title: Bone marrow doses and leukaemia risk in radiotherapy of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As more and more patients with prostate cancer are cured and survive with only minor chronic morbidity, other potentially treatment related morbidity, in particular second cancers, becomes an urgent problem which may influence decisions on treatment strategy and treatment plan optimisation. Epidemiological data suggest a radiotherapy associated risk of AML in prostate cancer patients of approximately 0.1% in 10 years. The aim of the study was to determine the range of bone marrow doses from different treatment plans and in different patients in order to develop criteria for optimisation of treatment plans in conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer to further minimise the small risk of secondary leukaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doses to the pelvic bone marrow were calculated for eight different plans used in radiotherapy of prostate cancer to determine the variability of bone marrow doses in radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Computer tomography (CT) slices of the entire pelvic region of an Alderson phantom were acquired and transferred to the TPS. Critical bone marrow structures were outlined in each slice. Different treatment plans were evaluated on this phantom and dose-volume histograms (DVH) for the pelvic bone marrow were obtained. Similarly, the DVH for the bone marrow of 14 patients who received conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean total bone marrow doses ranged from 3.4 to 5.6 Gy in the phantom study. Approximately 99% of the mean dose to the total bone marrow comes from the dose to bone marrow located in the pelvic bones and lumbar vertebrae. Mean bone marrow doses of 14 patients given the same conformal radiotherapy plan ranged from 3.5 to 7.7 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No correlation was found between the rectum normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and the mean bone marrow dose. This means that in the process of treatment planning, exposure to both critical organs, the rectum as well as the bone marrow, should be minimised independently to arrive at the optimal treatment plan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Hospital of Oncology, Clinicum of the University of Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gershkevitsh
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dearnaley
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Trott
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003657:Decision Making; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000209:etiology; D007953:Leukemia, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000528:radiation effects; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed