title: Evidence for bias in hair testing and procedures to correct bias.
abstract: A number of in vitro experiments show that different hair samples incorporate differing amounts of drugs under identical conditions. Incorporation of cocaine and morphine tends to be correlated with race, in that the hair of African American females incorporates higher concentrations of cocaine than does the hair of Caucasian males or females. Extrapolation of these data into populations has been fraught with difficulties because the dosages of drugs and their use patterns are unknown. Cosmetic treatments and hygiene alter drug binding, which must be considered in comparing populations because cosmetic treatments are often group dependent. Four reasons are proposed that account for the uptake and retention of drugs by hair and that may differ among groups: (1) permeability and other characteristics of the hair due to genetic influences, (2) cosmetic hair treatments and hair care habits (which may be culturally influenced), (3) drug removal during personal hygiene, and (4) manner and route of drug administration which can affect passive exposure to residual drugs in the environment. The data supporting bias in hair testing are reviewed and methods are proposed that use either the uptake of dyes or the incorporation of drug homologs to reduce bias.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA. kidwell@ccf.nrl.navy.mil
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kidwell
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: DeLauder
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D044469:Racial Groups; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine