title: Reproducibility and complications in gene searches: linkage on chromosome 6, heterogeneity, association, and maternal inheritance in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
abstract: Evidence for genetic influences in epilepsy is strong, but reports identifying specific chromosomal origins of those influences conflict. One early study reported that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers were genetically linked to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME); this was confirmed in a later study. Other reports did not find linkage to HLA markers. One found evidence of linkage to markers on chromosome 15, another to markers on chromosome 6, centromeric to HLA. We identified families through a patient with JME and genotyped markers throughout chromosome 6. Linkage analysis assuming equal male-female recombination probabilities showed evidence for linkage (LOD score 2.5), but at a high recombination fraction (theta), suggesting heterogeneity. When linkage analysis was redone to allow independent male-female thetas, the LOD score was significantly higher (4.2) at a male-female theta of.5,.01. Although the overall pattern of LOD scores with respect to male-female theta could not be explained solely by heterogeneity, the presence of heterogeneity and predominantly maternal inheritance of JME might explain it. By analyzing loci between HLA-DP and HLA-DR and stratifying the families on the basis of evidence for or against linkage, we were able to show evidence of heterogeneity within JME and to propose a marker associated with the linked form. These data also suggest that JME may be predominantly maternally inherited and that the HLA-linked form is more likely to occur in families of European origin.
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1229, New York, NY 10029, USA. dag@shallot.salad.mssm.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keddache
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinnar
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Resor
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Moshe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harden
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ballaban-Gil
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomasini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dicker
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 / Q000235:genetics*; D005111:Extrachromosomal Inheritance / Q000235:genetics*; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006681:HLA-D Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009035:Mothers; D020190:Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D006681:HLA-D Antigens