title: Determinants of shoulder and elbow flexion range: results from the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To gain a knowledge of factors associated with impaired upper extremity range of motion (ROM) in order to understand pathways that lead to disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shoulder and elbow flexion range was measured in a cohort of 695 community-dwelling subjects aged 65 to 74 years. Associations between subjects' shoulder and elbow flexion ranges and their demographic and anthropometric characteristics, as well as the presence of diabetes mellitus or self-reported physician-diagnosed arthritis, were examined using multivariate regression models. The relationship between shoulder or elbow flexion range and subjects' functional reach was examined to explore the functional significance of ROM in these joints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The flexion range for the 4 joints studied was at least 120 degrees in nearly all subjects (> or = 99% of the subjects for each of the 4 joints). Multivariate models revealed significant associations between male sex, Mexican American ethnic background, the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin to treat diabetes mellitus, and a lower shoulder flexion range. A lower elbow flexion range was associated with male sex, increasing body mass index, and the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin. A higher shoulder or elbow flexion range was associated with a lower likelihood of having a short functional reach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The great majority of community-dwelling elderly have a flexion range of shoulder and elbow joints that can be considered functional. Diabetes mellitus and obesity are two potentially treatable factors associated with reduced flexion range of these two functionally important joints.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Escalante
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hazuda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001168:Arthritis / Q000150:complications; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013781:Texas