title: Postcesarean epidural morphine: a dose-response study.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the dose-response relationship of epidural morphine for postcesarean analgesia for quality of analgesia and relation to the side effects of pruritus, nausea, and vomiting. Sixty term parturients undergoing nonurgent cesarean delivery were enrolled and randomized to receive a single dose of epidural morphine after delivery (0,1.25, 2.5, 3.75, or 5 mg). A patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device provided free access to additional analgesics. PCA morphine use and the incidence and severity of side effects were recorded for 24 h. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, Student's t-tests, and chi(2) analysis. Nonlinear regression was used to describe a dose-response curve. PCA use differed significantly among groups (P < 0.001); PCA use was significantly greater in Group 0 mg than Groups 2.5, 3.75, and 5 mg (P < 0.05). PCA use was also significantly greater in Group 1.25 mg than Groups 3.75 and 5 mg (P < 0.05). Pruritus scores were significantly higher in all groups given epidural morphine than the control group (0 mg) (P < 0.05), but did not differ among the treatment groups (1.25-5 mg), although pruritus scores were significantly higher in treatment groups than in the control (P < 0. 05). No relation was found between epidural morphine dose and incidence or severity of nausea and vomiting. We concluded that, for optimal analgesia, augmentation of epidural morphine with systemic analgesics or other epidural medications may be necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quality of analgesia increases as the dose of epidural morphine increases to at least 3.75 mg; increasing the dose further to 5 mg did not improve analgesia. Side effects were not dose related. For optimal analgesia, augmentation of epidural morphine with systemic analgesics or other epidural medications may be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5114, USA. cpalmer@u.arizona.edu
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nogami
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Maren
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Alves
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine