title: Bilateral periventricular and subcortical heterotopia in a man with refractory epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a novel malformation in a male subject with refractory partial seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and data reformatting in a subject referred for management of partial seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient had four distinct partial seizure types, without learning disability. MRI demonstrated the novel association of bilateral laminar subcortical heterotopia, bilateral temporal periventricular heterotopia, and hippocampal malformation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This previously unreported complex bilateral neocortical and archicortical malformation in a male patient cannot be explained by known genetic causes of heterotopia, raising the possibility of a novel gene involved in brain formation.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, England. sisodiya@ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sisodiya
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Free
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D002828:Choristoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype