title: Urinary diversion and orthotopic bladder substitution in children and young adults with neurogenic bladder: a safe option for treatment?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Combined pharmacotherapy, clean intermittent catheterization and infection prophylaxis is currently the gold standard of treatment for neurogenic bladder. However, as the adolescent gains independence from parental supervision, the intervals of clean intermittent catheterization compliance with medical treatment and regularity of followup examinations may decrease, and neurological and/or orthopedic status may change. This situation sometimes leads to failure of conservative treatment, resulting in incontinence and/or deterioration of the upper urinary tract. A multidisciplinary team was established at our institution 30 years ago to assess all aspects of care for patients with neurogenic bladder, of which urological function is just 1 aspect of the complex problem. Patient desires and essential medical goals, such as preservation of renal function, are considered by this team. An adequate compromise is sought and achieved in some cases by urinary diversion. We investigated the long-term safety of urinary diversion in these patients and its ability to protect the upper urinary tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1967 and 1997 urinary diversion was performed in 149 patients with neurogenic bladder. Mean followup was 11.8 years (range 0.8 to 28.5) in 129 cases. Mean patient age at surgery was 12.1 years (range 0.8 to 20). A colonic conduit was created in 59 patients, mainly before the era of clean intermittent catheterization and continent diversion, while orthotopic bladder substitution was performed in 12 and continent urinary diversion (Mainz pouch I) in 58, of whom 50% were wheelchair bound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The upper urinary tract improved or remained stable in 97% of the renal units in patients with a colonic conduit or Mainz pouch I, and in 95% of the renal units in those with orthotopic bladder substitution. All patients with bladder substitution were continent during the day, 1 required occasional pads at night and 7 of 12 performed clean intermittent catheterization. Complete continence was achieved in 98% of those with a continent stoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After failure of conservative treatment in patients with neurogenic bladder urinary diversion represents a safe long-term compromise. Daytime and nighttime continence is provided by the Mainz pouch bladder substitution and urinary diversion, while the upper urinary tract is protected by antireflux ureteral implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University and Center for Pediatric Neurology, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ermert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Filipas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hohenfellner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000009:adverse effects; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent / Q000009:adverse effects