title: Toenail selenium and breast cancer-a case-control study in Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low levels of selenium have been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer in humans. Since 1984, selenium supplementation through fertilizers has been employed in Finland to increase the very low concentration of selenium in the nation's food supply. As a result, the selenium concentration of Finnish foods became one of the highest in Europe. A decade after selenium supplementation began, the association between toenail selenium and the risk of breast cancer was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eastern Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  289 pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 433 community controls. The diagnosis was unknown at the time the toenail samples were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean toenail selenium concentration was 0.80 mg/kg in premenopausal cases and 0.84 mg/kg in premenopausal controls: and 0. 77 mg/kg in postmenopausal cases and 0.80 mg/kg in postmenopausal controls. The odds ratio (OR) comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles of toenail selenium concentration was 1.1 (95% CI 0.4-3.2) in premenopausal women and 0.7 (95% CI 0.3-1.5) in postmenopausal women. The intake of retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin C did not change the association between toenail selenium and breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decade after selenium supplementation, selenium seems not to be an important factor in the etiology of breast cancer, neither in premenopausal nor postmenopausal women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This work was supported by the EVO funds from the Kuopio University Hospital and by research grants from the Academy of Finland, Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation and Juho Vainio Foundation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 98-103
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Department of Nutrition, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfthan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kataja
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D012643:Selenium / Q000032:analysis*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D012643:Selenium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid