title: The role of physical and psychological factors in occupational low back pain: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine risk factors for onset of low back pain (LBP) in healthcare workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nursing students, during their 3 year training period, and 1 year after training were studied in a prospective cohort study, with repeated self reported measurements of determinants of LBP at 6 monthly intervals for 3 years during training, and after a 12 month interval there was an additional final follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During training, increased risk of new episodes of LBP was associated with having had LBP at baseline, with part time work, and with a high score on the general health questionnaire (GHQ). A high GHQ score preceded the onset of LBP, in such a way that a high score at the immediately previous follow up increased risk of LBP at the next follow up. 12 Months after training, a history of recurring LBP during training increased the risk of a new episode as did having obtained work as a nurse. A high GHQ score at this follow up was also associated with a concurrently increased risk. Pre-existing GHQ score, either at the end of training or at baseline, had no effect on risk of LBP 12 months after training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Other than a history of LBP, pre-existing psychological distress was the only factor found to have a pre-existing influence on new episodes of LBP. Increased levels of psychological distress (as measured by the GHQ) preceded the occurrence of new episodes of pain by only short intervening periods, implying a role for acute distress in the onset of the disorder. This finding suggests that management of the onset of occupational LBP may be improved by management of psychological distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. afeyer@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Feyer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herbison
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Silva
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandryk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hendrie
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hely
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D013338:Students, Nursing