title: Effect of mibefradil, a T-type calcium channel blocker, on morbidity and mortality in moderate to severe congestive heart failure: the MACH-1 study. Mortality Assessment in Congestive Heart Failure Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium antagonists have proved disappointing in long-term congestive heart failure (CHF) studies. Mibefradil, a new calcium antagonist that selectively blocks T-type calcium channels, has been shown to be an effective antihypertensive, antianginal, and anti-ischemic agent, and because of its different mechanism of action, it may be beneficial as adjunct therapy in CHF patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This multicenter, randomized, double-blind study compared mibefradil with placebo as adjunct to usual therapy in 2590 CHF patients (NYHA class II to IV; left ventricular fraction <35%). The initial 50-mg daily dose of mibefradil was uptitrated to 100 mg after 1 month and continued up to 3 years. Patients were monitored at 1 week; 1, 2, and 3 months; and every 3 months thereafter. All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular morbidity/mortality were analyzed by use of the log-rank test (alpha=0.05). Substudies included exercise tolerance, plasma hormone and cytokines, echocardiography, and quality of life. Total mortality was similar between mibefradil- and placebo-treated patients (P=0.151). The 14% increased risk of mortality with mibefradil in the first 3 months was not statistically significant (P=0.093). Treatment groups had similar cardiovascular mortality (P=0.246), cardiovascular morbidity/mortality (P=0.783), and reasons for death or hospitalization. Patients comedicated with mibefradil and antiarrhythmics (class I or III), including amiodarone, had a significantly increased risk of death. Substudies demonstrated no significant differences between treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When used as adjunct therapy, mibefradil did not affect the usual outcome of CHF. The potential interaction with antiarrhythmic drugs, especially amiodarone, and drugs associated with torsade de pointes may have contributed to poor outcomes early in the study.
authors.affiliation: Michigan Institute for Heart Failure and Transplant Care, Botsford General Hospital, Farmington Hills 48336, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bernink
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Elkayam
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Geltman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marmor
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Reisin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ammon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020748:Mibefradil / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009026:Mortality; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type; D020748:Mibefradil