title: Levels of exposure from drinking water.
abstract: The relative exposure from drinking water is generally small, although there is a lack of information on total daily intake of individual organic micropollutants. There are, however, a few exceptions. Materials used in domestic distribution systems (lead, copper and plastics) may cause a deterioration of the water quality, especially in stagnant water. The relative exposure to the related compounds may increase considerably. Monitoring data from the tap (with defined sampling techniques) are needed. Also, disinfection/oxidation by-products (bromate, trihalomethanes) can be present in drinking water in considerable amounts and the relative exposure from drinking water may even approach 100%. Especially for volatile organic micropollutants, exposure routes from drinking water other than ingestion must be taken into account (inhalation, percutaneous uptake). When there is a need for detection of substances at very low levels it is important that the measurements are reliable. International interlaboratory comparisons for organic micropollutants are lacking at the moment.
authors.affiliation: Kiwa N.V., PO Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Dijk-Looijaard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Genderen
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical