title: Determinants of thyroid volume in healthy French adults participating in the SU.VI.MAX cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relative importance of determinants of thyroid volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study on a sample of subjects issued from the SU.VI.MAX cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  2987 French subjects (1713 women aged 35-60 years and 1274 men aged 45-60 years). None of them had previous or present thyroid disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid volume was determined by ultrasound. Serum TSH and free thyroxine (fT4) were measured in duplicate. Urinary iodine and urinary thiocyanate were assayed in random morning urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both sexes, thyroid volume (ml) was positively correlated with weight, height, body mass index and body surface area (P = 0.0001) and negatively with age for females (P = 0.0009). When the urinary iodine concentration was adjusted for urinary thiocyanate concentration and their interaction, the thyroid volume was negatively correlated with urinary iodine (males P = 0.02, females P = 0.006) and positively correlated with urinary thiocyanate (males P = 0.0001, females P = 0.004). Mean thyroid volume was greater among active smokers than non-smokers (males P < 0.0001, females P = 0.0004) and was greater among former smokers than among non-smokers (males P = 0.0001, females = 0.004). Free T4 and thyroid volume were positively correlated for both sexes (P = 0. 0001). TSH was negatively correlated with thyroid volume for both groups (P = 0.0001). Female users of oral contraception (aged 35-45 years) had a smaller thyroid volume than non-users (P = 0.0009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The state of borderline iodine deficiency observed in France, in association with a slightly goitrogenic environment, may result in sustained stimulation of the thyroid, independently of TSH level, and is of paramount importance in the formation of goitre. Smoking may affect the thyroid, inducing marked long-lasting thyroid enlargement.
authors.affiliation: Institut Scientifique et Technique de la Nutrition et de l'Alimentation, CNAM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Barrère
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valeix
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Preziosi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bensimon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hercberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000652:urine; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000652:urine; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D013861:Thiocyanates; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007455:Iodine; D013974:Thyroxine