title: Development of simple cognitive function measures in a community dwelling population of elderly in Spain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and assess the consistency and validity of simple cognitive function measures for an elderly population with low levels of formal education for use in a longitudinal study of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the population longitudinal study 'Growing old in Leganés' (Spain). In 1993, a random sample of 1540 people over 65 was drawn from the City Roll of Leganés from which 1284 (83%) were successfully interviewed. Measures of memory and orientation were based on the SPMSQ (Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire), the Barcelona test and the short story from EPESE (Established Populations Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly). Non-response to a test item was coded as an error. Internal consistency was assessed by factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was examined with multiple linear regressions of the proposed measurements on variables chosen from the existing literature on cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two factors, memory and orientation, emerged from the factor analysis. Internal consistency of the proposed indexes for memory and orientation was acceptable. Memory and orientation scores were summed into one summary index of cognition. Associations between covariates and both cognitive indexes were in the expected direction. Among those highly functional, orientation was influenced by illiteracy due to higher error rates in the time orientation items based on dates; however, memory and summary scores were not significantly different by literacy status. A large proportion of the variance in IADL was explained by the memory and orientation measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The memory and orientation indexes are valid and reliable measurements of cognitive function for use in a population of community dwelling elderly with low levels of formal education and high rates of illiteracy.
authors.affiliation: Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Campus Universitario Cartuja, Granada, Spain. Mvz@easp.es
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Zunzunegui
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez Cuadra
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Béland
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Del Ser
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolfson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology