title: Toll-like receptor 4 imparts ligand-specific recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main inducer of shock and death in Gram-negative sepsis. Recent evidence suggests that LPS-induced signal transduction begins with CD14-mediated activation of 1 or more Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The lipid A analogues lipid IVa and Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A (RSLA) exhibit an uncommon species-specific pharmacology. Both compounds inhibit the effects of LPS in human cells but display LPS-mimetic activity in hamster cells. We transfected human TLR4 or human TLR2 into hamster fibroblasts to determine if either of these LPS signal transducers is responsible for the species-specific pharmacology. RSLA and lipid IVa strongly induced NF-kappaB activity and IL-6 release in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts expressing CD14 (CHO/CD14), but these compounds antagonized LPS antagonists in CHO/CD14 fibroblasts that overexpressed human TLR4. No such antagonism occurred in cells overexpressing human TLR2. We cloned TLR4 from hamster macrophages and found that human THP-1 cells expressing the hamster TLR4 responded to lipid IVa as an LPS mimetic, as if they were hamster in origin. Hence, cells heterologously overexpressing TLR4 from different species acquired a pharmacological phenotype with respect to recognition of lipid A substructures that corresponded to the species from which the TLR4 transgene originated. These data suggest that TLR4 is the central lipid A-recognition protein in the LPS receptor complex.
authors.affiliation: The Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Means
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusumoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukase
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Monks
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Finberg
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ingalls
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Golenbock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012242:Rhodobacter sphaeroides; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006017:Glycolipids; D008024:Ligands; D008050:Lipid A; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C040142:lipid A precursors, bacterial