title: The interspinous ligament of the lumbar spine. Magnetic resonance images and their clinical significance.
abstract: METHODS
  A preliminary study of magnetic resonance features of the interspinous ligament in degenerative lumbar spine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To classify the magnetic resonance imaging features of the interspinous ligaments in relation to the patient's age, disc degeneration, and radiographic instability. Magnetic resonance imaging also was correlated with the histologic findings of the interspinous ligaments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  As reported, rupture of the interspinous ligament frequently is found in the degenerative lumbar spine. However, little information is available in the literature on imaging assessment of the interspinous ligament in degenerative lumbar disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 24 interspinous ligaments at L1-L2 or L2-L3 from 15 patients with nondegenerated discs were selected to represent normal magnetic resonance features of the interspinous ligament, and 38 patients with the mean age of 49 years underwent functional radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. The magnetic resonance features of the interspinous ligament were classified into five categories according to their signal intensities: Type 1A (low intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images without hypertrophy of the spinal process); Type 1B (same signal pattern as in Type 1A with hypertrophy of spinal process); Type 2 (low intensity on T1- and high intensity on T2-weighted images); Type 3 (high intensity on T1-weighted images); and Type 4 (others). Seven patients with variable patterns of the interspinous ligament were selected to undergo histologic examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the interspinous ligaments considered normal, 80% were classified as Type 1A. There were 14 Type 1A, 30 Type 1B, 19 Type 2, 16 Type 3, and 20 Type 4 ligaments. The mean age and disc degeneration grade of the patients with the Type 1B ligaments was significantly higher. Instability was found to be associated with Type 2 interspinous ligaments (7 of 19), whereas instability rarely was noted in Types 1A (1 of 14) and 1B (1 of 30) ligaments. The histologic examination revealed that chondrometaplasia and necrotization of fiber bundle predominated in Type 1B, proliferation of cells and vascular invasion in Type 2, fatty degeneration in Type 3 ligaments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnetic resonance imaging characteristics may be helpful in assessing normal or pathologic changes in the interspinous ligaments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan. atfujiwara@msn.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamai
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saotome
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000473:pathology; D008022:Ligaments / Q000473:pathology*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*