title: Normal fetal brain development: MR imaging with a half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement sequence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze normal maturation of the fetal brain with half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The normal brains of 25 fetuses of 12-38 weeks gestational age were examined in utero with half-Fourier RARE imaging. Gyrus maturation, gray and white matter differentiation, ventricle-to-brain diameter ratio, and subarachnoid space size were evaluated with respect to gestational age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12-23 weeks, the brain had a smooth surface, and two or three layers were differentiated in the cerebral cortex. At 24-26 weeks, only a few shallow grooves were seen in the central sulcus, and three layers, including the immature cortex, intermediate zone, and germinal matrix, were differentiated in all fetuses. At 27-29 weeks, sulcus formation was observed in various regions of the brain parenchyma, and the germinal matrix became invisible. Sulcation was seen in the whole cerebral cortex from 30 weeks on. However, the cortex did not undergo infolding, and opercular formation was not seen before 33 weeks. At 23 weeks and earlier, the cerebral ventricles were large; thereafter, they gradually became smaller. The subarachnoid space overlying the cortical convexities was slightly dilated at all gestational ages, most markedly at 21-26 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in brain maturation proceed through stages in an orderly and predictable fashion and can be evaluated reliably with half-Fourier RARE MR imaging.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860, Japan.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugahara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohba
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamura
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000196:embryology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000196:embryology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000196:embryology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000196:embryology