title: Synthesis of 6-aryloxy- and 6-arylalkoxy-2-chloropurines and their interactions with purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Escherichia coli.
abstract: The phase transfer method was applied to perform the nucleophilic substitution of 2,6-dichloropurines by modified arylalkyl alcohol or phenols. Since under these conditions only the 6-halogen is exchanged, this method gives 2-chloro-6-aryloxy- and 2-chloro-6-arylalkoxy-purines. 2-Chloro-6-benzylthiopurine was synthesized by alkylation of 2-chloro-6-thiopurine with benzyl bromide. The stereoisomers of 2-chloro-6-(1-phenyl-1-ethoxy)purine were obtained from R- and S-enantiomers of sec.-phenylethylalcohol and 2,6-dichloropurine. All derivatives were tested for inhibition with purified hexameric E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). For analogues showing IC50 < 10 microM, the type of inhibition and inhibition constants were determined. In all cases the experimental data were best described by the mixed-type inhibition model and the uncompetitive inhibition constant, Kiu, was found to be several-fold lower than the competitive inhibition constant, Kic. This effect seems to be due to the 6-aryloxy- or 6-arylalkoxy substituent, because a natural PNP substrate adenine, as well as 2-chloroadenine, show mixed type inhibition with almost the same inhibition constants Kiu and Kic. The most potent inhibition was observed for 6-benzylthio-2-chloro-, 6-benzyloxy-2-chloro-, 2-chloro-6-(2-phenyl-1-ethoxy), 2-chloro-6-(3-phenyl-1-propoxy)- and 2-chloro-6-ethoxypurines (Kiu = 0.4, 0.6, 1.4, 1.4 and 2.2 microM, respectively). The R-stereoisomer of 2-chloro-6-(1-pheny-1-ethoxy)purine has Kiu = 2.0 microM, whereas inhibition of its S counterpart is rather weak (IC50 > 12 microM). More rigid (e.g. phenoxy-), non-planar (cyclohexyloxy-), or more bulky (2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy-) substituents at position 6 of the purine base gave less potent inhibitors (IC50 = 26, 56 and > 100 microM, respectively). The derivatives are selective inhibitors of hexameric "high-molecular mass" PNPs because no inhibitory activity vs. trimeric Cellulomonas sp. PNP was detected. By establishing the ligand-dependent stabilization pattern of the E. coli PNP it was shown that the new derivatives, similarly as the natural purine bases, are able to form a dead-end ternary complex with the enzyme and orthophosphate. It was also shown that the derivatives are substrates in the reverse synthetic direction catalyzed by E. coli PNP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, University of Warsaw, Poland. abzowska@asp.biogeo.uw.edu.pl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bzowska
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magnowska
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kazimierczuk
mesh_terms: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011683:Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011687:Purines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011687:Purines; D011683:Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase; C079308:6-chloropurine