title: The distribution of vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the human male genitourinary organs and its co-localization with neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: Because doubt still remains concerning the distribution of nerves that are unequivocally cholinergic in the human genitourinary organs, we have used a specific marker, namely, an antibody to vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), to immunolabel cholinergic axons and cell bodies in specimens of urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and prostate gland obtained from neonates and children post mortem. In addition some sections were double-immunolabeled with VAChT and either neuropeptide Y (NPY) or nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The results demonstrated a rich cholinergic innervation to the muscle coat of the bladder body with a much less prominent, but nonetheless significant, cholinergic innervation to the smooth muscle components of the seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and prostate. Small ganglia were scattered throughout the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder, approximately 75% of the intramural neurons being VAChT immunoreactive, whereas approximately 95% contained NPY and approximately 40% contained NOS. VAChT immunoreactivity was observed in 40% of neurons in ganglia scattered throughout the pelvic plexus. Almost all these cholinergic neurons contained NPY and approximately 65% contained NOS. Almost all the cholinergic nerve fibers throughout the genitourinary organs also contained NPY. Although NOS was sparse in the cholinergic nerves of the bladder body, it occurred in the majority of cholinergic nerves at the bladder neck and was also present in a proportion of the cholinergic nerves in the other organs examined. VAChT-immunoreactive nerves were also observed in a sub-epithelial location in all the organs examined, the majority containing NPY, whereas a small proportion contained NOS. Although doubt remains about the function of sub-epithelial cholinergic nerves in the urinary bladder, the majority of similar nerves in the seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and prostate gland are considered to be secretomotor. Collectively these findings demonstrate that the cholinergic innervation of the male genitourinary system is well established in the neonate and child. Neurourol. Urodynam. 19:185-194, 2000.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Jen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gosling
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000737:chemistry; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000032:analysis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry; D011467:Prostate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation; D014513:Ureter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; C493459:SLC18A3 protein, human; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase