title: Normal liver function in women in the general Japanese population subjected to environmental exposure to cadmium at various levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whereas it is well established that environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) may induce kidney dysfunction, less attention has been paid to the possible disturbance of liver function by Cd exposure. The possibility that liver function is adversely affected by current levels of environmental exposure to Cd as investigated in women in the general population in Japan, where the background level of exposure to Cd is known to be high.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1991 to 1997, 24-h food duplicate, peripheral blood and morning spot urine samples were collected from 607 non-smoking and non-habitually drinking women (age range 19-78 years) at 30 survey sites (with no known environmental pollution from heavy metals) throughout Japan. Liver function parameters in serum were examined by conventional methods. After wet-ashing, the food duplicate, blood and urine samples were analyzed for Cd intake via food (Cd-F), Cd in blood (Cd-B), and Cd in urine (Cd-U) by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geometric mean values for Cd-F, Cd-B, and Cd-U were 24.7 (27.1) microg/day, 1.76 (2.07) microg/l, and 3.94 (4.61) microg/g creatinine (values in parentheses for 41- to 60-year-old women), respectively. It as found that the three parameters of ALP, ALT, and AST activity were positively and significantly related to the age of the subjects (whereas no association as detected in cases of gamma-GTP, LAP, and albumin). Accordingly, a further analysis as made with 367 women selected by age (41-60 years; about 60% of the total population). Essentially, no Cd dose-dependent changes in liver function parameters were observed in the selected population of this narrower age range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, it seemed prudent to conclude that liver function as not disturbed by the current environmental exposure to Cd in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimbo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuda-Inoguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashikawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D003404:Creatinine