title: Finite element method evaluation: articulations and diagonals in an 8-pin type 1B external skeletal fixator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mechanical properties of articulations and diagonals in an 8-pin type 1b external skeletal fixator (ESF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Finite element method-computer simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The control type 1b ESF was supplemented with different articulations and diagonals. The parameters of frame angle, articulation diameter, and pin- or connector-based fastening were altered. The configurations were loaded for axial compression, torsion, and craniocaudal and mediolateral bending as single loads and as a combination. Three-dimensional linear and rotational gap strain and Von Mises stress maxima were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 90 degrees , 60 degrees , and 30 degrees frame angles and 0.48-cm-diameter articulations and diagonals, the best configurations, based on lower gap strain combined with decreased or minimally increased stress maxima for the combined load, were single or double diagonals or four horizontal articulations. Combining double diagonals with double wide horizontal articulations further lowered gap strain. For a 90 degrees frame angle and 0.32-cm-diameter articulations and diagonals, the superior configurations, showing the lowest gap strain combined with decreased or minimally increased stress maxima for the combined load, were double diagonals, four horizontal, or wide double horizontal articulations. The 0.48-cm articulations and diagonals provided lower or similar gap strain than 0.32-cm articulations and diagonals. The connector-to-connector version of these superior configurations provided slightly lower or similar gap strain and stress maxima than the pin-to-pin version. Only pin-to-pin-fastened double diagonals provided better stress maxima than the corresponding connector-to-connector version.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementing a type 1b ESF with double diagonals and wide double articulations results in the greatest increase in stability at the fracture gap for complex fractures or in the initial phase of bone healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lauer
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Aron
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000662:veterinary*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016267:External Fixators / Q000662:veterinary*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical