title: Evaluation of competence to consent to assisted suicide: views of forensic psychiatrists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mental health evaluation of competence to consent has been proposed as an important safeguard for patients requesting assisted suicide, yet mental health professionals have not developed guidelines or standards to aid in such evaluations. The authors surveyed a national sample of forensic psychiatrists in the United States regarding the process, thresholds, and standards that should be used to determine competence to consent to assisted suicide.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous questionnaire was sent to board-certified forensic psychiatrists between August and October 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 456 forensic psychiatrists who were sent the questionnaire, 290 (64%) responded. Sixty-six percent believed that assisted suicide was ethical in at least some circumstances, and 63% thought that it should be legalized for some competent persons. Twenty-four percent indicated that it was unethical for psychiatrists to determine competence; however, 61% thought such an evaluation should be required in some or all cases. Seventy-eight percent recommended a very stringent standard of competence. Seventy-three percent believed that at least two independent examiners were needed to determine competence, and 44% favored requiring judicial review of a decision. Fifty-eight percent believed that the presence of major depressive disorder should result in an automatic finding of incompetence. Psychiatrists with ethical objections to assisted suicide advocated a higher threshold for competence and more extensive review of a decision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ethical views of psychiatrists may influence their clinical opinions regarding patient competence to consent to assisted suicide. The extensive evaluation recommended by forensic psychiatrists would likely both minimize this bias and assure that only competent patients have access to assisted suicide, but the process might burden terminally ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Center for Ethics in Health Care, Oregan Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA. ganzinil@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ganzini
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fenn
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weinstock
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008297:Male; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000592:standards; D012297:Right to Die / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D017236:Suicide, Assisted / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology