title: The effect of ketamine on 0.25% and 0.125% bupivacaine for caudal epidural blockade in children.
abstract: Forty boys aged from one to five years undergoing orchidopexy were randomly allocated to receive one of two solutions for caudal epidural injection. Group A received 1 ml.kg-1 of 0.125% bupivacaine with ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1 and Group B received 1 ml.kg-1 of bupivacaine 0.25% with ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1. Postoperative pain was assessed by means of a modified Objective Pain Score and analgesia was administered if this score exceeded four. The median duration of caudal analgesia was 8 h in Group A compared with 9.5 h in Group B (P<0.05). The time taken to recover the ability to walk was a median of two h in Group A and three h in Group B (P<0.05). There were no differences between the groups in the incidence of urinary retention or postoperative sedation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Findlow
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Aldridge
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D013737:Testis / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007649:Ketamine; D002045:Bupivacaine