title: Evidence of a structural effect for alcohol outlet density: a multilevel analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ecological studies reveal that alcohol-related outcomes tend to occur in high alcohol outlet density neighborhoods. The ecological design of these studies limits the interpretation of the findings in terms of the level of the effect. The effect of alcohol outlet density could be related to greater individual access to alcohol, an individual level effect, or to the grouping of drinkers by neighborhood, a structural effect at the neighborhood level.
  
  
  METHODS
  To differentiate between individual and neighborhood level possibilities, we conducted a multilevel study. Individual distance to the closest alcohol outlet was the individual level measure of the effect of alcohol outlet density, whereas the mean distance to the closest alcohol outlet for all individuals within a census tract was the neighborhood level measure for the effect of alcohol outlet density. We analyzed telephone surveys of 2604 telephone households within 24 census tracts stratified by poverty status and alcohol outlet density. Individual distance to alcohol outlets, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and level of education were entered as individual level covariates, and their corresponding aggregated means were entered as census tract level covariates (i.e., mean distance to outlets, mean age, percentage male, percentage Black, mean education).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance revealed that 16.2% of the variance in drinking norms and 11.5% of the variance in alcohol consumption were accounted for at the census tract level. In multivariate hierarchical analysis, individual distance to the closest alcohol outlet was unrelated with drinking norms and alcohol consumption, whereas mean distance to the closest alcohol outlet demonstrated a negative relation with drinking norms (betae = -5.50+/-2.37) and with alcohol consumption (betae = -0.477+/-0.195); that is, the higher the mean distance to the closest alcohol outlet, the lower the mean drinking norms score and mean level of alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the effect of alcohol outlet density on alcohol-related outcomes functions through an effect at the neighborhood level rather than at the individual level. Problem drinkers tend to be grouped in neighborhoods, an effect predicted by alcohol outlet density.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA. rscrib@lsumc.edu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Scribner
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data