title: Effect of phenobarbital on seizure frequency and mortality in childhood cerebral malaria: a randomised, controlled intervention study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seizures commonly complicate cerebral malaria and are associated with an increased risk of death and neurological sequelae. We undertook a randomised study to assess the efficacy of intramuscular phenobarbital in preventing seizures in childhood cerebral malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with cerebral malaria admitted to one hospital in Kilifi, Kenya, were randomly assigned a single intramuscular dose of phenobarbital (20 mg/kg) or identical placebo. Clinical tolerance was assessed at the start of the trial, with particular reference to respiratory depression and hypotension. Seizures were timed and recorded, and treated in a standard way. Plasma phenobarbital concentrations were measured. Analyses were by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  440 children with cerebral malaria were admitted to the hospital; 100 were not recruited to the study. Of the remaining 340, 170 received phenobarbital and 170 placebo. The drug was adequately absorbed and well tolerated. Seizure frequency was significantly lower in the phenobarbital group than in the placebo group (18 [11%] vs 46 [27%] children had three or more seizures of any duration; odds ratio 0.32 [95% CI 0.18-0.58]) but mortality was doubled (30 [18%] vs 14 [8%] deaths; 2.39 [1.28-4.64]). The frequency of respiratory arrest was higher in the phenobarbital group than in the placebo group, and mortality was greatly increased in children who received phenobarbital plus three or more doses of diazepam (odds ratio 31.7 [1.2-814]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with cerebral malaria, phenobarbital 20 mg/kg provides highly effective seizure prophylaxis but is associated with an unacceptable increase in mortality. Use of this dose cannot, therefore, be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi. jane.crawley@ndm.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crawley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waruiru
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mithwani
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ouma
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winstanley
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007630:Kenya; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010634:Phenobarbital