title: Survival and filamentation of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis PT4 and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104 at low water activity.
abstract: In this study we investigated the long-term survival of and morphological changes in Salmonella strains at low water activity (a(w)). Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis PT4 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 survived at low a(w) for long periods, but minimum humectant concentrations of 8% NaCl (a(w), 0. 95), 96% sucrose (a(w), 0.94), and 32% glycerol (a(w), 0.92) were bactericidal under most conditions. Salmonella rpoS mutants were usually more sensitive to bactericidal levels of NaCl, sucrose, and glycerol. At a lethal a(w), incubation at 37 degrees C resulted in more rapid loss of viability than incubation at 21 degrees C. At a(w) values of 0.93 to 0.98, strains of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium formed filaments, some of which were at least 200 microm long. Filamentation was independent of rpoS expression. When the preparations were returned to high-a(w) conditions, the filaments formed septa, and division was complete within approximately 2 to 3 h. The variable survival of Salmonella strains at low a(w) highlights the importance of strain choice when researchers produce modelling data to simulate worst-case scenarios or conduct risk assessments based on laboratory data. The continued increase in Salmonella biomass at low a(w) (without a concomitant increase in microbial count) would not have been detected by traditional microbiological enumeration tests if the tests had been performed immediately after low-a(w) storage. If Salmonella strains form filaments in food products that have low a(w) values (0.92 to 0.98), there are significant implications for public health and for designing methods for microbiological monitoring.
authors.affiliation: PHLS Food Microbiology Research Unit, Heavitree, Exeter EX2 5AD, United Kingdom. K.L.Mattick@ex.ac.uk
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mattick
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Legan
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lappin-Scott
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Humphrey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002417:Cattle; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000235:genetics; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D012808:Sigma Factor; C069567:sigma factor KatF protein, Bacteria; D014867:Water