title: Characterization of the unfolding pathway of the cell-cycle protein p13suc1 by molecular dynamics simulations: implications for domain swapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The p13suc1 gene product is a member of the cks (cyclin-dependent protein kinase subunit) protein family and has been implicated in regulation of the cell cycle. Various crystal structures of suc1 are available, including a globular, monomeric form and a beta-strand exchanged dimer. It has been suggested that conversions between these forms, and perhaps others, may be important in the regulation of the cell cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have undertaken molecular dynamics simulations of protein unfolding to investigate the conformational properties of suc1. Unfolding transition states were identified for each of four simulations. These states contain some native secondary structure, primarily helix alpha1 and the core of the beta sheet. The hydrophobic core is loosely packed. Further unfolding leads to an intermediate state that is slightly more expanded than the transition state, but with considerably fewer nonlocal, tertiary packing contacts and less secondary structure. The helices are fluctuating but partially formed in the denatured state and beta2 and beta4 remain associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that suc1 folds by a nucleation-condensation mechanism, similar to that observed for two-state folding proteins. However, suc1 forms an intermediate during unfolding and contains considerable residual structure in the denatured state. The stability of the beta2-beta4 residual structure is surprising, because beta4 is the strand involved in domain swapping. This stability suggests that the domain-swapping event, if physiologically relevant, may require the assistance of additional factors in vivo or occur early in the folding process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA.
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Daggett
mesh_terms: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000737:chemistry; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C051655:Suc1 protein, S pombe