title: Imipramine plus cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of school refusal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of 8 weeks of imipramine versus placebo in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of school-refusing adolescents with comorbid anxiety and major depressive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, double-blind trial with 63 subjects entering the study and 47 completing. Outcome measures were weekly school attendance rates based on percentage of hours attended and anxiety and depression rating scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the course of treatment, school attendance improved significantly for the imipramine group (z = 4.36, p < .001) but not for the placebo group (z = 1.26, not significant). School attendance of the imipramine group improved at a significantly faster rate than did that of the placebo group (z = 2.39, p = .017). Over the 8 weeks of treatment, there was a significant difference between groups on attendance after controlling for baseline attendance; mean attendance rate in the final week was 70.1% +/- 30.6% for the imipramine group and 27.6% +/- 36.1% for the placebo group (p < .001). Defining remission as 75% school attendance, 54.2% of the imipramine group met this criterion after treatment compared with only 16.7% from the placebo group (p = .007). Anxiety and depression rating scales decreased significantly across treatment for both groups, with depression on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised decreasing at a significantly faster rate in the imipramine group compared with the placebo group (z = 2.08, p = .037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imipramine plus CBT is significantly more efficacious than placebo plus CBT in improving school attendance and decreasing symptoms of depression in school-refusing adolescents with comorbid anxiety and depression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Borchardt
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Perwien
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thuras
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Last
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D007099:Imipramine