title: Ectopic hypermethylation of flower-specific genes in Arabidopsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arabidopsis mutations causing genome-wide hypomethylation are viable but display a number of specific developmental abnormalities, including some that resemble known floral homeotic mutations. We previously showed that one of the developmental abnormalities present in an antisense-METHYLTRANSFERASEI (METI) transgenic line resulted from ectopic hypermethylation of the SUPERMAN gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we investigate the extent to which hypermethylation of SUPERMAN occurs in several hypomethylation mutants, and describe methylation effects at a second gene, AGAMOUS. SUPERMAN gene hypermethylation occurred at a high frequency in several mutants that cause overall decreases in genomic DNA methylation. The hypermethylation pattern was largely similar in the different mutant backgrounds. Genetic analysis suggests that hypermethylation most likely arose either during meiosis or somatically in small sectors of the plant. A second floral development gene, AGAMOUS, also became hypermethylated and silenced in an Arabidopsis antisense-METI line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that ectopic hypermethylation of specific genes in mutant backgrounds that show overall decreases in methylation may be a widespread phenomenon that could explain many of the developmental defects seen in Arabidopsis methylation mutants. This resembles a phenomenon seen in cancer cells, which can simultaneously show genome-wide hypomethylation and hypermethylation of specific genes. Comparison of the methylated sequences in SUPERMAN and AGAMOUS suggests that hypermethylation could involve DNA secondary structures formed by pyrimidine-rich sequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, USA. jacobsen@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Finnegan
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Meyerowitz
mesh_terms: D026342:AGAMOUS Protein, Arabidopsis; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D001483:Base Sequence; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D026342:AGAMOUS Protein, Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C118957:DDM1 protein, Arabidopsis; D018744:DNA, Plant; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C096661:superman protein, Arabidopsis