title: Role of selective intra-operative cholangiography during cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of routine intra-operative cholangiography (IOC) remains controversial. This prospective study was carried out to determine whether to perform selective or routine IOC in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstones.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive patients undergoing open cholecystectomy over a 16-month period were included in the present study. They were divided into two groups based on the absence (n = 79) or presence (n = 55) of indicators of choledocholithiasis. All patients were subjected to cholangiography. Each indicator, subsets of indicators and all indicators combined were evaluated for their ability to predict choledocholithiasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There would be only two missed stones (1.5%) if selective cholangiography was to be practised. Intra-operative cholangiography had a positive predictive value of 100%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of all the indicators combined were 93.5%, 84.6%, 74.5%, 97.5% and 88.0%, respectively. The best indicators in each subset were jaundice, common bile duct diameter as assessed by ultrasonography, and a palpable stone during surgery with NPV of 82.7%, 91.1% and 96.8%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine IOC during cholecystectomy is not essential for the prevention of retained stones. A combination of the various indicators of choledocholithiasis can be used to select patients for cholangiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. medinst@pgi.chd.nic.in
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sridar
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Katariya
mesh_terms: D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography