title: Determination of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, bacteriophages and Escherichia coli in Adriatic Sea mussels.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of enteric viruses in mussels and to verify the possibility of using phages as indirect indicators of mussel viral contamination. Mussels (36 samples) collected from three different areas of the Adriatic Sea were analysed to determine the following parameters: Escherichia coli, somatic coliphage (T6 phage), F-Plus (MS2 phage), B40-8 (phage of Bacteroides fragilis), enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus. Most of the results of the bacteriological analysis (most probable number (MPN) ml-1) were in accordance with the bacteriological limits established by European law, with the exception of seven samples. The bacteriophage analyses were always negative for F-Plus and B40-8, with the exception of a few samples, whereas the somatic coliphages were generally between 0 and 20 MPN g-1, with the exception of two samples (110 MPN g-1). The virological analysis showed five samples positive for the presence of enteroviruses and 13 for the presence of hepatitis A virus (in three samples both viruses were present). Most of these samples presented acceptable bacteriological parameters and the bacteriophages were absent or their value was generally very low. The results show that the detection of E. coli and phages does not seem to be a good indicator of viral contamination.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Department of Public Health, University of Tor Vergata, Rome and A.U.S.L.13, Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Croci
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Medici
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scalfaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Divizia
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donia
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cosentino
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costantini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006507:Hepatovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007558:Italy; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012623:Seawater; D012758:Shellfish / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology