title: Behavioral and self-concept changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested changes in self-concept with successful treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE), but behavioral changes have not been reported as a consistent associated finding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if self-concept and behavior change after 6 months of treatment of monosymptomatic PNE by conditioning alarm or desmopressin acetate (DDAVP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial in an inner-city hospital clinic. Subjects were 182 children referred or recruited through media publicity, randomly assigned both to 1 of 8 pediatricians and 1 of 3 treatment groups (alarm, DDAVP, or placebo). Included were children >7 years old with PNE, no daytime symptoms, bladder capacity >50% expected, and wetting >3 times a week. Excluded were children with central nervous system disorders or developmental delays, and those currently on DDAVP or alarm. Subjects completed the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale and Harter's Perceived Competence Scale for Children (PCSC) at initial visit and after 6 months of treatment. Parents completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at the same times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 6 months of treatment the Piers-Harris total score showed a highly significant treatment by period interaction effect for DDAVP, a significant effect for alarm, and no effect for placebo. For children who achieved 75% dryness the CBCL showed a treatment by improvement interaction effect that was highly significant for DDAVP and placebo with no effect for alarm. For the PCSC there were no treatment or outcome interaction effects. After 6 months of treatment there were significant changes over time unrelated to outcome or treatment in the Piers-Harris Subscales and in the CBCL Internalizing and Externalizing Scores, and the Social Thought and Attention Problems Subscales. The PCSC was more stable with no changes in total score, and positive changes over time in only 2 Subscales, Scholastic and Social.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children's self-concept improved with the type of treatment and amount of success. Parents' perceptions of behavior improve with type of treatment and amount of success. Children rate their self-concept and some physical attributes better after treatment with any of DDAVP, alarm, or placebo regardless of outcome. Frequent follow-up with emotional support and encouragement appear to be important components of an efficacious intervention for children with nocturnal enuresis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Longstaffe
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moffatt
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Whalen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004775:Enuresis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012076:Renal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012649:Self Concept
chemical_list: D012076:Renal Agents; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin