title: Psychogenic equinovarus: the importance of recognition and non-operative treatment.
abstract: Although the potential for musculoskeletal symptoms in hysteric conversion disorder was recognized by Sigmund Freud, reports of it in the orthopaedic literature have been limited to upper extremity manifestations. This study reports 3 cases which illustrate hysteric conversion presenting as primary foot and ankle complaints. Given its relative rarity, it is a diagnosis that is easy to miss. Clinical clues to its diagnosis and accepted methods of treatment are discussed. It is important to realize that this condition arises from an unconscious conflict and does not represent a voluntary falsification of symptoms. As such, confrontational treatment is not generally successful.
authors.affiliation: Dept. Orthopaedic. Surgery, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Baltimore, MD 21287-0882, USA. jmichel@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Michelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011613:Psychotherapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome