title: Clinical consequences and transmissibility of drug-resistant tuberculosis in southern Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consequences of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries using directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS), are not well defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of drug resistance on clinical outcome and transmission of TB under programmatic conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort and molecular epidemiologic study was conducted in southern Mexico. Between March 1995 and February 1998 all patients with persistent cough whose sputa had acid-fast bacilli (AFB) underwent clinical and mycobacteriologic evaluation (species identification, drug susceptibility testing, and IS6110-based genotyping). Treatment was provided in accordance with Mexico's National Tuberculosis Program. Clinical and microbiologic outcomes and molecular epidemiologically defined transmission were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from 238 of the 284 AFB smear-positive persons. The overall rate of resistance was 28.4% (new, 20.7%; retreated, 54.7%), and 10.8% (new, 3.3%; retreated, 35.8%) had multi-drug-resistant TB (ie, resistance to isoniazid and rifampin). After treatment, 75% (new, 81.0%; retreated, 52.8%) were cured, 8% (new, 7.8%; retreated, 7.5%) abandoned therapy, 9% (new, 3.9%; retreated, 28.3%) had treatment failure, and 4% (new, 3.3%; retreated, 7.5%) died. Another 2% of patients relapsed, and 9% died during a median of 24.4 months of follow-up. Drug-resistance was a strong independent risk factor for treatment failure. Being infected with multi-drug-resistant TB was the only factor associated with a decreased likelihood of being in a restriction fragment length polymorphism cluster.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the use of DOTS, patients with drug-resistant TB had a dramatically increased probability of treatment failure and death. Although multi-drug-resistant TB may have a decreased propensity to spread and cause disease, it has a profoundly negative impact on TB control.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico. garcigar@insp3.insp.mx
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: García-García
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponce de León
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Corona
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Corona
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palacios-Martínez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balandrano-Campos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferreyra-Reyes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Juárez-Sandino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sifuentes-Osornio
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olivera-Díaz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Valdespino-Gómez
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019233:Retreatment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents