title: Surgical management of biliary gallstone disease during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biliopancreatic gallstone disorders (BPD) manifesting during pregnancy are relatively rare. The management of these conditions remains controversial. Although perioperative problems and fetal loss have been reported, recent publications have advocated an early surgical approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two pregnant women underwent operation for BPD between January 1993 and December 1997. The mean age was 29 years and ranged from 18 to 41 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), and 20 open cholecystectomies (OC), including two conversions from laparoscopic. Seven of the OC patients required additional open CBD exploration and intraoperative choledochoscopy for CBD stones. No maternal mortality was observed. A single fetal demise (3%) occurred for a patient with gallstone pancreatitis who underwent open cholecystectomy during her 14th week of gestation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early involvement of the obstetric team, with preoperative and postoperative fetal monitoring, and adequate management of anesthetic and tocolytic agents make cholecystectomy a safe procedure at any stage of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, LAC/USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90003, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cosenza
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saffari
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jabbour
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stain
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garry
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Selby
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000601:surgery; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors