title: Induction of cell-cycle arrest in cervical cancer cells by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the ability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene vpr to induce cell-cycle arrest in cervical cancer cells with or without human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E6 or E7 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  High- and low-level expression vectors for vpr (designated pVPR(HIGH) and pVPR(LOW), respectively) were used in conjunction with HPV-16 E6 or E7 vectors to transfect HPV-negative C33A cervical cancer cells. Vpr expression vectors encode a cell surface marker gene, murine Thy-1, for specific detection of transfected cells. Dual staining for the surface molecule Thy-1 and DNA content was used to determine cell-cycle profile and G2-phase arrest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C33A cells not expressing HPV-16 E6 showed some but not maximal G2-phase arrest when transfected with pVPR(HIGH) alone (43.2% of cells in the G2 phase). Addition of HPV-16 E6 or E6 plus E7 to pVPR(HIGH) substantially increased the percentages of cells in the G2 phase (51.3% and 53.0%, respectively). Cotransfection with pVPR(HIGH) and HPV-16 E7 did not increase significantly the percentage of cells in the G2 phase compared with pVPR(HIGH) alone (40.6% versus 43.2%). In transfections involving pVPR(LOW), a slight degree of G2-phase arrest was observed when Vpr was expressed alone (29.0% of cells in the G2 phase) or in cotransfection with HPV-16 E7 (33.2% of cells), and G2-phase arrest was augmented with the addition of HPV-16 E6 (41.7%) or E6 plus E7 (45.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical cancer cells are susceptible to cell-cycle arrest induced by HIV-1 vpr. This effect is exacerbated by coexpression of HPV-16 E6, although E6 alone is incapable of inducing any detectable G2-phase arrest, suggesting that E6 and VPR share links in cell-cycle signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Cancer Center, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Toy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rodríguez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCance
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludlow
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Planelles
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016195:G2 Phase; D015870:Gene Expression; D016336:Gene Products, vpr / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D016336:Gene Products, vpr; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus