title: Prediction of in vivo drug-drug interactions between tolbutamide and various sulfonamides in humans based on in vitro experiments.
abstract: Drug-drug interactions between tolbutamide and sulfonamides have extensively been reported. We attempted to predict the in vivo interaction between tolbutamide and sulfonamides from the in vitro metabolic inhibition studies. The inhibition constant (K(i)) was derived from the inhibitory effects of eight sulfonamides (sulfaphenazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfamonomethoxine) on tolbutamide metabolism. We found that the inhibitory effect of sulfaphenazole was greatest among the eight sulfonamides examined. Furthermore, the contribution of each P450 enzyme to tolbutamide metabolism was investigated by using recombinant P450 enzymes. Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8, 2C9, and 2C19 metabolized tolbutamide, the main enzyme involved was CYP2C9. The K(i) values of several sulfonamides were comparable between human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP2C9. The maximum unbound plasma concentration of sulfonamides in the portal vein was calculated from literature data on the pharmacokinetics of sulfonamides. Using the K(i) values obtained from in vitro inhibition studies, the degree of increase in tolbutamide area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was predicted. About 4.8- and 1.6-fold increases in tolbutamide AUC were predicted by coadministration of sulfaphenazole and sulfamethizole, respectively, which agreed well with the reported increases in humans. Furthermore, the increase in tolbutamide AUC by coadministration of sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole, and sulfamethizole was predicted to be 1.5- to 2. 6-fold, although the corresponding in vivo effects have not been reported. It is concluded that some of these sulfonamides have to be carefully coadministered with CYP2C9 substrates such as tolbutamide although coadministration of sulfaphenazole needs the greatest care.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: S i
authors.initials: Si
authors.lastname: Kanamitsu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imaoka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Funae
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tyson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014044:Tolbutamide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D014044:Tolbutamide; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase