title: The anticoagulant factor, protein S, is produced by cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells and its expression is up-regulated by thrombin.
abstract: The anticoagulant factor protein S is a secreted vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylated protein that is mainly made in the liver. Protein S is homologous to the growth arrest specific protein, Gas6, the expression of which is up-regulated in cultured fibroblasts upon serum withdrawal. We report here the synthesis and secretion of protein S by cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs). Western blot analysis revealed that similar amounts of protein S are secreted by both growing and growth-arrested HVSMCs. HVSMC-derived protein S was found to be gamma-carboxylated as it was precipitated by barium citrate and was shown to possess protein C cofactor activity. Treatment with the vitamin K antagonist warfarin led to the accumulation of intracellular undercarboxylated protein S forms that were rapidly secreted upon the reintroduction of vitamin K. Northern blotting analysis showed that cultured HVSMCs express a protein S transcript. The expression of protein S messenger RNA was unaffected by either warfarin, growth arrest, or various VSMC mitogens, such as platelet-derived growth factor-BB, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, or hepatocyte growth factor. Thrombin, however, induced an up-regulation of protein S expression at both messenger RNA and protein levels. The evidence we provide for protein S secretion by cultured HVSMCs and its up-regulation by thrombin, together with earlier reports showing that protein S acts as a mitogen for these cells, suggests that, in addition to its known role in regulating blood clotting, protein S may also be an important autocrine factor in the pathophysiology of the vasculature. (Blood. 2000;95:2008-2014)
authors.affiliation: Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Benzakour
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kanthou
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D017293:Protein S / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000494:pharmacology; D014859:Warfarin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D016207:Cytokines; D017293:Protein S; D014812:Vitamin K; D014859:Warfarin; D013917:Thrombin