title: Involvement of p27Kip1 in G1 arrest by high dose 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: The cell cycle is governed by cyclin dependent kinases (cdks), which are activated by binding of cyclins, inhibited by cdk inhibitors and regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Exposure to high dose dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibits population growth of the human prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP. To determine the mechanism of growth arrest by high dose DHT, we assayed the changes in cell cycle profile and the cell cycle regulators that mediate these effects. Treatment of asynchronously growing LNCaP cells with 100 nM DHT caused a G1 arrest. The proportion of cells in S phase fell from 22 to 2%, while the G1 fraction rose from 74 to 92% by 24 h. Loss of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein was noted and cdk4 and cyclin E/ cdk2 activities fell. Inhibition of these G1 cyclin dependent kinases was not due to loss of either cyclin or cdk proteins nor to increases in the cdk inhibitors p16INK4A and p21CiP1. p21Cip1 protein levels remained constant, and cyclin E-associated p21CiP1 fell, suggesting that p21CiP1 is not relevant to this form of cyclin E/cdk2 inhibition. Of note, total p27KiP1 levels and cyclin E-associated p27Kip1 increased as cells arrested and the amount of the CAK activated cdk2 bound to cyclin E decreased. p27KiP1 immunodepletion experiments demonstrated that the DHT-mediated increase in p27Kip1 was sufficient to fully saturate and inhibit target cyclin E/ cdk2. The inhibition of cyclin E/cdk2 by p27Kip1 contributes to G1 arrest of LNCaP following high dose DHT. p27KiP1 may be a key effector of androgen dependent growth modulation in prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Research, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsihlias
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slingerland
mesh_terms: D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056741:Cyclin D; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056741:Cyclin D; D019927:Cyclin E; D016213:Cyclins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases