title: Relative accuracy of the identification of ovarian structures in the cow by ultrasonography and palpation per rectum.
abstract: Manual palpation or ultrasonographic examination of the cow's genital tract are currently used by veterinarians involved in reproductive management, but knowledge of the potential and the limitations of both methods is important to obtain an optimal accuracy in the diagnosis of physiological and pathological ovarian structures. This review presents the main features of manual and ultrasonographic characteristics of follicles, corpora lutea (with or without a cavity), follicular and lutenized cysts and the reliability of the two methods is compared. Manual diagnosis of follicles <10 mm is rather inaccurate, but ultrasound offers the possibility to diagnose follicles <5 mm and to measure their inner diameter. The predictive values of the presence or absence of a corpus luteum as determined by palpation are similar (78 vs. 75%). Manual or ultrasonographic diagnosis of the growing or regressing corpus luteum is rather difficult. The positive predictive value of a mature corpus luteum diagnosed by ultrasonography is lower (87%) than the negative predictive value (92%). Compared to manual palpation, ultrasonography permits a better estimation of the number and to determine more precisely the size of the mature corpus luteum. The positive values for follicular cysts diagnosed by palpation or by ultrasonography are 66 and 74% respectively, and for luteal cysts, the values are 66 and 85%, respectively.Manual palpation or ultrasonography are useful tools to diagnose ovarian structures in the cow. The accuracy of such methods can be enhanced by securing information on the reproductive history of the animal, palpation of uterine horns, vaginal examination or progesterone determinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Reproductive Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Liège, B42 Sart Tilman, Liège, B-4000, Belgium. christian.hanzen@ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanzen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieterse
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Scenczi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drost
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D010048:Ovarian Cysts / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D010053:Ovary / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010173:Palpation / Q000662:veterinary*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012007:Rectum; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography