title: Psychophysiologic assessment of aversive conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the acquisition, generalization, and extinction of conditioned physiologic responses to aversive stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six PTSD patients, 20 individuals with past trauma and no current PTSD, and 30 mentally healthy individuals without exposure to major trauma underwent a differential aversive conditioning experiment. Bursts of 105 dB white noise were used as unconditioned stimuli (UCSs), and 35x24 mm slides of different colors served as either CS+ (paired) or CS- (unpaired) stimuli. Heart rate (HR) and nondominant palm skin conductance (SC) were measured at rest and between 1 and 4 sec following each CS presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PTSD group showed higher levels of resting SC and resting HR, larger SC responses to the initial presentation of unpaired CSs, larger HR responses following paired CS+ stimuli, larger SC responses to unpaired CS- during acquisition and extinction, and larger SC and HR responses to CS+ during extinction. The group differences in responses to CS+ during extinction remained statistically significant after controlling for age, resting physiologic levels, and initial responsivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTSD is associated with elevated autonomic responses to both innocuous and aversive stimuli, with larger responses to unpaired cues and with reduced extinction of conditioned responses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ben-Shakhar
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Shalev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001348:Aversive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy