title: Vagal withdrawal during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are at risk of developing cardiorespiratory complications, but the mechanism is still unknown. Treatment with metoprolol 2 h before the endoscopy has been shown to decrease the incidence of myocardial ischaemia during ERCP. The present study evaluated whether the endoscopic stress would decrease vagal tone and whether metoprolol given before the procedure could prevent this defence-like reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients were randomized to receive either placebo or 100 mg metoprolol 2 h before ERCP. During ERCP the patients were monitored with a Holter tape recorder. Holter tapes from 31 patients (16 receiving metoprolol) were available to analyse the ratio of the standard deviations of the RR intervals (SDRR) to the mean RR intervals (measure of vagal tone) during ERCP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decreased vagal tone during the ERCP was found, but we observed no difference between the metoprolol and the placebo group. For both groups the lowest vagal tone occurred at maximum heart rate during endoscopy. The SDRR/meanRR ratio returned towards base line for the subsequent 60 min after endoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The existence of a defence-like reaction ('vagal withdrawal') during ERCP has been shown. Metoprolol given 2 h before the procedure did not affect the occurrence of this phenomenon. The interaction of other periendoscopic factors is still unclear and should be studied further.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D008790:Metoprolol