title: Cytokine biosynthesis by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes from human non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to assess the capacity of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) from human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) specimens to synthesize type-1 and type-2 cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  TIL were isolated from tumors following digestion with collagenase/DNase and further enriched by ficoll-hypaque gradient centrifugation. Membrane phenotypes and intracellular cytokine protein expression of TIL were assessed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of TIL expressed the CD3 antigen with a CD4:CD8 ratio of approximately 2:1. Other leukocytes such as macrophages (CD14), B lymphocytes (CD20), and natural killer (NK) cells (CD56) were also found to infiltrate the tumors, but in significantly lower numbers. Owing to the limited recovery of non-CD3(+) leukocytes, our analysis of cytokine biosynthesis has focused on T lymphocytes. In the absence of activation, a small percentage of CD3(+) TIL synthesized cytokines ( <4%). Following activation with anti-CD3+interleukin-2 (IL-2), CD3(+) TIL synthesized predominantly a type-1 cytokine profile; however, the type-2 cytokines, IL-6 and IL-10, were also detected in a small percentage of infiltrating cells. Following activation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate + ionomycin, CD3(+) TIL also expressed more type-1 than type-2 cytokines and in significantly greater numbers of cells. The CD3(+)CD8(+) component of the TIL synthesized only type-1 cytokines, whereas the CD3(+)CD4(+) component synthesized both type-1 and type-2 cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the majority of the TIL isolated from NSCLC specimens are T lymphocytes with the capacity to synthesize type-1 cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ortegel
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Staren
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000378:metabolism*; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D015759:Ionomycin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate