title: Effects of management at weaning on behaviour and weight gain of farmed red deer calves.
abstract: Two studies were performed to determine whether there were behavioural or productive differences arising from two contrasting weaning practices for red deer; proximate vs. distant separation of dams and calves. In Experiment 1, 80 calves across two replicates were used. For each replicate, calves were separated from their mothers, weighed and allocated to one of two treatments (n=20 calves), either confinement in an unfamiliar paddock 100 m from their mothers for 2 weeks following weaning (treatment N), or transportation 2 km to a different farm (treatment F). Groups were observed during the following 6 days and weighed 14 days after weaning. In Experiment 2, the same procedure was performed out on two commercial farms, but using 40 calves per treatment group, without replication or weight recording. In Experiment 1 running, fenceline pacing and vocalising declined following weaning, with steeper declines for F than N calves for running and vocalising (P<0.01). Similar trends, with an indication of less vocalising and movement overall, were seen in Experiment 2. In contrast, mean post-weaning weight gains for N calves were higher than for F calves (3.0 compared with 2.4 kg, SED 0.48 kg; P<0.05). Weather variables (cloud, temperature and wind) were associated with behaviour in both studies (P<0.05), with a trend for pacing, calling and running to increase as conditions deteriorated (cloud cover and wind speed increased, and temperature decreased). It was concluded that distant separation appeared beneficial to the calves but more research was required to determine optimal weaning management. The study supported previous evidence that weaning should be carried out in good weather.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Littlejohn