title: Proximal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on the early risk behaviors for later substance abuse, depression, and antisocial behavior.
abstract: We assessed the immediate effects of two universal, first-grade preventive interventions on the proximal targets of poor achievement, concentration problems, aggression, and shy behaviors, known early risk behaviors for later substance use/abuse, affective disorder, and conduct disorder. The classroom-centered (CC) intervention was designed to reduce these early risk behaviors by enhancing teachers' behavior management and instructional skills, whereas the family-school partnership (FSP) intervention was aimed at improving parent-teacher communication and parental teaching and child behavior management strategies. Over the course of first and second grades, the CC intervention yielded the greatest degree of impact on its proximal targets, whereas the FSP's impact was somewhat less. The effects were influenced by gender and by preintervention levels of risk. Analyses of implementation measures demonstrated that greater fidelity to the intervention protocols was associated with greater impact on behavior ratings and on achievement scores, thus providing some evidence of specificity in the effect of the interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ialongo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Werthamer
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kellam
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D015142:Baltimore; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*