title: Juvenile retinoschisis: a model for molecular diagnostic testing of X-linked ophthalmic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (RS) provides a starting point to define clinical paradigms and understand the limitations of diagnostic molecular testing. The RS phenotype is specific, but the broad severity range is clinically confusing. Molecular diagnostic testing obviates unnecessary examinations for boys at-risk and identifies carrier females who otherwise show no clinical signs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The XLRS1 gene has 6 exons of 26-196 base-pair size. Each exon is amplified by a single polymerase chain reaction and then sequenced, starting with exons 4 through 6, which contain mutation "hot spots."
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 6 XLRS1 exons are sequenced serially. If alterations are found, they are compared with mutations in our > 120 XLRS families and with the > 300 mutations reported worldwide. Point mutations, small deletions, or rearrangements are identified in nearly 90% of males with a clinical diagnosis of RS. XLRS1 has very few sequence polymorphisms. Carrier-state testing produces 1 of 3 results: (1) positive, in which the woman has the same mutation as an affected male relative or known in other RS families; (2) negative, in which she lacks the mutation of her affected male relative; and (3) uninformative, in which no known mutation is identified or no information exists about the familial mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular RS screening is an effective diagnostic tool that complements the clinician's skills for early detection of at-risk males. Useful outcomes of carrier testing depend on several factors: (1) a male relative with a clear clinical diagnosis; (2) a well-defined inheritance pattern; (3) high disease penetrance; (4) size and organization of the gene; and (5) the types of disease-associated mutations. Ethical questions include molecular diagnostic testing of young at-risk females before the age of consent, the impact of this information on the emotional health of the patient and family, and issues of employability and insurance coverage.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, W. K. Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sieving
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Yashar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ayyagari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D015785:Eye Diseases, Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D014960:X Chromosome
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C108726:RS1 protein, human; D004247:DNA