title: Interleukin-13 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha synergistically induce eotaxin production in human nasal fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing evidence that eotaxin is a key mediator in the development of tissue eosinophilia. However, the mechanism involved in the production of eotaxin has yet to be clarified. Most recently, it has been shown that interleukin (IL) -4 induces eotaxin in dermal fibroblasts. A novel cytokine termed IL-13, which binds to the alpha-chain of the IL-4 receptor, shares many biological activities with IL-4. It is known that fibroblasts express the IL-4 receptor and produce collagen type I upon stimulation with IL-4.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether IL-13, as well as IL-4, are able to induce eotaxin production in human nasal mucosal fibroblasts (HNMFs). Furthermore, we investigated the effect of costimulation of IL-13 and TNFalpha on eotaxin production.
  
  
  METHODS
  HNMFs, isolated from inferior nasal mucosa samples, were stimulated by various kind of cytokines for 1-36 h at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2. The change in the expression of eotaxin mRNA was then evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the Southern blot analysis. The amount of eotaxin in the culture media was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-13 as well as IL-4 dose-dependently induced eotaxin expression in HNMFs. Furthermore, IL-13 and TNFalpha synergistically induced eotaxin expression in HNMFs, while they hardly induced eotaxin expression in endothelial cells, epithelial cells or eosinophils. The synergy was observed when pre-incubation of HNMFs with IL-13 was followed by a stimulation with TNFalpha, or HNMFs were simultaneously stimulated with IL-13 and TNFalpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strongly indicate that IL-13, as well as IL-4, may be important in eotaxin-mediated eosinophilic inflammation in nasal mucosa. In addition, in nasal mucosa, fibroblasts are the major cell source for eotaxin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. terada@med.m.chiba-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Numata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yoshie
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda-Ito
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D002631:Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; C515456:CCL11 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D002631:Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil; D016207:Cytokines; D006023:Glycoproteins; D018793:Interleukin-13; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4