title: Extent of extracapsular extension in localized prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the radial extent of extracapsular penetration by tumor cells, thereby providing estimates of the margins needed around target volumes. New radiotherapeutic techniques, like brachytherapy and conformal radiotherapy, irradiate small volumes and reduce the dose to periprostatic tissues. Even in the early stages of localized prostate cancer, extracapsular extension (ECE) is commonly seen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred sixty-five consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens were analyzed for the presence of ECE. ECE was found in 92 of all cases (35%); measurements were performed in 79 of the 92 cases. A total of 98 ECE sites were evaluated in the 79 cases. The distance of tumor outside the capsule was measured in millimeters. Extension less than 0.1 mm was considered as "focal".
  
  
  RESULTS
  The site of ECE was posterolateral in 53% of cases, lateral in 24%, posterior in 13%, and at the base in 10%. The median amount of ECE at all sites was 1. 1 mm (mean 1.7). However, the range was wide; the minimum measurable extent was 0.1 mm and the maximum 10.0 mm. The extent was within 3.8 mm for 90% of all cases. By stratifying cases with favorable and unfavorable tumors, the 90th percentiles of ECE were as follows: 3.3 mm for favorable tumors (clinical Stage T1-2, initial prostate-specific antigen 10 ng/mL or less, and biopsy Gleason score 6 or less) and 3.9 mm for unfavorable tumors (clinical Stage T3, initial prostate-specific antigen greater than 10 ng/mL, or biopsy Gleason score 7 or greater).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the ECE was at posterolateral sites. The extent of disease outside the prostate was within 4 mm in 90% of cases. Since ECE was observed in 30% to 60% of all patients with clinical Stage T1-2 prostate cancer, only 3% to 7% of all such cases would have disease extent exceeding 4 mm. The present study provides useful estimates of the amount of ECE. These estimates could be potentially used in planning the target volumes for treatment of prostate cancer with either conformal radiotherapy or brachytherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sohayda
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kupelian
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors