title: Exposure of the U.S. population aged 6 years and older to cadmium: 1988-1994.
abstract: Cadmium was measured in urine specimens from 22,162 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988-1994). Urine cadmium, expressed either as uncorrected (microg/L) or creatinine corrected (microg/g creatinine) increased with age and with smoking. The arithmetic mean value for urine cadmium in the U.S. population was 0.57 microg/L or 0.48 microg/g creatinine. Based on our estimates, about 2.3% of the U.S. population have urine cadmium concentrations greater than 2 microg/g creatinine, and 0.2% have concentrations greater than 5 microg/g creatinine, the current World Health Organization health-based exposure limit.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Paschal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Caudill
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gunter
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pirkle
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011634:Public Health; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium