title: Short-term growth and substrate use in very-low-birth-weight infants fed formulas with different energy contents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently available preterm formulas with energy contents of 3350 kJ (800 kcal)/L promote weight and length gain at rates at or above intrauterine growth rates but disproportionately increase total body fat.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine whether fat accretion in formula-fed, very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants could be decreased and net protein gain maintained by reducing energy intakes from 502 kJ (80 kcal)*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1) [normal-energy (NE) formula] to 419 kJ (100 kcal)*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1) [low-energy (LE) formula] while providing similar protein intakes (3.3 g*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1)).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomized, controlled trial enrolling 20 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and 16 small-for-gestational-age (SGA) VLBW infants (mean birth weight: 1.1 kg; mean gestational age: 31 wk); energy expenditure and nutrient balance were measured at 4 wk of age and anthropometric measurements were made when infants weighed 2 kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of fat in newly formed tissue was significantly lower in AGA infants fed the LE formula (n = 9) than in those fed the NE formula (n = 10) (9% compared with 23%; analysis of variance, P = 0.001). Energy expenditure was higher in AGA infants fed the NE formula than in those fed the LE formula. Skinfold thickness was markedly lower in AGA infants fed the LE formula than in those fed the NE formula, resulting in a lower estimated percentage body fat (8.0 +/- 1.9% and 10.8 +/- 3.5%, respectively; P < 0.05). Three of 6 SGA infants fed the LE formula were excluded during the study because of poor weight gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Body composition can easily be altered by changing the energy intakes of formula-fed VLBW infants. Energy intakes in these infants should be >419 kJ (100 kcal)*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Academic Hospital Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam Netherlands. jbv@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Goudoever
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sulkers
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Lafeber
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sauer
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins