title: Influence of attention and judgment on perception of breathlessness in healthy individuals and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive processes mediate judgments of sensation intensity and the perception of breathlessness. These processes depend on focused attention to make a determination, which has not been systematically investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of attention on the perception of breathlessness given alterations in attentional focus based on the subject's experience with the perception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnitude estimation techniques with inspiratory airflow resistance were used to examine the influence of variations in attentional focus on the judgments associated with the perception of breathlessness. Two experimental magnitude estimation conditions were used to alter the focus of attention and compare it with traditional techniques as a control condition (CC). The subject's typical breathing pattern (EXP-T) and clearest memory of breathlessness (EXP-M) were used as references in the experimental conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings revealed a significant main effect for condition (CC vs. EXP-T: F= 4.82, p < .01; CC vs. EXP-M: F= 14.82, p < .01) and an interaction effect for group by condition (CC vs. EXP-T: F = 4.82, p < .03; CC vs. EXP-M: F = 5.15, p < .03). Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences only for the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group in both comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate that different focuses of attention based on previous exposure to sensations have an impact on judgments used to determine the intensity of a sensation given similar presentation of stimuli, and thus contribute to alterations in the perception of breathlessness.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0203, USA. pmeek@rn1.nursing.arizona.edu
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Meek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013147:Spirometry