title: Dopamine modulates acute responses to cocaine, nicotine and ethanol in Drosophila.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drugs of abuse have a common property in mammals, which is their ability to facilitate the release of the neurotransmitter and neuromodulator dopamine in specific brain regions involved in reward and motivation. This increase in synaptic dopamine levels is believed to act as a positive reinforcer and to mediate some of the acute responses to drugs. The mechanisms by which dopamine regulates acute drug responses and addiction remain unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present evidence that dopamine plays a role in the responses of Drosophila to cocaine, nicotine or ethanol. We used a startle-induced negative geotaxis assay and a locomotor tracking system to measure the effect of psychostimulants on fly behavior. Using these assays, we show that acute responses to cocaine and nicotine are blunted by pharmacologically induced reductions in dopamine levels. Cocaine and nicotine showed a high degree of synergy in their effects, which is consistent with an action through convergent pathways. In addition, we found that dopamine is involved in the acute locomotor-activating effect, but not the sedating effect, of ethanol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that in Drosophila, as in mammals, dopaminergic pathways play a role in modulating specific behavioral responses to cocaine, nicotine or ethanol. We therefore suggest that Drosophila can be used as a genetically tractable model system in which to study the mechanisms underlying behavioral responses to multiple drugs of abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bainton
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Neckameyer
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heberlein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003042:Cocaine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004330:Drosophila / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine