title: Diagnosis of Wilson's disease: an experience over three decades.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wilson's disease is a rare but treatable condition that often presents diagnostic dilemmas. These dilemmas have for the most part not been resolved by the identification and cloning of the Wilson's disease gene.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience over three decades with patients with Wilson's disease in order to illustrate the diverse patterns of presentation and thereby broaden the approach to diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and laboratory findings of 30 patients with Wilson's disease were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty two patients presented with liver manifestations (eight with fulminant hepatic failure and 14 with chronic liver disease), three with neurological disease, and one with haemolysis; four were asymptomatic siblings of patients with Wilson's disease. Seventy per cent were diagnosed within six months of the onset of symptoms, but diagnosis was delayed for up to nine years. Age range at diagnosis was wide (7-58 years) and five patients were over 40. In patients presenting with non-fulminant disease, 18% had neither Kayser-Fleischer rings nor low caeruloplasmin concentrations. Increased liver copper concentrations were found in all but one patient who had undergone six years of penicillamine treatment. In fulminant hepatic failure (n=8) additional features helpful in the diagnosis included evidence of haemolysis, increased urinary copper (range 844-9375 microg/24 h), and a high non-caeruloplasmin copper (range 325-1743 microg/l).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of Wilson's disease still depends primarily on the evaluation of clinical and laboratory evidence of abnormal copper metabolism. No one feature is reliable, but the diagnosis can usually be made provided that it is suspected. Wilson's disease should be considered in patients of any age with obscure hepatic or neurological abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Transplantation, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, West Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gow
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Smallwood
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Angus
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sewell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003300:Copper