title: Distinct requirements for C-C chemokine and IL-2 production by naive, previously activated, and anergic T cells.
abstract: Ag presented by activated APCs promote immunogenic responses whereas Ag presented by resting APCs leads to tolerance. In such a model, the regulation of cytokine release by the presence or absence of costimulation might potentially play a critical role in dictating the ultimate outcome of Ag recognition. C-C chemokines are a structurally defined family of chemoattractants that have diverse effects on inflammation. We were interested in determining the activation requirements for chemokine production by CD4+ T cells. Our data demonstrate for T cell clones and previously activated T cells from TCR-transgenic mice that stimulation with anti-TCR alone results in the production of copious amounts of macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and other C-C chemokines, and that addition of anti-CD28 gives very little augmentation. Furthermore, MIP-1alpha production is nearly equivalent from both anergic and nonanergic cells. For naive T cells, anti-CD3 stimulation alone led to as much MIP-1alpha production as Ag + APC stimulation. The addition of costimulation gave a 3-10-fold enhancement, but this was 70-fold less than the effect of costimulation on IL-2 production. Thus, although C-C chemokines play a broad role in influencing inflammation, their production by signal 1 alone makes them unlikely to play a critical role in the decision between a tolerogenic and an immunogenic response. Furthermore, the production of MIP-1alpha by anergic T cells, as well as following signal 1 alone, raises the possibility that in vivo this chemokine serves to recruit activated T cells to become tolerant.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000502:physiology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017635:Clonal Anergy / Q000276:immunology*; D002999:Clone Cells; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007399:Interphase / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000235:genetics; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D007376:Interleukin-2; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019703:Calcineurin