title: Bladder volume determination: portable 3-D versus stationary 2-D ultrasound device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate how accurately a portable three-dimensional (3-D) scanner and a multipurpose two-dimensional (2-D) real-time scanner determined bladder volumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled clinical trial, single-blind, crossover design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three inpatients with permanent bladder catheters participated voluntarily in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bladders of 20 patients were filled through an indwelling catheter with 60, 110, 160, 210, and 260 mL sterile normal saline. Volumes were measured twice with each device. Measurements were compared with the actual bladder volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2-D device showed better reproducibility, particularly at lower bladder volumes. The 3-D scanner showed a significant difference between the two measurements at 160 mL (p<.05) and had poor reproducibility at 110, 210, and 260 mL. Both devices overestimated actual bladder volume at fillings of <160 mL and underestimated it at fillings of > or =160 mL. The range between the 25th and 75th percentiles was always larger for the 3-D scanner, except for the 210 mL reading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both devices showed sufficient accuracy for clinical practice. Ultrasound measurements of >110 mL should be followed by catheterization to detect potentially harmful bladder volumes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnider
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Birner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gendo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ratheiser
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Auff
mesh_terms: D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014546:Urinary Catheterization