title: Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone.
abstract: The antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) and its mammalian lignan metabolites, enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL), were evaluated in both lipid and aqueous in vitro model systems. All three lignans significantly (p < or = 0.05) inhibited the linoleic acid peroxidation at both 10 and 100 microM over a 24-48 h of incubation at 40 degrees C. In a deoxyribose assay, which evaluates the non site-specific and site-specific Fenton reactant-induced *OH scavenging activity, SDG demonstrated the weakest activity compared to ED and EL at both 10 and 100 microM; the greatest *OH scavenging for ED and EL was observed at 100 microM in both assays. The incubation of pBR322 plasmid DNA with Fenton reagents together with SDG, ED or EL showed that the inhibition of DNA scissions was concentration dependent. The greatest non site-specific activity of lignans was at 100 microM, thus, confirming the results of the deoxyribose test. In contrast, the protective effect of SDG and EL in the site-specific assay was lost and that of ED was minimal. Therefore, the results indicate a structure-activity difference among the three lignans with respect to specific antioxidant efficacy. All three lignans did not exhibit reducing activity compared to ascorbic acid, therefore, did not possess indirect prooxidant activity related to potential changes in redox state of transition metals. The efficacy of SDG and particularly the mammalian lignans ED and EL to act as antioxidants in lipid and aqueous in vitro model systems, at relatively low concentrations (i.e. 100 microM), potentially achievable in vivo, is an evidence of a potential anticarcinogenic mechanism of flaxseed lignan SDG and its mammalian metabolites ED and EL.
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kitts
authors.forename: Y V
authors.initials: YV
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Wijewickreme
authors.forename: L U
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004655:Emulsions; D004967:Estrogens / Q000737:chemistry; D019597:Flax; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006878:Hydroxides; D017705:Lignans / Q000737:chemistry*; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008322:Mammals; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012639:Seeds
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002072:Butylene Glycols; D004655:Emulsions; D004967:Estrogens; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005960:Glucosides; D006878:Hydroxides; D017705:Lignans; C029498:2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol; C031356:hydroxide ion; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D015107:4-Butyrolactone; C090142:secoisolariciresinol diglucoside; C029497:2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone