title: Viscotoxin-free aqueous extracts from European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) stimulate activity of human granulocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracts from European mistletoe (Viscum album L., VAL) are used for complementary cancer treatment. Viscotoxins (VT) and whole plant extracts with high amounts of the VT have been shown to stimulate functional activity of granulocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We stimulated neutrophils from healthy donors in vitro with aqueous VT-free VAL extracts and mistletoe lectins (ML) in the presence of E.coli and studied phagocytosis (via incorporation of FITC-labelled E.coli) and respiratory burst (via oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 to rhodamine 123) by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VT-free VAL extract significantly stimulated granulocyte activity, and this effect correlated with the content of the ML, although the ML exerted no influence at relevant concentrations. Co-incubation of the cells with VAL in the presence of VT further increased granulocyte response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From these data it is suggested that (1) a non-VT non-ML component of the VAL extracts activated granulocytes and (2) different activation pathways may be involved in the stimulation by the whole plant extract and the VT.
authors.affiliation: Krebsforschung Herdecke, University Witten/Herdecke, Dept. of Applied Immunology, Communal Hospital, Germany. stein.g@primus-online.de
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pfüller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schietzel
mesh_terms: D006098:Granulocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D014784:Mistletoe / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028321:Plant Preparations; D010940:Plant Proteins; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D054790:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D028321:Plant Preparations; D010940:Plant Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D054790:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2; D014118:Toxins, Biological; C009674:ribosome inactivating protein, Viscum; C488038:viscotoxin