title: Mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF in apoptosis and necrosis.
abstract: Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) is a novel apoptotic effector protein that induces chromatin condensation and large-scale ( approximately 50 kbp) DNA fragmentation when added to purified nuclei in vitro. Confocal and electron microscopy reveal that, in normal cells, AIF is strictly confined to mitochondria and thus colocalizes with heat shock protein 60 (hsp60). On induction of apoptosis by staurosporin, c-Myc, etoposide, or ceramide, AIF (but not hsp60) translocates to the nucleus. This suggests that only the outer mitochondrial membrane (which retains AIF in the intermembrane space) but not the inner membrane (which retains hsp60 in the matrix) becomes protein permeable. The mitochondrio-nuclear redistribution of AIF is prevented by a Bcl-2 protein specifically targeted to mitochondrial membranes. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD. fmk does not prevent the staurosporin-induced translocation of AIF, although it does inhibit oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and arrests chromatin condensation at an early stage. ATP depletion is sufficient to cause AIF translocation to the nucleus, and this phenomenon is accelerated by the apoptosis inducer staurosporin. However, in conditions in which both glycolytic and respiratory ATP generation is inhibited, cells fail to manifest any sign of chromatin condensation and advanced DNA fragmentation, thus manifesting a 'necrotic' phenotype. Both in the presence of Z-VAD. fmk and in conditions of ATP depletion, AIF translocation correlates with the appearance of large-scale DNA fragmentation. Altogether, these data are compatible with the hypothesis that AIF is a caspase-independent mitochondrial death effector responsible for partial chromatinolysis.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR420, F-94801 Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daugas
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Susin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zamzami
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Irinopoulou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Larochette
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Prévost
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leber
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penninger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kroemer
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009336:Necrosis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C494829:AIFM1 protein, human; C494831:Aifm1 protein, rat; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D002843:Chromatin; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D005420:Flavoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D020169:Caspases; D019311:Staurosporine