title: Dissolution of copper-rich granules in hepatic lysosomes by D-penicillamine prevents the development of fulminant hepatitis in Long-Evans cinnamon rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Long-Evans cinnamon rat has a mutation homologous to the human Wilson disease gene, leading to gross copper accumulation and the development of hepatitis. D-penicillamine, a copper-chelating drug widely and efficiently used in treating Wilson disease, has also been shown to prevent hepatitis in Long-Evans cinnamon rats. The objectives of this study were: i) to investigate the effectiveness of D-penicillamine when administered to the already affected animals, and ii) to elucidate the mechanism of action of the drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-Evans cinnamon rats were divided into groups according to age and treatment with D-penicillamine. The drug was administered orally before and after the onset of hepatitis. Livers were examined by light and electron microscopy. The effect of D-penicillamine on the subcellular distribution and binding of copper was investigated in more detail. Finally, the interaction between D-penicillamine and specific hepatic copper-binding proteins was studied in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  D-penicillamine when given to either healthy or diseased animals prevented or reversed hepatitis, respectively. The drug particularly inhibited the disease-specific accumulation of copper in lysosomes of hepatocytes, tissue macrophages and Kupffer cells. When administered to diseased animals, the drug sequestered copper particularly from insoluble lysosomal particles. According to results obtained in vitro, the mobilization of this copper is likely to proceed through the solubilization of these particles. In contrast and as supported by the in vitro data, D-penicillamine had only a minor effect on copper bound to metallothionein in the cytosol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings on the Long-Evans cinnamon rat provide some conclusions on the mechanism of action of D-penicillamine in Wilson disease therapy. The drug prevents the formation or promotes the solubilization of copper-rich particles which occur in lysosomes of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in the livers of patients with Wilson disease. Once chelated with D-penicillamine copper might then be excreted into urine. However, the mobilization of copper by D-penicillamine seems to be limited due to the binding of the metal to metallothionein in liver cytosol. This copper, even at relatively high concentrations, apparently may be well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Germany. Dominik.Klein@gsf.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lichtmannegger
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heinzmann
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Summer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D006520:Hepatitis, Animal / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans / Q000235:genetics*; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D003300:Copper; D008668:Metallothionein; D010396:Penicillamine