title: Direct transport of progesterone from vagina to uterus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare progesterone concentrations in serum and endometrial tissue from hysterectomy specimens after vaginal or intramuscular (IM) administration of progesterone gel.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized open study of 14 post-menopausal women undergoing transabdominal hysterectomies. Participants received either vaginal progesterone gel, 90 mg, or IM progesterone, 50 mg, at 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM on the day before surgery and at 6:00 AM on the day of surgery. Venous blood samples for progesterone measurement were collected at 8:00 AM on the day before surgery (baseline) and during surgery. After removal of the uterus, the endometrium was sampled from the anterior and posterior walls. Results were expressed as ratios of endometrial to serum progesterone concentrations x 100.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ratios of endometrial to serum progesterone concentrations were markedly higher in women who received vaginal progesterone (14.1 median, 8.5-59.4 range; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.89, 38.79) compared with IM injections (1.2 median, 0.5-13.1 range; 95% CI -0.48, 7.39) (P < .005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ratios of endometrial to serum progesterone concentrations were higher after vaginal administration of progesterone than after IM injections. Our findings in endometrial tissue specimens from hysterectomies excluded the possibility of contamination by progesterone that remained in the vagina.
authors.affiliation: 1st Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Bari, Policlinico, Italy. cicinelli@gynecology1.uniba.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cicinelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Ziegler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bulletti
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Matteo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schonauer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galantino
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D001692:Biological Transport; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008875:Middle Aged; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014599:Uterus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014621:Vagina / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone