title: Oculographic and clinical characterization of thirty-seven children with anomalous head postures, nystagmus, and strabismus: the basis of a clinical algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied children with nystagmus who also had anomalous head postures and strabismus to determine the etiology of the conditions and present a diagnostic clinical algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients for this study were among the 560 patients evaluated in the ocular motor neurophysiology laboratory between the years 1991 and 1997. Clinical characteristics, infrared oculography data, and medical and surgical treatments were entered into a database for analysis. Oculography was performed on all patients according to a standard protocol, and data were stored and analyzed off-line. Etiology of anomalous head posture was determined with both clinical and oculography information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven children are the subjects of this report. The etiology of anomalous head posture was a "gaze null" due to congenital nystagmus in 23 (62%) patients, an "adduction null" due to manifest latent nystagmus in 12 (32%) patients, spasmus nutans in 1 (3%) patient, and strabismus in 1 (3%) patient. The patients' ages ranged from 9 months to 12 years and averaged 4.4 years. Sixty-nine percent were male patients. Nineteen (63%) of 30 patients had abnormal recognition (linear optotype) acuity in at least 1 eye on monocular cover; the recognition remained abnormal in 5 (17%) of 30 patients under binocular conditions. Thirty percent of patients had amblyopia, 16% had some structural disease of the eyes, 22% had some systemic syndrome or abnormality, 57% had a significant refractive error, and 27% had some ability to fuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major etiology for anomalous head posture in these patients was to adopt a gaze null due to congenital nystagmus (62% of patients) regardless of the direction of their anomalous head posture or type of strabismus. Moving the fixing eye as the first step for the anomalous head posture, combined with moving the nonfixing eye for the resulting strabismus may help treat these patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research and the National Eye Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. rwh@lsr.nie.nih.gov
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hertle
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004585:Electrooculography; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020417:Nystagmus, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology