title: Do flares of systemic lupus erythematosus decline after menopause?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study whether flares of SLE decline after menopause.
  
  
  METHODS
  34 postmenopausal SLE patients with premenopausal disease onset were studied. The frequency and severity of flares before and after menopause was compared. 17 postmenopausal onset SLE patients were also included for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flares in postmenopausal SLE patients decreased significantly after menopause (total No. of flares/patient-year before and after menopause were 0.50+/-0.10 and 0.14+/-0.05, respectively, p = 0.002). The frequency and proportion of severe flares also dropped significantly. The rate and magnitude of postmenopausal flares in these patients were similar to those of the postmenopausal onset SLE patients, a subset known to run a more benign course.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLE flares less frequently and seriously after menopause. While this may suggest a protective role of hypoestrogenemia against lupus flares, the contribution of other factors like disease duration and effective treatment to this postmenopausal decline of flares cannot be separated from menopause per se. Further studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055517:snRNP Core Proteins
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D017411:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear; D055517:snRNP Core Proteins; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone