title: Injury induces deficient interleukin-12 production, but interleukin-12 therapy after injury restores resistance to infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess at serial intervals the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) by monocytes/macrophages from the peripheral blood of injured patients and control subjects, and using a mouse model to confirm human findings and explore the effectiveness of low-dose IL-12 therapy in restoring resistance to infection after injury.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Serious injury is associated with loss of function of the T helper 1 lymphocyte phenotype, but little is known about IL-12 production in injured patients. The authors previously reported that early, moderate-dose IL-12 therapy in a mouse model of burn injury restored resistance to a later infectious challenge (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP). However, the efficacy of clinically relevant low-dose IL-12 therapy carried out to or beyond the time of septic challenge remains to be tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and adherent cells were obtained from 27 patients with major burns or traumatic injury and 18 healthy persons and were studied at serial intervals for IL-12 production stimulated by bacterial lipopolysacharide (LPS). PBMCs from 18 of the same patients were studied for IL-10 production as well. IL-12 production by adherent cells from the spleens of burn or sham burn mice was studied at serial intervals after injury to confirm the human findings. Low-dose IL-12 or vehicle was given every other day to groups of burn and sham burn mice, which were then challenged with CLP on day 10, and survival was determined. Finally, spleens were harvested from burn or sham burn animals receiving low-dose IL-12 or vehicle after CLP. After splenic cellularity was determined by hemocytometer, splenocytes were cultured and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and IL-10 were assessed by immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adherent cells from patients' PBMCs produced significantly less IL-12 than normal PBMCs after injury, reaching a nadir 8 to 14 days after injury. Stimulation of whole PBMCs by LPS indicated that at 8 to 14 days after injury, IL-12 production by PBMCs was significantly lower and IL-10 production was significantly higher than that of PBMCs from healthy persons. Low-dose IL-12 therapy significantly increased survival after CLP. Splenocytes from burn mice treated with IL-12 had significantly increased production of TNF-alpha and IF-beta, both before and after CLP, when compared with vehicle-treated burn animals. IL-10 production by bum splenocytes remained high after IL-12 treatment. Splenic cellularity increased after IL-12 treatment in burn mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The capacity to produce IL-12 by adherent cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage is significantly reduced after serious injury in humans and in a mouse burn model. In humans, there is a reciprocal relation between diminished IL-12 production and increased IL-10 production at approximately 1 week after injury. Low-dose IL-12 therapy in the mouse burn model markedly increased survival after a septic challenge, even when treatment was carried beyond the onset of sepsis. Low-dose IL-12 treatment in the mouse increased production of proinflammatory mediators important in host defense and at the same time maintained or increased production of IL-10, an important antiinflammatory cytokine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Göebel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Saporoschetz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soberg
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lederer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mannick
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rodrick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D002056:Burns / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000276:immunology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12