title: Viral vector delivery in solid-state vehicles: gene expression in a murine prostate cancer model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there are increasingly more clinical trials involving gene therapy, efficient gene transfer remains a major hurdle to success. To enhance the efficiency of delivery of viral vectors in gene therapy protocols, we evaluated the effect of various matrices to act as a vehicle for recombinant virus during intratumoral injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of several vehicles (catgut spacer, polyglycolic acid, chromic catgut, and gelatin sponge matrix) to deliver the canarypox virus ALVAC to the cells of the murine prostate cancer cell line RM-1 was studied in vitro and in vivo. ALVAC recombinants encoding the murine cytokines interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were used to assess enhancement of antitumor activity after intratumoral inoculation. Confirmatory experiments were conducted by use of another mouse prostate cancer cell line, RM-11, and a mouse bladder cancer cell line, MB-49. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gelatin sponge matrix proved to be the most effective solid-state vehicle for delivering viral vectors to cells in culture. In addition, this matrix statistically significantly enhanced expression of ALVAC-delivered reporter genes in tumor models when compared with fluid-phase delivery of virus (P =.037 for the RM-1 model and P =.03 for the MB-49 model). Statistically significant growth inhibition of established tumors was observed when a combination of the three recombinant ALVAC viruses expressing IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-alpha was delivered with the matrix in comparison with 1) fluid-phase intratumoral injection of the ALVAC recombinants, 2) no treatment, or 3) treatment with parental ALVAC (all P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viral vector delivery in a solid-state vehicle resulted in improved recombinant gene expression in vivo and translated to greater inhibition of tumor growth in an immunotherapy protocol for heterotopic tumor nodules. The efficient delivery of reporter genes described herein may prove useful in many solid tumor gene therapy protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Siemens
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hedican
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ratliff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018150:Avipoxvirus; D002455:Cell Division; D005780:Gelatin; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C078788:ALVAC vaccine; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D018664:Interleukin-12; D005780:Gelatin; D008156:Luciferases; D001616:beta-Galactosidase