Derivation of U.S. EPA's oral Reference Dose (RfD) for methylmercury.
Mercury (Hg) cycles in the environment through a series of complex chemical and physical transformations that occur in air, soils, and water bodies. One component of the environmental mercury cycle is the formation of methylmercury (MHg) primarily by aquatic and marine microorganisms and the accumulation of MHg in foodwebs, particularly in piscivorous species. Human consumption of piscivorous fish and other piscivorus animals is the most common pathway of exposure to MHg. For non-carcinogenic toxic endpoints, the U.S. EPA typically develops a Reference Dose (RfD). This is generally interpreted to be a concentration of a chemical which can be consumed on a daily basis over a lifetime without expectation of adverse effect. There is substantial evidence in both animal and humans that MHg is a neurotoxicant in the adult and the child as well as a developmental neurotoxicant for the fetus. Epidemics of MHg poisoning in Japan and Iraq have resulted from high-dose exposures to MHg. In these epidemics adults, children, nursing infants and fetuses were affected by MHg. The epidemics demonstrate that neurotoxicity is the health effect of greatest concern and that effects on the developing human nervous system apparently occur at lower exposures than those affecting the adult nervous system. We describe how the data from the Iraqi MHg epidemic were used to derive the current RfD of 0.1 microgram/Kgbw/day (U.S. EPA, 1995;).
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United States Environmental Protection Agency/National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
Swartout
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Mahaffey
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Schoeny
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D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019985:Benchmarking; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds