title: Development and evaluation of three immunofluorometric assays that measure different forms of osteocalcin in serum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating human osteocalcin (hOC) has been used as a marker of bone formation. Our aim was to validate three immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs), measuring different forms of hOC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The two-site IFMAs were based on previously characterized monoclonal antibodies. Assay 2 recognized intact hOC, assays 4 and 9 measured the NH(2)-terminal mid-fragment and the intact hOC. In addition, assay 9 required hOC to be gamma-carboxylated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 76-79% increase of serum immunoreactive hOC was found in the postmenopausal group compared with the premenopausal group with all IFMAs. With EDTA-plasma samples, the observed increases were lower (49-65%). The hOC concentration in the postmenopausal group receiving hormone replacement therapy was 42-44% lower than that in the postmenopausal control group in both serum and EDTA-plasma samples. The depressed carboxylation in warfarin-treated patients was accompanied by lower results in assay 9. The ratio of assay 9 to assay 4 totally discriminated the warfarin-treated patients from the controls. Assay 9 showed the smallest decreases in measured hOC after storage of serum or plasma for 4 weeks at 4 degrees C, followed by assay 4 and assay 2. Results from the last assay were <17% of their initial values after 4 weeks of storage. No diurnal variation was observed with assay 9 as opposed to the two other IFMAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three assays with their distinct specificity profiles (intact vs fragmented and carboxylated vs decarboxylated hOC) may provide valuable tools for investigating the significance of different hOC forms in various bone-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. kakonen@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Käkönen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Obrant
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Väänänen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lövgren
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001846:Bone Development; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D015415:Biomarkers; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014859:Warfarin