title: Orthotopic human lung carcinoma xenografts in BALB/c mice immunosuppressed with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies and chronic alcohol consumption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of the immune system in the surveillance of the body for cancer cells is well established. Human tumor cells do not survive in mice with intact immune systems, but they propagate in athymic nude mice. Presumably, the lack of a thymus gland and consequent loss of T lymphocytes results in a seriously compromised immune system without adequate cell-mediated immunity and tumor surveillance. In patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a progressive loss of cell-mediated immunity is associated with the development of malignancies and opportunistic infections. This effect may be exacerbated in patients who chronically consume alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal and alcoholic BALB/c mice were treated with a monoclonal antibody to deplete CD4(+) lymphocytes before orthotopic implantation of human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Tumor volume and weight were measured and compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors' data show that a single treatment of anti-CD4 antibody causes almost complete depletion of CD4(+) lymphocytes and permits the formation of large intrapulmonary human nonsmall lung carcinoma xenografts in 100% of treated mice. All control animals injected with heat-denatured antibody failed to produce tumors. Chronic alcohol consumption by CD4-depleted mice resulted in larger tumors, compared with mice that did not receive ethanol in their diet (P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depletion of CD4(+) lymphocytes allows for the orthotopic growth of human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the consumption of alcohol reduces the ability of the impaired immune system to reject tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Zieske
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bukara
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Shellito
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kolls
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skrepnik
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015704:CD4 Antigens