Understanding income inequalities in health among men and women in Britain and Finland.
The aims of this study were to investigate whether the relationship between income and self-perceived health is similar for men and women in two contrasting welfare states, Britain and Finland; whether the relationship between income and health is accounted for by employment status, education, and occupational social class; and whether the association differs when using alternative ways of measuring income: gross individual and net household equivalent income. Among British and Finnish men, low household and low individual income were related to poor health, even after adjusting for employment status, education, and social class. The adjusted relationship between individual income and health was stronger for British than Finnish men. Among British and Finnish women, net household equivalent income was strongly related to health, but after adjusting for employment status, education, and social class this relationship became weaker for British women and practically disappeared for Finnish women. For British women the association between income and health differed strongly depending on the income measure used; gross individual income had almost no effect on health. These results indicate that the association between health and income has no threshold in the sense that only people in poverty have poorer health than others. In further studies of income and health, household equivalent income should be used as the principal measure of income with adjustments for employment status, and men and women should be studied separately.
Rahkonen
O
O
Department of Social Policy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Arber
S
S
Lahelma
E
E
Martikainen
P
P
Silventoinen
K
K
D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004493:Education; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class; D006113:United Kingdom