title: Expanded indications for ultrasound-guided thrombin injection of pseudoaneurysms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported preliminary data on a new procedure that we developed for the treatment of femoral pseudoaneurysms after catheterization. This study presents our current results of percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin injection for treating pseudoaneurysms that arise from various locations and causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 1996 and May 1999, we performed thrombin injection of 83 pseudoaneurysms in 82 patients. There were 74 femoral pseudoaneurysms: 60 from cardiac catheterization (36 interventional), seven from peripheral arteriography (four interventional), five from intra-aortic balloon pumps, and two from dialysis catheters. There were nine other pseudoaneurysms: five brachial (two cardiac catheterization, two gunshot wounds, one after removal of an infected arteriovenous graft), one subclavian (central venous catheter insertion), one radial (arterial line), and one distal superficial femoral and one posterior tibial (both after blunt trauma). Twenty-nine pseudo-aneurysms were injected while on therapeutic anticoagulation. Patients underwent repeat ultrasound examination within 5 days and after 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two of 83 pseudoaneurysms had initial successful treatment by this technique, including 28 of 29 in patients who were undergoing anticoagulation therapy. The only complication was thrombosis of a distal brachial artery, which resolved spontaneously. There were early recurrences in seven patients: four patients underwent successful reinjection; reinjection failed in two patients, who underwent surgical repair; and one patient had spontaneous thrombosis on follow-up. After 4 weeks, ultrasound examinations were completely normal or showed some residual hematoma, and there were no recurrent pseudoaneurysms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection of pseudoaneurysms has excellent results, which support its widespread use as the primary treatment for this common problem.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michelini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Filliung
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Baubly
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D013917:Thrombin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D013917:Thrombin