Determinants of endothelial cell phenotype in venules.
Inflammatory stimuli cause plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in venules but not in capillaries or arterioles. The specific response of venules is governed by phenotypic specialization of the venular endothelial cells. What regulates this specialized phenotype? Several recent developments have shed new light on this question and may challenge our thinking about regulation of the venular endothelial cell phenotype. In this review, we consider some of the molecular markers of venular endothelial cells, the hemodynamic and molecular factors that may regulate the phenotype of venular endothelial cells, and abnormalities in endothelial cell phenotype in disease-related angiogenesis and microvascular remodeling. The expanding list of molecular markers may help clarify the physiologic and molecular factors that regulate the phenotype of venular endothelial cells in normal development and disease.
Thurston
G
G
Department of Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452, USA.
Baluk
P
P
McDonald
D M
DM
D042683:Angiopoietin-1; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D019559:Capillary Leak Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D006001:Glycoconjugates / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D036224:Receptor, EphB4; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D036081:Receptors, Eph Family; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D014699:Venules / Q000166:cytology*
D042683:Angiopoietin-1; C467628:Angpt1 protein, mouse; C467629:Angpt1 protein, rat; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D006001:Glycoconjugates; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D036224:Receptor, EphB4; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; D036081:Receptors, Eph Family