title: Allopurinol normalizes endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetics with mild hypertension.
abstract: Therapeutic strategies against free radicals have mostly focused on the augmentation of antioxidant defenses (eg, vitamins C and E). A novel approach is to prevent free radical generation by the enzyme system xanthine oxidase. We examined whether the inhibition of xanthine oxidase with allopurinol can improve endothelial function in subjects with type 2 diabetes and coexisting mild hypertension compared with control subjects of a similar age. We examined 23 subjects (11 patients with type 2 diabetes and 12 healthy age-matched control subjects) in 2 parallel groups. The subjects were administered 300 mg allopurinol in a randomized, placebo-controlled study in which both therapies were administered for 1 month. Endothelial function was assessed with bilateral venous occlusion plethysmography, in which the forearm blood flow responses to intra-arterial infusions of endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators were measured. Allopurinol significantly increased the mean forearm blood flow response to acetylcholine by 30% (3.16+/-1.21 versus 2.54+/-0.76 mL. 100 mL(-1). min(-1) allopurinol versus placebo; P=0.012, 95% CI 0.14, 1.30) but did not affect the nitroprusside response in patients with type 2 diabetes. There was no significant impact on either endothelium-dependent or -independent vascular responses in age-matched control subjects. Allopurinol improved endothelial function to near-normal levels. Regarding markers of free radical activity, the level of malondialdehyde was significantly reduced (0.30+/-0.04 versus 0. 34+/-0.05 micromol/L for allopurinol versus placebo, P=0.03) in patients with type 2 diabetes but not in control subjects. The xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes with mild hypertension but not in matched control subjects. In the former group, allopurinol restored endothelial function to near-normal levels.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University Department of Medicine, and The Diabetes Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Belch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Struthers
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010991:Plethysmography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000493:Allopurinol; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009599:Nitroprusside; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase