title: The effects of the use of piezoelectric motors in a 1.5-Tesla high-field magnetic resonance imaging system (MRI).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation with two different rotatory piezomotors in a closed 1.5 Tesla high-field MRI. The focus of the investigation was on testing the functionality of these motors within the MRI and to determining the image interference they caused.
  
  
  METHODS
  To obtain a differentiated estimate of the interference the motors were tested in both the passive (turned off, i.e. without current flow) and active (turned on, i.e. with current flow) state during MRI scanning. Three different types of sequences were used for the test: Spin-Echo (SE), Gradient-Echo (GE) and Echo-Planar Imaging (EPI). A plastic container filled with a gadolinium-manganese solution was used for representation of the artefacts. The motors investigated were placed parallel to the container at predetermined distances during the experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the motors investigated suffered no functional limitations in the magnetic field of the MRI but, depending on the type of motor, the measurement distance and the state of the motor, the motors had different effects on the sequence images. A motor in the off-state placed immediately next to the object to be measured mainly causes artefacts because of its material properties. If, on the other hand, the piezomotor is in the on-state images with strong noise result when the motor is immediately next to the object being measured. The images regain their normal quality when the motor is approximately at a distance of 1 m from the object being investigated. Driving the motor inside the MRI, therefore, is only to be recommended during the pauses in scanning: this delivers artefact-free images if minimal, motor-specific distances are kept to. With regard to the three different types of sequences it was determined that the SE sequence was the least sensitive and the EPI sequence the most sensitive to disturbance. The GE sequence showed only minimal differences to the SE sequence with regard to signal-to-noise ratios. Since it requires considerably shorter scan-times it can be considered to be the most effective type of sequence under these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Mikrotechnik und Medizintechnik, Technische Universität Berlin. owendt@bmt1.kf.tu-berlin.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oellinger
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lüth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Boenick
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity