title: Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging to predict in vivo the response of recurrent malignant gliomas to tamoxifen chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most patients with a malignant glioma spend considerable time on a treatment protocol before their response (or nonresponse) to the therapy can be determined. Because survival time in the absence of effective therapy is short, the ability to predict the potential chemosensitivity of individual brain tumors noninvasively would represent a significant advance in chemotherapy planning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI), we studied 16 patients with a recurrent malignant glioma before and during treatment with high-dose orally administered tamoxifen. We evaluated whether 1H MRSI data could predict eventual therapeutic response to tamoxifen at the pretreatment and early treatment stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients responded to tamoxifen therapy (three with glioblastomas multiforme; four with anaplastic astrocytomas), and nine did not (six with glioblastomas multiforme; three with anaplastic astrocytomas). Responders and nonresponders exhibited no differences in their age, sex, tumor type, mean tumor volume, mean Karnofsky scale score, mean number of weeks postradiotherapy, or mean amount of prior radiation exposure. Resonance profiles across the five metabolites measured on 1H MRSI spectra (choline-containing compounds, creatine and phosphocreatine, N-acetyl groups, lactate, and lipids) differed significantly between these two groups before and during treatment. Furthermore, linear discriminant analyses based on patients' in vivo biochemical information accurately predicted individual response to tamoxifen both before and at very early treatment stages (2 and 4 wk). Similar analyses based on patient sex, age, Karnofsky scale score, tumor type, and tumor volume could not reliably predict the response to tamoxifen treatment at the same time periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to accurately predict the response of a tumor to tamoxifen on the basis of noninvasively acquired in vivo biochemical information. 1H MRSI has potential as a prognostic tool in the pharmacological treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Preul
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Caramanos
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Villemure
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shenouda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langleben
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D013629:Tamoxifen; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline