title: Neonatal assisted ventilation: predictors, frequency, and duration in a mature managed care organization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reference data are lacking on the frequency and duration of assisted ventilation in neonates. This information is essential for determining resource needs and planning clinical trials. As mortality becomes uncommon, ventilator utilization is increasingly used as a measure for assessing therapeutic effect and quality of care in intensive care medicine. Valid comparisons require adjustments for differences in a patient's baseline risk for assisted ventilation and prolonged ventilator support. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency and length of ventilation (LOV) in preterm and term infants and to develop models for predicting the need for assisted ventilation and length of ventilator support.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective, population-based cohort study of 77 576 inborn live births at 6 Northern California hospitals with level 3 intensive care nurseries in a group-model managed care organization. The gestational age-specific frequency and duration of assisted ventilation among surviving infants was determined. Multivariable regression was performed to determine predictors for assisted ventilation and LOV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 77 576 inborn live births in the study, 11 199 required admission to the neonatal intensive care unit and of these, 1928 survivors required ventilator support. The proportion of infants requiring assisted ventilation and the median LOV decreased markedly with increasing gestational age. In addition to gestational age, admission illness severity, 5-minute Apgar scores, presence of anomalies, male sex, and white race were important predictors for the need for assisted ventilation. The ability of the models to predict need for ventilation was high, and significantly better than birth weight alone with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of.90 versus.70 for preterm infants, and.88 versus.50 for term infants. For preterm infants, gestational age, admission illness severity, oxygenation index, anomalies, and small-for-gestational age status were significant predictors for LOV, accounting for 60% of the variance in the length of assisted ventilation. For term infants, oxygenation index and anomalies were significant predictors but only accounted for 29% of the variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable variation exists in the utilization of ventilator support among infants of closely related gestational age. In addition, a number of medical risk factors influence the need for, and length of, assisted ventilation. These models explain much of the variance in LOV among preterm infants but explain substantially less among term infants.neonatal intensive care, assisted ventilation, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology, resource consumption, prematurity.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Division of Research, Perinatal Research Unit, Oakland, CA 94611, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Folck
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Escobar
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors