title: Evaluation of an immunobiosensor for the on-site testing of veterinary drug residues at an abattoir. Screening for sulfamethazine in pigs.
abstract: A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of performing "on-site" screening for sulfamethazine (SMT), at an abattoir, using a rapid immunobiosensor method. This involved transfer of the biosensor technology and an assay developed in the laboratory, to the cold, humid conditions of a modern pig-processing factory. A pre-determined threshold limit of 0.4 microgram ml-1 SMT in bile was used to identify the likelihood that corresponding tissue samples contained SMT concentrations in excess of the European maximum permissible residue limit of 0.1 mg kg-1. Bile samples containing SMT concentrations above the threshold limit were deemed positive and the corresponding kidney and muscle samples were sent to the laboratory for HPLC analysis. The robustness of the biosensor instrumentation in the harsh operating conditions was monitored throughout the project. The performance of the assay, on-site, was assessed by the regular inclusion of QA samples and by the submission of control 'SMT-positive' pigs to the abattoir. Sampling procedures, identification and traceability were also under scrutiny. During the project, 337 (9.35%) of the total kill were tested for SMT residues, representing 75% of all producers submitting pigs for slaughter. Twelve animals, including the ten controls, gave positive bile results. HPLC analysis confirmed SMT residues in all 12 kidneys (11 in excess of the permissible level). Ten muscle samples also contained violative SMT levels. Throughout the project, the biosensor performed reliably, with no adverse reaction of any mechanical or electrical components. The SMT assay also performed reliably. This is the first report of a biosensor being used for 'on-site' drug screening.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Stormont, Belfast, UK. a.baxter@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Haughey
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D013418:Sulfamethazine / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D013418:Sulfamethazine