title: Modifiable risk factors predict functional decline among older women: a prospectively validated clinical prediction tool. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify modifiable predictors of functional decline among community-residing older women and to derive and validate a clinical prediction tool for functional decline based only on modifiable predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four geographic areas of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-residing women older than age 65 recruited from population-based listings between 1986 and 1988 (n = 6632).
  
  
  METHODS
  Modifiable predictors were considered to be those that a clinician seeing an older patient for the first time could reasonably expect to change over a 4-year period: benzodiazepine use, depression, low exercise level, low social functioning, body-mass index, poor visual acuity, low bone mineral density, slow gait, and weak grip. Known predictors of functional decline unlikely to be amenable to intervention included age, education, medical comorbidity, cognitive function, smoking history, and presence of previous spine fracture. All variables were measured at baseline; only modifiable predictors were candidates for the prediction tool. Functional decline was defined as loss of ability over the 4-year interval to perform one or more of five vigorous or eight basic daily activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Slow gait, short-acting benzodiazepine use, depression, low exercise level, and obesity were significant modifiable predictors of functional decline in both vigorous and basic activities. Weak grip predicted functional decline in vigorous activities, whereas long-acting benzodiazepine use and poor visual acuity predicted functional decline in basic activities. A prediction rule based on these eight modifiable predictors classified women in the derivation set into three risk groups for decline in vigorous activities (12%, 25%, and 39% risk) and two risk groups for decline in basic activities (2% and 10% risk). In the validation set, the probabilities of functional decline were nearly identical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial portion of the variation of functional decline can be attributed to risk factors amenable to intervention over the short term. Using eight modifiable predictors that can be identified in a single office visit, clinicians can identify older women at risk for functional decline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1736, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sarkisian
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Seeley
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mangione
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004194:Disease; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012931:Social Environment; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines