title: Imipramine compliance in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate side effects, medication compliance, and assumption of medication assignment in adolescents taking imipramine versus placebo in a clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three anxious-depressed adolescents in an 8-week double-blind study of imipramine versus placebo, each in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy for school refusal, were evaluated. Measures of side effects, global improvement, family functioning, medication compliance based on pill counts, and guesses of drug assignment (imipramine versus placebo) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean side effects ratings were significantly higher for the imipramine group compared with the placebo group (p = .001). Side effects were not associated with noncompliance or with dropping out. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in the adolescents was significantly associated with medication noncompliance (p = .036). On the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale II (FACES II), low family adaptability (i.e., rigidity), low family cohesion (i.e., disengagement), and extreme family type were significantly associated with greater noncompliance with medications. Accuracy rates for guessing medication assignment (imipramine versus placebo) were 66% for subjects, 62.5% for mothers, and 79.5% for the psychiatrist. Logistic regression demonstrated that side effects (p = .005) and global improvement scores (p = .06) predicted the psychiatrist's guesses of drug assignment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Side effects were not associated with noncompliance. Nonadherence with taking medications was associated with ODD in the adolescents and problematic family functioning on FACES II. The psychiatrist, who was blind to treatment condition, guessed the subjects' medication assignments with high accuracy. Thus, because of expectancy bias, the data support the use of blind independent evaluators for rating changes in medication trials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55454-1495, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hektner
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Realmuto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D007099:Imipramine