title: Criteria and benchmarks for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a free-standing ambulatory center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Keys to economic survival in an era of decreasing reimbursement include controlling costs and avoiding complications. In an effort to reduce costs, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been performed with same-day discharge from a hospital setting. The free-standing ambulatory surgery center offers even greater cost savings if safety can be assured. Facility charges, surgical technique and instrument selection influence the costs of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A database was accumulated prospectively on the first 100 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in a free-standing ambulatory surgery center to assess costs, logistical constraints, and safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomies were accomplished in 99 of 100 patients. One patient was suspected of having cancer during laparoscopy and was transferred to a nearby hospital for open cholecystectomy. There were no other postoperative hospitalizations for complications. The fixed facility charge for the procedure was $2,990, and the total costs for all routinely disposable items (gowns, gloves, instruments, and adhesive bandages was $98. The mean OR time was 29 minutes (standard deviation 13.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The free-standing ambulatory surgery center is an appropriate facility for an experienced operating team to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy in selected patients. The surgeon's selection of appropriate energy sources and instruments is essential to complete the operation in a most cost-effective manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Voyles
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019985:Benchmarking; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D003363:Cost Control; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States