title: [Efficacy of 0.1 mg of subarachnoid morphine combined with bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia in total hip arthroplasty].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the analgesic efficacy, safety and side effects of subarachnoid morphine (0.1 mg) with bupivacaine in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients scheduled for total hip replacement under spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine were randomly assigned to two groups according to whether local anesthetic with 0.1 mg subarachnoid morphine was also provided or not (group M [n = 15] and group S ņ = 15[, respectively). Top-up analgesia with morphine was available through a patient-controlled device. Postoperative pain was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and consumption of intravenous morphine in the first 48 hours after surgery was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAS scores (mean +/- SD) were significantly lower in the first six hours in group M, but no differences between the two groups were observed thereafter. Total consumption of morphine at 48 hours was much lower in group M (6.80 +/- 7.74 mg) than in group S (31.38 +/- 13.17 mg). The incidence of nausea was high in both groups (46%). Slight pruritus affected 26.6% of patients in group M. Urinary retention necessitating temporary placement of a catheter was observed only in group M, where the incidence was 35.7%. No cases of respiratory depression occurred. Drowsiness was observed in 26.6% of patients in group S in comparison with 6.6% in group M.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining 0.1 mg morphine and bupivacaine for total spinal anesthesia during hip arthroplasty significantly decreased the consumption of intravenous morphine during the first 48 hours after surgery. No respiratory depression occurred and the only side effects were urinary retention and mild pruritus and drowsiness.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra. jmendieta@unav.es
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mendieta Sánchez
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Fernández-Liesa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panadero
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Ledesma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macías
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013346:Subarachnoid Space
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D002045:Bupivacaine