title: Comparison of the abilities of grepafloxacin and clarithromycin to eradicate potential bacterial pathogens from the sputa of patients with chronic bronchitis: influence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables.
abstract: A randomized open-label study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of grepafloxacin with those of clarithromycin in patients with chronic bronchitis whose sputa were colonized with potential bacterial pathogens. Patients received oral grepafloxacin 400 mg od for 10 days (n = 15) or oral clarithromycin 500 mg bd for 10 days (n = 10). Sputum samples were collected before the first dose, 1, 4 and 8 h after a dose on day 1 and then before a dose on days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 to determine the time to eradication (T(erad)) of the potential bacterial pathogens. Blood samples for measurement of grepafloxacin or clarithromycin and 14-hydroxyclarithromycin concentrations were obtained before a dose and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h after doses on days 1 and 5. The area under the inhibitory serum concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUIC(24)), peak serum concentration:MIC ratio (C(max):MIC) and the percentage of the dosing interval during which the serum concentration exceeded the MIC (%tau >MIC) were calculated and serum inhibitory titres (SITs) were determined. Haemophilus spp. were the predominant potential bacterial pathogens and were recovered from the sputa of 24 patients. Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated from two patients in the grepafloxacin group and a strain of Moraxella catarrhalis was isolated from one patient in the clarithromycin group. Haemophilus spp. isolates were eradicated from the sputa of 13 of 14 (93%) patients given grepafloxacin, but from only two of 10 (20%) patients given clarithromycin (P < 0.05). In the other eight (80%) patients who received clarithromycin, the sputum cultures remained positive throughout the 10 day course. Grepafloxacin eliminated potential bacterial pathogens more quickly than clarithromycin (median T(erad) 4 h versus 76 h). The S. pneumoniae strains were eradicated by grepafloxacin within 4 h and the single M. catarrhalis strain was eradicated by clarithromycin within 1 h. The greater efficacy of grepafloxacin, compared with that of clarithromycin, in terms of the incidence and speed of eradication of the Haemophilus spp. isolates, was associated with higher median values of AUIC(24) (169 SIT(-1)*h versus 8.1 SIT(-1)*h), C(max):MIC ratio (23.6 versus 0.7) and %tau >MIC (100% versus 0%). A Hill-type model adequately described the relationship between the percentage probability of eradicating potential bacterial pathogens from sputa and the plasma grepafloxacin concentration.
authors.affiliation: SUNY at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and the Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ballow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hyatt
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peloquin
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schentag
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006190:Haemophilus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010879:Piperazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015610:Serum Bactericidal Test; D013183:Sputum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D010879:Piperazines; D017291:Clarithromycin; C075375:grepafloxacin