title: Needle design does not affect the success rate of spinal anaesthesia or the incidence of postpuncture complications in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In adults, pencil-point spinal needles are believed to be less traumatic and therefore to be superior compared to cutting-point needles with respect to success rate and postpuncture complications. The aim of this randomised, parallel groups and prospective study was to record the success rate and to evaluate the incidence of complications following spinal anaesthesia with the two types of needles in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 215 children aged 1 to 18 years. A 25-gauge needle was used in children up to 7 years (n=96) and a 27-gauge needle in older children (n=119). During lumbar puncture with either a cutting-point (n=109) or a pencil-point (n=106) spinal needle, we recorded puncture characteristics and the success of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) aspiration. Hyperbaric bupivacaine 5 mg ml(-1) at a dose of 0.3-0.4 mg kg(-1) was used for the spinal anaesthesia. The incidence of postdural puncture complications was recorded from diaries completed by the children and parents one week after the lumbar puncture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rate of the spinal anaesthesia was 97% without difference between the needles. The success rate was higher when the aspiration of CSF was easy compared to if it was difficult (98% vs. 88%, P=0.02). Two hundred and seven diaries were returned (97%). Twenty-four children developed a headache, 8 of which were classified as a postdural puncture headache (PDPH), 6 with the cutting-point needle and 2 with the pencil-point needle (n.s.). Nine children developed signs of transient radicular irritation with no difference between the needles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both types of spinal needles can be used in children, and a free aspiration of CSF results in a high success rate of the spinal block. Postpuncture complications are as common in children as in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kokki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turunen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanamo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hendolin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000009:adverse effects*