title: Biological rhythms in birds--development, insights and perspectives.
abstract: The aim of this review is to show that probably the internal clock of precocial birds is imprinted in the prenatal period by exogenous factors (zeitgeber). The activity of organ functions occurs early during embryonic development, before this function is ultimately necessary to ensure the survival of the embryo. Prenatal activation of some functional systems may have a training effect on the postnatal efficiency. The development of physiological control systems is influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors during the late prenatal and early postnatal period: epigenetic adaptation processes play an important role in the development of animals; they have acquired characteristics which are innated but not genetically fixed. As a rule, the actual value during the determination period has a very strong influence on the set-point of the system. This will be explained using the example of thermoregulation. It is shown in detail that it seems to be possible to imprint the prenatal development of circadian rhythms by periodic changes of the light-dark cycle but not by rhythmic influence of acoustic signals. Altogether, there are more questions open than solved concerning the perinatal genesis of circadian rhythms in birds. Topics are given for the future research.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nichelmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Höchel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tzschentke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004372:Ducks; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*