title: Long-term risk of second malignancy in survivors of Hodgkin's disease treated during adolescence or young adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the long-term risk of second primary cancers (SCs) in patients diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease (HD) during adolescence or young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The risk of SCs was assessed in 1,253 patients diagnosed with HD before the age of 40 years and treated in two Dutch cancer centers between 1966 and 1986. The median follow-up duration was 14.1 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 137 patients developed SCs, compared with 19.4 cases expected on the basis of incidence rates in the general population (relative risk [RR] = 7.0; 95% confidence interval, 5.9 to 8.3). The 25-year actuarial risk of SC overall was 27.7%. The RR of solid tumors increased greatly with younger age at the first treatment of HD, not only for breast cancer but also for all other solid tumors, with RRs of 4.9, 6.9, and 12.7 for patients first treated at ages 31 to 39 years, 21 to 30 years, and </= 20 years, respectively. Among patients first treated at the age of 20 years or younger, the RR of developing a solid tumor before the age of 40 years was significantly greater than the RR of solid tumor development at ages 40 to 49 years (RR = 27.9 v RR = 4.2; P =.0001). Patients who received salvage chemotherapy had significantly greater risk of solid cancers other than breast cancer than did patients whose treatment was restricted to initial radiotherapy or initial combined-modality treatment (RR = 9.4 and 4.7, respectively; P =. 004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After more than 20 years of follow-up, the risk of solid tumors is still much greater in survivors of HD than in the population at large. Reassuringly, the greatly increased risk of solid tumors in patients who were young (</= 20 years of age) at the first treatment seems to decrease as these patients grow older. Our data suggest that chemotherapy may increase the risk of solid tumors from radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology, Medical Oncology, Radiotherapy, and Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. fvleeuw@nki.nl
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Klokman
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Veer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagenbeek
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaapveld
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Heerde
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burgers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Aleman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors