title: Use of an electron reflector to improve dose uniformity at the vertex during total skin electron therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The vertex of the scalp is always tangentially irradiated during total skin electron therapy (TSET). This study was conducted to determine the dose distribution at the vertex for a commonly used irradiation technique and to evaluate the use of an electron reflector, positioned above the head, as a means of improving the dose uniformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phantoms, simulating the head of a patient, were irradiated using our standard procedure for TSET. The technique is a six-field irradiation using dual angled electron beams at a treatment distance of 3.6 meters. Vertex dosimetry was performed using ionization methods and film. Measurements were made for an unmodified 6 MeV electron beam and for a 4 MeV beam obtained by placing an acrylic scattering plate in the beam line. Studies were performed to examine the effect of electron scattering on vertex dose when a lead reflector, 50 x 50 cm in area, was positioned above the phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surface dose at the vertex, in the absence of the reflector, was found to be less than 40% of the prescribed skin dose. Use of the lead reflector increased this value to 73% for the 6 MeV beam and 99% for the degraded 4 MeV beam. Significant improvements in depth dose were also observed. The dose enhancement is not strongly dependent on reflector distance or angulation since the reflector acts as a large source of broadly scattered electrons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vertex may be significantly underdosed using standard techniques for total skin electron therapy. Use of an electron reflector improves the dose uniformity at the vertex and may reduce or eliminate the need for supplemental irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. vic.peters@hrcc.on.ca
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012535:Scalp; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods