title: Optimists vs pessimists: survival rate among medical patients over a 30-year period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine explanatory style (how people explain life events) as a risk factor for early death, using scores from the Optimism-Pessimism scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 839 patients completed the MMPI between 1962 and 1965 as self-referred general medical patients. Thirty years later, the vital status of each of these patients was ascertained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 839 patients, 124 were classified as optimistic, 518 as mixed, and 197 as pessimistic. Follow-up was available for 723 patients. Among these, a 10-point T-score increase on the Optimism-Pessimism scale (e.g., more pessimistic) was associated with a 19% increase in the risk of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pessimistic explanatory style, as measured by the Optimism-Pessimism scale of the MMPI, is significantly associated with mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruta
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Colligan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malinchoc
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Offord
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013694:Temperament; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology