title: The stroke prognosis instrument II (SPI-II) : A clinical prediction instrument for patients with transient ischemia and nondisabling ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1991 we developed the Stroke Prognosis Instrument (SPI-I) to stratify patients with transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke by prognosis for stroke or death in 2 years. In this article we validate and improve SPI-I (creating SPI-II).
  
  
  METHODS
  To validate SPI-I, we applied it to 4 test cohorts and calculated pooled outcome rates. To create SPI-II, we incorporated new predictive variables identified in 1 of the test cohorts and validated it in the other 3 cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For SPI-I, pooled rates (all 4 test cohorts) of stroke or death within 2 years in risk groups I, II, and III were 9%, 17%, and 24%, respectively (P<0.01, log-rank test). SPI-II was created by adding congestive heart failure and prior stroke to SPI-I. Each patient's risk group was determined by the total score for 7 factors: congestive heart failure (3 points); diabetes (3 points); prior stroke (3 points); age >70 years (2 points); stroke for the index event (not transient ischemic attack) (2 points); hypertension (1 point); and coronary artery disease (1 point). Risk groups I, II, and III comprised patients with 0 to 3, 4 to 7, and 8 to 15 points, respectively. For SPI-I, pooled rates (3 cohorts excluding the SPI-II development cohort) of stroke or death within 2 years in risk groups I, II, and III were 9%, 17%, and 23%, respectively. For SPI-II, pooled rates were 10%, 19%, and 31%, respectively. In receiver operator characteristic analysis, the area under the curve was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.57 to 0.60) for SPI-I and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.65) for SPI-II, confirming the better performance of the latter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with SPI-I, SPI-II achieves greater discrimination in outcome rates among risk groups. SPI-II is ready for use in research design and may have a role in patient counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8025, USA. Walter.Kernan@Yale.Edu
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Kernan
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Viscoli
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brass
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Makuch
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sarrel
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gent
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boden-Albala
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Horwitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*