title: Local drug delivery via transvascular injection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this experimental series we tested drug distribution and systemic leakage using local drug delivery with a new transvascular injection system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine femoral and carotid arteries (n = 56) underwent local drug application with a new 5 French (Fr) over-the-wire needle-injection catheter system (NIC) using three needles. A radioactive indicator [C14-Carvedilol, 2.0 milliliter (ml); 0.03 milligram (mg)] was injected in two carotid and two femoral vessels in parallel. Serial blood withdrawal was performed thereafter. After randomization to different explantation times, the vessels, perivascular tissue, liver and spleen were removed [0.5, 1, 1.5, 3 and 4 hours after injection, respectively]. Radioactivity was determined in a scintillation counter or with autoradiography. The indicator amount was calculated in relation to total drug amount (100%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of the NIC caused vessel texture alteration in non-diseased porcine vessels, seen as vessel wall penetration and perivascular edema. After single injection the maximum of the indicator was found in perivascular tissue 0.5 hours at the application site (carotid perivascular tissue: 7.48%; femoral perivascular tissue: 2.56%). Thereafter, radioactivity in the artery increased and perivascular content declined. The maximum in femoral arteries (1 hour; 1.96%) occurred earlier and was significantly lower compared to carotid arteries (2 hours; 7.75%). Four hours post-injection, 1.4% of total drug amount was detectable in the carotid arteries and 0.6% was detected in the femoral arteries. Systemic content was measured after C14-Carvedilol application with a maximum in serum of 28% (10 minutes), liver 30% (0.5 hour) and spleen 0.6% (0.5 hour). After 3 hours, still 5% of the indicator was still measureable in the serum and liver and less than 0.1% was measurable in the spleen. LDD with the NIC system is dependent on the vascular anatomy. The data indicate redistribution from perivascular to vascular space thus allowing a prolonged vascular and perivascular drug delivery. The amount deliverable is lower than expected due to substantial systemic drug contamination with this catheter.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Herzzentrum und Med.Klinik I, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany. peter.gonschior@t-online.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonschior
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Backfisch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiele
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogel-Wiens
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pahl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sponer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013552:Swine; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000077261:Carvedilol