title: Measurement of dopamine release with continuous infusion of [11C]raclopride: optimization and signal-to-noise considerations.
abstract: PET studies with [11C]raclopride provide an indirect measure of changes in synaptic dopamine. Previously, we used the bolus-plus-infusion (B/I) method to assess dopamine response from the percentage change in binding potential (deltaBP) before and after administration of amphetamine. The goal of this work is to optimize the measurement of changes in neurotransmitter with the B/I method by choosing the optimal timing for pre- and poststimulus scanning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two sources of variability in deltaBP were considered: within-subject and between-subject noise. A noise model based on a phantom study and human data was used to evaluate the within-subject noise. For between-subject noise, simulated time--activity curves were generated from measured [11C]raclopride input functions. Optimal timing to measure deltaBP was determined and applied to human data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the simulation study, the optimal scan times for pre-and poststimulus scans were 39-50 and 58-100 min, respectively. The optimal timing resulted in a 28% noise reduction compared with the original timing. By applying the optimal timing to human studies, the statistical significance of the difference in deltaBP between patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers increased from P = 0.038 to 0.012.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful assessment of the sources of noise in receptor imaging studies can increase the sensitivity of the B/I method for the detection of biologic signals.
authors.affiliation: PET Department, Clinical Center, and Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1180, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watabe
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmall
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Eckelman
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D020891:Raclopride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D020891:Raclopride; D004298:Dopamine