title: Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism.
abstract: Chronic infection and inflammation are risk factors for the development of cholangiocarcinoma, a highly malignant, generally fatal adenocarcinoma originating from biliary epithelia. However, the link between inflammation and carcinogenesis in these disorders is obscure. Because nitric oxide (NO) is generated in inflamed tissues by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and because DNA repair proteins are potentially susceptible to NO-mediated nitrosylation, we formulated the hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines induce iNOS and sufficient NO to inhibit DNA repair enzymes leading to the development and progression of cholangiocarcinoma. iNOS and nitrotyrosine were demonstrated in 18/18 cholangiocarcinoma specimens. Furthermore, iNOS and NO generation could be induced in vitro by inflammatory cytokines (mixture of interleukin-1beta, IFN-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in three human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. NO-dependent DNA damage as assessed by the comet assay was demonstrated during exposure of the three cholangiocarcinoma cell lines to cytokines. Moreover, global DNA repair activity was inhibited by 70% by a NO-dependent process after exposure of cells to cytokines. Our data indicate that activation of iNOS and excess production of NO in response to inflammatory cytokines cause DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair proteins. NO inactivation of DNA repair enzymes may provide a link between inflammation and the initiation, promotion, and/or progression of cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic/Foundation/Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaiswal
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: LaRusso
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Burgart
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat