title: The influence of pulsatile preservation on renal transplantation in the 1990s.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unlike simple cold storage (CS), pulsatile machine preservation (MP) of kidneys for transplantation permits pharmacologic manipulation of the perfusate and aids in the pretransplant assessment of the kidney graft. These characteristics of MP may have importance in the era of increasing use of extended criteria donor kidneys. The overall aim of this article is to critically assess practices at our preservation unit with respect to graft function. Specific aims are to (1) compare the influence of MP versus CS on graft function, (2) determine which pretransplant variables have significance in pretransplant assessment, and (3) determine whether pharmacologic manipulation during MP is advantageous.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 650 consecutive kidneys preserved in our laboratory between January 1, 1993 and March 1, 999, by either MP or CS. All MP kidneys were preserved by continuous hypothermic pulsatile perfusion using Belzer-MPS or Belzer II solution. Perfusion parameters and electrolytes were measured serially during pulsatile perfusion. All CS kidneys were stored in University of Wisconsin solution. All kidneys obtained from donors exhibiting extended criteria features underwent pretransplant frozen section biopsies. Transmission electron microscopy (EM) was performed on a subset of kidneys undergoing pharmacologic manipulation. Four agents were assessed prospectively for their ability to influence MP characteristics when added to perfusate: PGE1, trifluoperazine, verapamil, and papaverine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MP was associated with improved immediate, 1-, and 2-year graft function and reduced length of initial hospital stay when compared with CS grafts. Changes in the machine perfusion variables flow and resistance, and the [Ca++] in perfusate, were significantly associated with delayed graft function (DGF) after the transplant. Biopsy information was not predictive of DGF. The addition of PGE1 to perfusate improved MP characteristics, reduced the release of [Ca++] into perfusate, and ameliorated mitochondrial ischemic injury in transmission EM images. Early graft function was improved in the presence of PGE1+MP, compared with function in the presence of other pharmacologic agents or CS alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MP is associated with improved early and long term renal function. Moreover, PGE1 augments MP in improving graft function. The combination of MP+PGE1 may be important in optimizing the ability to use extended donor criteria kidneys and, thereby, improve the overall efficiency of cadaveric renal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Polyak
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Arrington
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Stubenbord
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boykin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jean-Jacques
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Estevez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinkhabwala
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000493:Allopurinol; D000527:Alprostadil / Q000494:pharmacology; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005978:Glutathione; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin; D007668:Kidney; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000502:physiology; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D011887:Raffinose; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; D000493:Allopurinol; D000527:Alprostadil; D005978:Glutathione; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose