title: A mechanism for erythrocyte-mediated elevation of apparent viscosity by leukocytes in vivo without adhesion to the endothelium.
abstract: In spite of the relatively small number of leukocytes in the circulation, they have a significant influence on the perfusion of such organs as skeletal muscle or kidney. However, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In the current study a combined in vivo and computational approach is presented in which the interaction of individual freely flowing leukocytes with erythrocytes and its effect on apparent blood viscosity are explored. The skeletal muscle microcirculation was perfused with different cell suspensions with and without leukocytes or erythrocytes. We examined a three-dimensional numerical model of low Reynolds number flow in a capillary with a train of erythrocytes (small spheres) in off-axis positions and single larger leukocytes in axisymmetric positions. The results indicate that in order to match the slower axial velocity of leukocytes in capillaries, erythrocytes need to position themselves into an off-axis position in the capillary. In such off-axis positions at constant mean capillary velocity, erythrocyte axial velocity matches on average the axial velocity of the leukocytes, but the apparent viscosity is elevated, in agreement with the whole organ perfusion observations. Thus, leukocytes influence the whole organ resistance in skeletal muscle to a significant degree only in the presence of erythrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0412, USA. bhelmke@pobox.upenn.edu
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Helmke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugihara-Seki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skalak
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Schmid-Schönbein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001809:Blood Viscosity / Q000502:physiology*; D002196:Capillaries; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D010477:Perfusion; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar