title: Critical appraisal of the use of nuchal fold thickness measurements for the prediction of Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nuchal fold thickness is the best ultrasonographic predictor of fetal trisomy 21. However, the risk assigned on the basis of the commonly used threshold of nuchal fold thickness >/=6 mm does not take into consideration the significant associations between nuchal fold thickness and gestational age and between maternal age and Down syndrome. We propose a new method of calculating Down syndrome probability that takes into account both gestational age at examination and previously assessed probability of Down syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nuchal fold thickness was measured at ultrasonographic examination at 14 to 22 weeks' gestation without previous knowledge of the fetal karyotype. Nuchal cystic hygromas were excluded from analysis. Statistical analyses included correlation, logistic regression to control for other ultrasonographic predictors of trisomy 21 and for maternal age, receiver operating characteristic curve, and likelihood ratios (defined as the ratio of the sensitivity to the false-positive rate). P <.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean gestational age at ultrasonography was 16.9 weeks' gestation (range, 14-22 weeks' gestation). Mean (+/-SD) nuchal fold thickness in fetuses with trisomy 21 (4.7 +/- 1.6 mm; n = 29) was greater than in euploid fetuses (3.2 +/- 0.9; n = 780; P <.001). Logistic regression analysis established that nuchal fold thickness was a significant predictor of trisomy 21 independent both of the other ultrasonographic markers and of maternal age (P <.001). Regression analysis showed that nuchal fold thickness was significantly correlated with gestational age among both fetuses with trisomy 21 and euploid fetuses and that the regression line of fetuses with trisomy 21 had a slope similar to that of euploid fetuses. The difference between observed and expected nuchal fold thicknesses on the basis of the biparietal diameter (as a function of gestational age) was used to obviate the confounding effect of gestational age. Differences between observed and expected nuchal fold thicknesses were then used to calculate likelihood ratios. These likelihood ratios could then be multiplied by the individual prior probability to obtain a patient-specific Down syndrome probability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nuchal fold thickness is correlated with gestational age in both euploid fetuses and fetuses with Down syndrome. Use of the difference between observed and expected nuchal fold thicknesses to determine likelihood ratios allows the calculation of individual posterior probabilities of Down syndrome that take into consideration both gestational age and maternal age.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Istituto di Scienze Biomediche San Gerardo, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Piccoli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vergani
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghidini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pezzullo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008423:Maternal Age; D009333:Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011336:Probability; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal