title: A theoretical study of cylindrical ultrasound transducers for intracavitary hyperthermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper was to examine the heating patterns and penetration depth when a cylindrical ultrasound transducer is employed for intracavitary hyperthermia treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study employs a simulation program based on a simplified power deposition model for infinitely long cylindrical ultrasound transducers. The ultrasound power in the tissue is assumed to be exponentially attenuated according to the penetration depth of the ultrasound beam, and a uniform attenuation for the entire treatment region is also assumed. The distribution of specific absorption rate (SAR) ratio (the ratio of SAR for a point within the tissue to that for a specific point on the cavity surface) is used to determine the heating pattern for a set of given parameters. The parameters considered are the ultrasound attenuation in the tissue, the cavity size, and the transducer eccentricity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulation results show that the ultrasound attenuation in the tissue, the cavity size, and the transducer eccentricity are the most influential parameters for the distribution of SAR ratio. A low frequency transducer located in a large cavity can produce a much better penetration. The cavity size is the major parameter affecting the penetration depth for a small cavity size, such as interstitial hyperthermia. The heating pattern can also be dramatically changed by the transducer eccentricity and radiating sector. In addition, for a finite length of cylindrical transducer, lower SAR ratio appears in the regions near the applicator's edges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of SAR ratio indicates the relationship between the treatable region and the parameters if an appropriate threshold of SAR ratio is taken. The findings of the present study comprehend whether or not a tumor is treatable, as well as select the optimal driving frequency, the appropriate cavity size, and the eccentricity of a cylindrical transducer for a specific treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shieh
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D014159:Transducers; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods