title: Epidemiologic relation between HIV and invasive pneumococcal disease in San Francisco County, California.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with AIDS have a high incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, but no population-based data are available on secular trends or rates of this disease in specific demographic groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare clinical characteristics, rates, and trends of pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based laboratory surveillance and chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  All of the 13 microbiology laboratories in San Francisco County, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons who had a sterile site culture that was positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae between October 1994 and June 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stratified incidence rates and adjusted rate ratios, serotyping of isolates, and comparison of secular trends and rates according to census tract by Poisson regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persons infected with HIV accounted for 54.2% of 399 patients 18 to 64 years of age who had pneumococcal disease. The incidence of pneumococcal disease per 100 000 person-years was 35.0 cases overall and 802.9 cases in patients with AIDS. Compared with persons who were not known to be HIV-infected, the rate ratio for patients with AIDS was 46:0 (95% CI, 36.0 to 58.9); 55.2% of cases were attributable to HIV. In HIV-infected patients, 82.5% of isolates were serotypes that are included in the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The incidence of pneumococcal disease in black patients with AIDS (2384.6 cases per 100 000 person-years) was 5.4 times that in nonblack patients with AIDS. Rates by census tract were inversely associated with income (P < 0.001), During the study period, the incidence of pneumococcal disease decreased from 10.6 cases per 1000 person-years to 4.2 cases per 1000 person-years in patients with AIDS (P = 0.004, Poisson regression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a community with a high prevalence of HIV infection, much of the burden of pneumococcal disease was attributable to AIDS. High incidence rates were seen in young adults and especially in black persons. Efforts to increase pneumococcal vaccination rates should target HIV-infected adults, particularly those living in poor urban areas.
authors.affiliation: California State Department of Health Services, California Emerging Infections Program, and the University of California at Berkeley, USA. pekka.nuorti@ktl.fi
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nuorti
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gelling
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reingold
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vugia
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012008:Recurrence; D012703:Serotyping; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification; D044465:White People