title: Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow and survival of patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokeratins are specific markers of epithelial cancer cells in bone marrow. We assessed the influence of cytokeratin-positive micrometastases in the bone marrow on the prognosis of women with breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained bone marrow aspirates from both upper iliac crests of 552 patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer who underwent complete resection of the tumor and 191 patients with nonmalignant disease. The specimens were stained with the monoclonal antibody A45-B/B3, which binds to an antigen on cytokeratins. The median follow-up was 38 months (range, 10 to 70). The primary end point was survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytokeratin-positive cells were detected in the bone marrow specimens of 2 of the 191 control patients with nonmalignant conditions (1 percent) and 199 of the 552 patients with breast cancer (36 percent). The presence of occult metastatic cells in bone marrow was unrelated to the presence or absence of lymph-node metastasis (P=0.13). After four years of follow-up, the presence of micrometastases in bone marrow was associated with the occurrence of clinically overt distant metastasis and death from cancer-related causes (P<0.001), but not with locoregional relapse (P=0.77). Of 199 patients with occult metastatic cells, 49 died of cancer, whereas of 353 patients without such cells, 22 died of cancer-related causes (P<0.001). Among the 301 women without lymph-node metastases, 14 of the 100 with bone marrow micrometastases died of cancer-related causes, as did 2 of the 201 without bone marrow micrometastases (P<0.001). The presence of occult metastatic cells in bone marrow, as compared with their absence, was an independent prognostic indicator of the risk of death from cancer (relative risk, 4.17; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.51 to 6.94; P<0.001), after adjustment for the use of systemic adjuvant chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of occult cytokeratin-positive metastatic cells in bone marrow increases the risk of relapse in patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: I. Frauenklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. sbraun@fk-i.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pantel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Janni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hepp
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kentenich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gastroph
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wischnik
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dimpfl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kindermann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riethmüller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schlimok
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000737:chemistry*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis*; D015993:Life Tables; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins