title: 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), a product of arachidonic acid peroxidation, is an active component of hemozoin toxicity to monocytes.
abstract: Several studies have shown that human and murine hemozoin-fed phagocytes are functionally impaired. Unpurified hemozoin contains unspecifically attached unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic and linolenic acids. The presence in unpurified hemozoin of large quantities of ferric heme with small amounts of free iron makes hemozoin a generator of oxidative radicals capable of forming lipoperoxides or other breakdown products from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here we show that delipidized hemozoin had reduced toxicity to monocytes. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-elicited burst was poorly affected by delipidized hemozoin (ca. 17% and 21% burst inhibition by delipidized hemozoin vs ca. 75% and 65% burst inhibition by native hemozoin at 20 min or 17 h post-phagocytosis, respectively). Analysis of the lipid fraction isolated from native hemozoin by HPLC and chiral-phase HPLC showed equimolar amounts of 15(R)- and 15(S)-HETE (HETE, 15-hydroxy-6,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid), most likely by-products of non-enzymatic peroxidation of arachidonic acid. The biologically active isomer, 15(S)-HETE, the product of 15-lipoxygenase, is a powerful mediator of inflammation and the effector of a large number of bioactions. 15(R,S)-HETE was found in native hemozoin (0.24 millimole/mole hemozoin heme), in supernatants of hemozoin-fed monocytes (87 nMol) and in hemozoin-fed monocytes (9.6 microMol). Approximately 84% of 15-HETE attached to hemozoin was in the esterified form. A large preponderance of esterified over free 15-HETE was also noted in supernatants of hemozoin-fed monocytes and in hemozoin-fed monocytes. In the latter cells, remarkable levels of the substance were attained. A dose-dependent curve of inhibition of PMA-elicited oxidative burst was observed. Assuming homogenuous distribution of 15-HETE in hemozoin-fed monocytes, 15(S)-HETE concentrations measured in hemozoin-fed monocytes (8 muMol) would bring about ca. 85% inhibition of PMA-elicited burst. In conclusion, derivatives of lipoperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids such as 4-hydroxynonenal, 15-HETE and others now under study, appear to be relevant causes of hemozoin toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Chimica Medica, Università di Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000633:toxicity*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000737:chemistry; D016897:Respiratory Burst
chemical_list: D006420:Hemeproteins; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; D010860:Pigments, Biological; C020753:hemozoin; C025984:15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid