title: Chitinolytic bacteria in the minke whale forestomach.
abstract: Minke whales consume large amounts of pelagic crustaceans. Digestion of the prey is initiated by indigenous bacteria in a rumen-like forestomach system. A major structural component of the crustacean exoskeleton is chitin, the beta-1,4-linked polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The exoskeletons appear to dissolve completely in the non-glandular forestomach. Bacteria in the forestomach fluid of six krill-eating minke whales were enumerated and isolated using an anaerobic habitat-simulating culture medium. Median viable population densities ranged between 6.0 x 10(6) and 9.9 x 10(9) bacterial cells per mL forestomach fluid. Bacterial isolates (n = 44) cultured from the forestomach fluid of one minke whale mainly resembled strains of Eubacterium (25%), Streptococcus (18%), Clostridium (14%), and Bacteroides (11%). As much as 12% of the bacterial isolates were chitinolytic, while beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was demonstrated in 54% of the isolates, and utilisation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was observed in 73%. The chitinolytic isolates resembled strains of Bacteroides, Bacteroidaceae, Clostridium, and Streptococcus. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of partly digested krill from the minke whale forestomach revealed bacteria close to and inside the chitinous exoskeleton. The bacterial chitinase may act on the chitinous crustacean exoskeletons, thereby allowing other bacteria access to the nutritious soft inner tissues of the prey, and thus initiating its degradation and fermentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic Biology and Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway. monicao@fagmed.uit.no
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Blix
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Utsi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sørmo
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001438:Bacteroidaceae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002686:Chitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002688:Chitinases / Q000378:metabolism; D003013:Clostridium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014907:Whales / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D002686:Chitin; D002688:Chitinases