title: Management approaches to adrenal incidentalomas (adrenalomas). A view from Athens, Greece.
abstract: We believe the management of adrenalomas should include the following: 1. A detailed history and physical examination to detect subtle evidence of hormonal hypersecretion or the possibility of metastatic carcinoma 2. Hormonal studies, such as The short dexamethasone suppression test (2 mg of dexamethasone) followed by a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (8 mg), CRH assay, and analysis of the diurnal cortisol rhythm if serum cortisol is greater than 3 micrograms/dL 24-Hour (or spot) urinary catecholamine metabolites (metanephrine and normetanephrine) Plasma aldosterone level and renin activity in the hypertensive or normotensive patient with serum potassium less than 3.9 nmol/L 3. Additional imaging studies, such as MR imaging 131I-iodocholesterol (NP59) scanning to detect a subclinically functioning adenoma or carcinoma (MIBG scanning is rarely indicated) The role of FNA is limited. This modality may be helpful only in the patient with coexistent extradrenal carcinoma to confirm adrenal metastasis. Although genetic and molecular biology studies do not have wide clinical application, they should be encouraged and supported. Once all of these data are collected, the clinician should perform the following two steps: 1. All clearly nonfunctioning adrenalomas that are not suspicious for malignancy should be observed for several years, mainly with hormonal studies, until their secretory and benign nature is confirmed. 2. All patients with adrenalomas with evidence of subclinical function or potential for malignancy (using size, imaging, FNA, and molecular biology criteria) should undergo laparoscopic adrenalectomy for definitive diagnosis and therapy. The age, the overall medical condition, and the anxiety of the patient should be considered in the decision to operate on a patient with an adrenaloma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Athens Medical School, Greece. dlinos@hol.gr
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Linos
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000315:Adrenalectomy; D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000450:Aldosterone