title: Comparisons of a proposed five-seed assay method with the single-seed and batch assay methods for I-125 seeds in ultrasound-guided prostate implants.
abstract: A simple five-seed assay method was proposed and investigated. A commercial well ion chamber system with an NIST-traceable single-seed calibration constant was used for the single-seed assays. A batch seed holder was used for batch assays. For the five-seed assays, a second single-seed holder was modified such that all five seeds were loaded in a central region of the well ion chamber. Compared with the same seed in the standard single-seed holder, the relative chamber responses for the five seed positions were 0.993, 0.993, 1.000, 1.001, and 0.977, respectively, indicating little or no position-dependent chamber response and no self-attenuation among seeds. Subsequent comparison of assays with the single-seed and five-seed methods indicated only 0.4% difference in charge collection. The five-seed calibration constant was therefore taken to be the same as the single-seed calibration constant. The reproducibility of the five-seed assay method was found to be better than 0.8%. When a dummy seed replaced an active seed, a nearly 20% reduction in charge was found, indicating that the proposed five-seed assay method can detect a dead seed. Clinical comparison of all three assay methods showed that they produced qualitatively the same assay results when the batch assay method was performed with extra care. Compared with the single-seed assay method, the five-seed method is equally simple, rigid, and reproducible, but it demands much less assay time. Compared with the batch assay method, the five-seed method is much more reproducible and reliable because of its rigid assay geometry; it only demands a moderate amount of assay time and can detect dead seeds. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 40 (AAPM TG40) states that, for brachytherapy, ideally every (i.e., 100%) loose seed should be calibrated. For procedures involving large number of loose seeds, it then recommends that 10% of seeds be calibrated. The proposed five-seed assay is very simple to implement. It will facilitate the compliance of the "10%" recommendation from the AAPM TG40; it will make the "ideally 100%" statement from AAPM TG40 a more realistic and practical QA procedure in seed assaying.
authors.affiliation: Alexian Brothers Cancer Care Center, Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007, USA. platolee@ix.netcom.com
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zuhlke
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Moran
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002138:Calibration; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019160:Endosonography; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007456:Iodine Isotopes; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D007456:Iodine Isotopes