title: Adenovirus keratitis: a role for interleukin-8.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenovirus type 19 (Ad19) infection of the human cornea results in a chronic, multifocal, subepithelial keratitis. Existing evidence suggests that early subepithelial corneal infiltrates are composed of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In this study, the capacity of Ad19-infected human corneal stromal fibroblasts (HCFs) to produce neutrophil chemotactants (chemokines) was tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  HCFs grown from human donor corneas and passaged thrice were infected with a corneal isolate of Ad19 or mock-infected with virus-free media. Bioactivity of the cell supernatants was tested by a neutrophil chemotaxis assay. Supernatants were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the neutrophil chemotactants interleukin-8 (IL-8) and GRO-alpha. Corneal facsimiles were generated with HCFs and collagen type I, infected with Ad19, and assayed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ad19 infection of HCFs increased neutrophil chemotaxis from a baseline of 0.4+/-0.7 cells/high-powered field (hpf; mock-infected) to 21.8+/-2.3 cells/hpf (Ad19-infected). Chemotaxis was reduced by the addition of neutralizing antibodies against IL-8 and GRO-alpha. Infection of HCFs induced quantities of IL-8 protein 300- and 1000-fold over mock-infected controls at 4 and 24 hours, respectively (33 versus 11,813 pg/mL at 4 hours, and 57 versus 76,376 pg/mL at 24 hours, P< or = 0.001 for both). In contrast, GRO-alpha protein levels were only sevenfold higher at 24 hours postinfection (118 pg/mL in mock-infected controls versus 880 pg/mL in Ad19-infected cell supernatants). Neither chemokine was induced by infection of an immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line. Immunohistochemistry of infected corneal facsimiles demonstrated IL-8 in the extracellular matrix within 3 days after infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Production of chemokines in infected tissues facilitates an early innate immune response to infection, and in the infected corneal stroma represents an elementary defense mechanism. Interleukin-8 may play a role in the development of subepithelial infiltrates in adenovirus keratitis.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pathogenesis of Eye Infection Research Center, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA. james-chodosh@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chodosh
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Astley
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000502:physiology; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015828:Eye Infections, Viral / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007634:Keratitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8