title: Ten-year trends in hospital care for congestive heart failure: improved outcomes and increased use of resources.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scarce data are available on long-term trends in hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and costs in congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess 10-year trends in the outcomes of patients hospitalized with CHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied all 6676 patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of CHF hospitalized from January 1, 1986, through July 31, 1996, at an academic tertiary care center. Hospital mortality, LOS, and costs were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, invasive procedures, hospital disposition, and LOS where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- SD) age of patients was 70+/-13 years; 54.1% were male; 87.0% were white. There was a significant increasing trend in heart failure severity as assessed by a CHF-specific risk-adjustment index. The proportion of patients who underwent invasive procedures (e.g., cardiac catheterization, coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery, defibrillator and pacemaker implantation) was significantly higher in the 1994-1996 period. The standardized mortality ratio (observed mortality/predicted mortality) progressively fell during the study period. Compared with patients admitted before 1991, those admitted after 1991 had a 24% lower observed than predicted mortality. Adjusted LOS exhibited a downward trend, ie, 7.7 days in 1986-1987 to 5.6 days in 1994-1996 (P<.001). Unadjusted cost peaked during 1992-1993 and declined thereafter. Adjusted costs in 1994-1996 were not significantly different from those in 1990-1991.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After risk adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and disease severity, a significant decrease in in-hospital mortality was observed during the study decade. This decline in hospital mortality occurred in parallel with decreasing LOS and increasing use of cardiac procedures and costs.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dec
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: DiSalvo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies