title: Inhibition of proliferation, invasion and adhesion of liver cancer cells by 5-azacytidine and butyrate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prognosis for liver cancer is poor with current chemotherapeutic agents, for the most part, ineffective. We have recently shown that 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) and butyrate stimulate apoptosis in two human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2 and Hep3B). The purpose of our present study was to determine the effects of these agents on proliferation, invasion and adhesion of liver cancer cells, and to assess potential cellular mechanisms for these effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  HepG2 and Hep3B cells were treated with either 5-azaC (8 microM), sodium butyrate (35 mM), 5-azaC + butyrate or vehicle (control); proliferation, cellular invasion and adherence were determined. Western blots were performed to assess expression levels of p21waf1, p27kip1 and p53.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with 5-azaC alone inhibited invasion of Hep3B cells whereas butyrate alone inhibited invasion of HepG2 cells; the combination of 5-azaC + butyrate completely suppressed the invasion of both cell lines. Moreover, cellular adhesion and proliferation were inhibited in both cell lines by combination treatment. Levels of the Cdk inhibitor p21waf1 were increased in HepG2 cells after 5-azaC and in both cell lines after butyrate treatment; levels of p27kip1 were increased in both cell lines after either 5-azaC or butyrate treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that the combination of 5-azaC and butyrate effectively blocks proliferation, invasion and cellular adhesion of both HepG2 and Hep3B cells. Increases in the expression of the cell cycle inhibitory proteins, p21waf1 and p27kip1 suggest that these effects may be mediated through the induction of these inhibitory proteins. Agents such as 5-azaC and butyrate that target the cell cycle pathway may prove clinically useful in the adjuvant treatment of liver cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA.
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Evers
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D020148:Butyric Acid; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D001374:Azacitidine