title: Interleukin-1 genetic association with periodontitis in clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis is a bacterial disease modified by multiple risk factors. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin- (IL-1) is a key regulator of the host responses to microbial infection and a major modulator of extracellular matrix catabolism and bone resorption. It has been reported that variations in the IL-1 gene cluster on chromosome 2 are associated with increased susceptibility to severe adult periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study evaluated the association between a composite IL-1 genotype, including allele 2 at each of two loci (IL-1A +4845 plus IL- B +3954), and a broad spectrum of periodontally healthy to diseased patients in a population that is typically encountered in a dental practice setting. Ninety patients, non-smokers or former smokers with less than 10 pack-year (pk/yr) history, were recruited from a private dental practice. The major outcome variable was bone loss determined by computerized linear measurements of radiographs. Genotypes were analyzed from finger-stick blood samples using previously reported methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate logistic regression models demonstrated that patient age, former smoking history, and the IL-1 genotype were significantly associated with severity of adult periodontitis. For non-smokers or former light smokers (<5 pk/yr), IL-1 genotype positives were at increased odds ratio of having moderate to severe periodontal disease of 3.75 (95% CI: 1.04-13.50) to 5.27 (95% CI: 1.23-22.70), depending on ethnicity, compared to IL-1 genotype negatives. Former moderate smokers (>5 pk/yr and <10 pk/yr) who were IL-1 genotype negative were at increased odds ratio of having moderate to severe periodontal disease of 7.43 (95% CI: 1.20-46.20) compared to non-smokers or former light smokers who were IL-1 genotype negative. In addition, past smoking history was also a significant effect modifier as demonstrated by the statistically significant interaction between past smoking history status and IL-1 genotype status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the composite IL-1 genotype is significantly associated with the severity of adult periodontitis. It also confirmed that both IL-1 genotyping and smoking history provide objective risk factors for periodontal disease in a private practice environment.
authors.affiliation: Interleukin Genetics, Inc., San Antonio, TX 78216-4749, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McDevitt
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knobelman
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: di Giovine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Timms
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Duff
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kornman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012907:Smoking; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1