Evasion and exploitation of chemokines by viruses.
Chemokines and chemokine receptors play a critical role in the host defense against viruses by mobilizing leukocytes to sites of infection, injury and inflammation. In order to replicate successfully within their host organisms, viruses have devised novel strategies for exploiting or subverting chemokine networks. This review summarizes various mechanisms that are currently known to be used by viruses for modulating chemokine activities including viral homologs of chemokines and chemokine receptors and soluble viral chemokine binding proteins. Insight into these strategies is providing a wealth of information on viral-host interactions, the function of chemokines in host defense and may help to generate novel anti-chemokine agents for treating against viral diseases or inflammatory disorders.
Lalani
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Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, 94143-0414, USA. lalani@itsa.ucsf.edu
McFadden
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D000818:Animals; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011212:Poxviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*
D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D014764:Viral Proteins; C108059:vMIP-II; C121017:viral chemokine CXC-1, Cytomegalovirus