title: Oculoauriculovertebral abnormalities in children of diabetic mothers.
abstract: Maternal diabetes is known to have teratogenic effects. Malformations including neural tube defects, caudal dysgenesis, vertebral defects, congenital heart defects, femoral hypoplasia, and renal anomalies are described in infants of diabetic mothers. However, craniofacial anomalies have rarely been reported in such infants. Here we document craniofacial anomalies of patients born to diabetic mothers. We describe two patient populations: individuals evaluated through our genetics services for multiple malformations and individuals identified through a database search in our craniofacial clinic. The first group consists of 14 individuals evaluated in our genetics clinics who were born to diabetic mothers and had craniofacial anomalies. The second group consists of seven individuals who were identified from a craniofacial database search of patients with hemifacial microsomia and who were born to diabetic mothers. Thus, both groups were born to diabetic mothers and had hemifacial microsomia (67%), microtia (52%), hearing loss (43%), epibulbar dermoids (24%), and fused cervical vertebrae (24%). Therefore, the teratogenic effects of maternal diabetes probably include such craniofacial malformations as the oculoauriculovertebral/Goldenhar complex. Infants of diabetic mothers should be evaluated for craniofacial anomalies. Conversely, mothers of infants with craniofacial anomalies should be evaluated for diabetes to aid in counseling concerning cause and recurrence risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ewart-Toland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yankowitz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Imagire
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Aylsworth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golabi
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D004423:Ear / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000150:complications*; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities*