title: Cigarette smoking and exercise-related injuries among young men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluate whether a recent history of cigarette smoking is a risk factor for exercise-related injuries sustained during Army basic training, controlling for factors such as demographic, physical fitness, and health variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an observational cohort study in 1087 male and 915 female Army recruits undergoing 8-week basic military training. Data were collected from questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests, company training logs, and medical records of all clinic visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 8-week training period, 33% of men and 50% of women had at least one clinic visit for injury, including 14% of men and 25% of women who lost more than 5 days of training due to injury. Recruits who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the month prior to beginning basic training (which was conducted in a smoke-free environment) had significantly higher injury rates during training than those who did not report smoking (40% versus 29% for men, and 56% versus 46% for women). The relationship with smoking history was present most strongly for overuse injuries (32% versus 24% in men and 51% versus 40% in women). Multiple logistic regression analyses controlling for all other factors consistently showed adjusted odds ratios of about 1.5 for injury rate in those with a history of smoking compared to those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of history of cigarette smoking with injury occurrence was consistent throughout the analyses, with very little confounding by other factors. The detrimental effects of smoking on injuries appears to persist at least several weeks after cessation of smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altarac
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Popovich
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Knapik
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013022:South Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology