title: Mortality from invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance, 1995-1997.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined epidemiologic factors affecting mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia in 1995 through 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons residing in a surveillance area who had community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from a sterile site were included in the analysis. Factors affecting mortality were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses. The number of deaths from pneumococcal pneumonia requiring hospitalization in the United States in 1996 was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 5837 cases, 12% were fatal. Increased mortality was associated with older age, underlying disease. Asian race, and residence in Toronto/Peel, Ontario. When these factors were controlled for, increased mortality was not associated with resistance to penicillin or cefotaxime. However, when deaths during the first 4 hospital days were excluded, mortality was significantly associated with penicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4.0 or higher and cefotaxime minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2.0 or higher. In 1996, about 7000 to 12,500 deaths occurred in the United States from pneumococcal pneumonia requiring hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older age and underlying disease remain the most important factors influencing death from pneumococcal pneumonia. Mortality was not elevated in most infections with beta-lactam-resistant pneumococci.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. 30333, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Feikin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuchat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolczak
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGeer
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vugia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lexau
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Stefonek
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000401:mortality; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D002439:Cefotaxime