title: Winter and summer outdoor light exposure in women with and without seasonal affective disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The annual decrease of daylight duration initiates a depressive phase in patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and light therapy treats it. How much bright light exposure in winter and summer these patients actually receive may help understand the pathogenetic factors initiating SAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a week in winter and summer, women with and without SAD kept daily logs of the time spent outdoors, subjective sleep, and self-ratings of mood and alertness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the winter depressive state, mood, alertness, and sleep of SAD patients improved in summer to control values, but did not correlate with the amount of light exposure. In summer, patients with SAD spent more time outdoors than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Light logs--in comparison with light monitor measurements--may overestimate light exposure outdoors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with SAD do not spend less time outdoors in winter than controls, but spend more time outdoors in summer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SAD show a high amplitude seasonal difference in outdoor light exposure. The susceptibility to winter depression may arise not from behaviourally-related lack of sufficient light exposure, but an increased vulnerability to the amount of light received. They may require more light than controls to remain euthymic (higher light exposure in summer, light therapy in winter).
authors.affiliation: Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinic, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graw
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Recker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kräuchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wirz-Justice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008875:Middle Aged; D017440:Photoperiod; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012621:Seasons; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*