title: The impact of clean indoor-air laws and cigarette smuggling on demand for cigarettes: an empirical model.
abstract: This study examines the impact of clean indoor-air laws and smuggling activities on states' per capita cigarette consumption and revenues by using a static demand model. The analysis was based on data for 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) of the United Sates over the period 1970-1995. The estimated price elasticities of demand for cigarettes ranged from -0.48 to -0.62, indicating that a 10% increase in price would reduce consumption per capita by 4.8% to 6.2%. Anti-smoking laws had a significant negative impact on per capita consumption. In 1995, consumption was reduced by 4.7 packs per capita among states with anti-smoking laws, or 1.1 billion fewer packs of cigarettes consumed. Both short-distance smuggling between neighbouring states and long-distance smuggling from Kentucky, North Carolina and Virginia existed and were significant. Smuggling activities from military bases and Indian reservations, however, were not significant. On average, 6% of states' tax revenues were lost due to smuggling activities in 1995. Results also showed that short-distance smuggling was less important than long-distance smuggling as a source of the revenue loss.
authors.affiliation: World Bank, Washington, DC 20433, USA. ayurekli@worldbank.org
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Yurekli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003415:Crime / Q000191:economics; D003625:Data Collection; D017059:Models, Econometric; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics; D014026:Nicotiana; D014481:United States