title: Comparison of classic and molecular approaches for the identification of untypeable enteroviruses.
abstract: Members of the family Picornaviridae are the most common viruses infecting humans, and species in several genera also infect a wide variety of other mammals. Picornaviruses have traditionally been classified by antigenic type, based on a serum neutralization assay. However, this method is time-consuming and labor-intensive, is sensitive to virus aggregation and antigenic variation, and requires a large number of antisera to identify all serotypes, even when antiserum pools are used. We developed generic reverse transcription (RT)-PCR primers that will amplify all human enterovirus serotypes, as well as many rhinoviruses and other picornaviruses, and used RT-PCR amplification of the VP1 gene and amplicon sequencing to identify enteroviruses that were refractory to typing by neutralization with pooled antisera. Enterovirus serotypes determined by sequencing were confirmed by neutralization with monospecific antisera. Of 55 isolates tested, 49 were of known enterovirus serotypes, two were rhinoviruses, and four were clearly picornaviruses but did not match any known picornavirus sequence. All four untyped picornaviruses were closely related to one another in sequence, suggesting that they are of the same serotype. RT-PCR, coupled with amplicon sequencing, is a simple and rapid method for the typing and classification of picornaviruses and may lead to the identification of many new picornavirus serotypes.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. mbo2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Oberste
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Flemister
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pallansch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera; D008322:Mammals; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011817:Rabbits; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D007106:Immune Sera