title: Working conditions and adverse pregnancy outcome: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between working conditions and adverse pregnancy outcomes by performing a meta-analysis of published studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the English-language literature in MEDLINE through August 1999 using the terms standing, posture, work, workload, working conditions, shift, occupational exposure, occupational diseases, lifting, pregnancy complications, pregnancy, small for gestational age (SGA), fetal growth retardation (FGR), preterm, and labor.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included observational studies evaluating the effect of one or more of the following work-related exposures on adverse pregnancy outcome: physically demanding work, prolonged standing, long work hours, shift work, and cumulative work fatigue score. Outcomes of interest were preterm birth, hypertension or preeclampsia, and SGA.We conducted a meta-analysis based on 160,988 women in 29 studies to evaluate the association of physically demanding work, prolonged standing, long working hours, shift work, and cumulative work fatigue score with preterm birth. Also analyzed were the associations of physically demanding work with hypertension or preeclampsia and SGA infants. The data were analyzed using the Peto-modified Mantel-Haenszel method to estimate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physically demanding work was significantly associated with preterm birth (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.16, 1. 29), SGA (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.30, 1.44), and hypertension or preeclampsia (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.30, 1.96). Other occupational exposures significantly associated with preterm birth included prolonged standing (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13, 1.40), shift and night work (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06, 1.46), and high cumulative work fatigue score (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.33, 1.98). We found no significant association between long work hours and preterm birth (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.92, 1.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physically demanding work may significantly increase a woman's risk of adverse pregnancy outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0264, USA. mozurk@umich.edu
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Mozurkewich
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avni
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome