title: Rapid opiate detoxication in outpatient treatment: relationship with naltrexone compliance.
abstract: A variety of detoxification methods have been utilized for the treatment of heroin withdrawal before individuals begin long-term opiate-free and naltrexone programs. While methadone in decreasing doses is still widely used for detoxication procedures, rapid and ultrarapid protocols including clonidine and opiate receptors antagonists have been proposed. This study compares the efficacy of different detoxification methods and investigates possible changes in naltrexone compliance. Ninety-eight heroin-addicted individuals were studied to evaluate withdrawal symptoms, craving, mood, urine toxicologic screens, and drop-out rate during therapy with: Group A: clonidine only (5 days); Group B: clonidine, oxazepam, baclofen, and ketoprofene with naloxone and naltrexone (2 days); and Group C: methadone in decreasing doses (10 days). Naltrexone compliance and relapse rates were evaluated during a 6-month follow-up period. Rapid detoxification with opiate antagonists (Group B) induced slight and transient withdrawal symptoms, and resulted in a significantly lower percentage of heroin catabolites in urine controls during the detoxification procedure, lower negative and positive craving, less mood problems, and higher compliance in extended naltrexone treatment. In comparison with clonidine only (Group A) and methadone (Group C), the early use of naltrexone during detoxification in combination with benzodiazepines and clonidine facilitated extended naltrexone acceptance and improved the recovery outcome in outpatients.
authors.affiliation: Centro Studi Farmacotossicodipendenze-Servizio Tossicodipendenze, Az. USL di Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaimovic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rustichelli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fontanesi
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zambelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timpano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bocchi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delsignore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D018682:GABA Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010076:Oxazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010349:Patient Compliance; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000652:urine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018682:GABA Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone; D009271:Naltrexone; D010076:Oxazepam; D007660:Ketoprofen; D001418:Baclofen; D003000:Clonidine; D008691:Methadone