title: Plasma homocysteine concentrations and risk of coronary heart disease in UK Indian Asian and European men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reasons for the increase in mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) in UK Indian Asians are not well understood. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations are a risk factor for CHD in Indian Asians, and explain part of their increased CHD risk, compared with Europeans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook two parallel case-control studies, one in Europeans and one in Indian Asians. We recruited 551 male cases (294 European, 257 Indian Asian) and 1025 healthy male controls (507 European, 518 Indian Asian). Fasting and post-methionine load homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate concentrations, and conventional CHD risk factors were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting homocysteine concentrations were 8% higher (95% CI 3-14) in cases compared with controls, in both ethnic groups. The odds ratio of CHD for a 5 micromol/L increment in fasting plasma homocysteine was 1.3 (1.1-1.6) in Europeans and 1.2 (1.0-1.4) in Indian Asians. The association between fasting plasma homocysteine and CHD was independent of conventional CHD risk factors in both ethnic groups. Post-load homocysteine concentrations were not significantly different in cases compared with controls. Among the controls, fasting homocysteine concentrations were 6% (2-10) higher in Indian Asians than in Europeans. From the results we estimate that elevated homocysteine may contribute to twice as many CHD deaths in Indian Asians, compared with Europeans. The differences in homocysteine concentrations between the two ethnic groups were explained by lower vitamin B12 and folate levels in Asians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma homocysteine is a novel and independent risk factor for CHD in Indian Asians, and may contribute to their increased CHD risk. Raised homocysteine concentrations in Indian Asians may be related to their reduced vitamin B12 and folate levels, implying that the increased CHD risk in this group may be reduced by dietary vitamin supplementation.
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Obeid
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Refsum
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kooner
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12