title: Otolaryngological manifestations of velocardiofacial syndrome: a retrospective review of 35 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because many patients with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) are first examined by otolaryngologists for ear or speech problems before being diagnosed with VCFS, we describe a series of patients with this genetic disorder, which is associated with multiple anomalies, including velopharyngeal insufficiency, cardiac defects, characteristic facial features, and learning disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the medical charts and available nasoendoscopic observations for 35 patients who were diagnosed with VCFS and who had a microscopic deletion in chromosome 22q11 as shown by DNA probe and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For most patients, the medical chart documented cardiac anomalies, velopharyngeal insufficiency with hypernasal speech, and characteristic facial features including nasal, auricular, craniofacial, and ocular abnormalities. Incidence of middle ear infection with associated conductive hearing loss was also high and necessitated early placement of pressure equalization tubes. Some patients were treated with adenoidectomy for chronic otitis media; consequently, velopharyngeal insufficiency and hypernasal speech worsened. Nasoendoscopic examination as documented in the medical chart showed occult cleft palate, a small adenoid pad, and pulsation in the muscular wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Otolaryngologists have an important role in diagnosis and treatment of persons with VCFS and therefore should familiarize themselves with the typical history and most frequent head and neck manifestations of this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Oakland, California 94611, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sulprizio
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rasgon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000145:classification; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*; D015342:DNA Probes; D004431:Ear, External / Q000002:abnormalities; D004724:Endoscopy; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000145:classification; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007223:Infant; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000145:classification; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000145:classification; D013577:Syndrome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes