title: Isoflurane action in the spinal cord blunts electroencephalographic and thalamic-reticular formation responses to noxious stimulation in goats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isoflurane depresses the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and exerts part of its anesthetic effect in the spinal cord. The authors hypothesized that isoflurane would indirectly depress the EEG and subcortical response to noxious stimulation in part by a spinal cord action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depth electrodes were inserted into the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) and thalamus of six of seven isoflurane-anesthetized goats, and needle-electrodes were placed into the skull periosteum. In five of seven goats, an MRF microelectrode recorded single-unit activity. The jugular veins and carotid arteries were isolated to permit cranial bypass and differential isoflurane delivery. A noxious mechanical stimulus (1 min) was applied to a forelimb dewclaw at each of two cranial-torso isoflurane combinations: 1.1+/-0.3%-1.2+/-0.3% and 1.1+/-0.3-0.3+/-0.1% (mean +/- SD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When cranial-torso isoflurane was 1.1-1.2%, the noxious stimulus did not alter the EEG. When torso isoflurane was decreased to 0.3%, the noxious stimulus activated the MRF, thalamic, and bifrontal-hemispheric regions (decreased high-amplitude, low-frequency power). For all channels combined, total (-33+/-15%), delta(-51+/-22%), theta (-33+/-19%), and alpha (-26+/-16%) power decreased after the noxious stimulus (P<0.05); beta power was unchanged. The MRF unit responses to the noxious stimulus were significantly higher when the spinal cord isoflurane concentration was 0.3% (1,286+/-1,317 impulses/min) as compared with 1.2% (489+/-437 impulses/min, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflurane blunted the EEG and MRF-thalamic response to noxious stimulation in part via an action in the spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA. jfantognini@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Antognini
authors.forename: X W
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carstens
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D006041:Goats; D006400:Hematocrit; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008839:Microelectrodes; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D013788:Thalamus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007530:Isoflurane