title: The influence of lactose carrier on the content homogeneity and dispersibility of beclomethasone dipropionate from dry powder aerosols.
abstract: Dry powder formulations for inhalation usually comprise a mixture of coarse lactose (CL), employed as a carrier, and micronized drug. It was the aim of this study to determine the effects of fine lactose (FL), blended as a tertiary component on the mixing homogeneity and dispersibility of a model hydrophobic drug, beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP). BDP particles (volume median diameter (VMD) 4.6 microm) existed mainly as agglomerates, the majority of which were not dispersed into primary particles after aerosolization at a high shear force (4.7 psi). The resultant particle size distribution of BDP was multi-modal with VMD varying between 4.7 and 30.2 microm. Ternary interactive mixtures were prepared to consist of CL, FL and BDP with a fixed ratio of lactose to BDP of 67.5:1 w/w, but two concentrations of FL, i.e. 2.5 and 5%, w/w. The mixing was carried out using different sequences of adding the three components for two mixing times (15 and 60 min). Binary mixtures composed of CL and BDP were prepared for both mixing times as the controls, and these exhibited a coefficient of variation (COV) in BDP content <= 5%. Addition of FL to the binary formulations greatly reduced the content uniformity of BDP if the final powder were prepared by first mixing CL with FL before mixing with the drug (COV>20%, after mixing for 15 min). However, the mixtures, prepared using other mixing sequences, had a similar uniformity of BDP content to the binary mixtures. All ternary mixtures containing 2.5% FL consistently produced a significantly higher (ANOVA P<0.01) fine particle fraction (FPF, 3.1--6.1%) and fine particle dose (FPD, 13.6--30.1 microg) of BDP than the binary mixtures (FPF, 0.3-0.4%; FPD, 1.6-2.1 microg) after aerosolization at 60 l min(-1) via a Rotahaler into a twin stage liquid impinger. The mixing sequences exerted a significant (P<0.05) effect on the dispersion and deaggregation of BDP from the formulations prepared using a mixing time of 15 min but such an effect disappeared when the mixing time was lengthened to 60 min. The dispersibility of BDP was always higher from the ternary mixtures than from the binary mixtures. BDP delivery from dry powder inhalers was improved markedly by adding FL to the formulation, without substantial reduction in the content uniformity of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, UK.
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Pandhal
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D001507:Beclomethasone / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011208:Powders; D007785:Lactose; D001507:Beclomethasone