title: A 12-year ophthalmologic experience with the shaken baby syndrome at a regional children's hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the ophthalmologic experience with the shaken baby syndrome (SBS) at one medical center, including clinical findings, autopsy findings, and the visual outcome of survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixteen patients admitted from 1987 to 1998 for subdural hematomas of the brain secondary to abuse were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinal hemorrhages were detected in 84% of the children, but this important finding had been missed often by nonophthalmologists. Poor visual response, poor pupillary response, and retinal hemorrhage correlated strongly with demise of the child. One child who died had pigmented retinal scars from previous abuse, a condition not previously observed histopathologically. The clinical and autopsy findings varied somewhat, probably because of the differing conditions for examination. No correlation could be made between computerized tomography scans done during life and the subdural hemorrhage of the optic nerve found on autopsy. Half of the surviving patients were known to have good vision. One fourth of the patients had poor vision, largely due to cerebral visual impairment from bilateral injury posterior to the optic chiasm. Severe neurologic impairment correlated highly with loss of vision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series provides information on the frequency of eye findings in SBS patients. No fundus finding is pathognomonic for SBS. When retinal hemorrhages are found in young children, the likelihood that abuse occurred is very high. The difficulty that nonophthalmologists have in detecting retinal hemorrhage may be an important limiting factor in finding these children so they may be protected from further abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kivlin
mesh_terms: D001497:Battered Child Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014792:Visual Acuity