title: Antral-type mucosa in the gastric incisura, body, and fundus (antralization): a link between Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal metaplasia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Helicobacter pylori is a carcinogen; gastric carcinoma involves a multistep process from chronic gastritis to atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia. The aims of this study were to determine the types of mucosa at different gastric sites in H. pylori-infected and uninfected patients, and whether the presence of antral-type mucosa in the incisura, body, and fundus is associated with gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and sixty-eight patients with dyspepsia were enrolled. Eight biopsies (i.e., antrum x3, body x2, fundus x2, and incisura x1) were obtained. One antral biopsy was used for the CLO-test. Three (each from the antrum, body, and fundus) were cultured. The remaining biopsies were examined histologically according to the updated Sydney System after staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa. A validated serological test was also applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 113 (42%) patients were infected with H. pylori. At the incisura, antral-type mucosa was more prevalent in infected than in uninfected patients (84% vs. 18%; odds ratio [OR] = 23.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.5-45.8; p<0.001). Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at the incisura was present in 19.5% and 13.3%, respectively, of infected, and 4.5% and 3.2%, respectively, of uninfected patients (both p<0.01). Moreover, atrophic gastritis at the incisura was associated with the presence of antral-type mucosa at the site (termed antralization); the prevalence of atrophic gastritis was 19.5% (24/123) in the presence of antralization, whereas the rate was 2.1% (3/145) without antralization (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 3.4-39.2; p<0.001). Similarly, at the incisura, 16.3% (20/123) of "antralized" cases and 1.4% (2/145) of "unantralized" cases had intestinal metaplasia (OR = 13.8, 95% CI, 3.2-60.7; p<0.001). The association between antralization at gastric body and fundus also appeared to be associated with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at these sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia occurs predominantly at the gastric antrum and incisura with H. pylori infection. Antralization of the gastric incisura is a common event in H. pylori-infected patients, and appears to be associated with an increased risk of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Australia.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kalantar
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Talley
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chueng
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005748:Gastric Fundus / Q000473:pathology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D005757:Gastritis, Atrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011706:Pyloric Antrum / Q000473:pathology; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*