title: Long-term swallowing problems after organ preservation therapy with concomitant radiation therapy and intravenous hydroxyurea: initial results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term effects on swallowing function of concomitant continuous infusion hydroxyurea and hyperfractionated radiation therapy used to treat advanced head and neck carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective evaluation of swallowing function was performed on an inception cohort by analyzing posttreatment videoflouroscopic swallow function studies using radiological descriptors for pharyngeal transport abnormalities and temporal measures of structural movements, as well as by conducting patient interviews to assess alimentation, more than 1 year after tumor treatment (range, 52-124 weeks; median, 70 weeks).
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic tertiary care referral medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients, aged 44 to 71 years, with stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, or hypopharynx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographic and temporal swallow abnormalities, as well as functional status, were documented and compared with published norms and results of earlier swallowing studies when possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharyngeal transport dysfunction and anterior segment abnormalities, manifested by epiglottic dysmotility, vallecular residue, laryngeal penetration, or aspiration, were evident in all 10 patients. Posterior segment abnormalities, such as pharyngeal stasis, constrictor dysmotility and piriform residue were documented in 8 patients. Three patients developed late aspiration, and the majority of patients showed persistent or worsened delay in laryngeal movement compared with their earlier posttreatment evaluations. Also, 3 patients developed a hypopharyngeal stricture, and 6 patients continued to require gastrostomy tube supplementation beyond 1 year. There was no association between site of primary, duration to swallowing evaluation, and severity of dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged and debilitating functional swallowing abnormalities may occur after this aggressive concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotz
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Beitler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wadler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010039:Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006918:Hydroxyurea