title: Judging the effectiveness of analgesia for children and adolescents during vaso-occlusive events of sickle cell disease.
abstract: The effectiveness of analgesia during sickle cell crisis was examined in this descriptive, exploratory study. Pain scores (using the African-American Oucher and the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool) and analgesics administered were examined during a 2-hour observation/interview in the hospital while children/adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) experienced a vaso-occlusive episode (VOE). A convenience sample of twenty-one 6- to 16-year olds with SCD was included. Evidence indicated that 15 of the 21 children in the sample were in moderate to severe pain during their interviews, indicating that the analgesics did not effectively control their pain. Most participants (17) had received nalbuphine as the primary analgesic by intravenous infusion drip and/or patient-controlled analgesia pump. Many reasons were identified for the inadequate analgesia. The results suggested that the pain of SCD is very complex, requiring continuous adjustment of comfort measures, especially analgesics. More research is needed to examine pain control in children with SCD.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Missouri-Kansas City 64108, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Beyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000698:Analgesia / Q000592:standards*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009266:Nalbuphine