title: Exercise thermoregulation in men after 1 and 24-hours of 6 degrees head-down tilt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise thermoregulation is dependent on heat loss by increased skin blood flow (convective and conductive heat loss) and through enhanced sweating (evaporative heat loss). Reduction of plasma volume (PV), increased plasma osmolality, physical deconditioning, and duration of exposure to simulated and actual microgravity reduces the ability to thermoregulate during exercise.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that 24 h of head down tilt (HDT24) would alter thermoregulatory responses to a submaximal exercise test and result in a higher exercise rectal temperature (Tre) when compared with exercise Tre after 1 h of head down tilt (HDT1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven men (31+/-SD 6 yr, peak oxygen uptake (VpO2peak) of 44+/-6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were studied during 70 min of supine cycling at 58+/-SE 1.5% VO2peak at 22.0 degrees C Tdb and 47% rh.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to pre-tilt sitting chair rest data, HDT1 resulted in a 6.1+/-0.9% increase and HDT24 in a 4.3+/-2.3% decrease in PV (delta = 10.4% between experiments, p<0.05) while plasma osmolality remained unchanged (NS). Pre-exercise Tre was elevated after HDT24 (36.71 degrees C +/-0.06 HDT1 vs. 36.93 degrees C+/-0.11 HDT24, p<0.05). The 70 min of exercise did not alter this relationship (p<0.05) with respective end exercise increases in Tre to 38.01 degrees C and 38.26 degrees C (degrees = 1.30 degrees C (HDT1) and 1.33 degrees C (HDT24)). While there were no pre-exercise differences in mean skin temperature (Tsk), a significant (p<0.05) time x treatment interaction occurred during exercise: after min 30 in HDT24 the Tsk leveled off at 31.1 degrees C, while it continued to increase reaching 31.5 degrees C at min 70 in HDT1. A similar response (NS) occurred in skin blood velocity. Neither local sweating rates nor changes in body weight during exercise of -1.63+/-0.24 kg (HDT1) or - 1.33+/-0.09 kg (HDT24) were different (NS) between experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While HDT24 resulted in elevated pre-exercise Tre, reduced PV, attenuation of Tsk and skin blood velocity during exercise, the absolute increase in exercise Tre was not altered. But if sweat rate and cutaneous vascular responses were similar at different core temperatures (unchanged thermoregulation), the Tre offset could have been caused by the HDT-induced hypovolemia.
authors.affiliation: NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ertl
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dearborn
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Weidhofer
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bernauer
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Greenleaf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001831:Body Temperature; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010953:Plasma Volume; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013026:Space Flight; D013546:Sweating / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000009:adverse effects*