title: Screening for distant metastases in patients with head and neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The detection of distant metastases at initial evaluation may alter the selection of therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study the value of screening for distant metastases is evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of screening for distant metastases were retrospectively analyzed in 101 consecutive HNSCC patients with high-risk factors who were scheduled for major surgery. All patients had computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax, bone scintigraphy, examination of the liver by ultrasound and/or CT scan, and blood tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distant metastases were found in 17% of the patients. Patients with four or more clinical lymph node metastases or low jugular lymph node metastases had the highest incidence of distant metastases (33%). CT scan of the thorax detected in 12 patients, lung metastases; in 4, mediastinal lymph node metastases; and in 2, primary lung tumors. Bone scintigraphy detected in four patients bone metastases; in all four patients lung or mediastinal lymph node metastases were also found. Ultrasound and/or CT scan of the liver revealed one patient with metastases. Blood tests did not show any significant difference between patients with or without bone or liver metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening in patients with three or more lymph node metastases, bilateral lymph node metastases, lymph nodes of 6 cm or larger, low jugular lymph node metastases, locoregional tumor recurrence, and second primary tumors revealed distant metastases in 10% or more. CT scan of the thorax is currently the single most important diagnostic technique for screening of distant metastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Bree
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Deurloo
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Leemans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000175:diagnosis; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography