title: Development and testing of a clinical tool measuring self-management of heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-management is a primary goal of treatment for heart failure. Yet no measure of self-management in this patient group currently exists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a clinically useful measure of the abilities of patients with heart failure to manage their disease. Self-management in this context was defined as a cognitive decision-making process undertaken in response to signs and symptoms of heart failure. A panel of experts agreed that the process involved 4 distinct stages: recognizing a change, evaluating the change, implementing a treatment strategy, and evaluating the treatment. The tool was developed to reflect this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Face validity of the process model was assessed in a sample of 25 patients with heart failure and used to develop a 65-item tool with 6 subscales. The subscales measure the 4 stages as well as the patients' ease in evaluating the signs and symptoms and their self-efficacy. The tool was pilot tested with 2 samples of patients with heart failure (N = 17; N = 129). Psychometrics of the final tool were then tested in a sample of 127 patients with heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Face and content validity of the tool were demonstrated adequately through this study. Internal consistency scores of the 6 subscales of the Self-Management of Heart Failure instrument ranged from 0.79 (ease of evaluating treatment) to 0.92 (evaluating the change). Reliability could not be calculated for 1 subscale (evaluating the treatment) because of missing data that resulted from patients skipping sections because they had not experienced a symptom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians interested in evaluating the self-management abilities of their patients with heart failure are encouraged to use this tool and to contribute to additional testing.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, San Diego State University, California, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glaser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data