title: Risk of inadequate bone mineralization in diseases involving long-term suppression of dairy products.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eighty percent of peak bone mass should be achieved from birth through adolescence. An adequate calcium intake is essential, and it is advisable that 60% of the recommended calcium allowance be dairy calcium. This study was conducted to examine bone mineral content (BMC) in patients with diseases that usually involve long-term suppression of dairy products.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients, aged 2 to 14 years (mean, 7 years), 10 with late-onset, genetically induced lactose intolerance, 7 with cow's milk protein allergy, 3 with short-bowel syndrome, and 10 with hypercholesterolemia were involved in the study. They were receiving various dietary regimens for periods longer than 2 years: 14 patients received special formulas for children (lactose-free cow's milk formula, highly hydrolyzed cow's milk protein formula, soy protein isolate formula), 4 patients received liquid soy beverages, 6 patients received skim milk (1% fat), and 6 patients had exclusion of dairy products. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients had osteoporosis, 6 had osteopenia, and 15 had results within normal ranges. Overall, the group had a standard deviation score of -1.3 (osteopenia). The statistical correlation between the BMD value and the percentage intake of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of dairy (or substitute) calcium (in milligrams per day) was highly significant (P < 0.0001, r = 0.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients with diseases involving total or partial withdrawal from milk products for a prolonged period are a group at potential risk of defective bone mineralization and should be monitored through BMD assessment.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Materno-Infantil Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Infante
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tormo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003611:Dairy Products; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000178:diet therapy; D007787:Lactose Intolerance / Q000178:diet therapy*; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy*; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D030262:Soybean Proteins; D002118:Calcium