title: Adaptation of the muscles of mastication to the flat skull feature in the polar bear (Ursus maritimus).
abstract: The muscles of mastication of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and those of the brown bear (U. arctos) were examined by anatomical approach. In addition, the examination of the skull was carried out in the polar bear, brown bear and giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). In the polar bear, the rostro-ventral part of the superficial layer of the M. masseter possessed the abundant fleshy portion folded in the rostral and lateral directions like an accordion. Moreover, the rostro-medial area of the superficial layer became hollow in the nuchal direction when the mouth was closed. The M. temporalis of the polar bear covered up the anterior border of the coronoid process of the mandible and occupied the almost entire area of the cranial surface. The M. pterygoideus medialis of the polar bear was inserted on the ventral border of the mandible and on the ventral part of the temporal bone more widely than that of the brown bear. As results of our measurements of the mandible, an effect of the leverage in the polar bear was the smallest in three species. In the polar bear, the skull was flat, and the space between zygomatic arch and ventral border of the mandible, occupied by the M. masseter was the narrowest. It is suggested that the muscles of mastication of the polar bear is adapted to the flat skull feature for supplementing the functions.
authors.affiliation: The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamagiwa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arishima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001732:Bite Force; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001503:Ursidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*