title: Functional anatomy of cognitive development: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify age-dependent activation patterns of verbal fluency with functional MRI (fMRI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Few fMRI language studies have been performed in children, and none provide comparison data to adult studies. Normative data are important for interpretation of similar studies in patients with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 normal children (5 boys, 5 girls; mean age, 10.7 years; range, 8.1 to 13.1 years) and 10 normal adults (5 men, 5 women; mean age, 28.7 years; range, 19.3 to 48 years) were studied on a 1.5-T Signa MRI scanner using BOLD echo planar imaging of the frontal lobes with a verbal fluency paradigm, covert word generation to letters. Studies were analyzed with a cross-correlation algorithm (r = 0.7). A region-of-interest analysis was used to determine the extent, magnitude, and laterality of brain activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children and adults activated similar regions, predominantly in left inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area) and left middle frontal gyrus (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Children had, on average, 60% greater extent of activation than adults, with a trend for greater magnitude of activation. Children also had significantly more right hemisphere and inferior frontal gyrus activation than adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a test of verbal fluency, children tended to activate cortex more widely than adults, but activation patterns for fluency appear to be established by middle childhood. Thus, functional MRI using verbal fluency paradigms may be applied to pediatric patient populations for determining language dominance in anterior brain regions. The greater activation found in children, including the right inferior frontal gyrus, may reflect developmental plasticity for the ongoing organization of neural networks, which underlie language capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA. gaillardw@ninds.nih.gov
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hertz-Pannier
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mott
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: LeBihan
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Theodore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology