title: Synergistic effect between intrathecal non-NMDA antagonist and gabapentin on allodynia induced by spinal nerve ligation in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been implicated in the development of neuroplasticity in the spinal cord in neuropathic pain. The spinal cord has been identified as one of the sites of the analgesic action of gabapentin. In the current study, the authors determined the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Also tested was a hypothesis that intrathecal injection of CNQX and gabapentin produces a synergistic effect on allodynia in neuropathic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Allodynia was produced in rats by ligation of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Allodynia was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the left hind paw. Through an implanted intrathecal catheter, 10-100 microg gabapentin or 0.5-8 microg CNQX disodium (a water-soluble formulation of CNQX) was injected in conscious rats. Isobolographic analysis was performed comparing the interaction of intrathecal gabapentin and CNQX using the ED50 dose ratio of 15:1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrathecal treatment with gabapentin or CNQX produced a dose-dependent increase in the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation. The ED50 for gabapentin and CNQX was 45.9+/-4.65 and 3.4+/-0.22 microg, respectively. Intrathecal injection of a combination of CNQX and gabapentin produced a strong synergistic antiallodynic effect in neuropathic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that intrathecal administration of CNQX exhibits an antiallodynic effect in this rat model of neuropathic pain. Furthermore, CNQX and gabapentin, when combined intrathecally, produce a potent synergistic antiallodynic effect on neuropathic pain in spinal nerve-ligated rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eisenach
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: McCaslin
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000085:Acetates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000588:Amines; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077206:Gabapentin; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000588:Amines; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione