title: Generalized anxiety disorder (ICD-10) in primary care from a cross-cultural perspective: a valid diagnostic entity?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common psychiatric disorder. The nosological status of this diagnostic entity was critically discussed because of the very high rate of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, the assumed low degree of social disability associated with GAD in the absence of other disorders, and an ambigious definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored the frequency and associated social disability of GAD, and examined whether the ICD-10 definition of GAD is appropriate. The analysis was based on the WHO study on 'Psychological Problems in Primary Care' conducted in a standardized manner in 14 countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found GAD (total and without another psychiatric disorder) to be common in primary care in nearly all countries (mean 1-month prevalence rate, 7.9%), with about 25% of these cases presenting with GAD in the absence of any comorbid psychiatric disorder. GAD in general, as well as non-comorbid GAD, are associated with social disability which is as severe as that in chronic somatic diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It remains questionable whether the current ICD-10 diagnosis of GAD defining 6 months as a minimum duration and requiring at least four associated symptoms for diagnosis is the most appropriate option. Using this definition, a substantial proportion of psychosocially disabled subjects characterized by anxiety, tension and worrying remain undetected, and are possibly therefore not adequately treated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gänsicke
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Freyberger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heun
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lecrubier
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D009626:Terminology as Topic