title: Low TENS treatment on post-stroke paretic arm: a three-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether stroke patients with initial increases in arm motor recovery following low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (low TENS) treatment go on to show long-term benefits. Also whether the same therapy results in long-term improvements in motor function, spasticity or activities of daily living (ADL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-year follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight stroke patients, who had participated in a randomized trial of daily treatment with low-frequency (1.7 Hz) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (low TENS) on the paretic arm for three months starting 6-12 months after stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fugl-Meyer Motor Performance Scale for evaluation of changes in arm motor function. A 6-point Ashworth Scale to measure spasticity. Barthel Index to evaluate performance in ADL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motor function of the paretic arm had deteriorated in both treatment and control groups. Increased spasticity was seen in both groups. ADL score remained at a similar level in the low TENS group, whereas the control group had deteriorated during the same time period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low TENS stimulation started 6-12 months after stroke may not have a specific effect on arm motor function years after completion of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden. lars.sonde@ger.svso.sll.se
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sonde
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalimo
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fernaeus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitanen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation