title: Passive stiffness characteristics of ankle plantar flexors in hemiplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility and reliability of ankle plantar flexor stiffness measurements in hemiplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measurements in five consecutive weeks.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In hemiplegia, an equinovarus positioning of the foot might be caused by an increased stiffness of the m. triceps surae.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight hemiplegic patients the net joint torque of passive muscle stretch was measured as a function of ankle-angle by a dynamometer, at both sides. Ankle-stiffness was characterised and also a biomechanical model of the passive muscle was fitted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the vast majority of measurements it was possible to obtain measurements that were not distorted by involuntary muscle contraction. These measurements showed for the angle at which a passive plantar moment of 10 N m was reached a standard error of measurement of less than 2.7 degrees. The muscle model showed the increased stiffness as a shortening of the muscle-fibre-length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feasibility of this method to measure muscle stiffness was fair to good in hemiplegic patients. Provided the abandoning of involuntary muscle activity, the reproducibility warrants application in clinical practice at an individual level. The use of the model relates this changes to a shortened m. soleus and/or m. gastrocnemius. RelevanceEffective clinical decisions for treatment of equinovarus positioning of the foot in the hemiplegic individual, should consider excessive involuntary contractions of the m. triceps surae complex (i.e., spasticity), as well as shortened muscle tissue resulting in high stiffness. Despite the importance of increased stiffness there have been no validated methods of measurement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital "Vrije Universiteit", P.O. Box 7075, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.harlaar@azvu.nl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harlaar
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lankhorst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004548:Elasticity; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*