title: Effect of zopiclone and temazepam on sleep EEG parameters, psychomotor and memory functions in healthy elderly volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increased prevalence of sleep disturbance in old age is accompanied by a higher prescription rate of hypnotics, predominantly benzodiazepines in the elderly. In young volunteers zopiclone exerts a beneficial effect on sleep continuity without suppression of SWS and REM sleep; psychomotor performance and vigilance seemed to be less impaired than under classical benzoediazepines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates the effects of zopiclone on sleep EEG and cognitive performance in comparison to temazepam and placebo in the elderly population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single oral doses of zopiclone (7.5 mg), temazepam (20 mg) and placebo were administered in a randomized double-blind, completely counterbalanced cross-over design to 12 healthy elderly men and women (65.9 +/- 3.6 years, range 60-70 years). On each of the 3 study nights a sleep EEG was registered from 10 p.m. to 6.30 a.m. and cognitive performance tests were applied at 8 p.m., 2 a.m. (when subjects were awake for 30 min), 7 a.m. and 9 a.m.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After zopiclone treatment, sleep continuity had significantly improved and sleep stage 4 was increased compared to temazepam and placebo. In addition, both active substances significantly reduced REM density. Neither active compound substantially altered psychomotor and memory performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zopiclone and temazepam can be considered as effective hypnotics in elderly subjects when administered in that dosage. The superiority of zopiclone on sleep architecture may be related to a more specific action of zopiclone at the GABA-A benzodiazepine receptor complex. The suppression of REM density by both compounds and their subtle effects on cognition may reflect a GABAergic mediated reduction of cholinergic neuro-transmission.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, Department of Depression Research, Sleep Medicine and Neurophysiology, Switzerland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hemmeter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Annen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holsboer-Trachsler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005425:Flicker Fusion / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000187:drug effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects; D013693:Temazepam / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; C515050:zopiclone; D013693:Temazepam