title: Evaluating changes in stable chromosomal translocation frequency in patients receiving radioimmunotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The lack of any consistent correlation between radioimmunotherapy (RIT) dose and observed hematologic toxicity has made it difficult to validate RIT radiation dose estimates to marrow. Stable chromosomal translocations (SCT) which result after radiation exposure may be a biologic parameter that more closely correlates with RIT radiation dose. Increases in the frequency of SCT are observed after radiation exposure and are highly correlated with absorbed radiation dose. SCT are cumulative after multiple radiation doses and conserved through an extended number of cell divisions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether increases in SCT frequency were detectable in peripheral lymphocytes after RIT and whether the magnitude of these increases correlated with estimated radiation dose to marrow and whole body.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients entered in a Phase I dose escalation therapy trial each received 1-3 intravenous cycles of the radiolabeled anti- carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody, 90Y-chimeric T84.66. Five mCi of 111In-chimeric T84.66 was co-administered for imaging and biodistribution purposes. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to the start of therapy and 5-6 weeks after each therapy cycle. Peripheral lymphocytes were harvested after 72 hours of phytohemagglutinin stimulation and metaphase spreads prepared. Spreads were then stained by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using commercially available chromosome paint probes to chromosomes 3 and 4. Approximately 1000 spreads were evaluated for each chromosome sample. Red marrow radiation doses were estimated using the AAPM algorithm and blood clearance curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients were studied, each receiving at least one cycle of therapy ranging from 5-22 mCi/m2. Three patients received 2 cycles and two patients received 3 cycles of therapy. Cumulative estimated marrow doses ranged from 9.2 to 310 cGy. Increases in SCT frequencies were observed after each cycle for both chromosomes 3 and 4 in 16 of 18 patients and in at least one chromosome for the remaining 2 patients. Cumulative increases in SCT frequencies ranged from 0.001 to 0.046 with no major differences observed between chromosomes 3 and 4. A linear correlation between cumulative marrow dose and increases in SCT frequencies was observed for chromosome 3 (R2 = 0.63) and chromosome 4 (R2 = 0.80). A linear correlation was also observed between increases in SCT frequency and whole body radiation dose or administered activity (R2 = 0.67-0.89). There was less correlation between observed decrease in wbc or platelet counts and marrow dose, whole body dose, or administered activity (R2 = 0.28-0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in SCT frequency were detectable in peripheral lymphocytes after low dose-rate RIT irradiation. A linear correlation was observed between increases in SCT and marrow dose, whole body dose, and administered activity. This correlation provides one of the strongest radiation dose-response and activity-response relationships observed with RIT. The detection of SCT may therefore have application as an in situ integrating biodosimeter after RIT. This biologic parameter should prove useful in comparing effects on marrow for different therapeutic radionuclides and in comparing effects of RIT and external beam radiation doses on a cGy per cGy basis. As a result, this should allow for a more direct comparison between different methods of irradiation and in further refinement of radioimmunotherapy dose estimates and dosimetry methodology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Odom-Maryon
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Shively
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Raubitschek
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002893:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 / Q000528:radiation effects; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014178:Translocation, Genetic