title: Functional neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury.
abstract: With recent advances in clinical medicine and biomedical engineering, functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) can now be added to the psychiatric armamentarium to decrease the debilitating effects of traumatic spinal cord injury. In this article, the components of FNS systems and their evolution in design are presented. The clinical implications of FNS are discussed with respect to upper and lower extremities and bladder applications, and perspectives on future developments and directions are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kilgore
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Triolo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Creasey
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000628:therapy; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000628:therapy; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking