title: Reoperative surgery for degenerated aortic bioprostheses: predictors for emergency surgery and reoperative mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The long-term outcome of patients with aortic bioprosthetic valves could be improved by decreasing the reoperative mortality rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Predictors of emergency reoperation and reoperative mortality were identified retrospectively in 172 patients who had the first bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement between 1975 and 1988 (mean age 46+/-13 years) and were subjected to replacement of the degenerated bioprostheses between 1978 and 1997 (mean age 56+/-14 years). Emergency reoperation had to be performed in 31 patients (18%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operative mortality was 5.2% (9/172), 22.6% for emergency (odds ratio 11.17; 95%-confidence limit 4.33-28.85) and 1.4% for elective replacement of the degenerated aortic bioprosthesis (P<0.0001; OR=20.3). Patients who died at reoperation had higher transvalvular gradients before the primary aortic valve replacement (P=0.007), received smaller bioprostheses at the first operation (P=0.03), had later recurrence of symptoms after the first aortic valve replacement (P=0.04), a higher pre-reoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (P=0.02), and a higher incidence of coronary artery disease (P=0.001) and pulmonary artery hypertension (P=0.009). Endocarditis before the primary aortic valve replacement (P=0.004), postoperative pneumonia at the first operation (P=0.005), pulmonary hypertension (P=0.0004) acquired during the interval, later recurrence of symptoms (P=0.04) after the first operation, a lower ejection fraction at the time of reoperation (P=0.03) and acute onset of bioprosthetic regurgitation (P=0.00002) were predictors for emergency surgery. Higher transvalvular gradients at the primary aortic valve replacement (P=0. 006), coronary artery disease (P=0.003) acquired during the interval, the need for concomitant coronary artery revascularization (P=0. 001), sex (P=0.02) and size (P=0.05) and type of the bioprostheses used (P=0.007) were incremental predictors for reoperative mortality which were independent of emergency surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elective replacement of failed aortic bioprostheses is safe. Patients undergoing emergency reoperation have a considerably higher mortality. They can be identified by a history of native aortic valve endocarditis, higher transvalvular gradients at primary aortic valve replacement, smaller bioprostheses, and pulmonary hypertension or coronary artery disease acquired during the interval. A failing bioprosthesis must be replaced at its first sign of dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology, University Hospital, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland. paul.vogt@chi.usz.ch
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brunner-LaRocca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sidler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zünd
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Truniger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lachat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turina
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Turina
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000601:surgery; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012086:Reoperation / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies