title: Cystic schwannomas of the jugular foramen: clinical and surgical remarks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this report were to outline the clinical presentation, radiological characteristics, surgical techniques, postoperative morbidity, and long-term follow-up results for cystic jugular foramen (JF) schwannomas and to describe their differences, compared with solid schwannomas involving the JF.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of radiological studies and surgical records identified five primarily cystic tumors among 21 cases of JF schwannomas that had been surgically treated at our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two types of cystic JF schwannomas were observed, i.e., Type 1 lesions, which are single large cysts with thin ring-like enhancement of the tumor wall, and Type 2 lesions, which are multiple cysts with very irregular, thick enhancement of the cyst wall. The most common symptoms were hearing loss, ataxia, and headaches. Total surgical removal could be performed in all cases. The immediate postoperative findings indicated hearing improvement in three cases. No deterioration of lower cranial nerve function was observed. All patients were independent in the immediate postoperative period and in the long-term follow-up period (Karnofsky Performance Scale score, 90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical treatment of cystic JF schwannomas can be very demanding because of generally stronger adhesion of the tumor capsule to the surrounding structures, fragile tumor capsules, and difficulty in identification of the arachnoidal planes in some cases. Early identification of the arachnoidal planes without opening of the cyst and sharp dissection may be useful. Careful intradural opening of the JF should be performed to achieve total removal of the last tumor portion within the JF. A comparison of these lesions with solid schwannomas involving the JF indicated that cystic tumors affected a younger population, with less preoperative swallowing impairment (P < 0.05). The immediate postoperative course in both types of cystic JF schwannomas was usually better than for solid lesions, because of minor postoperative cranial nerve morbidity, especially involving lower cranial nerve function, in the latter cases. Long-term follow-up data failed to demonstrate any significant differences in final patient outcomes, however.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nordstadt Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatagiba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samii
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003560:Cysts / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration; D008875:Middle Aged; D009442:Neurilemmoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012888:Skull Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome