title: Computer simulation of cytotoxic and vascular effects of radiosurgery in solid and necrotic brain metastases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Solid and necrotic brain tumors respond to radiosurgery, although necrotic lesions often contain a significant proportion of hypoxic cells which cannot become reoxygenated during the short overall treatment time of single dose application. In addition to the direct cytotoxic action, delayed vascular occlusion followed by ischemic tumor cell death could contribute to the effect of radiosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to determine the impact of the two possible effects on tumor response, a 3-dimensional computer simulation was developed and fitted to response data obtained from 90 patients who were treated by LINAC radiosurgery for 1-3 brain metastases with median marginal doses of 20 Gy. Complete response rates were as follows: small, solid lesions (diameter 0.4-1 cm), 52% (12/23); large solid lesions (1.1-5.2 cm), 28% (17/60); large necrotic lesions, 12% (6/50). The 3-dimensional computer model simulated the growth of small solid and large, solid or necrotic tumors situated in a vascularized stroma. Oxygen supply, tumor cell division (cell cycle time 5 days), neovascularization, tumor cell kill by single dose irradiation (linear-quadratic model, alpha/beta=10 Gy, oxygen enhancement ratio 3.0) and time-dependent vascular occlusion (alpha/beta=3 Gy) were modeled by Monte-Carlo simulation techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of neovascularization, solid tumors with a hypoxic fraction of 1-2% developed. Without neoangiogenesis, central necrosis occurred, and tumors had a hypoxic fraction of 20-25%. Assuming a pure cytotoxic effect of radiosurgery, neither the dose-response relationship for the solid lesions of different size nor that for the large lesions with solid or necrotic appearance could be reproduced for any given level of radiosensitivity. This was only possible by introducing a vascular effect that led to the occlusion of >/=99% of the vessels at the border of the target volume within 1 year after irradiation. In the presence of the vascular effect, the apparent radiosensitivity of the tumor cells was increased by 50-100%. Calculations of the dose-equivalent for the vascular effect show that it contributes 19-33% of the overall effect of single dose radiosurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simulation study suggests that the therapeutic effect of single radiosurgery in malignant brain tumors cannot be understood without the consideration of vascular effects. The computer model might serve as a basis for exploring new treatment modalities that modify both cytotoxic and vascular effects of radiosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, D-50924, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Treuer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voges
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoevels
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000528:radiation effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009336:Necrosis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies