title: Expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor activated by retinal Müller cells in eyes with NMDA- and kainic acid-induced neuronal death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the role of retinal Muller cells in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- or kainic acid (KA)induced retinal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experimental eyes, NMDA or KA was injected into the vitreous of rat eyes. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were conducted to elucidate expression and localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). In addition, the neuroprotective effects of CNTF were calculated by counting cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and by measuring the thickness of the various retinal layers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphometric analysis of retinal damage in NMDA- and KA-injected eyes showed significant cell loss in the GCL and thinning of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina, but not of other retinal layers. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated disappearance and/or decrease in immunoreactivities of calbindin- and calretinin- positive cells and their neurites and upregulated expression of both GFAP and CNTF in experimental eyes. Western blot analysis showed an increase in protein expression for CNTF in retinas of experimental eyes. Confocal images and sequential localization demonstrated colocalization of CNTF and GFAP in the inner retinal layer and possibly in Muller cells. In addition, pretreatment with CNTF (1 microg) before the intravitreal injection of NMDA (or KA) demonstrated that CNTF has neuroprotective effects against NMDA- or KA-induced neuronal death in the retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies revealed the upregulated expression of CNTF and GFAP in Muller cells in response to NMDA- and KA-induced neuronal death, suggesting that production of CNTF in Muller cells may be a part of the endogenous neuroprotective system in the retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honjo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanihara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inatani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D064032:Calbindin 2; D064026:Calbindins; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000633:toxicity*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C576512:Calb2 protein, rat; D064032:Calbindin 2; D064026:Calbindins; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D007608:Kainic Acid