title: Peptostreptococcus micros smooth and rough genotypes in periodontitis and gingivitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two genotypes can be distinguished within the species Peptostreptococcus micros: a smooth (Sm) and a rough (Rg) type. To date no systematic study has been performed on the prevalence and proportion of both types in untreated periodontitis patients and subjects without destructive periodontal disease. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate: 1) the relative importance of the Sm and the Rg genotype of P micros in periodontitis and gingivitis; 2) the correlation between smoking and the 2 genotypes of P micros; and 3) the systemic antibody response against the 2 genotypes in relation to the periodontal condition and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 104 untreated periodontitis patients and 41 individuals with gingivitis underwent clinical examination and microbiological sampling. Pocket samples were cultured anaerobically on blood agar plates to determine the prevalence and proportion of the Sm and Rg types of P micros. Serum antibody titers against both types of P micros were determined in all subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using whole bacterial cells as antigen. Additionally, in a representative group of subjects, the antigen specificity of the serum antibodies was assessed by immunoblotting experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of the Sm genotype was higher in subjects with periodontitis (94%) compared to subjects with gingivitis (59%), whereas the prevalence of the Rg type was not significantly different (38% versus 29%). Similar analyses were performed for subgroups of smokers and non-smokers; within the periodontitis group, the prevalence of the Sm type was not different between smokers and non-smokers (96% and 92%, respectively), whereas the prevalence of the Rg type was higher in smokers (48%) compared to non-smokers (19%). No difference in prevalence of both types was observed between smokers and non-smokers within the gingivitis group. The titers and specificity of P micros-specific immunoglobulins in periodontitis patients were not different from those in gingivitis subjects, nor were they related to smoking status or culture-positivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that both the Sm and the Rg genotypes of P micros are part of the normal oral microbiota. However, the elevated prevalence of the Sm genotype in periodontitis and the elevated prevalence of the Rg type in periodontitis patients who smoke implies that both types can behave as opportunistic pathogens in destructive periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Winkelhoff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Craandijk
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bulthuis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Varoufaki
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: van Steenbergen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D000939:Epitopes; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008297:Male; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D012907:Smoking; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000939:Epitopes