title: Initial stages of tumor cell-induced angiogenesis: evaluation via skin window chambers in rodent models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of information about events that follow immediately after tumor cells are triggered to initiate the process of angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels). Such information is relevant to the issue of when micrometastases vascularize and has implications for the accessibility of micrometastases to various treatments. In this study, we attempted to monitor events at the initiation of angiogenesis at the earliest possible stage of tumor growth in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two different rodent mammary tumor cell lines, R3230Ac from the Fischer 344 rat and 4T1 from the BALB/c mouse, were stably transfected with a gene that encodes an enhanced version of green fluorescence protein (GFP). GFP-labeled R3230Ac or 4T1 cells (about 20-50 cells) were implanted into dorsal skinfold window chambers of Fischer 344 rats or BALB/c mice, respectively. Tumor angiogenesis was then monitored serially and noninvasively for up to 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clear evidence of modification of the host vasculature was observed when tumor mass reached approximately 60-80 cells, and functional new blood vessels were seen when tumor mass reached roughly 100-300 cells. Individual tumor cells exhibited a chemotaxis-like growth pattern toward the pre-existing host vasculature. When ex-flk1 (a soluble, truncated vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor protein known to be antiangiogenic) was injected with the tumor cells, the initial angiogenic and tumor growth activities were inhibited considerably, indicating that angiogenesis inhibitors may halt tumor growth even before the onset of angiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiogenesis induced by tumor cells after implantation in the host begins at a very early stage, i.e., when the tumor mass contains roughly 100-300 cells. Identification of chemotactic signals that initiate tumor cell migration toward the existing vasculature may provide valuable targets for preventing tumor progression and/or metastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. cyli@radonc.duke.edu
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lanzen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012884:Skin Window Technique; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor