title: Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during childhood and in utero exposure to maternal smoking are associated with adverse effects on lung growth and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study was undertaken of the associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy, exposure to ETS, and pulmonary function in 3357 school children residing in 12 Southern California communities. Current and past exposure to household ETS and exposure to maternal smoking in utero were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire completed by parents of 4th, 7th, and 10th grade students in 1993. Standard linear regression techniques were used to estimate the effects of in utero and ETS exposure on lung function, adjusting for age, sex, race, Hispanic ethnicity, height, weight, asthma, personal smoking, and selected household characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with reduced peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (-3.0%, 95% CI -4.4 to -1.4), mean mid expiratory flow (MMEF) (-4.6%, 95% CI -7.0 to -2.3), and forced expiratory flow (FEF(75)) (-6.2%, 95% CI -9.1 to -3.1), but not forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)). Adjusting for household ETS exposure did not substantially change these estimates. The reductions in flows associated with in utero exposure did not significantly vary with sex, race, grade, income, parental education, or personal smoking. Exposure to two or more current household smokers was associated with reduced MMEF (-4.1%, 95% CI -7.6 to -0. 4) and FEF(75) (-4.4%, 95% CI -9.0 to 0.4). Current or past maternal smoking was associated with reductions in PEFR and MMEF; however, after adjustment for in utero exposure, deficits in MMEF and FEF(75) associated with all measurements of ETS were substantially reduced and were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In utero exposure to maternal smoking is independently associated with decreased lung function in children of school age, especially for small airway flows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. gillilan@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berhane
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gauderman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vora
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rappaport
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Avol
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution