title: Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous meta-analysis of outcome trials in hypertension have not specifically focused on isolated systolic hypertension or they have explained treatment benefit mainly in function of the achieved diastolic blood pressure reduction. We therefore undertook a quantitative overview of the trials to further evaluate the risks associated with systolic blood pressure in treated and untreated older patients with isolated systolic hypertension
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were 60 years old or more. Systolic blood pressure was 160 mm Hg or greater and diastolic blood pressure was less than 95 mm Hg. We used non-parametric methods and Cox regression to model the risks associated with blood pressure and to correct for regression dilution bias. We calculated pooled effects of treatment from stratified 2 x 2 contingency tables after application of Zelen's test of heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In eight trials 15 693 patients with isolated systolic hypertension were followed up for 3.8 years (median). After correction for regression dilution bias, sex, age, and diastolic blood pressure, the relative hazard rates associated with a 10 mm Hg higher initial systolic blood pressure were 1.26 (p=0.0001) for total mortality, 1.22 (p=0.02) for stroke, but only 1.07 (p=0.37) for coronary events. Independent of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure was inversely correlated with total mortality, highlighting the role of pulse pressure as risk factor. Active treatment reduced total mortality by 13% (95% CI 2-22, p=0.02), cardiovascular mortality by 18%, all cardiovascular complications by 26%, stroke by 30%, and coronary events by 23%. The number of patients to treat for 5 years to prevent one major cardiovascular event was lower in men (18 vs 38), at or above age 70 (19 vs 39), and in patients with previous cardiovascular complications (16 vs 37).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug treatment is justified in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension whose systolic blood pressure is 160 mm Hg or higher. Absolute benefit is larger in men, in patients aged 70 or more and in those with previous cardiovascular complications or wider pulse pressure. Treatment prevented stroke more effectively than coronary events. However, the absence of a relation between coronary events and systolic blood pressure in untreated patients suggests that the coronary protection may have been underestimated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cardiovasuclar Research, Univeristy of Leuven, Belgium. jan.staessen@med.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gasowski
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Den Hond
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boissel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coope
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ekbom
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gueyffier
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerlikowske
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pocock
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Fagard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents