title: Control of glomerular hyperfiltration and renal hypertrophy by an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor prevents the progression of renal damage in hypertensive diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glomerular hyperfiltration and renal hypertrophy are both considered important in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an equivalent reduction in blood pressure produced by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor spirapril (SPI) and an antihypertensive triple drug combination of hydralazine, reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide (HRH) on kidney function, proteinuria and renal structure in hypertensive diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of animals were evaluated in short-term and long-term studies. In both studies one group served as a non-diabetic hypertensive control (H). The other three groups were rendered diabetic and were allocated to one of the following groups: the first diabetic group received no specific therapy (HD), the second diabetic group was treated with SPI (HD-SPI) and the third diabetic group was treated with HRH (HD-HRH). In each of the two studies the systolic blood pressure (SBP), 24 h urinary total protein, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), glomerular area, proximal tubular area and glomerular sclerosis were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The blood pressure reduction was equal in rats receiving either SPI or HRH. The GFR, proteinuria, glomerular area and tubular area were significantly increased in the HD group, both in the short-term and the long-term study. In the HD-SPI group the diabetic hyperfiltration and renal hypertrophy responses were prevented. In the HD-HRH group the GFR and proteinuria were slightly reduced in the later phases of diabetes, while the glomerular area and tubular area were not affected. Semiquantitative analysis of renal lesions showed that SPI was more effective than HRH in the prevention of the development of glomerulosclerosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that the control of early adaptive hyperfiltration and renal hypertrophy by SPI may be relevant in the prevention of glomerulosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicina Clinica, University of Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fabris
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Candido
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Armini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fischetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bardelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campanacci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carretta
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004232:Diuretics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D012110:Reserpine / Q000494:pharmacology; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D006830:Hydralazine; D004656:Enalapril; D012110:Reserpine; C052555:spirapril