title: Morphologic preservation and variability of human donor retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To facilitate studies of human retina and utilization of human retinal tissue for treatment of retinal diseases, we studied morphologic preservation in postmortem human retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphology of retinas from thirty-one human eyes was examined using light and electron microscopy. The inner and outer retina, rod and cone photoreceptor cells, and central and peripheral retina were compared with regard to morphologic preservation. Possible factors affecting survival were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The earliest postmortem change was vacuolation of the nerve fiber layer within a few hours postmortem, followed by vacuolation and cytoplasmic swelling of the inner retina. As compared with the inner retina, outer retinal structure was better preserved, i.e., the photoreceptor cells maintained better morphology. Rod cell morphology was better preserved than cone cell morphology, with good preservation of the rod outer segment disc membranes and the inner segment mitochondrial membranes. Thus, well-preserved rod photoreceptor cells were evident in specimens at least 48-hours postmortem. Peripheral retina was better preserved than the central retina including the fovea and perifovea. Factors affecting anatomical integrity included the total time postmortem and, more importantly, the time between death and enucleation. Other factors, including age and sex, did not appear to affect morphological preservation in the present study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human retina postmortem remained morphologically intact for a relatively long period of time, with differential preservation among different geographic areas and cell types. This morphologic evidence is consistent with previous findings of functional preservation (e.g. , photoresponses) in such tissue. This study may shed some light on understanding of human retina and its utilization for retinal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. huangjc@pol.net
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Voaden
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zarbin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002470:Cell Survival; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014021:Tissue Preservation