title: The shaking trauma in infants - kinetic chains.
abstract: The findings in three children who died as a consequence of shaking and those in another child who survived are presented. In the three fatal cases, a combination of anatomical lesions were identified at autopsy which appear to indicate the sites where kinetic energy related to the shaking episodes had been applied thus enabling the sequence of events resulting in the fatal head injury to be elucidated. Such patterns of injuries involved the upper limb, the shoulder, the brachial nerve plexus and the muscles close to the scapula; hemorrhages were present at the insertions of the sternocleidomastoid muscles due to hyperextension trauma (the so-called periosteal sign) and in the transition zone between the cervical and thoracic spine and extradural hematomas. Characteristic lesions due to traction were also found in the legs. All three children with lethal shaking trauma died from a subdural hematoma only a few hours after the event. The surviving child had persistant hypoxic damage of the brain following on massive cerebral edema. All the children showed a discrepancy between the lack of identifiable external lesions and severe internal ones.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Göttingen, Windausweg 2, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saternus
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kernbach-Wighton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oehmichen
mesh_terms: D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D001497:Battered Child Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000175:diagnosis; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000175:diagnosis; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000175:diagnosis; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000175:diagnosis; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000293:injuries; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis