title: Identification of organically associated trace elements in wood and coal by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
abstract: 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) was used to extract samples of wood (forest residue) and coal; the extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using two different sample preparation methods, in order to identify trace elements associated with the organic part of the samples. A sample of fly ash was similarly extracted and analysed in order to assess the behaviour of the mineral matter contained within the wood and coal samples. 32% of the biomass was extracted at the higher temperature and 12% at room temperature while only 12% of the coal was extracted at the higher temperature and 3% at room temperature. Less than 2% of the ash dissolved at the higher temperature. Size exclusion chromatograms of the extracts indicated the presence of significant amounts of large molecular mass materials (>1000 mu) in the biomass and coal extracts but not in the ash extract. Trace element analyses were carried out using ICP-MS on the acid digests prepared by 'wet ashing' and microwave extraction. Sixteen elements (As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn) were quantified, in the samples before extraction, in the extracts and in the residues. Concentrations of trace elements in the original biomass sample were lower than in the coal sample while the concentrations in the ash sample were the highest. The major trace elements in the NMP extracts were Ba, Cu, Mn and Zn from the forest residue; Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn from the coal; Cu and Zn from the ash. These elements are believed to be associated with the organic extracts from the forest residue and coal, and also from the ash. Be and Sb were not quantified in the extracts because they were present at too low concentrations; up to 40% of Mn was extracted from the biomass sample at 202 degrees C, while Se was totally extracted from the ash sample. For the forest residue, approximately 7% (at room temperature) and 45% (at 202 degrees C) of the total trace elements studied were in the extract; for the coal, approximately 8% (at room temperature) and 23% (at 202 degrees C) were in the extract. For the ash, only 1.4% of the trace elements were extracted at 202 degrees C, comprising 25% of Cd but less than 1% of Pb.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College (University of London), Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BY, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richaud
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lazaro
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lachas
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Herod
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dugwell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandiyoti
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D014131:Trace Elements