title: The novel brain neuropeptide, orexin-A, modulates the sleep-wake cycle of rats.
abstract: Orexin-A is a novel neuropeptide initially isolated from hypothalamic extracts but now known to be present in fibres distributed throughout the rat CNS including many regions associated with sleep-wake regulation. The recognition of a particularly dense innervation of orexinergic nerves in the locus coeruleus, together with the observed increase in firing rate of locus coeruleus neurons following application of orexin-A in vitro, further highlighted a potential involvement of the peptide in modulating the arousal state. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered orexin-A on the sleep-wake cycle of conscious rats using electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings. When administered at the onset of the normal sleep period, orexin-A (1, 10 or 30 microg/rat ICV) produced a dose-dependent increase in the time rats spent awake during the second and third hours after dosing. The enhancement of arousal was accompanied by a marked reduction in paradoxical sleep and deep slow wave sleep at the highest dose. The latency to the first occurrence of paradoxical sleep was also prolonged. This overall profile of increased arousal and decreased paradoxical sleep is consistent with a high rate of firing of locus coeruleus neurons as would be expected to occur following ICV administration of orexin-A. It is concluded that orexin-A may play an important physiological role in regulating the sleep-wake state, a hypothesis considerably strengthened by the recently reported narcoleptic phenotype of prepro-orexin (the precursor for orexin-A) knockout mice.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK. David_C_Piper@sbphrd.com
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D000068797:Orexins; D051381:Rats; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins