title: A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep-brain stimulation through an electrode implanted in the thalamus was developed as an alternative to thalamotomy for the treatment of drug-resistant tremor. Stimulation is thought to be as effective as thalamotomy but to have fewer complications. We examined the effects of these two procedures on the functional abilities of patients with drug-resistant tremor due to Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, or multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight patients (45 with Parkinson's disease, 13 with essential tremor, and 10 with multiple sclerosis) were randomly assigned to undergo thalamotomy or thalamic stimulation. The primary outcome measure was the change in functional abilities six months after surgery, as measured by the Frenchay Activities Index. Scores for this index can range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating better function. Secondary outcome measures were the severity of tremor, the number of adverse effects, and patients' assessment of the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional status improved more in the thalamic-stimulation group than in the thalamotomy group, as indicated by increases in the score for the Frenchay Activities Index (from 31.4 to 36.3 and from 32.0 to 32.5, respectively; difference between groups, 4.4 points; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 6.9). After adjustment for base-line characteristics, multivariate analysis also showed that the thalamic-stimulation group had greater improvement (difference between groups, 5.1 points; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 7.9). Tremor was suppressed completely or almost completely in 27 of 34 patients in the thalamotomy group and in 30 of 33 patients in the thalamic-stimulation group. One patient in the thalamic-stimulation group died perioperatively after an intracerebral hemorrhage. With the exception of this incident, thalamic stimulation was associated with significantly fewer adverse effects than thalamotomy. Functional status was reported as improved by 8 patients in the thalamotomy group, as compared with 18 patients in the thalamic-stimulation group (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy are equally effective for the suppression of drug-resistant tremor, but thalamic stimulation has fewer adverse effects and results in a greater improvement in function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schuurman
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bossuyt
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bonsel
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Someren
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: de Bie
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Merkus
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Speelman
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013788:Thalamus / Q000601:surgery*; D014202:Tremor / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*