title: Evaluation of Stachybotrys chartarum in the house of an infant with pulmonary hemorrhage: quantitative assessment before, during, and after remediation.
abstract: Stachybotrys chartarum is an indoor mold that has been associated with pulmonary hemorrhage cases in the Cleveland, Ohio, area. This study applied two new quantitative measurements to air samples from a home in which an infant developed PH. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and a protein synthesis inhibition assay were used to determine the level of S. chartarum spores and their toxicity in air samples taken before, during, and after a remediation program was implemented to remove the fungus. Initial spore concentrations were between 0.1 and 9.3 spores/m3 of air, and the toxicity of air particulates was correspondingly low. However, the dust in the house contained between 0.4 and 2.1 x 10(3) spores/mg (as determined by hemocytometer counts). The remediation program removed all contaminated wallboard, paneling, and carpeting in the water-damaged areas of the home. In addition, a sodium hypochlorite solution was used to spray all surfaces during remediation. Although spore counts and toxicity were high during remediation, air samples taken postremediation showed no detectable levels of S. chartarum or related toxicity. Nine isolates of S. chartarum obtained from the home were analyzed for spore toxicity, hemolytic activity, and random amplified polymorphic DNA banding patterns. None of the isolates produced highly toxic spores (>90 microg T2 toxin equivalents per gram wet weight spores) after growth for 10 and 30 days on wet wallboard, but three isolates were hemolytic consistently. DNA banding patterns suggested that at least one of these isolates was related to isolates from homes of infants with previously investigated cases.
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA. Vesper.Stephen@EPA.gov
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vesper
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Dearborn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yike
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobolewski
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Hinkley
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Haugland
mesh_terms: D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects; D009820:Ohio; D013191:Stachybotrys / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009183:Mycotoxins