title: Induction of tolerance against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat brain by preconditioning with the endotoxin analog diphosphoryl lipid A.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory responses and oxygen free radicals have increasingly been implicated in the development of ischemic brain injury. In some cases, an attenuation of inflammation or free-radical injury can provide tissue protection. Diphosphoryl lipid A (DPL) is a detoxified derivative of a lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) of Salmonella minnesota strain R595, which is capable of stimulating the immune system without eliciting direct toxic effects. In this study the authors examined the influence of preconditioning with DPL on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with either DPL or vehicle. Twenty-four hours later, some animals were tested for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Others were subjected to a 3-hour period of focal cerebral ischemia and, after a reperfusion period of 24 hours, were killed. Infarction volume, SOD activity, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assayed in the postischemic animals. Pretreatment with DPL produced significant reductions in cerebral infarction and MPO activity in the ischemic penumbra. A significant enhancement of basal SOD activity was observed 24 hours after DPL treatment (that is, before ischemia), and a further enhancement of SOD activity was seen in the ischemic penumbra 24 hours after reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide the first evidence of a neuroprotective effect of preconditioning with DPL in an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia. Although the precise mechanisms through which DPL exerts its neuroprotective influence remain to be established, an inhibition of the complex inflammatory response to ischemia and an enhancement of endogenous antioxidant activity are leading candidates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Kassell
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D011292:Premedication; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008050:Lipid A; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C049596:diphosphoryl lipid A; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase