title: Results of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay and the Balb/3t3 cell in vitro transformation assay for eight phthalate esters.
abstract: Eight phthalate esters, with alcohol chain lengths of 1-11 carbon atoms and with various degrees of branching, were tested in vitro in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma mammalian cell mutation assay and in the Balb/3T3 cell transformation assay. The tests were performed as part of a voluntary testing agreement between the Chemical Manufacturers Association's Phthalate Esters Panel and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The esters tested were: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-¿n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl¿ phthalate (610P), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), di-¿heptyl, nonyl, undecyl¿ phthalate (711P), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-undecyl phthalate (DUP). Both DMP and DBP were found to produce significant increases in the mutant frequency in the mouse lymphoma assay in the presence but not in the absence of an Aroclor-induced rat liver activation system (S-9). Ester 610P gave equivocal results in the mouse lymphoma assay in the presence and absence of rat liver S-9. There was no indication of mutagenic potential for any of the other test materials in the mouse lymphoma assay, and none of the test materials increased transformation frequency in the Balb/3T3 cell transformation assay. Aldehyde metabolites of the de-esterified alcohols are postulated to play a role in the positive results for DMP and DBP.
authors.affiliation: Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY, USA. ebarber@kodak.com
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cifone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rundell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Przygoda
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Astill
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D004952:Esters; D007940:Leukemia L5178; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D010795:Phthalic Acids