title: Measurement of acoustic streaming using magnetic resonance.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to explore acoustic streaming caused in water under ultrasonic exposure conditions similar to those used for diagnostic applications. Streaming was established in an enclosed tube with acoustically transparent end windows, using a pulsed, weakly-focused transducer of acoustic frequency 3.5 MHz. Phase-detection MRI was used to image and quantify streaming profiles in the region of the acoustic focus. Acoustic powers in the range 0.4 mW to 100 mW were used. The sensitivity of the technique enabled streaming velocities down to 0. 1 mm s(-1) to be measured, generated by acoustic power less than 1 mW. In addition, acoustic streaming generated within open meshes with minimum pore dimensions of 3.0 mm and 2.0 mm was measured. The flow velocity in the coarser mesh reached 0.9 mm s(-1) at 95 mW total acoustic power. These observations demonstrate that acoustic streaming is probably a much more general phenomenon in diagnostic ultrasound (ultrasound) than previously recognised. The combination of magnetic resonance and ultrasound shows promise as a diagnostic method for the differentiation of cystic lesions in vivo, and for their characterisation, with sensitivity significantly greater than using ultrasound alone.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath, UK. hazel.staritt@ruh-bath.swest.nhs.uk
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Starritt
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hoad
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Duck
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Nassiri
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vennart
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate