title: Hypercoagulable states in primary upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are very few data on the prevalence of coagulation abnormalities in primary deep vein thrombosis of the upper limbs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if coagulation abnormalities play a role in effort-related and/or idiopathic (non-effort-related) upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one consecutive patients (21 men and 30 women) who had effort-related (n = 20) or idiopathic (n = 31) UEDVT over an 18-year period (median age at diagnosis, 32 years; age range, 15-86 years) were routinely reexamined. Plasma was screened for antithrombin, protein C, and protein S deficiencies and for antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies). The DNA was screened for factor V Leiden and for prothrombin gene G20210A mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age (35 vs. 28 years), the proportion of women (81% [25/31] vs. 25% [5/201), the proportion of patients with a personal and/or family history of thromboembolism (42% [13/31] vs. 15% [3/20]), and the proportion of patients with at least 1 coagulation abnormality (42% [13/31] vs. 15% [3/20]) were higher in the idiopathic UEDVT group than in the effort-related UEDVT group. The odds ratio of having a coagulation abnormality was 4.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.99-16.78; P = .06) in the idiopathic UEDVT group compared with the effort-related UEDVT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercoagulable states appear to play a significant role in idiopathic but not in effort-related UEDVT.
authors.affiliation: Service de Médecine Vasculaire and Centre Claude Bernard de Recherche sur les Maladies Vasculaires Périphériques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Héron
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lozinguez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alhenc-Gelas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emmerich
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Fiessinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000378:metabolism; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005165:Factor V / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017354:Point Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism; D017293:Protein S / Q000378:metabolism; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D000991:Antithrombins; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; C095381:factor V Leiden; D005165:Factor V; D011516:Prothrombin; D004247:DNA