title: The Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor enhances clonogenic cell survival of ionizing radiation-treated nucleotide excision repair-competent cells but not of xeroderma pigmentosum cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The radioprotective effect of the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) was previously shown to result from a TP53 dependent mechanism. Whether this effect involves specific DNA repair mechanisms is now tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal human fibroblasts were pre-treated with BBI before exposure to X-rays, UVB or to chemical agents (bleomycin, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), cisplatin). These agents were chosen because of their ability to induce different spectra of DNA damage. The radiometric agent bleomycin primarily induces double-strand breaks (dsb), which are repaired by recombination; MNNG results in alkylated bases which are repaired by base excision repair (BER); cisplatin results in DNA-crosslinks which are repaired mainly by nucleotide excision repair (NER); and finally UVB generates thymine dimers and thymine-cytosine-6-4 products which are also repaired by NER. Cell survival was analysed by colony formation assay and DNA dsb by constant field gel electrophoresis. The combined effect of BBI and X-rays was also tested for XP-fibroblasts, which are defective in NER.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For normal human fibroblasts the radioprotective effect of BBI was clearly found by using a delayed plating procedure. The radioprotective effect was found to be unrelated to an altered induction or repair of radiation-induced DNA dsb. Pretreatment with BBI did not affect cell killing after exposure to bleomycin or MNNG, but resulted in a significant protection of cells exposed to cisplatin or UVB. These results indicate that pre-treatment with BBI did not alter recombination repair or BER, but was able to modify NER. The latter finding was supported by the observation made for XP-cells, where pretreatment with BBI failed to result in radioprotection after exposure to ionizing radiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these data it is proposed that the radioprotective effect of BBI is the result of an improved nucleotide excision repair mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Dittmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dikomey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Rodemann
mesh_terms: D001761:Bleomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008769:Methylnitronitrosoguanidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014965:X-Rays; D014983:Xeroderma Pigmentosum / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D001761:Bleomycin; D008769:Methylnitronitrosoguanidine; D002945:Cisplatin