title: The hinge of the human papillomavirus type 11 E2 protein contains major determinants for nuclear localization and nuclear matrix association.
abstract: The E2 protein of papillomaviruses is a site-specific DNA binding nuclear protein. It functions as the primary replication origin recognition protein and assists in the assembly of the preinitiation complex. It also helps regulate transcription from the native viral promoter. The E2 protein consists of an amino-terminal (N) trans-acting domain, a central hinge (H) domain, and a carboxyl-terminal (C) protein dimerization and DNA binding domain. The hinge is highly divergent among papillomaviruses, and little is known about its functions. We fused the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the full-length human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) E2 protein and showed that the resultant fusion, called gfpE2, maintained transcription and replication functions of the wild-type protein and formed similar subnuclear foci. Using a series of GFP fusion proteins, we showed that the hinge conferred strong nuclear localization, whereas the N or C domain was present in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Biochemical fractionation demonstrated that the N domain and hinge, but not the C domain, independently associated with the nuclear matrix. Mutational analyses showed that a cluster of basic amino acid residues, which is conserved among many mucosotropic papillomaviruses, was required for efficient nuclear localization and nuclear matrix association. This mutation no longer repressed the HPV-11 upstream regulatory region-controlled reporter expression. However, a very small fraction of this mutant colocalized with E1 in the nucleus, perhaps by a piggyback mechanism, and was able to support transient replication. We propose that the hinge is critical for the diverse regulatory functions of the HPV-11 E2 protein during mRNA transcription and viral DNA replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: B Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Broker
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D015530:Nuclear Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C084304:E1 protein, Human papillomavirus type 11; C117355:E2 protein, Human papillomavirus type 11; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins