title: Phase I and pharmacologic study of oral fluorouracil on a chronic daily schedule in combination with the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inactivator eniluracil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, and pharmacokinetics of oral fluorouracil (5-FU) administered twice daily in combination with oral eniluracil, an inactivator of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, administered for 28 days every 35 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral 5-FU 1.35 mg/m(2) twice daily was administered with oral eniluracil 10 mg daily for 14 to 28 days, followed by a 1-week rest period. Eniluracil was started 1 day before 5-FU. Patients then received escalated doses of oral 5-FU 1. 35 to 1.8 mg/m(2) twice daily with an increased dose of eniluracil 10 mg twice daily for 28 days. A reduced dose of 5-FU 1.0 mg/m(2) with eniluracil 20 mg twice daily was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six patients with solid malignancies were enrolled onto the study. Diarrhea was the principal dose-limiting toxicity of oral 5-FU and eniluracil given on this chronic schedule. The recommended phase II dose is 5-FU 1.0 mg/m(2) twice daily with eniluracil 20 mg twice daily. Mean (SD) values for terminal half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and systemic clearance of 4.5 hours (0.83 hours), 19 L/m(2) (3.0 L/m(2)), and 51 mL/min/m(2) (13 mL/min/m(2)), respectively. An average of 77% of 5-FU was excreted unchanged in urine after 28 days of treatment. The mean (range) 5-FU C(SS,min) values achieved at the 1.0 mg/m(2) dose level were 22 ng/mL (8 to 38 ng/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic oral administration of 5-FU with oral eniluracil is tolerable and produces 5-FU steady-state concentrations similar to those achieved with protracted intravenous administration of 5-FU on clinically relevant dose schedules. Eniluracil provides an attractive means of administering 5-FU on protracted schedules.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD 21207, USA. sdbaker@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Diasio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Khor
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sartorius
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Donehower
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Grochow
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hohneker
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rowinsky
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012074:Remission Induction; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014498:Uracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C073482:eniluracil; D014498:Uracil; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D005472:Fluorouracil