title: Death in two Canadian intensive care units: institutional difference and changes over time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study and compare the mode of death in two different institutions' intensive care units (ICUs) for the two time periods, 1988 and 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical/surgical/trauma ICUs in two tertiary care teaching hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients dying in the medical/surgical/trauma ICUs between January 1, 1988 and December 31, 1988; and January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1993. Data collection included demographics, origin of admission, date of ICU admission, date of death, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III diagnostic categories, APACHE II physiologic variables, organ system failures present at the time of admission and 24 hrs before death, and mode of dying. APACHE II scores and mortality risk were calculated. Data analysis included a multiple analysis of variance to assess overall effect, with subsequent analyses of variance to assess the effect of institution and year on each individual dependent variable. All results are reported as mean +/- SEM values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 439 charts were reviewed. Gender, age, and origin of admission were not different between the 2 yrs or the two institutions. Mean APACHE II scores and organ system failures were lower at Hospital A in 1998 vs. Hospital B, as was predicted mortality. These factors increased at Hospital A in 1993 and were similar to those at Hospital B. Withdrawal of support was much more common in 1993 than 1988 at both institutions (43% at Hospital A and 46% at Hospital B in 1988 vs. 66% at A and 80% at B in 1993), increasing to a greater extent in 1993 at Hospital B (p<.05). Length of stay in the ICU was significantly longer at Hospital A than at Hospital B in 1988 (9.4+/-1.4 vs. 4.3+/-0.6 days; p<.05) and in 1993 (8.2+/-2.9 vs. 3.8+/-0.5 days; p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been an increase in withdrawal of life support, in recent years, at both the institutions studied. Differences exist between institutions with respect to end-of-life decisions in the ICU. These differences are likely representative of widely prevalent regional differences and are the result of many factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tarshis
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mazer
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Szalai
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D003657:Decision Making; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D012189:Retrospective Studies