title: Xenon does not alter cardiac function or major cation currents in isolated guinea pig hearts or myocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The noble gas xenon (Xe) has been used as an inhalational anesthetic agent in clinical trials with little or no physiologic side effects. Like nitrous oxide, Xe is believed to exert minimal unwanted cardiovascular effects, and like nitrous oxide, the vapor concentration to achieve 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for Xe in humans is high, i.e., 70-80%. In the current study, concentrations of up to 80% Xe were examined for possible myocardial effects in isolated, erythrocyte-perfused guinea pig hearts and for possible effects on altering major cation currents in isolated guinea pig cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated guinea pigs hearts were perfused at 70 mm Hg via the Langendorff technique initially with a salt solution at 37 degrees C. Hearts were then perfused with fresh filtered (40-microm pore) and washed canine erythrocytes diluted in the salt solution equilibrated with 20% O2 in nitrogen (control), with 20% O2, 40% Xe, and 40% N2, (0.5 MAC), or with 20% O2 and 80% Xe (1 MAC), respectively. Hearts were perfused with 80% Xe for 15 min, and bradykinin was injected into the blood perfusate to test endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, 80% Xe was tested for effects on the cardiac ion currents, the Na+, the L-type Ca2+, and the inward-rectifier K+ channel, in guinea pig myocytes suffused with a salt solution equilibrated with the same combinations of Xe, oxygen, and nitrogen as above.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In isolated hearts, heart rate, atrioventricular conduction time, left ventricular pressure, coronary flow, oxygen extraction, oxygen consumption, cardiac efficiency, and flow responses to bradykinin were not significantly (repeated measures analysis of variance, P>0.05) altered by 40% or 80% Xe compared with controls. In isolated cardiomyocytes, the amplitudes of the Na+, the L-type Ca2+, and the inward-rectifier K+ channel over a range of voltages also were not altered by 80% Xe compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike hydrocarbon-based gaseous anesthetics, Xe does not significantly alter any measured electrical, mechanical, or metabolic factors, or the nitric oxide-dependent flow response in isolated hearts, at least partly because Xe does not alter the major cation currents as shown here for cardiac myocytes. The authors' results indicate that Xe, at approximately 1 MAC for humans, has no physiologically important effects on the guinea pig heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 53226, USA.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stowe
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Rehmert
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Weigt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgieff
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Bosnjak
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000187:drug effects; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014978:Xenon / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D007473:Ion Channels; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D015222:Sodium Channels; D014978:Xenon; D001920:Bradykinin