title: Regional thrombolysis with urokinase for central venous catheter-related thrombosis in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with autologous blood stem cell rescue.
abstract: Fifty-one of 300 patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with (n = 245) or without (n = 55) autologous stem cell rescue developed central venous catheter-related thrombosis diagnosed by Doppler sonography or contrast venography. Eighteen of these individuals underwent regional thrombolysis defined as the infusion of urokinase into a superficial vein of the ipsilateral upper extremity in a dose not sufficient to produce systemic fibrinolysis by laboratory criteria. Urokinase was administered at a dose of 75,000-150,000 U/hour for 24 to 96 hours and contrast venography was performed to assess response. All individuals had a partial or complete resolution of clinical signs and symptoms. Fifty percent of patients also achieved a partial radiographic response defined as clot lysis with irregular canalization of the vein. Therapeutic doses of heparin for 5 to 7 days and warfarin for at least 3 months were commenced at the conclusion of urokinase therapy. Twelve catheters were salvaged and utilized subsequently until no longer required. Six catheters were removed because of poor catheter function or rethrombosis. The median interval from diagnosis of the thrombus until extraction of the 12 salvaged catheters was 3 months (range 1-8 months). Only a single patient who developed gastrointestinal bleeding required discontinuation of urokinase. Regional thrombolysis is safe, easy to administer, effective in many instances, less costly than the doses of antifibrinolytic agents required to induce systemic fibrinolysis, and should be considered in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue who develop central venous catheter-related thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bona
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Feingold
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tutschka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilgrami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000628:therapy; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010690:Phlebography; D013918:Thrombin Time; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014640:Vancomycin; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator