title: Blood levels of homocysteine and increased risks of cardiovascular disease: causal or casual?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating data from epidemiological studies suggest that individuals with elevated blood levels of homocysteine have increased risks of cardiovascular disease. We reviewed the currently available evidence of an association between homocysteine and cardiovascular disease and examined whether the strength of the evidence varies according to study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a computerized MEDLINE literature search, 1966 through September 1998, to identify all epidemiological studies that examined the relationship of homocysteine level with risks of coronary heart or cerebrovascular disease. Two measures of plasma homocysteine level and its association with risk of cardiovascular disease were extracted: mean homocysteine level in cases and controls, and relative risk of cardiovascular disease for elevated homocysteine level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 43 studies were reviewed. Most crosssectional and case-control studies indicated higher mean homocysteine levels (either fasting or after methionine load) and/or a greater frequency of elevated homocysteine level in persons with cardiovascular disease as compared with persons without cardiovascular disease. Results of most prospective studies, however, indicated smaller or no association. The few prospective studies that reported a positive association between homocysteine level and risks of cardiovascular disease included patients with preexisting vascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to cross-sectional and case-control studies, results of prospective studies indicated less or no predictive ability for plasma homocysteine in cardiovascular disease. Instead, elevated homocysteine level may be an acute-phase reactant that is predominantly a marker of atherogenesis, or a consequence of other factors more closely linked to risks of cardiovascular disease. Randomized trials are necessary to test reliably whether lowering homocysteine levels will decrease risks of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02215-1204, USA.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Christen
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Ajani
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hennekens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine