title: Early detection of haemobilia associated with percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Haemobilia often results from iatrogenic injury caused by therapeutic procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of early diagnosis of haemobilia based on ultrasonography in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing percutaneous ethanol injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combination retrospective and prospective study on the early detection of haemobilia caused by percutaneous ethanol injection was conducted on 365 patients in 1995-1996. The retrospective study reviewed the clinical, laboratory and imaging data of 172 patients who had undergone ethanol injection therapy in 1995. The results showed that ultrasonographic changes in the gallbladder, namely the rapid appearance of echogenic material in the gallbladder lumen, are a useful early sign of haemobilia. Based on the results of the retrospective study, a prospective study on the early detection of haemobilia was carried out in 1996. In the prospective study, percutaneous ethanol injection was halted as soon as haemobilia was detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of haemobilia in the prospective group (3.6%) was not different from that in the retrospective group (4.7%). However, the mean duration between percutaneous ethanol injection and diagnosis of haemobilia was only 0.3 +/- 0.2 days in the prospective group, compared with 2.8 +/- 2.1 days in the retrospective group (P < 0.001), and the mean duration of jaundice in the prospective group (4.3 days) was significantly shorter than in the retrospective group (40.0 days) (P< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis of haemobilia based on ultrasonographic findings of the gallbladder lumen effectively reduces the severity of haemobilia-related complications due to immediate interruption of the interventional procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Obi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiratori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiina
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamamura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teratani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawabe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omata
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006431:Hemobilia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol