title: Structural improvement of higher education in environmental toxicology in Latin America and Europe.
abstract: Industrial development has resulted in an increased release of chemicals and other agents into the environment, resulting in damage to the environment as well as increasing the risk of adverse effects on human health. Environmental toxicology (ET) is the discipline responsible for assessing the risks to human health and the environment from the effects of new chemicals and those already present in the environment. The development of human resources in toxicology is therefore a priority in both Latin America (LA) and the European Union (EU), although LA professionals are more involved in risk evaluation than in risk assessment compared to their EU colleagues. A solid background in general toxicology will enable those interested in environmental issues to tackle local problems. Moreover, the increasing globalization of markets and, therefore, of the necessary regulations, requires harmonisation of postgraduate programmes to ensure that risk assessment and management related to the environment are dealt with uniformly and by highly qualified scientists. The Inaugural Meeting of the ALFA-OMET Toxicology', a 2-year programme supported by the European Commission, offered the opportunity to discuss a number of these issues. The present status of existing ET courses in the EU and LA and the corresponding professional profiles in the two regions were examined, and a harmonized academic curriculum for a postgraduate professional profiles in the two regions were examined, and a harmonized academic curriculum for a postgraduate course in environmental toxicology was developed. Finally, a course programme for toxicology and a specialization in environmental toxicology designed by a panel of experts was discussed, and its relevance as a model for other specialisation programmes was analysed. Exercises such as those performed by ALFA-OMET may be useful not only in promoting discussion for the implementation of national and international professional registers in LA, but also in encouraging the same, ongoing process in the EU.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia y Toxicologia, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico. aalbores@mail.cinvestav.mx
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albores
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cebrián
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dekant
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Matteis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diaz-Barriga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barril-Antuña
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jaramillo-Juárez
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olarte
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ostrosky-Wegman
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Patño
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Torres-Alanís
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manno
mesh_terms: D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005060:Europe; D007843:Latin America; D014116:Toxicology / Q000193:education*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants