title: IFN-gamma activated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human cells is an antiparasitic and an antibacterial effector mechanism.
abstract: In nearly all human cells IFN-gamma stimulation leads to an activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity, which is responsible for anti-toxoplasma and anti-chlamydia effects. We have recently shown that IDO activation is also a defense mechanism against extracellular beta-hemolytic streptococci groups A, B, C and G in human glioblastoma cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. Similar effects were also seen with enterococci and in approximately 65% of staphylococci tested, including multiresistant strains of both species. In addition, we have found that IDO activity is differentially regulated in different cells. For example we have found that TNF-alpha enhances IFN-gamma induced IDO activity and antimicrobial effect in human glioblastoma cells whereas both IFN-gamma mediated effects were blocked by TNF-alpha as well as by IL-1 in a human uroepithelial cell line. We were able to show that the IL-1 and TNF-alpha mediated inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced IDO activity in uroepithelial cells is due to stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. In human astrocytoma cells, IL-1 and TNF-alpha did not inhibit IDO activity and in concordance with this finding these cells did not show a detectable nitric oxide production.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf. daeubene@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Däubener
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010271:Parasites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II