Innervation of the digit on the forepaw of the raccoon.
The innervation of the digits on the raccoon forepaw was examined by using immunochemistry for protein gene product 9.5, calcitonin-gene related peptide, substance P, neuropeptide-Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neurofilament protein. The larger-caliber axons in the ventral glabrous skin terminate as Pacinian corpuscles deep in the dermis, small corpuscles and Merkel endings around the base of dermal papillae, and Merkel endings on rete pegs in dermal papillae. Extensive fine-caliber innervation terminates in the epidermis and on the microvasculature. The innervation is more dense in the distal than in the proximal volar pads. Pacinian endings are also concentrated in the transverse crease separating the distal and proximal pads. In the dorsal hairy skin, hair follicles are well innervated with piloneural complexes. Merkel innervation is located under slight epidermal elevations and in some large Merkel rete pegs located at the apex of transverse skin folds just proximal to the claw. No cutaneous Ruffini corpuscles were found anywhere on the digit. The claw is affiliated with dense medial and lateral beds of Pacinian endings, bouquets of highly branched Ruffini-like endings at the transition from the distal phalanx and unmyelinated innervation in the skin around the perimeter. Encapsulated endings are located at the lateral edge of the articular surface of the distal phalanx. Extensive fine-caliber innervation is affiliated with sweat glands and with the vasculature and is especially dense at presumptive arteriovenous sphincters. Virtually all of the sweat gland and vascular innervation is peptidergic, whereas most of the unmyelinated epidermal innervation is nonpeptidergic.
Rice
F L
FL
Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, New York 12208, USA. ricef@mail.amc.edu
Rasmusson
D D
DD
D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000294:innervation; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005552:Forelimb / Q000294:innervation*; D006197:Hair; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000294:innervation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009420:Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry; D011821:Raccoons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012627:Sebaceous Glands / Q000294:innervation; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation; D013545:Sweat Glands / Q000294:innervation; D004124:p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
D004396:Coloring Agents; D004124:p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene