title: Protease-activated receptor-2 modulates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat heart.
abstract: Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a member of seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors activated by proteolytic cleavage whose better known member is the thrombin receptor. The pathophysiological role of PAR-2 remains poorly understood. Because PAR-2 is involved in inflammatory and injury response events, we investigated the role of PAR-2 in experimental myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. We show for the first time that PAR-2 activation protects against reperfusion-injury. After PAR-2-activating peptide (2AP) infusion, we found a significant recovery of myocardial function and decrease in oxidation at reflow. Indeed, the glutathione cycle (glutathione and oxidized glutathione) and lipid peroxidation analysis showed a reduced oxidative reperfusion-injury. Moreover, ischemic risk zone and creatine kinase release were decreased after PAR-2AP treatment. These events were coupled to elevation of PAR-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) expression in both nuclear extracts and whole heart homogenates. The recovery of coronary flow was not reverted by L-nitroarginine methylester, indicating a NO-independent pathway for this effect. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, did not revert the PAR-2AP effect. During early reperfusion injury in vivo not only oxygen radicals are produced but also numerous proinflammatory mediators promoting neutrophil and monocyte targeting. In this context, we show that TNFalpha and PAR-2 are involved in signaling in pathophysiological conditions, such as myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. At the same time, because TNFalpha may exert pro-inflammatory actions and PAR-2 may constitute one of the first protective mechanisms that signals a primary inflammatory response, our data support the concept that this network may regulate body responses to tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples 80131 Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napoli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cicala
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Nigris
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santagada
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caliendo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franconi
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ignarro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cirino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide