title: Continuous infusion of remifentanil and target-controlled infusion of propofol for patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a new approach for scheduled early extubation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess hemodynamic stability, postoperative pain management, and the control and timing of early extubation of a total intravenous anesthetic technique using propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) and remifentanil in cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premedication consisted of oral midazolam, 0.1 mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol TCI at a target concentration of 1.5 to 2 microg/mL; remifentanil, 1 microg/kg; and rocuronium. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol at the same target concentration and remifentanil titrated between 0.25 and 1 microg/kg/min. Thirty minutes before the end of surgery, a 0.1-mg/kg bolus of morphine was administered intravenously. Postoperative sedation was achieved by maintaining the propofol infusion until the patient was deemed ready for extubation. Postoperative pain relief was evaluated using a visual analog scale. The intervals between arrival in the intensive care unit, spontaneous ventilation, and extubation were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included in this study were 36 men and 14 women (American Society of Anesthesiologist = III; New York Heart Association = II) scheduled for cardiac surgery. All patients remained hemodynamically stable throughout the perioperative period. Thirty-seven patients were successfully extubated during the first 4 postoperative hours. Spontaneous breathing was achieved at a mean interval of 15+/-5 minutes after propofol discontinuation. The mean interval to extubation was 163+/-45 minutes after arrival in the intensive care unit. Extubation was performed 48+/-12 minutes after patients were considered ready to awaken. During spontaneous ventilation, 36 patients received additional boluses of morphine (mean, 2.5+/-1 mg). Subsequently, all patients achieved a visual analog scale less than 40 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of remifentanil and propofol TCI resulted in hemodynamic stability and good postoperative analgesia. This technique allows physicians to schedule the time of extubation in patients undergoing cardiac anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Broussais Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sirieix
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dassier
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: D'Attellis
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Baron
mesh_terms: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol