title: Ocular safety of Viagra, (sildenafil citrate).
abstract: To date, sildenafil citrate (Viagra) gives every evidence of being a safe drug for the eye despite a series of expressed concerns. A review of how its ocular safety profile has been identified offers insights into the strengths and weaknesses of present systems and resources for judging the ocular safety of Viagra or, for that matter, of any new drug. Such insights include: The great value of careful, informed assessment of preclinical information gleaned from laboratory experiments. By and large, such assessments point the way toward appropriate clinical evaluation. For Viagra, early in its development it was noted that besides exerting a major inhibitory effect on the intended target, the vascular-associated enzyme phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), the drug also exerts a lesser but definite inhibitory effect on the closely related PDE6, located in the retina. For this reason, preclinical evaluation of the drug included electroretinography plus postmortem histology. In addition, an extended eye examination was incorporated into clinical protocols. The often chaotic but invaluable information stream that becomes available once marketing approval has been gained and large populations begin to use a drug. False alarms, misattribution, and erroneous information are the order of the day. Nevertheless, as information accumulates, patterns of response clarify and the true nature of special susceptibility for subpopulations, if any, becomes apparent. A role for the astute clinician remains: Subtle changes or unusual risks for subpopulations can be missed entirely for long periods of time. A manifest need for improvement in evaluation of postmarketing side-effects. This need has led to the establishment of a new discipline: pharmacoepidemiology. In ophthalmology, the National Registry of Drug Induced Ocular Side-Effects maintains a constant and invaluable surveillance. Examples are supplied to illustrate each of these major points: Our presentation will include data gleaned from clinical trials plus postmarketing information on the incidence, duration, and type of color vision defects observed at different doses of Viagra.
authors.affiliation: Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Laties
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Fraunfelder
mesh_terms: D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003118:Color Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004596:Electroretinography; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011687:Purines; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects; D012449:Safety; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases