title: Preclinical development of noninvasive vascular occlusion with focused ultrasonic surgery for fetal therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of focused ultrasonic surgery to occlude blood flow in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 5-mm linear track exposure of 1.7-MHz focused ultrasound was applied across the femoral vessels for 5 seconds. Free field spatial peak intensities in the range of 1,000 to 4,660 W x cm(-2) were used. Vascular occlusion was confirmed after demonstration of an absent distal arterial pulse and an absent flow signal on magnetic resonance angiography and subtracted (after minus before) contrast-enhanced dual-echo steady-state sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum intensity for consistent vascular occlusion was 1,690 W x cm(-2) at a focal depth of 5 mm when the transducer was moved at 1 mm x s(-1) orthogonal to the direction of blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that focused ultrasonic surgery can achieve reproducible vascular occlusion in vivo. Potential obstetric applications include noninvasive ultrasonographically guided occlusion of placental vessels mediating interfetal transfusion in monochorionic twins.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Fetal Care, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Denbow
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Rivens
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Fisk
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: ter Haar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D014465:Ultrasonics; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*