title: Short-term regulation of food intake in children, young adults and the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the effects of consuming preloads with different macronutrient and energy contents on subsequent intake and subjective feelings of hunger and satiety in children, young adults and the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 Children (4-6 y), 33 young adults (18-26 y) and 24 elderly (61-86 y).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 'preload test meal' design was applied. Subjects were given four different strawberry yoghurt preloads that varied in energy and macronutrient content, or no yoghurt. Children, young adults and elderly consumed 200, 340 and 300 g of the preload, respectively. One yoghurt was low-fat, low-carbohydrate and low in energy (the control; 0.7 MJ/500 g serving), one yoghurt was high-fat and medium in energy (71% of energy (en%) of fat; 2 MJ/500 g serving), one yoghurt was high-carbohydrate and medium in energy (87 en% of carbohydrate; 2 MJ/500 g serving) and the fourth yoghurt was high-fat and high-carbohydrate and high in energy (42 en% of fat and 53 en% of carbohydrate; 3 MJ/500 g serving). Ninety minutes after preload consumption, subjects had an attractive ad libitum lunch-buffet. Energy intake at lunch and subjective feelings of hunger and satiety were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ability to compensate at lunch did not differ among the three age groups. Compared to the no-preload condition, all children, young adults and elderly ate significantly less after the high-fat and high-carbohydrate yoghurt. The energy compensation observed in the children ranged between -21% and 34%, in the young adults between 15% and 44% and in the elderly between 17% and 23%. Hunger responses were clearly different between young adults and the elderly. Compared to the no-preload condition, the young adults showed larger differences in their appetite ratings than the elderly, indicating that the elderly were less sensitive to the energy content of the preload than the young adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the ability to regulate the food intake within a preload 90 min test meal paradigm did not differ among children, young adults and the elderly.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was funded by the European Commission as part of project FAIR-CT95-0574.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 1/BODE 154, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands. liesbeth.zandstra@staff.nutepi.wau.nl
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Zandstra
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mathey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graaf
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: van Staveren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008875:Middle Aged; D012527:Satiation; D013997:Time Factors; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats