title: Lipopolysaccharide inhibits HIV-1 infection of monocyte- derived macrophages through direct and sustained down-regulation of CC chemokine receptor 5.
abstract: It is now well established that HIV-1 requires interactions with both CD4 and a chemokine receptor on the host cell surface for efficient infection. The expression of the CCR5 chemokine receptor in human macrophages facilitates HIV-1 entry into these cells, which are considered important in HIV pathogenesis not only as viral reservoirs but also as modulators of altered inflammatory function in HIV disease and AIDS. LPS, a principal constituent of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls, is a potent stimulator of macrophages and has been shown to inhibit HIV infection in this population. We now present evidence that one mechanism by which LPS mediates its inhibitory effect on HIV-1 infection is through a direct and unusually sustained down-regulation of cell-surface CCR5 expression. This LPS-mediated down-regulation of CCR5 expression was independent of de novo protein synthesis and differed from the rapid turnover of these chemokine receptors observed in response to two natural ligands, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha and -1beta. LPS did not act by down-regulating CCR5 mRNA (mRNA levels actually increased slightly after LPS treatment) or by enhancing the degradation of internalized receptor. Rather, the observed failure of LPS-treated macrophages to rapidly restore CCR5 expression at the cell-surface appeared to result from altered recycling of chemokine receptors. Taken together, our results suggest a novel pathway of CCR5 recycling in LPS-stimulated human macrophages that might be targeted to control HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franchin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zybarth
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dubrovsky
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reiling
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidtmayerova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bukrinsky
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sherry
mesh_terms: D065100:CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000276:immunology; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D065100:CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019713:Receptors, CCR5