title: Accuracy of lymph node palpation to determine need for lymphadenectomy in gynecologic malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy of intraoperative lymph node palpation for identifying lymph node metastasis in gynecologic malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated 126 women who had lymphadenectomies for staging of various gynecologic malignancies from August 1995 to June 1997. Surgeries were done by obstetrician-gynecologists with subspecialty certification in gynecologic oncology from the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, who had practiced gynecologic oncology for at least 5 years. Data were collected on gynecologic oncologists' opinions of lymph node status by palpation. Nodes believed to be positive were sent separately. We recorded operating time for lymphadenectomies, and intraoperative and postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (range) patient age was 55 (18-83) years. Mean (range) operating time was 188 (85-435) minutes. The mean (range) lymphadenectomy time was 46 (5-150) minutes. The total number of lymph nodes dissected was 2138. One hundred seven of 2138 (5%) nodes were positive for malignancy. Thirty-eight of 107 (36%) positive lymph nodes were missed by palpation. Fifty-six of 2031 (3%) negative lymph nodes were selected as positive. Sixty-nine of 107 (64%) positive lymph nodes were identified correctly. Sensitivity and specificity of palpation were 72% and 81%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of lymph node palpation were 56% and 89%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative lymph node palpation has low sensitivity and positive predictive value even when done by experienced board-certified gynecologic oncologists.
authors.affiliation: Morton Plant Mease Health Care, Clearwater, FL, USA. harango@dnamail.com
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: DeCesare
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Fiorica
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results