title: beta-agonistic bronchodilators: comparison of dose/response in working rat hearts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Different beta-agonists are compared with regard to their cardiodepressive side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metaphenolic bronchodilators reproterol, salbutamol, fenoterol, and terbutaline were introduced at a dosage of 0.0005 micromol to a maximum of 10 micromol per gram of heart tissue into the isolated working rat heart under hypoxic conditions, and the response was observed during subsequent reoxygenation. As an index of external heart work, aortic flow was measured. Heart rate, coronary flow, and developed pressure were recorded. At the end of heart perfusion, mitochondria were isolated and analyzed for adenosine triphosphatase activity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, and membrane fluidity. Moreover, intact mitochondria and lipid peroxidation were investigated using a model system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to controls, reproterol gave the most favorable results, with an increase of 25 to 30% of aortic flow during reoxygenation at a concentration of 10 micromol/g heart tissue. In contrast, both fenoterol and salbutamol at a concentration of 1 micromol/g heart tissue decreased aortic flow during reoxygenation, whereas terbutaline had a negative influence on aortic flow at 0.01 to 0.1 micromol/g heart tissue. Mitochondria of these hearts were isolated at the end of the experiment. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis was increased above controls at nearly all concentrations of reproterol. ATP synthesis was decreased at 1 micromol and 10 micromol fenoterol. As little as 0.0005 micromol terbutaline decreased ATP synthesis by 50%. In intact mitochondria, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to oxygen ratios were found to be increased with terbutaline and fenoterol, indicating ADP consumption by myokinase activation. Lipid peroxidation was increased in a model system between concentrations of 0.002 micromol/mg and 0.04 micromol/mg phosphatidylcholine by fenoterol and terbutaline, whereas a decrease was noted with reproterol. Membrane fluidity was found increased after addition of reproterol, which supports the evidence of efficient ATP synthesis by this compound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiodepressive side effects and greater toxicity of fenoterol and terbutaline were found under the conditions of our experiment. Salbutamol and, in particular, reproterol appear much better tolerated. In addition to partial beta-adrenergic agonism, reproterol may exert an inhibitory influence on adenosine receptor sites and phosphodiesterase, which could result in membrane stabilization by saving cyclic adenosine monophosphate or ATP.
authors.affiliation: Center of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic II, Membrane Structure Group, University Clinics, Frankfurt, Germany. zimmer@zbc.klinik.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahinten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fitzner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halbig
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Treusch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Libertus
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000420:Albuterol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005280:Fenoterol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects; D009921:Metaproterenol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013726:Terbutaline / Q000494:pharmacology; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; C014792:reproterol; D005280:Fenoterol; D009921:Metaproterenol; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D013806:Theophylline; D013726:Terbutaline; D000420:Albuterol