title: Carrier-mediated delivery of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine to parenchymal liver cells: a novel therapeutic approach for hepatitis B.
abstract: Our aim is to selectively deliver 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) to parenchymal liver cells, the primary site of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Selective delivery is necessary because PMEA, which is effective against HBV in vitro, is hardly taken up by the liver in vivo. Lactosylated reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (LacNeoHDL), a lipid particle that is specifically internalized by parenchymal liver cells via the asialoglycoprotein receptor, was used as the carrier. PMEA could be incorporated into the lipid moiety of LacNeoHDL by attaching, via an acid-labile bond, lithocholic acid-3alpha-oleate to the drug. The uptake of the lipophilic prodrug (PMEA-LO) by the liver was substantially increased after incorporation into LacNeoHDL. Thirty minutes after injection of [(3)H]PMEA-LO-loaded LacNeoHDL into rats, the liver contained 68.9% +/- 7.7% of the dose (free [(3)H]PMEA, <5%). Concomitantly, the uptake by the kidney was reduced to <2% of the dose (free [(3)H]PMEA, >45%). The hepatic uptake of PMEA-LO-loaded LacNeoHDL occurred mainly by parenchymal cells (88.5% +/- 8.2% of the hepatic uptake). Moreover, asialofetuin inhibited the liver association by >75%, indicating uptake via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. The acid-labile linkage in PMEA-LO, designed to release PMEA during lysosomal processing of the prodrug-loaded carrier, was stable at physiological pH but was hydrolyzed at lysosomal pH (half-life, 60 to 70 min). Finally, subcellular fractionation indicates that the released PMEA is translocated to the cytosol, where it is converted into its active diphosphorylated metabolite. In conclusion, lipophilic modification and incorporation of PMEA into LacNeoHDL improves the biological fate of the drug and may lead to an enhanced therapeutic efficacy against chronic hepatitis B.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: de Vrueh
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Rump
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van De Bilt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Veghel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balzarini
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Biessen
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: van Berkel
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bijsterbosch
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D008095:Lithocholic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011355:Prodrugs; D014316:Tritium; D008095:Lithocholic Acid; C053001:adefovir; D000225:Adenine