title: Distinct features of post-transcriptional gene silencing by antisense transgenes in single copy and inverted T-DNA repeat loci.
abstract: The application of antisense transgenes in plants is a powerful tool to inhibit gene expression. The underlying mechanism of this inhibition is still poorly understood. High levels of antisense RNA (as-RNA) are expected to result in strong silencing but often there is no clear correlation between as-RNA levels and the degree of silencing. To obtain insight into these puzzling observations, we have analyzed several petunia transformants of which the pigmentation gene chalcone synthase (Chs) is post-transcriptionally silenced in corollas by antisense (as) Chs transgenes. The transformants were examined with respect to the steady-state as-RNA level, transcription level of the as-transgenes, the repetitiveness and structure of the integrated T-DNAs, and the methylation status of the transgenes. This revealed that the transformants can be divided in two classes: the first class contains a single copy (S) T-DNA of which the as-Chs gene is transcribed, although several-fold lower than the endogenous Chs genes. As there are not sufficient as-RNAs to degrade every mRNA, we speculate that silencing is induced by double-stranded RNA. The second class contains two T-DNAs which are arranged as inverted repeats (IRs). These IR loci are severely methylated and the as-Chs transgenes transcriptionally barely active. The strongest silencing was observed with IR loci in which the as-Chs transgenes were proximal to the centre of the IR. Similar features have been described for co-suppression by IRs composed of sense Chs transgenes, suggesting that silencing by antisense IRs also occurs by co-suppression, either via ectopic DNA pairing or via dsRNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute for Molecular Biological Sciences, BioCentrum Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stam
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Blokland
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: van der Hoorn
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kooter
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D016372:RNA, Antisense; C036483:T-DNA; D000217:Acyltransferases; C020141:flavanone synthetase