title: The oral effects of smokeless tobacco.
abstract: Smokeless tobacco use has increased rapidly in North America. This form of tobacco use has many oral effects including leukoplakia, oral cancer, loss of periodontal support (recession), and staining of teeth and composite restorations. Systemic effects such as nicotine dependence, transient hypertension and cardiovascular disease may also result from smokeless tobacco use. This paper aims to guide dental practitioners in identifying oral lesions that occur due to the use of smokeless tobacco and also offer guidelines on how to counsel patients who express a desire to stop using smokeless tobacco products.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D003188:Composite Resins; D003376:Counseling; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000209:etiology; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins