title: Developmental dysplasia of the hip practice guideline: technical report. Committee on Quality Improvement, and Subcommittee on Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create a recommendation for pediatricians and other primary care providers about their role as screeners for detecting developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Theoretical cohorts of newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model-based approach using decision analysis as the foundation. Components of the approach include the following:
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care provider.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DDH, avascular necrosis of the hip (AVN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn screening by pediatric examination; orthopaedic examination; ultrasonographic examination; orthopaedic or ultrasonographic examination by risk factors. Intercurrent health supervision-based screening. PREFERENCES: 0 for bad outcomes, 1 for best outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Influence diagram assessed by the Subcommittee and by the methodology team, with critical feedback from the Subcommittee. EVIDENCE SOURCES: Medline and EMBASE search of the research literature through June 1996. Hand search of sentinel journals from June 1996 through March 1997. Ancestor search of accepted articles. EVIDENCE QUALITY: Assessed on a custom subjective scale, based primarily on the fit of the evidence to the decision model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After discussion, explicit modeling, and critique, an influence diagram of 31 nodes was created. The computer-based and the hand literature searches found 534 articles, 101 of which were reviewed by 2 or more readers. Ancestor searches of these yielded a further 17 articles for evidence abstraction. Articles came from around the globe, although primarily Europe, British Isles, Scandinavia, and their descendants. There were 5 controlled trials, each with a sample size less than 40. The remainder were case series. Evidence was available for 17 of the desired 30 probabilities. Evidence quality ranged primarily between one third and two thirds of the maximum attainable score (median: 10-21; interquartile range: 8-14). Based on the raw evidence and Bayesian hierarchical meta-analyses, our estimate for the incidence of DDH revealed by physical examination performed by pediatricians is 8.6 per 1000; for orthopaedic screening, 11.5; for ultrasonography, 25. The odds ratio for DDH, given breech delivery, is 5.5; for female sex, 4.1; for positive family history, 1.7, although this last factor is not statistically significant. Postneonatal cases of DDH were divided into mid-term (younger than 6 months of age) and late-term (older than 6 months of age). Our estimates for the mid-term rate for screening by pediatricians is 0.34/1000 children screened; for orthopaedists, 0.1; and for ultrasonography, 0.28. Our estimates for late-term DDH rates are 0.21/1000 newborns screened by pediatricians; 0.08, by orthopaedists; and 0.2 for ultrasonography. The rates of AVN for children referred before 6 months of age is estimated at 2.5/1000 infants referred. For those referred after 6 months of age, our estimate is 109/1000 referred infants. The decision model (reduced, based on available evidence) suggests that orthopaedic screening is optimal, but because orthopaedists in the published studies and in practice would differ, the supply of orthopaedists is relatively limited, and the difference between orthopaedists and pediatricians is statistically insignificant, we conclude that pediatric screening is to be recommended. The place of ultrasonography in the screening process remains to be defined because there are too few data about postneonatal diagnosis by ultrasonographic screening to permit definitive recommendations. These data could be used by others to refine the conclusions based on costs, parental preferences, or physician style. Areas for research are well defined by our model-based approach.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morello
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santoli
mesh_terms: D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D009985:Orthopedics; D010372:Pediatrics; D010808:Physical Examination; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014463:Ultrasonography