title: Paan without tobacco: an independent risk factor for oral cancer.
abstract: Oral cancer is the second most common cancer in women and the third most common in men in Pakistan. Tobacco is smoked and chewed extensively in Pakistan. Paan is a quid of piper betel leaf that contains areca nut, lime, condiment, sweeteners, and sometimes tobacco, which is also used extensively. We did this study to clarify the independent association of paan and oral cancer. Between July 1996 and March 1998, we recruited biopsy-proven, primary cases of oral squamous-cell carcinoma, from 3 tertiary teaching centers in Karachi, Pakistan, and controls pair-matched for age, gender, hospital and time of occurrence, excluding persons with a past or present history of any malignancy. There were 79 cases and 149 controls. Approximately 68% of the cases were men, 49 years old on average, the youngest being 22 years old and the eldest 80. People with oral submucous fibrosis were 19.1 times more likely to develop oral cancer than those without it, after adjusting for other risk factors. People using paan without tobacco were 9.9 times, those using paan with tobacco 8.4 times, more likely to develop oral cancer as compared with non-users, after adjustment for other covariates. This study identifies an independent effect of paan without tobacco in the causation of oral cancer. Its findings may be of significance in South Asian communities where paan is used, and among health-care providers who treat persons from South Asia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. amerchan@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosain
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Fikree
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pitiphat
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hayder
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D018515:Plant Leaves; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects