title: Steady-state visual evoked potentials and travelling waves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The amplitude and phase of the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) is sensitive to cognition and attention but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. This study examines stimulus evoked changes in the SSVEP phase topography and the putative role of travelling waves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen subjects viewed a central-field checkerboard and full-field flicker stimulus temporally modulated at the peak alpha rhythm frequency. EEG was recorded from 10 midline scalp sites and the bipolar SSVEP obtained from differences between adjacent electrodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SSVEP phase comprised either progressive variations consistent with travelling waves or a phase reversal consistent with standing waves. The checkerboard pattern elicited travelling wave patterns in 14 subjects with estimated phase velocities ranging from 7 to 11 m/s after correcting for folded cortex. The flicker stimulus elicited phase reversals in 9 subjects, suggesting standing waves. Six subjects demonstrated a phase topography specific to the stimulus with travelling wave patterns associated with the checkerboard and standing wave patterns associated with the flicker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These differences suggest the emergence of travelling and standing waves under different spatial configurations of visual input to the cortex and that wave phenomena contribute to the spatiotemporal dynamics of the SSVEP.
authors.affiliation: Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Australia. burkitg@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Burkitt
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Silberstein
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cadusch
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010775:Photic Stimulation