title: Application of ultrashort laser pulses for intrastromal refractive surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, laser systems have become available which generate ultrashort laser pulses with a duration of 100-200 femtoseconds (fs). By generating micro-plasmas inside the corneal stroma with fs pulses, it is possible to achieve a cutting effect inside the tissue while leaving the anterior layers intact. The energy threshold to generate a micro-plasma with fs pulses is some orders of magnitude lower than it is for picosecond or nanosecond pulses. This results in a strong reduction of the thermal and mechanical damage of the surrounding tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  With a titanium:sapphire fs laser system, the cutting effect on corneal tissue from freshly enucleated porcine eye globes was investigated with different pulse energies. The irradiated samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. The laser-induced pressure transients and the laser-induced bubble formation were analysed with a broadband acoustic transducer and by flash photography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With fs laser pulses, the extent of thermal and mechanical damage of the adjacent tissue is in the order of 1 microm or below and therefore comparable with the tissue alterations after ArF excimer laser ablation. Using pulse energies of approximately 1-2 microJ and a spot diameter of 5-10 microm, intrastromal cuts can be performed very precisely in order to prepare corneal flaps and lenticules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Femtosecond photodisruption has the potential to become an attractive tool for intrastromal refractive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, D-30419 Hanover, Germany. hl@lzh.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lubatschowski
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maatz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heisterkamp
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hetzel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Drommer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Welling
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ertmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000473:pathology; D054140:Refractive Surgical Procedures; D013552:Swine