title: A multiple-purpose design approach to the evaluation of risks from mixtures of disinfection by-products.
abstract: Drinking water disinfection has effectively eliminated much of the morbidity and mortality associated with waterborne infectious diseases in the United States. Various disinfection processes, however, produce certain types and amounts of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and bromate, among others. Human health risks from the ubiquitous exposure to complex mixtures of DBPs are of concern because existing epidemiologic and toxicologic studies suggest the existence of systemic or carcinogenic effects. Researchers from several organizations have developed a multiple-purpose design approach to this problem that combines efficient laboratory experimental designs with statistical models to provide data on critical research issues (e.g., estimation of human health risk from low-level DBP exposures, evaluation of additivity assumptions as useful for risk characterization, estimation of health risks from different drinking water treatment options). A series of THM experiments have been designed to study embryonic development, mortality and cancer in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and liver and kidney endpoints in female CD-1 mice. The studies are to provide dose-response data for specific mixtures of the 4 THMs, for the single chemicals, and for binary combinations. The dose-levels and mixing ratios for these experiments were selected to be useful for development and refinement of three different statistical methods: testing for departures from dose-additivity; development of an interactions-based hazard index; and use of proportional-response addition as a risk characterization method. Preliminary results suggest that dose-additivity is a reasonable risk assessment assumption for DBPs. The future of mixtures research will depend on such collaborative efforts that maximize the use of resources and focus on issues of high relevance to the risk assessment of human health.
authors.affiliation: NCEA, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Teuschler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gennings
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Stiteler
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiyagarajah
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lipscomb
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Simmons
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D004203:Disinfection; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000633:toxicity*; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009336:Necrosis; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D009990:Oryzias; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase