title: Clinical results of TRAM flap delay by selective embolization of the deep inferior epigastric arteries.
abstract: Preoperative selective embolization of the deep inferior epigastric arteries constitutes a new technique in TRAM flap delay. Whereas surgical ligation of these vessels has proved to be an effective delay procedure in experimental and clinical settings, it requires an additional operative step under general anesthesia. Despite the introduction of the free TRAM leading to improved flap perfusion, this microsurgical technique is not always available because of the requirements of specialized equipment and staff, longer operating hours, and subsequently higher expenses. The search for a minimally invasive, easy, and inexpensive technique to improve perfusion of the pedicled TRAM flap led us to selective embolization of the deep inferior epigastric arteries by an angiographic procedure. After 4 years of experience with this technique, we now present the first clinical results. Breast reconstruction by a delayed pedicled TRAM flap was performed in 40 patients with a mean age of 48.4 years (range, 31 to 66 years). The mean interval between embolization and surgery was 3.6 months. Postoperative data concerning flap survival and complications were available for all patients. Embolization of the deep inferior epigastric arteries was performed bilaterally in 35 patients (87.5 percent) and unilaterally in 5 patients (12.5 percent). Radiotherapy had been applied in 21 patients (52.5 percent) before surgery. Postoperative flap complications consisted of partial necrosis in three (7.5 percent), fat necrosis in one (2.5 percent), impaired wound healing in five (12.5 percent), and postoperative bleeding in two patients (5 percent). Abdominal wound healing complications occurred in six patients (15 percent), abdominal wall weakness in eight (20 percent), and hernia formation in four (10 percent). Surgical corrections were performed at the breast (TRAM flap) in 22 patients (55 percent) and at the abdomen (donor site) in 9 (22.5 percent). Preoperative selective embolization of the deep inferior epigastric arteries constitutes an alternative delay procedure for the pedicled TRAM flap. It is superior to the conventional procedure without delay, offers several advantages compared with surgical ligation of these vessels, and represents an alternative to the free TRAM flap in selected cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Behring Municipal Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Free University of Berlin, Germany. oscheufler@aol.com
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Scheufler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andresen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banzer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaubel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D019074:Epigastric Arteries; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology