title: Imprinting effect in premature ovarian failure confined to paternally inherited fragile X premutations.
abstract: Fragile X premutations are considered to be a risk factor for premature ovarian failure (POF), which is usually defined as menopause at age <40 years. Since premutations may be inherited from either the mother or the father, we evaluated the influence of the inheritance pattern on the duration of reproductive life in female carriers. The occurrence of POF and age at menopause in women with a paternally inherited fragile X premutation (PIP) were compared to those in women with a maternally inherited fragile X premutation (MIP). We identified 148 women in whom the parental origin of the premutation could be determined. In 109 of these women we were able to establish whether POF had occurred: 82 women had a PIP, and 27 had a MIP. Twenty-three of the women (28%) with a PIP had POF, versus only 1 (3.7%) with a MIP (two -tailed Fisher's exact test; P=. 007). Kaplan-Meier analysis of all 148 premutations showed that the age at menopause was significantly lower in the women with a PIP than in the woman with a MIP (Breslow test in Kaplan-Meier analysis; P=.003). Our data strongly suggest that, when POF occurs in fragile X premutation carriers, a considerable proportion of the premutations are inherited paternally (parent-of-origin effect). We hypothesize that this may be owing to a paternal genomic imprinting effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hundscheid
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sistermans
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Braat
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Straatman
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Oostra
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Smits
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause / Q000235:genetics; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009035:Mothers; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins
chemical_list: D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C497683:FMR1 protein, human