title: Psychology without p values. Data analysis at the turn of the 19th century.
abstract: Although the fledgling psychology of 100 years ago was assertively empirical, there were no inferential statistics to guide psychologists' data analyses. However, 19th-century developments had left psychology with a rich array of techniques for analyzing and presenting data, some of which remain underutilized today. These include comparisons across replications, within-subject designs, reanalysis of data, analyses of factorial designs, and especially the use of tables and graphs. As the merits of hypothesis-testing statistics are debated at the turn of the 21st century, the history of data-handling practices can remind psychologists that there are many ways to overcome the current uniformity of statistical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono 04469-5742, USA. ldsmith@maine.edu
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Cylke
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D011584:Psychology / Q000266:history*; D011643:Publishing / Q000266:history; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000266:history; D014481:United States