title: Hormone-dependent nuclear localization of the tyrosine kinase iyk in the normal human breast epithelium and loss of expression during carcinogenesis.
abstract: iyk, a member of the frk family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, was originally isolated from normal mouse mammary glands and is characterized by a nuclear localizing signal within the SH2 domain. We have investigated the expression and subcellular localization of iyk in the normal human breast and in malignant breast diseases. Immuno-histochemical analyses revealed that in normal tissue iyk localizes to both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments of breast epithelial cells. The subcellular distribution was dependent on the hormonal state, being mostly cytoplasmic during the follicular, proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, whereas frequent nuclear staining was observed in the resting stages during the luteal phase and, most prominently, after menopause. Strikingly, invasive carcinomas, irrespective of tumor type or hormonal status of the patient, exhibited almost complete loss of iyk expression in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In contrast, in situ breast carcinomas from post-menopausal patients showed a clear reduction of the nuclear iyk localization while retaining cytoplasmic staining. Our results indicate that iyk expression is gradually lost during carcinogenesis; thus, iyk may be classified as a tumor-suppressor gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland. gilles.berclaz@insel.ch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berclaz
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Altermatt
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rohrbach
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dreher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziemiecki
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Andres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019061:src-Family Kinases
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C092830:FRK protein, human; C490512:Frk protein, mouse; D019061:src-Family Kinases