title: Lack of seasonal mood change in the Icelandic population: results of a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of seasonal affective disorder-as measured by the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire-has been found to be unexpectedly low among Icelanders. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to measure seasonal variations in the prevalence of anxiety and depression among Icelanders assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four 1, 000-person cohorts, age 20-70 years, selected at random from the Icelandic National Register, were sent the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale by mail in either January, April, July, or October. Only responses from the 4-week period after each mailing were considered in the subsequent analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean anxiety and depression scores in winter were not higher than those in summer for either sex. There was no significant difference between winter and summer in rates of actual or borderline cases of anxiety or depression or for the two categories combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This lack of seasonality in anxiety and depression is in sharp contrast to findings from similar cross-sectional studies and may reflect the low propensity for seasonal affective disorder that has been described in the Icelandic population.
authors.affiliation: Research Forum and Department of Psychiatry, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oskarsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012621:Seasons