title: Survival in early breast cancer patients is favorably influenced by a natural humoral immune response to polymorphic epithelial mucin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM or MUC1) is being studied as a vaccine substrate for the immunotherapy of patients with adenocarcinoma. The present study analyzes the incidence of naturally occurring MUC1 antibodies in early breast cancer patients and relates the presence of these antibodies in pretreatment serum to outcome of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to MUC1 with an enzyme-linked immunoassay (PEM.CIg), which uses a MUC1 triple-tandem repeat peptide conjugated to bovine serum albumin, in pretreatment serum samples obtained from 154 breast cancer patients (52 with stage I disease and 102 with stage II) and 302 controls. The median disease-specific survival time of breast cancer patients was 74 months (range, 15 to 118 months). A positive test result was defined as MUC1 IgG or IgM antibody levels equal to or greater than the corresponding rounded-up median results obtained in the total breast cancer population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive test result for both MUC1 IgG and IgM antibodies in pretreatment serum was associated with a significant benefit in disease-specific survival in stage I and II (P =.0116) breast cancer patients. Positive IgG and IgM MUC1 antibody levels had significant additional prognostic value to stage (P =.0437) in multivariate analysis. Disease-free survival probability did not differ significantly. However, stage II patients who tested positive for MUC1 IgG and IgM antibody and who relapsed had predominantly local recurrences or contralateral disease, as opposed to recurrences at distant sites in the patients with a negative humoral response (P =.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early breast cancer patients with a natural humoral response to MUC1 have a higher probability of freedom from distant failure and a better disease-specific survival. MUC1 antibodies may control hematogenic tumor dissemination and outgrowth by aiding the destruction of circulating or seeded MUC1-expressing tumor cells. Vaccination of breast cancer patients with MUC1-derived (glyco)peptides in an adjuvant setting may favorably influence the outcome of disease.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Chemistry, Pathology, and Surgery, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.vonmensdorff@azvu.nl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Mensdorff-Pouilly
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Verstraeten
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kenemans
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Snijdewint
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Van Kamp
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Van Diest
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hilgers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D018396:Mucin-1