title: Extracellular granzyme A, complexed to proteoglycans, is protected against inactivation by protease inhibitors.
abstract: Granzyme A (GrA) and B (GrB) together with perforin are the main constituents of cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. The cytotoxic proteins are released to deliver a lethal hit during contact between the CTL or NK cell and target cell. With the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antigenic levels, we showed in a recent study that plasma of patients with activated CTLs and NK cells contain elevated levels of extracellular GrA. In this study, we determined the form and proteolytic capacity of this extracellular GrA detected in plasma. With the use of various assays, we show that part of the extracellular GrA circulates in the mature conformation and is bound to proteoglycans that protect it against inactivation by protease inhibitors, such as antithrombin III and alpha-2-macroglobulin, whereas another part of GrA circulates as a complex with antithrombin III. Finally, with the use of a novel assay for active GrA, we demonstrate that some plasma samples with high levels of extracellular GrA contain active GrA. These results suggest that various forms of extracellular GrA occur in vivo and that the regulation of GrA activity may be modified by proteoglycans. These data support the notion that granzymes may exert extracellular functions distant from the site of CTL or NK cell interaction with their target cells. (Blood. 2000;95:1465-1472)
authors.affiliation: CLB, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Department of Pathophysiology Plasma Proteins, and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Spaeny-Dekking
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kamp
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Froelich
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hack
mesh_terms: D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000494:pharmacology; D019921:Biotinylation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000201:enzymology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D053804:Granzymes; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D015979:Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated / Q000201:enzymology*; D007700:Kinetics; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000201:enzymology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011509:Proteoglycans; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D000990:Antithrombin III; D053804:Granzymes; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C509212:GZMA protein, human