title: A dose-ranging study of rapacuronium in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine the dose or doses of the new rapid-onset, short-acting, neuromuscular blocking drug rapacuronium that would provide satisfactory conditions for tracheal intubation at 60 s in infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five infants (< 1 yr), 51 younger children (1-6 yr), and 49 older children (7-12 yr) were studied. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental-nitrous oxide-oxygen. Tracheal intubation was attempted 60 s after administration of one of five doses of rapacuronium (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5 mg/kg) and intubating conditions were assessed using a four-point scale. Following tracheal intubation, anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide-oxygen and alfentanil (12.5-50 microg/kg) as necessary. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored in an uncalibrated fashion using an acceleromyograph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intubating conditions were good or excellent at 60 s in all infants after doses of 1.5 mg/kg or more and in all younger and older children after doses of 2.0 mg/kg or more. The duration of action of rapacuronium was dose- and age-dependent. Mean times to reappearance of the third twitch of the train-of-four (TOF; T3) were less than 10 min in infants at doses of 1.5 mg/kg or less and in younger and older children at doses of 2.0 mg/kg or less. Recovery of T3 after 1.0-2.0 mg/kg rapacuronium was significantly slower in infants compared with younger (P = 0.001) and older (P = 0.02) children. Five adverse experiences were related to rapacuronium administration: Bronchospasm (two instances), tachycardia (one instance), and increased salivation (two instances). None were serious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doses of 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg rapacuronium can produce satisfactory intubating conditions at 60 s in anesthetized infants and children, respectively, and are associated with a short duration of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, the University of Manchester, United Kingdom. george.meakin@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Meakin
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Meretoja
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Motsch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taivainen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wirtavuori
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schönstedt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McCluskey
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D009213:Myography; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide; C082938:rapacuronium