title: Influence of tobacco and alcohol on the stage of laryngeal cancer at diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to examine the influence of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on the stage of laryngeal cancer at diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 499 laryngeal cancer patients diagnosed between 1978 and 1997 was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parameters that included smoking history, history of alcohol consumption, and the tumor stage and location at diagnosis were analyzed using the proportional odds model, correlation coefficient, and Student t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria, and 180 (56%) had advanced-stage disease at the time of presentation. The statistical model demonstrated a small but significant relationship between tobacco and alcohol on the stage of laryngeal cancer at diagnosis. Patients diagnosed with an advanced-stage tumor (stage III or IV) smoked a significantly greater amount and were more likely to be heavy drinkers than those diagnosed with a localized laryngeal cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that for every incremental increase in pack years of smoking, there is a small but measurable increase in the odds that a patient's laryngeal cancer will be stage III or IV at diagnosis. Likewise, being a "heavy" drinker as opposed to a "social" drinker raises the likelihood of an advanced tumor. Given the preventable nature of these risk factors, the moderation of alcohol consumption and cessation of smoking is prudent advice that should be conveyed to all patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Trigg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lait
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Wenig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects