title: Combined bone grafting and delayed closure of the hard palate in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: facilitation of lateral incisor eruption and evaluation of indicators for timing of the procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare outcomes of bone grafting performed before eruption of the lateral incisor to outcomes of grafting performed before eruption of the canine and to evaluate the long-term results of bone grafting combined with delayed closure of the hard palate during mixed dentition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy consecutive patients (52 men and 18 women) with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were studied. All patients underwent bone grafting with simultaneous closure of the cleft in the hard palate at the stage of mixed dentition. The velum had been repaired in infancy. Mean age for the bone grafting procedure was 8.4 years. Bone grafting was performed to facilitate eruption of the lateral incisor in 43 (61%) of the patients and to facilitate eruption of the canine in the remaining 27 (39%) patients. Intraoral radiographs were used to evaluate the morphologic characteristics of the cleft and the stage of eruption of the permanent lateral incisor and canine before bone grafting. Mean follow-up time was 4.0 years (range, 1-10.1 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean time for the surgery, which included bone grafting and repair of the residual cleft in the hard palate, was 109 minutes, and the mean amount of bleeding was 121 ml. The rate of dehiscence in the flap covering the alveolar bone graft was 14%, and the rate of total failure of bone grafting was 3%. An oronasal fistula developed in the hard palate of 13% of patients, but the fistula was of sufficient size to serve as an indication for reoperation in only 6%. The postoperative alveolar bony height in the cleft area was more than 75% of the normal height in 94% of patients. Closure of the cleft space in the dental arch was performed or planned to be achieved orthodontically in 91% of patients. When bone grafting was performed to facilitate eruption of the lateral incisor, the cleft space was closed orthodontically in 100% of patients. The optimal indicator for timing of the bone grafting procedure from an orthodontic point of view was when the permanent lateral incisor or the canine close to the cleft was covered by a thin shell of bone (i.e., 7-9 years of age).
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lilja
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalaaji
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friede
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elander
mesh_terms: D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D003481:Cuspid / Q000502:physiology; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D014078:Tooth Eruption / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome