title: Destabilizing effects of mental stress on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of sudden cardiac death increases in populations who experience disasters such as earthquakes. The physiological link between psychological stress and sudden death is unknown; one mechanism may be the direct effects of sympathetic arousal on arrhythmias. To determine whether mental stress alters the induction, rate, or termination of ventricular arrhythmias, we performed noninvasive programmed stimulation (NIPS) in patients with defibrillators and ventricular tachycardia (VT), which is known to be inducible and terminated by antitachycardia pacing, at rest and during varying states of mental arousal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients underwent NIPS in the resting-awake state (nonsedated). Ten underwent repeat testing during mental stress (mental arithmetic and anger recall). Induced VT was faster in 5 patients (P=0.03). VT became more difficult to terminate in 5 patients during mental stress; 4 required a shock (P=0.03). There was no change in ease of induction with mental stress. There was no evidence of ischemia on ECG or continuous ejection fraction monitoring. Eight patients received a shock in the resting-awake state and did not perform mental stress. Four underwent repeat NIPS after sedation; 3 then had induced VT terminated with antitachycardia pacing. All patients with an increase in norepinephrine of >50% had alterations in VT that required shock for termination (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental stress alters VT cycle length and termination without evidence of ischemia. This suggests that mental stress may lead to sudden death through the facilitation of lethal ventricular arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. rachel.lampert@yale.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lampert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Burg
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Batsford
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McPherson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012146:Rest; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine