title: Internal representations: predicting anxiety from children's play narratives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research uses children's story-stem play narratives to examine whether certain specified internal representations of self and experiences will predict later childhood anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five nonclinical children were studied from 5 to 6 years of age. Narratives of the 5-year-old children were coded for negative expectations of self, others, and experiences. Parents and teachers completed the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher's Report Form when the children were 5 and 6 years of age. Mothers completed the anxiety section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children when the children were 6 years of age. Parental anxiety and child temperament were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-year-old child negative expectations significantly predicted mother/father/teacher reports of internalizing and anxiety symptoms and mother reports of separation anxiety, overanxious, and social phobia/avoidant disorder symptoms in the children at 6 years of age, even when anxiety and internalizing symptoms at 5 years of age were entered first in the regression equations. Child negative expectations predicted later anxiety in these analyses better than parental anxiety and child temperament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Child negative expectations may be a risk factor or a mechanism for the development of later anxiety. Children's narratives may be useful for examining such representations and identifying children at risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA. psyslw@gwumc.edu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Emde
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sroufe
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013060:Speech; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology