title: Diet and sex-hormone binding globulin, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that a low-fat, vegetarian diet reduces dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms by its effect on serum sex-hormone binding globulin concentration and estrogen activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a crossover design, 33 women followed a low-fat, vegetarian diet for two menstrual cycles. For two additional cycles, they followed their customary diet while taking a supplement placebo pill. Dietary intake, serum sex-hormone binding globulin concentration, body weight, pain duration and intensity, and premenstrual symptoms were assessed during each study phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (+/- standard deviation [SD]) serum sex-hormone binding globulin concentration was higher during the diet phase (46.7 +/- 23.6 nmol/L) than during the supplement phase (39.3 +/- 19.8 nmol/L, P < .001). Mean (+/- SD) body weight was lower during the diet (66.1 +/- 11.3 kg) compared with the supplement phase (67.9 +/- 12.1 kg, P < .001). Mean dysmenorrhea duration fell significantly from baseline (3.9 +/- 1.7 days) to diet phase (2.7 +/- 1.9 days) compared with change from baseline to supplement phase (3.6 +/- 1.7 days, P < .01). Pain intensity fell significantly during the diet phase, compared with baseline, for the worst, second-worst, and third-worst days, and mean durations of premenstrual concentration, behavioral change, and water retention symptoms were reduced significantly, compared with the supplement phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low-fat vegetarian diet was associated with increased serum sex-hormone binding globulin concentration and reductions in body weight, dysmenorrhea duration and intensity, and premenstrual symptom duration. The symptom effects might be mediated by dietary influences on estrogen activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. nbarnard@pcrm.org
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Scialli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hurlock
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bertron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin