title: A cluster of seven tightly linked polymorphisms in the IL-13 gene is associated with total serum IgE levels in three populations of white children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased levels of total serum IgE are a strong risk factor for the development of asthma. IgE is also involved in host defenses against parasites and fungi. Linkage of total serum IgE with markers located close to the 3 Mb cluster of cytokine genes in chromosome 5q31 has been reported. IL-4 or IL-13 are regarded as essential for IgE synthesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested whether polymorphisms in the IL-13 gene might explain the linkage between chromosome 5q31 and total serum IgE levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used denaturing HPLC to detect polymorphisms in overlapping PCR fragments of the IL-13 gene including promoter and 3' untranslated regions. After sequencing was performed to identify the locations of the polymorphisms, PCR and primer-induced restriction site assays were used to genotype subjects in 3 unselected populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here 7 polymorphisms (6 novel) in IL-13. Four of these polymorphisms are tightly linked to a variant in the terminal portion of the coding region of the gene that results in a predicted amino acid change in residue 130 (Arg130Gln). The Gln form is strongly associated (P =.000002) with increased serum IgE levels in 3 different populations comprising a total of 1399 children. Two additional polymorphisms in the promoter region of IL-13 are more loosely linked to Arg130Gln and are also less significantly associated with total serum IgE levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the Arg130Gln polymorphism in IL-13, or others in close linkage with it, is associated with the development of the elevated serum IgE phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics and the Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabesch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Holberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baldini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fritzsch
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Mutius
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood*; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000235:genetics*; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000235:genetics*; D012882:Skin Tests
chemical_list: D018793:Interleukin-13; D007073:Immunoglobulin E