title: Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in a U.S. national sample of adults with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with diabetes may be particularly susceptible to motility-related upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms such as abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, early satiety, nausea, and vomiting. We estimated the prevalence of UGI symptoms in a population-based sample of individuals with diabetes and determined whether cases and population controls differed in prevalence of UGI symptoms and in symptom features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with diabetes (n = 483) and matched controls (n = 422) were recruited from a prior U.S. national health survey for a telephone interview on UGI symptoms. To confirm self-reported diabetes status, cases provided information on clinical management measures. Subjects were asked about UGI symptoms in the month before interview. Affirmative responses to initial questions triggered detailed questions about symptom frequency, timing, duration, and severity. Differences between cases and controls were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases not only had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher overall prevalence of one or more UGI symptoms in the past month (50%) than controls (38%), but they also reported a significantly greater number of UGI symptoms than controls. Almost 10% of cases reported three or more UGI symptoms in the past month compared with 2% of controls. Our study also identified UGI symptom features that were more relevant to cases and showed that one UGI symptom, heartburn, co-occurred significantly more often with UGI symptoms in cases than in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upper GI symptoms are common in individuals with diabetes and more prevalent than in controls. The symptoms are non-specific and may reflect disruptions in motility or perception.
authors.affiliation: Innovative Medical Research, Towson, Maryland 21286, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Farup
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology