title: The subspecialty training, practice type, and geographical distribution of recently trained ophthalmologists: a study of male and female physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the distribution of male and female ophthalmologists with regard to practice type, subspecialty training, rural-urban distribution, and regional distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ophthalmology Matching Program files containing the records of residents who began their second year at accredited programs between 1986 and 1990 (inclusive), were compared to membership files of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Practice locations for each individual were classified according to region, stage, and Rural-Urban Continuum County Code, as defined by the US Department of Agriculture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This cohort comprised 2,494 individuals, 77.1% (1922) of whom were male and 22.9% (572) of whom were female. Group practice was most common (55.9% for women and 61.3% for men). More women were in salaried positions associated with health maintenance organizations (p = 0.006) and academic settings (p < 0.001) than were men. Notable differences in subspecialty choice were restricted to pediatric ophthalmology, chosen three times more frequently by women, and vitreoretinal diseases/surgery, chosen twice as often by men. Only 5.6% of women selected nonmetropolitan practice locales compared to approximately twice that percentage of men. The Middle Atlantic and New England regions attracted more women, while the South Atlantic attracted more men.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gable
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colenbrander
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000193:education; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000639:trends*; D011365:Professional Practice Location; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D014504:Urban Health; D000078329:Workforce