title: A multi-center prospective phase II study of high-dose chemotherapy in germ-cell cancer patients relapsing from complete remission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively determine the efficacy of repeated high-dose alkylating chemotherapy to salvage patients with germ-cell tumors who relapsed after adequate first-line chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with germ-cell cancers relapsing from a first, second or third complete remission induced by chemotherapy were offered to participate in a Dutch national prospective trial with broad entry criteria. The salvage treatment began with a conventional dose of ifosfamide (4 g/m2 on day 1) and etoposide (100 mg/m2 on days 1, 2 and 3) followed by daily s.c. administration of G-CSF (10 micrograms/kg) until peripheral blood progenitor cells had been harvested. Immediately after bone marrow recovery, an intermediate dose chemotherapy course of carboplatin (target AUC: 10 mg.ml-1 min on day 1) and etoposide (500 mg/m2 on days 1, 3 and 5) was given with G-CSF daily s.c. After bone marrow recovery, two subsequent courses of high-dose 'CTC' chemotherapy were given, each containing cyclophosphamide (6 g/m2), thiotepa (480 mg/m2) and carboplatin (target AUC: 20 mg.ml-1 min). The high-dose chemotherapy was administered as 30-60-minute infusions, divided over 4 days and the stem-cell transplants were given 48-72 hours after the last chemotherapy infusion. Whenever possible, residual masses were resected at the end of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five patients were treated between January 1994 and October 1997. The toxicity of the treatment was manageable. Second CTC courses were administered in 25 patients and were associated with hemorrhagic cystitis and veno-occlusive disease in 3 and 4 patients, respectively. One patient who had recently undergone a partial hepatectomy, died of veno-occlusive disease. At the time of analysis, the median follow-up of the surviving patients was 37 months (range 12-56 months). The median progression-free survival for all patients was 44 months, and the median overall survival has not been reached. According to the internationally accepted criteria for predicting the outcome of salvage chemotherapy in germ-cell cancer (Beyer et al. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2638-45), 30 patients had 'good risk' criteria. Of these, 29 received high-dose chemotherapy. Of this group, the salvage rate at two years was 65% (95% confidence interval: 49.5%-85.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over half of the germ-cell cancer patients relapsing from a chemotherapy-induced complete remission can be salvaged by a treatment strategy that incorporates high-dose chemotherapy, even when treatment is given in a multi-center setting. These data confirm the international prognostic model proposed by Beyer et al. in a prospectively studied, independent patient group and provide further evidence that high-dose therapy has a role in the salvage setting of patients with germ-cell cancer.
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. sroden@nki.nl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodenhuis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: de Mulder
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Sleijfer
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Lalisang
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mandjes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kooi
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D018239:Seminoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin