title: The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the relation between newborn circumcision and both invasive penile cancer (IPC) and carcinoma in situ (CIS) among adult male members of a large health maintenance organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circumcision status was ascertained by a combination of pathology reports, medical record review, and questionnaires for 213 adult male members of a large prepaid health plan who were diagnosed with IPC or CIS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 89 men with IPC whose circumcision status was known, 2 (2.3%) had been circumcised as newborns, and 87 were not circumcised. Of 118 men with CIS whose circumcision status was known, 16 (15.7%) had been circumcised as newborns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm the highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against IPC and the less protective effect against CIS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Oakland, California 94611-5693, USA. edgar.schoen@ncal.kaiperm.org
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oehrli
authors.forename: C d
authors.initials: Cd
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Machin
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000517:prevention & control; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology