The effect of ketamine on 0.25% and 0.125% bupivacaine for caudal epidural blockade in children.
Forty boys aged from one to five years undergoing orchidopexy were randomly allocated to receive one of two solutions for caudal epidural injection. Group A received 1 ml.kg-1 of 0.125% bupivacaine with ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1 and Group B received 1 ml.kg-1 of bupivacaine 0.25% with ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1. Postoperative pain was assessed by means of a modified Objective Pain Score and analgesia was administered if this score exceeded four. The median duration of caudal analgesia was 8 h in Group A compared with 9.5 h in Group B (P<0.05). The time taken to recover the ability to walk was a median of two h in Group A and three h in Group B (P<0.05). There were no differences between the groups in the incidence of urinary retention or postoperative sedation.
Johnston
P
P
Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, Scotland, UK.
Findlow
D
D
Aldridge
L M
LM
Doyle
E
E
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D013737:Testis / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
D000700:Analgesics; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007649:Ketamine; D002045:Bupivacaine