title: Urinary tissue factor levels in patients with bladder and prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coagulation activation is a recognized complication of cancer in which increased tissue factor (TF) is implicated. TF can be detected in urine (uTF). This study assesses uTF levels in benign and malignant urological disease and correlates the results with conventional markers of tumour progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a simple and reproducible kinetic chromogenic assay, we determined uTF levels in controls (normal volunteers (n = 57) and patients with renal stones (n = 30)), benign and malignant bladder (n = 75) or prostate (n = 106) disease and in patients with or without recurrent bladder cancer (n=30). Each benign disease group was stratified as inflammatory (cystitis or prostatitis) or non-inflammatory (negative cystoscopy following haematuria or benign prostatic hypertrophy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The controls and the benign non-inflammatory results were indistinguishable. The malignant and inflammatory groups showed raised uTF levels over controls (P<0.001 bladder and P<0.01 prostate). The difference between malignant and benign inflammatory disease was only significant for the bladder group. uTF levels were significantly related to histological tumour grading, prostate serum specific antigen, static bone scan images and recurrence status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  uTF levels can distinguish, statistically but not without overlap, patients with malignancy from normal controls and benign non-inflammatory conditions. Discrimination between inflammatory and malignant disease has only been demonstrated in the bladder. uTF levels showed a significant association with markers of tumour progression or metastasis and may be useful in predicting bladder tumour recurrence.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Haematology, Southampton University Hospitals, UK.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lwaleed
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chisholm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003556:Cystitis / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000652:urine; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000652:urine; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000652:urine*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D013925:Thromboplastin; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen