title: Sonography, CT, and MR imaging: a prospective comparison of neonates with suspected intracranial ischemia and hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sonography, CT, and MR imaging are commonly used to screen for neonatal intracranial ischemia and hemorrhage, yet few studies have attempted to determine which imaging technique is best suited for this purpose. The goals of this study were to compare sonography with CT and MR imaging prospectively for the detection of intracranial ischemia or hemorrhage and to determine the prognostic value(s) of neuroimaging in neonates suspected of having hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven neonates underwent CT (n = 26) or MR imaging (n = 24) or both (n = 3) within the first month of life for suspected HII. Sonography was performed according to research protocol within an average of 14.4 +/- 9.6 hours of CT or MR imaging. A kappa analysis of interobserver agreement was conducted using three independent observers. Infants underwent neurodevelopmental assessment at ages 2 months (n = 47) and 2 years (n = 26).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT and MR imaging had significantly higher interobserver agreement (P < .001) for cortical HII and germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) (Grades I and II) compared with sonography. MR imaging and CT revealed 25 instances of HII compared with 13 identified by sonography. MR imaging and CT also revealed 10 instances of intraparenchymal hemorrhage (>1 cm, including Grade IV GMH) compared with sonography, which depicted five. The negative predictive values of neuroimaging, irrespective of technique used, were 53.3% and 58.8% at the 2-month and 2-year follow-up examinations, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT and MR imaging have significantly better interobserver agreement for cortical HII and GMH/intraventricular hemorrhage and can reveal more instances of intraparenchymal hemorrhage compared with sonography. The absence of neuroimaging findings on sonograms, CT scans, or MR images does not rule out later neurologic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Blankenberg
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bracci
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: D'Arceuil
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Rhine
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Norbash
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Person
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coutant
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Enzmann
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004453:Echoencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed