title: A cross-cultural consumer-based decision aid for screening mammography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  "Women should have mammograms" is the usual perspective of educational interventions about screening. The perspective that "women should be informed" about potential risks and benefits so they can make value- and evidence-integrated personal decisions has recently been advocated. However, this perspective has not previously been operationalized. We developed an evidence-based cross-cultural mammography decision aid (MDA), for European American and Mexican American women who are 50-70 years old, at average risk of breast cancer, of varying educational levels, and English- or Spanish-speaking.
  
  
  METHODS
  MDA development included: (1) content development by a multidisciplinary team and lay women and (2) testing for validity and reliability. Four parts include: (1) introduction; (2) information about logistics (cost, time, discomfort) and risks (sequelae of false-positive or negative results; (3) probability of developing breast cancer; and (4) benefit of mammography regarding breast cancer outcomes (e.g., death and recurrence). We assessed reliability (stability of decisions with the same information) after 1-2 weeks. We assessed validity (comprehension of information) quantitatively (probabilities were changed to see whether preferences changed predictably) and qualitatively (focus groups, standardized probes for comprehension). Subjects were a convenience sample of 49 European American (50-81 years old) and 54 Mexican American (49-89 years old) women from administrative staff at a medical school, the waiting room of an indigent primary care clinic, and a community center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability was 100%. In quantitative validity testing, 22 of 28 women (89%) changed preference as predicted with changed probabilities. Comprehension was confirmed qualitatively in all phases of testing with both Spanish and English versions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decision aid is valid and reliable in English and Spanish for southwestern Mexican American and European American women at average risk of breast cancer, including those of low educational levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine at Audie L. Murphy Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78284, USA.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Streiner
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hazuda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gafni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening; D017058:Mexican Americans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D016387:Women's Health