title: Effects on hemostasis after two-year use of low dose combined oral contraceptives with gestodene or levonorgestrel.
abstract: We studied 67 healthy women who were randomly allocated to receive third generation gestodene (Gynera) or second generation levonorgestrel (Microgynon 30) combination of low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives (OCs) for their hemostatic effects over 2 years. Hemostatic changes were apparent within 3 months of OC use. Hematocrit (Hct) was not affected, but hemoglobin (Hb) concentration decreased by 18 months. Shortened prothrombin time (PT) and activated plasma thromboplastin time (APTT) were associated with elevated fibrinogen within the 12-month use of both OCs. Factor VII was reduced only in Micro 30 during the 18 months of use. Enhanced thrombin-antithrombin (TAT)-complex level was seen at 18 months of Gynera use. Prothrombin fragment1+2 (F1+2) rise was seen at 3 months with Micro 30. Reduced antithrombin III (ATIII) activity was seen at 18 months with Gynera and at 24 months with Micro 30. Increased protein C activity was seen at 3 months and reduced protein S occurred at 18 months of Gynera use. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity was enhanced for 6 months in both OCs with raised D-dimer levels for 12 months with Gynera and 6 months with Micro 30. Decreased t-PA antigen was seen at 18 months and decreased urokinaselike plasminogen activator (u-PA) antigen occurred throughout the 24 months of both OCs use. Enhanced u-PA activity was only seen in Gynera users. Elevated plasminogen levels were apparent throughout both OCs use. PAI-1 levels were significantly decreased with Micro 30. With Gynera, the decreased PAI-1 activity was seen only at 18 months and PAI-1 antigen at 12 months. No change in platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were seen in long-term OC use except that beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) showed decreased trends reaching statistical significance by 18 and 24 months of Micro 30 use and by 24 months of Gynera use. A further significant decrease in beta-TG, u-PA antigen, ATIII, and protein S levels were seen 3 months after pill stoppage compared with pretreatment levels. Activated protein C resistance (APCR) was negative in all subjects before and during OC use. The study indicated dynamic balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis with no endothelial activation. However, because some hemostatic markers showed wide fluctuations during OC use, a longer term study is warranted to investigate any adverse hemostatic changes that might enhance the risks of venous thromboembolism in Asian subjects known to be less prone to thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University of Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Viegas
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ratnam
mesh_terms: D020016:Activated Protein C Resistance / Q000139:chemically induced; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000941:Antigens / Q000097:blood; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000378:metabolism; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005167:Factor VII / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011486:Protein C / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D017293:Protein S / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D013916:Thrombelastography / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin / Q000187:drug effects; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D006454:Hemoglobins; D009652:Norpregnenes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; C033273:Gestodene; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005167:Factor VII; D011516:Prothrombin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D010958:Plasminogen; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator