title: The anatomic basis of connections between the coronary sinus musculature and the left atrium in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study determined the histological features of the atrial myocardium connecting the coronary sinus and the left atrium in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten necropsied hearts were studied by performing serial longitudinal sections parallel to the long axis of the coronary sinus that extended its full length using a large microtome. In all specimens, the venous wall of the coronary sinus was surrounded by a cuff of striated muscle extending 40+/-8 mm from the ostium. Striated myocardial connections of varying number and morphology left this coronary muscle cuff and connected to the left atrium; they ranged from 1 to 2 fascicles to a widely intermingled continuum (thickness, 2.79+/-2 mm; width, 2.91+/-3.5 mm). These connections originated 8.8+/-5.7 mm from the coronary sinus ostium and inserted 18+/-11 mm distally into the left atrium. The insulating compartment in which the connections traversed between the left atrium and the coronary sinus was mostly formed of adipose tissue. The valve of Vieussens was found in 6 hearts at a mean distance of 3.4+/-3.2 mm from the distal extremity of the coronary sinus muscle cuff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the human heart, a consistent but morphologically variable left atrial coronary sinus myocardial connection was found. This emphasizes the need for surgical dissection or catheter ablation in or around the coronary sinus to eliminate these connections.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chauvin
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haïssaguerre
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marcellin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brechenmacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology