title: Performance of a 62Zn/62Cu generator in clinical trials of PET perfusion agent 62Cu-PTSM.
abstract: The 62Zn/62Cu PET generator can be inexpensively produced and distributed from a single production site operating under typical good manufacturing practice guidelines. It therefore has the potential to greatly facilitate development of clinically practical PET. We report generator performance in a study in which 62Cu-pyruvaldehyde-bis(n4-methylthiosemicarbazone (PTSM) myocardial perfusion imaging is compared with 99mTc-sestamibi in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The 62Zn/62Cu generator is an improved version of a previously reported system that employs automated synthesis of 62Cu-PTSM. With this approach, the cumbersome step of 18C purification has been eliminated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 62Zn (9.3 h half-life) parent isotope is prepared by proton bombardment of natural copper at 33 MeV. A typical target irradiated with 37.5 microA/h is delivered by 12:00 PM on the day it is to be processed. Purified 62Zn obtained from the target is loaded onto the generator column in 2 mol/L HCl. The generator is eluted using an internal three-channel peristaltic pump, which delivers 2.25 mL eluant (1.8 mol/L NaCl, 0.2 mol/L HCl) through the generator column to elute the 62Cu in 40 s. The same pump simultaneously pumps an equal volume of buffer (0.4 mol/L NaOAc) and 1 mL ligand solution (2 ppm PTSM, 2% EtOH) passing it through a septum into a 35-cc syringe preloaded with 28 mL sterile water. This solution is thoroughly mixed by agitation of the syringe and injected as a bolus through a 0.2 microm filter. The generator is eluted twice before shipping, providing quality assurance samples, and shipped to the clinical site by overnight delivery. Complete quality assurance testing is performed the evening before the generator reaches the clinical site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 34 generators have been produced and shipped to 2 clinical sites for a phase III Food and Drug Administration study. The load activity on the generators at 8:00 AM the day of clinical use was 1.7+/-0.2 GBq (46.7+/-5.6 mCi), and yield was 72%+/-16%. Breakthrough of 62Zn was undetectable by high-purity germanium spectroscopy for all units. Radiochemical purity was 95.4%+/-2.4%. Volume delivered, pH, sterility, and bacterial endotoxin tests yielded passing results on all generators. The entire process of generator production, from target receipt to generator shipment, took less than 6 h and cost approximately $1000, including shipping charges and cyclotron cost. A total of 68 patients were injected with 2 62Cu-PTSM doses, with a mean injected activity of 0.8+/-0.2 GBq (20.5+/-5.3 mCi) with no adverse side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this work confirm that the 62Zn/62Cu generator is an easily produced, transportable, and inexpensive source of PET radiopharmaceuticals, which can expand the field of clinical PET imaging by providing radiopharmaceuticals to sites not associated with cyclotrons.
authors.affiliation: Proportional Technologies, Inc., Houston, Texas 77054, USA.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lacy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003300:Copper; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011876:Radionuclide Generators; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D015037:Zinc Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones; D015037:Zinc Radioisotopes; C052629:copper pyruvaldehyde bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) complex; D003300:Copper; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi