title: Prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence in Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the frequency and risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI) in Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible for this cross-sectional study were men aged >/=50 years and women aged >/=40, randomly identified among registered subjects of a network of general practitioners during the period March-October 1997. All subjects were invited by telephonic interview to determine the presence of UI, reported by the subjects as loss of urine in the last year. The subjects with UI were further questioned at home for evaluation of the type, degree and frequency of UI episodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5,488 subjects interviewed (2,767 women and 2,721 men), 92 (3%) men and 316 (11%) women reported at least one episode of UI during the year before the interview. The frequence of UI increased with age both in men and women, being 2 and 11% in men and women, respectively, aged 50-60 years and 7 and 16% in those aged >/=70. Of the subjects with UI identified, 229 women and 64 men and a group of 289 subjects without UI were questionned at home using a detailed questionnaire. Six and 55% of men and women, respectively, reported stress incontinence, 20 and 12% urge incontinence and 20 and 24% mixed incontinence. The risk of UI increased with body mass index in women. A history of recurrent urinary infection was associated with UI in men and less markedly in women. No association emerged between education, smoking and alcohol or coffee consumption and risk of UI. Parity was directly associated with the risk of UI in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study offers a quantitative estimate of the prevalence of UI and its main risk factors in this Italian population.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milano, Italia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bortolotti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Benedetto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giocoli Nacci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landoni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavezzari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagliarulo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Heland
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parazzini
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Artibani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*