title: Risk of advanced diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes is associated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism.
abstract: Risk of advanced diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes is associated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS) may be implicated in the development of nephropathy in patients with type 1 or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of IDDM patients were selected to study this hypothesis: cases with advanced diabetic nephropathy (N = 78), cases with overt proteinuria but normal serum creatinine (N = 74), and controls with normoalbuminuria despite 15 years of diabetes (N = 195). Parents of 132 cases and 53 controls were also examined and were used for the transmission disequilibrium test, a family-based study design to test association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined four eNOS polymorphisms, and two were associated with diabetic nephropathy in the case-control comparisons: a T to C substitution in the promoter at position -786 and the a-deletion/b-insertion in intron 4. For the former, the risk of developing advanced nephropathy was higher for C allele homozygotes than for the other two genotypes (odds ratio 2.8, 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.6). For the latter polymorphism, it was the a-deletion carriers that had the higher risk (odds ratio 2.3, 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.0) in comparison with noncarriers. Both polymorphisms were analyzed together as haplotypes in a family-based study using the transmission disequilibrium test. The C/a-deletion haplotype was transmitted from heterozygous parents to cases with advanced diabetic nephropathy with a significantly higher frequency than expected (P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the case-control and family-based studies demonstrate clearly that DNA sequence differences in eNOS influence the risk of advanced nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanchi
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moczulski
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wantman
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Warram
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Krolewski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D004727:Endothelium / Q000201:enzymology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III