
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Whitbourn
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kernoff
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Yock
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000241:Adenosine