title: Detecting resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, with a propoxur-based biochemical test.
abstract: Rapid and sensitive detection of resistance to insecticides in arthropods is needed. In the cattle tick. Boophilus microplus, resistance to a variety of acaricides is widespread. The most commonly used assay for resistance, the larval packet test, takes at least two, but generally six weeks for a one-host tick like B. microplus to complete and may take up to three months to complete for three-host ticks. Here we describe a test for resistance to organophosphate acaricides that can be used on larvae and adult ticks which takes less than 24 hours. The test measures the difference in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in homogenates of ticks in the presence and absence of propoxur, a carbamate acaricide. We found clear discrimination of organophosphate-susceptible and organophosphate-resistant adults with 100 microM propoxur. AChE from susceptible ticks had almost no activity at this concentration of propoxur whereas AChE from resistant ticks had 67% of its potential activity. AChE from heterozygote ticks could also be distinguished from AChE from homozygous-susceptible and homozygous-resistant ticks. This is the first biochemical test for resistance to an acaricide. Rapid, sensitive tests like ours will allow resistance to organophosphates to be detected soon after it develops in the field, thus, the spread of resistance might be slowed and the useful life of acaricides extended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Center for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stuttgen
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005260:Female; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000187:drug effects; D006579:Heterozygote; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018884:Ixodes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D007814:Larva; D008297:Male; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D001074:Propoxur / Q000633:toxicity*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D001074:Propoxur; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase