title: Variance in parametric images: direct estimation from parametric projections.
abstract: Recent work has shown that it is possible to apply linear kinetic models to dynamic projection data in PET in order to calculate parameter projections. These can subsequently be back-projected to form parametric images--maps of parameters of physiological interest. Critical to the application of these maps, to test for significant changes between normal and pathophysiology, is an assessment of the statistical uncertainty. In this context, parametric images also include simple integral images from, e.g., [O-15]-water used to calculate statistical parametric maps (SPMs). This paper revisits the concept of parameter projections and presents a more general formulation of the parameter projection derivation as well as a method to estimate parameter variance in projection space, showing which analysis methods (models) can be used. Using simulated pharmacokinetic image data we show that a method based on an analysis in projection space inherently calculates the mathematically rigorous pixel variance. This results in an estimation which is as accurate as either estimating variance in image space during model fitting, or estimation by comparison across sets of parametric images--as might be done between individuals in a group pharmacokinetic PET study. The method based on projections has, however, a higher computational efficiency, and is also shown to be more precise, as reflected in smooth variance distribution images when compared to the other methods.
authors.affiliation: Groningen Neuroimaging Project, Groningen University and University Hospital, AZG Neurology, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Spyrou
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Leenders
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*