title: Effects of sleep stage and age on short-term heart rate variability during sleep in healthy infants and children.
abstract: METHODS
  Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive technique that provides a quantitative assessment of cardiovascular neural control. Using this technique, we studied the autonomic nervous system changes induced by sleep in 14 healthy subjects: 7 infants (mean age, 9.40 +/- 2.32 months) and 7 children (mean age, 8.93 +/- 0.65 years) during a standard all-night polysomnographic recording. Our primary aim was to assess the effect of sleep stage and age on short-term HRV during sleep in healthy infants and children. Power spectral density was estimated by autoregressive modeling over 250 consecutive R-R intervals. In this study, we mainly considered two spectral components: the high-frequency (HF) component (0.15 to 0.40 Hz), which reflects parasympathetic cardiovascular modulation; and the low-frequency (LF) component (0.04 to 0.15 Hz), generally considered due to both parasympathetic and sympathetic modulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate was higher (p < 0.01 in all sleep stages) and total power lower (p < 0. 02) in infants than in children. HF power was higher in children than in infants (p < 0.05). In infants and children, the ratio between LF and HF powers changed with the various sleep stages (p < 0.02 in infants; p < 0.01 in children): it decreased during deep sleep and increased during rapid eye movement sleep. However, it was invariably lower in children than in infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that the sleep stage and age both significantly influence short-term HRV during sleep in healthy infants and children. Hence, to provide unbiased results, HRV studies investigating the effects of age on autonomic nervous system activity should segment sleep into the five stages. In addition, despite a relatively small study sample, our data confirm greater parasympathetic control during sleep in children than in infants.
authors.affiliation: II Department of Pediatrics, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy. villamp@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calcagnini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paggi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ronchetti
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*