title: Treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections: exploring differences in adherence to guidelines between three European countries. Drug Education Project Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate adherence of general practitioners to treatment guidelines regarding urinary tract infections in three European countries and to investigate whether differences in adherence at the prescribing level within and between countries could be explained by general practitioners' knowledge and attitudes, characteristics, or national setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescribing data collected in 1994-1995 were analyzed regarding use of first-choice drugs and duration of treatment, knowledge and attitudes were assessed with a questionnaire, and multiple regression analysis was used to explain differences in prescribing behavior within and between countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study is based on data from 85.6% of the 584 general practitioners who were scheduled to participate in a continuing education program. The mean proportion of responses in agreement with the guidelines regarding first-choice drugs was 0.69 in Sweden, 0.78 in the Netherlands, and 0.79 in Norway; regarding duration of treatment, the mean proportion was 0.56 in Sweden, 0.67 in the Netherlands, and 0.59 in Norway. The proportion of first-choice drugs prescribed for women (18-75 y) was 0.55 in Sweden, 0.83 in the Netherlands, and 1.00 in Norway (patients >16 y). The duration of treatment was 7.6 defined daily doses per prescription in Sweden, 5.9 in the Netherlands, and 6.6 in Norway. Knowledge and attitudes explained 0-17% of the variation in prescribing. Years in practice explained 0-11%, and the general practitioners' gender had no explanatory value. The national setting explained most of the variation between countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in prescribing behavior can be explained only to a small extent by deviations from the guidelines in terms of knowledge and attitudes. Between countries, differences in regulation, marketing, and distribution of drugs seem to be of much greater importance.
authors.affiliation: Northern Centre for Healthcare Research, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Veninga
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lundborg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lagerløv
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hummers-Pradier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Denig
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Haaijer-Ruskamp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004363:Drug Utilization; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009664:Norway; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary