title: Association study of dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms with drug-induced hallucinations in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Some patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease experience hallucinations as a result of treatment with levodopa and dopamine agonists. There is evidence for some heterogeneity in these hallucinating patients based on duration of Parkinson's disease at onset of hallucinations. We compared the frequency of polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 and D3 receptor genes between patients with drug-induced hallucinations and non-hallucinating patients. Two polymorphisms close to DRD2 and one in DRD3 were studied. No association was found with the whole group of hallucinating patients and their controls. However, an association was found with late-onset hallucinations and the C allele of the TaqIA polymorphism, 10.5 kb 3' to DRD2. This polymorphism may be in linkage disequilibrium with a mutation in DRD2 or a nearby gene that predisposes to drug-induced hallucinations which occur later in the course of idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. a.makoff@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Makoff
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arranz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Aitchison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Grünewald
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; C493593:DRD3 protein, human; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D007980:Levodopa