title: Frontalis suspension combined with blepharoplasty as an effective treatment for blepharospasm associated with apraxia of eyelid opening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Essential blepharospasm can be associated with apraxia of eyelid opening and is characterized by the inability to initiate the act of eyelid elevation even after cessation of orbicularis spasms. Current therapies such as botulinum toxin injections, orbicularis resection, or neurectomy may be unsuccessful or have undesired side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frontalis suspension was used to treat 13 consecutive patients with apraxia and blepharospasm during a 4-year interval. Follow-up ranged from 16 months to 55 months. To improve the aesthetic outcome, an upper blepharoplasty was done at the same time as the frontalis suspension in 7 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good or excellent functional results were obtained in 10 of 13 patients. In 6 of these patients, the spasm disappeared completely. Therapy was unsuccessful in 1 patient, and in 2 patients blepharospasm recurred after 9 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening may benefit from a frontalis suspension operation, which can be considered minimally invasive and reversible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Groot
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Wilde
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smet
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tassignon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020240:Apraxia, Ideomotor / Q000150:complications*; D019882:Blepharoplasty; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000503:physiopathology; D005206:Fascia Lata / Q000637:transplantation; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome