title: Analgesia for labor pain: a cost model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural analgesia and intravenous analgesia with opioids are two techniques for the relief of labor pain. The goal of this study was to develop a cost-identification model to quantify the costs (from society's perspective) of epidural analgesia compared with intravenous analgesia for labor pain. Because there is no valid method to assign a dollar value to differing levels of analgesia, the cost of each technique can be compared with the analgesic benefit (patient pain scores) of each technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors created a cost model for epidural and intravenous analgesia by reviewing the literature to determine the rates of associated clinical outcomes (benefit of each technique to produce analgesia) and complications (e.g., postdural puncture headache). The authors then analyzed data from their institution's cost-accounting system to determine the hospital cost for parturients admitted for delivery, estimated the cost of each complication, and performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the cost impact of changing key variables. A secondary analysis was performed assuming that the cost of nursing was fixed (did not change depending on the number of nursing interventions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  If the cesarean section rate equals 20% for both intravenous and epidural analgesia, the additional expected cost per patient to society of epidural analgesia of labor pain ranges from $259 (assuming nursing costs in the labor and delivery suite do not vary with the number of nursing interventions) to $338 (assuming nursing costs do increase as the number of interventions increases) relative to the expected cost of intravenous analgesia for labor pain. This cost difference results from increased professional costs and complication costs associated with epidural analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural analgesia is more costly than intravenous analgesia. How the cost of the anesthesiologist and nursing care is calculated affects how much more costly epidural analgesia is relative to intravenous analgesia. Published studies have determined that epidural analgesia provides relief of labor pain superior to intravenous analgesia, quantified in one study as 40 mm better on a 100-mm scale during the first stage of labor and 29 mm better during the second stage of labor. Patients, physicians, and society need to weigh the value of improved pain relief from epidural analgesia versus the increased cost of epidural analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, California 94305-5640, USA. amaca@leland.stanford.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macario
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Scibetta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000191:economics*; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000191:economics*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D018803:Models, Economic; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid