title: Deficiency of natural anticoagulant proteins C, S, and antithrombin in portal vein thrombosis: a secondary phenomenon?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hereditary deficiencies of natural anticoagulant proteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Secondary deficiencies of these proteins have also been reported in PVT, making interpretation of concentrations difficult.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the coagulation profiles in adult patients with PVT and to investigate the possible mechanisms of natural anticoagulant protein deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty nine adult patients with portal hypertension caused by PVT, and normal biochemical liver function tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine coagulation profiles and concentrations of proteins C, S, and antithrombin were measured; where indicated, corresponding concentrations in parents were also measured. Synchronous peripheral and hepatic or splenic vein concentrations were compared in seven patients undergoing interventional procedures, as were peripheral concentrations before and after shunt surgery in three patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deficiencies of one or more of the natural anticoagulant proteins occurred in 18 patients (62%), with six patients having combined deficiency of all three proteins. There were strong correlations between prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time ratios and concentrations of natural anticoagulant proteins. Family studies in nine cases of anticoagulant protein deficiency revealed possible hereditary deficiency in only three cases, and significantly lower concentrations of anticoagulant proteins in all PVT cases compared with parents. Levels of anticoagulant proteins tended to be lower in hepatic veins but higher in splenic veins compared with peripheral vein concentrations. Peripheral concentrations decreased after shunt surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficiency of natural anticoagulant proteins is common in PVT and is probably a secondary phenomenon in most cases, occurring as part of a global disturbance of coagulation variables. The mechanism for this remains unclear but may result from a combination of reduced hepatic blood flow and portosystemic shunting itself.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roper
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000172:deficiency; D020147:Coagulation Protein Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein; D020151:Protein C Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D018455:Protein S Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins