title: Differential effects of intrastriatally infused fully and endcap phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides on morphology, histochemistry and prodynorphin expression in rat brain.
abstract: In the present study, we investigated the selectivity and specificity associated with continuous intrastriatal treatment with antisense oligonucleotides. Rats were given intrastriatal infusions for 72 h with phosphodiester, and fully and endcap phosphorothioated oligonucleotide probes complementary to prodynorphin mRNA. Dynorphin (Dyn) peptide levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The integrity of three other striatal transmitter systems, the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic interneurons, the cholinergic interneurons and the dopaminergic afferent innervation, was assessed histochemically. The gross morphology of the striatum and the distribution of fluorescently labelled antisense probes were also investigated. Brains infused with phosphodiester probes had tissue Dyn levels not different from control. They also showed little or no change in staining for NPY, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and essentially normal striatal gross morphology. In contrast, brains treated with fully phosphorothioated oligonucleotides showed significant decreases in striatal Dyn levels but also severe tissue damage accompanied by massive cell infiltration and decreases in immunoreactivities for the striatal neurochemical markers. Fluorescently labelled phosphorothioate probes were observed widely in the striatum and adjacent structures and, presumably retrogradely transported, in the dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra, also revealing the presence of abnormal cellular structures within the striatum. By comparison, endcap probes significantly reduced striatal Dyn levels and showed good tissue penetration without inducing major changes in tissue morphology or histochemistry of non-dynorphinergic systems, except for cell infiltration. The deleterious tissue effects of fully phosphorothioated oligonucleotides and the ineffectiveness of phosphodiester oligonucleotides in inhibiting protein synthesis suggest that, of the probes examined in this study, endcap oligonucleotides are the most useful for in vivo studies in the central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. christian.broberger@neuro.ki.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Broberger
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nylander
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geijer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Terenius
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hökfelt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Georgieva
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D013873:Thionucleotides; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013873:Thionucleotides; D004399:Dynorphins; C033660:preproenkephalin; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase