title: The effect of surface treatments of nickel-titanium files on wear and cutting efficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to verify whether nitridation treatment of the cutting surfaces resulted in surface or subsurface changes that produced an increase in the resistance to wear in nickel titanium (NiTi) endodontic files.
  
  
  METHODS
  Some experimental samples were exposed to ionic implantation by using 150 keV of nitrogen ions and doses of 1 x 10(17) ions per cm(2). Other samples were exposed to thermal nitridation processes performed for 480 minutes at 500 degrees C temperature. Control samples were not exposed to any process. The chemical composition of the surface layers of each sample was determined by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The cutting efficiency was tested on an endotraining bloc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental instruments showed in-depth distributions of chemical composition that were different from those seen in the control group; thermal-nitridated instruments demonstrated a surface ratio of nickel to titanium of 0.5. Implanted samples had a higher N/Ti ratio (1.2); this ratio may be due to the presence of a layer of titanium nitride. Samples in the experimental groups showed an increase in cutting ability as compared with the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermal nitridation and nitrogen-ionic implantation treatment of nickel-titanium files produced a higher wear resistance and an increased cutting capacity.
authors.affiliation: Università Di Catania, Professor, Cattedra di Odontoiatria Conservatrice, Corso di Laurea in Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria, Università di Catania, Italy. antonio.bonaccorsoctonline.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rapisarda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonaccorso
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Tripi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fragalk
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Condorelli
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; C041500:titanium nitride; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium; D009584:Nitrogen