title: Cholecystokinin-induced anxiety in rats: relevance of pre-experimental stress and seasonal variations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of pre-experimental stress on the anxiogenic-like action of caerulein, an agonist of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors. Differences in the anxiety levels of rats in summer and winter, and the role of CCK in these behavioural alterations, were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were injected with the CCK agonist caerulein, or the CCK antagonists L-365,260 or devazepide, after being exposed to pre-experimental stress (handling and isolation).
  
  
  METHODS
  Performance in the plus-maze model of anxiety; serum levels of prolactin, thyrotropin and growth hormone; brain density and affinity of dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT2 and CCK receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caerulein (5 micrograms/kg, subcutaneous injection) caused the strongest action in animals brought to the experimental room immediately before the experiment and kept in isolation after the administration of caerulein. Caerulein did not cause any reduction of exploratory activity in rats made familiar with the experimental room and kept in the home-cage after the injection of the CCK agonist. The anti-exploratory action of caerulein in stressed rats was reversed by the CCK antagonist L-365,260 (100 micrograms/kg, intraperitoneal injection), demonstrating the involvement of the CCKB receptor subtype. In addition, seasonal fluctuations occur in the exploratory activity of rats; such activity was much lower in July than in November. The rats displaying the reduced exploratory activity had an increased number of CCK receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Simultaneously, the density of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the frontal cortex, but not that of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum, was elevated. The blood level of growth hormone was also higher in July.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-exploratory action of caerulein appears to be dependent on the pre-experimental stress of rats. Moreover, the seasonal variations of exploratory behaviour of rats are evident in the plus-maze model of anxiety. The reduced exploratory activity in summer appears to be related to the elevated density of CCK and 5-HT2 receptors in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Estonia, Männistö. sulevk@ut.ee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kõks
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shlik
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002108:Ceruletide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000502:physiology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D002108:Ceruletide; D002766:Cholecystokinin