title: Nutritional intake monitoring for nursing home residents: a comparison of staff documentation, direct observation, and photography methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current approach to assessing nutritional intake requires nursing home (NH) staff to document total percentage of food and fluid consumed at each meal. Because NH staff tend to significantly overestimate total food intake, methods need to be developed to improve the accuracy of food intake measurement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare three methods of assessing the nutritional intake of NH residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Validation Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six NH residents in one facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total percentage of food and fluid intake of each resident for each of nine meals, or all three meals for 3 consecutive days, was assessed by: (1) Nursing home staff chart documentation, (2) Research staff documentation according to direct observations, and (3) Research staff documentation according to photographs of residents' trays before and after each meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research staff documentation of total intake and intake of all individual food and fluid items was similar for the direct observation and photography methods. In comparison with these two methods, NH staff documentation reflected a significant overestimate (22%) of residents' total intake levels. In addition, NH staff failed to identify the more than half (53%) of those residents whose intake levels were equal to or below 75% for most meals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The photography method of nutritional assessment yielded the same information as direct observations by research staff, and both of these methods showed the intake levels of NH residents to be significantly lower than the intake levels documented by NH staff. The photography method also has several advantages over a documentation system that relies on an observer to be present to record food and fluid intake levels.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Borun Center for Gerontological Research, USA.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reuben
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001628:Beverages; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009735:Nursing Homes; D009740:Nursing Staff; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010781:Photography; D011996:Records; D015203:Reproducibility of Results