title: Leadership styles across hierarchical levels in nursing departments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some researchers have reported on the cascading effect of transformational leadership across hierarchical levels. One study examined this effect in nursing, but it was limited to a single hospital.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the cascading effect of leadership styles across hierarchical levels in a sample of nursing departments and to investigate the effect of hierarchical level on the relationships between leadership styles and various work outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a sample of eight hospitals, the cascading effect was tested using correlation analysis. The main sources of variation among leadership scores were determined with analyses of variance (ANOVA), and the interaction effect of hierarchical level and leadership styles on criterion variables was tested with moderated regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No support was found for a cascading effect of leadership across hierarchical levels. Rather, the variation of leadership scores was explained primarily by the organizational context. Transformational leadership had a stronger impact on criterion variables than transactional leadership. Interaction effects between leadership styles and hierarchical level were observed only for perceived unit effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hospital's structure and culture are major determinants of leadership styles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health at the Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stordeur
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vandenberghe
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: D'hoore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004650:Employee Performance Appraisal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D009729:Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires