title: Parenterally administered gastrointestinal nematode infective larvae viable after more than 15 years in liquid nitrogen.
abstract: After cryopreservation for 13.3-15.8 years, the viability of the infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, T. falculatus, Nematodirus spathiger, Chabertia ovina and Dictyocaulus filaria was assessed in sheep, by being deposited at their predilection sites. D. filaria was, however, an exception, in that the L3 were injected into the jugular vein. The mean development of all the species was 22.8%, but if three species (O. columbianum, C. ovina and D. filaria), that developed poorly are disregarded, then the mean development was 33.4%, similar to previous tests after shorter periods of cryopreservation. The L3 of some of the species appeared sluggish when examined 10-15 min after being thawed, and in the case of H. contortus practically all the larvae of the original batch tested in the previous trials of the series appeared dead when thawed for use in the present trial, and were replaced by another batch of L3 of the same species. When re-examined after about 8 h, however, a high percentage of the L3 of the original batch appeared to have become revitalised, and their viability was tested in a trial reported elsewhere. The intestinal cells of the majority of the L3 of N. spathiger, O. circumcincta and C. ovina were vesiculated when they were thawed. Nevertheless, the degree of development of the former two species was of the highest in the trial, and it can be concluded that this phenomenon does not necessarily impede the viability of larvae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa. janvw@moon.ovi.ac.za
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Wyk
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: de Villiers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary*; D004021:Dictyocaulus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004064:Digestive System / Q000469:parasitology*; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000469:parasitology; D008168:Lung / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D009815:Oesophagostomum / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010028:Ostertagia / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D017183:Strongylida / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013320:Strongyloidea / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013997:Time Factors; D014251:Trichostrongyloidea / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014254:Trichostrongylus / Q000472:pathogenicity