title: Clinical findings in mosaic carriers of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a severe developmental disorder in which nonallelic genetic heterogeneity has been demonstrated. Even though X-linked and autosomal recessive forms are phenotypically similar, identification of the way of transmission is mandatory to give reliable genetic counseling to the family and to address molecular studies. Complete examination of relatives of patients with HED and identification of carriers of partial forms of the disorder in their families is the key to clarifying intrafamilial genetic transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients diagnosed as having HED and their first-degree relatives were carefully examined and tested with starch-iodine. Useful signs for identifying possible carriers of and postzygotic mosaics for X-linked HED and for finding distinctive features between the X-linked and the autosomal recessive forms of the disorder were recorded. Of these, the most striking finding was the clinical evidence of the distribution of normal and abnormal skin along Blaschko lines in heterozygous and postzygotic mutation carriers of X-linked HED. Six heterozygous female carriers of X-linked HED, 2 males with postzygotic mutations for X-linked HED, and 1 female with autosomal recessive HED were clinically identified. At the end, 6 families had a diagnosis of X-linked HED, while 1 had a diagnosis ofautosomal recessive HED. Clinical data, family history, and starch-iodine test results were never in conflict in the 7 families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful clinical examination is the best way to detect heterozygous carriers and postzygotic mutation of X-linked HED. Heterozygous parents of patients with autosomal recessive HED show no features of the disorder. The starch-iodine test is not superior to a clinical examination in heterozygous carrier detection but may play a confirmative role and be of help in differentiating X-linked and autosomal recessive HED in isolated patients.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Scienze Dermatologiche, Centro per le Malattie Cutanee Ereditarie, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, University of Milan, Italy. stefanodoc@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cambiaghi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Restano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pääkkönen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kere
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004476:Ectodermal Dysplasia / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007007:Hypohidrosis / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009030:Mosaicism; D010375:Pedigree; D014960:X Chromosome