title: Epiregulin, a novel member of the epidermal growth factor family, is an autocrine growth factor in normal human keratinocytes.
abstract: Epiregulin is a new member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family purified from conditioned medium of NIH-3T3 clone T7. Some EGF family growth factors play essential roles in human keratinocytes in an autocrine manner. We show here that epiregulin is another autocrine growth factor for human keratinocytes. Epiregulin stimulated human keratinocyte proliferation under both subconfluent and confluent culture conditions in the absence of exogenous EGF family growth factors. Immunoprecipitation of [(35)S]methionine-labeled conditioned medium revealed a 5-kDa band corresponding to epiregulin. Northern blot analysis detected a 4. 8-kilobase transcript of epiregulin, and the addition of epiregulin up-regulated epiregulin mRNA synthesis. Furthermore, an anti-epiregulin blocking antibody reduced DNA synthesis by 25%. Epiregulin up-regulated the mRNA levels of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), amphiregulin, and TGF-alpha. In turn, the addition of EGF, HB-EGF, amphiregulin, and TGF-alpha increased epiregulin mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that epiregulin acts as an autocrine growth factor in human epidermal keratinocytes and is part of auto- and cross-induction mechanisms involving HB-EGF, amphiregulin, and TGF-alpha. The mRNA expression profile resulting from induction of differentiation with high calcium and fetal calf serum revealed the differential expression of epiregulin, HB-EGF, amphiregulin, and TGF-alpha in keratinocytes. This indicates that these four growth factors have distinct, non-redundant biological functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. shirakat@m.ehime-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirakata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komurasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hanakawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokumaru
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sayama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D066258:Amphiregulin; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019898:Autocrine Communication; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002455:Cell Division; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D066260:Epiregulin; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology; D066257:Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: C587848:AREG protein, human; D066258:Amphiregulin; D000963:Antimetabolites; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; C587880:EREG protein, human; D066260:Epiregulin; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006133:Growth Substances; C587883:HBEGF protein, human; D066257:Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine