title: Visualization of intravenously administered contrast material in the CSF on fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR images: an in vitro and animal-model investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The FLAIR (fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery) pulse sequence has been shown to be sensitive to abnormalities of the subarachnoid space. Our clinical experience led us to investigate whether intravenously injected contrast material can affect the appearance of the subarachnoid space on FLAIR MR images.
  
  
  METHODS
  After noting unexplained high signal in the subarachnoid space on FLAIR images in a patient, we studied two dogs with sequential FLAIR MR imaging after i.v. administration of contrast material. A third dog was studied with a 6-hour delayed FLAIR sequence after triple-dose (0.3 mmol/kg) i.v. contrast administration. CSF was obtained from two animals for measurement of gadolinium concentration. A phantom was developed to determine the lowest concentration at which the effects of gadolinium were evident on FLAIR images in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all three animals, the appearance of the CSF in the ventricles or subarachnoid space was modified after administration of i.v. contrast. This was most evident on delayed images. The CSF samples showed a gadolinium concentration of 0.007 mmol/L in the dog who received the 0.1 mmol/kg dose and 0.02 mmol/L in the dog who received a triple dose. In our in vitro phantom experiments, gadolinium effects were evident on FLAIR images at a concentration four times lower than those on T1-weighted images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  I.v. contrast material can cross into the CSF in sufficient concentration to alter the appearance of the subarachnoid space on FLAIR images in normal dogs. Although we encountered two patients with CNS disease in whom enhancement of the CSF was seen on postcontrast FLAIR images, additional investigation is needed in humans to determine whether enhancement may occur at triple dose in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mamourian
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoopes
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium