title: Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and fetal responses in human pregnancy.
abstract: During human pregnancy, maternal and fetal compartments of the human placenta produce and release corticotrophic-releasing hormone (CRH). Elevations of placental CRH are associated with decreased gestational length (including preterm delivery). The effects of elevated placental CRH on human fetal neurological development are not known. Pregnant women in the 31st and 32nd week of gestation consented to procedures for collection of blood and measurement of fetal heart rate (FHR) in response to a series of 40 vibro-acoustic stimuli (VAS). Measures of habituation and dishabituation were calculated from the FHR. All subjects were followed to delivery. Fetuses (N = 33) of women with highly elevated CRH were least responsive (p < .03) to stimulation after presentation of a novel (dishabituating) stimulus with control for parity, fetal gender, medical (antepartum) risk, and gestational length at term. In a larger sample (N = 156) a polynomial model predicted the pattern of FHR reactivity for the first 15 trials. Placental CRH concentration significantly predicted FHR reactivity after controlling for the effects of trial number, baseline FHR, inter-trial interval, and presence of uterine contractions. Increased maternal CRH levels were significantly related to the length of gestation after controlling for the effects of fetal gender, parity, and medical risk (p = .05). The relationship between length of gestation and FHR was not significant suggesting separate actions of CRH on these events. Elevated placental CRH appears to accelerate certain developmental events (gestational length) and may influence the fetal nervous system. The impaired fetal responses to novelty and increased arousal observed in this study suggest that neurological systems may be targets for placental CRH during sensitive developmental periods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA. casandma@uci.edu.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sandman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chicz-Demet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Garite
mesh_terms: D001824:Body Constitution; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000097:blood*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone