title: Retinoic acid produces rod photoreceptor selective apoptosis in developing mammalian retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or 9-cis retinoic acid (9CRA), added to dissociated developing neural retinal cells, induces progenitor cells to adopt the rod cell's fate. Retinoic acid (RA) also produces apoptotic cell death in developing tissues. The effects of retinoids on mouse retinal development were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinas were explanted on postnatal day (PN)1 and cultured with or without the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) attached. Retinas were cultured for 3 weeks in the absence or presence of 100 or 500 nM ATRA or 9CRA. Morphologic development and apoptotic cell death were examined using cell-specific immunocytochemical markers, the TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method, and a caspase assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinal explants, with and without RPE, had similar age-dependent increases in opsin expression. In contrast, explants with RPE had less apoptosis during the first week than retinas without RPE. In explants with RPE, ATRA or 9CRA produced rod-selective apoptotic cell death in which 20% to 25% were lost by PN7 with no further loss by PN21. 9CRA-treated explants without RPE had a decreased number of apoptotic cells and a higher number of (rhod)opsin-positive cells at PN3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors in RPE appear to regulate rod apoptosis in developing retina. Retinoids produce rod-selective apoptotic cell death during normal rod differentiation. In contrast, retinoids accelerate the expression of opsin in retinas without RPE. These differential effects of RA on rod photoreceptors-apoptosis and differentiation-are similar to those observed in other developing tissues and play an important role in both normal and pathologic development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, Sweden. annika.soderpalm@zool.gu.se
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Söderpalm
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Veen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D017299:Rod Opsins; D014212:Tretinoin; D020169:Caspases