title: Sodium pump isoforms in xenotransplantation: importance of biochemical compatibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xenotransplantation of pig hearts to humans could be hampered by the reportedly reduced affinity for digoxin of pig heart. We examined the hypothesis that expression of the individual alpha-subunit isoforms of the sodium pump [Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (NKA)], the receptor for the plant-derived cardiac glycosides, may be responsible for this difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a NKA-inhibition assay in combination with Western analysis, immunohistochemistry, and phosphorylation of the NKA alpha subunit to identify the distribution and expression of alpha isoforms in four chambers of porcine and human hearts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We confirmed that tissue from porcine heart is less sensitive to digitalis (IC(50) = 1740 nmol/L) when compared with human heart (IC(50) = 840 nmol/L), whereas porcine cerebral cortex-mix had an affinity comparable to that of human heart (IC(50) = 910 nmol/L). Our data show that porcine cerebral cortex-mix and human heart contain all three alpha isoforms, whereas porcine heart expresses only the alpha1 isoform.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different expressions of sodium pump isoforms in human vs porcine cardiac tissues suggests that porcine hearts may not be pharmacologically or endocrinologically compatible when used in humans. Studies of both pharmacologic and endocrinologic tissue compatibility are needed prior to selection of organs for xenotransplantation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Qazzaz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zolotarjova
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mellett
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valdes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D004077:Digoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010042:Ouabain; D004077:Digoxin; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase