title: Relapse and maintenance issues for smoking cessation.
abstract: This article reviews short-term (6 months) and longer term (12-24 months) maintenance of cessation and relapse in adult smokers and the factors and treatments that affect these outcomes. MedLine and PsycLIT searches were done for research published in English between 1988 and 1998 meeting a defined set of criteria. Intensive intervention, telephone counseling, and use of pharmacotherapy were found to improve outcomes; however, compared with public health approaches, they reach relatively few smokers. Brief interventions during medical visits are cost-effective and could potentially reach most smokers but are not consistently delivered. Predictors of relapse include slips, younger age, nicotine dependence, low self-efficacy, weight concerns, and previous quit attempts. Potential areas for research, recommendations for longer follow-up assessments, and standard definitions for slip, relapse, and long-term maintenance are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester 01655, USA. Judith.Ockene@umassmed.org
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ockene
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Emmons
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mermelstein
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bonollo
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Voorhees
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hollis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003376:Counseling; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D012008:Recurrence; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology