title: Climate change is affecting altitudinal migrants and hibernating species.
abstract: Calendar date of the beginning of the growing season at high altitude in the Colorado Rocky Mountains is variable but has not changed significantly over the past 25 years. This result differs from growing evidence from low altitudes that climate change is resulting in a longer growing season, earlier migrations, and earlier reproduction in a variety of taxa. At our study site, the beginning of the growing season is controlled by melting of the previous winter's snowpack. Despite a trend for warmer spring temperatures the average date of snowmelt has not changed, perhaps because of the trend for increased winter precipitation. This disjunction between phenology at low and high altitudes may create problems for species, such as many birds, that migrate over altitudinal gradients. We present data indicating that this already may be true for American robins, which are arriving 14 days earlier than they did in 1981; the interval between arrival date and the first date of bare ground has grown by 18 days. We also report evidence for an effect of climate change on hibernation behavior; yellow-bellied marmots are emerging 38 days earlier than 23 years ago, apparently in response to warmer spring air temperatures. Migrants and hibernators may experience problems as a consequence of these changes in phenology, which may be exacerbated if climate models are correct in their predictions of increased winter snowfall in our study area. The trends we report for earlier formation of permanent snowpack and for a longer period of snow cover also have implications for hibernating species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA. di5@umail.umd.edu
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Inouye
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Inouye
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D002980:Climate; D003120:Colorado; D006605:Hibernation; D008392:Marmota; D010944:Plants; D012621:Seasons; D012914:Snow; D020308:Songbirds; D013696:Temperature