title: Transperitoneal laparoscopic exposure for lumbar interbody fusion.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective clinical trial of the transperitoneal laparoscopic approach to the lumbar spine in a consecutive series of patients undergoing anterior lumbar interbody fusion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine safety and effectiveness, and to document technique and perioperative complications of a laparoscopic exposure for lumbar interbody fusion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  With the widespread adoption of laparoscopic techniques, the benefits of minimal access surgery are now well recognized--in general, gynecologic and urologic surgery. Only recently have minimal access techniques been applied to spinal procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients with symptomatic degenerative disc disease underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic exposure of the lumbar spine to facilitate implantation of cylindrical threaded interbody fusion cages. These patients were prospectively followed and all perioperative considerations and complications were documented and analyzed. The surgical technique of laparoscopic exposure will be described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The laparoscopic approach was attempted in 47 consecutive patients. Forty-four were completed laparoscopically--36 single level fusions, seven two level fusions, and one three level fusion. Early in the series, conversion to open surgery was required in one patient (case #3) because of bleeding from the presacral veins which hindered the view. In one case, mobilization of the great vessels proved to be difficult, and in one other case the patient could not tolerate abdominal insufflation. The mean blood loss for the entire group was 105 mls. Complications related to the endoscopic exposure were few. There were no injuries to major vascular structures or to bowel, and no mortalities. In two patients, the cages were malpositioned necessitating repeat endoscopic exposure for cage realignment. One patient required a laparotomy for a postoperative small bowel obstruction. The median postoperative stay was 4 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transperitoneal laparoscopic exposure for single or multiple level, anterior lumbar interbody fusion can be performed with low risk. Experience in open anterior spinal surgery and laparoscopic general surgery is vital in minimizing the risks.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA. lieberi@ccf.org
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Willsher
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kraetschmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D016896:Treatment Outcome