title: The bradycardic agent zatebradine enhances baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability in rats early after myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The bradycardic agent zatebradine (UL-FS 49) reduces heart rate without negative inotropic or proarrhythmic effects. The aim was to experimentally characterize the influence of zatebradine on arterial baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and heart rate variability (HRV) which are generally considered as estimates of vagal activity and have prognostic value in patients after myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Conscious rats were studied 3 days after left coronary artery ligation or sham-operation (SH). BRS was determined by linear regression analysis of RR-interval and mean arterial pressure changes evoked by intravenous (i.v.) injections of methoxamine and nitroprusside. HRV at rest was calculated from high-resolution electrocardiogram-recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In MI-rats heart rate was similar to SH-rats, mean arterial pressure was lower and both BRS and HRV were markedly reduced. Zatebradine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) reduced heart rate in MI-rats from 400 +/- 15 to 350 +/- 19 and in SH-rats from 390 +/- 19 to 324 +/- 6 beats/min without changing mean arterial pressure. Both BRS and HRV were restored in MI- and further increased in SH-rats by the drug. Effects of 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/kg zatebradine revealed a dose-dependency of heart rate reduction. The lowest dose enhanced reflex bradycardia despite little effect on heart rate and lack of effect on both reflex tachycardia and HRV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both BRS and HRV are reduced in rats early after MI, indicating a depressed reflex and tonic vagal activity. Treatment with zatebradine enhances both BRS and HRV. These data suggest that the drug has both peripheral and central effects, leading to an increase of vagal control of heart rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. carsten_krueger@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Landerer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zugck
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ehmke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kübler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haass
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; C043636:zatebradine