title: Cardiac autonomic adjustments to normal human pregnancy: insight from spectral analysis of R-R interval and systolic arterial pressure variability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the adaptation in autonomic control mechanisms that accompanies the marked haemodynamic changes, such as increases in cardiac size and output, that occur in the course of normal human pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 14 healthy pregnant women (aged 30+/-1 years) before the 6th week (early stage) and within weeks 32-34 (late stage) of pregnancy, while they were at rest or in a state of active orthostatism (standing), which enhances sympathetic activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used echocardiography to assess cardiac volumes and mass, and spectral analysis of the R-R interval and systolic arterial pressure variability to obtain indices of autonomic regulation of the circulation. This non-invasive methodology, recently validated with direct recordings of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, furnishes quantitative markers of sympathetic modulation of the sino-atrial node (low frequency component, LF in normalized units, nu), vagal modulation (high frequency component, HF in normalized units, nu) and the overall arterial pressure-heart rate baroreflex gain (alpha index).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Late pregnancy was characterized by an increase in cardiac size and volumes and by a reduction of R-R interval, R-R interval variance and the alpha index, together with an increase in the LF/HF ratio (from 1.4+/-0.4 to 5.6+/-1.9). Changes in markers of autonomic modulation of the sino-atrial node normally induced by the standing position were blunted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The late stage of normal human pregnancy appears to be characterized by alterations in the autonomic control of the circulation and by attenuated responsiveness to active standing, possibly as a consequence of the accompanying increase in cardiac size.
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca sulla Terapia Neurovegetativa, Medicina Interna, Ospedale L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lucini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strappazzon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dalla Vecchia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013599:Systole