title: Racial differences in the survival of childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a historic cohort study to test the hypothesis that, after adjustment for biologic factors, African-American (AA) children and Spanish surname (SS) children with newly diagnosed B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia had lower survival than did comparable white children.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1981 to 1994, 4,061 white, 518 AA, and 507 SS children aged 1 to 20 years were treated on three successive Pediatric Oncology Group multicenter randomized clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AA and SS patients were more likely to have adverse prognostic features at diagnosis and lower survival than were white patients. The 5-year cumulative survival rates were (probability +/- SE) 81.9% +/- 0.6%, 68.6% +/- 2.1%, and 74.9% +/- 2.0% for white, AA, and SS children, respectively. Adjusting for age, leukocyte count, sex, era of treatment, and leukemia blast cell ploidy, we found that AA children had a 42% excess mortality rate compared with white children (proportional hazards ratio [PHR] = 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1. 80), and SS children had a 33% excess mortality rate compared with white children (PHR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical presentation, tumor biology, and deviations from prescribed therapy did not explain the differences in survival and event-free survival that we observed, although differences seem to be diminishing over time with improvements in therapy. The disparity in outcome for AA and SS children is most likely related to variations in chemotherapeutic response to therapy and not to compliance. Further improvements in outcome may require individualized dosing based on specific pharmacogenetic profiles, especially for AA and SS children.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, and Pediatric Oncology Group Statistical Office, Gainesville, FL, USA. brad@pog.ufl.edu
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: DeBaun
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Camitta
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shuster
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ravindranath
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pullen
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lauer
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D044383:Black People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D011003:Ploidies; D015452:Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000401:mortality*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People