title: Effects of intracoronary nicardipine, diltiazem and verapamil on coronary blood flow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracoronary (IC) calcium channel blockers (CCB) such as diltiazem and verapamil are frequently utilized during percutaneous coronary interventions to maximize coronary blood flow. Their use, however, may be limited by systemic side effects such as hypotension and bradyarrhythmias. The vasoselective dihydropyridines, such as nicardipine, may be more effective at increasing coronary blood flow with fewer systemic side effects. This study compares the effects of nicardipine, diltiazem and verapamil on coronary blood flow, heart rate and blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  IC nicardipine (200 mcg), diltiazem (1 mg) and verapamil (200 mcg) were serially administered in a randomized, double-blinded fashion in minimally diseased (< 30% stenosis) left anterior descending or left circumflex arteries in nine patients. Epicardial coronary artery diameter (ECAD) was determined by quantitative coronary angiography and coronary blood flow velocity (CBFV) was measured by Doppler Flowire in each patient before and after each medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicardipine significantly increased CBFV (p < 0.05) and had a longer duration of effect (p < 0.05), but had no difference in ECAD compared with diltiazem and verapamil. No differences were noted between CCB in changes in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. However, two patients had transient episodes of Type I second degree AV block after receiving diltiazem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When compared with diltiazem and verapamil, nicardipine appears to offer more potent and more prolonged vasodilatation with less risk of serious systemic side effects. Future studies are needed to assess the efficacy of IC nicardipine in patients with no-reflow.
authors.affiliation: 60th Medical Group Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Travis AFB, CA 94535-1800, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fugit
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Rubal
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Donovan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil; D009529:Nicardipine; D004110:Diltiazem