title: Management of the axilla in operable breast cancer treated by breast conservation: a randomized clinical trial. Edinburgh Breast Unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the treatment of operable breast cancer by breast conservation, the extent of axillary dissection, the need for radiotherapy to the axilla and the morbidity associated with these procedures have not been assessed adequately.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with operable breast cancer were randomized to have level III axillary node clearance (232 patients) or axillary node sample (234 patients). Radiotherapy to the axilla was given selectively. Radiotherapy was not given to those who had an axillary clearance. In the early part of the study all patients who had node sample were treated by radiotherapy (54 patients); subsequently this was modified to include only those who were node positive. The morbidity to the shoulder and arm was assessed before and after operation by measuring upper limb volume and circumference, and combined glenohumeral and scapular movement and muscle power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the two surgical policies, no difference was found in local (axillary clearance 14 versus sample 15), axillary (eight versus seven) or distant (29 versus 29) recurrence. There was no statistically significant difference in 5-year survival rate (clearance 82.1 versus sample 88.6 per cent). Morbidity was least in those who had a node sample and no radiotherapy to the axilla. Radiotherapy to the axilla in patients who had a node sample resulted in a significant reduction in range of movement of the shoulder, e.g. mean(s.e.) 2.2(0.6) cm reduction in lateral rotation at 3 years. Surgical axillary clearance was associated with significant lymphoedema of the upper limb, e.g. 4.1(0.7) per cent increase in arm volume at 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A selective policy for the management of the axilla is associated with no increase in axillary recurrence or mortality rate compared with routine axillary node clearance. Patients who are node negative after axillary sample can avoid radiotherapy or axillary clearance.
authors.affiliation: Correspondence to: Mr U. Chetty, Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chetty
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D016019:Survival Analysis