title: The CXC chemokine, monokine induced by interferon-gamma, inhibits non-small cell lung carcinoma tumor growth and metastasis.
abstract: Angiogenesis is an absolute requirement for tumor growth beyond 2 mm3 in size. The balance in expression between opposing angiogenic and angiostatic factors controls the angiogenic process. The CXC chemokines are a group of chemotactic cytokines that possess disparate activity in the regulation of angiogenesis. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has an imbalance in expression of ELR+ (angiogenic) compared with ELR- (angiostatic) CXC chemokines that favors angiogenesis and progressive tumor growth. We found that the level of the ELR- CXC chemokine MIG (monokine induced by interferon gamma) in human specimens of NSCLC was not significantly different from that found in normal lung tissue. These results suggested that the increased expression of ELR+ CXC chemokines found in these tumor samples is not counterregulated by a concomitant increase in the expression of the angiostatic ELR-CXC chemokine MIG. This would result in an even more profound imbalance in the expression of regulatory factors of angiogenesis that would favor neovascularization. We hypothesized that MIG might be an endogenous inhibitor of NSCLC tumor growth in vivo and that reconstituion of MIG in the tumor microenvironment would result in the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that overexpression of the ELR-CXC chemokine MIG, by three different strategies including gene transfer, results in the inhibition of NSCLC tumor growth and metastasis via a decrease in tumor-derived vessel density. These findings support the importance of the ELR- CXC chemokine MIG in inhibiting NSCLC tumor growth by attenuation of tumor-derived angiogenesis. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate the potential of gene therapy as an alternative means to deliver and overexpress a potent angiostatic CXC chemokine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Addison
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Arenberg
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Iannettoni
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Strieter
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D007371:Interferon-gamma