title: Comparison of harmonic and conventional power Doppler ultrasonography for assessment of slow flow in hyperechoic tissue: experimental study using a Doppler phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the advantages of depicting slow flow in small vessels, conventional power Doppler ultrasound (US) has a basic limitation, specifically that artifactual power Doppler signals mimic blood flow, especially in hyperechoic tissue. The purpose of this study was to compare harmonic power Doppler US with power Doppler US using a Doppler phantom under various parameter settings, focusing on the assessment of slow flow in the hyperechoic tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  While controlling the flow velocity (5 and 10 cm/s), pulse repetition frequency (500, 700, and 1,000 Hz), wall filter (low and medium), and Doppler gain (90%, 96%, and 100%), the authors performed both harmonic Doppler US and power Doppler US by using a Doppler phantom/flow control system. We measured and compared the relative intensities of the Doppler signals (0-250 scale) in both the vessels and hyperechoic tissue-mimicking materials with the two different imaging modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Power Doppler US with any combination of the four parameters evaluated depicted strong flow signals (mean, 213) that were superior to harmonic Doppler US (mean, 61). Relatively strong artifactual signals within the hyperechoic tissue-mimicking materials were noted on all power Doppler US studies (mean, 106) but nearly none on harmonic Doppler US (mean, 3). The contrast-to-noise ratio of harmonic Doppler US was significantly greater than that of power Doppler US.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Harmonic Doppler US is more useful in assessing slow flow in hyperechoic tissue than power Doppler US because it produces fewer artifactual Doppler signals originating from stationary hyperechoic tissues, which can be misjudged as true signals on power Doppler US.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*