title: Transforming growth factor-beta expression in prostate neoplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the role of transforming growth factor (TGF) -beta 1, -beta 2 and -beta 3 proteins and TGF-beta type I and II receptors in prostate neoplasia; to determine the correlation between expression of TGF-beta s and their relative receptors in the epithelial and stromal compartments of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate carcinoma; and to determine whether TGF-beta and TGF-beta receptor expression is associated with the grade of tumor differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty prostate neoplasms were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using anti-TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, -beta 3, -beta RI and -beta RII antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta and TGF-beta receptor immunoreactivity was more strongly expressed in prostate carcinoma than in PIN and BPH, and TGF-beta type I and type II receptors were less strongly expressed than TGF-beta 1-3 proteins. The difference between epithelial and stromal compartments reached significance (P < .05) for all TGF-beta isoforms and related receptors only in BPH, whereas a significant difference was found for TGF-beta protein in all grades of PIN but not for prostate carcinoma tissue. Luminal epithelial cells of BPH and PIN coexpressed all three TGF-beta isoforms and preferentially TGF-beta RII. Conversely, basal epithelial cells stained strongly for TGF-beta 1, -beta 3 and -beta RI but not for TGF-beta 2 and more strongly for TGF-beta RI than -beta RII. Linear regression showed a positive correlation between TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2, between TGF-beta 2 and -beta 3 and between TGF-beta RI and -beta RII proteins in all areas. The epithelium of Gleason score 7 tumors contained significantly higher TGF-beta 2 protein levels than Gleason score 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 tumors (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stromal and epithelial cells of malignant and nonmalignant prostatic tumors express all three TGF-beta isoforms and their related receptors. These may act as both paracrine and autocrine factors to influence prostate function and the stromal-epithelial cell interaction. TGF-beta and -beta R immunoreactivity noted in basal cells indicates that in BPH and PIN, TGF-beta Rs and signaling pathways remain intact. The overexpression of TGF-beta proteins and underexpression of TGF-beta receptors in prostate cancer could suggest a mechanism for prostate cancer cells to escape the growth inhibitory effect of TGF-beta, thus leading to a more malignant phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. 2494@mclink.it or mrcardillo@uniroma.it
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cardillo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petrangeli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perracchio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salvatori
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ravenna
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Silverio
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000378:metabolism; D019048:Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II