title: Cotinine and nicotine inhibit each other's calcium responses in bovine chromaffin cells.
abstract: Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine. It has some biological activity, but its pathophysiological effects are largely unclear. We studied whether cotinine initiates calcium transients or affects those induced by nicotine. In bovine adrenal chromaffin cells labeled with the fluorescent calcium indicator Fura 2, cotinine (0. 32-3.2 mM) concentration-dependently increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). The effect was abolished by omitting extracellular Ca(2+) during the stimulations. Also nicotinic receptor channel blockers hexamethonium (10 microM-1 mM) and chlorisondamine (100 microM), as well as a competitive nicotinic receptor antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (10-100 microM), inhibited the response. Cotinine (0.32-3.2 mM) preincubation for 2 min inhibited both the nicotine-induced and the cotinine-induced increases in [Ca(2+)](i). Also nicotine (3.2-10 microM) inhibited the cotinine-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Tetrodotoxin (1 microM) and thapsigargin (1 microM) pretreatments did not affect the responses to cotinine, while 300 nM nimodipine partially inhibited the cotinine-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i). The results indicate that cotinine has nicotine-like effects on chromaffin cells. It may also desensitize the nicotinic cholinergic receptors, possibly by acting as a low-affinity agonist at these receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Vainio
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Törnquist
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Tuominen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D019439:Chromaffin Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003367:Cotinine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016257:Fura-2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D018738:Hexamethonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; C049925:fura-2-am; D018738:Hexamethonium; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D009553:Nimodipine; D019284:Thapsigargin; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2