title: Hepatitis B virus surface (S) transactivator with DNA-binding properties.
abstract: Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in humans is strongly linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Activation of growth-regulatory genes may play a crucial role in carcinogenesis. Proto-oncogene expression has been shown to be higher in HCC tissue with integrated HBV DNA than in the normal liver. Earlier, we showed that the 3' end of the HBV major surface gene (S) (426-855 nucleotides of the S region) is a transactivator of the X promoter-enhancer regulatory element in co-transfection experiments. This region expresses a truncated carboxy terminal S protein extending from amino acid residues 102 to 226. In this study, the truncated S protein (trc-S) was examined for its enhancing activity on several viral and cellular regulatory elements. The results indicate that trc-S activates rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (LTR), human T-lymphotropic virus 2 LTR, human immunodeficiency virus 1 LTR, and the c-jun and c-fos promoters. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays carried out to investigate its DNA-binding properties established that trc-S binds to HBV X promoter and oligonucleotides representing binding sites for the AP1 and TFIID transcription factors. The specificity of this interaction was confirmed by using competition experiments and supershift assays. These experiments suggest that trc-S is a transactivator of several cellular and viral promoters and that this activity is mediated by direct interaction with DNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alka
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hemlata
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vaishali
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D001358:Avian Sarcoma Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000235:genetics; D016758:Genes, jun / Q000235:genetics; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015367:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C057628:hepatitis B virus X protein