title: Translation to Spanish, reproducibility, and cross-cultural adaptation of the Miller-Rahe Recent Life Change Questionnaire in Venezuela.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To translate into Spanish a version of the Miller-Rahe Recent Life Change Questionnaire and to adapt it to Venezuelan cultural values.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Spanish version and cross-cultural adaptation of the Miller-Rahe Recent Life Change Questionnaire was done following recently proposed guidelines to preserve semantic, idiomatic, and conceptual equivalence in translations of health assessment instruments. We performed one or more translations into the new language, as well as back-translation, test-retest reliability, and weighting score for the translated instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A Spanish version of the Recent Life Change Questionnaire was obtained. Validity of translations was demonstrated with a significant agreement for the nonliteral translations (kappa value = 0.97, P < 0.05). The conceptual equivalence was demonstrated by significant agreement in the back-translations (kappa value = 0.84, P < 0.05). The translated instrument met acceptable levels of reliability, as assessed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (> 0.60 for all categories of the questionnaire). The cross-cultural adaptation of the translated instrument required addition and exclusion of items as well as changes of the ranking and scaling of life units in the original questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A valid and reliable Spanish version of the Miller-Rahe Recent Life Change Questionnaire was produced and adapted to Venezuelan cultural values.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Reumáticas, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating; D014687:Venezuela