title: Effect of procyanidins from Pinus maritima on glutathione levels in endothelial cells challenged by 3-morpholinosydnonimine or activated macrophages.
abstract: The effects of reactive nitrogen species on glutathione homeostasis in human endothelial ECV 304 cells challenged by 3-morpholinosydnonimine-N-ethylcarbamide (SIN-1) on RAW 264.7 activated macrophages using a co-culture model were investigated. SIN-1 or macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-gamma induced a significant glutathione decrease in ECV 304 cells. Pre-incubation of ECV 304 cells with French maritime pine bark extract containing mainly oligomeric procyanidins protected endothelial cells from activated macrophage-induced glutathione depletion. Data demonstrate that reactive nitrogen species generated with different kinetics and mechanisms impair glutathione levels in endothelial cells, and that pine bark extract significantly enhances antioxidant defenses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3200, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rimbach
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Virgili
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044946:Biflavonoids; D002392:Catechin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008981:Molsidomine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009566:Nitrates; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C039642:peroxynitric acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C017674:procyanidin; C002385:linsidomine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002392:Catechin; D008981:Molsidomine; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D005978:Glutathione