title: Standardized probe-directed sentinel node dissection in melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiopharmaceutical agents appear to improve the accuracy of sentinel node (SN) identification in patients with early-stage melanoma, but the optimal radiopharmaceutical agent and its timing from injection to surgery remain controversial. We undertook this investigation to examine the utility of 3 methods of intraoperative lymphatic mapping with radiopharmaceutical-directed sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM/SL). We suspected that concurrent injection of radiopharmaceutical and blue-dye would lead to the greatest success of SN identification.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was composed of 247 consecutive patients who had American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I or II melanoma. Before LM/SL, all patients underwent cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy by 1 of 3 techniques: technetium 99m (Tc 99m) human serum albumin (HSA) injected at least 24 hours before LM/SL (124 patients), Tc 99m filtered sulfur colloid (SC) injected no more than 4 hours before LM/SL (same-day SC, 95 patients), or Tc 99m SC injected at least 18 hours before LM/SL (prior-day SC, 28 patients). At the time of LM/SL, isosulfan blue dye was injected alone (SC groups) or with a second dose of HSA (HSA group). A hand-held gamma probe was used to determine the radioactive (hot) counts of blue-stained and nonstained nodes, and the in vivo and ex vivo node-to-background count ratios of the nodes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative LS identified 299 drainage basins; LM/SL identified at least 1 SN in 119 (98%) of 121 basins using same-day SC, 142 (97%) of 146 basins using HSA, and 32 (100%) of 32 basins using prior-day SC. There was no difference (P = .62) in the accuracy rate between the 3 techniques. The total number of SNs was 463. Same-day SC yielded higher intraoperative node-to-background count ratios than did either of the other techniques (P < .0001). Same-day SC also had the greatest relative change in radioactivity between the blue sentinel node and the post-excision basin (P < .0001), and the highest rate of SNs that were both blue and hot (in vivo or ex vivo ratio > or = 2, P = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LS and LM/SL performed on the same day with a single injection of filtered Tc 99m SC serves as the most useful method for probe-directed LM/SL. This technique demonstrated the highest in vivo and ex vivo count ratios, fall-off of radioactivity between the excised nodes and post-excision basin, and concordance between blue dye and hot nodes. It should be recommended as the method of choice for probe-directed LM/SL.
authors.affiliation: Roy E. Coats Research Laboratories of the John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Essner
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bostick
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Foshag
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Haigh
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morton
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008545:Melanoma / Q000601:surgery*; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012709:Serum Albumin; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D012709:Serum Albumin; C107869:technetium Tc 99m serum albumin; C025484:iso-sulfan blue; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid