title: The gender composition of the medical profession in Mexico: implications for employment patterns and physician labor supply.
abstract: The gender composition of the medical profession is changing rapidly in many parts of the world, including Mexico. We analyze cross-sectional and longitudinal data on sex differences in physician employment from household employment surveys. The results suggest that Mexico is a particularly interesting example of the feminization of physician employment. Female enrollment in medical school increased from 11% in 1970 to about 50% in 1998. The increased participation of women in medicine seems to be accompanied by differences in employment patterns that could generate significant reductions in the total supply of physician hours of service. Women physicians are unemployed at a much higher rate than men and hence account for half of underused physician human capital. The results suggest that improved educational opportunities do not translate automatically into equal employment opportunities.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Knaul
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frenk
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aguilar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D000078329:Workforce