title: Improving cystine stone therapy: an in vitro study of dissolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform an in vitro study analyzing the possibilities in therapeutic strategies for an effective treatment of cystine stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Artificial stones made of cystine [Bon(n)-Stones] with a ball-shaped size of 0.9 cm in diameter were used. Chemolysis of artificial cystine stones with different solvents (artificial urine, physiologic sodium chloride solution, acetylcysteine, tris-(hydroxymethylene)-aminomethane [THAM], and combinations of these) was investigated. An experimental arrangement with computer-assisted online measurement of data simulating the physiologic conditions in the upper urinary tract at varying pH values was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All solutions showed a statistical improvement in the solubility of cystine stones compared with artificial urine and physiologic sodium chloride solution. The combination of THAM (pH 10) and 2% acetylcysteine was most effective (1 3.91 +/- 1.73 mg/hr) and demonstrated a 41 -fold higher ability to dissolve cystine calculi compared with artificial urine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that local chemolysis with special solutions is an effective treatment modality in cystine stone therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heimbach
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hesse
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003553:Cystine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D012995:Solubility; D013997:Time Factors; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D014325:Tromethamine; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003553:Cystine; D000111:Acetylcysteine