title: Normalization of clearances in peritoneal dialysis using a formula for body water derived from an end-stage renal disease population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare body water (V) estimates from the Chertow formula (Vc), which was derived in an end-stage renal disease population, to V estimates from the Watson formulas (Vw) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. To identify CAPD patients in whom Vc is preferred to Vw for clearance studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of clearance studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dialysis units of four academic medical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  302 subjects on CAPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  613 clearance studies by standard methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparisons between Vc and Vw, and between urea clearance normalized by Vc [(KtVc)ur] and Vw [(Kt/Vw)ur].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vc exceeded Vw by 3.5 +/- 1.6 L (p < 0.001), or 9.6% on average. This degree of overestimation of Vw is in the range of body water estimates found in CAPD subjects with severe volume overload (> 5% of body weight) in previous studies. Total (Kt/Nw)ur exceeded total (Kt/Vc)ur by 8.6%. By linear regression, Vc = -0.589 + (1.112 x Vw), r = 0.983. Vw exceeded Vc in only 12 studies. Young age, short height, low body weight, and low prevalence of diabetes characterized the studies with Vw > Vc. Total (Kt/Vw)ur was adequate (> or = 2.0 weekly) in 276 studies. Among these, 74 studies had inadequate total (Kt/Vc)ur (< 2.0 weekly). By logistic regression, the predictors of inadequate (Kt/Vc)ur, when (Kt/Vw)ur was adequate, included the presence of diabetes, great height, and long duration of CAPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vc provides estimates of body water exceeding those provided by Vw in a great majority of CAPD patients. Consequently, approximately 25% of the clearance studies that are adequate when Vw is used as the normalizing parameter may be inadequate when Vc is used. Vc may provide a more appropriate estimate of body water than Vw in CAPD patients with volume overload.
authors.affiliation: New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health System, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87108, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tzamaloukas
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piraino
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Oreopoulos
mesh_terms: D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies