title: The caudal-related homeodomain protein Cdx1 inhibits proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells by down-regulation of D-type cyclins.
abstract: Cdx1 is a homeodomain transcription factor that regulates intestine-specific gene expression. Experimental evidence suggests that Cdx1 may be involved in cell cycle regulation, but its role is ill defined and the mechanisms have not been explored. We used stable transfection of inducible constructs and transient expression with a replication-deficient adenovirus to induce Cdx1 expression in rat IEC6 cells, a non-transformed intestinal epithelial cell line that does not express Cdx1 protein. Expression of Cdx1 markedly reduced proliferation of IEC6 cells with accumulation of cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Cell cycle arrest was accompanied by an increase in the hypophosphorylated forms of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and the pRb-related p130 protein. Protein levels of multiple cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors were either unchanged (p16, p18, p21, p27, and p57) or were not detected (p15 and p19). Most significantly, levels of cyclins D1 and D2 were markedly diminished with Cdx1 expression, but not cyclins D3, E, or the G(1) kinases. Additionally, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 activity was decreased in association with decreased cyclin D protein. We conclude that Cdx1 regulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation by inhibiting progression through G(0)/G(1), most likely via modulation of cyclin D1 and D2 protein levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Silberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rulyak
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Traber
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D030161:Avian Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D056741:Cyclin D; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007399:Interphase; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D014162:Transfection; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D030161:Avian Proteins; C491273:CDX1 protein, human; C491272:Cdx1 protein, mouse; C491271:Cdx1 protein, rat; D056741:Cyclin D; D016213:Cyclins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493838:Rbl2 protein, mouse; C493839:Rbl2 protein, rat; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases