title: Cardiac responses to progressive exercise in normal children: a synthesis.
abstract: The cardiac responses to exercise are influenced by a complex interplay of changes in diastolic filling, intrinsic myocardial contractility, heart rate, and ventricular afterload.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize these responses in children, findings are reported from two studies utilizing Doppler echocardiographic assessment of stroke volume and cardiac output during maximal upright and semisupine cycle exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  In study 1, stroke volume, heart rate, and peak aortic velocity were assessed during upright cycle exercise to exhaustion in 39 sixth-grade boys. In study 2, similar methods were used to examine cardiac responses to semisupine exercise with measurement of left ventricular dimensions by two-dimensional echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings support patterns similar to that previously described in adults, with an initial rise in stroke volume reaching a plateau at mild-moderate exercise intensities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observations in these two studies also suggest 1) peripheral vasodilatation plays an important role in the early rise in stroke volume, 2) increasing heart rate acts to maintain a stable stroke volume and left ventricular diastolic dimension at high workloads, and 3) improvements in contractility serve to maintain stroke volume as the systolic ejection period shortens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left