title: Sequential segmental neuromuscular stimulation: an effective approach to enhance fatigue resistance.
abstract: Electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle flaps is used clinically in applications that require contraction of muscle and force generation at the recipient site, for example, to assist a failing myocardium (cardiomyoplasty) or to reestablish urinary or fecal continence as a neo-sphincter (dynamic graciloplasty). A major problem in these applications (muscle fatigue) results from the nonphysiologic manner in which most of the fibers within the muscle are recruited in a single burst-like contraction. To circumvent this problem, current protocols call for the muscle to be put through a rigorous training regimen to transform it from a fatigue-prone to a fatigue-resistant state. This process takes several weeks during which, aside from becoming fatigue-resistant, the muscle loses power and contraction speed. This study tested the feasibility of electrically stimulating a muscle flap in a more physiologic way; namely, by stimulating different anatomical parts of the muscle sequentially rather than the entire muscle all at once. Sequential segmental neuromuscular stimulation (SSNS) allows parts of the muscle to rest while other parts are contracting. In a paired designed study in dogs (n = 7), the effects of SSNS on muscle fatigability and muscle blood perfusion in gracilis muscles were compared with conventional stimulation: SSNS on one side and whole muscle stimulation on the other. In SSNS, electrodes were implanted in the muscles in such a way that four separate segments of each muscle could be stimulated separately. Then, each segment was stimulated so that part of the muscle was always contracted while part was always resting. This type of stimulation permitted sequential yet continuous force generation. Muscles in both groups maintained an equal amount of continuous force. In SSNS muscles, separate segments were stimulated so that the duty cycle for any one segment was 25, 50, 75, or 100 percent, thus varying the amount of work and rest that any segment experienced at any one time. With duty cycles of 25, 50, and 75 percent, SSNS produced significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced resistance to fatigue. In addition, muscle perfusion was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in these sequentially stimulated muscles compared with the controls receiving whole muscle stimulation. It was concluded that SSNS reduces muscle fatigue and enhances muscle blood flow during stimulation. These findings suggest that using SSNS in clinical myoplasty procedures could obviate the need for prolonged training protocols and minimize problems associated with muscle training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Zonnevijlle
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Somia
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Stremel
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Werker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*