title: Geographic variation in groundwater iodine and iodine deficiency in Israel, The West Bank and Gaza.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and infancy is the world's most common preventable cause of mental retardation. Previous studies have shown a high incidence of goiter and low groundwater iodine concentrations in northern Israel.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relationship between low groundwater iodine and iodine deficiency in pregnant women and schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the urinary iodine excretion of school-children in the West Bank and Gaza and rural and urban pregnant women in Western Galilee (an area known to have low groundwater iodine concentrations). We also measured iodine concentrations in groundwater in various locations in the West Bank and Gaza.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower urinary iodine excretion was found among pregnant Arab women living in rural Western Galilee (101+/-7 microg iodine/g creatinine). 20% of them excreted <50 microg I/g creatinine. This is relatively less than found among pregnant Jewish women living in cities in the same area (154+/-13 microg I/g creatinine). Low iodine concentrations (<5 microg/l) were found in groundwater in the Nablus, Ramallah, Bethlehem highlands, as compared to normal concentrations in the lowland districts of the West Bank and Gaza. In a cohort of 728 schoolchildren aged 8-10, 10% (range 8-13%) of children from areas of low groundwater iodine had low levels of urinary iodine excretion, as compared to only <5% of those from districts with groundwater iodine concentrations >10 microg/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower concentrations of groundwater iodine are related to low urinary iodine excretion in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaiserman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tulchinsky
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutekunst
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency*; D007557:Israel; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine