title: alpha-galactosyl epitopes on glycoproteins of porcine renal extracellular matrix.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pig is the donor animal of choice for human xenotransplantation. In the most relevant pig-to-baboon model, pig organs transplanted into baboons are hyperacutely rejected by natural xenoantibodies, which mainly bind to alpha-galactosyl (alphaGal) epitopes expressed at the surface of endothelial cells. Recent advances in controlling hyperacute rejection have led to improved survival of these xenografts, and it is now important to identify alphaGal binding sites in other cells and tissues that may be subject to immunologic attack. To this end, we have studied whether alphaGal antibodies bind to glycated proteins of the extracellular matrix in the kidney and other organs most likely to be used for human xenotransplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-titer anti-alphaGal antibodies, similar to human natural xenoantibodies, were prepared in baboons, and their reactivity with components of pig extracellular matrix was tested by serology and immunohistology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The antibodies recognized epitopes of immobilized murine, bovine or porcine thyroglobulin, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and fibronectin. In sections of pig tissue, the antibodies bound to endothelial and certain epithelial cells, as shown in previous studies, and also to mesenchymal cells, basement membranes, and extracellular matrices, in which they colocalized with matrix glycoproteins, especially laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that when pig xenografts can be made to survive for prolonged periods, the reactivity of alphaGal antibody with matrix molecules can induce basement membrane and matrix lesions similar to those induced in laboratory animals by antilaminin and antiheparan sulfate proteoglycans antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Physiology, Surgery, and Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cantu
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Galili
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Agati
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Godman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D000939:Epitopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000276:immunology; D005690:Galactose / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D007797:Laminin / Q000276:immunology; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D008871:Microvilli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D010215:Papio; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000939:Epitopes; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005353:Fibronectins; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007797:Laminin; D005690:Galactose