title: The role of morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy and real-time ultrasound in detecting gallbladder disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rapid diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is essential to minimize morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of cholescintigraphy using morphine augmentation compared with ultrasound, in acute and chronic gallbladder disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cholescintigrams were performed on 103 patients suspected of having acute cholecystitis. In 79 patients (Group A) morphine sulfate was administered to reduce the scintigraphic imaging time if the gallbladder was not visualized during the first hour. In 24 control patients (Group B) no morphine was administered. All patients were evaluated clinically and 93 patients had concurrent ultrasound examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical presentation was nonspecific. The ultrasound findings were sensitive in detecting gallbladder disease (100%), but had low specificity (24%). Only findings of sediments and pericholecystic fluid were specific for cystic duct obstruction. Morphine augmentation reduced the imaging time by 126 min in patients with chronic cholecystitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time ultrasound has low specificity for gallbladder disease. In the presence of an abnormal ultrasound, it is essential to perform a hepatobiliary scan, either to exclude gallbladder disease or distinguish acute from chronic cholecystitis. Low-dose morphine administration is a safe and useful adjunct to standard cholescintigraphy by substantially reducing the time required to obtain a diagnostic study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorberhoym
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horne
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007098:Imino Acids; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D007098:Imino Acids; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C046767:technetium Tc 99m iminodiacetic acid; D009020:Morphine