title: Caffeine, carnitine and choline supplementation of rats decreases body fat and serum leptin concentration as does exercise.
abstract: The effect of a combination of caffeine, carnitine and choline with or without exercise on changes in body weight, fat pad mass, serum leptin concentration and metabolic indices was determined in 20 male, 7-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats. They were given free access to a nonpurified diet without or with caffeine, carnitine and choline at concentrations of 0.1, 5 and 11.5 g/kg diet, respectively. In a 2x2 factorial design, one-half of each dietary group was exercised, and the other half was sedentary. Body weight and food intake of all rats were measured every day for 28 d. Rats were killed and blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for biochemical markers. Food intake of the groups was not different, but the body weight was significantly reduced by exercise in both dietary groups. Fat pad weights and total lipids of epididymal, inguinal and perirenal regions were significantly reduced by the supplements as well as by exercise. Regardless of exercise, supplements significantly lowered triglycerides in serum but increased levels in skeletal muscle. Serum leptin concentrations were equally lowered by supplements and exercise. Serum leptin was correlated with body weight (r = 0.55, P< or =0.01), fat pad weight (r = 0.82, P< or =0.001) and serum glucose (r = 0.51, P< or =0.05). We conclude that the indices of body fat loss due to dietary supplements were similar to those due to mild exercise, and there were no interactive effects of the two variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-1900, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hongu
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sachan
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002794:Choline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004032:Diet; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002110:Caffeine; D002794:Choline; D002331:Carnitine