title: Gynecological examination and pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants using bimanual palpation technique: a review.
abstract: A palpation technique using both hands was developed by the author and used for examination of internal reproductive organs, pregnancy diagnosis, and assessment of approximate stages of gestation in small ruminants. The study was conducted in 4 stages on 87 female goats and 30 slaughterhouse source ewes First, 20 doelings and 15 does with no recent history of insemination were examined by two hand method for palpability and structural integrity of internal reproductive organs. Next 52 goats (28 doelings and 24 does) were examined at 28 to 30 d post insemination for pregnancy. Among those diagnosed pregnant, 20 goats were examined at 15 d intervals to assess the palpable changes of pregnancy. Preslaughter palpation followed by post-slaughter verification of the findings were performed in 30 ewes. The two hand method was effective for palpating the reproductive tract in the nonpregnant goats irrespective of parity status. Gross palpation of the ovaries was possible in 83% of the goats. Of the 52 goats examined for pregnancy at 28 to 30 d, 29 (56%) had clear distension of uterus while 23 (44%) did not. The results were confirmed by kidding date or returning to service. Changes of the reproductive tract were monitored in 20 goats at biweekly intervals and the findings categorized by the stage of gestation. Post slaughter verification of preslaughter findings based on two handed palpation indicates that this technique can be used for early pregnancy diagnosis and assessment of the stage of gestation in goats and ewes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kutty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D010053:Ovary / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep; D014599:Uterus / Q000033:anatomy & histology