title: Development of a clinical instrument to measure heel pad indentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an accurate, reliable, non-invasive, portable instrument to measure heel pad indentation in a clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel instrument was applied to assess heel pad indentation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  For the lack of quantitative biomechanical tools for in vivo assessment, palpation is used to evaluate heel pad stiffness subjectively in everyday clinical practice. Furthermore, previous studies have evaluated heel pad stiffness using non-portable instrumentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cylindrical probe was attached to an electronic force gauge unit that passed through a Perspex plate for placement on heel pad. Displacement of the plate was connected to a linear variable differential transformer. A laptop PC allowed for portability and storage of data. An exponential curve described the force-displacement data. Ten healthy subjects (mean 21. 7; SD, 1.7 years) were assessed on ten separate occasions. The procedure was standardised for subject position and placement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracy and reliability of each device component was established. An intraclass correlation (2,1) of 0.90 and 0.88 demonstrated curve coefficients b1 and b0 respectively. A paired t-test demonstrated no significant difference between the left and right foot coefficients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that each system component could be measured accurately and reliable. Reproducible results were obtained over separate occasions. The study has described a method to analyse the force-displacement curve. RelevanceThe development of a hand-held device may help the clinician to assess heel pad stiffness in the clinical setting. Heel pad stiffness may be associated in the development of plantar heel pain in athletes.
authors.affiliation: University of Teesside, Rehabilitation Research Unit, Middlesbrough General Hospital, TS1 3BA, Cleveland, UK. K.Rome@tees.ac.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rome
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006365:Heel / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male