title: Selenate-supplemented nutritional formula increases plasma selenium in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effect of feeding selenium-supplemented formulas on the selenium status of end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective, randomized, single-blind study of parallel design was conducted at three hemodialysis clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 79 hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned into one of three groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liquid nutritional formula supplemented with either selenite (28 microg Se/8 oz, n = 26), selenate (28 microg Se/8 oz, n = 26), or nonfortified (7 microg Se/8 oz, n = 27) was fed to hemodialysis patients as their sole source of nutrition for 14 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were measured in predialysis blood both before (day 1) and after (day 8) a 7-day baseline period, and after subjects received the formula as the sole source of nutrition (approximately 35 kcal/kg/d) for 14 days (day 22).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Selenium intake (Mean +/- SEM, microg/d) was 134 +/- 9, 140 +/- 9, and 35 +/- 2 for patients receiving selenite-, selenate-, or non-supplemented formula, respectively. On day 22, plasma selenium (micromol/L) was greater (P <.032) in the selenate-supplemented group (1.5 +/- 0.1) compared with the nonsupplemented group (1.2 +/- 0.1), but not compared with the selenite-supplemented group (1.4 +/- 0.1). Plasma GPX activity was 44% to 60% that of healthy controls and not different among groups. RBC selenium and GPX activities were within the normal range and were not different among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that a liquid formula supplemented with selenium as selenate is successful at maintaining selenium concentrations within normal range, as well as significantly increasing plasma selenium levels compared with nonsupplementation.
authors.affiliation: Committee on Human Nutrition and Nutritional Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Cockram
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D064586:Selenic Acid; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D018036:Selenium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018038:Sodium Selenite / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018036:Selenium Compounds; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D012643:Selenium; D018038:Sodium Selenite; D064586:Selenic Acid