title: Variability of human milk neutral oligosaccharides in a diverse population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A complex array of free oligosaccharides is a distinctive compositional feature of human milk. Although these oligosaccharides have been studied for several years, their variability and distribution have not been systematically studied, and their nutritional and functional roles have not been elucidated. This report describes a study in which a large number of human milk samples were analyzed for the presence and content of nine neutral oligosaccharides. The resultant data were used to probe for distribution trends by donor groups and stage of lactation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Milk samples from 435 women residing in 10 countries were analyzed using a simple preparation procedure, gel filtration, and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All samples contained structures based on lacto-N-neotetraose and lacto-N-tetraose. This contrasts with the fucosyloligosaccharides tested, none of which was detected in 100% of the samples. Unexpected distribution trends were observed. For example, 100% of the samples from Mexico (n = 156) contained 2'-fucosyllactose, whereas only 46% of the samples from the Philippines (n = 22) contained this structure. Concentration ranges for the analyzed oligosaccharides revealed quantitative and qualitative distribution trends.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oligosaccharide composition of human milk varied among samples. The geographical origin of the donors was one of the factors that accounted for this variability. This can be explained by genetically determined traits that are not uniformly distributed. Results indicated that further systematic studies are needed to ascertain the effect of other factors, such as lactation stage or diet.
authors.affiliation: Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Erney
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Skelding
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Marcon
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kleman-Leyer
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: O'Ryan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Palacios
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hilty
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Prieto
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005643:Fucose / Q000032:analysis; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D007843:Latin America; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D049590:Postpartum Period; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D005643:Fucose; C013084:lacto-N-neotetraose