title: Ameliorative effect of tacrine on spatial memory deficit in chronic two-vessel occluded rats is reversible and mediated by muscarinic M1 receptor stimulation.
abstract: Our previous study demonstrated that permanent two-vessel occlusion (2VO)-induced working memory deficit was improved by daily administration of tacrine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the effects of tacrine in 2VO rats using the eight-arm radial maze task. Daily administration of tacrine (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg i.p.) started 5 weeks after the 2VO operation significantly improved the maze performance. In the delay-interposition task, a significant impairment of maze performance was observed in the tacrine (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.)-treated rats at a delay of 90 min but not delays of 5 or 30 min. Sham-operated rats were not affected by delay. After leaving animals with no further treatment for 4 weeks, the tacrine-pretreated 2VO rats showed significantly impaired performance compared to the sham-operated control animals. However, the performance of the tacrine-pretreated 2VO rats was significantly improved by restarting the daily administration of tacrine (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.). The effect of tacrine was reversed by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine and the selective M1 antagonist pirenzepine. Moreover, a microdialysis study revealed that tacrine (1 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) level for a period of over 3 h in the cerebral cortex of 2VO rats. These findings suggest that the ameliorative effect of tacrine on the spatial memory deficit in 2VO rats is reversible and may be mediated by stimulating the muscarinic M1 receptor via elevation of the extracellular ACh level in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikenoya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013619:Tacrine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018697:Nootropic Agents; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D013619:Tacrine; D000109:Acetylcholine