title: Quantitative prediction of metabolic inhibition of midazolam by erythromycin, diltiazem, and verapamil in rats: implication of concentrative uptake of inhibitors into liver.
abstract: To evaluate the degree of drug-drug interaction concerning metabolic inhibition in the liver quantitatively, we tried to predict the plasma concentration increasing ratio (R) of midazolam (MDZ) by erythromycin (EM), diltiazem (DLZ), or verapamil (VER) in rats. MDZ was administered through the portal vein at the steady state of plasma concentration of these inhibitors. The R values in the area under the plasma concentration curve of MDZ in the presence of EM, DLZ, and VER were 2.02, 1.64, and 1.30, respectively. The liver to plasma unbound concentration ratios of EM, DLZ, and VER at the steady state after infusion were 20.8, 1.02, and 3.01, respectively, suggesting concentrative uptake of EM and VER into the liver. The predicted R value in the presence of EM calculated by use of plasma unbound concentration was 1.03, whereas the value calculated with liver unbound concentration was 1.61, which was very close to the observed value. These findings indicated the need to consider the concentrative uptake of inhibitors into the liver for the quantitative prediction of metabolic inhibition. However, the predicted values in the presence of DLZ or VER calculated by use of liver unbound concentration were still underestimated. This result may be due to the metabolic inhibition by the metabolites of both inhibitors. Therefore, when predicting the degree of metabolic inhibition quantitatively, the inhibitory effect by coadministered drugs and the disposition of these metabolites in the liver must also be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kotaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takedomi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014700:Verapamil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D004917:Erythromycin; D014700:Verapamil; D004110:Diltiazem; D008874:Midazolam