title: Oestradiol skin delivery from ultradeformable liposomes: refinement of surfactant concentration.
abstract: The aims of this study were to refine ultradeformable liposomes for oestradiol skin delivery and to evaluate Span 80 and Tween 80 as edge activators compared with sodium cholate. Vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) mixed with edge activators and oestradiol were prepared. Entrapment efficiency and vesicle size were determined. Interactions between activators and vesicles were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Transepidermal permeation of oestradiol from vesicles was studied compared to saturated aqueous control in vitro. The maximum flux (J(max)) and its time (T(max)) were calculated from the flux curves and skin deposition was assessed. The compositions of refined formulations were predicted, liposomes prepared, and tested against control. Entrapment efficiency depended on PC concentration with some contribution from sodium cholate and Tween 80. Vesicle sizes ranged from 124 to 135 nm. Edge activators interacted with lipid bilayers and disrupted packing. The refined edge activator concentrations in PC vesicles were 14.0, 13.3 and 15.5% w/w for sodium cholate, Span 80 and Tween 80, respectively; they increased J(max) by 18, 16 and 15-fold and skin deposition by 8, 7 and 8-fold compared with control. Ultradeformable vesicles thus improved skin delivery of oestradiol compared to control and Span 80 and Tween 80 were equivalent to sodium cholate as edge-activators.
authors.affiliation: Drug Delivery Group, Postgraduate Studies in Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: El Maghraby
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005079:Excipients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006601:Hexoses / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D020358:Sodium Cholate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014316:Tritium; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D006601:Hexoses; D008081:Liposomes; D011136:Polysorbates; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; C018665:sorbitan monooleate; D014316:Tritium; D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; D004958:Estradiol; D020358:Sodium Cholate