title: Endodermal Nodal-related signals and mesoderm induction in Xenopus.
abstract: In Xenopus, mesoderm induction by endoderm at the blastula stage is well documented, but the molecular nature of the endogenous inductive signals remains unknown. The carboxy-terminal fragment of Cerberus, designated Cer-S, provides a specific secreted antagonist of mesoderm-inducing Xenopus Nodal-Related (Xnr) factors. Cer-S does not inhibit signalling by other mesoderm inducers such as Activin, Derrière, Vg1 and BMP4, nor by the neural inducer Xnr3. In the present study we show that Cer-S blocks the induction of both dorsal and ventral mesoderm in animal-vegetal Nieuwkoop-type recombinants. During blastula stages Xnr1, Xnr2 and Xnr4 are expressed in a dorsal to ventral gradient in endodermal cells. Dose-response experiments using cer-S mRNA injections support the existence of an endogenous activity gradient of Xnrs. Xnr expression at blastula can be activated by the vegetal determinants VegT and Vg1 acting in synergy with dorsal (beta)-catenin. The data support a modified model for mesoderm induction in Xenopus, in which mesoderm induction is mediated by a gradient of multiple Nodal-related signals released by endoderm at the blastula stage.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agius
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oelgeschläger
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wessely
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: De Robertis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004627:Embryonic Induction; D004707:Endoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D055457:Nodal Protein; D020897:Organizers, Embryonic; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055457:Nodal Protein; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C100866:cer1 protein, Xenopus