title: Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a Neisseria meningitidis A + C diphtheria conjugate vaccine in infants from Niger.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High rates of endemic disease and recurrent epidemics of serogroup A and C meningococcal meningitis continue to occur in sub-Saharan Africa. A meningococcal A + C polysaccharide diphtheria-toxoid-conjugated vaccine may address this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Niger three doses of a bivalent meningococcal A + C diphtheria-toxoid-conjugated vaccine (MenD), containing 1, 4 or 16 microg of each polysaccharide per dose, administered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, were compared with Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated (PRP-T) vaccine given with the same schedule or with a meningococcal A + C polysaccharide vaccine (MenPS) given at 10 and 14 weeks of age. One blood sample was taken at the time of enrollment (6 weeks of age) and another was taken 4 weeks after the primary series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All doses of MenD were well-tolerated. After the primary series a higher proportion of infants had detectable serum bactericidal activity against serogroup A for each dose of MenD (from 94% to 100%) than for MenPS (31%) or H. influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated vaccine (18.9%); P < or = 0.05. Significant differences were also observed for serogroup C MenD 4 microg or MenD 16 microg (100%) vs. MenPS (69.7%) or Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated vaccine (24.3%); P < or = 0.05. When MenPS vaccine was given to 11-month-old children, the immune response measured by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum bactericidal assay was greater in those previously immunized with MenD than in those immunized with MenPS vaccine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MenD was safe among infants in Niger, and immunization led to significantly greater functional antibody activity than with MenPS. The 4-microg dose of MenD for both the A and C serogroups has been selected for further studies.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche sur les Méningites et les Schistosomoses, Niamey, Niger, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Campagne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garba
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuchat
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ryall
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boulanger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bybel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carlone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Briantais
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ivanoff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xerri
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chippaux
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000276:immunology*; D009548:Niger; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D012703:Serotyping; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate