title: Toxicity and drug exposure in a quadruple drug regimen in HIV-1 infected patients participating in the ADAM study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship between toxicity and the exposure to nelfinavir and saquinavir as part of a quadruple drug regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ADAM study is a randomized study to investigate the feasibility of induction-maintenance therapy in HIV-1 infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1-infected patients with no prior use of antiretroviral treatment started induction therapy consisting of stavudine + lamivudine + nelfinavir + saquinavir for a period of 26 weeks. Data regarding toxicity of the quadruple regimen and exposure to the protease inhibitors were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven of the 65 patients enrolled had to switch therapy for reasons of toxicity within the first 26 weeks. Diarrhoea was frequently reported (49 of 65, one discontinuation), but could be relieved by using antidiarrhoeal agents. Laboratory monitoring revealed elevated liver enzymes (leading to four discontinuations) and mild to moderate elevations of triglycerides and cholesterol (nine and 23 of 65, respectively). The exposure to saquinavir and nelfinavir was lower than expected. Abdominal pain was associated with a higher exposure to nelfinavir or saquinavir. The association of nausea and abdominal distension with drug exposure appeared to vary over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quadruple drug regimen was quite well tolerated. Diarrhoea was frequently reported but could be relieved by the use of antidiarrhoeal agents. In comparison with other protease inhibitor combinations, lipid abnormalities in plasma were infrequent and mild. With the exception of diarrhoea, all gastrointestinal complaints observed were found to be associated with the level of exposure to nelfinavir or saquinavir. The exposure to the protease inhibitors was relatively low, although the virologic efficacy of the regimen used was satisfactory.
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Therapy Evaluation Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Reijers
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ten Kate
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schuitemaker
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoetelmans
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Weverling
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine; D018119:Stavudine; D019888:Nelfinavir; D019258:Saquinavir