title: Progression of macrovascular disease after transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease are major causes of morbidity and mortality after kidney transplantation. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the natural history of carotid plaque and to determine risk factors for the progression of vascular disease in uremic, type 1 diabetic patients who received a combined kidney and pancreas transplant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carotid artery (n=765) and lower limb vascular duplex scanning (n=656) were prospectively undertaken in 82 recipients before transplantation, at 6 months, and then at annual intervals for up to 10 years. Plaque in the internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery, and common carotid artery was classified by type, location, extent, and degree of functional obstruction, and evaluated using multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carotid plaque was present in 22.5% of patients at initial scanning, but increased to 56.6% by 7-10 years after transplantation, especially in the ICA and common carotid artery. Both the severity and extent of plaque increased, and plaque became more complex and heterogeneous with time after transplantation (P<0.001). Carotid plaque was associated with older age, current cigarette smoking, hyperphosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia, duration of pretransplantation dialysis, and presence of lower limb plaque (P<0.05-0.001). The severity of carotid plaque increased in older, hypertensive recipients and was associated with metabolic acidosis and hyperphosphatemia (all P<0.05). Severity of ICA disease correlated with disease in the contralateral ICA (r=0.57, P<0.001) and femoral arteries (r=0.42, P<0.001). Paradoxically, each carotid artery progressed independently of the other. ICA disease severity progressed when heterogenous, calcified, or new plaque was present on scanning, and with reduced renal transplant function (P<0.01-0.001). The mean ICA blood flow remained stable with time but was progressively impaired by hypertension, fasting hyperglycemia, and a lower prednisolone dose (P<0.05). Cerebrovascular events occurred in only four patients and were unrelated to carotid disease, implying relative plaque stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive carotid vascular wall abnormalities increased significantly despite kidney and pancreas transplantation. Initiation of plaque was associated with systemic factors, whereas progression of established plaque was largely influenced by local factors within the arterial wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Australia. bn@renal.wh.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nankivell
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*