title: Social effects and boar taint: significance for production of slaughter boars (Sus scrofa).
abstract: A study was conducted to elucidate the effects of social factors on the concentrations of boar taint substances, androstenone and skatole, in boars. The factors included dominance (social rank) and the effects of strongly tainted animals on other members of the group. Four successive replicates of 100 pigs (50 boars + 50 gilts) with an average live weight of 24 kg were randomly allocated to 10 pens of 10. Data for this study were collected during the period of 67 to 114 kg of live weight and included the repetitive recording of agonistic behavior during competitive feeding; blood sampling for determination of plasma androstenone, skatole and testosterone in boars; feces sampling for determination of skatole content; and collection of bulbourethral glands in boars, and uteri plus ovaries in gilts at slaughter, for the assessment of sexual maturity. Results show an influence of social rank on plasma concentrations of androstenone (P = .0001) and testosterone (P = .0001), the weight of the bulbourethral glands (P = .0001), and plasma skatole (P = .02). Pens were classified according to the pig with the highest concentration of androstenone in the pen into high, medium, and low maximum pens. In pens with high maximum concentrations of androstenone, the second-highest androstenone concentration (P = .0001), and the average concentration (P = .0003) in the pen were higher than those in pens with medium or low maximum concentrations of androstenone. Mean aggression level was also higher (P = .02), but pens with high maximum aggression level did not have higher mean androstenone concentration. Rank effect on androstenone was more important than aggression effect. Neither maximum androstenone concentration nor maximum aggression level in a pen was related to the pen mean stage of sexual maturity in either sex. No influences of rank, aggression, or aggression received were found on the feces skatole level, and no pheromonal communicative function was demonstrated for skatole. High androstenone concentrations did not have a suppressive effect on androstenone concentrations in other males of the group; on the contrary, the levels were increased. This may be due to a stimulating effect of androstenone and, possibly, mating activity. Consequently, in the production of boars for slaughter, strongly tainted animals should be avoided or removed and mating activity minimized. This could be facilitated by, for instance, slaughtering before sexual maturity or separate rearing of the sexes.
authors.affiliation: Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Animal Health and Welfare, Tjele, Denmark. Mette.Giersing@agrsci.dk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giersing
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lundström
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000374:Aggression; D000736:Androstenes / Q000032:analysis; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002030:Bulbourethral Glands / Q000737:chemistry; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards*; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D012862:Skatole / Q000032:analysis; D012930:Social Dominance; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014599:Uterus / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000736:Androstenes; C000214:androst-16-en-3-one; D013739:Testosterone; D012862:Skatole