title: Effects of low dose irradiation on TK6 and U937 cells: induction of p53 and its role in cell-cycle delay and the adaptive response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of small doses of radiation on the cell-cycle and related processes, and to determine the capacity of small doses of radiation to induce an adaptive response.
  
  
  METHODS
  TK6, a lymphoblast cell line with wild-type p53, and U937, a monocytic leukaemia cell line with mutant, inactive, p53 were exposed to gamma ray doses ranging from 0.1 Gy to 3 Gy. Cell-cycle distributions and cyclin B1 were assessed by flow cytometry, and p53 and p21 protein levels were measured by Western blotting. Apoptosis was determined by fluorescence microscopy after staining with Hoechst 33342, and by measurement of the pre-G1 cell population by flow cytometry. Micronuclei were determined in cytokinesis-blocked cells by fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In TK6 cells, radiation exposure induced elevated p53 and p21 levels and delayed expression of cyclin B1. No changes in these parameters were found in U937 cells. Although both cell lines arrested in G2/M after larger doses of radiation, G2/M-arrest occurred after 0.1 Gy and 0.3 Gy in TK6 cells only. An apoptotic adaptive response was induced in both cell lines by a 0.1 Gy priming dose but an adaptive response with respect to micronuclei was observed only in U937 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The radiation adaptive response can occur in the absence of wild-type p53. A small dose of radiation may not protect cells against both apoptosis and cytogenetic damage caused by a subsequent larger dose of radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hendrikse
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keraan
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Blekkenhorst
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000378:metabolism; D056744:Cyclin B1; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase / Q000528:radiation effects; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008938:Mitosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020298:U937 Cells; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; C534699:CCNB1 protein, human; D019926:Cyclin B; D056744:Cyclin B1; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; C017807:bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride