title: Influence of the menstrual cycle on sympathetic activity, baroreflex sensitivity, and vascular transduction in young women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our goal was to test sympathetic and cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity and the transduction of sympathetic traffic into vascular resistance during the early follicular (EF) and midluteal (ML) phases of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity was assessed by lowering and raising blood pressure with intravenous bolus doses of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. It was defined as the slope relating muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; determined by microneurography) and diastolic blood pressure. Cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity was defined as the slope relating R-R interval and systolic blood pressure. Vascular transduction was evaluated during ischemic handgrip exercise and postexercise ischemia, and it was defined as the slope relating MSNA and calf vascular resistance (determined by plethysmography). Resting MSNA (EF, 1170+/-151 U/min; ML, 2252+/-251 U/min; P<0.001) and plasma norepinephrine levels (EF, 240+/-21 pg/mL; ML, 294+/-25 pg/mL; P=0. 025) were significantly higher in the ML than in the EF phase. Furthermore, sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity was greater during the ML than the EF phase in every subject (MSNA/diastolic blood pressure slopes: EF, -4.15; FL, -5.42; P=0.005). No significant differences in cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity or vascular transduction were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the hormonal fluctuations that occur during the normal menstrual cycle may alter sympathetic outflow but not the transduction of sympathetic activity into vascular resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and General Clinical Research Center, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. minson.christopher@mayo.edu
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Minson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Halliwill
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Joyner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011311:Pressoreceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009599:Nitroprusside; D010656:Phenylephrine; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol