title: Activated protein C resistance and factor V Leiden mutation can be associated with first-as well as second-trimester recurrent pregnancy loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the occurrence of activated protein C resistance (APCR) and factor V Leiden mutation differs in women with first- compared to women with second-trimester unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy eight consecutive women with two or more unexplained post-embryonic recurrent pregnancy losses and 139 fertile women with at least one successful pregnancy and no abortions were prospectively investigated for APCR and the factor V Leiden mutation. No women were pregnant at the time of investigation. APCR was defined as APC sensitivity ratio (APC SR) of < or = 2.0. All patients with an APC SR < or = 2.4 were investigated for the factor V Leiden mutation. Women in this study were divided into three groups. Group A included only women with a history of recurrent first-trimester embryonic loss (37 women) and Group B included women with second-trimester abortions with or without additional first-trimester abortions (41 women). Group C included the controls (139 women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  APCR and factor V Leiden mutations were significantly more prevalent in all recurrent pregnancy loss patients in this study as compared to controls. 38%(30/78) and 19%(15/78) in contrast to 8% (11/139) and 6% (8/139), respectively. All three groups in the study were comparable regarding age, parity, and number of living children, whereas Groups A and B were also comparable regarding gravidity. Mean APC SRs were significantly higher in Group C as compared to Groups A and B. The incidence of APCR was significantly higher in Groups A and B, as compared to controls, 27 and 49% in contrast to 8%, respectively. Moreover, the incidence of the factor V Leiden mutation was significantly higher in Groups A and B as compared to Group C, 16 and 22% as distinct from 6%, respectively. The incidence of APCR was higher in Group B as compared to Group A, 49% in contrast to 27%, with borderline significance: however, the factor V Leiden mutation did not significantly differ between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APCR and factor V Leiden are associated with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. The occurrence of APCR and factor V Leiden seems to be linked to post-embryonic first-trimester as well as second-trimester recurrent pregnancy loss. The significance of acquired, non-heritable APCR in recurrent fetal loss patients, especially in the second-trimester aborters, is still to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poriya Hospital, Tiberias, Israel.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Younis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ohel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tal
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lanir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ben-Ami
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D020016:Activated Protein C Resistance / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005165:Factor V / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017354:Point Mutation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: C095381:factor V Leiden; D005165:Factor V