title: Functional characterization of organic cation drug transport in the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize carrier-mediated organic cation drug transport in the rabbit conjunctiva.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transport of [14C]guanidine, the model substrate, in the excised pigmented rabbit conjunctiva was evaluated in the modified Ussing chamber. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) transport also was investigated to determine substrate specificity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apparent permeability coefficient for guanidine and TEA in the mucosal-to-serosal (ms) direction was 5.4 and 49.6 times greater than that in the serosal-to-mucosal (sm) direction, respectively. Guanidine transport in the ms (but not sm) direction revealed temperature and concentration dependency over 0.02 to 10 mM with an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of 3.1 mM and a maximal flux of 11.4 nmol/(cm2 x h). Net guanidine transport measured at 0.1 mM across the conjunctiva was decreased by 71% or 82%, respectively, on the addition of 1 microM valinomycin (a K+ ionophore) in both bathing fluids or in a high K+ buffer in the mucosal fluid. Interestingly, net guanidine transport was reduced, rather than enhanced, by 63% upon acidifying the mucosal bathing fluid. By contrast, net guanidine transport was not affected by the serosal presence of 0.5 mM ouabain (a Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitor), by the mucosal and serosal presence of 0.1 microM monensin (a Na+ ionophore) or 0.3 microM carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl-hydrazone (FCCP, a H+ ionophore). Guanidine transport in the ms direction was polyspecific, as indicated by the 48% to 82% inhibition by structurally diverse amines. In particular, guanidine ms transport was inhibited by the antiglaucoma drugs dipivefrine (72%), brimonidine (70%), and carbachol (78%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A carrier-mediated organic cation transport process appears to exist in the conjunctiva, mediating the absorption of organic amines, including certain amine-type ophthalmic drugs. This process may be driven by an inside-negative apical membrane potential difference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-9121, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horibe
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000378:metabolism*; D019791:Guanidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008985:Monensin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D010539:Permeability; D011817:Rabbits; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D019789:Tetraethylammonium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; D010042:Ouabain; D019789:Tetraethylammonium; D008985:Monensin; D019791:Guanidine