title: Multiple pathways responsible for the stretch-induced increase in Ca2+ concentration in toad stomach smooth muscle cells.
abstract: 1. A digital imaging microscope with fura-2 as the Ca2+ indicator was used to determine the sources for the rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) that occurs when the membrane in a cell-attached patch is stretched. Unitary ionic currents from stretch-activated channels and [Ca2+]i images were recorded simultaneously. 2. When suction was applied to the patch pipette to stretch a patch of membrane, Ca2+-permeable cation channels (stretch-activated channels) opened and a global increase in [Ca2+]i occurred, as well as a greater focal increase in the vicinity of the patch pipette. The global changes in [Ca2+]i occurred only when stretch-activated currents were sufficient to cause membrane depolarization, as indicated by the reduction in amplitude of the unitary currents. 3. When Ca2+ was present only in the pipette solution, just the focal change in [Ca2+]i was obtained. This focal change was not seen when the contribution from Ca2+ stores was eliminated using caffeine and ryanodine. 4. These results suggest that the opening of stretch-activated channels allows ions, including Ca2+, to enter the cell. The entry of positive charge triggers the influx of Ca2+ into the cell by causing membrane depolarization, which presumably activates voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The entry of Ca2+ through stretch-activated channels is also amplified by Ca2+ release from internal stores. This amplification appears to be greater than that obtained by activation of whole-cell Ca2+ currents. These multiple pathways whereby membrane stretch causes a rise in [Ca2+]i may play a role in stretch-induced contraction, which is a characteristic of many smooth muscle tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kirber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Hernández
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Fogarty
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tuft
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Fay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002024:Bufo marinus; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002118:Calcium