title: Structural aspects of the zona pellucida of in vitro-produced bovine embryos: a scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopic study.
abstract: Structural aspects of the bovine zona pellucida (ZP) of in vitro-matured (IVM) oocytes and in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos were studied in two experiments to find a tentative explanation for the zona's barrier function against viral infection. In Experiment 1, the ultrastructure of the outer ZP surface was studied. The diameter (nm) and the number of the outer pores within an area of 5000 microm(2) of 10 IVM oocytes, 10 zygotes, 10 8-cell-stage embryos, and 10 morulae were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. In oocytes and morulae, the ZP surface showed a rough and spongy appearance with numerous pores. In zygotes, the ZP surface was found to have a smooth, melted appearance with only a few pores. In 8-cell-stage embryos, both surface patterns were found. The mean number (per 5000 microm(2)) and the mean diameter of the outer pores were different between the four stages of development (P < 0.001): 1511 pores in oocytes, 1187 in zygotes, 1658 in 8-cell-stage embryos, and 3259 in morulae, with mean diameters of 182, 223, 203, and 155 nm, respectively. In Experiment 2, the continuity of the meshes (network of pores) towards the embryonic cells was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Therefore, the passage through and the location in the ZP of fluorescent microspheres, with similar dimensions as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV, 40-50 nm) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1; 180-200 nm), were evaluated. For all stages, the smallest beads were detected halfway through the thickness of the ZP, whereas the beads with a size of 200 nm were found only within the outer-fourth part of the ZP. It can be concluded that the intact ZP of bovine IVM oocytes and IVP embryos are constructed in such a way that BVDV and BHV-1 should not be able to traverse the ZP and reach the embryonic cells. However, the risk exists that viral particles can be trapped in the outer layers of the ZP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. geert.vanroose@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vanroose
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nauwynck
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Soom
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ysebaert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charlier
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Oostveldt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Kruif
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009865:Oocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016062:Porosity; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000648:ultrastructure*