title: Carvedilol prevents epinephrine-induced apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells: modulation of Fas/Fas ligand and caspase-3 pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown that carvedilol, a multiple action neurohumoral antagonist, reduces mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). In addition to being a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, carvedilol is a potent antioxidant. Since there is evidence for elevation of catecholamine levels in plasma and coronary artery endothelial cell injury in CHF, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that carvedilol inhibits epinephrine-induced apoptosis, and the inhibitory effect is mediated by modulation of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase-3 pathway, in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCAECs were exposed to epinephrine alone, carvedilol + epinephrine, or atenolol + epinephrine for 24 h. Epinephrine increased the number of apoptotic cells, measured by in situ nick end-labeling staining (from 4.2 +/- 1.3% to 28.6 +/- 6.0%, P < 0.01, n = 6) and by DNA laddering on agarose gel electrophoresis. Epinephrine also increased Fas and FasL protein expression (P < 0.01 vs. control, n = 6), and activated intracellular protease caspase-3 (P < 0.01 vs. control, n = 6). These effects of epinephrine were completely inhibited by carvedilol. Atenolol in equimolar concentration also attenuated epinephrine-mediated effects, but the effects of atenolol were less marked than those of carvedilol (P < 0.01). To explore the basis of differential effects of carvedilol and atenolol, effects of these agents on epinephrine-induced lipid peroxidation was measured. Lipid peroxidation was completely blocked by carvedilol, whereas equimolar concentration of atenolol had much less (P < 0.05) effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epinephrine induces apoptosis in HCAECs, and this effect is associated with activation of Fas-FasL and caspase-3 signal transduction pathway. Carvedilol can, more effectively than atenolol, inhibit these effects of epinephrine. The potent antioxidant effect of carvedilol is probably responsible for the superior effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Second University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002227:Carbazoles; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011412:Propanolamines; D019014:fas Receptor; D000077261:Carvedilol; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D004837:Epinephrine