title: Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A growing body of preclinical research suggests that brain glutamate systems may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressants. This is the first placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial to assess the treatment effects of a single dose of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist in patients with depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven subjects with major depression completed 2 test days that involved intravenous treatment with ketamine hydrochloride (.5 mg/kg) or saline solutions under randomized, double-blind conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with depression evidenced significant improvement in depressive symptoms within 72 hours after ketamine but not placebo infusion (i.e., mean 25-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores decreased by 14 +/- SD 10 points vs. 0 +/- 12 points, respectively during active and sham treatment).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a potential role for NMDA receptor-modulating drugs in the treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: Abraham Ribicoff Center Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit of the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven 06519, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cappiello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Heninger
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Krystal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007649:Ketamine