title: Parental presence and a sedative premedicant for children undergoing surgery: a hierarchical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although some anesthesiologists use oral sedatives or parental presence during induction of anesthesia (PPIA) to treat preoperative anxiety in children, others may use these interventions simultaneously (e.g., sedatives and PPIA). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether this approach has advantages over treating children with sedatives alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  The child's and the parental anxiety throughout the perioperative period was the primary endpoint of the study. Parental satisfaction was the secondary endpoint. Subjects (n = 103) were assigned randomly to one of two groups: a sedative group (0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam) or a sedative and PPIA group. Using standardized measures of anxiety and satisfaction, the effects of the interventions on the children and parents were assessed. Statistical analysis (varimax rotation) of the satisfaction questionnaire items resulted in two factors that described satisfaction of the separation process and satisfaction of the overall care provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anxiety in the holding area, at entrance to the operating room, and at introduction of the anesthesia mask did not differ significantly between the two groups (F[2,192] = 1.26, P = 0.28). Parental anxiety after separation, however, was significantly lower in the sedative and PPIA group (F[2,93] = 4.46, P = 0.037). Parental satisfaction with the overall care provided (-0.28 +/- 1.2 vs. 0.43 +/- 0.26, P = 0.046) and with the separation process (-0.30 +/- 1.2 vs. 0.47 +/- 0.20, P = 0.03) was significantly higher among the sedative and PPIA group compared with the sedative group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPIA in addition to 0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam has no additive effects in terms of reducing a child's anxiety. Parents who accompanied their children to the operating room, however, were less anxious and more satisfied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. zeev.kain@biomed.med.yale.edu
authors.forename: Z N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Kain
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Mayes
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Caramico
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Krivutza
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hofstadter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010556:Personality Tests; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D008874:Midazolam