title: Low prevalence of a periodontitis-associated interleukin-1 composite genotype in individuals of Chinese heritage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene cluster have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain diseases. A specific composite genotype of IL-1A and IL-1B polymorphisms, consisting of allele 2 of both IL-1A +4845 and IL-1B +3954 (formerly +3953) has been associated with an increased risk of severe adult periodontitis. Approximately 30% of the European population carry this genotype. The prevalence of the above IL-1A and IL-1B composite genotype in populations of different ethnic origins is unknown. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the IL-1 composite genotype in individuals of Chinese heritage, since epidemiologic studies indicate that periodontitis is widespread among ethnic Chinese. An additional aim was to evaluate if there was an association between the composite genotype and the severity of periodontal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 300 volunteers of Chinese heritage (ages 21 to 69 years) received a periodontal examination including full-mouth clinical attachment loss measurements, probing depths, plaque index scores, and bleeding on probing. Blood was collected from a fingerstick and placed on a blotting paper card. The blood samples were analyzed for IL-1A +4845 and IL-1B +3954 polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 7 of the 300 subjects (2.3%) carried the composite IL- 1 genotype consisting of allele 2 of both IL-1A +4845 and IL-1B +3954. Allele 2 of the IL-1A +4845 polymorphism was carried by 17.0% (51/300) of the subjects; of these, only 2 were homozygous. Allele 2 of the IL-1B +3954 polymorphism was much rarer with only 3.3% (10/300) of the study population carrying this marker. All of the people who carried the IL-1B polymorphism were heterozygous. Too few of the subjects were positive for the IL-1 composite genotype to establish any relationship with the susceptibility to periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that the prevalences of both IL-1A and IL-1B polymorphisms are dramatically lower in Chinese than those reported for Europeans. Findings from this study bring into question the usefulness of the composite genotype of allele 2 of both IL-1A +4845 and IL-1B +3954 as a method for determining the susceptibility of Chinese patients to adult periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco, School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology, 94143-0650, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sorrell
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: di Giovine
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Duff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1