title: A new sensitive and specific combination of CD81/CD56/CD45 monoclonal antibodies for detecting circulating neuroblastoma cells in peripheral blood using flow cytometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensive chemoradiotherapy followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplantation has been introduced to treat children with advanced neuroblastoma (NBL). Detection of NBL cells in peripheral blood (PB) is important to prevent reinfusion of NBL cells. Several immunologic methods have been proposed for detecting NBL cells in hematologic samples. The development of a sensitive and specific combination of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) for detecting small numbers of NBL cells in PB using flow cytometry remains an important challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one clinical samples from NBL tissues or smears containing NBL cells were examined for reactivity against CD81, CD56, and CD9 using an immunocytochemical technique. The expressions of CD81, CD56, CD9, and antihuman disialoganglioside GD2 MoAb (GD2) in five NBL cell lines were assayed by flow cytometry. For the evaluation of sensitivity, five NBL cell lines were added to normal PB and the detection level of the combination of CD81/CD56/CD45 MoAbs was compared with that of CD9/CD56/CD45 MoAbs (reported previously). One hundred thirty-three normal PB samples were examined to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All NBL cell lines showed strong positivity with CD81 and CD56 MoAb. However, CD9 MoAb was weakly positive against the five NBL cell lines. GD2 MoAb reacted strongly with four NBL cell lines, although almost the entire cell population of the SK-N-SH NBL line failed to bind the GD2 MoAb. In vitro experiments using NBL cell lines demonstrated that tumor cells added to normal PB cells could be detected by flow cytometry using CD81/CD56/CD45 MoAbs even at a concentration of 0.005%. Through comparative studies, the combination of CD81/CD56/CD45 MoAbs was found to be more sensitive and specific than that of CD9/CD56/CD45 MoAbs for detecting small numbers of NBL cells using the above cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Triple-color flow cytometric analysis using CD81/CD56/CD45 MoAbs is useful for detecting NBL cells in PB. Further studies testing this approach using samples of PB with NBL contamination are needed to test this approach in patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohnuma
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayabuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kigasawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000276:immunology*; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D060225:Tetraspanin 28
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D019002:CD56 Antigen; C554798:CD81 protein, human; D005732:Gangliosides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D060225:Tetraspanin 28; C019403:ganglioside, GD2; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens