title: DSM-III-R co-morbidity in benzodiazepine dependence.
abstract: AIM, SAMPLE AND MEASURES: Co-morbidity has been shown to influence the clinical course of mental disorders. This paper describes DSM-III-R 1-month co-morbidity across axes I, II and III in a sample of 153 benzodiazepine dependents. All patients were evaluated through several in-depth clinical interviews across all five DSM-III-R axes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extensive co-morbidity existed across three DSM-III-R axes. All patients had at least one diagnosis in axis I; 81 (52.9%) in axis II and 50 (32.7%) in axis III. The most prevalent diagnoses were: insomnia, anxiety disorders and affective disorders in axis I; obsessive-compulsive, histrionic and dependent personality disorders in axis II and rheumatological, neurological and cardiovascular disorders in axis III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no cases of benzodiazepine dependence appearing alone. There were associations within and between axes, suggesting potential predisposing factors and a sequential model for benzodiazepine dependence is proposed. The findings reinforce the need for exhaustive diagnostic evaluation of patients prior to prescribing benzodiazepine.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain. miceta@lander.es
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martínez-Cano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Iceta Ibáñez de Gauna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vela-Bueno
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines