title: Cell recognition by foot-and-mouth disease virus that lacks the RGD integrin-binding motif: flexibility in aphthovirus receptor usage.
abstract: Cell surface molecules that can act as virus receptors may exert an important selective pressure on RNA viral quasispecies. Large population passages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cell culture select for mutant viruses that render dispensable a highly conserved Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif responsible for integrin receptor recognition. Here, we provide evidence that viability of recombinant FMDVs including a Asp-143-->Gly change at the RGD motif was conditioned by a number of capsid substitutions selected upon FMDV evolution in cell culture. Multiply passaged FMDVs acquired the ability to infect human K-562 cells, which do not express integrin alpha(v)beta(3). In contrast to previously described cell culture-adapted FMDVs, the RGD-independent infection did not require binding to the surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). Viruses which do not bind HS and lack the RGD integrin-binding motif replicate efficiently in BHK-21 cells. Interestingly, FMDV mutants selected from the quasispecies for the inability to bind heparin regained sensitivity to inhibition by a synthetic peptide that represents the G-H loop of VP1. Thus, a single amino acid replacement leading to loss of HS recognition can shift preferential receptor usage of FMDV from HS to integrin. These results indicate at least three different mechanisms for cell recognition by FMDV and suggest a potential for this virus to use multiple, alternative receptors for entry even into the same cell type.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biolog¿ia Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Aut¿onoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baranowski
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Jarabo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sevilla
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andreu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Domingo
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D005537:Aphthovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D001665:Binding Sites; D016466:CHO Cells; D002213:Capsid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D019030:Receptors, Vitronectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D019030:Receptors, Vitronectin; C442501:VP1 protein, Foot-and-mouth disease virus; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid