title: Infectiousness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies concerning the relative infectiousness of HIV-1-positive individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis have produced conflicting results. Thus, we assessed the effect of HIV-1 on the infectiousness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We organised in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, a cohort study of household contacts of HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative individuals with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Household contacts were assessed at their houses at baseline and followed up for 14 months for evidence of M tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis with a multi-step tuberculin skin test, anergy skin test, physical examinations, chest radiographs, and sputum smears.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tuberculin induration of 5 mm or greater was seen in 153 (61%) of 252 household contacts of HIV-1-positive index cases and in 418 (76%) of 551 household contacts of HIV-1-negative index cases (odds ratio 0.49 [95% CI 0.35-0.67], p=0.00001). In multivariate logistic-regression analysis after allowance for between-household variation in tuberculin response, HIV-1 infection of the index case remained inversely associated with the tuberculin response of the household contacts (0.52 [0.29-0.93], p=0.02). When the analysis was restricted to household contacts aged between 2 years and 15 years the adjusted association remained significant (0.37 [0.14-0.98], p=0.04). Among household contacts who had a negative tuberculin skin test at baseline, conversion to tuberculin skin test positivity was less frequent among household contacts of HIV-1-positive index cases (cut-off > or =5 mm: 32/131 [24%] vs 71/204 [35%], p=0.05; cut-off > or =10 mm: 23/153 [15%] vs 55/245 [22%], p=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that HIV-1-positive individuals with tuberculosis are less likely than HIV-1-negative individuals with tuberculosis to transmit M tuberculosis to their close contacts. No changes in the current policy regarding tuberculosis contact tracing are needed in the presence of HIV-1.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Research on Maternal and Child Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. espinalm@who.ch
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Espinal
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Peréz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baéz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hénriquez
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olivo
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reingold
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016358:Contact Tracing; D004293:Dominican Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission