title: Superantigen-induced T cell death by apoptosis: analysis on a single cell level and effect of IFN-gamma and IL-4 treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A role of bacterial superantigens in several chronic inflammatory diseases has previously been proposed. Many of these diseases are associated with an imbalance of the T helper cell subsets and their cytokine production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors were incubated with various concentrations of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) with or without IL-4 or IFN-gamma. After different time points cell activation, proliferation, Fas expression, cytokine release and cell death via apoptosis were detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SEB treatment resulted in sequential T cell activation, proliferation, Fas expression, cytokine release, subsequently followed by cell death via apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This biphasic effect occurred preferentially in SEB-responsive cells represented by the expression of Vbeta3 and Vbeta12 on T cells. A strong relationship between T cell activation and apoptosis was observed. The amplitude between these events increased with the dose of SEB. The highest rate of apoptotic T cells was observed at a dose of 1,000 ng/ml SEB. Addition of IFN-gamma to SEB-treated cells significantly reduced the rate of apoptotic cells, whereas IL-4 prevented apoptosis only in SEB-untreated cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the concept that the dose of superantigen exposure determines the rate of T cell proliferation and subsequent cell death. This T cell immune response is modulated by the presence and the type of cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Clinic Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wahn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Renz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000276:immunology; D017637:Clonal Deletion; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000502:physiology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D018089:Superantigens / Q000276:immunology*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; D018089:Superantigens; D019014:fas Receptor; D015847:Interleukin-4; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D007371:Interferon-gamma