title: Magnesium fortification of drinking water suppresses atherogenesis in male LDL-receptor-deficient mice.
abstract: Magnesium, an important cofactor of more than 300 enzymes, has previously been found to modulate blood lipid levels, atherogenesis and atherosclerosis in rabbits, when added to their diet. The aim of this study was to examine whether magnesium fortification of drinking water, without a change in diet content, can affect atherogenesis. The study included six groups of LDL-receptor-deficient mice. The mice received either distilled water or water containing 50 g of magnesium sulfate per liter. In the first (12 weeks) and second (6 weeks) stages of the experiment, the mice received low- and high-cholesterol diets, respectively. At the end of each stage, blood was drawn for the determination of plasma magnesium, calcium and lipid levels. In addition, the extent of atherosclerosis was determined at the aortic sinus. In both males and females, magnesium fortification was associated with higher levels of plasma magnesium (50 and 37% increase, respectively), without any differences in plasma calcium content. The extent of atherosclerosis at the aortic sinus in the male mice that received high levels of magnesium was a third of that of the male mice that received distilled water. However, these differences were not found in the female groups. Surprisingly, the female mice that received water fortified with magnesium had higher levels of cholesterol after stage 2, whereas no differences regarding plasma lipid levels were found among the male mice. These results confirm that magnesium fortification of drinking water is capable of inhibiting atherogenesis in male LDL-receptor-deficient mice. The mechanisms of action are yet to be discovered, and are probably not related to diminished lipid excretion, but possibly to the prevention of calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells, elevated antioxidative capacity, or other yet undetermined mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Research, Department of Medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sherer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaish
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Levkovitz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keren
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Janackovic
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harats
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004326:Drinking; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium