title: Controlled transdermal delivery of propranolol using HPMC matrices: design and in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation.
abstract: To improve bioavailability and achieve a smoother plasma-concentration profile as compared with oral administration, a matrix-dispersion-type transdermal delivery system was designed and developed for propranolol using different ratios of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) K4M, K15M and K100M. Formulations were evaluated for in-vitro dissolution characteristics using a Cygnus' sandwich-patch holder. Drug release followed Higuchi rather than zero-order or first-order kinetics. In-vivo evaluation was carried out on healthy volunteers (21+/-1.41 years; 60.89+/-5.35 kg) following the balanced incomplete block design. The dissolution rate constant (k) and data generated from plasma and urine (Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; t(max), time to reach peak plasma concentration; AUC, area under the curve; k(e), elimination rate constant; t1/2e, elimination half-life; k(a), absorption rate constant; t1/2a, absorption half-life) were evaluated statistically by two-way analysis of variance. Statistically excellent correlation was found between the percentage of drug absorbed and Cmax, AUC0-24 and AUC0-infinity. A highly significant difference (P < 0.001) was observed when Cmax and AUC0-infinity, generated from plasma and urine were compared, but k(e), t1/2e, k(a) and t1/2a did not differ significantly (P > 0.1). We conclude that urinary excretion data may be used as a simpler alternative to blood level data in studying the kinetics of absorption and deriving the absorption parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Iyer
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005079:Excipients / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D005079:Excipients; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D008747:Methylcellulose; D011433:Propranolol