title: Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of multilamellar liposomal nystatin in rabbits.
abstract: The plasma pharmacokinetics of multilamellar liposomal nystatin were studied in normal, catheterized rabbits after single and multiple daily intravenous administration of dosages of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg of body weight, and drug levels in tissues were assessed after multiple dosing. Concentrations of liposomal nystatin were measured as those of nystatin by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method, and plasma concentration data were fitted into a two-compartment open model. Across the investigated dosage range, liposomal nystatin demonstrated nonlinear kinetics with more than proportional increases in the AUC(0-24) and decreasing clearance, consistent with dose-dependent tissue distribution and/or a dose-dependent elimination process. After single-dose administration, the mean C(max) increased from 13.07 microg/ml at 2 mg/kg to 41.91 microg/ml at 6 mg/kg (P < 0.001); the AUC(0-24) changed from 11.65 to 67.44 microg. h/ml (P < 0.001), the V(d) changed from 0.205 to 0. 184 liters/kg (not significant), the CL(t) from 0.173 to 0.101 liters/kg. h (P < 0.05), and terminal half-life from 0.96 to 1.51 h (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters after multiple dosing over 14 days. Assessment of tissue concentrations of nystatin near peak plasma levels after multiple dosing over 15 days revealed preferential distribution to the lungs, liver, and spleen at that time point. Substantial levels were also found in the urine, raising the possibility that renal excretion may play a significant role in drug elimination. Liposomal nystatin administered to rabbits was well tolerated and displayed nonlinear pharmacokinetics, potentially therapeutic peak plasma concentrations, and substantial penetration into tissues. Pharmacokinetic parameters were very similar to those observed in patients, thus validating results derived from infection models in the rabbit and allowing inferences to be made about the treatment of invasive fungal infections in humans.
authors.affiliation: Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Groll
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mickiene
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petraitiene
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Petraitis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calendario
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Field-Ridley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crisp
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Piscitelli
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006207:Half-Life; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D009761:Nystatin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011817:Rabbits; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D009761:Nystatin