title: A cross-cultural evaluation of depression in children in Egypt, Kuwait, and the United States.
abstract: The English version of the Arabic Children's Depression Inventory, constructed by Abdel-Khalek, was applied to a sample of 535 U.S. students (11 to 18 years old). Cronbach coefficients alpha were .88, .90, and .89 for boys, girls, and all subjects, respectively. Seven factors were extracted by principal axis factor analysis (Negative mood and self-depreciation, Fatigue, Lack of loneliness, Sleep problems, Weak concentration, Pessimism, and Feeling happy), denoting clear factorial structure; however, the scale was intended to be unidimensional. Sex and racial differences for this American sample were not statistically significant but the correlation of depression scores with age was .22. The scale appears useful in studying depression in American school children and adolescents. Also, cross-cultural differences in childhood depression between samples from Egypt and Kuwait of previous studies and the present American sample were examined. Based on the effect size, female Kuwaiti had a lower mean depression score than either the Egyptian or American groups. The scale can be used in cross-cultural research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Kuwait University, Kaifan, Kuwait.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Khalek
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Soliman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States