title: Associations between circulating sex steroid hormones and cognition in normal elderly women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide exploratory analyses of associations between levels of several sex hormones and cognitive performance in elderly women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Sex steroid hormones are implicated in the cognitive processes of the adult brain. Comparing cognitive performance across or between conditions associated with different hormone levels, such as phases of the menstrual cycle, surgical menopause, and estrogen replacement therapy suggests conditions with higher levels of estrogen are associated with better verbal memory and possibly worse visuospatial ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors measured circulating sex hormone levels in 39 highly educated, nondemented, predominantly white elderly women. Levels were correlated with neuropsychological performance, controlling for age, education, frequency of prior testing, use of estrogen replacement, and depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High estradiol levels were associated with better delayed verbal memory and retrieval efficiency, whereas low levels were associated with better immediate and delayed visual memory. Levels of testosterone were related positively to verbal fluency. Levels of progesterone and androstenedione were unrelated to cognitive performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both estrogen and testosterone showed associations with cognitive performance. Estrogen may enhance, and depress, specific cognitive skills.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA, USA.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: V W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: F Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Stanczyk
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McCleary
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Murdock
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Buckwalter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones