title: Noninvasive reproductive monitoring in the okapi (Okapia johnstoni).
abstract: Fecal progestagen analysis in okapis (Okapia johnstoni) was used for diagnosis of pregnancy and reproductive disorders, including a comparison of urinary and fecal progestagen analysis and endocrine data on the postpartum period. Data were generated on reliability of fecal progestagen analysis in early pregnancy diagnosis, and case reports were compiled involving single animals with missing luteal activity, abortion after twin pregnancy, and abortions due to deficient placental progestagen production. There was approximately 100-200-fold higher progestagen concentration in feces than in urine, thus explaining the high reliability of fecal progestagen evaluations in diagnosing luteal function and pregnancy. The postpartum period was characterized by lactational anestrus of several months duration, and a postpartum estrous cycle about 2-3 wk after parturition was observed in two of eight animals. An animal with five abortions due to deficient placental progestagen production was treated with altrenogest in a subsequent pregnancy and carried the fetus to term.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Veterinary Medical Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwarzenberger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rietschel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matern
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schaftenaar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bircher
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Puijenbroeck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leus
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple / Q000502:physiology; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011372:Progestins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine; D012418:Ruminants / Q000502:physiology*; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014427:Twins
chemical_list: D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D011372:Progestins; C023445:altrenogest; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate