The prevalence of depressive symptoms and risk factors among Iowa and Colorado farmers.
BACKGROUND
Farmers have been previously reported to have higher rates of depression and suicide compared to other occupations. Comparisons of depressive symptoms and risk factors for states should increase understanding of depression in farmers.


METHODS
Representative samples of 385 Iowa and 470 Colorado male principal farm operators in the respective state Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance projects were evaluated for depressive symptoms by using the CES-D scale. Risk factors were determined by using weighted multiple logistic regression analyses.


RESULTS
Iowa farmers were 1.74 times (P < 0.05) more likely to have had depressive symptoms than Colorado farmers. Being unmarried (odds ratio=3.46), having negative life events within the past year [legal problems (4.67), substantial income decline (2.71), loss of something of sentimental value (3.20)], and lower perceived general health status were risk factors (P < 0.05) for depressive symptoms for male Iowa and Colorado farmers. Higher levels of most risk factors for Iowa farmers, almost twice the frequency of substantial income decline, accounted for the majority of the difference in depressive symptoms between Iowa (12.2%) and Colorado (7.4%).


CONCLUSIONS
Although Iowa farmers had 1.74 times higher level of depression symptoms than Colorado farmers, this difference was not significant after adjusting for the higher levels of most risk factors for Iowa farmers.
Scarth
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Institute for Rural and Environmental Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
Stallones
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Zwerling
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Burmeister
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D000367:Age Factors; D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008016:Life Change Events; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data