title: Complete prevention but stimulus-dependent reversion of morphine tolerance by the glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-HA966 in neuropathic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine complicates the management of chronic pain states. The authors studied the ability of the glycine/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (+)-HA966 to modify morphine tolerance in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mononeuropathy was induced by placing four ligatures around the common sciatic nerve. The 4-day pretreatment regimens with two daily subcutaneous injections of saline and saline, saline and morphine (10 mg/kg), (+)-HA966 (2.5 mg/kg) and morphine, or (+)-HA966 and saline were begun on post-operative day 12 to test the ability of (+)-HA966 to prevent the development of tolerance. Behavioral experiments were performed on postoperative day 16, when the pain-related behavior reached a stable maximum. The effect of an acute dose of morphine (1 mg/kg intravenously) was tested against both mechanical (vocalization threshold to paw pressure) and thermal (struggle latency to hind paw immersion into a 46 degrees C hot-water bath) stimuli. In addition, to test the ability of a single injection of (+)-HA966 to reverse established morphine tolerance, groups of morphine-pretreated rats received injections of either (+)-HA966 (2.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) and morphine (1 mg/kg intravenously), saline and morphine, or (+)-HA966 and saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline vocalization thresholds and struggle latencies did not differ in the various pretreatment groups, indicating that the pretreatments had no effect on pain-related behavior. Coadministration of (+)-HA966 prevented the reduction of the effect observed with morphine alone in both the mechanical test and the thermal test. (+)-HA966 reversed morphine tolerance in the thermal but not in the mechanical test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (+)-HA966 prevented morphine tolerance in both mechanical and thermal tests but reversed established morphine tolerance in the thermal test only.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-161, Paris, France. christen@broca.inserm.fr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guilbaud
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kayser
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009020:Morphine; C001369:1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone