title: Presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, group M, non-B subtypes, Bronx, New York: a sentinel site for monitoring HIV genetic diversity in the United States.
abstract: In the United States, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, group M, subtype B is the predominant subtype. A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients at the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, between September 1997 and February 1998 identified 3 (1. 2%) of 252 persons infected with non-B subtypes: subtypes A and F, 1 each, and 1 potential recombinant subtype B(env)/F(prt). All 3 persons were born in the United States and tested positive for HIV antibodies between 1988 and 1997 while living in the Bronx. None reported travel to other countries, receipt of blood products, or drug injection. This study is among the first to indicate probable transmission of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in the United States. The occurrence of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in long-term US residents without a history of foreign travel may have implications for the evaluation and development of antiretroviral drugs, vaccines, and tests intended for use in the United States to diagnose HIV infection and screen blood.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, and Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. pew6@cdc.gov
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weidle
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ganea
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieniazek
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olivo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schable
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016485:Needle Sharing; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012309:Risk-Taking; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012703:Serotyping; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D016333:HIV Protease