title: Sleep stage-related changes in sympathetic sudomotor and vasomotor skin responses in man.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of the spontaneous and evoked sympathetic skin responses (SSR) during sleep and wakefulness in comparison with the skin vasomotor responses (SVR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy subjects underwent a night of videopolysomnographic recording. Spontaneous SSR were recorded via surface electrodes placed on the dorsal and ventral aspect of the hand while SVR were evaluated by means of an infrared photoelectric transducer placed on the index finger. SSR and SVR were evoked via electrical stimuli applied to the left supraorbital nerve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous SSR frequency was highest during stage 4 of NREM sleep and lowest during REM phases. On the contrary, spontaneous SVR frequency reached its lowest value during stage 4 and its highest value during stage 2 of NREM sleep, remaining at levels above waking values during REM. SSR could be elicited by stimuli inducing arousal during light sleep but it was absent during deep NREM and REM sleep. SVR could be evoked throughout NREM and REM sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneous SSR and SVR act differently during physiological modifications of vigilance. Evoked SSR is strictly dependent upon the state of vigilance, whereas evoked SVR shows no modifications during the different stages of the wake-sleep cycle.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. liguori@neuro.unibo.it
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liguori
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Donadio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foschini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Stasi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plazzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lugaresi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montagna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*