title: The tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of MGSA/GRO proteins in melanoma.
abstract: Continuous expression of the MGSA/GROalpha, beta, or gamma chemokine bestows tumor-forming capacity to the immortalized murine melanocyte cell line, melan-a. The mechanism for this transformation is unclear, although both autocrine and paracrine processes are possible because melan-a cells as well as endothelial cells express a low level of the receptor for this ligand. To further define the role of MGSA/GRO proteins in melanocyte transformation, two types of experiments were designed to neutralize the biological effects of MGSA/GRO in the transfected melan-a clones: (1) the effect of neutralizing antiserum to MGSA/GRO proteins on melan-a tumor growth was assessed; (2) the tumor-forming capacity of melan-a clones expressing ELR motif-mutated forms of MGSA/GRO with compromised receptor affinity was compared to the tumor-forming capacity of clones expressing wild-type MGSA/GRO. These experiments revealed that SCID mice inoculated with MGSA/GROalpha- or gamma-expressing melan-a cells and subsequently treated with antiserum to the respective chemokine exhibited decreased tumor growth. This reduction in tumor growth was accompanied by declining angiogenic activity in MGSA/GROgamma-expressing tumors. Moreover, athymic nude mice injected with melan-a cells expressing ELR-mutant forms of MGSA/GROalpha exhibited markedly impaired tumor-forming capacity compared with those mice injected with melan-a clones expressing wild-type MGSA/GRO. These data suggest that continuous expression of MGSA/GRO proteins may facilitate tumor growth by stimulating the growth of microvessels into the tumor (paracrine) and by affecting melanocyte growth (autocrine).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haghnegahdar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Strieter
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nanney
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shattuck-Brandt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; C475895:Cxcl1 protein, mouse; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins