title: A new method for quantitative evaluation of perceived sounds from mechanical heart valve prostheses.
abstract: Closing clicks from mechanical heart valve prostheses are transmitted to the patient's inner ear mainly in two different ways: as acoustically transmitted sound waves, and as vibrations transmitted through bones and vessels. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for quantifying what patients perceive as sound from their mechanical heart valve prostheses via these two routes. In this study, 34 patients with implanted mechanical bileaflet aortic and mitral valves (St Jude Medical and On-X) were included. Measurements were performed in a specially designed sound insulated chamber equipped with microphones, accelerometers, preamplifiers and a loudspeaker. The closing sounds measured with an accelerometer on the patient's chest were delayed 400 ms, amplified and played back to the patient through the loudspeaker. The patient adjusted the feedback sound to the same level as the 'real-time' clicks he or she perceived directly from his or her valve. In this way the feedback sound energy includes both the air- and the bone-transmitted energies. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) were quantified both in dB(A) and in the loudness unit sone according to ISO 532B (the Zwicker method). The mean air-transmitted SPL measured close to the patient's ear was 23 +/- 4 dB(A). The mean air- and bone-transmitted sounds and vibrations were perceived by the patients as an SPL of 34 +/- 5 dB(A). There was no statistically significant difference in the perceived sound from the two investigated bileaflet valves, and no difference between aortic and mitral valves. The study showed that the presented feedback method is capable of quantifying the perceived sounds and vibrations from mechanical heart valves, if the patient's hearing is not too impaired. Patients with implanted mechanical heart valve prostheses seem to perceive the sound from their valve two to three times higher than nearby persons, because of the additional bone-transmitted vibrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Sygehus, Denmark.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hasenkam
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nygaard
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D001021:Aortic Valve; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000145:classification*; D001844:Bone Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008943:Mitral Valve; D009622:Noise / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D014732:Vibration