title: Randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for carcinoma of the rectum: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol R-02.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The conviction that postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy represent an acceptable standard of care for patients with Dukes' B (stage II) and Dukes' C (stage III) carcinoma of the rectum evolved in the absence of data from clinical trials designed to determine whether the addition of radiotherapy results in improved disease-free survival and overall survival. This study was carried out to address this issue. An additional aim was to determine whether leucovorin (LV)-modulated 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is superior to the combination of 5-FU, semustine, and vincristine (MOF) in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients (n = 694) with Dukes' B or C carcinoma of the rectum were enrolled in National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Protocol R-02 from September 1987 through December 1992 and were followed. They were randomly assigned to receive either postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy alone (n = 348) or chemotherapy with postoperative radiotherapy (n = 346). All female patients (n = 287) received 5-FU plus LV chemotherapy; male patients received either MOF (n = 207) or 5-FU plus LV (n = 200). Primary analyses were carried out by use of a stratified log-rank statistic; P values are two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average time on study for surviving patients is 93 months as of September 30, 1998. Postoperative radiotherapy resulted in no beneficial effect on disease-free survival (P =.90) or overall survival (P =.89), regardless of which chemotherapy was utilized, although it reduced the cumulative incidence of locoregional relapse from 13% to 8% at 5-year follow-up (P =.02). Male patients who received 5-FU plus LV demonstrated a statistically significant benefit in disease-free survival at 5 years compared with those who received MOF (55% versus 47%; P =.009) but not in 5-year overall survival (65% versus 62%; P =.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of postoperative radiation therapy to chemotherapy in Dukes' B and C rectal cancer did not alter the subsequent incidence of distant disease, although there was a reduction in locoregional relapse when compared with chemotherapy alone.
authors.affiliation: N. Wolmark, D. L.Wickerham, E. R. Fisher, B. Fisher, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Operations Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wolmark
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wieand
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hyams
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Colangelo
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Dimitrov
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Romond
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Petrelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mamounas
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wickerham
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rockette
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012673:Semustine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D012673:Semustine; D014750:Vincristine; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil