title: Effects of 3 analgesic regimens on the perception of pain after removal of femoral artery sheaths.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective pain management after removal of femoral artery sheaths after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is highly individualized and requires frequent, accurate assessment and administration of analgesics as needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine which of 3 analgesic regimens is most effective in decreasing patients' perception of pain with the fewest side effects after removal of a femoral artery sheath.
  
  
  METHODS
  130 adult who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and were in an 8-bed cardiac short-stay unit in a 1400-bed acute care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive either intravenous morphine, intravenous fentanyl, subcutaneous lidocaine around the sheath site, or an intravenous placebo before sheath removal. Rescue analgesia (intravenous fentanyl) was made available to all groups. Patients used a visual analog scale to assess pain within 10 minutes before, 1 minute after, and 20 minutes after sheath removal. Pain levels, frequency of side effects, and use of rescue analgesia were compared among groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, sex, number of stents, and frequency of hematomas did not differ significantly among groups. Pain ratings, use of rescue analgesia, and side effects (nausea, vomiting, or vasovagal symptoms) were not significantly different among treatment groups. Ratings of pain were slightly higher immediately after sheath removal in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For most patients, removal of femoral artery sheaths and manual compression for hemostasis are relatively pain-free. Pain scores among patients given analgesia with subcutaneous lidocaine, intravenous morphine, or intravenous fentanyl were not significantly different from pain scores among control patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Victoria School of Nursing, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Peet
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.forename: Q G
authors.initials: QG
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D008012:Lidocaine; D005283:Fentanyl