title: Histological comparison of corneal ablation with Er:YAG laser, Nd:YAG optical parametric oscillator, and excimer laser.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use histological techniques to assess and compare the ablation depth, local damage, and surface quality of corneal ablations by a Q-switched Er:YAG laser, an optical parametric oscillator laser at 2.94 microm, a long pulse Er:YAG laser, and a 193-nm excimer laser.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human cadaver eyes and in vivo cat eyes were treated with a 6.0-mm diameter, 30-microm-deep phototherapeutic keratectomy ablation and a 6.0-mm diameter, -5.00-D photorefractive keratectomy ablation. Human cadaver eyes were also treated with a 5.0-mm diameter, -5.00-D laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) ablation. Fluences and pulse widths used were 200 mJ/cm2 and 70 ns for the Q-switched Er:YAG, 150 mJ/cm2 and 7 ns for the optical parametric oscillator laser (OPO), 500 mJ/cm2 and 50 microseconds for the long pulse Er:YAG, and 160 mj/cm2 and 20 ns for the excimer laser. In the ablation rate study, 12 porcine eyes were ablated by the OPO laser with a range of layers and at different fluences ranging from 60 to 150 mJ/cm2, all using a 1.5-mm spot on the eye. The ablation depth of these acute ablations was evaluated by light microscopy examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the acute damage study, light microscopy showed a thin surface layer in all samples with minimal thermal damage except on the long pulse Er:YAG corneas. Transmission electron microscopy revealed less than 0.3-microm surface damage for all specimens of both the optical parametric oscillator and the excimer laser samples with no evidence of collagen shrinkage. Transmission electron microscopy showed damage layers of 0.5 to 3 microm for Q-switched Er:YAG and 3 to 10 microm for long pulse Er:YAG. Scanning electron microscopy showed smooth surfaces in all eyes, although the excimer was the roughest. In the porcine eye study, ablations were produced in both PTK and PRK modes with the ablation rate per layer increasing with the fluence. At 120 mJ/cm2, the average ablation rate was 1.9 microm per layer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The histology from the short pulse mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator laser at 2.94 microm was comparable to the 193-nm excimer with a smooth, damage-free, ablation zone when performing PRK and LASIK.
authors.affiliation: IRVision, Inc., San Jose, CA 95131, USA.
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Telfair
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nordquist
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Eiferman
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zenzie
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003315:Cornea / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D054018:Lasers, Excimer; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018903:Photorefractive Keratectomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014945:Wound Healing