title: Taste and smell phantoms revealed by brain functional MRI (fMRI).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to demonstrate the appearance of phantom tastes and smells (phantageusia and phantosmia, respectively) by use of functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain and to demonstrate the efficacy of drug treatment that inhibited both the subjective presence of these phantoms and the fMRI brain activation initiated by these phantoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multislice FLASH MR or echo planar MR brain scans were obtained in two patients with phantageusia and phantosmia in response to memory of two tastants (salt and sweet); memory of two odors (banana and peppermint); actual smell of amyl acetate, menthone, and pyridine; and memory of phantom tastes and smells before and after treatment with thioridazine and haloperidol. Activation images were derived using correlation analysis, and ratios of brain area activated to total brain area were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to treatment, both patients experienced persistent birhinal and global oral obnoxious tastes and smells in the absence of any external stimulus. The fMRI response to memory of phantoms was activation in sensory-specific brain regions for taste and smell, respectively. fMRI activation was greater than for memory of any tastant or odorant or for actual smell of any odor. After treatment with thioridazine or haloperidol, which successfully inhibited each phantom in each patient, fMRI response to phantom memory was significantly inhibited and was significantly lower than for memory of any tastant or odorant or actual smell of any odorant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that (a) phantom taste and smell can be revealed by fMRI brain activation, (b) brain activation in response to taste and smell phantoms is localized in sensory-specific brain regions for taste and smell, respectively, (c) brain activation in response to memory of each phantom initiated the greatest degree of activation we had previously measured, and (d) treatment with thioridazine or haloperidol inhibited both the presence of each phantom and its associated fMRI brain activation. This is the first study in which phantom tastes and smells have been demonstrated by an objective technique and treatment that inhibited the phantoms was characterized by objective inhibition of fMRI activation. These two patients represent a relatively common group that may be classified as having primary phantageusia and phantosmia distinct from those with phantoms or auras secondary to neurological, migrainous, psychiatric, or other causes.
authors.affiliation: Taste and Smell Clinic, Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Henkin
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*