title: Favorable biology and outcome of stage IV-S neuroblastoma with supportive care or minimal therapy: a Children's Cancer Group study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stage IV-S neuroblastoma is a metastatic disease associated with spontaneous regression and good survival, but 10% to 20% of infants die from early complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcome and prognostic factors in infants with stage IV-S neuroblastoma treated prospectively with supportive care only or, in symptomatic patients, with low-dose cytotoxic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty eligible infants were studied for response and survival with supportive care or, for symptomatic patients, cyclophosphamide 5 mg/kg/d for 5 days with or without hepatic radiation of 4.5 Gy over 3 days. Staging was reviewed centrally, and MYCN gene copy number, Shimada histopathologic classification, serum ferritin levels, and bone marrow immunocytology were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stage IV-S and International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage 4S were 98% concordant. MYCN was not amplified in any of the tumors tested (n = 58), and Shimada histopathologic classification was favorable in 96% (n = 68/71). The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate for all infants was 86% and the survival rate was 92%. Supportive care was the only treatment provided for 44 (55%) of 80 infants, and their 5-year survival rate was 100%, compared with 81% survival for those requiring cytotoxic therapy for symptoms (P =.005). Five of six deaths were in infants younger than 2 months of age at diagnosis and were due to complications of extensive abdominal involvement with respiratory compromise or disseminated intravascular coagulation. Although age </= 3 months at diagnosis was significant for EFS (P =. 043), it was less significant for survival (P =.077). The only other significant factor predictive for improved survival was favorable Shimada histopathologic classification. Sites of metastatic involvement (liver, skin, or bone marrow) and surgical resection of the primary tumor were not significant for survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the favorable biologic features and excellent survival of infants with stage IV-S neuroblastoma with minimal therapy. Infants younger than 2 months old at diagnosis with rapidly progressive abdominal disease may benefit from earlier and more intensive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA. Nickersh@mfldclin.edu
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nickerson
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brodeur
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selch
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gerbing
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Stram
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lukens
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D019046:Bone Marrow Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D010166:Palliative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D016896:Treatment Outcome