title: The effects of morphine on dyspnea and ventilatory function in elderly patients with advanced cancer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dyspnea represents a very frequent and distressing symptom in patients with advanced cancer. This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of morphine on dyspnea and its safety for ventilatory function in elderly advanced cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine elderly patients with dyspnea due to lung involvement were randomized to receive either morphine subcutaneously (5 mg in seven opioid-naïve patients and 3.75 mg in two patients on top of their regular oral dose of 7.5 mg q4 h) or placebo on day 1. On day 2, they were crossed over to receive the alternate treatment. Dyspnea was assessed every fifteen minutes using a visual analogue scale (VAS: 0-100 mm) and the ordinal scale developed by Borg (0-10 points). Pain, somnolence and anxiety were assessed using VAS. Respiratory effort, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were also measured repeatedly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean changes in dyspnea 45 minutes after injection were -25 +/- 10 mm and -1.2 +/- 1.2 points for morphine, versus 0.6 +/- 7.7 mm (P < 0.01) and -0.1 +/- 0.3 points (P = 0.03) for placebo on VAS and Borg scale, respectively. No relevant changes were observed in somnolence, pain, anxiety, respiratory effort and rate, and oxygen saturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphine appears effective for cancer dyspnea, and it does not compromise respiratory function at the dose level used.
authors.affiliation: Division of Palliative Care, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Claudia.Mazzocato@chuv.hospvd.ch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzocato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buclin
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rapin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000187:drug effects; D019452:Terminally Ill
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine