title: PDGF initiates two distinct phases of protein kinase C activity that make unequal contributions to the G0 to S transition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promotes cell-cycle progression by engaging signaling enzymes such as phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma). When activated, PLCgamma cleaves phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to produce inositol-1,4, 5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP(3) stimulates the release of calcium from intracellular stores, which together with DAG activate some protein kinase C (PKC) family members. In this study we focused on putative downstream effectors of PLCgamma - PKC family members. We investigated whether, and when, DAG-responsive PKCs contribute to PDGF-dependent DNA synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In HepG2 cells expressing wild-type PDGF beta receptors (betaPDGFRs), PDGF activated at least one PKC family member (PKCepsilon) at two distinct times - within 10 minutes after PDGF stimulation, and then for a longer duration between 5 and 9 hours. Blocking the early burst of PKC activity had no effect on PDGF-dependent DNA synthesis. In contrast, the DNA-synthesis response was reduced by 60-80% when the second phase of PKC activity was blocked. Similarly, DAG rescued PDGF-dependent DNA synthesis in the cells expressing a mitogenically incompetent mutant betaPDGFR, but only when DAG was added at times corresponding to the late phase of PKC activity. Our studies also indicate that the late phase of PKCepsilon activity can be induced by either phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent or DAG-dependent pathways in PDGF-stimulated HepG2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that PDGF activates PKCs at two distinct times and that these two intervals of PKC activity make unequal contributions to the mitogenic response. The late phase of PKC activity is required for PDGF-dependent DNA synthesis, whereas the early phase of activity is dispensable.
authors.affiliation: Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Institute of Biotechnology, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balciunaite
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazlauskas
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D017479:Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D016196:S Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004075:Diglycerides; D007527:Isoenzymes; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017479:Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; C497255:PRKCE protein, human; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon