title: Root substance removal with Er:YAG laser radiation at different parameters using a new delivery system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recently introduced Er:YAG laser radiation appears to be a promising alternative in treating dental hard tissue due to its thermo-mechanical ablation properties and the lack of thermal side effects. The present in vitro study attempted to evaluate the use of Er:YAG laser radiation in combination with a specially developed delivery system in removing calculus from root surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty extracted anterior teeth, premolars and molars, were divided into 2 groups of 25 each with (group A) and without (group B) subgingival calculus. Source of radiation was an Er:YAG laser device with a wavelength of 2.94 microm, in the infrared optical spectrum, a pulse duration of 250 ns, and a pulse repetition rate of 15 pps. In each group, 6 teeth were irradiated with 300 laser pulses either at 60 mJ, 80 mJ, 100 mJ, or 150 mJ. The samples were continually moved linearly using a computer numeric controlled device. The volumetric evaluation of root substance removal was performed with a 3-dimensional laser scanning system (100,000 surface points per sample, accuracy: 5 microm) and special image analyzing software. A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation was performed to assess the laser induced ultrastructural changes on the root surfaces. Statistical analysis was carried out with ANOVA followed by the Scheff*e test and with regression analysis according to Pearson-Bravais at a level of significance of 5% (P <0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linear measurement of substance removal on calculus samples (group A) revealed average depths between 174.38 (+/-16.13) microm and 501.85 (+/-111.01) microm. Defect depths on the teeth without calculus (group B) ranged from 37.78 (+/-14.03) microm to 484.44 (+/-80.63) microm. The SEM observation of laser-treated root surfaces revealed no signs of thermal damage; e.g., melting, fusion, or cracking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study showed that a substance removal with Er:YAG laser radiation at lower energy densities is comparable, in effect, to that after conventional root surface instrumentation with curets. The results seem to indicate that calculus removal can be selectively done using lower radiation energies. Considering the favorable results of the SEM investigation, the use of the Er:YAG laser in periodontal therapy may be possible in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. mfolwa@dent-med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Folwaczny
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haffner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hickel
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004871:Erbium; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013357:Subgingival Curettage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004871:Erbium