title: [Improved tumor contrast and delineation in the stereotactic radiotherapy planning of cerebral gliomas and metastases with contrast media-supported FLAIR imaging].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  FLAIR MR imaging has shown to be a valuable imaging modality in pathologic lesions of the brain including intra-axial brain tumors. The aim of the study was to assess the value of a FLAIR technique in the planning process of stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with cerebral gliomas and metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients with cerebral gliomas and 12 patients with a total of 39 cerebral metastases were examined by T2/PD-weighted fast spin-echo, fast FLAIR prior and after contrast and contrast enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo using identical slice parameters. The images were evaluated by using quantitative and qualitative criteria. Quantitative criteria were tumor-to-background and tumor-to-cerebrospinal fluid contrast and contrast-to-noise. The qualitative evaluation was performed as a multireader analysis concerning lesion detection, lesion delineation and image artifacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the qualitative evaluation (Table 3 and 6), all readers found the fast FLAIR images to be superior to fast spin-echo in the exact delineation of cerebral tumors (p < 0.001) and the delineation of enhancing and non enhancing tumor parts. Fast FLAIR was superior in the delineation of cortically located and small lesions but was limited in lesions adjacent to the ventricles. Fast FLAIR provided a significantly better tumor-to-CSF contrast and tumor-to-CSF contrast-to-noise (p < 0.001) (Tables 1, 2a, 2b, 4, 5). The tumor-to-background contrast and tumor-to-background contrast-to-noise of the fast FLAIR images were lower than that of T2-weighted spin-echo images but were significantly increased after the application of contrast media. FLAIR images had more image artifacts, but the image interpretation was not influenced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FLAIR MR imaging was found to be a valuable sequence in the planning protocol of stereotactic radiotherapy. The concurrent presentation of enhancing and non enhancing tumor tissue on contrast enhanced fast FLAIR imaging enables to use a single imaging sequence in the treatment protocol. This enables to load a reduced image amount into the radiotherapy planning software, is therefore time saving and reduces potential errors.
authors.affiliation: Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg. M.Essig@DKFZ-Heidelberg.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Essig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Debus
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Schlemmer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hawighorst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wannenmacher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Kaick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media