title: Inhibition of Th1 immune response by glucocorticoids: dexamethasone selectively inhibits IL-12-induced Stat4 phosphorylation in T lymphocytes.
abstract: Glucocorticoids are widely used in the therapy of inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases. As the end-effectors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, endogenous glucocorticoids also play an important role in suppressing innate and cellular immune responses. Previous studies have indicated that glucocorticoids inhibit Th1 and enhance Th2 cytokine secretion. IL-12 promotes Th1 cell-mediated immunity, while IL-4 stimulates Th2 humoral-mediated immunity. Here, we examined the regulatory effect of glucocorticoids on key elements of IL-12 and IL-4 signaling. We first investigated the effect of dexamethasone on IL-12-inducible genes and showed that dexamethasone inhibited IL-12-induced IFN-gamma secretion and IFN regulatory factor-1 expression in both NK and T cells. This occurred even though the level of expression of IL-12 receptors and IL-12-induced Janus kinase phosphorylation remained unaltered. However, dexamethasone markedly inhibited IL-12-induced phosphorylation of Stat4 without altering its expression. This was specific, as IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation was not affected, and mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, as it was antagonized by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486. Moreover, transfection experiments showed that dexamethasone reduced responsiveness to IL-12 through the inhibition of Stat4-dependent IFN regulatory factor-1 promoter activity. We conclude that blocking IL-12-induced Stat4 phosphorylation, without altering IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation, appears to be a new suppressive action of glucocorticoids on the Th1 cellular immune response and may help explain the glucocorticoid-induced shift toward the Th2 humoral immune response.
authors.affiliation: Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franchimont
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gadina
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Visconti
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aringer
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Frucht
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chrousos
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: O'Shea
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D051379:Mice; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000378:metabolism; D053707:Receptors, Interleukin-12; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053634:TYK2 Kinase; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494257:IRF1 protein, human; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; C494258:Irf1 protein, mouse; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D053707:Receptors, Interleukin-12; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; C494090:STAT4 protein, human; C494091:Stat4 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D018664:Interleukin-12; D003907:Dexamethasone; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C507924:JAK2 protein, human; C507926:Jak2 protein, mouse; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D053634:TYK2 Kinase; C070139:TYK2 protein, human; C499356:Tyk2 protein, mouse