title: Interleukin-12. Opportunities for the treatment of bladder cancer.
abstract: Despite incomplete understanding of the human immune system, the rapid progress in tumor immunology provides a framework for more effective and safe interventions in the near future. Early approaches in patients with cancer that have focused on the nonspecific and broad stimulation of the immune system by interferons and IL-12 will be replaced by the highly specific stimulation of immune reactions targeting precisely defined tumor antigens. IL-12 has several biologic properties that seem useful in immune therapy for bladder cancer. The striking antitumor responses with IL-12 in preclinical animal models of bladder cancer provide optimism that future clinical trials involving this agent may impact on the risk and mortality associated with this disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Clinton
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Canto
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D018664:Interleukin-12