title: The venous communication between the gastrocnemius muscle heads.
abstract: This investigation establishes the venous communication between the gastrocnemius muscle heads. Fourteen fresh (with the exception of one) cadaveric specimens were examined. Anastomotic veins were dissected along the raphe after perfusion of each muscle with 0.1 % methylene blue solution. A distally based musculocutaneous perforating vein of the medial head was the site of perfusion in 13 specimens, whereas one specimen received injection through the accompanying vein of the medial sural cutaneous nerve. Additional perfusion of dye from different sites was required in two specimens. Communicating veins were dissected in all 14 muscles. Direct anastomotic veins were detected in eight specimens; whereas in six the accompanying vein of the medial sural cutaneous nerve that had been included proved to be the intermediate pathway of venous communication between the muscle heads. Obstructive valves were encountered in most cases; nevertheless anastomotic veins were always recognized. The role of valves and the clinical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Athens University, Greece. laould@otenet.gr
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsetsonis
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Kaxira
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Laoulakos
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Spiliopoulou
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Koutselinis
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D012016:Reference Values; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology