title: Improved sedation in diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: propofol is an alternative to midazolam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adequate sedation of the patient is required for diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The anesthetic propofol, with its shorter half-life, affording better control, offers an alternative to the benzodiazepine midazolam. The aim of this randomized, controlled, unblinded study was to compare prospectively the quality of sedation under propofol and midazolam in patients undergoing ERCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 patients were randomized to sedation with propofol alone (n = 40) or midazolam alone (n = 40). Blood pressure, pulse, and oxygen saturation were measured. Midazolam was given by the endoscopist and titrated to the patients' response during ERCP, to a maximum dose of 15 mg per patient. In the propofol group an anesthetist was present to administer the propofol and to observe the patient. Standardized testing procedures (Steward score, Trieger test) were used to determine the length of postendoscopy recovery time. Efficacy of sedation was assessed by investigators and patients, using scoring systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete ERCP and adequate sedation was possible in 80% of patients (32 out of 40) with midazolam, and in 97.5% of patients (39 out of 40) with propofol (P<0.01). The average propofol induction dose was 1.24 mg/kg body weight, with maintenance requiring a mean dose of 9 mg/kg body weight per hour, or the equivalent of 354 mg in total. The average dose of midazolam administered was 0.12 mg/kg body weight; the total dose averaged 8 mg. Recovery time in the propofol patients was significantly shorter (P<0.01). The investigators (P<0.01) and the patients (P<0.05) both judged the quality of sedation to be better in the propofol group. There were no differences in blood pressure, pulse, or oxygen saturation between the two groups. One patient in the propofol group (79 years old) suffered a protracted apneic phase accompanied by hypotension that was managed by manual ventilation and drug therapy, and led to no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol proves to be an excellent sedative for ERCP and shows a shorter recovery time than midazolam. Because of the narrow therapeutic window, we recommend close patient monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, St. Hildegardis Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kiesslich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brackertz
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol