title: Bioavailability assessment of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling in the rat.
abstract: A novel method of assessing the extent of oral bioavailability of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) from pharmacological data was presented. After intravascular administration (i.v. bolus or short-term infusion) of AVP to rats, the relationship between blood concentrations and its effect on both mean arterial pressure (hemodynamic effect) and urinary sodium concentration (anti-diuretic effect) was described on the basis of an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model. A direct model was used for the hemodynamic response, while an indirect response model, rather than a hypothetical link model was used for the anti-diuretic response. A sigmoid Emax model was applied to describe the drug-receptor interaction. Pharmacological responses after intravascular administration of AVP were reasonably described by the PK-PD model. However, PD parameters estimated by the PK-PD analysis suggested that apparent receptor affinity rather than efficacy in i.v. bolus study was significantly higher than that in the short-term infusion study. This fact indicated that PK-PD relationship was influenced by the intravascular input rate of AVP. We then investigated the relationship between plasma concentration and amount of AVP bound to the V2 receptors in the kidney. The result indicated that the amount of AVP bound to the receptors after i.v. bolus injection was always greater than that after short-term infusion. Since the PK-PD relationship after oral administration was almost identical with that after short-term infusion, the PK-PD model obtained in the short-term infusion study was used to assess the extent of oral bioavailability (EBAPp.o.). The EBAp.o. values, estimated from pharmacological effects (hemodynamic effect and anti-diuretic effect) after oral administration of 5 microg/kg of AVP were 0.68% to 0.93% and were almost identical with the actual EBAPp.o. value (0.81%). From these results, we concluded that oral bioavailability of AVP was reasonably predicted by the PK-PD model, provided that appropriate pharmacological effects and appropriate intravascular dosing rate as a reference formulation are available. The method may be an alternative to methods based on plasma concentrations, when drug concentration cannot be measured and when appropriate pharmacological data are available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishide
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwanaga
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakemi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004231:Diuresis / Q000187:drug effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D008954:Models, Biological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D012964:Sodium