title: Transitions between routes of heroin administration: a study of Caucasian and Indochinese heroin users in south-western Sydney, Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine patterns and correlates of routes of heroin use among Caucasian and Indochinese heroin users.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred heroin users resident in South West Sydney. The sample was divided between Caucasian and Indochinese users (each n = 100), with half of each group on methadone maintenance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A semi-structured interview was administered, based on previous studies of transitions between routes of administration. Measures included patterns of drug use, transitions, social, health and legal issues and cultural correlates of use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost two-thirds (61%) had smoked heroin. Smoking was more common among the Indochinese (40% were predominantly or exclusively smokers), although injecting was the dominant route for both groups. More than one-quarter (29%) had made a transition from smoking to injecting, primarily due to drug effect and perceived cost-effectiveness. Reverse transitions were rare. Smoking appeared to be more culturally acceptable than injecting among Indochinese users. Among both groups, there was a small but significant risk for the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses. Polydrug use and age were positively associated with having experienced a non-fatal overdose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research documents the existence of smoking as a popular route of administration among both Indochinese and Caucasian heroin users in the study sample. There is an urgent need to provide smokers and injectors with information explaining the potential risks and ways to minimize harms associated with both routes of use.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunjic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D001315:Australia / Q000208:ethnology; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin