title: Sympathoadrenal response of postmenopausal women prior and during prolonged administration of estradiol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular disease seems to increase after the menopause and is thought to be reduced by estrogen replacement therapy. Among the many studies which have tried to define the multifactorial mechanisms of estrogens cardiovascular prevention, very few have focused on their possible modulation of adrenergic activity. In the present study we investigated whether prolonged estradiol replacement via transdermal patches is able to modulate cardiovascular and adrenergic responses to stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and responses to a cold stimulus and to the upright position of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were investigated in 15 healthy volunteer postmenopausal women both prior to and after 2 months of treatment with patches rated to deliver 50 microg/day of estradiol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal norepinephrine levels (P<0.005), as well as their integrated responses to the cold stimulus (P<0.02) were lower during estradiol. By contrast, responses of norepinephrine to the upright test, as well as basal and responses to stimuli of epinephrine and circulatory parameters were not different before and during estradiol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estradiol replacement at low doses significantly decreases overall sympathetic output, both in basal conditions and under specific stimuli. These effects whether maintained or magnified in the long term may play a role in the prevention of the postmenopausal cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menozzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cagnacci
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zanni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bondi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Rio
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012016:Reference Values; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D004958:Estradiol