title: Structural changes in porcine bioprosthetic valves of a left ventricular assist system in human patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Porcine, specially manufactured bioprosthetic valves regulate blood flow from the left ventricle to pump sac (inflow valve) and from the pump to the aorta (outflow valve) in a wearable, electrically powered left ventricular support system (LVAS, Novacor). The increased need for long-term circulatory assistance requires information on the evolution of these valves when exposed to specific hemodynamic conditions and inflammatory reactions in the device. The study aim was to examine structural changes in valves from explanted LVASs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients (11 males, two females; mean age 42 years (range: 17-64 years) were supported for a mean of 285 days (range: 37-1,293 days) with LVAS. Histologic sections from explanted inflow and outflow valves were studied immunohistochemically using peroxidase-labeled antibodies and avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex for detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the macroscopically normal inflow valves (11/13), the outflow surface (facing the pump) was covered with a discontinuous deposit of fibrin, macrophages and granulocyte elastase. Fibrinogen, IgG, complement proteins C1q and C3 had infiltrated the extracellular matrix (ECM) between 37 and 1,293 days. The crevices were enlarged during circulatory support, and fibrinogen/fibrin insudations were detected in the spongiosa. The collagen layers in the fibrosa were disrupted after 293 days, and eroded on the inflow surface in the ventricularis after 1,293 days. In a deteriorated valve from a patient with endocarditis, Gram-positive bacteria and metalloproteinases were concentrated in the ECM. In the macroscopically normal (11/13) outflow valves, fibrin and complement proteins had penetrated the ECM from the inflow side (facing the pump), while macrophages and granulocytes were localized mainly on the outflow surface. IgG and complement proteins were detected on and beneath the cusp surface up to 200 days and covered the disrupted ECM as implant time progressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Structural changes appear to progress more rapidly in the inflow than in the outflow of bioprosthetic valves. This difference indicates that the effects of biological factors are modulated by mechanical stress.
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Cardiovasculaire, CNRS UPRES A 7054 - Association Claude Bernard, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moczar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houël
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ginat
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Clérin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wheeldon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loisance
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design