title: IL-4 induces eotaxin production in corneal keratocytes but not in epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In severe allergic eye diseases, the breakdown of epithelial barrier function can lead to severe corneal damage such as erosions or ulcers which often resist treatment. Although eosinophils are thought to play a crucial role in corneal tissue damage in severe ocular allergy, the mechanisms of eosinophil recruitment to the cornea has not been fully clarified. Eotaxin has been found in tears of severe allergic patients with corneal ulcer. In this study, we investigated whether the Th2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) induces eotaxin production in human corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of human corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes were incubated with IL-4 and/or TNF-alpha for 48 h. Released eotaxin was measured by ELISA, and the eotaxin proteins were visualized by immunocytochemistry. Eotaxin mRNA expression in cultured cells was analyzed by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-4 induced eotaxin production in keratocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner which was enhanced by TNF-alpha. There was no detectable eotaxin produced by corneal epithelial cells (<5 pg/ml). The cytoplasm of keratocytes incubated with IL-4 stained positively against anti-eotaxin antibodies, while eotaxin mRNA was detected in keratocytes incubated with IL-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human corneal keratocytes, but not epithelial cells, are capable of producing eotaxin by stimulation with IL-4. Our results suggest that eotaxin production in keratocytes induced by IL-4 may play an important role in eosinophil recruitment to corneal ulcers in allergic ocular disease. Eotaxin production by keratocytes may explain the severity of allergic disease involving the corneal stroma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy, National Children's Medical Research Center, Tokyo, Japan. BR5K-FKGW@asahi-net.or.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsubota
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimmura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Natori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirai
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D003315:Cornea / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007637:Keratoconjunctivitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C515456:CCL11 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015847:Interleukin-4