title: Use-dependent facilitation and depression of L-type Ca2+ current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes: modulation by Ca2+ and isoprenaline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increase in stimulation frequency can facilitate or depress cardiac Ca2+ current (ICa). The aim was to examine the Ca2+ dependence of these effects, to determine if facilitation is sustained, and to elucidate the mechanism by which isoprenaline modulates facilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of increasing the stimulation frequency for 1 min, from 0.05 to 1 Hz, on ICa recorded from guinea-pig ventricular myocytes, using the whole-cell, voltage-clamp technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1 Hz stimulation caused a facilitation of ICa that peaked in 5 s and was followed by depression towards the basal level. Metabolic inhibitors or replacement of extracellular Ca2+ with Ba2+ abolished facilitation without affecting depression, implying that they are independent processes and that facilitation required ATP and Ca2+. Subtraction of the depression observed in either condition, from the response to 1 Hz stimulation recorded under control conditions, revealed that ICa facilitation was well maintained during 1 Hz stimulation. Increased intracellular Ca2+ buffering reduced both phases of the response. Furthermore, varying the extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) revealed a Ca(2+)-dependent enhancement of depression and a bell-shaped dependence of facilitation on [Ca2+]o. Facilitation increased with [Ca2+]o up to 1 mM, then declined at higher concentrations due to partial masking by the overlaping depression. Isoprenaline produced concentration-dependent inhibition of facilitation and enhancement of depression when pipettes contained 2 mM EGTA, but not BAPTA. For an equivalent increase in ICa amplitude, the effects of isoprenaline and elevated [Ca2+]o on the response to 1 Hz stimulation were quantitatively the same.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facilitation is sustained during increased activity, but appears transient due to overlapping depression. Both responses are promoted by increased submembrane [Ca2+]. Isoprenaline appears to modulate facilitation and depression as a consequence of increased Ca2+ influx, rather than cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. The apparent block of facilitation by isoprenaline may result from masking by the enhanced depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gurney
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001464:Barium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D001464:Barium; D007545:Isoproterenol; D002118:Calcium