title: Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary carbohydrates may influence the development of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, for example, through effects on blood glucose and insulin concentrations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relations of baseline intake of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, dietary magnesium, and carbohydrate-rich foods and the glycemic index with incidence of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study of 35988 older Iowa women initially free of diabetes. During 6 y of follow-up, 1141 incident cases of diabetes were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total grain, whole-grain, total dietary fiber, cereal fiber, and dietary magnesium intakes showed strong inverse associations with incidence of diabetes after adjustment for potential nondietary confounding variables. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks of diabetes were 1.0, 0.99, 0.98, 0.92, and 0.79 (P for trend: 0.0089) across quintiles of whole-grain intake; 1.0, 1.09, 1.00, 0.94, and 0.78 (P for trend: 0.005) across quintiles of total dietary fiber intake; and 1.0, 0.81, 0.82, 0.81, and 0.67 (P for trend: 0.0003) across quintiles of dietary magnesium intake. Intakes of total carbohydrates, refined grains, fruit and vegetables, and soluble fiber and the glycemic index were unrelated to diabetes risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support a protective role for grains (particularly whole grains), cereal fiber, and dietary magnesium in the development of diabetes in older women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kushi
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slavin
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008274:Magnesium