title: Emergency cerclage in the presence of protruding membranes: is pregnancy outcome predictable?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this retrospective study is to verify whether some maternal features are related to pregnancy outcome in cases of emergency mid-trimester cerclage when membranes are protruding through the dilated cervix.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1988 and 1996 twenty-three pregnant patients with dilated cervix and protruding membranes were treated with emergency cerclage. At the time of cerclage, gestational age ranged from 17 to 27 weeks (median 22).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy was prolonged from 0 to 20 weeks (median 4). Eleven living infants were born (46%); median gestational age at delivery was 25 weeks (range 21-39) and median birth weight 700 g (range 350-3980 g). Obstetric histories, white blood cell count, and vaginal-cervical and urine cultures obtained on admission were analyzed in the two following groups: data from patients with good pregnancy outcome (live births) versus those from patients with poor outcome (stillbirths and neonatal deaths). No significant difference was found between the groups for the above mentioned maternal features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possibility of 46% live births is considered a good result for mid-trimester emergency cerclage when the membranes are protruding. Success of the procedure remains unpredictable on the basis of the maternal features investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trivellini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Carolis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paradisi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrazzani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000473:pathology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D010298:Parity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D002581:Uterine Cervical Incompetence / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*