Microscopic displacement imaging with pulsed field gradient turbo spin-echo NMR.
We present a pulse sequence that enables the accurate and spatially resolved measurements of the displacements of spins in a variety of (biological) systems. The pulse sequence combines pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR with turbo spin-echo (TSE) imaging. It is shown here that by ensuring that the phase of the echoes within a normal spin-echo train is constant, displacement propagators can be generated on a pixel-by-pixel basis. These propagators accurately describe the distribution of displacements, while imaging time is decreased by using separate phase encoding for every echo in a TSE train. Measurements at 0.47 T on two phantoms and the stem of an intact tomato plant demonstrate the capability of the sequence to measure complete and accurate propagators, encoded with 16 PFG steps, for each pixel in a 128 x 128 image (resolution 117 x 117 x 3,000 microm) within 17 min. Dynamic displacement studies on a physiologically relevant time resolution for plants are now within reach.
Scheenen
T W
TW
Laboratory of Molecular Physics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, HA Wageningen, 6703, The Netherlands.
van Dusschoten
D
D
de Jager
P A
PA
Van As
H
H
D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008853:Microscopy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D018547:Plant Stems