title: Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in mediating lipopolysaccharide-stimulated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and IL-1 beta in RAW264 macrophages.
abstract: LPS stimulation of RAW264 macrophages triggered the activation of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases-1 and -2 (MSK1, MSK2) and their putative substrates, the transcription factors cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor-1 (ATF1). The activation of MSK1/MSK2 was prevented by preincubating the cells with a combination of two drugs that suppress activation of the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and stress-activated protein kinase/p38, respectively, but inhibition was only partial in the presence of either inhibitor. The LPS-stimulated activation of CREB and ATF1, the transcription of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and IL-1 beta genes (the promoters of which contain a cyclic AMP response element), and the induction of the COX-2 protein were prevented by the same drug combination, as well as by Ro 318220 or H89, potent inhibitors of MSK1/MSK2. Two other transcription factors, C/EBP beta and NF-kappa B, have been implicated in the transcription of the COX-2 gene. However, PD 98059 and/or SB 203580 did not prevent the LPS-induced increase in the level of the transcription factor C/EBP beta, and none of the four inhibitors used in this study prevented the activation of NF-kappa B. Our results demonstrate that two different mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are rate limiting for the LPS-induced activation of CREB/ATF1 and the transcription of the COX-2 and IL-1 beta genes. They also suggest that MSK1 and MSK2 may play a role in these processes and hence are potential targets for the development of novel antiinflammatory drugs.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom. m.caivano@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caivano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D051697:Activating Transcription Factor 1; D000818:Animals; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D051697:Activating Transcription Factor 1; C497100:Atf1 protein, mouse; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007546:Isoquinolines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C063509:N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide; C064758:Ro 31-8220