title: Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Field studies of illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid users suggest that some develop manic or aggressive reactions to these drugs-a potential public health problem. However, controlled laboratory evaluations of these effects remain limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we administered testosterone cypionate for 6 weeks in doses rising to 600 mg/wk and placebo for 6 weeks, separated by 6 weeks of no treatment, to 56 men aged 20 to 50 years. Psychiatric outcome measures included the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (a computerized provocation test of aggression), the Aggression Questionnaire of Buss and Perry, the Symptom Checklist-90-R, daily diaries of manic and depressive symptoms, and similar weekly diaries completed by a "significant other" who knew the participant well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Testosterone treatment significantly increased manic scores on the YMRS (P = .002), manic scores on daily diaries (P = .003), visual analog ratings of liking the drug effect (P = .008), and aggressive responses on the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (P = .03). Drug response was highly variable: of 50 participants who received 600 mg/wk of testosterone cypionate, 42 (84%) exhibited minimal psychiatric effects (maximum YMRS score, <10), 6 (12%) became mildly hypomanic (YMRS score, 10-19), and 2 (4%) became markedly hypomanic (YMRS score, > or =20). The 8 "responders" and 42 "nonresponders" did not differ significantly on baseline demographic, psychological, laboratory, or physiological measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testosterone administration, 600 mg/wk increased ratings of manic symptoms in normal men. This effect, however, was not uniform across individuals; most showed little psychological change, whereas a few developed prominent effects. The mechanism of these variable reactions remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178, USA. pope@mclean.harvard.edu
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kouri
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D010919:Placebos; D013739:Testosterone; C016131:testosterone 17 beta-cypionate