title: The selection of female urinals: results of a multicentre evaluation.
abstract: Female urinals are designed to enable women to empty their bladders while not on the toilet and are therefore potentially useful in preventing incontinence. However, there is little published information to guide product selection. Therefore, an evaluation of these products was undertaken by the Continence Products Evaluation Network (funded by the Medical Devices Agency). All 13 reusable female urinals available in the UK in March 1997 were evaluated. Each urinal was evaluated by 28-32 community-based women. Preliminarily, each subject tested all urinals by trying to place them in one or two of their preferred positions, to establish if the urinals were suitable for full testing. Each of the urinals that were selected for full testing were then used for 1 week each. During this week the subjects kept a diary to record leakage or spillage when using the urinal. At the end of the week a product evaluation form was filled in to record product performance. The results from full testing indicate that all urinals were successful for some subjects. However, some urinals were found to be successful for all four main positions (e.g. Petal Female Urinal) while others were successful mainly in one or two positions (e.g. Bridge Saddle Pan and Subaseal). Many urinals were successful in the standing/crouching and sitting on the edge (of chair or bed) positions, while comparatively few urinals were successful in the lying position. It was found that the chances of finding a suitable urinal increased with levels of independence. This means that subjects with higher levels of dependency found fewer urinals to be suitable for their needs when used without assistance. The results of this evaluation provide guidance for product selection. However, it is recommended that continence specialists keep samples of the full range of female urinals to enable women to experiment with urinals in order to find one that best suits their needs.
authors.affiliation: University College, London.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fader
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cottenden
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001510:Bed Rest / Q000451:nursing; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D011187:Posture; D011682:Purchasing, Hospital; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data