title: Electrical stimulation of the rat lumbar spine induces reflex action potentials in the nerves to the lower abdomen.
abstract: METHODS
  The distribution of the nerve action potentials reflexively elicited by electrical stimulation of the lumbar spine was investigated in rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the relation between the lumbar spine and other body regions that compose the spinal reflex.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The hypothesis was that the ventral portion of the L5-L6 disc spatially corresponds to the groin.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Experiments 1 and 2, wire electrodes were placed 1) in the ventral and dorsal portions of the disc, facet joint, and muscle fascia at L5-L6, and 2) in the ventral portions of L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-L6, and L6-S discs. A needle electrode was inserted in the L5-L6 disc by 0.4-mm increments, and action potentials were serially recorded from the genitofemoral nerve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments 1 and 2: Reflex action potentials were elicited in the iliohypogastric (T13 and L1), ilioinguinal (L1), and genitofemoral (L2) nerves. Experiment 1: Stimulation of the disc induced reflex discharges significantly more frequently than stimulation of the facet joint and muscle fascia. Experiment 2: The more cranial the disc stimulated, the more frequently the reflex discharge was induced in the iliohypogastric nerve. Experiment 3: The depth of stimulation did not influence the size of the reflex action potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrical stimulation of the lumbar disc and facet joint induced reflex discharges in the nerves to the lower abdominal regions. It was postulated that the reflex discharges are related to muscle contraction resulting in referred pain in the loin and groin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan. BXM06740@nifty.ne.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohtori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000294:innervation* / Q000473:pathology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000294:innervation* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal / Q000502:physiology*; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*