title: Use of high-dose corticosteroids and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation for treatment of a child with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after bone marrow transplantation: case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Other than relapse, pulmonary complications are the most common cause of mortality in patients who undergo bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is one noninfectious pulmonary complication of BMT. Presenting clinical findings include nonproductive cough usually without hemoptysis, dyspnea, hypoxemia, a decrease in hematocrit, and diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case of DAH after allogeneic BMT in a 6-yr-old female patient. Although a chest radiograph revealed patchy bilateral alveolar densities and large volumes of bright red blood were suctioned from the endotracheal tube, there was no evidence of coagulopathy and no infectious agent was identified on examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood, and urine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The child was treated with high-dose corticosteroids and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and experienced a complete clinical recovery from her pulmonary disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The definition, presenting symptoms, findings and timing, and associated risk factors of DAH after BMT are reviewed. Prospective hypotheses for the pathogenesis of DAH after BMT are presented. Evidence for the role of high-dose corticosteroids for treatment of DAH after BMT and the role of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation for treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children with diffuse alveolar disease is also reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case supports the contention that early treatment with high-dose corticosteroids is warranted in children with DAH after BMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Haselton
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Klekamp
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Christman
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002648:Child; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000601:surgery; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008775:Methylprednisolone