title: Aprotinin preserves myocardial biochemical function during cold storage through suppression of tumor necrosis factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor, contribute to myocardial dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Aprotinin may improve outcomes in cardiac surgery through suppression of inflammatory mediators. We hypothesized that aprotinin may exert its beneficial effects through suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult rat hearts were precision cut into slices with a thickness of 200 microm and stored in crystalloid cardioplegic solution alone or with one of the following additions: aprotinin or tumor necrosis factor alpha, aprotinin plus tumor necrosis factor alpha, a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha, or a polyclonal antibody to the tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor. Myocardial biochemical function was assessed by adenosine triphosphate content and capacity for protein synthesis immediately after slicing (0 hours) and after 2, 4, and 6 hours of storage at 4 degrees C. The content of tumor necrosis factor alpha was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Six slices were assayed at each time point for each solution. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and are expressed as the mean +/- standard deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When stored in cardioplegic solution containing aprotinin, the heart slices demonstrated (1) an increase in adenosine triphosphate content and protein synthesis (P <.0001), (2) a decrease in intramyocardial generation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (P </=.0311), and (3) a decrease in uptake of tumor necrosis factor alpha into the myocardium (P </=.002) compared with storage in cardioplegic solution alone. The presence of an antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha or an antibody to the tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor in cardioplegic solution increased intramyocardial adenosine triphosphate content and protein synthesis (P <.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aprotinin preserves myocardial biochemical function during cold storage. This preservation of biochemical function is mediated through suppression of the release, uptake, and activity of tumor necrosis factor alpha.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. david.bull@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albanil
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Neumayer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stringham
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Karwande
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D007611:Aprotinin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007611:Aprotinin