title: Characterizing and identifying "hard-core" smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some smokers may never quit. Depending on how many of these "hard-core" smokers exist, tobacco control efforts could reach the limits of a minimum achievable smoking prevalence. We defined the hard core as heavy smokers with weak quitting histories who expect never to quit smoking. We compared them with other smokers and analyzed whether they represent a meaningful barrier to further reducing smoking prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the 1996 California Tobacco Surveys (18616 adults; response rate = 72.9%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1996, 5.2% of California smokers 26 years and older (1.3% of the California population) were hard-core smokers. Compared with other smokers, hard-core smokers were more likely to be retired non-Hispanic White males, with 12 years or less of education and incomes below $30,000 a year, who live alone. They began smoking at younger ages and attributed fewer negative health consequences to smoking than other smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current tobacco control efforts have a long way to go before they "hit the wall." Nonetheless, the group of hard-core smokers represents a challenge because they appear to be largely unaffected by the messages of tobacco control.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0645, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ake
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation