title: The ageing of the low-frequency water disturbances caused by swimming goldfish and its possible relevance to prey detection.
abstract: Wakes caused by swimming goldfish (Carassius auratus) were measured with a particle image velocimetry system and analyzed using a cross-correlation technique. Particle velocities in a horizontal plane (size of measuring plane 24 cmx32 cm or 20 cmx27 cm) were determined, and the vorticity in the plane was derived from these data. The wake behind a swimming goldfish can show a clear vortex structure for at least 30 s. Particle velocities significantly higher than background noise could still be detected 3 min after a fish (body length 10 cm) had passed through the measuring plane. Within this time span, the lateral spread of fish-generated wakes could exceed 30 cm for a 10 cm fish and 20 cm for a 6 cm fish. Measurements in a man-made open-air pond showed that water velocities in a quasi-natural still water environment can be as small as 1 mm s(-)(1). Background velocities did not exceed 3 mm s(-)(1) as long as no moving animal was present in the measuring plane. The possible advantage for piscivorous predators of being able to detect and analyze fish-generated wakes is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Zoologie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hanke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brücker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bleckmann
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D006054:Goldfish / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*