title: Clinical and laboratory evaluation of all-trans retinoic acid modulation of chemotherapy in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia.
abstract: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is synergistic with chemotherapy in leukaemia cell lines. We treated 53 patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) with high-dose cytarabine-based chemotherapy followed by ATRA. Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were obtained to study the effect of in vitro exposure to ATRA and to measure apoptosis and bcl-2. The response rate was 72% for patients under age 60 years and 46% for patients aged 60 years or above. There was no difference in the percentage of responding patients, time to recurrence or overall survival for patients receiving chemotherapy with ATRA vs. historical controls receiving chemotherapy without ATRA. After in vitro exposure of day 3 bone marrow samples to ATRA, there was an increase in apoptotic cells in 25% of patient samples compared with samples not exposed to ATRA. Later date of peak apoptosis in peripheral blood and higher percentage of apoptotic cells in bone marrow on day 3 of treatment were associated with lack of clinical response to treatment. Increased bcl-2 in patient samples was associated with shorter time to recurrence and poor cytogenetic risk. The addition of ATRA to chemotherapy did not improve patient outcome. However, evidence of in vitro response to ATRA in 25% of patients suggests that retinoid pathways should be studied further in patients with AML.
authors.affiliation: Zalmen A. Arlin Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seiter
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dorota Halicka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deptala
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Traganos
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pozzuoli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kancherla
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Darzynkiewicz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012008:Recurrence; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D003561:Cytarabine; D014212:Tretinoin