title: Effect and toxicity of endoluminal high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy in centrally located tumors of the upper respiratory tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess effect and toxicity of high-dose-rate afterloading (HDR) alone or in combination with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in centrally located tumors of the upper respiratory tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1987 to 1996, 55 patients were treated. Twenty-one patients (group A1: 17 non-small-cell lung cancer [NSCLC], A2: 4 metastases from other malignancies) were treated using HDR alone due to a relapse after external beam irradiation. In 34 previously untreated and inoperable patients (group B1: 27 NSCLC, B2: 7 metastases from other malignancies) HDR was given as a boost after EBRT (30 to 60 Gy, median 50). HDR was carried out with a 192Ir source (370 GBq). The brachytherapy dose (group A: 5 to 27 Gy, median 20; B: 10 to 20 Gy, median 15) was prescribed to 1 cm distance from the source axis. A distanciable applicator was used in 39/55 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group A1, a response rate (CR, PR) of 53% (group B1: 77%) was reached. The median survival (Kaplan-Meier) was 5 months in group A1 (B1: 20 months). The 1-, 3- and 5-year local progression free survival rates (Kaplan-Meier) were 66% (15%), 52% (0%), and 37% (0%) in group B1 (group A1). Prognostic favorable factors in group B1 were a tumor diameter < 20 mm, the lack of radiological mediastinal involvement, a complete remission, and a Karnofsky performance status > 70. Grade-1 or 2 toxicity (RTOG/EORTC) occurred in 0% in group A and in 6% in group B. We observed no Grade-3 or 4 toxicity. Complications caused by persistent or progressive local disease occurred in 3 patients in group A (fatal hemorrhage, tracheomediastinal fistula, hemoptysis) and in 2 patients in group B (fatal hemorrhage, hemoptysis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDR brachytherapy is an effective treatment with moderate side effects. In combination with external beam irradiation long-term remissions can be reached in one third of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Radiation Therapy, University of Heidelberg, Germany. wolfgang_harms@ukl.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schraube
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Latz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Herth
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wannenmacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome