title: Haemodynamic effects of increasing angle of head up tilt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the haemodynamic effects of varying the angle of head up tilt.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 healthy subjects (12 female, eight male; mean (SD) age 33.6 (8.4) years) underwent head up tilt for five minutes to each of four angles of tilt in random order, with a five minute rest period at the horizontal between each angle. Forearm blood flow was measured using intermittent occlusion mercury strain gauge plethysmography at two and five minutes. Subjects underwent continuous monitoring of heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by Finapres and cardiac output and stroke volume by impedance cardiography. Each variable was measured at two and five minutes, averaged over the period of blood flow measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Every haemodynamic variable at each angle was significantly different from supine values. Head up tilt produced progressive increases in heart rate (11-21%), SBP (12-21%), and DBP (20-33%) with increasing tilt angle. However, although 45 degrees produced significantly less haemodynamic effect, there were no significant differences for angles between 60 degrees and 90 degrees. Cardiac output fell on head up tilt by 17-20% and stroke volume by 28-34%, but increasing tilt angle produced no significant additional reduction in cardiac output and stroke volume because of increases in heart rate and vasoconstriction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angles < 60 degrees produce significantly less haemodynamic effects than steeper angles. Increasing tilt angle beyond 60 degrees produces no apparent additional effect on cardiac output or sympathetic tone. Increasing tilt angle beyond 60 degrees confers no additional orthostatic stress and may not affect the sensitivity and specificity of head up tilt testing as previously thought. Sixty degrees of tilt is a more practical angle for support of a syncopal patient and is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Heart Centre, The Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benitez
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gaydecki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007545:Isoproterenol; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018667:Tilt-Table Test / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007545:Isoproterenol