title: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: a complication after systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients are surviving previously fatal injuries. Unique morbidities are occurring in these survivors. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy represents a previously unrecognized cause of blindness in the trauma victim. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is caused by unique characteristics of optic edema/ pressure or decreased blood flow associated with massive resuscitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November of 1991 and August of 1998, there were 18,199 admissions to our trauma center. Of this group, 350 patients required massive volume resuscitation (>20 liters infused over first 24 hours). Patients having closed head injuries, facial fractures or direct orbital trauma were excluded from study. The following variables were studied: demographics, injury severity (Injury Severity Score, highest lactate, worst base deficit, and lowest pH) crystalloid and transfusion requirements, ventilator requirements (PEEP) RESULTS: Of the 350 patients with massive resuscitation, 9 patients were diagnosed with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (2.6%). Of these, seven patients required celiotomy (78%). Six of the seven celiotomy patients had damage control celiotomies and abdominal compartment syndrome (86%). One patient had a repair of a subclavian artery; one had a complex acetabular repair. Blindness was unilateral in five patients and bilateral in four. All nine patients had evidence of global hypoperfusion, systemic inflammatory response, massive resuscitation, and high ventilatory support; one patient required cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prone positioning is known to be associated with an increased intraocular pressure. We postulate that the combination of massive resuscitation and prone positioning will increase the incidence of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. As such, we recommend that prone positioning for adult respiratory distress syndrome be reserved for only those patients at risk of death.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cullinane
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: VanNatta
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lavin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018917:Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012151:Resuscitation; D012307:Risk Factors; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*