title: Clb/Cdc28 kinases promote nuclear export of the replication initiator proteins Mcm2-7.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cyclin-dependent kinases of the Clb/Cdc28 family restrict the initiation of DNA replication to once per cell cycle by preventing the re-assembly of pre-replicative complexes (pre-RCs) at replication origins that have already initiated replication. This assembly involves the Cdc6-dependent loading of six minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins, Mcm2-7, onto origins. How Clb/Cdc28 kinases prevent pre-RC assembly is not understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In living cells, the Mcm proteins were found to colocalize in a cell-cycle-regulated manner. Mcm2-4, 6 and 7 were concentrated in the nucleus in G1 phase, gradually exported to the cytoplasm during S phase, and excluded from the nucleus by G2 and M phase. Tagging any single Mcm protein with the SV40 nuclear localization signal made all Mcm proteins constitutively nuclear. In the absence of functional Cdc6, Clb/Cdc28 kinases were necessary and sufficient for efficient net nuclear export of a fusion protein between Mcm7 and the green fluorescent protein (Mcm7-GFP), whereas inactivation of these kinases at the end of mitosis coincided with the net nuclear import of Mcm7-GFP. In contrast, in the presence of functional Cdc6, which loads Mcm proteins onto chromatin, S-phase progression as well as Clb/Cdc28 kinases was required for Mcm-GFP export.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that Clb/Cdc28 kinases prevent pre-RC reassembly in part by promoting the net nuclear export of Mcm proteins. We further propose that Mcm proteins become refractory to this regulation when they load onto chromatin and must be dislodged by DNA replication before they can be exported. Such an arrangement could ensure that Mcm proteins complete their replication function before they are removed from the nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA.
authors.forename: V Q
authors.initials: VQ
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Co
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D017489:CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016193:G1 Phase; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D064148:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4; D064151:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6; D064168:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D013347:Subcellular Fractions
chemical_list: C102209:CDC45 protein, S cerevisiae; C066503:CDC6 protein, S cerevisiae; C093749:CLB2 protein, S cerevisiae; C076558:CLB5 protein, S cerevisiae; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D019926:Cyclin B; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C085711:mcm5 protein, S pombe; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D017489:CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae; C092802:MCM4 protein, S cerevisiae; C491207:MCM6 protein, S cerevisiae; C491088:MCM7 protein, S cerevisiae; D064148:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4; D064151:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6; D064168:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7