title: Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and bioavailability of enteral tramadol formulations. 4th communication: drops (without ethanol).
abstract: In a balanced two-period cross-over study with 12 (6 male, 6 female) healthy young subjects the pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of tramadol (tramadol hydrochloride, CAS 36282-47-0) after oral administration of Tramal drops (without ethanol) were to be determined in comparison with a 30-min i.v. infusion. Each fasting volunteer received the two single doses of 50 mg tramadol-HCl each in the morning; the time interval between the administrations was one week. Serum and urine concentrations of tramadol were analysed by gas chromatography. The pharmacokinetic evaluation was carried out model-dependently after previous selection of the optimal model by means of the Akaike information criterion; solely the extent of bioavailability was calculated model-independently. The study population results were presented descriptively as geometric means with standard deviation [xg (SDg)] or as medians with range [x (min, max)]. Model-dependently and model-independently calculated areas under the serum concentration curves (AUC and AUC, resp.) differed only minimally. The extent of the absolute bioavailability (F) of tramadol in the drops, based on AUC data, was 70.6 (1.13)% with a 90% confidence interval of 65.9-75.6% (ANOVAlog). The p.o. serum concentration peaks were reached after tmax = 1.2 (0.74, 1.5) h and amounted to Cmax = 136 (1.33) ng/ml, the half-life of absorption was t1/2,ka = 0.23 (1.89) h and the lag time t0 = 0.23 (0.20, 0.49) h. The dose-normalised p.o. and i.v. results for all pharmacokinetic parameters agreed well with those of a previous study with ethanol-containing drops. In summary, it may be concluded that the active ingredient is rapidly absorbed after oral administration of the drops without ethanol. Rate and extent of the absolute bioavailability of tramadol in drops without ethanol were about the same as after administration of drops with ethanol. The results of this study gave no indication of a therapeutically relevant gender difference in the pharmacokinetics of tramadol.
authors.affiliation: Grünenthal GmbH, Centre of Research, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lintz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerloff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Terlinden
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D010641:Phenotype; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D014147:Tramadol; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6