title: Dental and facial skeletal characteristics and growth of males and females with class II, division 1 malocclusion between the ages of 10 and 14 (revisited)-part I: characteristics of size, form, and position.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the craniofacial and dentofacial skeletal characteristics associated with Angle's Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. The material examined included 613 lateral head radiographs comprising 2 series: (1) 278 films of children with "normal" occlusion and (2) 335 films of children with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Each series was subdivided into 6 samples (3 female and 3 male; skeletal ages 10, 12, 14, [+/-6 months]), representing children with chronological ages ranging from 8.5 to 15.5 years. The radiographs were converted to computer-readable X and Y coordinate data and 52 linear, angular, and coordinate axis measurements were taken. Findings were visually verified by superimposing the computer-drawn composite plots of the Class II, Division 1 series over those of the normal series. In all 6 intergroup comparisons, it was found that: (1) the mandible and its dentition is similar to the controls in size, form, and position except for the position of the lower incisors in males; (2) the forehead (Gl), anteriorcranial base (Nas), maxilla (A) and dentition (molars and incisors) are protrusive (mesial positioned), with an increased frontal bone thickness at the level of the sinus, and a larger A-P maxilla, the palate of which is inclined superiorly at its anterior half; (3) no vertical dysplasia was evident; (4) the cranial base angle is larger, as are the anterior and posterior sections that compose it, but it is not related to mandibular position; (5) angular indexes of maxillary and mandibular position that included point Nasion are highly misleading indicators of maxillary and mandibular size and position. Visualized diagnosis via a composite norm based on age and sex might offer a more reliable alternative or supplement to the numeric reference standards now in use. Enlarged sinuses may contribute to the cause of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, USA. drted@aol.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rothstein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yoon-Tarlie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000473:pathology; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology; D009811:Odontometry; D010159:Palate / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology; D014070:Tooth / Q000473:pathology*; D014716:Vertical Dimension