title: Jockey injuries in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the sport of horse racing, the position of the jockey and speed of the horse predispose the jockey to risk of injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate rates of medically treated injuries among professional jockeys and identify patterns of injury events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey from data compiled by an insurance broker. Information on the cause of injury, location on the track, and body part injured was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Official races at US professional racing facilities (n = 114) from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  A licensed jockey population of approximately 2700 persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual injury incidence rates per 1000 jockey-years, as well as injury type, cause, and location on the track.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6545 injury events occurred during official races between 1993 and 1996 (606 per 1000 jockey-years). Nearly 1 in 5 injuries (18.8%) was to the jockey's head or neck. Other frequent sites included the leg (15.5%), foot/ankle (10.7%), back (10.7%), arm/hand (11.0%), and shoulder (9.6%). The most frequent location where injuries occurred was entering, within, or leaving the starting gate (35.1%), including 29.5% of head injuries, 39.8% of arm/hand injuries, and 52.0% of injuries to the leg/foot. Most head injuries resulted from being thrown from the horse (41.8%) or struck by the horse's head (23.2%). Being thrown from the horse was the cause of 55.1% of back and 49.6% of chest injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that jockeys have a high injury rate. Efforts are needed to reduce the number of potential injury events on the track and to improve protective equipment so events do not lead to injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7594, USA. anna_waller@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology