title: Biological activities of lipopolysaccharides of Proteus spp. and their interactions with polymyxin B and an 18-kDa cationic antimicrobial protein (CAP18)-derived peptide.
abstract: The saccharide constituents of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Proteus spp. vary with the strain and contain unique components about which little is known. The biological activities of LPS and lipid A from S- and R-forms of 10 Proteus strains were examined. LPS from all S-form Proteus strains was lethal to D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN)-loaded, LPS-responsive, C3H/HeN mice, but not to LPS-hypo-responsive C3H/HeJ mice. P. vulgaris 025 LPS evoked strong anaphylactoid reactions in N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP)-primed C3H/HeJ mice. LPS from S- and R-form Proteus strains induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by macrophages isolated from C3H/HeN but not C3H/HeJ mice. Lipid A from Proteus strains also induced NO and TNF production, although lipid A was less potent than LPS. The effects of LPS were mainly dependent on CD14; LPS-induced NO and TNF production in CD14+ J774.1 cells was significantly greater than in CD14-J7.DEF.3 cells. All LPS from Proteus strains, and especially from P. vulgaris 025, exhibited higher anti-complementary activity than LPS from Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Polymyxin B inactivated proteus LPS in a dose-dependent manner, but these LPS preparations were more resistant to polymyxin B than E. coli LPS. CAP18(109-135), a granulocyte-derived peptide, inhibited proteus LPS endotoxicity only when the LPS:CAP18(109-135) ratio was appropriate, which suggests that CAP18(109-135) acts through a different mechanism than polymyxin B. The results indicate that LPS from Proteus spp. are potently endotoxic, but that the toxicity is different from that of LPS from E. coli or Salmonella spp. and even varies among different Proteus strains. The variation in biological activities among proteus LPS may be due to unique components within the respective LPS.
authors.forename: Anna St
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Swierzko
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Virology Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland, *Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, †Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, ‡Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, §Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 and ∥ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirikae
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Virology Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland, *Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, †Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, ‡Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, §Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 and ∥ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kirikae
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Virology Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland, *Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, †Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, ‡Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, §Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 and ∥ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Michimasa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cedzynski
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziolkowski
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Virology Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland, *Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, †Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, ‡Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, §Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 and ∥ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Virology Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland, *Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, †Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, ‡Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, §Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 and ∥ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusumoto
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Virology Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland, *Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, †Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, ‡Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, §Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 and ∥ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokochi
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Virology Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz 93-232, Poland, *Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, †Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, ‡Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, §Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 and ∥ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakano
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced; D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054804:Cathelicidins; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008050:Lipid A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011511:Proteus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011514:Proteus vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D054804:Cathelicidins; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins; D008050:Lipid A; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; D005688:Galactosamine; D011112:Polymyxin B