title: Nitric oxide modulates angiotensin II-induced drinking behavior in the near-term ovine fetus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human and ovine fetuses demonstrate an enhanced rate of spontaneous and angiotensin II-stimulated swallowing. Angiotensin II and nitric oxide synthase have been localized to thirst centers in the brain. This study was performed to determine whether central nitric oxide contributes to the regulation of angiotensin II-induced fetal swallowing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pregnant ewes with near-term singleton fetuses were chronically prepared with fetal vascular and lateral ventricle catheters and electrocorticogram and esophageal electromyogram electrodes. After a 2-hour control period, fetuses were administered serial lateral ventricle injections (1 mL) of angiotensin II (3.2 microg; time, 2 hours) and N omega-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester (3 mg; time, 3 hours) and a repeat angiotensin II injection (3.2 microg; time, 5 hours). All fetuses received an additional control study of lateral ventricle injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid on a previous day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiotensin II injection significantly increased mean +/- SEM fetal swallowing (0.9 +/- 0.1 to 2.7 +/- 0.4 swallows/min). N omega-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester significantly decreased fetal swallowing to below the basal rate (0.4 +/- 0.1 swallows/min), and swallowing did not increase with the second angiotensin II dose (in the presence of nitric oxide blockade).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that inhibition of central nitric oxide suppresses fetal swallowing behavior in response to central angiotensin II. We speculate that tonic nitric oxide facilitates angiotensin II swallowing stimulation by maintenance of glutamate activation of hypothalamic N -methyl-D -aspartate receptors.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Research Laboratories, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El-Haddad
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: S x
authors.initials: Sx
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003679:Deglutition / Q000187:drug effects; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D005865:Gestational Age; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000804:Angiotensin II; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester