title: Analysis of annatto (Bixa orellana) food coloring formulations. 2. Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon thermal degradation products by gas chromatography.
abstract: Twenty samples of commercial annatto formulations have been analyzed for m-xylene and toluene using ambient alkaline hydrolysis, followed by solvent extraction and capillary gas chromatography. Fifteen of the samples contained <5 mg/kg toluene, four samples contained between 5 and 10 mg/kg toluene, and one sample contained 12 mg/kg toluene. The amounts found of m-xylene were 200 mg/kg (one sample), 160 mg/kg (one sample), between 30 and 88 mg/kg (four samples), between 7 and 25 mg/kg (seven samples), and <5 mg/kg (seven samples). Bixin-in-oil formulations contained the highest m-xylene concentrations and also gave the largest increase in headspace m-xylene concentration when heated in closed systems. The results are evidence for the thermal degradation of annatto during source extraction and processing, resulting in contamination by internal generation of both bixin and norbixin types with aromatic hydrocarbons. Two samples of norbixin of known production history (i. e., thermal versus nonthermal processes) were analyzed specifically to identify possible differences in their degradation component profiles. They were found to differ significantly in m-xylene content, which is consistent with their respective production histories.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, CSL Food Science Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom. m.scotter@csl.gov.uk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Scotter
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castle
mesh_terms: D031212:Bixaceae; D002338:Carotenoids; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002338:Carotenoids; C054041:annatto