title: Clostridium difficile toxin: cytoskeletal changes and lactate dehydrogenase release in hepatocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have found that Clostridium difficile toxins can evoke hepatocyte acute-phase protein synthesis, and that this effect is dependent on a functioning interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor. The present study was undertaken to determine if C. difficile toxicity, as determined by actin rearrangement and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, also requires a functioning IL-1 receptor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary hepatocyte cultures were prepared from normal mice, knockout mice deficient in the IL-1-converting enzyme (ICE), and knockout mice deficient in the IL-1 p80 receptor. Hepatocytes were treated for 24 h with C. difficile culture extract, purified C. difficile toxin A, or purified C. difficile toxin B. The actin cytoskeleton was examined using confocal microscopy, and LDH release was measured by spectrophotometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. difficile culture extract, toxin A, and toxin B induced collapse of the actin cytoskeleton in hepatocytes from normal mice. Hepatocytes from both the ICE-deficient mice and the IL-1 p80 receptor-deficient mice demonstrated similar responses to both toxins. These toxins also induced significant LDH release in a concentration-dependent fashion in the normal hepatocytes and the ICE-deficient hepatocytes. However, no significant increase in LDH release was observed in hepatocytes from IL-1 p80 receptor-deficient mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C. difficile toxins induce actin cytoskeletal collapse independent of IL-1 or the IL-1 receptor. In contrast, toxin-stimulated LDH release was dependent on the presence of the IL-1 receptor. Thus, separate pathways appear to mediate toxic effects as manifested by actin rearrangement and LDH release.
authors.affiliation: Veteran's Administration Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63125, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Grossmann
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kaminski
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mazuski
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase