title: Use of delayed pushing with epidural anesthesia: findings from a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare outcomes between women receiving epidural anesthesia assigned to a group following either a 1-hour "delayed" pushing protocol or directed to initiate pushing at full cervical dilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a randomized, controlled design, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate second stage labor duration and Apgar scores. An estimated odds ratio equation evaluated fetal descent progress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 13.68-minute difference occurred in second stage labor length (p = 0.225). No differences were found in Apgar scores (p > 0.09). An estimated odds ratio, that progress in terms of one fetal station unit would occur for control group subjects as compared with subjects with similar progress in the experimental group, was 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.16, 1.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Second stage labor was not significantly lengthened, and a similar rate of fetal descent occurred in the absence of directed pushing. Findings support further research on the potential advantages of minimizing the duration of pushing in labor.
authors.affiliation: Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Mayberry
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: True-Driver
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D001034:Apgar Score; D001724:Birth Weight; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors