title: Interleukin-10, interleukin-4, and transforming growth factor-beta differentially regulate lipopolysaccharide-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in co-cultures of rat astroglial and microglial cells.
abstract: The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO) can be produced by activated glial cells and play a critical role in various neurological diseases. Using primary co-cultures of rat microglial and astroglial cells, we investigated the effects of the anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)/beta2, IL-4, and IL-10 on the production of (pro-) inflammatory mediators after stimulation of the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.1 micrograms/ml, 24 h). IL-10 (10 and 100 ng/ml) and IL-4 (5 and 50 U/ml) suppressed the LPS-induced production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner, whereas TGF-beta1/beta2 (2 and 20 ng/ml) only suppressed NO production. LPS-induced levels of IL-1beta were suppressed by IL-10, but not by IL-4 and TGF-beta1/beta2. Conversely, co-incubation of the glial cells with LPS and antibodies to TGF-beta1/beta2 selectively enhanced LPS-induced NO production, whereas co-incubation with antibody to IL-10 enhanced LPS-induced production of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO. This finding strongly suggests that effective concentrations of TGF-beta1/beta2 and IL-10 are produced by LPS-stimulated glial cell co-cultures. Production of IL-10 in these co-cultures was confirmed by measurement of rat IL-10 by radioimmunoassay. We conclude that anti-inflammatory cytokines affect the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated co-cultures of microglial and astroglial cells differentially.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute Neurosciences Free University, Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ledeboer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Brevé
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tilders
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Van Dam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D009569:Nitric Oxide