title: Statistical modelling of the determinants of historical exposure to bitumen and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among paving workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An industrial hygiene database has been constructed for the exposure assessment in a study of cancer risk among asphalt workers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create models of bitumen and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) exposure intensity among paving workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual exposure measurements from pavers (N = 1581) were collected from 8 countries. Correlation patterns between exposure measures were examined and factors affecting exposure were identified using statistical modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhalable dust appeared to be a good proxy of bitumen fume exposure. Bitumen fume and vapour levels were not correlated. Benzo(a)pyrene level appeared to be a good indicator of PAH exposure. All exposures steadily declined over the last 20 years. Mastic laying, re-paving, surface dressing, oil gravel paving and asphalt temperature were significant determinants of bitumen exposure. Coal tar use dictated PAH exposure levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bitumen fume, vapour and PAH have different determinants of exposure. For paving workers, exposure intensity can be assessed on the basis of time period and production characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Burstyn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kauppinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016272:Occupational Health; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C006647:asphalt