title: Functional and structural abnormalities in the nerves of type I diabetic baboons: aminoguanidine treatment does not improve nerve function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy and to establish a primate model for experimental studies, we examined nerve changes in baboons with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We also examined the effect of aminoguanidine (an inhibitor of the formation of advanced glycation end products) on nerve function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male baboons (Papio hamadryas) were assigned to four groups; control, diabetic, control and diabetic treated with aminoguanidine. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, intravenous). Insulin and aminoguanidine (10 mg/kg) were injected subcutaneously daily. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity was measured using standard techniques. Autonomic function was examined by measuring heart rate response to positional change. Sural nerve morphometry was analysed in the diabetic group (mean duration 5.5 years) along with their age-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diabetic groups were smaller in size with a mean HbA1c of 8.9 +/- 1.2%. The nerve conduction velocity and heart rate response was reduced in the diabetic groups. Morphometric analysis of the diabetic sural nerve showed smaller axon diameter (2.99 +/- 0.06 microns vs 3.29 +/- 0.06 microns; p < 0.01) accompanied by thinner myelin (1.02 +/- 0.02 microns vs 1.15 +/- 0.02 microns, p < 0.01) with no change in the axon density. Treatment with aminoguanidine for 3 years had no effect on glycaemic control and did not restore conduction velocity or autonomic dysfunction in the diabetic animals, contrary to the studies in rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the primate is a good model to study diabetic neuropathy and suggest that the accumulation of advanced glycation end products are not an early mechanism of nerve damage in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Birrell
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ansselin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLennan
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gillin
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010215:Papio; D011187:Posture; D051381:Rats; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006146:Guanidines; D007328:Insulin; C004479:pimagedine