title: The history of thoracic surgical instruments and instrumentation.
abstract: Thoracic surgical practice has evolved from the innovations of its pioneers. Beginning with the stethoscope discovered by Laënnec with his system of auscultation, to the tools we use in the dissection and control of the hilum of the lung for resection, our practice of thoracic surgery has been entwined with the development of instruments and instrumentation. The development of strategies to prevent death from the open pneumothorax began with manual control of the mediastinum and progressed through differential pressure to, finally, the technique of intubation and the methods of positive-pressure and insufflation anesthesia. The instruments we place in our hands are not enough to define our art. Entry into the chest would not be possible without the use of rib retractors, rib shears, and even periosteal elevators. Finally, to the present day of minimally invasive techniques and the application of thoracoscopy for therapeutic purposes, we find the efforts of our predecessors well developed. For the progression from the fear of the open pneumothorax to the present-day state of the ease of thoracotomy for lung resection we are indebted to those who gave so much of their time and, for some, their lives to death from tuberculosis, to allow the advancement of our practice of surgery. These great people should be remembered not only for their acceptance of novel ideas but also, more importantly, for their lack of fear of testing them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Agnes Hospital, White Plains, New York, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hagopian
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Galibert
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Steichen
mesh_terms: D019723:Endoscopes / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D019023:Stethoscopes; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000266:history; D017792:Surgical Stapling / Q000266:history; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013907:Thoracostomy / Q000266:history; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation