title: Fetal versus maternal determinants of the reduced fetal and placental growth in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies indicate that a reduced birth weight and enlarged placenta increase the likelihood of human cardiovascular disease later in life. The relative importance of fetal versus maternal factors in these phenomena is not known. To assess the relative role of genotypic versus environmental factors in this effect, we examined whether the altered fetal and placental growth rates and amniotic fluid volume of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) fetuses of the Okamoto strain, are modified by gestation in normotensive Wistar- Kyoto (WKY) rat mothers and vice versa.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-day-old SHR embryos were gestated for 16 days in either SHR or WKY recipients. Similarly, 1-day-old WKY rat embryos were gestated for 16 days in either SHR or WKY surrogates. At 16 days, fetal and placental weights were recorded. Paternal and maternal donor and recipient blood pressures, maternal body weight and average litter size within the four groups were also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  One cell SHR and WKY embryos were harvested from timed matings and transferred to psuedopregnant mothers of the same or opposite strain. Timed matings required routine vaginal smears for the detection of proestrus and the presence of sperm following overnight matings. Harvested embryos were temporarily maintained in culture medium in a 37 degrees C incubator until injection into the oviduct of recipients. Blood pressures were meaured using indirect tail-cuff plethysmography and a computerized data acquisition system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SHR fetal and placental weights at 16 days gestation were significantly lower than WKY fetal and placental weights, irrespective of maternal strain. At 16 days of gestation, the fetal and placental weights of SHR fetuses gestated in WKY rat surrogate mothers (0.21 +/- 0.01 g and 0.19 +/- 0.01 g, respectively) were not significantly different from those of SHR gestated in a surrogate SHR mother (0.21 +/- 0.01 g and 0.18 +/- 0.01 g, respectively). Similarly, the fetal and placental weights of WKY fetuses gestated in a WKY rat (0.27 +/- 0.01 g and 0.25 +/- 0.01 g, respectively) were unaltered by gestation in a SHR recipient (0.25 +/- 0.01 g and 0.23 +/- 0.01 g, respectively). The amniotic fluid volumes of SHR gestated in WKY rats and those of WKY fetuses gestated in SHR were not significantly different to each other (0.37 +/- 0.01 ml versus 0.38 +/- 0.01 ml, respectively) and were intermediate between the values for SHR and WKY fetuses gestated in a mother of the same strain (0.34 +/- 0.01 ml versus 0.44 +/- 0.02 ml, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SHR fetus exhibited reduced growth rate and placental size irrespective of maternal surrogate strain, suggesting that these measures are likely to be determined by the fetus or the placenta and, presumably, are independent of maternal blood pressure or altered electrolyte and hormonal milieu.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. robertdn@clyde.its.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Nicolantonio
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koutsis
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wlodek
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D010920:Placenta / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010929:Placentation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY