title: Conservative surgery in small renal tumors: our experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the nephron-sparing surgery in the treatment of low stage, easily accessible renal cell carcinoma versus radical nephrectomy, the "gold standard" therapy according to data in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1988 to 1996, 36 patients (11 women and 25 men; mean age 59.6 years) with a small (< or = 5 cm) solitary renal cell carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney were submitted to tumor enucleation through a transperitoneal approach. Hot ischemia was performed in 14 cases for an average of 16 minutes. In order to control the extent of surgical resection, in all cases frozen step sections of surgical margins were submitted to histopathological examination. The mean follow-up was 40 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete local resection of the renal cell carcinoma was performed in all patients, with preservation to the furthest extent of the parenchyma not affected by the disease. Renal function remained normal in all cases. Bleeding was easily controlled without clamping the renal artery in 22 cases, while hot renal ischemia was necessary in the remaining 14 cases (mean ischemia time 16 minutes). Average blood loss was 450 cc. Frozen sections of the surgical margins were negative in all cases. Only one case of local recurrence was observed one year after the nephron-sparing operation, which was treated by radical nephrectomy. All patients are alive and cancer-free today.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elective tumor enucleation for low stage and easily accessible renal cell carcinoma can be performed safely and with a low risk of local recurrence. Definition of the appropriate pre-operative diagnostic approach, maximum tumor size, surgical mini-invasive approach and a longer follow-up are required before this procedure can be widely recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salonia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lania
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freschi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rigatti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*