title: Clinical significance of gross hematuria and its evaluation in patients receiving anticoagulant and aspirin treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the results of evaluations in patients presenting with gross hematuria while receiving anticoagulant or aspirin treatment and to compare the source of bleeding in these respective groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied all patients admitted because of gross hematuria while receiving warfarin or aspirin treatment between 1990 and 1998. The degree of anticoagulation was evaluated in patients taking anticoagulation medication. Almost all patients were evaluated by cystoscopy and either excretory urography or ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients taking warfarin had a normal evaluation almost twice as often as those taking aspirin: 38% versus 22%, respectively. The leading pathologic findings in both groups were a bleeding benign prostate and a tumor in the urinary tract, in similar proportions. Overall, a tumor was diagnosed in one quarter of patients, and other treatable pathologic findings were diagnosed about half the time. In the 11 patients receiving excessive anticoagulation medication, two tumors were found (18%). Hemorrhagic cystitis was diagnosed in 12 patients. All 12 were taking aspirin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A normal evaluation was more prevalent in the warfarin group. A tumor was diagnosed in about one quarter of the patients. The prevalence of hemorrhagic cystitis in patients taking aspirin may point to a specific bleeding diathesis in the urothelium of these patients. In light of these findings, a full evaluation is warranted in patients receiving aspirin or warfarin therapy, and the presence of excessive anticoagulation should not impede a full evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Avidor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matzkin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin