title: Paronychia with pyogenic granuloma in a child treated with indinavir: the retinoid-mediated side effect theory revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of HIV-1 protease inhibitors into the treatment of patients infected with HIV-1 has had a major influence on clinical practice. However, the use of protease inhibitors is frequently associated with the development of resistance and several side effects and interactions with other drugs have been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the first pediatric patient with paronychia with pyogenic granuloma associated with the administration of the protease inhibitor indinavir. Clinical findings are discussed in view of a possible interference of indinavir with endogenous retinoid metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable evidence advocates the mediation of indinavir side effects by impaired oxidative metabolism of retinoic acid through the inhibition of cytochromes P450 3A by indinavir rather than by impaired formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid.
authors.affiliation: Universitätskliniken für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Innsbruck, Osterreich.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Sass
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jakob-Sölder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heitger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tzimas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarcletti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D017789:Granuloma, Pyogenic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010304:Paronychia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014034:Toes
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012176:Retinoids; D019469:Indinavir