title: The anatomic relation among the nerve roots, intervertebral foramina, and intervertebral discs of the cervical spine.
abstract: METHODS
  An anatomic study of the cervical intervertebral foramina, nerve roots, and intradural rootlets performed using a surgical microscope.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the anatomy of cervical root compression, and to obtain the anatomic findings related to cervical foraminotomy for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cervical foraminotomy is a procedure performed frequently for the management of cervical radiculopathy. However, anatomic studies of cervical foraminotomy have not been fully elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 18 cadavers were obtained for the study of the cervical spine. All the soft tissues were dissected from the cervical spine. Thereafter, laminectomy and facetectomy were performed on C4 through T1 using a surgical microscope. The nerve roots and surrounding anatomic structures, including intervertebral discs and foramina, were exposed. In addition, the intradural rootlets and their intersegmental connections were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shape of the intervertebral foramina approximated a funnel, the entrance zone being the most narrow part and the root sleeves conical, with their takeoff points from the central dural sac being the largest part. Therefore, compression of the nerve roots occurred at the entrance zone of the intervertebral foramina. Anteriorly, compression of the nerve roots was caused by protruding discs and osteophytes of the uncovertebral region, whereas the superior articular process, the ligamentum flavum, and the periradicular fibrous tissues affected the nerve posteriorly. The C5 nerve roots were found to exit over the middle aspect of the intervertebral disc, whereas the C6 and C7 nerve roots were found to traverse the proximal part of the disc. The C8 nerve roots had little overlap with the C7-T1 disc in the intervertebral foramen. The C6 and C7 rootlets passed two disc levels in the dural sac. Also, a high incidence of the intradural connections between the dorsal rootlets of C5, C6, and C7 segments was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the anatomy of the nerve roots, rootlets, and intervertebral foramina, and may aid in understanding the pathology of cervical radiculopathy. The presence of intradural connections between dorsal nerve roots and the relation between the course of the nerve root and the intervertebral disc may explain the clinical variation of symptoms resulting from-nerve root compression in the cervical spine. To perform cervical foraminotomy for cervical radiculopathy, it is necessary to understand the detailed anatomy of the intervertebral foramina thoroughly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikuta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000473:pathology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology*