title: Comparison of expressed prostatic secretions with urine after prostatic massage--a means to diagnose chronic prostatitis/inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the analysis of urine after prostatic massage (VB3) with expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) to assess the significance of leukocyte analysis in VB3 and to give a first hint of the diagnosis of inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) when EPS cannot be obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred twenty-eight men (mean age 38 years, range 18 to 70) with expressible prostatic secretions were investigated. EPS were stained using the Papanicolaou stain and analyzed for leukocytes per high power field (HPF) (x1000). Additionally, identical aliquots of first voided urine (VB1), midstream urine (VB2), and VB3 were centrifuged, stained (Papanicolaou), and analyzed for leukocytes (x400). Patients with increased numbers of leukocytes in VB1 and VB2 (2 or more per x400) were excluded. For statistical analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficient for nonparametric tests was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 180 men with less than 10 leukocytes per HPF in EPS, 178 (98.9%) had less than 10 leukocytes per view field in VB3. In 148 men with 10 or more leukocytes per HPF in EPS, 136 (91.9%) also had elevated leukocyte counts in VB3. The presence of elevated leukocytes in VB3 predicted the presence of increased leukocytes in EPS with a high certainty: 91.9% sensitivity, 98.9% specificity, and 95.7% accuracy, with a positive and negative predictive value of 98.6% and 93.7%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the determination of leukocytes in VB3 is a feasible and reliable method compared with the analysis of EPS. However, although this association does not directly prove the significance of VB3 in those patients from whom no EPS can be obtained, we suggest this method be taken into account as an indirect indicator in the diagnosis of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schroeder-Printzen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lüdecke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weidner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002452:Cell Count; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D008875:Middle Aged; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013577:Syndrome; D016482:Urinalysis