title: Small-dose dopamine increases epidural lidocaine requirements during peripheral vascular surgery in elderly patients.
abstract: We studied 20 patients over the age of 65 yr undergoing prolonged peripheral vascular surgery under continuous lidocaine epidural anesthesia, anticipating that the increased hepatic metabolism caused by small-dose IV dopamine would lower plasma lidocaine concentrations. Subjects were assigned (random, double-blinded) to receive either a placebo IV infusion or dopamine, 2 microg. kg(-1). min(-1) during and for 5 h after surgery. Five minutes after the IV infusion was started, 20 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected through the epidural catheter. One-half hour later, a continuous epidural infusion of 2% lidocaine at 10 mL/h was begun. The epidural infusion was temporarily decreased to 5 mL/h or 5 mL boluses were added to maintain a T8 analgesic level. Arterial blood samples were analyzed for plasma lidocaine concentrations regularly during and for 5 h after surgery. Plasma lidocaine concentrations increased continuously during the epidural infusion and, despite wide individual variation, were similar for the two groups throughout the observation period. During the observation period, the mean maximal plasma lidocaine concentration was 5.8 +/- 2.3 microg/mL in the control group and 5.7 +/- 1.2 microg/mL in the dopamine group. However, the mean hourly lidocaine requirement during surgery was significantly different, 242 +/- 72 mg/h for control and 312 +/- 60 mg/h for dopamine patients (P < 0.03). At the end of Hour 4, the last period when all 20 patients were still receiving the epidural lidocaine infusion, the total lidocaine requirement was significantly different, 1088 +/- 191 mg for the control group and 1228 +/- 168 mg for the dopamine group (P < 0.05). Despite very large total doses of epidural lidocaine (1650 +/- 740 mg, control patients, and 1940 +/- 400, dopamine patients) mean maximal plasma concentrations remained below 6 microg/mL, and no patient exhibited signs or symptoms of toxicity. We conclude that small-dose IV dopamine increased epidural lidocaine requirements, presumably as a consequence of increased metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We tested dopamine, a drug that increases liver metabolism of the local anesthetic lidocaine to determine if it would prevent excessively large amounts of lidocaine in the blood during prolonged epidural anesthesia in elderly patients. Dopamine did not alter the blood levels of lidocaine, but it did increase the lidocaine dose requirement to maintain adequate epidural anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Anesthesiology, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, and Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sprung
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bourke
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Schoenwald
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whalley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mascha
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kapural
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D004298:Dopamine