Rho and Rac exert antagonistic functions on spreading of macrophage-derived multinucleated cells and are not required for actin fiber formation.
Multinucleated giant cells (MNGC) derived from avian blood monocytes present, like osteoclasts, an unusual cytoskeletal organization characterized by (1) cortical rings of actin filaments, (2) unique adhesion structures called podosomes and (3) vinculin containing focal complexes which are not visibly connected to F-actin structures. The Rho family of small GTPases plays an essential role in the regulation and organization of cellular cytoskeletal structures including F-actin and vinculin associated structures. Using bacterial toxins such as modified exoenzyme C3 (C3B) and toxin B or overexpression of constitutively active Rac and Rho proteins fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP), we show that Rac and Rho play antagonistic roles in regulating the morphology of osteoclast-like cells. Inhibition of Rho by C3B triggered MNGC spreading whereas activated Rho promoted cell retraction. However, inhibition or activation of Rho led to complete disorganization of fibrillar actin structures, including podosomes. Toxin B inhibition of Rho, Rac and Cdc42 induced a time dependent F-actin and vinculin reorganization. Initially, actin fibers with associated adhesion plaques formed and disappeared subsequently. Finally, only small focal complexes remained at the MNGC periphery before retracting. At the time when actin fibers formed, we observed that Rac was already inhibited by toxin B. By combining C3B treatment and overexpression of a dominant negative form of Rac (N17Rac), we show that the formation of these focal adhesion and actin fiber structures required neither Rho nor Rac activity. Moreover, our results show that podosomes are extremely unstable structures since any modifications of Rho or Rac activity resulted in their dissociation.
Ory
S
S
Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS/ENS Equipe INRA n degrees 913. 46, allée d'Italie, France.
Munari-Silem
Y
Y
Fort
P
P
Jurdic
P
P
D016475:3T3 Cells; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000633:toxicity; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000502:physiology; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015726:Giant Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D020894:Microfibrils / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016596:Vinculin / Q000378:metabolism; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
D000199:Actins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; D016596:Vinculin; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; C063007:exoenzyme C3, Clostridium botulinum; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein