title: Gender differences in alcohol consumption and adverse drinking consequences: cross-cultural patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the consistency and/or variability of gender differences in drinking behavior cross-culturally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women's and men's responses in 16 general population surveys from 10 countries, analyzed by members of the International Research Group on Gender and Alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparable measures of drinking, versus abstention, typical drinking frequencies and quantities, heavy episodic drinking, intoxication, morning drinking, and alcohol-related family and occupational problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women and men differed little in the probability of currently drinking versus abstaining, but men consistently exceeded women in typical drinking frequencies and quantities and in rates of heavy drinking episodes and adverse drinking consequences, while women were consistently more likely than men to be life-time abstainers. In older age groups, both men and women drank smaller quantities of alcohol and were more likely to stop drinking altogether, but drinking frequencies did not change consistently with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A theoretical synthesis proposes that gender roles may amplify biological differences in reactions to alcohol, and that gender differences in drinking behavior may be modified by macrosocial factors that modify gender role contrasts.
authors.affiliation: University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Grand Forks 58202-9037, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wilsnack
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Vogeltanz
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wilsnack
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahlström
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bondy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Csémy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrence
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guyon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haavio-Mannila
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knibbe
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubicka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukomskaia
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mustonen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narusk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neve
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rahav
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teichman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trocki
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors