title: The discrepancy between maturation of visual-evoked potentials and cognitive outcome at five years in very preterm infants with and without hemodynamic signs of fetal brain-sparing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After intrauterine growth restriction we found at the age of 6 months an acceleration of neurophysiologic maturation. However, at later ages impaired cognitive outcome has been reported. Therefore, we investigated in children with and without fetal hemodynamic adaptation to intrauterine growth restriction whether the accelerated neurophysiologic maturation in infancy might be associated with impaired cognitive outcome at preschool age.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 5 years of age cognitive function was assessed using the Revision of the Amsterdam Children's Intelligence Test in 73 preterm infants (26-33 weeks) who were prospectively followed from the antenatal period up to the age of 5 years. Maternal educational level was used as a background variable to estimate the confounding effects of socioeconomic status on cognitive function. Fetal Doppler studies were performed and the umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) divided by the middle cerebral artery PI ratio (U/C ratio) was calculated. A U/C ratio >0.725 was considered as an indication of fetal cerebral hemodynamic adaptation to a compromised placental perfusion, ie, fetal brain-sparing. Visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded at 6 months and 1 year of age. In addition, data on neurologic status at 3 years were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean IQ score was significantly lower for children born with a raised U/C ratio (87 +/- 16) compared with children with a normal U/C ratio (96 +/- 17). VEP latencies decreased significantly in infants with a normal U/C ratio, whereas no decrease was found in infants with a raised U/C ratio. Variables contributing significantly to the variance of cognitive function were: U/C group, VEP latency maturation, level of maternal education, and neurodevelopmental outcome at 3 years. The linear regression model explained 33% of the variance in cognitive function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both being born with a raised U/C ratio and an acceleration of VEP latencies are negatively associated with cognitive outcome at 5 years of age. Fetal brain-sparing, although a seemingly beneficial adaptive mechanism for intact neurologic survival, is, however, later associated with a poorer cognitive outcome.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. S.Scherjon@kgc.azl.nl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scherjon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Briët
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oosting
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kok
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D004453:Echoencephalography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology