title: Improvement of availability of allopurinol from pharmaceutical dosage forms I - suppositories.
abstract: Solid dispersion and crystallization of a very slightly water-soluble drug, allopurinol, were prepared using urea, sodium salicylate and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) as carriers. The spectroscopic infra-red (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) data indicate a role of these carriers in decreasing the crystallinity of allopurinol and complexing abilities. Solid dispersion and crystallization of the drug with these carriers were used in suppository formulations to investigate their role in enhancement of drug release through the membrane barrier. The bases used included Suppocire AM and the mixture of polyethylene glycols (PEGs). The release rates of allopurinol from lipophilic and hydrophilic suppository bases were examined and compared with those obtained for their inclusion compounds incorporated in the same bases. The prepared suppositories were evaluated for in-vitro drug release, when fresh and on storage. The release of pure allopurinol from the lipophilic base was remarkably higher than that from the hydrophilic one. The release of allopurinol from lipophilic as well as hydrophilic bases was significantly enhanced by crystallization of the drug from 5% w/v of sodium salicylate. Allopurinol crystallized from sodium salicylate, showed enhanced release reaching about 100% in 1 h from the Suppocire AM base. The obtained data from these experiments proved the superiority of the PEG formulations containing coevaporates of the drug to sodium salicylate, ratio 1:1, or of the drug to beta-CD, ratio 1:2; T(90%),12 and 36 min, respectively. A significant decrease of uric acid excretion in rabbits was observed after rectal administration of suppositories containing allopurinol crystallized from sodium salicylate.
authors.affiliation: Deptartment of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Samy
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tous
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Rhodes
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012980:Sodium Salicylate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013488:Suppositories; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins
chemical_list: D003505:Cyclodextrins; D013488:Suppositories; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; D000493:Allopurinol; C031215:betadex; D012980:Sodium Salicylate