title: Effects of a heat and moisture exchanger and a heated humidifier on respiratory mucus in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of a heat and moisture exchanger and a heated humidifier on respiratory mucus and transportability by cilia and cough in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation (up to 72 hrs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General intensive care unit and university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 32 consecutive patients with acute respiratory failure, who were intubated and mechanically ventilated in the intensive care unit setting, were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive as a humidifying system a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) or heated humidified water (HHW) at the onset of mechanical ventilation (time 0). Respiratory mucus samples were collected by suction using a sterile technique at time 0, 24, 48, and 72 hrs of mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients were excluded from this study because of either extubation or death before 72 hrs of mechanical ventilation, leaving 12 patients in the HME group and nine patients in the HHW group. Ventilatory variables including minute volume, mean airway pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, Fio2, as well as Pao2/Fio2 ratio, fluid balance (last 6 hrs), furosemide, and inotrope administration (last 4 hrs) were recorded. In vitro mucus transportability by cilia was evaluated on the mucus-depleted frog palate model, and the results were expressed as the mucus transport rate. Cough clearance (an estimation of the interaction between the flow of air and the mucus lining the bronchial walls) was measured using a simulated cough machine, the results being expressed in millimeters. Mucus wettability was measured by the contact angle between a mucus sample drop and a flat glass surface. Mucus rheologic properties (mechanical impedance [log G*] and the ratio between viscosity and elasticity [tan delta]) were measured using a magnetic microrheometer at 1 and 100 cGy/sec deformation frequency. The two humidification groups were comparable in terms of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, age, gender, ventilatory variables, fluid balance, use of inotropes, and furosemide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ours results indicate that air humidification with either HME or HHW at 32 degrees C (89.6 degrees F) has similar effects on mucus rheologic properties, contact angle, and transportability by cilia in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, except for transportability by cough, which diminished after 72 hrs of mechanical ventilation in the HME group (p = .0441).
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macchione
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Petrolino
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Saldiva
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lorenzi-Filho
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002925:Ciliary Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003371:Cough / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009093:Mucus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012212:Rheology; D013997:Time Factors; D017155:Wettability