title: Predictive factors for intrahepatic recurrence after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy has been used widely for small hepatocellular carcinoma. This study was undertaken to determine factors predictive of local recurrence or new nodular recurrence in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ethanol injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 73 nodules treated with percutaneous ethanol injection in 49 patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. The usefulness of predictive factors for recurrence was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. The clinicopathologic variables examined included age, gender, Child-Pugh classification, number of tumors (single vs. multiple), tumor size, degree of tumor differentiation, ultrasonographic findings such as peripheral hypoechoic band (so-called 'halo'), intratumoral echo pattern, tumor staining on enhanced computed tomography, combination therapy with transcatheter arterial embolization, and serum alpha-fetoprotein level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The local recurrence rates were 19%, 27%, 33%, 33%, and 33%, respectively, and the new nodular recurrence rates were 19%, 51%, 74%, 83%, and 83%, respectively, at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. The frequency of local recurrence was associated with the histologic differentiation of more than moderately differentiated (P < 0.001), presence of a sonographic halo (P < 0. 005), an intratumoral heterogeneous echo pattern (P < 0.001), and positive tumor staining on enhanced computed tomography (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of a halo and an intratumoral heterogeneous echo pattern were the most important variables for predicting local recurrence. The frequency of new nodular recurrences was related to the presence of multiple tumors (P < 0.01) and a high serum alpha-fetoprotein level (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that a high serum alpha-fetoprotein level was a reliable predictor of new nodular recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the presence of a halo and an intratumoral echo pattern on ultrasonography were useful predictors for local recurrence after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma, and that a high serum alpha-fetoprotein level was associated with a higher frequency of new nodular recurrences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murawaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitsuda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suou
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000145:classification; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D000431:Ethanol