title: Grip form and graphomotor control in preschool children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the grip scale presented by Schneck and Henderson, the effect of grip form on drawing accuracy, and the effect of implement diameter on grip form and drawing accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty boys and girls who were 3, 4, and 5 years of age performed 20 trials of a precision drawing task, 4 trials each with five implements of varying diameters (4.7, 7.9, 11.1, 14.3, and 17.5 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, all 1,200 grips could be coded according to Schneck and Henderson's 10-grip whole-configuration assessment system, but the interrater reliability was lower than expected (.67 proportion of perfect agreement). Second, using Schneck's five-level scoring system, the level of grip significantly affected drawing accuracy, with the highest grip level used most often with the highest accuracy scores and the lowest observed grip level used most often with the lowest accuracy scores. Third, increasing implement diameter led to significantly lower level grips but did not significantly affect accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapists are recommended to use Schneck and Henderson's 10-grip scale only for documenting the persons' grips and changes in their grips, but if comparisons between individual persons are desired, then Schneck's five-level scale, which affords greater generalizability, should be used. Further, children with graphomotor performance deficits are not likely to benefit from grip manipulations because such strategies were shown to make better only performance that is already good.
authors.affiliation: Division of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455-0155, USA. awb@tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dancisak
mesh_terms: D001154:Art; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis; D009788:Occupational Therapy; D012016:Reference Values; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis