title: Evidence for a peripheral mechanism of esophagocrural diaphragm inhibitory reflex in cats.
abstract: The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is guarded by two sphincters, a smooth muscle lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and a skeletal muscle crural diaphragm. These two sphincters relax simultaneously under certain physiological conditions, i.e., swallowing, belching, vomiting, transient LES relaxation, and esophageal distension. Esophageal distension-induced crural diaphragm relaxation is mediated through vagal afferents that are thought to exert inhibitory influence on the central mechanism (brain stem) of crural diaphragm contraction. We conducted studies in 10 cats to determine whether a mechanism of crural diaphragm relaxation was located at the level of the neuromuscular junction and/or muscle. Stimulation of the crural diaphragm neuromuscular junction through 1) the electrodes implanted in the muscle and 2) the bilateral phrenic nerve resulted in an increase in EGJ pressure. Nicotinic receptor blockade (pancuronium, 0.2 mg/kg) abolished the EGJ pressure increase caused by electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular junction. Esophageal distension and bolus-induced secondary esophageal peristalsis caused relaxation of the EGJ during the stimulation of the neuromuscular junction. Bilateral phrenicotomy and vagotomy had no influence on this relaxation. These data suggest the existence of a peripheral mechanism of crural diaphragm inhibition. This peripheral inhibitory mechanism may reside at the level of either the neuromuscular junction or the skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002415:Cats; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology; D010197:Pancuronium / Q000494:pharmacology; D010528:Peristalsis; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D010197:Pancuronium