title: Myocardial protection with high-dose beta-blockade in acute myocardial ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk of postoperative cardiac dysfunction is markedly increased by emergency coronary artery bypass grafting in the presence of acute myocardial ischemia. High dose beta-blockade during continuous coronary perfusion has been suggested as an alternative to conventional cardioplegia and this technique has been applied successfully in high risk patients for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. This study compared high dose beta-blockade with esmolol to continuous warm blood cardioplegia in a clinically oriented model of acute left ventricular (LV) ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve dogs were subjected to 60 min of regional LV ischemia by left anterior descending branch (LAD) ligation. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic crossclamp were applied after 45 min of ischemia. Thereafter, high dose beta-blockade during continuous coronary perfusion (ESMO, n = 6) or antegrade continuous warm blood cardioplegia (WBC, n = 6) were maintained for 60 min. Myocardial water content (measured from endomyocardial biopsies using a microgravimetric technique), global LV function (preload recruitable stroke work: PRSW), and regional LV function (echocardiographic wall motion score) were determined at baseline and after weaning from CPB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During aortic crossclamp interstitial edema formation was significantly higher in the WBC group with an average water gain of 2.2 +/- 0.49 vs. 0.76 +/- 0.12% in the ESMO group. Thereafter, edema resolved in both groups, but myocardial water gain remained significantly higher in the WBC group at 60 and 120 min post CPB (0.98 +/- 0.19 and 1.13 +/- 0.32% vs. 0.07 +/- 0.25 and 0.04 +/- 0.08%). Global LV function was significantly higher in the ESMO group at 60 and 120 min post CPB (PRSW 103 +/- 6 and 94.7 +/- 4.6% of baseline vs. 85.3 +/- 4.9 and 74.7 +/- 7.6% of baseline). However, regional LV function showed no significant difference between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose beta-blockade during continuous coronary perfusion may allow the surgeon to utilize the advantages of warm heart surgery, while avoiding the interstitial edema formation and temporary cardiac dysfunction associated with continuous warm blood cardioplegia. In high risk patients such as patients with unstable angina or after failed PTCA, high-dose beta-blockade may be an applicable alternative to cardioplegic arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Geissler
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ostrin
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mehlhorn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hekmat
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Warters
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000601:surgery*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011412:Propanolamines; C036604:esmolol