title: Mechanism, localization and cure of atrial arrhythmias occurring after a new intraoperative endocardial radiofrequency ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test a new pattern of radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation (AFib) intended to optimize atrial activation, and to demonstrate the usefulness of catheter techniques for mapping and ablation of postoperative atrial arrhythmias.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Linear radiofrequency lesions have been used to cure AFib, but the optimal pattern of lesions is unknown and postoperative tachyarrhythmias are common.
  
  
  METHODS
  A radial pattern of linear radiofrequency lesions (Star) was made using an endocardial open surgical approach in 25 patients. Postoperative arrhythmias were induced and characterized during electrophysiological studies in 15 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AFib was abolished in most patients (91%), but atrial flutter (AFlut) occurred in 96% of patients postoperatively. At postoperative electrophysiological studies, 37 flutter morphologies were studied in 15 patients (46% spontaneous, cycle length [CL] 223 +/- 25 ms). Seven mechanisms (lesions discontinuity, n = 6; focal mechanism, n = 1) of AFlut were characterized in six patients. In these cases, flutter was abolished using further catheter radiofrequency ablation. In the remaining cases, flutter was usually localized to an area involving the interatrial septum, but no critical isthmus was identified for ablation. After 16 +/-10 months, 15 patients (65%) were asymptomatic with (n = 3) or without (n = 12) antiarrhythmic medications. Eight (35%) patients had persistent arrhythmias. Postoperative atrial electrical activation was near physiological.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AFib maybe abolished using a radial pattern of linear endocardial radiofrequency lesions, but postoperative AFlut is common even when lesions are made under optimal conditions. Endocardial mapping techniques can be used to characterize the flutter mechanisms, thus enabling subsequent successful catheter ablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Chard
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome