title: Cardiovascular responses of perimenopausal women to hormonal replacement therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertake to test the hypothesis that hormone replacement therapy alters cardiovascular function during the first several months of therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial estimates of blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, and venous capacitance were obtained before and at 1, 5, 9, and 21 weeks after the beginning of hormone replacement therapy with daily estradiol and intermittent norethindrone. Measurements were performed by means of electrocardiography, automated blood pressure measurement (Dynamap; Critikon Company LLC, Tampa, Fla), echocardiography, and plethysmography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hormone replacement therapy did not alter heart rate, blood pressure, or venous capacitance. End-diastolic volume and stroke volume were unchanged after 1 week of hormone replacement therapy but rose thereafter. After 5 weeks of hormone replacement end-diastolic volume and stroke volume were increased by 13 +/- 5 mL and 9 +/- 2 mL, respectively, and after 9 weeks the increases totaled 23 +/- 5 mL and 17 +/- 3 mL, respectively. As a result cardiac output rose progressively to a level 1.1 +/- 0.3 L/min (18%) greater than pretreatment values and systemic vascular resistance fell 15%. These changes were associated with a 3-fold increase in serum estradiol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studied regimen of hormone replacement therapy produces progressive cardiac remodeling and peripheral vasodilatation during the first 2 months of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Frauenklinik der Justus-Liebig-Universitaet Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Clapp
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D018924:Vascular Capacitance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol; D009640:Norethindrone