title: Brain blood flow patterns after the development of congestive heart failure: effects of treadmill exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with left ventricular (LV) failure, neurohormonal system activation, and diminished exercise capacity. Although alterations in systemic vascular resistive properties have been recognized to occur with CHF, whether and to what degree perfusion abnormalities occur within the brain after the development of CHF remain poorly understood. Accordingly, the present study measured brain blood flow patterns in pigs after the development of pacing-induced CHF at rest and after treadmill-induced exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adult pigs (n = 6) were studied before and after the development of pacing-induced CHF (240 beats/min, 3 wks) at rest and with treadmill exercise (3 mph, 15 degrees incline, 10 mins). At rest, LV stroke volume was reduced nearly 45% with CHF compared with normal (20+/-2 vs. 36+/-3 mL; p<.05) and was associated with a more than four-fold increase in plasma catecholamines, renin activity, and endothelin concentration. At rest, global brain blood flow was reduced with CHF compared with the normal state (1.06+/-0.13 vs. 0.81+/-0.06 mL/min/g; p<.05). At rest, blood flow to the frontal lobe, cerebellum, and medullary regions was reduced by approximately 30% in the CHF group (p<.05). With treadmill exercise, LV stroke volume remained lower and neurohormonal concentrations remained higher in the pacing CHF state. Global brain blood flow increased significantly with treadmill exercise in both the normal and CHF states (4.58+/-1.36 and 2.01+/-0.29 mL/min/g; p<.05) but remained reduced in the CHF state compared with normal values (p<.05). In the CHF group, the relative increase in blood flow with exercise was significantly blunted in the parietal and occipital regions of the cerebrum and the suprapyramidal region of the medulla.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of pacing-induced CHF was associated with diminished brain perfusion under resting conditions and with treadmill exercise. These perfusion abnormalities with pacing CHF were pronounced in specific regions of the brain. The defects in brain perfusion with the development of CHF may contribute to abnormalities in centrally mediated processes of cardiovascular regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Caparas
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Clair
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Krombach
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hendrick
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Houck
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kribbs
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tempel
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Spinale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013552:Swine; D014655:Vascular Resistance