title: The symptomatic carotid plaque.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The natural histories of equally severe symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenoses are very different, which suggests dichotomy in plaque behavior. The vascular biology of the symptomatic carotid plaque is presented in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histology studies comparing asymptomatic and symptomatic plaques were identified from MEDLINE. Reports in which stenosis severity was not stated or not similar for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were excluded. In vitro studies and reports from the coronary circulation were reviewed with regard to the vascular biology of the plaque. Histology studies comparing carotid plaques removed from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients reveal characteristic features of unstable plaques: surface ulceration and plaque rupture (48% of symptomatic compared with 31% of asymptomatic, P<0.001), thinning of the fibrous cap, and infiltration of the cap by greater numbers of macrophages and T cells. In vitro studies suggest that macrophages and T cells release cytokines and proteinase, which stimulate breakdown of cap collagen and smooth muscle cell apoptosis and thereby promote plaque rupture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infiltration of inflammatory cells to the surface of carotid plaques may be a critical step in promoting plaque rupture and resultant embolization or carotid occlusion. Further understanding of cell recruitment and behavior in carotid atherosclerosis may allow better detection of unstable plaques and therapeutic methods of plaque stabilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK. J.Golledge@tesco.net
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golledge
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines