title: Intracerebral clysis in a rat glioma model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracerebral clysis (ICC) is a new term we use to describe convection-enhanced microinfusion into the brain. This study establishes baseline parameters for preclinical, in vivo, drug investigations using ICC in a rat glioma model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracranial pressure was measured, with an intraparenchymal fiber-optic catheter, in male Fischer rats 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after implantation of C6 glioma cells in the right frontal lobe (n = 80) and in control rats without tumor (n = 20), before and during ICC. A 25% albumin solution (100 microl) was infused through an intratumoral catheter at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 microl/min. Infusate distribution was assessed by infusion of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (Mr 20,000), using the aforementioned parameters (n = 36). Brains were sectioned and photographed under ultraviolet light, and distribution was calculated by computer analysis (NIH Image for Macintosh). Safe effective drug distribution was demonstrated by measuring tumor sizes and apoptosis in animals treated with N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea via ICC, compared with untreated controls. Magnetic resonance imaging noninvasively confirmed tumor growth before treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracranial pressure increased with tumor progression, from 5.5 mm Hg at baseline to 12.95 mm Hg on Day 25 after tumor cell implantation. Intracranial pressure during ICC ranged from 5 to 21 mm Hg and was correlated with increasing infusion volumes and increasing rates of infusion. No toxicity was observed, except at the higher ends of the tumor size and volume ranges. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran distribution was greater with larger infusion volumes (30 microl versus 10 microl, n = 8, P < 0.05). No significant differences in distribution were observed when different infusion rates were compared while the volume was kept constant. At tolerated flow rates, the volumes of distribution were sufficient to promote adequate drug delivery to tumors. N,N'-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea treatment resulted in significant decreases in tumor size, compared with untreated controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C6 glioma model can be easily modified to study aspects of interstitial delivery via ICC and the application of ICC to the screening of potential antitumor agents for safety and efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute of New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falavigna
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: E X
authors.initials: EX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Parsa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002330:Carmustine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003911:Dextrans / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007267:Injections; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003911:Dextrans; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D002330:Carmustine