title: Inadequate stocking of antidotes in Taiwan: is it a serious problem?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insufficient hospital stock of a variety of poisoning antidotes is a worldwide problem. In an attempt to establish an antidote storage and distribution system for the response of the various poisoning accidents, we conducted a nationwide survey to characterize the current availability of selected antidotes and their anticipated need in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was mailed to 834 hospitals to gather information on the availability, anticipated need, and preferred purchase policy of 20 selected antidotes. A survey on the availability of cyanide antidote in 523 cyanide-handling facilities and their neighboring hospitals was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospitals of different size and service levels had a statistically significant difference in response rates. Except for pyridoxine, the availability and anticipated need for antidotes also varied significantly among different hospital groups. We found that physostigmine, cyanide antidote kit, BAL, EDTA, methylene blue, Vipera Russell formosensis antivenin, and botulism antitoxin were not available in most (>90%) hospitals. Interestingly, these antidotes are also among the most needed antidotes. Most hospitals preferred a government-ordered purchase of antidotes. In the survey of cyanide-processing facilities, a response rate of 24.1% was obtained and only 9.3% of these 107 facilities that both replied to the questionnaire and continued handling cyanide products had stocked cyanide antidote. It is noteworthy that cyanide antidote was also frequently lacking in the neighboring hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The appropriate storage of antidotes in hospitals or workplaces in rural areas is instrumental in the timely treatment of certain poisonings, while nationwide unavailability is the critical problem. Raising awareness of the importance of antidotes by education, regular review of antidote storage, distribution plans, and appropriate legislation might provide solutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, Republic of China. hcong@vghtpe.gov.tw
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D003486:Cyanides / Q000506:poisoning; D016527:Drug Costs; D006801:Humans; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D003486:Cyanides