title: Fear conditioned potentiation of the acoustic blink reflex in patients with cerebellar lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the human cerebellum takes part in fear conditioned potentiation of the acoustic blink reflex.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 10 cerebellar patients (eight patients with lesions involving the medial cerebellum, two patients with circumscribed lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres) was compared with a group of 16 age and sex matched healthy control subjects. The fear conditioned potentiation paradigm consisted of three phases. During the first, habituation phase subjects received 20 successive acoustic blink stimuli. In the subsequent fear conditioning phase, subjects passed through 20 paired presentations of the unconditioned fear stimulus (US; an electric shock) and the conditioned stimulus (CS; a light). Thereafter, subjects underwent the potentiation phase, which consisted of a pseudorandom order of 12 trials of the acoustic blink stimulus alone, 12 acoustic blink stimuli paired with the conditioned stimulus, and six conditioned stimuli paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The EMG of the acoustic blink reflex was recorded at the orbicularis oculi muscles. The potentiation effect was determined as the difference in normalised peak amplitude of the blink reflex evoked by pairs of CS and acoustic blink stimuli and evoked by the acoustic stimulus alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the habituation phase, short term habituation of the acoustic blink reflex was preserved in all cerebellar patients. However, in the potentiation phase, the potentiation effect of the blink reflex was significantly reduced in patients with medial cerebellar lesions compared with the controls (mean (SD) potentiation effect (%), patients: -6.4 (15.3), controls: 21.6 (35.6)), but was within normal limits in the two patients with lateral lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that the human medial cerebellum is involved in associative learning of non-specific aversive reactions-that is, the fear conditioned potentiation of the acoustic blink reflex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Essen, Germany. matthias.maschke@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maschke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drepper
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kindsvater
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Diener
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Timmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology