title: Monooxygenases play only a minor role in resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.
abstract: We investigated the role of monooxygenases in resistance to synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. We found that monooxygenases play only a minor role in resistance to SPs in both resistant and susceptible strains of B. microplus. We blocked the monooxygenases with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and simultaneously applied the SPs, flumethrin and cypermethrin to larval B. microplus. PBO increased the effect of flumethrin (synergism ratios 2.7-8.9) more than it increased the effect of cypermethrin (synergism ratios 1.9-3.1). Of the four strains tested, Parkhurst, which is resistant to SPs, was the least affected by the addition of PBO (synergism ratios after cypermethrin was applied 1.9; after flumethrin 2.7) whereas N.R.F.S., the strain susceptible to SPs, was the most affected by synergism between PBO and SPs (synergism ratio after cypermethrin was applied 3.1; after flumethrin 8.9). We hypothesize that B. microplus lacks monooxygenases capable of conferring resistance to SPs because it and its recent ancestors were blood-feeders rather than herbivores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. andreac@vt.edu
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Crampton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018884:Ixodes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; C041392:flumethrin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases