title: Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in heart failure: benefits of vasodilating and non-vasodilating agents according to patients' characteristics: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with heart failure, beta-adrenergic blocking agents reduce overall and cardiovascular mortality. This meta-analysis aimed at clarifying their effect on sudden death, the magnitude of their benefit according to the cause of heart failure, and whether there is any difference between vasodilating and nonvasodilating agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, clinical trials were included if they evaluated a beta-adrenergic blocking agent without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, included a control group receiving placebo or standard treatment, evaluated mortality on an intention-to-treat basis, and lasted at least 8 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one trials with 5,849 patients (3,130 receiving beta-blockers) were included. Median length of treatment was 6 months. Most patients had mild or moderate heart failure and were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and digitalis. The beta-blockers significantly reduced overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and mortality due to pump failure and sudden death by 34% to 39%. The decrease in overall mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) (30%) was no different from that among patients with non-IHD (26%) (P = .08). The reduction in overall mortality was greater with vasodilating than with nonvasodilating agents (45% vs 27%; P = .007), particularly in patients without IHD (62%), compared with those with IHD (22%; P =.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with heart failure, beta-blockers reduce total and cardiovascular mortality at the expense of a decrease in mortality due to pump failure and sudden death. The magnitude of the benefit is similar in patients with IHD and in those with non-IHD. Vasodilating beta-blockers have a greater effect on overall mortality than nonvasodilating agents, particularly in patients with non-IHD.
authors.affiliation: Fundació Institut Català de Farmacologia, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hospitals Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agustí
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arnau
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diogène
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galve
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Laporte
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015996:Survival Rate; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents