title: The regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by phosphorylation.
abstract: The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cascade is activated by an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio within the cell. AMPK is regulated allosterically by AMP and by reversible phosphorylation. Threonine-172 within the catalytic subunit (alpha) of AMPK (Thr(172)) was identified as the major site phosphorylated by the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (AMPKK) in vitro. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to study the role of phosphorylation of Thr(172) on AMPK activity. Mutation of Thr(172) to an aspartic acid residue (T172D) in either alpha1 or alpha2 resulted in a kinase complex with approx. 50% the activity of the corresponding wild-type complex. The activity of wild-type AMPK decreased by greater than 90% following treatment with protein phosphatases, whereas the activity of the T172D mutant complex fell by only 10-15%. Mutation of Thr(172) to an alanine residue (T172A) almost completely abolished kinase activity. These results indicate that phosphorylation of Thr(172) accounts for most of the activation by AMPKK, but that other sites are involved. In support of this we have shown that AMPKK phosphorylates at least two other sites on the alpha subunit and one site on the beta subunit. Furthermore, we provide evidence that phosphorylation of Thr(172) may be involved in the sensitivity of the AMPK complex to AMP.
authors.affiliation: Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, DuCane Road, London W12 0NN, U.K.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carling
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013912:Threonine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D013912:Threonine; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases