title: Anti-MAM antibodies in rheumatic disease: evidence for a MAM-like superantigen in rheumatoid arthritis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Superantigens (SAg) are potent immunomodulatory microbial proteins that can activate T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes and are known to trigger experimental autoimmune disease. We investigated whether sera from patients with rheumatic diseases contained elevated antibodies to Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (MAM) or staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard ELISA were used to measure IgG responses to SAg and IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors and total IgM and IgG levels. Modifications of standard lymphocyte proliferation assays were used to determine functional consequences of the observed antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibodies to MAM were elevated in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, or healthy controls. Responses to other SAg were also elevated in rheumatic disease sera, but the levels were not specific for a given rheumatic disease. Anti-superantigen antibody levels did not correlate with the presence of rheumatoid factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selected elevation of antibodies to MAM in RA sera suggests that MAM or a MAM-like molecule might be associated with RA, whereas elevation of antibodies to SEA and SEB in sera from patients with rheumatic diseases was less specific.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132, USA. Allen.sawitzke@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawitzke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knudtson
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000941:Antigens; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D011506:Proteins; D018089:Superantigens / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D008934:Mitogens; C052996:Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen; D011506:Proteins; D018089:Superantigens