title: Risk factors for an adverse outcome in bacterial meningitis in the tropics: a reappraisal with focus on the significance and risk of seizures.
abstract: The relationship of presentation to outcome in children with meningitis was analysed. The relative risk (95% confidence interval) of an adverse outcome (death or neurological sequelae) associated with presentation with at least three of ten features (age < or = 2 yrs, ill for > 7 days, antibiotic treatment, focal nerve deficits, abnormal posturing, abnormal muscle tone, lack of typical meningeal signs, shock, unrousable coma and seizures) was 4.9 (2.7, 8.8), p < 0.0001. The first six features were particularly associated with neurological sequelae, and shock and coma with death. Seizures were associated with either outcome. Two seizure types could be distinguished: seizures which occurred before or on diagnosis only (type I seizures) and seizures which occurred before and/or after diagnosis (type II seizures). Death occurred in 0/41 children without seizures and in 14/34 and 11/34 children with type I and type II seizures, respectively (p < 0.0001). Neurological sequelae occurred in 3/42 children without seizures and in 5/20 and 14/23 with type I and type II seizures, respectively (p < 0.0001).
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Borno State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Akpede
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Akuhwa
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ogiji
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ambe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D009549:Nigeria; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000382:microbiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014329:Tropical Climate