title: Modulation of the sleep electroencephalogram by estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed an examination of the effects of estrogen replacement on the sleep electroencephalogram in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sleep electroencephalogram was recorded in 11 postmenopausal women with and without estrogen administered by skin patch (50 microg of estradiol per day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estrogen enhanced rapid-eye-movement sleep (50 +/- 4 vs 39 +/- 5 minutes, P <.05) and reduced time awake (12 +/- 5 vs 20 +/- 6 minutes, P <.05) during the first 2 sleep cycles. The normal decrease in slow-wave sleep and delta activity from the first to the second cycle (in percentage from the first cycle) was restored by estrogen (-56% +/- 9% vs -5% +/- 14% and -20% +/- 6% vs -2% +/- 5%; P <.05, respectively). Sigma electroencephalographic activity was increased by estrogen from the first to the second half of the night but decreased during baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estrogen treatment after menopause can help to restore the normal sleep electroencephalogram pattern, which in turn might contribute to improved cognitive functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Antonijevic
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Stalla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steiger
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001831:Body Temperature; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone