title: Dilation of malignant esophageal stenosis to allow EUS guided fine-needle aspiration: safety and effect on patient management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration identifies patients with esophageal cancer who are unlikely to be cured by surgery. In approximately 30% of patients the staging procedure cannot be completed without dilation of an obstructing tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  All EUS examinations for esophageal cancer requiring dilation from July 1995 to December 1998 were included. Yield was defined as newly diagnosed metastatic (celiac lymph nodes) or locally invasive disease that could not have been detected without dilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EUS was performed in 132 patients. Forty-two (32%) required 44 dilations. No complications occurred. Of the 42 patients with obstruction, 18 (43%) had celiac adenopathy of which 7 had malignant cells confirmed histologically, 3 had benign adenopathy, and 8 did not undergo fine-needle aspiration due to T4 stage disease (5) or intervening vessels (3). Two patients were upstaged after successful dilation from T2 N1 Mx to T4 N1 Mx and from T3 Nx Mx to T3 N1 M1. Overall, dilation allowed detection of advanced disease in 8 of 42 (19%) patients. Dilation to 11 to 12.8 mm was insufficient (36% success rate) to complete EUS compared with dilation to 14 to 16 mm (87%, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dilation of obstructing esophageal tumors allows identification of a large number of patients with advanced stage malignancy. Dilation to 14 to 16 mm is sufficient for complete staging in almost all patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Sahai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Velse
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004106:Dilatation; D019160:Endosonography; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012449:Safety