title: Electrical impedance imaging at multiple frequencies in phantoms.
abstract: We have recently built and tested a 32 channel, multi-frequency (1 kHz to 1 MHz) voltage mode system to investigate electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) imaging. We completed a series of phantom experiments to define the baseline imaging performance of our system. Our phantom consisted of a plastic circular tank (20 cm diameter) filled with 0.9% aqueous NaCl solution. Conductors and nonconductors of decreasing width (W5: 3.4 cm, W4: 2.54 cm, W3: 0.95 cm, W2: 0.64 cm and WI: 0.32 cm) were positioned at various distances from the tank edge (1 cm, 2 cm, 4 cm and 8 cm). The results suggest that the detection of objects less than 1 cm in width is limited to the first 1 to 2 cm from the tank edge for absolute images, but this depth can extend to 8 cm in difference images. Larger 3.4 cm wide objects can be detected in absolute images at depths up to 8 cm from the tank edge. Generally, conductor images were clearer than their nonconductor counterparts. Not only did electrode artefacts lessen as the frequency increased, but the system's maximum resolution was attained at the highest operating frequencies. Although the system recovered the value of the electrical conductivity at the correct order of magnitude, it tended to smooth out large property discontinuities. The calculated electrical permittivity in these phantom studies was inconclusive due to the presence of electrode artefacts.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Kerner
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Osterman
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartov
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012984:Software; D014054:Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data