title: Stress, dietary restraint and food intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between work stress and nutritional status in relation to dietary restraint in a community sample of adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design included a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study element. Ninety staff members (58 women and 32 men) of a large department store were assessed on four occasions over a 6-month period with measures of diet, weight, and perceived stress. Work stress was indexed in terms of the hours of work over the past 7 days, which provided an objective indicator of demand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants worked an average of 47 hours on the high-work-stress session compared with 32 hours on the low-work-stress session. The highest work-stress session was compared with the lowest work-stress session in the longitudinal analyses, and the moderating effects of gender and restrained eating were examined. High-workload periods were associated with higher energy and saturated fat and sugar intake. There was a significant moderating effect of restrained eating, with a hyperphagic response to work stress in restrained eaters, compared with no effect in unrestrained eaters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the associations between restraint and stress-induced eating that have been observed in the laboratory extend to the real-life setting. They raise the possibility that restrained eaters are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of stress on health, through influences on food intake.
authors.affiliation: ICRF Health Behaviour Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. j.wardle@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steptoe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lipsey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D004651:Employment; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*