title: Dutch hospital drug formularies: pharmacotherapeutic variation and conservatism, but concurrence with national pharmacotherapeutic guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research examines current hospital drug formularies (HDFs) of all Dutch general hospitals. It assesses the extent to which they recommend the same drugs, the breadth of their coverage in terms of therapeutic areas, drug groups incorporated and individuals drugs included, and their extent of conservatism by considering the year of introduction of the drugs included within groups. Furthermore, it considers the extent to which their recommendations concur and comply with those of national pharmacotherapeutic guidelines and the WHO Essential Drugs List (EDL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight (81%) out of all 96 current Dutch HDFs were received of which 62 were suitable for study. Differences between HDFs and eventual associations with hospital characteristics were researched by statistical testing and case-control studies. To evaluate HDFs' concurrence with national guidelines and compliance with the WHO EDL, nine drug groups were studied in detail: benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin-II inhibitors, NSAIDs, H2-receptor antagonists, 5HT3-antagonists, and H+-pump inhibitors. Concurrence and compliance with national guidelines and the WHO EDL was defined as inclusion of recommended drugs. Non-concurrence was defined as inclusion of nonrecommended drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of indications addressed and drug groups incorporated within HDFs varied from 28 to 72 (median 56) and from 30 to 123 (median 97), respectively. The total number of individual drug entities (pharmacological substances) included ranged from 239 to 658 (median 430) and the total number of drug products, including all different dosage forms, from 412 to 1121 (median 655). Within drug groups, drug entities first marketed were most frequently included. Teaching hospitals were most likely to include recently marketed drugs. Depending on the drug group, HDFs' concurrence and compliance with national guidelines and the WHO EDL ranged from 35% to 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate that Dutch HDFs are rather uniform in the indications addressed and the drug groups incorporated. However, the number of individual drug entities and drug products included within groups varies considerably. Furthermore, Dutch HDFs are considered rather conservative, as older drugs are favoured over more recent drugs. Generally, with some drug exceptions, Dutch HDFs concur and comply with recommendations in national pharmacotherapeutic guidelines and with the WHO EDL over 90%.
authors.affiliation: Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), University of Groningen, University Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Groningen.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fijn
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Knaap
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: De Jong-Van den Berg
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004358:Drug Therapy; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005572:Formularies, Hospital as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D010602:Pharmacopoeias as Topic / Q000592:standards*