title: The changing pattern of mortality and morbidity from radical cystectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the morbidity and mortality of radical cystectomy as currently practised, and to compare the findings with historical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The operative mortality and early and late complications were recorded in 101 consecutive patients (median age 65 years, range 38-81; 33 aged >70 years) undergoing radical cystectomy between April 1992 and October 1997. Fifteen patients had relapsed after previous radical radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median postoperative stay was 14 days (range 8-44). There were two deaths within 60 days of surgery (of patients aged 46 and 59 years) from respiratory failure and sepsis, respectively. The mortality in the elderly was not more than in other age groups. The early morbidity included two cases of lower limb insufficiency, both in the salvage cystectomy group, where the morbidity was significantly higher than in those undergoing primary cystectomy (chi-squared, P<0.01). Three patients underwent early re-exploration. There were four clinically significant episodes of deep vein thrombosis and two pulmonary emboli that were not fatal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As currently practised, radical cystectomy is associated with a lower mortality (<2%) and morbidity than described previously. The added morbidity of salvage cystectomy and the acceptable mortality of primary cystectomy suggests that the treatment of choice for muscle-invasive disease is primary cystectomy, with external beam radiotherapy reserved for those patients unfit for major surgical intervention. Age alone should no longer be considered a contraindication to cystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rosario
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008875:Middle Aged; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*