title: Clomiphene citrate-induced perturbations during meiotic maturation and cytogenetic abnormalities in mouse oocytes in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if clomiphene citrate induces temporal perturbations during meiotic maturation and aneuploidy in mouse oocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled dose study involving mouse oocytes in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and academic research setting in a university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oocytes were obtained after superovulation and from mature follicles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytogenetic analysis of oocytes for aneuploidy, premature centromere separation, premature anaphase, and single chromatids, and the frequencies of metaphase I and diploid oocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clomiphene citrate resulted in a decrease in the number of ovulated oocytes and a significant (P<.05) increase in hyperploidy at 100 mg/kg in vivo. In vitro, 5.0 microg/mL of clomiphene citrate significantly (P<.05) increased hyperploidy and reduced the proportion of metaphase I oocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that clomiphene citrate has the potential for inducing aneuploidy in mouse oocytes both in vivo and in vitro and that the rate of oocyte maturation is altered after clomiphene exposure in vitro. Additional data are needed to support the results of this study.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caldito
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mailhes
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D000818:Animals; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008540:Meiosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D002996:Clomiphene