title: The innervated gracilis musculocutaneous flap for total tongue reconstruction.
abstract: A functional neotongue following total glossectomy requires both soft-tissue bulk and reconstruction of muscle function. We used innervated transverse gracilis musculocutaneous flaps to reconstruct total glossectomy defects in eight patients. The obturator nerve to the gracilis muscle was approximated to the hypoglossal nerve to reinnervate the gracilis muscle by using microsurgical technique. The cutaneous paddle of the gracilis flap easily supplies sufficient bulk to replace the total glossectomy defect. Follow-up of patients ranged from 3 to 47 months. All patients were able to resume oral feeding. Electromyographic studies performed on one patient showed reinnervation of the flap with active elevation of the posterior pharynx. Ultimately, seven patients died because of recurrence of their disease. The innervated gracilis musculocutaneous flap may benefit patients who have a total glossectomy by allowing them to achieve a more functional recovery.
authors.affiliation: Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery Associates, Brookfield, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Yousif
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Dzwierzynski
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sanger
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Matloub
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D003679:Deglutition; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005927:Glossectomy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000637:transplantation*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013060:Speech; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013848:Thigh; D014059:Tongue / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery*