title: Manual and manipulation techniques for rheumatic disease.
abstract: Manipulation is practiced primarily by chiropractors and osteopaths and is one of the most commonly utilized alternative treatments for rheumatic diseases. Low back pain and neck pain are the most frequently treated disorders, but manipulation is also used to treat a broad range of rheumatic diseases. Manipulation has been shown to decrease joint pain and normalize function. The mechanisms of action, however, are not well understood. Current theories propose an imbalance of muscle activity is a source of pain that manipulation can relieve through reflexive actions. Such muscle imbalances would exacerbate rheumatic and arthritic conditions, suggesting that manipulation may be an important therapy that is appropriate for early conservative care as part of a comprehensive treatment program.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Michigan State University, Colleges of Osteopathic and Human Medicine, East Lansing, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fiechtner
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Brodeur
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal; D008405:Massage; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000628:therapy*