title: Oxidative stress during energy impairment in mesencephalic cultures is not a downstream consequence of a secondary excitotoxicity.
abstract: Past studies have shown that inhibiting energy metabolism with malonate in mesencephalic cultures damages neurons by mechanisms involving N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and free radicals. Overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors is known to produce free radicals. This study was, therefore, carried out to determine if N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation triggered by energy impairment was a significant contributor to the oxidative stress generated during energy inhibition. Exposure of mesencephalic cultures to malonate for the minimal time required to produce toxicity, i.e. 6h, resulted in an increase in the efflux of both oxidized and reduced glutathione, and a decrease in tissue levels of reduced glutathione. In contrast, exposure to 1mM glutamate for 1h caused an increased efflux of reduced glutathione, but no changes in intra- or extracellular oxidized glutathione or intracellular reduced glutathione. Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with MK-801 (0.5 microM) during malonate exposure did not modify malonate-induced alterations in glutathione status or free radical generation as monitored by dihydrochlorofluorescein diacetate and dihydrorhodamine 123 fluorescence. In contrast, the increase in dihydrorhodamine fluorescence caused by glutamate was completely blocked by MK-801. Reduction of tissue glutathione with a 24h pretreatment with 10 microM buthionine sulfoxamine, as shown previously, greatly potentiated malonate-induced toxicity to dopamine and GABA neurons, but had no potentiating effect on toxicity due to glutamate. The findings indicate that although oxidative stress mediates damage due either to energy deprivation or excitotoxicity, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor over-stimulation does not contribute significantly to the oxidative stress that is incurred during malonate exposure.
authors.affiliation: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Neurology, Piscataway 08854, USA.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Zeevalk
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Nicklas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008314:Malonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D008314:Malonates; D009498:Neurotoxins; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C030290:malonic acid; D005978:Glutathione