title: Tandem antifibrotic actions of L-arginine supplementation and low protein diet during the repair phase of experimental glomerulonephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based upon the central role transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) overexpression appears to play in renal fibrotic diseases, we have recently advocated reduction of TGF-beta as a therapeutic target. As part of efforts to determine the strength of this approach, we have undertaken studies to quantitate the effects of currently used and promising therapies in terms of their potential to reduce markers of disease in anti-thymocyte-serum (ATS)-glomerulonephritis in the rat. Here we assess the therapeutic effect of L-arginine supplementation, which has been shown to reduce fibrosis in a number of hypertensive models, given alone or in combination with low protein diet and started 24 hours after disease induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glomerulonephritis was induced by intravenous injection of OX-7 monoclonal antibody into 200 g Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-four hours later animals were placed in groups that were either untreated, treated with 1% L-arginine in drinking water or 6% protein diets or both. On the fifth day of disease 24-hour urine specimens were collected and systemic blood pressure was measured. On the sixth day rats were anesthetized. Kidneys were perfused, tissue was taken for PAS staining and glomeruli were isolated. Aliquots of glomeruli were used for RNA preparation and for culture to determine 72-hour production of TGF-beta, fibronectin and plasminogen activator-type 1 (PAI-1), which were assayed by ELISA on culture supernatants. Measures of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) production included plasma NOx, urinary NOx and glomerular production of NOx in culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All disease measures except proteinuria and including matrix accumulation, TGF-beta, fibronectin and PAI-1 production and mRNA expression for TGF-beta, fibronectin and PAI-1 were significantly and similarly reduced by about 50% in groups treated with L-arginine or with low protein diet. Proteinuria was reduced in low protein treated but not in L-arginine supplemented rats. Neither systemic blood pressure nor measures of NO synthesis showed differences between groups that could be attributed to L-arginine supplementation. In contrast, disease-related increases in glomerular production of NOx were markedly reduced by low protein. Combined therapy resulted in small, but statistically significant decreases in most measures of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  L-arginine supplementation reduces fibrotic disease in ATS-induced glomerulonephritis if started after disease induction. The absence of evidence for increased NO production related to L-arginine supplementation suggests that L-arginine is acting here through different pathways from those demonstrated in hypertensive models of disease. The data support the ideas that TGF-beta reduction is a valid therapeutic target and that quantitation of TGF-beta reduction is a useful approach for comparing antifibrotic drug candidates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Border
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Noble
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D001120:Arginine