title: Nitrous oxide fraction in the carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy under general inhaled anesthesia in pigs.
abstract: During prolonged laparoscopy, the diffusion of other gases in the carbon dioxide (CO(2)) pneumoperitoneum may lessen its safety. Nitrous oxide (N(2)O)/CO(2) gas mixtures may become hazardous with regard to gas embolization and fire risk. We therefore evaluated the kinetics of pneumoperitoneal intrusion of N(2)O. In five anesthetized domestic pigs, controlled ventilation, with an initial fraction of inspired oxygen = 1.0, was adjusted to keep ETCO(2) pressure between 35 and 45 mm Hg. The peritoneum was insufflated with CO(2) to a pressure of 12 mm Hg, which was maintained throughout the procedure. T0 was defined as the time when N(2)O was introduced in the breathing circuit (N(2)O end-tidal fraction = 66%). Gas samples (10 mL) from the pneumoperitoneum were analyzed every 10 min after T0. The N(2)O concentration was measured by using capillary gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Percentages of N(2)O in the CO(2) increased with time (t) according to the ideal equation: N(2)O((t)) = 66 (1 - exp(-0.005t)). In the peritoneal cavity, <2 h were required for the N(2)O to reach the concentration of 29%, which can support combustion. Eight hours to 10 h after T0, the intraperitoneal N(2)O fraction approaches the level of the N(2)O end-tidal fraction. Options to prevent accumulation of N(2)O are suggested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pig models were used to evaluate the time course of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) diffusion in the pneumoperitoneum during nitrous oxide/oxygen anesthesia. Although peritoneal N(2)O concentration approaches the end-expiratory value after 8-10 h, it reaches 29% within 2 h. At this level, N(2)O is known to support combustion. This N(2)O pollution should be prevented.
authors.affiliation: I.R.C.A.D., Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France. Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida. L.S.M.B.O., Faculté de Chimie, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Diemunsch
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Torp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Dorsselaer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mutter
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Diemunsch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Dorsselaer
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009609:Nitrous Oxide