title: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease-type 2. Ultrasound, genetic and clinical correlations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound, genetic and clinical correlations are available for ADPKD-1, but lacking for ADPKD-2. The present study was carried out to address: (i) the age-related diagnostic usefulness of ultrasound compared with genetic linkage studies; (ii) the age-related incidence and prevalence of relevant symptoms and complications; and (iii) the age and causes of death in patients with ADPKD-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and eleven alive subjects, from three ADPKD-2 families at 50% risk, were evaluated by physical examination, consultation of hospital records, biochemical parameters, ultrasound and with genetic linkage and DNA mutation analyses. Nineteen deceased and affected family members were also included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 211 alive members, DNA linkage studies and direct mutation analyses showed that 106 were affected and 105 were not. Ultrasound indicated 94 affected, 108 not affected and nine equivocal results in nine children under the age of 15. For all ages, the false-positive diagnostic rate for ultrasound was 7.5% and the false-negative rate was 12.9%. The difference between ultrasound and DNA findings was most evident in children aged 5-14 years where the ultrasound was correct in only 50% and wrong or inconclusive in the remaining 50%. The mean age of the 106 alive, ADPKD-2 genetically affected patients was 37.9 years (range: 6-66 years). Among them, 23.5% had experienced episodes of renal pain, 22.6% were treated for hypertension, 22.6% had experienced at least one urinary tract infection, 19.8% had nephrolithiasis, 11.3% had at least one episode of haematuria, 9.4% had asymptomatic liver cysts, 7.5% had developed chronic renal failure and 0.9% had reached end-stage renal failure. Of the 19 deceased members, nine died before reaching end-stage renal failure at a mean age of 58.7 years (range: 40-68 years), mainly due to vascular complications, while the remaining 10 died on haemodialysis at a mean age of 71.4 years (range: 66-82 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA analysis is the gold standard for the diagnosis of ADPKD-2, especially in young people. Ultrasound diagnosis is highly dependent on age. Under the age of 14, ultrasound is not recommended as a routine diagnostic procedure, but ultrasound becomes 100% reliable in excluding ADPKD-2 in family members at 50% risk, over the age of 30. ADPKD-2 represents a mild variant of polycystic kidney disease with a low prevalence of symptoms and a late onset of end-stage renal failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demetriou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tziakouri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anninou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eleftheriou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koptides
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Deltas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierides
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016891:Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D004247:DNA