title: Effect of degree of quaternization of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride for enhanced transport of hydrophilic compounds across intestinal caco-2 cell monolayers.
abstract: N-Trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) is a permanently quaternized chitosan derivative with improved aqueous solubility compared to native chitosan. TMC is able to open the tight junctions of intestinal epithelia at physiological pH values, where chitosan is insoluble and therefore ineffective. TMCs with degrees of substitution of 40 and 60% were synthesized according to a novel synthesis procedure and their effect on the permeability of the tight junctions of the intestinal Caco-2 monolayers was studied, measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance and the transport of a mainly paracellularly transported compound, [14C]-mannitol. Toxicity studies using nucleic stains were done to establish the transport as a cause of opening of the tight junctions and not of possible cytotoxicity. TMC60 showed higher transport enhancement ratios than TMC40 in all concentrations tested (0.05-1. 0%, w/v). Both derivatives did not affect the viability of the Caco-2 cell monolayers. These results suggest that high charge density is necessary for TMC to substantially improve the paracellular permeability of intestinal epithelia. It is expected that TMC40 and TMC60 will enhance the intestinal permeation of hydrophilic macromolecular drugs such as peptides and proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Thanou
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kotzé
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scharringhausen
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Luessen
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Junginger
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002686:Chitin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D048271:Chitosan; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004817:Epidermis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000502:physiology*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D012995:Solubility; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C118071:N-trimethyl chitosan chloride; D002686:Chitin; D008353:Mannitol; D048271:Chitosan