title: Human cytomegalovirus reactivation in bone-marrow-derived granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cells and mature monocytes.
abstract: Monocyte/granulocyte progenitor cells of the bone marrow are a major site of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency. The mechanisms of establishment and maintenance of HCMV latency are still unknown. Reactivation of the latent virus in bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells has been demonstrated in vitro and suggested to occur also in vivo. Clinical studies have shown that reactivation is a rather frequent event not only in immunosuppressed but also in nonimmunosuppressed patients and in healthy blood donors. At least three independent mechanisms of virus reactivation are discussed: systemic inflammation connected with strong tumor necrosis factor alpha release; application of cAMP-elevating drugs, and highly stressful events associated with increased plasma catecholamine levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, School of Medicine (Charité), Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. susanna.proesch@charite.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prösch
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Döcke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reinke
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Krüger
mesh_terms: D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000502:physiology*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000821:virology; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000821:virology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014775:Virus Activation; D017735:Virus Latency
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000242:Cyclic AMP