title: CpG DNA overcomes hyporesponsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in orangutans.
abstract: Oligonucleotides containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG ODN) have been shown to be potent Th1-type adjuvants for augmenting antigen-specific responses in mice against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects only humans and great apes and appears to exist among wild chimpanzees and orangutans. An outbreak of HBV among orangutans being rehabilitated for re-introduction to the jungle caused the death of several animals. A prophylactic vaccination program revealed that orangutans are quite hypo-responsive to a current commercial vaccine compared to results obtained previously in humans and chimpanzees. Addition of CpG ODN to hepatitis B vaccine greatly increased the seroconversion rate and the titers of antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs). This is the first demonstration of CpG DNA in a great ape and the results have important implications for the vaccination of humans against HBV and other diseases.
authors.affiliation: Loeb Health Research Institute at the Ottawa Hospital, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Canada. hdavis@LRI.ca
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Suparto
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Weeratna
authors.lastname: Jumintarto
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Iskandriati
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chamzah
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ma'ruf
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Nente
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Pawitri
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Krieg
authors.lastname: Heriyanto
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sajuthi
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000276:immunology*; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D004247:DNA