title: The evolution of diagnosis in early Parkinson disease. Parkinson Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since there is no diagnostic biological marker for Parkinson disease (PD), the diagnosis is based on the results of clinical assessment. The accuracy of diagnosis improves with time and repeated assessments. Studies that require only inclusion of early cases of PD present a diagnostic challenge. Previous studies concluded that initial diagnoses of PD made by general neurologists were incorrect in 24% to 35% of the cases when patients were examined at autopsy. Experts in movement disorders are expected to have greater accuracy of initial diagnosis of PD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the evolution of clinical diagnosis in patients with early PD made initially by experts in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred patients with mild parkinsonian symptoms (Hoehn and Yahr stage 1 or 2) who received a diagnosis of PD less than 5 years before the beginning of the study were included in the original Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy for Parkinson's Disease study. These patients were followed up prospectively with repeated clinical assessments. The following clinical criteria were used to reassess the initial diagnosis: investigator's confidence in the diagnosis of PD, presence of atypical clinical features, findings of imaging studies, response to levodopa, and results of autopsy examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD duration of illness in the 800 cases at enrollment was 2.2+/-1.3 years, and the mean +/- SD Hoehn and Yahr stage was 1.6+/-0.5. The mean +/- SD follow-up was 6.0+/-1.4 years (range, 0.2-7.6 years). In 5 cases, PD was not confirmed at autopsy, and in 15 patients, the results of imaging studies indicated the presence of other pathological conditions. Of the 550 cases treated with levodopa, 49 (8.9%) had little or no improvement; 6 of these cases overlap with either autopsy or imaging study exclusion criteria. Two other cases had at least 4 of the 6 atypical clinical features arguing against the diagnosis of PD. Thus, of the 800 patients, 65 (8.1%) did not have PD according to the study criteria. Compared with those patients with the final diagnosis of PD, in the diagnoses of 60 patients without autopsy, the duration of symptoms (mean +/- SD, 7.2+/-2.0 years vs. 8.3+/-1.9 years; P<.001) and the duration of follow-up (5.3+/-1.6 years vs. 6.1+/-1.3 years; P<.001) were shorter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that 65 (8.1%) of patients initially diagnosed as having PD were later found to have an alternate diagnosis based on multifactorial clinical diagnostic criteria. This alternate diagnosis indicated that experts in PD changed their diagnoses infrequently during the 7.6-year follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex 77030, USA. josephj@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankovic
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rajput
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Perl
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001344:Autopsy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D010808:Physical Examination; D011361:Professional Competence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity