title: Gastro-oesophageal reflux: clinical profiles and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical features, investigations and outcome of 69 children (40 males, 29 females) with gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOER) referred to a tertiary referral centre in paediatric gastroenterology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of all patients with significant GOER seen at the Paediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children, Hackney Road, London, between December 1994 and August 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age at referral was 16 months. Presenting symptoms were recurrent vomiting (72%), epigastric and abdominal pain (36%), feeding difficulties (29%), failure to thrive (28%) and irritability (19%). Continuous 24-h lower oesophageal pH studies performed in 57 children showed 20 (35%) had a reflux index of between 10% to 20%, 14 (25%) had a index > 20%, and six (11%) had a postprandial reflux index > 10%. Reflux was shown in 38 (62%) of 62 children who underwent barium studies. None had significant anatomical abnormalities, but in the 22 children who had a negative barium studies, six had severe reflux (reflux index > 20%). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed in 47 children showed reflux oesophagitis in 29 (62%), oesophageal ulceration in three, and Barrett's oesophagus in one. All of the children were treated with standard medical therapy. Sixty-six per cent were able to discontinue medication within 12 months and remained well. Four children (6%) required Nissen's fundoplication for failure to respond to medical therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most infants with GOER have an uncomplicated course. False negative results were noted in both pH monitoring and barium meal. Up to 80% of children, with therapy, will improve within 12 months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. LEEWS@medicine.med.um.edu.my
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walker-Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020117:Cisapride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D009853:Omeprazole; D020117:Cisapride