title: Limited value of zinc protoporphyrin as a marker of iron status in chronic hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an attempt to find new parameters able to evaluate the actual iron availability by bone marrow cells, zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a metabolic intermediate generated in the red blood cell by the incorporation of zinc instead of iron, has been proposed. ZnPP is a good marker of iron-deficiency anemia in non-uremic people, as red blood cell ZnPP concentration rises specifically (except for lead intoxication) in this condition. Existing data on ZnPP as a marker of iron deficiency in uremic patients comes mainly from cross sectional studies on chronic hemodialysis and has produced conflicting results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, we prospectively studied 42 HID patients, 28-88 years old, 13-346 months of dialysis age, beginning from a period of maximal iron deficiency, due to the lack of parenteral iron compounds (T0) up to the end of more than one year of follow-up with continuous parenteral iron supplementation (T4). ZnPP, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation and ferritin were serially determined before and after six weeks (T1), four months (T2), seven months (T3) and 14 months (T4) of parenteral iron supplementation at a maintenance dose of 0.5-1 mg/kg/week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with baseline values (95+/-37 micromol/mol heme) there were no significant changes in ZnPP levels at T1 and T2 despite a continuous increase in both transferrin saturation and ferritin values, while ZnPP significantly decreased at T4 (63+/-37 micromol/mol heme, p<0.001). There was no correlation between ZnPP and both transferrin saturation and ferritin at any time during the study, the same was true for ZnPP and zinc and lead serum concentration, fibrinogen and reactive C protein levels at T1 and T4, respectively. At T4, only 2/10 patients who still showed ZnPP levels >80 micromol/mol heme had absolute or functional iron deficiency, when the percentage of hypochromic red cells were measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that ZnPP untimely parallels a change in iron balance in only a proportion of uremic people, in as much as confounding factors, such as chronic inflammation and uremia in itself may obscure its relationship with iron status. Therefore, ZnPP cannot be assumed to be a first-line diagnostic marker of iron balance in uremic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, S. Giovanni-Molinette Hospital, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canavese
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Decostanzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maddalena
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martina
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fop
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buglione
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grechi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saitta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piccoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000097:blood*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D014168:Transferrin; C017803:zinc protoporphyrin; D005293:Ferritins; D006441:Hemoglobin A; D007501:Iron