title: Cortisol axis abnormalities early after stroke--relationships to cytokines and leptin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationships between circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines and adrenocortical hormones and leptin early after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected four times daily the first two days after stroke, twice daily the next 4 days and four times at day 7. Cognitive function and functional outcome was measured at admittance and at day 7.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive inclusion of patients admitted to the stroke unit at Umeâ University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight men and 4 women with acute stroke and 10 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels and diurnal variations of plasma proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), serum adrenocortical hormones (cortisol and DHEA) and leptin, and MMSE, SSS, and ADL scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant correlation was present between IL-6 and cortisol levels the first two days after stroke (P < 0.05). In patients with a disturbed diurnal rhythm of cortisol, cortisol and leptin levels were increased (68% and 81% increase, respectively), whilst DHEA levels were unaltered. Half of the patients displayed an abnormal diurnal rhythmicity of leptin at the end of the week. Median TNF-alpha levels for the first two days after stroke also correlated to median leptin levels at the end of the week (P < 0.05). Median IL-6 levels correlated to severity of paresis on days 1 and 7 and to MMSE scores on day 7 (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroendocrine disturbances are common and often profound early after stroke. Cytokines seem to be important modulators of these disturbances, including diurnal rhythmicity of cortisol and leptin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Umeâ University Hospital, Umeâ, Sweden. Asa.Johansson@medicin.umu.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahrén
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Näsman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carlström
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010291:Paresis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone