title: Swelling and delamination of multi-electrode sensor arrays studied by variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: Multi-electrode sensor arrays are made of soft and wet materials not easily examined by most microscopic techniques. In this paper, we have demonstrated that low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) are adequate for studying the hydration, swelling, and possible delamination of multi-electrode sensor arrays. We found that the LVSEM environment had no detectable effect on the morphology of Na(+), K(+), and Ca(++) sensors, and EDX analysis indicated that all three membranes have similar compositions. However, once hydrated, the sensors exhibited different behaviors. The K(+) and Ca(++) sensors swelled more than the Na(+) sensor did. This swelling is due principally to water sorption in the membrane. We believe that the larger thickness of the K(+) and Ca(++) membrane is partly responsible for the observed swelling effect. A simple Griffith analysis of the interface rupture confirms the experimental evidence that these thicker membranes also are more prone to delamination failure.
authors.affiliation: NIBEC, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Shore Road, Newtonabbey, County Antrim BT370QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lemoine
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mailley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McAdams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leader
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials