title: Gross measures of exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy.
abstract: METHODS
  Pretest-posttest, single factor design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare several indices that might be used to depict muscle size.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The particular strategy used during heavy-resistance training may determine the magnitude of hypertrophic adaptations. At the same time, assorted measures supposedly reflecting muscle size may provide different results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of men (n = 38, mean age = 21.1 years, SD = 2.1) were exposed to conditions designed to elicit differential hypertrophic adaptations following 21 sessions of squat training. Three of the groups performed 4 sets of multiple repetitions maximum (RM): group I, 3-5 RM; group II, 13-15 RM; and group III, 23-25 RM. A control (C) group did no formal physical training. Tests used to represent muscle size included body weight, thigh girth, net thigh girth, and quadriceps femoris and hamstring thicknesses via B-mode ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in the groups subsequent to training were similar for body weight and hamstring thickness. Results differed for the remaining 3 dependent variables (mean +/- SD): thigh girth was greater in groups II (1.42 +/- 1.00) and III (1.35 +/- 1.16) than in group C (0.24 +/- 0.69); net thigh girth was greater in groups II (1.33 +/- 0.77) and III (1.40 +/- 1.03) than in group C (0.10 +/- 0.84); and quadriceps femoris thickness was greater in all 3 training groups (I, 0.61 +/- 0.54; II, 0.43 +/- 0.30; III, 0.55 +/- 0.39) than in group C (0.05 +/- 0.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observed muscle mass change following heavy-resistance training is dependent upon both the training intervention and tool used for measurement.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Science Laboratory, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA. lweiss@memphis.edu
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Coney
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D010808:Physical Examination; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014891:Weight Lifting