title: Hepatocellular carcinoma in Belgium: clinical and virological characteristics of 154 consecutive cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyses the characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a low endemic area with special emphasis on the differences between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The files of 154 consecutive patients with HCC observed in a single tertiary care hospital have been investigated to determine epidemiological parameters and diagnostic procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to non-cirrhotic cases, cirrhotic patients with HCC are older and have a more pronounced male predominance. Their disease is more advanced, they usually present with multi-focal tumours, rarely located in the left liver lobe. Antibodies to hepatitis C (anti-HCV) are present in 55%, 52% ever had contact with hepatitis B (HBV) and 31% were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive. Six non-cirrhotic cases were anti-HCV-positive. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) elevation > 50 and > 400 microg/l was more frequently observed in cirrhotic patients with HCC (P = 0.016). A striking association was found between enhanced AFP levels and the presence of anti-HCV (P = 0.0006), while no such relation existed for AFP and HBV markers. The sensitivity of a 'routine' ultrasound examination is disappointing for the early detection of HCC in cirrhotic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our hospital, in a low endemic area for HCC, we have a surprisingly high proportion of non-cirrhotic patients with HCC (40%). In cirrhosis, usually the consequence of alcohol abuse or hepatitis B or C, small tumours can be missed by ultrasonography if not specifically looked for. AFP levels are particularly elevated in hepatitis C-induced HCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Roey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fevery
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Steenbergen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins