title: Controlled trials of CQI and academic detailing to implement a clinical practice guideline for depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The release of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR)'s Guideline for the Detection and Treatment of Depression in Primary Care created an opportunity to evaluate under naturalistic conditions the effectiveness of two clinical practice guideline implementation methods: continuous quality improvement (CQI) and academic detailing. A study conducted in 1993-1994 at Kaiser Permanente Northwest Division, a large, not-for-profit prepaid group practice (group-model) HMO, tested the hypotheses that each method would increase the number of members receiving depression treatment and would relieve depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two trials were conducted simultaneously among adult primary care physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, using the same guideline document, measurement methods, and one-year follow-up period. The academic detailing trial was randomized at the clinician level. CQI was assigned to one of the setting's two geographic areas. To account for intraclinician correlation, both trials were evaluated using generalized equations analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the CQI team's recommendations were not implemented. Academic detailing increased treatment rates, but--in a cohort of patients with probable chronic depressive disorder--it failed to improve symptoms and reduced measures of overall functional status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New organizational structures may be necessary before CQI teams and academic detailing can substantially change complex processes such as the primary care of depression. New research and treatment guidelines are needed to improve the management of persons with chronic or recurring major depressive disorder.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon, USA. jonathan.brown@kp.org
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shye
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mullooly
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care; D017749:Total Quality Management