title: Managing menopause.
abstract: Many women will spend one third of their lifetime after menopause. A growing number of options are available for the treatment of menopausal symptoms like vasomotor instability and vaginal atrophy, as well as the long-term health risks such as cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis that are associated with menopause. Currently, hormone replacement therapy (estrogen with or without progestin) is the primary treatment for the symptoms and long-term risks associated with menopause. However, recent evidence calls into question the protective effect of estrogen on cardiovascular disease risk. The association of risk for breast cancer with estrogen replacement therapy also has not been fully clarified. In addition, many women cannot or choose not to take hormones. For treatment of osteoporosis and heart disease, pharmacologic choices include antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates and calcitonin, and estrogens or selective estrogen receptor modulators such as raloxifene. In addition, complementary options that include vitamins, herbal treatments, exercise and other lifestyle adaptations are gaining increased interest. The growing number of choices and questions in this area emphasizes the need to individualize a treatment plan for each woman to meet her specific needs.
authors.affiliation: Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Carolina 27705, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cutson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meuleman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000075202:Contraindications; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003376:Counseling; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013664:Teaching Materials; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D014815:Vitamins; D002116:Calcitonin