title: Needle displacement during HDR brachytherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used clinical patient data to examine implant displacement between high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy fractions for prostate cancer to determine its impact on treatment delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the verification films taken prior to each fraction for 96 consecutive patients treated with HDR brachytherapy boosts as part of their radiation therapy for definitive treatment of organ-confined prostate cancer at our institution. Patients were treated with 18-24 Gy in 4 fractions of HDR delivered in 40 hours followed by 36-39.6 Gy external beam radiation to the prostate. We determined the mean and maximum displacement distances of marker seeds placed in the prostate and of the implanted needles between HDR fractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean and maximum displacement distances between fractions were documented up to 7.6 mm and 28.5 mm, respectively, for the implant needles and 3.6 mm and 11.4 mm, respectively, for the gold marker seeds. All displacement of implant needles occurred in the caudal direction. At least 1 cm caudal displacement of needles occurred prior to 15.5% all fractions. Manual adjustment of needles was required prior to 15% of fractions, and adjustment of the CLP only was required in 24%. Most of the displacement for both the marker seeds and needles occurred between the first and second fractions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is significant caudal displacement of interstitial implant needles between HDR fractions in our prostate cancer patients. Obtaining verification films and making adjustments in the treatment volume prior to each fraction is necessary to avoid significant inaccuracies in treatment delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90806, USA. sjdamore@memnet.org
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Damore
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Puthawala
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D009339:Needles; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011859:Radiography