title: Tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts. Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformation Working Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship between maternal tobacco and alcohol consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy and oral clefts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from a European multicenter case-control study including 161 infants with oral clefts and 1134 control infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analyses showed an increased risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate associated with smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 3.04) and an increased risk of cleft palate associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.02, 5.09). The former risk increased with the number of cigarettes smoked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides further evidence of the possible role of prevalent environmental exposures such as tobacco and alcohol in the etiology of oral clefts.
authors.affiliation: Inserm U170 Unité de Recherches Epidémiologiques et Statistiques sur l'Environnment et la Santé, Villejuif, France. lorente@vjf.inserm.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lorente
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cordier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goujard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aymé
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calzolari
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: De Walle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knill-Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000209:etiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors