title: Simultaneous hair testing for opiates, cocaine, and metabolites by GC-MS: a survey of applicants for driving licenses with a history of drug use.
abstract: A sensitive GC-MS method for the simultaneous determination of opiates, cocaine, and metabolites in hair at a cut-off level of 0.1 ng/mg was adopted to assess past exposure to these drugs in applicants for driving licenses with a history of drug use. The sampling protocol consisted of collection of one hair (sample A, 5-cm length) and one urine sample. When hair and urine (EMIT Syva, cut-off levels: 0.3 mg/l for opiates, 0.15 mg/l for cocaine, GC-MS confirmation of positives) were both positive or negative the protocol was concluded. In the other cases, the assessment of 'current exposure' to drugs was carried out, in order to avoid seriated random urinalysis, by collecting a second hair sample (sample B) 6 weeks later and analysing the proximal 1-cm segment. Out of the 214 'A' hair samples analyzed, 14 (6.5%) tested positive for morphine and/or 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), and 26 (12%) for cocaine and/or benzoylecgonine (BE), whereas none of the samples tested positive for both drugs. Levels between 0.1 and 1 ng/mg of the single analytes were found in eight out of the 14 morphine-6AM positives (57%) and in 18 out of the 26 cocaine-BE positives (69%). The time course of positive cases showed a progressive decrease of morphine-6AM positives and a corresponding increase of cocaine-BE positives within the study period September 1995-February 1999. No cases with positive urine and negative hair were observed. Among the 40 positive cases, seven (four and three for opiates and cocaine, respectively) were found to be 'currently exposed to drug', four by urinalysis (three and one) and three by analysis of the hair sample B (1 and 2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine and Public Health, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montagna
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stramesi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vignali
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Groppi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polettini
mesh_terms: D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008004:Licensure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009020:Morphine / Q000032:analysis; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D009020:Morphine; D003042:Cocaine