title: Gram staining with an automatic machine.
abstract: This study was undertaken to develop a new Gram-staining machine controlled by a micro-controller and to investigate the quality of slides that were stained in the machine. The machine was designed and produced by the authors. It uses standard 220 V AC. Staining, washing, and drying periods are controlled by a timer built in the micro-controller. A software was made that contains a certain algorithm and time intervals for the staining mode. One-hundred and forty smears were prepared from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria sp., blood culture, trypticase soy broth, direct pus and sputum smears for comparison studies. Half of the slides in each group were stained with the machine, the other half by hand and then examined by four different microbiologists. Machine-stained slides had a higher clarity and less debris than the hand-stained slides (p < 0.05). In hand-stained slides, some Gram-positive organisms showed poor Gram-positive staining features (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that Gram staining with the automatic machine increases the staining quality and helps to decrease the work load in a busy diagnostic laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Elaziğ, Turkey. felek@firat.edu.tr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Felek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arslan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007455:Iodine; D010619:Phenazines; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012984:Software; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013492:Suppuration / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D010619:Phenazines; D007455:Iodine; C009195:safranine T