title: Allergen provocation augments endotoxin-induced nasal inflammation in subjects with atopic asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent epidemiologic and in vivo studies have suggested that inhaled endotoxin plays an important role in asthma pathogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examines the effect of nasal allergen provocation on subsequent endotoxin challenge in subjects with atopic asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a split-nose randomized crossover design, individual nares of 12 asthmatic subjects underwent challenge and lavage as follows. Immediately after a baseline nasal lavage, one nares received normal saline, and the other received dust mite antigen. Four hours later, both nares were exposed to either saline or endotoxin. Dust mite antigen (Dermatophagoides farinae) and endotoxin (Escherichia coli 026:B6) doses were 100 AU and 1000 ng, respectively. Postchallenge lavages were done at 8 and 24 hours after the initial challenge. The subjects then returned a minimum of 3 weeks later for crossover to the study arm. Nasal lavage fluid was analyzed for total and differential cell counts, IL-8, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, GM-CSF, eosinophil cationic protein, myeloperoxidase, and soluble CD14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in the total inflammatory cell count was seen at 8 hours for the dust mite/endotoxin exposure compared with the saline/saline and saline/endotoxin exposures. Differential cell counts revealed a similar neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation for the dust mite/endotoxin exposure at 8 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate an interaction between allergen and endotoxin exposure in asthmatic subjects, suggesting that a prior allergen challenge significantly augments the endotoxin-induced inflammation. Moreover, these data provide further evidence that concomitant exposure to allergen and endotoxin may be an important factor in asthma pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the General Clinical Research Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Eldridge
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Peden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000150:complications*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1