title: Use of cytokeratin fragments 19.1 and 19.21 (Cyfra 21-1) in the differentiation of malignant and benign pleural effusions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differentiation between malignant and benign pleural effusions is often difficult. Serum level of Cyfra 21-1, a marker of cytokeratin 19 fragments, has been used in the diagnosis and monitoring of epithelial tumours, especially bronchogenic carcinomas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study is designed to establish the usefulness of effusion Cyfra 21-1 level in differentiating malignant from benign effusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight malignant effusion aspirates (proven by cytology or pleural biopsy) and 34 benign samples were compared. Cyfra 21-1 concentration was measured by a solid phase sandwich radioimmunoassay (Centocur, USA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyfra 21-1 level was significantly higher in malignant effusions (geometric mean 123.6 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] 76.6-199.4) than in benign ones (geometric mean 14.3 ng/mL, 95% CI 8.5-23.9), p<0.00005. By Receiver Operating Characteristics curve analysis, the sensitivity is 77% for a specificity of 79% if the cut-off is set at 32 ng/mL. No significant difference was observed (p=0.1) in Cyfra 21-1 concentration between adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma effusions. Cyfra 21-1 level was not influenced by the effusion protein concentration (r=0.29), or by renal function as measured by serum creatinine (r=0.1). There was no significant difference between Cyfra 21-1 levels in benign exudate and transudate effusions, p=0.28.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyfra 21-1 is a useful adjunct in the workup of effusions but should not replace conventional investigations as there is considerable overlap in levels between benign and malignant groups. It is unable to differentiate between subgroups of malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Greenlane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. ycgarylee@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Garrett
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis*; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012372:ROC Curve; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007633:Keratins