title: Intestinal transplantation for short gut syndrome attributable to necrotizing enterocolitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening condition of the neonatal age, which frequently requires surgical intervention. After extensive bowel resection, a small proportion of these patients may develop chronic short gut syndrome (SGS) and require chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use. Intestinal transplantation has been performed in these patients as a life-saving option. This study reviews our experience with intestinal transplantation for SGS attributable to NEC emphasizing the mode of presentation, natural history, timing, and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed for all pediatric patients who underwent small bowel transplantation for NEC at the University of Miami between August 1994 and March 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven transplants were performed for 10 patients with NEC (8 male and 2 female; median age: 1.75 years [range: 10 months to 10. 1 years]). Procedures performed were isolated intestinal transplants (n = 2), combined liver-intestinal transplants (n = 6), and multivisceral transplants (n = 3). All patients were born prematurely with median birth weight of 1.640 kg (range: 810 g to 2. 730 kg). They developed NEC in the first few days of life and subsequently underwent an average of 5 surgeries per patient before transplant. Transplant was indicated for liver failure in 8 patients and recurrent central line sepsis in 2 others. At present, 6 patients are alive with an overall 1-year and 3-year actuarial survival of 60% and a median follow-up of 29 months (range: 9-46 months). Six children have been weaned off TPN after a median time of 71 days (range: 19-131) from transplantation. All survivors are at home with functional grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal transplantation provided a reasonable outcome in patients with NEC-associated SGS who had already developed life-threatening complications related to TPN. Intestinal transplantation replaced the diseased intestine and liver, enfranchised patients from TPN, and conferred improved quality of life. These patients should be actively considered for intestinal transplantation and referred to a transplant center as soon as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Gastrointestinal Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vennarecci
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Misiakos
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verzaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nery
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tzakis
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000637:transplantation*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome