title: Long-term follow-up of pediatric cardiac patients requiring mechanical circulatory support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study examines the long-term outcome of pediatric patients with cardiac disease who required mechanical circulatory support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or ventricular assist devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone interviews and questionnaires were administered to parents and physicians of pediatric cardiac patients who were in-hospital survivors after requiring mechanical circulatory support, with either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or ventricular assist devices. Data was collected regarding these patients' general health, cardiac status, and neurologic outcome, and compared between the two modes of support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was available for 26 patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (25 survivors, 96%) and 11 patients supported with ventricular assist devices (10 survivors, 91%); median follow-up 42 months, 11 to 92 months). More than 80% of survivors were in New York Heart Association class I or II. Of 31 patients for whom neurologic assessment data was available, moderate to severe neurologic impairment was more common for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation supported patients [13 of 21, 59%) than for ventricular assist device supported patients (2 of 10, 20% p = 0.03). Neurologic impairment was associated with small patient size and the use of circulatory arrest during cardiac surgical repair, but was not associated with in-hospital neurologic complications, carotid cannulation, or presupport cardiac arrest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term survival and cardiac functional status of pediatric cardiac patients requiring mechanical circulatory support is favorable. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation supported patients demonstrate higher rates of neurologic impairment than patients supported with ventricular assist devices. Poor neurologic outcomes are associated with institution of support in younger patients with more complex congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001824:Body Constitution; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome