title: Thermal effect of CO(2) on apoplastic ice in rye and oat during freezing.
abstract: Meristematic tissues from rye (Secale cereale) and oat (Avena sativa) were studied in an isothermal calorimeter at -3 degrees C. When the frozen tissue was placed in the calorimeter, the pressure increased within 4 d to 25 and 9 kPa above ambient pressure in the sample vessels containing crowns of rye and oat, respectively. Concurrently, the thermal output went down to -194 microW in rye over the 4-d period; this negative thermal activity could be accounted for by ice melting in the plants. When the pressure was released, the output from the calorimeter went from -194 to 229 microW within 1 h, suggesting that water had frozen in the plants. We propose that CO(2) from respiration had dissolved in the water in the plants and caused melting of ice (heat absorption) due to the colligative properties of solutions. When the pressure was released, the CO(2) came out of solution and the water froze (heat evolution). These thermal observations were duplicated in a simplified, non-biological system using a glycol/water mixture that was partially frozen at -3 degrees C.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and North Carolina State University, Department of Crop Science, 840 Method Road, Unit 3, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7629, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Olien
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Premakumar
mesh_terms: D018554:Avena / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D005615:Freezing; D007053:Ice; D011312:Pressure; D012434:Secale / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019855:Ethylene Glycol