title: Heterogeneity of isolated mononuclear cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia affects cellular accumulation and efflux of daunorubicin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacologic studies on blasts from patients with leukemia are generally performed on density gradient isolated blood or bone marrow cells. Thereby, cellular drug accumulation and efflux are determined as mean values of the entire cell population. The objective of the present study was to characterize the heterogeneity in the accumulation and efflux of daunorubicin in various subpopulations of mononuclear cells isolated from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mononuclear cells from 33 patients with AML were isolated from peripheral blood by density gradient centrifugation on Lymphoprep (1. 077 g/mL). Cellular accumulation of fluorescent daunorubicin was determined by flow cytometry after incubation of the cells at +37C for 1 hour. Thereafter, the cells were washed and reincubated in drug-free medium. Kinetics of drug efflux were determined by frequent determination of cellular fluorescence during 30 min. Daunorubicin accumulation and efflux were compared in the total isolated mononuclear cell population and in the various blast cell populations gated on FSC/SSC according to the results of immunophenotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 8 of these 33 (24%) patient samples, two distinct blast cell populations could be identified. In 7 out of 8 these cases the more immature blasts had a lower drug accumulation and in 6 out of the 8 cases also a higher efflux rate than the differentiating cell population. Cyclosporin A increased daunorubicin accumulation and reduced efflux in the immature blast population. In the differentiating cell population cyclosporin A increased both the accumulation and the efflux. In patients with a single blast cell population, the gated blast cells had a significantly lower drug accumulation but also a lower drug efflux rate than the total cell population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results imply that drug transport studies on cells isolated from patients with AML give somewhat different results depending on the cell population studied. Some, but not all, of these differences in daunorubicin accumulation and efflux as well as in the effect of cyclo-sporin A can be explained by a heterogenous expression of the mdr1-gene. The observed heterogeneity may be of special relevance with regard to drug resistance. The presence of even a small resistant cell clone may jeopardize the effect of the chemotherapy due to expansion resulting in relapse of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden. eva.knaust@imv.liu.se.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knaust
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porwit-MacDonald
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D003630:Daunorubicin