title: Prevention of rejection in cardiac transplantation by blockade of the interleukin-2 receptor with a monoclonal antibody.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alloantigen-activated T cells express the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor. Specific blockade of this receptor with the human IgG1 monoclonal antibody daclizumab may prevent rejection of allografts after cardiac transplantation without inducing global immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 55 nonsensitized patients undergoing a first cardiac transplantation to receive either induction therapy with daclizumab (1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight), given intravenously within 24 hours after cardiac-transplantation surgery and every two weeks thereafter, for a total of five doses, or generalized immunosuppressive therapy. Concomitant immunosuppression was achieved in both groups with cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. The primary end points were the incidence and severity of acute rejection, and the length of time to a first episode of biopsy-confirmed rejection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 55 patients in the study, 28 were randomly assigned to receive daclizumab and 27 served as the control group. During induction therapy, the mean frequency of acute rejection episodes (defined as a histologic grade of 2 or higher according to the classification of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplants) was 0.64 per patient in the control group and 0.19 per patient in the daclizumab group (P=0.02). Acute rejection developed in 17 of 27 patients in the control group (63 percent), as compared with 5 of 28 patients in the daclizumab group (18 percent; relative risk, 2.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 7.4; P=0.04). Throughout follow-up, there were nine patients with episodes of acute rejection of histologic grade 3 in the control group, as compared with two in the daclizumab group (P= 0.03), and the time to a first episode of rejection was significantly longer in the daclizumab group (P=0.04). There were no adverse reactions to daclizumab and no significant differences between the groups in the incidence of infection or cancer during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction therapy with daclizumab safely reduces the frequency and severity of cardiac-allograft rejection during the induction period.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, USA. ab49@columbia.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beniaminovitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itescu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lietz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Groff
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mancini
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000077561:Daclizumab; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014181:Transplantation Immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D000077561:Daclizumab