title: The development of speech perception in children using cochlear implants: effects of etiologic factors and delayed milestones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Speech perception outcomes for cochlear implantation of children vary over a wide range, and it is hypothesized that central pathologic states associated with certain causes of hearing impairment account for a substantial part of the variance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was carried out to ascertain the relationships between speech perception, etiologic factors, and central pathologic states as indicated by preoperative delayed motor milestones and/or cognitive delays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the pre- and postoperative records of patients attending a hospital cochlear implant clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results for 75 consecutive patients up to age 5 years who underwent implantation were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received a 22-electrode cochlear prosthesis and were seen by the clinic for regular tune-up and assessments. Home- and school-based habilitation was recommended by the clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Speech perception measures were classified on a five-point scale to allow for different evaluation procedures at different ages and developmental stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of motor and cognitive delays were fairly evenly spread across etiologic factors, except for cytomegalovirus, which had a much higher than average incidence. Children with motor and/or cognitive delays were significantly slower than other children in the development of speech perception skills after implantation. Etiologic factors did not have a statistically significant effect on speech perception outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that central pathologic states account for a substantial part of the variance among children using cochlear implants. Specific indicators of central pathologic states should be used to assess a child's prognosis in preference to less specific information based on etiologic factors alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pyman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blamey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lacy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dowell
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003638:Deafness / Q000601:surgery; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*