title: Clinical and pathological findings of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses.
abstract: The unique clinical and pathological findings in nine Asian (Elephas maximus) and two African (Loxodonta africana) elephants from North American Zoos with a highly fatal disease caused by novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses are described. Identification of the viruses by molecular techniques and some epidemiological aspects of the disease were previously reported. Consensus primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with sequencing yielded molecular evidence that confirmed the presence of two novel but related herpesviruses associated with the disease, one in Asian elephants and the second in African elephants. Disease onset was acute, with lethargy, edema of the head and thoracic limbs, oral ulceration and cyanosis of the tongue followed by death of most animals in 1 to 7 days. Pertinent laboratory findings in two of three clinically evaluated animals included lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Two affected young Asian elephants recovered after a 3 to 4 wk course of therapy with the anti-herpesvirus drug famciclovir. Necropsy findings in the fatal cases included pericardial effusion and extensive petechial hemorrhages in the heart and throughout the peritoneal cavity, hepatomegaly, cyanosis of the tongue, intestinal hemorrhage, and ulceration. Histologically, there were extensive microhemorrhages and edema throughout the myocardium and mild, subacute myocarditis. Similar hemorrhagic lesions with inflammation were evident in the tongue, liver, and large intestine. Lesions in these target organs were accompanied by amphophilic to basophilic intranuclear viral inclusion bodies in capillary endothelial cells. Transmission electron microscopy of the endothelial inclusion bodies revealed 80 to 92 nm diameter viral capsids consistent with herpesvirus morphology. The short course of the herpesvirus infections, with sudden deaths in all but the two surviving elephants, was ascribed to acute cardiac failure attributed to herpesvirus-induced capillary injury with extensive myocardial hemorrhage and edema.
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA. lkrichma@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Montali
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cambre
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hildbrandt
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bengis
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hamzeh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahkolahi
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hayward
mesh_terms: D015075:2-Aminopurine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000212:Acyclovir / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004606:Elephants; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000821:virology*; D000077595:Famciclovir; D005260:Female; D006147:Guanine; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009656:North America; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D011355:Prodrugs; C053539:penciclovir; D015075:2-Aminopurine; D006147:Guanine; D000077595:Famciclovir; D000212:Acyclovir