title: Purification and characterization of ATM from human placenta. A manganese-dependent, wortmannin-sensitive serine/threonine protein kinase.
abstract: ATM is mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia telangiectasia, which is characterized by ataxia, immune defects, and cancer predisposition. Cells that lack ATM exhibit delayed up-regulation of p53 in response to ionizing radiation. Serine 15 of p53 is phosphorylated in vivo in response to ionizing radiation, and antibodies to ATM immunoprecipitate a protein kinase activity that, in the presence of manganese, phosphorylates p53 at serine 15. Immunoprecipitates of ATM also phosphorylate PHAS-I in a manganese-dependent manner. Here we have purified ATM from human cells using nine chromatographic steps. Highly purified ATM phosphorylated PHAS-I, the 32-kDa subunit of RPA, serine 15 of p53, and Chk2 in vitro. The majority of the ATM phosphorylation sites in Chk2 were located in the amino-terminal 57 amino acids. In each case, phosphorylation was strictly dependent on manganese. ATM protein kinase activity was inhibited by wortmannin with an IC(50) of approximately 100 nM. Phosphorylation of RPA, but not p53, Chk2, or PHAS-I, was stimulated by DNA. The related protein, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, also phosphorylated PHAS-I, RPA, and Chk2 in the presence of manganese, suggesting that the requirement for manganese is a characteristic of this class of enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wold
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Goodarzi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelley
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taya
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lavin
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lees-Miller
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001260:Ataxia Telangiectasia / Q000201:enzymology*; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; D003429:Cross Reactions; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010920:Placenta / Q000201:enzymology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D051716:Replication Protein A; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C497167:RPA1 protein, human; D051716:Replication Protein A; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D008345:Manganese; D011494:Protein Kinases; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; C578634:CHEK2 protein, human; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; C497263:PRKDC protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077191:Wortmannin