title: The population impact of MRSA in a country: the national survey of MRSA in Wales, 1997.
abstract: Continuous data collection on all new isolates of MRSA via CoSurv has taken place in Wales since January 1996. In order to audit this data collection, and to address some of the issues that it does not include, a survey of MRSA was carried out. Questionnaires were completed by infection control teams. Rates were calculated using hospital throughput denominators. Results from the one-day prevalence survey, the two-week incidence survey, and the follow-up survey carried out on new MRSA patients identified in the incidence survey, are presented. Results were found to be broadly similar to those collected via routine surveillance. MRSA was found frequently and disproportionately in the elderly, with higher rates in male than female patients. The highest incidence of total and invasive MRSA was in males aged 75 and over (total: 12.5/1000 finished consultant episodes; invasive: 2.8/1000). Although there was a large community reservoir of MRSA, most appeared to have been acquired in hospital, since most patients had a history of hospitalization, often with multiple hospital admissions. Community-based isolates from cases with no hospital history tended to have been from ulcers. Prevalence and incidence of MRSA was relatively low compared with hospital throughput (mean prevalence: 2.4/100 occupied beds; mean incidence: 3.6/1000 finished consultant episodes), there was also quite large variation between sites, even when screening samples were removed. Patients with MRSA had strikingly long stays before isolation of the organism (prevalence survey: 39 days; incidence survey: 31 days) and highest incidence occurred in elderly care wards. The outcome survey showed that approximately half of the patients were treated with some type of antimicrobial therapy for MRSA. Decontamination therapy was associated with clearance of MRSA only when controlling for sex of the patient. The majority of patients were discharged still with MRSA, mostly to their own homes. The survey emphasizes the need to continue surveillance to detect any changes, to allow guidelines based on evidence to be developed and to monitor the effectiveness of such guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Laboratory Service (Wales), University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF4 4XW. mari.morgan@phls.wales.nhs.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evans-Williams
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hosein
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Looker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology