title: Risk factors for the development of post-traumatic cerebral vasospasm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-traumatic vasospasm is a well-recognized sequela of head injury. The risk factors associated with post-traumatic vasospasm have not been well defined. We studied 119 consecutive patients with head injury to determine the risk factors for post-traumatic vasospasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine (27.1%) patients were excluded from the study because of poor insonation (n = 12) or a hospital stay of less than 72 hours (n = 17). Seventy (77.8%) of 90 patients suffered severe head injury. Sixteen (17.8%) patients sustained moderate head injury and four (4.4%) patients sustained mild head injury. All patients were monitored with transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-traumatic vasospasm was detected in 32 (35.6%) of 90 patients. Among these patients, 29 (90.6%) had severe head injury, and three (9.4%) had moderate head injury. None of the patients with mild head injury suffered post-traumatic vasospasm. In most cases, the onset of post-traumatic vasospasm began on the fifth day and lasted 1 to 9 days. In 8 (25%) patients, post-traumatic vasospasm began within the first three days of the head injury. Among 32 patients with post-traumatic vasospasm, 10 (31.2%) patients had mild vasospasm, 20 (65.5%) had moderate vasospasm, and 2 (6.3%) had severe post-traumatic vasospasm. Clinical deterioration was documented in two (2.5%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of post-traumatic vasospasm correlated only with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage on initial computed tomographic scan. There was an increased incidence of post-traumatic vasospasm in patients with epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hemorrhages. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on admission was inversely related to the development of post-traumatic vasospasm. In most cases, the period of vasospasm was short and clinical deterioration was rare. Probably, two varieties of post-traumatic vasospasm exist, one that lasts a shorter time and does not correlate with the presence of SAH, and a second that correlates with the presence of SAH, lasts longer, and resembles aneurysmal vasospasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505, USA.
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Zubkov
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Raila
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Parent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*