title: A novel spinal implant infection model in rabbits.
abstract: METHODS
  A new spinal implant model was designed to study device-centered infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in multiple noncontiguous surgical sites in the lumbar spine region of a rabbit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a multiple-site spinal implant device-centered infection model in rabbits.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Results in many recent studies show that postoperative wound infection after spinal implant surgery and the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a concern. Anti-infection strategies must be tested in relevant animal models that will lead to appropriate clinical studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits underwent completely isolated partial laminectomy and subsequent stainless steel Kirschner wire implantation directly into the transverse processes of vertebrae T13, L3, and L6. The middle sites (L3) were used as sterile control sites, and the outer sites (T13, L6) were challenged with different amounts of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Rabbits were killed after 7 days, and biopsies were performed to provide evidence for device-centered infection. Bacterial growth on the implant surfaces and in surrounding tissues and bone was assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall device-centered infection was established after 7 days in 100% of the sites challenged with 10(3) colony-forming units methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or higher. No infection was seen in any of the control sites located between infected vertebrae. Multiple blood and liver samples showed that the separate localized infections did not become systemic after 7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new animal model demonstrates that multiple biomaterial implants can be evaluated in the same animal and provides a technique for investigating postoperative device-centered infection of the spine. Infection was demonstrated in noncontiguous lumbar sites of the spine, whereas adjacent control sites remained sterile. Because there was no cross contamination or systemic spread of the infection, multiple anti-infection strategies or implant materials can now be tested for efficacy in a single animal to combat dramatic and costly postoperative implant infections.
authors.affiliation: Anthony G. Gristina Institute for Biomedical Research, Herndon, Virginia, USA. kap7c@virginia.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Poelstra
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Barekzi
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Grainger
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gristina
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Schuler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D016106:Methicillin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology