title: Increased availability of central benzodiazepine receptors in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy and alcohol related cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure cerebral benzodiazepine receptor binding using (11)C-flumazenil positron emission tomography in patients with stable chronic hepatic encephalopathy, who were also characterised by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six abstinent patients of mean age 61 years with alcohol related cirrhosis and grade I-II hepatic encephalopathy and 11 matched healthy volunteers were studied. Each patient's encephalopathy was defined according to clinical, psychometric, electroencephalographic, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy criteria. Using positron emission tomography, the brain volume of distribution of (11)C-flumazenil was obtained; this reflects benzodiazepine receptor availability. Proton magnetic resonance spectra were acquired at 1.5 T using a multivoxel technique; peak area ratios were calculated for choline, glutamine/glutamate, N-acetylaspartate, and creatine resonances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean volume of distribution of (11)C-flumazenil was significantly higher in the cortex, cerebellum, and the basal ganglia in the patients compared with controls (p<0.001). In the patient group, the mean glutamine/glutamate to creatine ratio was significantly increased and the mean choline to creatine ratio was significantly decreased in all brain areas, compared with healthy volunteers. However, the N-acetylaspartate to creatine ratio was unchanged compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spectroscopy results reflect the cerebral metabolic derangement associated with hepatic encephalopathy. Stable grade I-II chronic hepatic encephalopathy in alcohol related cirrhosis may be associated with increased cerebral benzodiazepine receptor availability. However, a direct effect of previous chronic exposure to alcohol cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: The MR Unit, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jalan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turjanski
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Taylor-Robinson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Koepp
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D011963:Receptors, GABA-A