title: Panic disorder and hyperventilation.
abstract: Respiratory abnormalities are associated with anxiety, particularly with panic attacks. Symptoms such as shortness of breath, "empty-head" feeling, dizziness, paresthesias and tachypnea have been described in the psychiatric and respiratory physiology related to panic disorder. Panic disorder patients exhibit both behaviorally and physiologically abnormal responses to respiratory challenges tests.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim to observe the induction of panic attacks by hyperventilation in a group of panic disorder patients (DSM-IV).
  
  
  METHODS
  13 panic disorder patients and 11 normal volunteers were randomly selected. They were drug free for a week. They were induced to hyperventilate (30 breaths/min) for 3 minutes. Anxiety scales were taken before and after the test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  9 (69.2%) panic disorder patients and one (9.1%) of control subjects had a panic attack after hyperventilating (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The panic disorder group was more sensitive to hyperventilation than normal volunteers. The induction of panic attacks by voluntary hyperventilation may be a useful and simple test for validating the diagnosis in some specific panic disorder patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. aenardi@novanet.com.br
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nardi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Valença
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mezzasalma
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000209:etiology*