title: Macrophagelike vacuolated renal tubular cells in the urine of a male with osmotic nephrosis associated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. A case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osmotic nephrosis is a form of renal tubular injury that has been found in patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 46-year-old male who had two courses of chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia was found to have refractory thrombocytopenia. After IVIG (Sandoglobulin 12%, Novartis) administration (1 g/kg) for five consecutive days, the patient became oliguric and eventually anuric on the fifth dose. Hemodialysis was initiated, and urine production was noted on day 2 of hospitalization. Routine cytologic examination of fresh, voided urine showed numerous macrophagelike, bland epithelial cells with abundant, multivacuolated cytoplasm. Cytokeratin immunostain revealed positivity, thus confirming the epithelial origin of these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in the English-language cytology literature. Awareness of a patient's clinical history may be helpful in avoiding an incorrect diagnosis. Urine cytology may be useful in obtaining an early diagnosis of osmotic nephrosis in patients receiving high-dose IVIG therapy that may eliminate the need for a renal biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: DuBose
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ordóñez
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000652:urine; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009401:Nephrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007633:Keratins