Gender and age bias in triage decisions.
BACKGROUND
Recently it has been recognized that women are less likely than men to be diagnosed with a myocardial infarction (MI) or to receive early or aggressive treatment and are more likely than men to die of an MI. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the triage decisions made by ED nurses for persons with symptoms suggestive of MI. The theoretical framework for this investigation was Hammond's lens model for clinical inference and Evan's two-stage reasoning model.


METHODS
Four focus group sessions were conducted. The participant's oral descriptions were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the Krueger method.


RESULTS
Content analysis revealed several important issues influencing triage decisions: patient presentation, nursing knowledge and experience, practice environment, intuition, the fear of liability, and gender-specific behaviors. ED nurses held different perceptions regarding the significance and likelihood of MI for male and female patients seeking evaluation and treatment. In addition, ED nurses admitted that MI is not the first diagnosis considered for middle-aged women.


CONCLUSIONS
The inability of ED nurses to associate middle-aged women's presenting symptoms with MI may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality experienced by this population. The findings of this study have implications for nursing research, education, and practice.
Arslanian-Engoren
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University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003463:Cues; D016529:Emergency Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing*; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*