title: Functional heterogeneity of antiheparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies: implications in the pathogenesis of the HIT syndrome.
abstract: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia represents one of the most severe drug-induced disorders of platelets. This syndrome is believed to be mediated through antibodies generated against a heparin-platelet factor 4 complex. Complexation of a sulfated mucopolysaccharide chain of heparin with a platelet granular protein (platelet factor 4) produces an allosteric modification of platelet factor 4 resulting in neoepitope formation and the generation of antiheparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies. These antibodies are capable of activating platelets by binding to heparin, platelet factor 4 and the Fc receptor on platelets, resulting in a complex pathophysiology involving ischemic, thrombotic, and inflammatory processes. To characterize this antibody, IgG fractions were obtained from the serum of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia using ammonium sulphate precipitation and heparin-platelet factor 4-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography methods. With the affinity purification, two major components, peaks I and II, with high antiheparin-platelet factor 4 antibody titers were eluted. The purity of all the fractionated immunoglobulins was established by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses. While peak I did not induce 14C-serotonin release from platelets in the heparin-dependent assay for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies (14C-serotonin release assay), peak II and the IgGs obtained with the ammonium sulphate precipitation method exhibited a strong and concentration-dependent activation in the presence and absence of heparin and low molecular weight heparin. These immunoglobulins were treated with heparinase, a cationic ion-exchange resin (Heparsorb), or dialyzed to remove traces of heparin, and when tested in the 14C-serotonin release assay, showed the same high degree of activity. These data are suggestive of the generation of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies capable of activating platelets directly in a nonheparin-dependent manner. These observations underscore the complex pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome and suggest that the severity of this syndrome in some patients may be due to the generation of "super-active" heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies capable of activating platelets without the requirement of heparin. This could explain why the cessation of heparin in patients does not necessarily correct the symptoms of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or associated thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walenga
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Jeske
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cella
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000276:immunology*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D010978:Platelet Factor 4; D006493:Heparin