title: Age and sex based genetic locus heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two genome scans for susceptibility loci for type 1 diabetes using large collections of families have recently been reported. Apart from strong linkage in both studies of the HLA region on chromosome 6p, clear consistent evidence for linkage was not observed at any other loci. One possible explanation for this is a high degree of locus heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes, and we hypothesised that the sex of affected offspring, age of diagnosis, and parental origin of shared alleles may be the bases of heterogeneity at some loci.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from a genome wide linkage study of 356 affected sib pairs with type 1 diabetes, we performed linkage analyses using parental origin of shared alleles in subgroups based on (1) sex of affected sibs and (2) age of diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the results obtained, we observed that evidence for linkage to IDDM4 on chromosome 11q13 occurred predominantly from opposite sex, rather than same sex sib pairs. At a locus on chromosome 4q, evidence for linkage was observed in sibs where one was diagnosed above the age of 10 years and the other diagnosed below 10 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that heterogeneity tests based on age of diagnosis, sex of affected subject, and parental origin of shared alleles may be helpful in reducing locus heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes. If repeated in other samples, these findings may assist in the mapping of susceptibility loci for type 1 diabetes. Similar analyses can be recommended in other complex diseases.
authors.affiliation: Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petronis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics