title: Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment.
abstract: Frostbite, once almost exclusively a military problem, is becoming more prevalent among the general population and should now be considered to be within the scope of the civilian physician's practice. Studies into the epidemiology of civilian frostbite have identified several risk factors that may aid the clinician in the diagnosis and management of cold injuries. Research into the pathophysiology has revealed marked similarities in inflammatory processes to those seen in thermal burns and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Evidence of the role of thromboxanes and prostaglandins has resulted in more active approaches to the medical treatment of frostbite wounds. Although the surgical management of frostbite involves delayed debridement 1 to 3 months after demarcation, recent improvements in radiologic assessment of tissue viability have led to the possibility of earlier surgical intervention. In addition, several adjunctive therapies, including vasodilators, thrombolysis, hyperbaric oxygen, and sympathectomy, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Burns and Reconstructive Surgery Research Trust, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Banwell
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: McGrouther
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003646:Debridement; D005627:Frostbite / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000379:methods; D007249:Inflammation; D015995:Prevalence; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000379:methods; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D013931:Thromboxanes / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011453:Prostaglandins; D013931:Thromboxanes; D014665:Vasodilator Agents