title: The effect of automated calls with telephone nurse follow-up on patient-centered outcomes of diabetes care: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the impact of automated telephone disease management (ATDM) calls with telephone nurse follow-up as a strategy for improving outcomes such as mental health, self-efficacy, satisfaction with care, and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among low-income patients with diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-eight primarily English- and Spanish-speaking adults with diabetes enrolled at the time of visits to a county health care system.
  
  
  METHODS
  In addition to usual care, intervention patients received biweekly ATDM calls with telephone follow-up by a diabetes nurse educator. Patients used the ATDM calls to report information about their health and self-care and to access self-care education. The nurse used patients' ATDM reports to allocate her time according to their needs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient-centered outcomes were measured at 12 months via telephone interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with patients receiving usual care, intervention patients at follow-up reported fewer symptoms of depression (P = 0.023), greater self-efficacy to conduct self-care activities (P = 0.006), and fewer days in bed because of illness (P = 0.026). Among English-speaking patients, those receiving the intervention reported greater satisfaction with their health care overall and with the technical quality of the services they received, their choice of providers and continuity of care, their communication with providers, and the quality of their health outcomes (all P <0.042). Intervention and control patients had roughly equivalent scores for established measures of anxiety, diabetes-specific HRQL, and general HRQL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This intervention had several positive effects on patient-centered outcomes of care but no measurable effects on anxiety or HRQL.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Evaluation/HSR&D Field Program, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA 94025, USA. piette@odd.stanford.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Piette
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McPhee
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001331:Automation; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019114:Remote Consultation; D013689:Telephone; D014481:United States