title: Effect of barbiturates on hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, and hypoxic cell death in human NT2-N neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Barbiturates have been shown to be neuroprotective in several animal models, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of barbiturates on free radical scavenging and attempted to correlate this with their neuroprotective effects in a model of hypoxic cell death in human NT2-N neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hydroxyl radicals were generated by ascorbic acid and iron and were measured by conversion of salicylate to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The effect of barbiturates on lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynon-2-enal was also investigated. Hypoxia studies were then performed on human NT2-N neurons. The cells were exposed to 10 h of hypoxia or combined oxygen and glucose deprivation for 3 or 5 h in the presence of thiopental (50-600 microM), methohexital (50-400 microM), phenobarbital (10-400 microM), or pentobarbital (10-400 microM), and cell death was evaluated after 24 h by lactate dehydrogenase release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pentobarbital, phenobarbital, methohexital, and thiopental dose-dependently inhibited formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and iron-stimulated lipid peroxidation. There were significant but moderate differences in antioxidant action between the barbiturates. While phenobarbital (10-400 microM) and pentobarbital (10-50 microM) increased lactate dehydrogenase release after combined oxygen and glucose deprivation, thiopental and methohexital protected the neurons at all tested concentrations. At a higher concentration (400 microM), pentobarbital also significantly protected the neurons. At both 50 and 400 microM, thiopental and methohexital protected the NT2-N neurons significantly better than phenobarbital and pentobarbital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Barbiturates differ markedly in their neuroprotective effects against combined oxygen and glucose deprivation in human NT2-N neurons. The variation in neuroprotective effects could only partly be explained by differences in antioxidant action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Research, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway. runar.almaas@klinmed.uio.no
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Almaas
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Saugstad
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pleasure
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rootwelt
mesh_terms: D001463:Barbiturates / Q000633:toxicity*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism*; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007042:Hypoxanthines / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D012459:Salicylates / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001463:Barbiturates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D007042:Hypoxanthines; D012459:Salicylates; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C009135:2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase