title: Technologies to minimize blood transfusion in cardiac and orthopedic surgery. Results of a practice variation survey in nine countries. International Study of Peri-operative Transfusion (ISPOT) Investigators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to the discovery in the 1980s that blood transfusion can transmit HIV, there has been increased interest in technologies that reduce the amount of allogeneic blood used during and after surgery. These technologies include drugs (aprotinin, tranexamic acid, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, erythropoietin), devices (cell salvage), and techniques (acute hemodilution, predeposited autologous donation). The purpose of this study was to ascertain the degree of practice variation, if any, that exists for eight technologies in nine countries in orthopedic and cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In each country, either all hospitals or a random sample of hospitals with medical/surgical beds were surveyed between 1995 and 1997. Two instruments were used. The first instrument was a postcard that asked recipients whether the technologies were currently being used in their hospital for orthopedic and/or cardiac surgery to reduce perioperative allogeneic transfusion. The second questionnaire elicited information regarding the degree of use both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Data were collected, entered, and analyzed in each country, with summary results submitted to the Canadian coordinating center on a standardized data collection form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmaceuticals were generally used in a much smaller proportion of hospitals in orthopedic than in cardiac surgery. Aprotinin and tranexamic acid were the drugs most frequently used in cardiac surgery. Nonpharmacological technologies were used to a greater degree than drugs in orthopedic surgery, although there was wide variation among technologies and countries. Acute hemodilution and cell salvage were used in a greater proportion of hospitals for cardiac surgery than orthopedic surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this survey indicate that there is considerable practice variation in the use of technologies to minimize exposure to perioperative allogeneic transfusion within and between countries.
authors.affiliation: Loeb Health Research Institute.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fergusson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hisashige
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koopman-van Gemert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sigmund
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laupacis
mesh_terms: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous / Q000379:methods; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005060:Europe; D006438:Hemodilution / Q000379:methods; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D007564:Japan; D013677:Medical Laboratory Science / Q000379:methods*; D009656:North America; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D065227:Transfusion Reaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D006490:Hemostatics; D004921:Erythropoietin