title: Shake-flask test for determination of biodegradation rates of (14)C-labeled chemicals at low concentrations in surface water systems.
abstract: A simple shake-flask surface water biodegradability die away test with (14)C-labeled chemicals added to microgram per liter concentrations (usually 1-100 microg/L) is described and evaluated. The aim was to provide information on biodegradation behavior and kinetic rates at environmental (low) concentrations in surface water systems. The basic principle of measurement was to determine evolved CO(2) indirectly from measurements of total organic activity in subsamples after stripping off their content of CO(2). Used with surface water alone the test simulates a pelagic environment and amended with sediments (0.1-1 dry weight/L) the test is intended to simulate a water environment with suspended solids (e.g., resuspended sediments). A protocol of the test used with the (14)C technique or with specific chemical analysis was recently developed by the International Organization for Standardization. Practical experience with the method is presented for a set of reference substances. These substances could be ranked in five groups of decreasing biodegradability: aniline>p-nitrophenol, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid>4-chloroaniline>maleic hydrazide, pentachlorophenol>atrazine. It was found that degradation rates and lag periods varied considerably among sampling sites and sometimes also among samples from the same site. No significant correlation could be established between degradation rates and microbial biomass estimates. Even small portions of added sediments greatly enhanced biodegradation of the absorbable compound pentachlorophenol, probably by providing sites for microbial attachment. Repeated tests indicated consistent degradation behavior for the readily degradable substances, whereas degradation sometimes stopped or failed with the more recalcitrant substances. A preadaptation step involving regular reinoculation with freshly collected surface water could, however, overcome the problems of false-negative results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ingerslev
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nyholm
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D001280:Atrazine / Q000737:chemistry; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006207:Half-Life; D008300:Maleic Hydrazide / Q000737:chemistry; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000737:chemistry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D010416:Pentachlorophenol / Q000737:chemistry; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D009596:Nitrophenols; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D010416:Pentachlorophenol; D001280:Atrazine; D008300:Maleic Hydrazide; C024836:4-nitrophenol