title: Toxicity of sodium molybdate and sodium dichromate to Daphnia magna straus evaluated in acute, chronic, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition tests.
abstract: As a result of a widespread application in numerous industrial processes, chromium is a contaminant of many environmental systems. Chromium and their compounds are toxic to both invertebrates and vertebrates and, for this reason, there has been a search for suitable and less toxic alternatives. Molybdenum compounds have been studied as alternative to chromium compounds for some industrial applications. The toxicity of chromium is well known but the effects of molybdenum and molybdenum mining on natural populations and communities of freshwater invertebrates have not often been studied. However, chromium, and molybdenum (and their compounds) are included in the same list (List II) of European Union dangerous substances. In this study, the acute and chronic effects of sodium molybdate and sodium dichromate to Daphnia magna Straus were evaluated. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo effects of these two metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of D. magna Straus were investigated. LC(50) values determined at 48 h were 0.29 and 2847.5 mg L(-1) for chromium (as sodium dichromate) and molybdenum (as sodium molybdate), respectively. No significant in vitro effects of both metals on AChE were found. However, both toxicants inhibited AChE in vivo at concentrations under the respective 48-h LC(50) values. Both sodium dichromate and sodium molybdate inhibited the reproduction and growth of D. magna, but the concentrations inducing significant effects were different for the two chemicals. Sodium molybdate had significant lower toxicity to D. magna Straus than sodium dichromate.
authors.affiliation: Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, 3000, Portugal. teresa.diamantino@mail.ineti.pt
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Diamantino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guilhermino
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D002840:Chromates / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000633:toxicity*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D002840:Chromates; D008982:Molybdenum; C024687:sodium molybdate(VI); C016104:sodium bichromate; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D010100:Oxygen