title: Correlation between glycemic control and menstruation in diabetic adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a correlation exists between the degree of glycemic control in insulin-dependent diabetic adolescents and menstrual regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of charts of diabetic girls aged 10-18 was performed. Office visits were scheduled every three to six months, at which time pubertal development, menstrual function, growth and diabetic control, including hemoglobin (Hgb) A1C, and complications were assessed. Forty-six patients were eligible for data analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi 2 and Student t tests, were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven (81%) patients had regular menstrual cycles, and nine (19%) had menstrual disturbances, including secondary amenorrhea (one), oligomenorrhea (seven) and primary amenorrhea followed by oligomenorrhea (one). There were two pregnancies. Six patients used hormonal contraception but none for menstrual regulation. There was a statistically significant difference (P < .05) in mean Hgb A1C concentrations between those with menstrual disturbances (11.4) and those with regular menses (9.7). As Hgb A1C values increased, the percent of patients with menstrual disturbances increased, becoming statistically significant when the Hgb A1C was > 10 (odds ratio 7.3, 95% confidence interval 1.5-35.6). There was no difference (P > .05) between the two groups with respect to age at menarche (156 vs. 152 months), age at onset of diabetes (144 vs. 108 months) and interval between diabetes onset and menarche (54 vs. 41 months). There were no patients in either group with diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy. Four patients were hypertensive, but there was no statistically significant difference (P > .05) between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tighter glycemic control, as measured by Hgb A1C concentrations, corresponded to improved menstrual regulation in adolescent insulin-dependent diabetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hertweck
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sanfilippo
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000209:etiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000209:etiology*; D009839:Oligomenorrhea / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin