title: Internal carotid artery stenosis: rate of progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to assess the incidence and the rate of progression of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and to determine the related risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  open prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  between 1988-1997, 442 carotid arteries with various degrees of stenosis were followed using colour duplex ultrasonography every 6 months. Of these arteries, 290 (66%) were asymptomatic, 62 (14%) had caused transient ischaemic attack and 90 (20%) a stroke. In 145 cases (33%), there was concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD), in 134 (30%) diabetes mellitus, in 248 (56%) hypertension, in 139 (31%) hypercholesterolaemia and in 370 (84%) history of smoking. Of the plaques, 44 (10%) were uniformly echolucent, 19 (4%) haemorrhagic, 136 (31%) predominantly echolucent, 146 (33%) predominantly echogenic and 97 (22%) uniformly echogenic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  significant progression of stenosis occurred in 82 cases (19%). The mean progression rate in these cases was 15% annually (range: 5-50%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the progression of the ICA stenosis and initial neurological status, age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking habit. Stenosis progression was correlated only with CAD and the ultrasonographic characteristics of the plaques. Patients with CAD as well as those with uniformly echolucent plaques presented a higher incidence and rate of stenosis progression (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  progression of internal carotid artery stenosis occurred in 19% of cases. The mean progression rate in these patients was 15% annually and was correlated with CAD and the ultrasonographic characteristics of the plaque.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Athens University Medical School, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liapis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kakisis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papavassiliou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ntanou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kontopoulou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaperonis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koumakis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gogas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex