title: Craniotomy revisited: techniques for improved access and reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe simple modifications of the technique of opening and closure of the craniotomy to improve basal exposure and reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The modifications involve: a) additional soft-tissue dissection which is carried downward to the base of the ear and to the orbital rim, exposing the orbital rim and malar eminence without removing the bone; b) cutting the bone flap so that 'bridges' of bone remain that help to stabilize the flap when it is returned to the cranium at the end of the operation; c) the wedging of bone chips between the bone flap and native cranium at the time the bone is being reaffixed so as to provide firm stability by diminishing movement of the bone flap; d) the use of bone dust and bone chips mixed with the patient's blood to seal and bridge the gap between the bone flap and the native bone; e) reattachment of the temporalis muscle with the bone flap sutures. An 'inlay' technique of duraplasty is also described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These simple modifications of craniotomy provide better basal exposure and reconstruction with little additional operating time at no additional cost.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cusimano
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Suhardja
mesh_terms: D003399:Craniotomy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed