title: Dose selection for prostate cancer patients based on dose comparison and dose response studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better define the appropriate dose for individual prostate cancer patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred eighteen patients treated with 3D CRT between 4/89 and 4/97 with a median follow-up of 53 months are the subject of this study. The bNED outcomes were assessed by the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) definition. The patients were grouped into three groups by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (<10 ng/ml, 10-19.9 ng/ml, and 20+ ng/ml) and further subgrouped into six subgroups by favorable (T1, 2A and Gleason score < or =6 and no perineural invasion) and unfavorable characteristics (one or more of T2B, T3, Gleason 7-10, perineural invasion). Dose comparisons for bNED studies were made for each of the six subgroups by dividing patients at 76 Gy for all subgroups except the favorable <10 ng/ml subgroup, which was divided at 72.5 Gy. Five-year bNED rates were compared for the median dose of each dose comparison subgroup. Dose response functions were plotted based on 5-year bNED rates for the six patient groupings, with the data from each of the six subgroups divided into three dose groups. The 5-year bNED rate was also estimated using the dose response function and compares 73 Gy with 78 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose comparisons show a significant difference in 5-year bNED rates for three of the six subgroups but not for the favorable <10 ng/ml, the favorable 10-19.9 ng/ml, or the unfavorable > or =20 ng/ml subgroups. The significant differences ranged from 22% to 40% improvement in 5-year bNED with higher dose. Dose response functions show significant differences in 5-year bNED rates comparing 73 Gy and 78 Gy for four of the six subgroups. Again, no difference was observed for the favorable <10 ng/ml group or the unfavorable > or =20 ng/ml group. The significant differences observed in 5-year bNED ranged from 15% to 43%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose response varies by patient subgroup, and appropriate dose can be estimated for up to six subdivisions of prostate cancer patients. The appropriate use of high dose with 3D CRT results in 5-year cure rates that equal or exceed other treatments. The national practice must be upgraded to allow the safe administration of 75-80 Gy with 3D CRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA. ge_hanks@fccc.edu
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Pinover
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen