title: Influence of crystal habit on the surface free energy and interparticulate bonding of L-lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to apply a technique to measure the surface energy of crystalline powders without changing the surface properties by compaction, and to relate such measurements to crystal habit and orientation. The surface free energy of uncompacted L-lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate (LH), determined using a modified sessile-drop method, reflected a combined value for the various faces, and was influenced by the relative size of the faces and the orientation of the crystals. The surface free energy values obtained from contact angle measurements were within the possible range calculated from the crystal structure. Discrepancies between the theoretical estimates of interparticulate cohesive strengths and those measured from the tensile strength of powder compacts were used to estimate the flaw sizes (or gaps between the particles) that act as stress concentrators and reduce the tensile strength of the compacts. The flaw sizes indicate packing and compressibility of the various crystal habits. In the absence of compressive load, compacts made out of the equidimensional crystals have the larger flaw sizes (wider cracks or wider gaps between the particles). At higher compaction pressures, the compacts from long rod-shaped crystals have longer crack lengths. The weakness of the compacts made from the long rods at the higher compaction pressures may be because of the longer crack length along the interparticulate boundary, which may result in a higher stress intensity at the crack tip and increased fracture propensity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455-0343, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D003460:Crystallization; D019471:Elementary Particle Interactions; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008239:Lysine