title: Treatable domain and optimal frequency for brain tumors during ultrasound hyperthermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the optimal ultrasound frequency and the treatable domain determined by the tumor size and tumor depth when an external ultrasound heating system is employed for the brain tumor hyperthermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work employs a simplified model of a scanned ultrasound transducer power deposition (a cone with convergent/divergent shape) and a search algorithm to investigate the optimal frequency and the treatable domain. The distributions of temperature and SAR (specific absorption rate) ratio are used to determine the appropriateness of the acoustic window size and the input power level for a yielded set of tumor conditions. The factors considered are the acoustic window size, tumor size and depth, ultrasound frequency, and the acoustic absorption of the post-target bone behind the tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulation results demonstrate that the optimal frequency depends on the tumor depth and the acoustic absorption of the post-target bone. However, it is almost independent of the acoustic window size. The optimal frequency shifts to a higher level for a deeper tumor heating to reduce the effect of the high acoustic absorption of post-target bone. Moreover, the treatable domain is proportional to the acoustic window size and related to the ultrasound frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may not be possible to deliver appropriate ultrasonic energy to heat a brain tumor without overheating the normal brain tissue and/or the post-target bone under the constraints of the available acoustic window size for the ultrasonic beam, ultrasonic attenuation of brain tissue, high absorption of post-target bone, and high blood perfusion rate. The results of this study can be a guideline for designing an optimal ultrasound heating system, arranging the transducers, and implementing further treatment planning for the brain tumor hyperthermia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei. kcju@ipmc.ee.ntu.edu.tw
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Liauh
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shieh
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004453:Echoencephalography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D008954:Models, Biological; D013696:Temperature