title: A review of the spectrum of clinical ocular fundus findings in P. falciparum malaria in African children with a proposed classification and grading system.
abstract: Ocular fundus pathology in Plasmodium falciparum malaria is common and has prognostic significance. We have made a collaborative effort to document the ocular features in several populations. Based on examination of 735 patients in Malawi, Kenya and The Gambia by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy with dilated pupils, we have determined that the 5 distinct clinical features (in order of frequency) include retinal whitening, haemorrhages, unique vessel abnormalities, papilloedema, and cotton wool spots. Photographs and descriptions of these are presented, along with a proposed grading scheme.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic and International Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. lewallens@aol.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewallen
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ajewole
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Schulenburg
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Usen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015822:Eye Infections, Parasitic / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D010211:Papilledema / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology