title: Optimized activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex for clinical functional MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One application of functional MR imaging is to identify the primary sensorimotor cortex (M1 and S1) around the central sulcus before brain surgery. However, it has been shown that undesirable coactivation of nonprimary motor areas, such as the supplementary motor area and the premotor area, can interfere with the identification of the primary motor cortex, especially in patients with distorted anatomic landmarks. We therefore sought to design a simple functional MR imaging paradigm for selective activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different paradigms using finger tapping for motor activation were examined and compared with respect to the distribution of activated voxels in primary and nonprimary cortical areas. Studies were conducted in 14 healthy volunteers using a blood oxygen level-dependent multislice echo-planar imaging sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most selective activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex was obtained with a paradigm combining right-sided finger tapping as the activation condition with left-sided finger tapping as the control condition. Analysis of the signal time course of primary and nonprimary areas revealed that the highly selective primary motor activation was due to it being restricted to contralateral finger movements, as opposed to the nonprimary motor areas, which were activated by ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral finger movements alike.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When performing functional MR imaging to determine the location of the primary sensorimotor cortex, one should compare unilateral voluntary movements as the activation condition with contralateral movements as the control condition to accentuate activation of the primary motor area and to suppress undesirable coactivation of nonprimary motor areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Papke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schuierer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knecht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heindel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*