title: Effects of the chlorotriazine herbicide, cyanazine, on GABA(A) receptors in cortical tissue from rat brain.
abstract: Chlorotriazine herbicides disrupt luteinizing hormone (LH) release in female rats following in vivo exposure. Although the mechanism of action is unknown, significant evidence suggests that inhibition of LH release by chlorotriazines may be mediated by effects in the central nervous system. GABA(A) receptors are important for neuronal regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone and LH release. The ability of chlorotriazine herbicides to interact with GABA(A) receptors was examined by measuring their effects on [3H]muscimol, [3H]Ro15-4513 and [35S]tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding to rat cortical membranes. Cyanazine (1-400 microM) inhibited [3H]Ro15-4513 binding with an IC50 of approximately 105 microM (n=4). Atrazine (1-400 microM) also inhibited [3H]Ro15-4513 binding, but was less potent than cyanazine (IC50 = 305 microM). However, the chlorotriazine metabolites diaminochlorotriazine, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine and 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine were without significant effect on [3H]Ro15-4513 binding. Cyanazine and the other chlorotriazines were without effect on [3H]muscimol or [35S]TBPS binding. To examine whether cyanazine altered GABA(A) receptor function, GABA-stimulated 36Cl- flux into synaptoneurosomes was examined. Cyanazine (50-100 microM) alone did not significantly decrease GABA-stimulated 36Cl- flux. Diazepam (10 microM) and pentobarbital (100 microM) potentiated GABA-stimulated 36Cl- flux to 126 and 166% of control, respectively. At concentrations of 50 and 100 microM, cyanazine decreased potentiation by diazepam to 112 and 97% of control, respectively, and decreased potentiation by pentobarbital to 158 and 137% of control (n = 6). Interestingly, at lower concentrations (5 microM), cyanazine shifted the EC50 for GABA-stimulated 36Cl- flux into synaptoneurosomes from 28.9 to 19.4 microM, respectively (n = 5). These results suggest that cyanazine modulates benzodiazepine, but not the muscimol (GABA receptor site) or TBPS (Cl- channel), binding sites on GABA(A) receptors. Furthermore, at low concentrations, cyanazine may slightly enhance function of GABA(A) receptors, but at higher concentrations, cyanazine antagonizes GABA(A) receptor function and in particular antagonizes the positive modulatory effects of diazepam and pentobarbital.
authors.affiliation: Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. shafer.tim@epamail.epa.gov
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Meacham
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001386:Azides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D002713:Chlorine / Q000378:metabolism; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009118:Muscimol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011868:Radioisotopes; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism*; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001386:Azides; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D018118:Chloride Channels; D018755:GABA Agonists; D006540:Herbicides; D011868:Radioisotopes; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D014227:Triazines; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D009118:Muscimol; D002713:Chlorine; C037476:tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate; C042957:Ro 15-4513; C007168:cyanazine