title: Late complications after a combined pre and postoperative (sandwich) radiotherapy for rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyse the treatment related side effects, the outcome and the prognostic significance of clinical parameters in two groups of patients with rectal cancer receiving either preoperative or pre and postoperative radiotherapy after radical resection. The authors of this study were not involved in the radiation treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1986 to 1990, 63 patients received a combined pre and postoperative (sandwich) radiotherapy. Preoperative irradiation was given in four fractions of 5 Gy each applied within 2 or 3 days. Postoperative irradiation consisted mostly of 15 x 2 Gy (31 patients) but the range was 20-40 Gy. The results were compared with those on 73 patients who only received preoperative radiotherapy in the same time period. The distribution of prognostic factors was not very different between treatment groups. Out of 63 patients in the sandwich group, 22 received concurrent chemotherapy and 18 also received radiotherapy to the liver. Radical surgery usually followed on the day after the last preoperative radiotherapy session. Median follow-up of survivors was 6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local tumour control was 88% after 5 years and 84% after 8 years in the sandwich group, and 90 and 85%, respectively, in the preoperative radiotherapy group. Thus, tumour control was similar for the two radiotherapy regimens applied. However, the percentage of patients suffering from one or more complications after 5 years was 84% in the sandwich and 17% in the preoperative radiotherapy group. The incidence of severe late complications (grade > or = 3) was recorded as a function of time after start of treatment. In the sandwich group the actuarial rates of late complications at 5 years (and the median time to diagnosis) were 53% (27 months) for anorectum, 43% (37 months) for bladder, 28% (51 months) for bone, 19% (36 months) for dermis, 47% (48 months) for ileum, 41% (32 months) for lymphatic and soft tissue, and 44% (53 months) for ureters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe late reactions did not occur within a certain period of time, but continued to appear for at least 10 years after radiotherapy. Sandwich therapy, as given in this series, did not appear to give a greater tumour control than preoperative radiotherapy alone, whereas the rate of complications was drastically enhanced. Thus, the rationale of a sandwich therapy with a long time interval between surgery and postoperative irradiation appears questionable.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics and Radiobiology, University of Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Svoboda
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Beck-Bornholdt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000528:radiation effects; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000528:radiation effects; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000528:radiation effects; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects