title: Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in MCF-7 cells prevents estrogen-induced mitogenesis.
abstract: Estrogen acts to promote DNA synthesis in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line via its interaction with high levels of estrogen receptor. The primary mode of estrogen action has been considered to be through transcriptional activation of genes containing estrogen response elements, including the immediate early genes c-myc and fos. Recent reports have indicated that estrogen, acting through the estrogen receptor, is capable of inducing the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cytoplasmic signaling cascade. In this study, specific small molecule inhibitors of MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity were used to determine the influence of these cascades on estrogen-mediated mitogenesis. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, as well as inhibitors of MAPK kinase-1, PD098059 and U0126, decreased the fraction of cells entering DNA synthesis after treatment with 17beta-estradiol. These compounds did not inhibit expression of myc or fos. However, the drugs did prevent the accumulation of cyclin D1 and hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, indicating that the block occurred at, or prior to, this point in the cell cycle. Although these compounds were effective in preventing estrogen-mediated mitogenesis, the downstream kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2, and protein kinase B were not activated over basal levels by estrogen treatment. These studies suggest that estrogen initiates mitogenesis by inducing the transcription of immediate early genes, but cytoplasmic signaling pathways play an important role in the control of subsequent events in the cell cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lobenhofer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huper
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Iglehart
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000473:pathology*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D002070:Butadienes; D002867:Chromones; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019938:Cyclin D1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004958:Estradiol; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D004967:Estrogens; D005419:Flavonoids; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D007546:Isoquinolines; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009025:Morpholines; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009570:Nitriles; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077191:Wortmannin; C113580:U 0126; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C063509:N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one