title: Schizophrenics know more than they can tell: probabilistic classification learning in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated impaired explicit and preserved implicit memory functions in schizophrenia. However, it is less clear whether schizophrenics can learn complex information (e.g. probabilistic stimulus response associations) with or without access for conscious recollection. In this study we applied a classification learning task to assess explicit and implicit processes concurrently.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two test procedures were administered to 40 schizophrenic subjects and 20 healthy volunteers: a probabilistic classification learning (PCL) task to evaluate implicit memory functions; and a category cue recognition test to investigate the explicit memory system. The PCL task included feedback guided category learning of geometrical shapes. These shapes were called category cues, predicting class membership with certain probabilities. The gradual increase of categorization performance during the feedback learning was a potentially implicit process, whereas the subsequent recognition of category cues required explicit memory functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The schizophrenic patients improved their categorization performance to a similar extent to the controls, but they failed to recognize the category cues. Memory performances were independent of the positive and negative symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with schizophrenia were able to establish representations of complex categories, but these remained unconscious. This is consistent with earlier reports, suggesting damaged explicit and spared implicit memory in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical University, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kéri
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kelemen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szekeres
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bagóczky
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erdélyi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benedek
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Janka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D011337:Probability Learning; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000145:classification*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology