title: The ultrasonic description of postpubertal testicles in men who have undergone prepubertal orchiopexy for cryptorchidism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We provide a sonographic description of postpubertal testicles in patients who have undergone prepubertal orchiopexy with placement of a suture through the tunica albuginea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Testicular ultrasound was performed in men who had undergone prepubertal testicular fixation for cryptorchidism using a suture passed through the tunica albuginea. Comparison was made to the sonographic appearance of cryptorchid testicles not secured with a fixating suture through the tunica albuginea. The operative report for each patient was reviewed with specific attention to use and type of suture material, and age at orchiopexy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasonography was performed on 22 men in whom a tunica albuginea fixating suture was placed during orchiopexy for cryptorchidism. Average patient age at orchiopexy was 5.6 years and median time from orchiopexy to this examination was 14.8 years. Right cryptorchidism existed in 64% of the men. No significant difference was noted in size between the 2 testicles in any patient. Ultrasonography did not identify any parenchymal abnormalities. A tunica albuginea calcification with posterior shadowing on the side of fixation was noted in 32% of patients, of whom 3 had calcified areas evident on physical examination. An area of subtunical hypoechogenicity was noted in 14% of patients. All tunical abnormalities were associated with the use of chromic suture. The remaining 12 patients (54%) had normal sonographic and physical examinations. The control group comprised 6 men who underwent orchiopexy without a fixating suture through the tunica albuginea. These men were examined identically and no sonographic abnormalities were noted in the tunica albuginea or testicular parenchyma. At a median of 16 months no patient had been diagnosed with testicular cancer or had a change in testicular self-examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tunica albuginea calcifications and hypoechogenic cysts are common ultrasonic findings in men who have undergone orchiopexy using a suture passed through the tunica albuginea. Parenchymal lesions should not be considered secondary to this procedure and must be treated as de novo abnormalities. These changes seem to be induced by the use of a fixating suture through the tunica albuginea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Radiology, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Cilento
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Velling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puckett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013537:Sutures; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography