The relationship between alcohol consumption, health indicators and mortality in the German population.
BACKGROUND
The patterns of total alcohol, beer and wine consumption were evaluated in the German National Health Surveys. The impact of these habits on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular risk factors and liver disease parameters was estimated.


METHODS
Independent representative samples of the German population (15,400 people), and regional samples of the Berlin-Spandau population (2,370 in total), aged 25-69 years, were analysed. The amount and frequency of alcohol consumption was assessed with standardized questionnaires. Biochemical analyses included serum lipids and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (Gamma GT). Multiple analyses of variance were used to determine the relationship between alcohol intake and biochemical parameters. A mortality follow-up of about 7 years was conducted for the Berlin-Spandau population. Proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.


RESULTS
Over 80% of men and 55% of women in Germany drink alcohol on a regular base. The majority of the consumers (65% of men, 87% of women) are light (1-20 g/day) or moderate (21-40 g/day) drinkers. Higher serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and Gamma GT levels were observed with increasing alcohol intake. In light and moderate drinkers no significant relationship was seen with non-HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure and body mass index, compared to teetotallers. Men who consumed 1-20 g alcohol/day had a significantly lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. As compared to nondrinkers, the risk was almost 50% lower.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that light (and possibly moderate) alcohol consumption reduces the risk of cardiovascular and total mortality risk and is favourably related to HDL-cholesterol.
Hoffmeister
H
H
Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Soziale Medizin, Germany.
Schelp
F P
FP
Mensink
G B
GB
Dietz
E
E
Böhning
D
D
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase