title: Physiologically significant effects of pH and oxygen tension on granulopoiesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Granulocyte differentiation in the bone marrow (BM) takes place in regions with lower pH and O(2) tension (pO(2)) than those in the BM sinuses. This suggests that granulopoiesis will be enhanced at subvascular pH and pO(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of pH AND pO2 on granulocyte proliferation, differentiation, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) expression were evaluated using mobilized peripheral blood CD34(+) cells directed down the granulocytic pathway with stem cell factor, interleukin 3, interleukin 6, and G-CSF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell expansion was enhanced at subvascular pH, with twice as many total cells and CD15(bright)/CD11b(+) late neutrophil precursors (myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands) produced at pH 7.07 to 7.21 as was produced at pH 7.38. Low pH accelerated the rate of differentiation concomitant with this increase in proliferation. Also, total, CD15(bright)/CD11b(-) (promyelocytes, early myelocytes), and CD15(bright)/CD11b(+) cell expansion was enhanced at lower pO(2), with twice as many of each cell type produced at 5% O(2) as at 20% O(2). The effects of low pH and low pO(2) were additive, such that generation of total, CD15(bright)/CD11b(-), and CD15(bright)/CD11b(+) cells was 3.5-, 2.4-, and 4.0-fold greater at pH 7.21 and 5% O(2) than at the standard hematopoietic culture conditions of pH 7.38 and 20% O(2). Low pH resulted in faster upregulation of G-CSFR surface expression, whereas pO(2) had no effect on G-CSFR expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide compelling evidence that pH and pO(2) gradients within the BM play significant roles in regulating hematopoiesis. More rapid granulocytic cell proliferation and differentiation at low pH may be explained in part by more rapid G-CSFR expression. The ability to alter cell development by manipulating pH and pO(2) has important implications for optimizing ex vivo production of neutrophil precursors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hevehan
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Papoutsakis
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000502:physiology*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen