title: Mitogenic signaling in androgen sensitive and insensitive prostate cancer cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of a specific mitogen activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), in regulating cell proliferation induced by three potentially important prostate cancer mitogens that signal via different classes of receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Androgen sensitive (LNCaP) and insensitive (PC-3) prostate cancer cell lines were used in these studies. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were the mitogenic stimulants and AG1478, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and PD98059, an inhibitor of MEK, were the chemical inhibitors used in this study. Cell proliferation was measured using the WST-1 assay and ERK expression and activation was determined by immunoblotting for phospho- and total ERK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) both enhanced cell proliferation. EGF-stimulation dramatically increased ERK phosphorylation while DHT did not. In the androgen-insensitive cell line, PC-3, EGF- and LPA-induced ERK phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Inhibition of EGF- and LPA- induced ERK activation with the EGF receptor inhibitor, AG1478, or the MEK inhibitor, PD98059, attenuated their proliferative effects. Neither inhibitor had an effect on DHT stimulated cell proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate heterogeneity of mitogenic signaling in prostate cancer cells, and support the hypothesis that androgens and growth factors utilize divergent signaling pathways in prostate cancer to induce proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Luttrell
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011799:Quinazolines; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D011799:Quinazolines; D020032:Tyrphostins; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; C101044:RTKI cpd; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one