title: Analysis of incidence of childhood cancer in the West Midlands of the United Kingdom in relation to proximity to main roads and petrol stations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether there is an excess of leukaemias in 0-15 year old children among those living in close proximity (within 100 m) of a main road or petrol station.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for 0-15 year old children diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 in the United Kingdom West Midlands were used. Postcode addresses were used to locate the point of residence which was compared with proximity to main roads and petrol stations separately, and to both together. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with solid tumours as a control, and incidence ratios (IRs) with population density as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method based on solid tumours as a control showed ORs of 1.61 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.90 to 2.87) and 1.99 (95% CI 0.73 to 5.43), for those living within 100 m of a main road or petrol station respectively. When population was used as a control, the estimated IRs for leukaemia were 1.16 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.72) and 1.48 (95% CI 0.65 to 2.93) for residence within 100 m of a main road or petrol station respectively, but neither reached significance at the 95% level. Results for residence in close proximity to both a main road and petrol station were inconsistent, but there were few. The influence of socioeconomic factors as represented by the Townsend deprivation index on leukaemia incidence was not significant and the results were not explicable on the basis of impact of social class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are suggestive of a small increase in risk of childhood leukaemia, but not solid tumours, for those living in close proximity to a main road or petrol station. This increase in risk is not, however, significant and a larger study is warranted to establish the true risk and causes of any increase in risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Somervaille
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001554:Benzene / Q000009:adverse effects; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005742:Gasoline / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007938:Leukemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D014186:Transportation
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D005742:Gasoline; D001554:Benzene