title: Are there possibilities for the detection of chronically elevated alcohol consumption by hair analysis? A report about the state of investigation.
abstract: The analysis of suitable ethanol markers in hair would be an advantageous tool for chronic alcohol abuse control because of the wide diagnostic window allowed by this specimen and the possibility of segmental investigation. Between the markers practically used or thoroughly investigated in blood or urine, ethylglucuronide, fatty acid ethylesters, phosphatidylethanol, acetaldehyde adducts to protein and 5-hydroxytryptophol can be regarded as possible candidates also in hair, but preliminary data were found in the literature only for ethylglucuronide and acetaldehyde modified proteins. By using headspace gas chromatography and headspace solid phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS), in alkaline hydrolysates of hair it was possible to determine between 17 and 135 ng/mg of ethanol beside acetone and several other volatile compounds with slightly higher ethanol values for alcoholics than for social drinkers and teetotalers. A part of this is ethanol only absorbed in the hair matrix from the surrounding environment and consequently is not applicable as a diagnostic criterion. By extraction with aqueous buffer, methanol or a methanol/chloroform mixture and subsequent alkaline hydrolysis it was found that another part is generated from ethylesters, which are preferentially deposited in the lipid fraction of hair. In a specific search for ethylesters of 17 carboxylic acids by GC/MS-SIM in most cases ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (0.1 to 5.9 ng/mg, a preservative in hair cosmetics) and in four cases traces of indolylacetic acid ethylester were found. Furthermore, diethyl phthalate (a softening agent, present also in many cosmetic products) was identified in the hair of alcoholics as well as of children. As potential markers of alcohol intake, ethyl palmitate, ethyl stearate and ethyl oleate were detected in hair samples of alcoholics by headspace SPME-GC/MS of the chloroform/methanol extracts.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pragst
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sporkert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohnenkamp
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002243:Carbolines / Q000032:analysis; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000032:analysis*; D020404:Glycerophospholipids / Q000032:analysis*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000032:analysis; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002243:Carbolines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005965:Glucuronates; D020404:Glycerophospholipids; D007546:Isoquinolines; C051521:phosphatidylethanol; C093924:ethyl glucuronide; D000431:Ethanol; C066444:cocaethylene; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D003042:Cocaine