title: Infusion versus bolus contrast echocardiography: a multicenter, open-label, crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In current practice, contrast echocardiography is performed with single or multiple bolus injections, which often result in an uncontrolled period of attenuation followed by transient left ventricular opacification (LVO). Because a "slow bolus" appears to reduce attenuation and prolong LVO, we hypothesized that a controlled infusion of contrast might provide a more uniform contrast effect with less attenuation and longer contrast duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We sought to test the hypothesis by using an infusion of contrast (DEFINITY [perflutren], The DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co, Medical Imaging, North Billerica, Mass) that is stable when diluted in saline in a randomized, multicenter, controlled, crossover trial. Sixty-four patients with poor noncontrast images were recruited at 3 centers and randomly assigned to 2 single "slow" bolus injections of contrast (10 microL/kg each over a period of 30 to 60 seconds) or an infusion (1. 3 mL in 50 mL normal saline initially at 4.0 mL/min) of contrast. Patients then returned within 24 to 72 hours for the alternative form of contrast delivery. Three independent experienced echocardiographers viewed 30 seconds of videotape for all optimal baseline and optimal contrast images to score LVO and qualitatively assessed endocardial border evaluability. The duration of adequate LVO then was independently assessed by review of the entire videotape. Three independent sonographers traced single-frame, digitally captured images to measure the length of the contiguous endocardial border visualized. Both bolus and infusion administration demonstrated improved LVO (>90% by all blinded readers, P <.01) and endocardial border visualized (mean increase of 1.8 to 4.7 cm at both end-diastole and end-systole, all P <.05) as compared with baseline images. However, contrast infusion resulted in a longer duration of LVO (range of mean durations for each reader, 158 to 174 seconds longer, P <.05) and a shorter duration of attenuation (18 to 54 seconds, P <.05) compared with either bolus injection. There were no severe adverse events with contrast infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast echocardiography delivered as an infusion optimizes the contrast effect by decreasing the attenuation period, extending the LVO duration, and providing a uniform contrast effect that may be useful in obtaining multiple echocardiographic views, stress echocardiography, myocardial perfusion imaging, and applications in which blood flow must be quantified.
authors.affiliation: Georgetown Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hack
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Gillam
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kitzman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004699:Endocardium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media