title: Synergistic epithelial responses to endotoxin and a naturally occurring muramyl peptide.
abstract: We have investigated the synergistic interactions of a naturally occurring peptidoglycan fragment (muramyl peptide) and bacterial endotoxin in the induction of inflammatory processes within respiratory epithelial cells, at the levels of both signal transduction events and ultimate cellular metabolic effects. The source of the muramyl peptide is Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of the respiratory disease pertussis. During log-phase growth, B. pertussis releases the muramyl peptide tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), which has the structure N - acetylglucosaminyl - 1,6 - anhydro - N - acetylmuramyl - (L) - alanyl - gamma - (D) - glutamyl - meso - diaminopimelyl - (D) - alanine, equivalent to a monomeric subunit of gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan. When applied to hamster trachea epithelial (HTE) cells, TCT and endotoxin were found to be highly synergistic in the induction of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), type II (inducible) nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide production, and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Neither molecule alone significantly triggered these responses. The serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor H7 blocked induction of both IL-1alpha and iNOS. More selective inhibitors of protein kinase C, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase were not capable of blocking the effects of TCT and endotoxin, suggesting that the H7-inhibited component in this pathway is not among the commonly described kinase targets of H7. Treatment of HTE cells with exogenous IL-1 reproduced the induction of iNOS and DNA synthesis inhibition caused by TCT and endotoxin. H7 was not capable of interfering with effects caused by exogenous IL-1, implying that the H7-sensitive step in the pathway is upstream of IL-1 protein production. Similar assays with the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate indicate that it could effectively synergize with endotoxin but not with TCT, suggesting that TCT and endotoxin induce different signal transduction events that combine synergistically. The synergy observed with TCT and endotoxin in epithelial cells is significantly different from their interaction with other cell types, revealing a unique inflammatory response by epithelial cells to these natural bacterial products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Flak
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Engle
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001886:Bordetella pertussis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D004731:Endotoxins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; C033697:sleep-promoting factor S; D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D011493:Protein Kinase C