title: Treatment with different doses of folic acid in haemodialysis patients: effects on folate distribution and aminothiol concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperhomocysteinaemia is highly prevalent among haemodialysis patients and may contribute to their increased cardiovascular risk. Treatment with pharmacological doses of folic acid lowers the plasma homocysteine concentration in these patients. The purpose of the present study was to expand the knowledge about such treatment by testing the effects of stepwise increases in the dose of folic acid on the concentrations of plasma and red blood cell folate as well as the total plasma concentrations of homocysteine (tHcy), cysteine (tCys), and glutathione (tGSH) in patients on chronic hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen stable haemodialysis patients completed the study which consisted of four consecutive periods, each of 6 weeks duration: (i) no treatment with folic acid (control period); (ii) 5 mg of folic acid three times per week (15 mg/week); (iii) 5 mg of folic acid daily (35 mg/week); (iv) 10 mg of folic acid daily (70 mg/week).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither plasma or red cell folate nor plasma aminothiol concentrations changed significantly during the control period. The mean red cell folate concentration doubled during the administration of folic acid at the dose of 15 mg/week but at higher doses the further rise was only marginal. The mean folate concentration in plasma increased steeply especially at the higher doses of folic acid. During treatment with 15 mg/week of folic acid, tHcy fell by a mean of 36%, tGSH increased by a mean of 34%, but tCys was unaffected. Increases in the dose of folic acid did not augment these responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximal effect on tHcy seemed to be obtained already at the lowest given dose of folic acid (15 mg/week). At that dose, the red blood cells approached folate saturation, which may reflect the situation in other cells that participate in homocysteine metabolism and explain why further increases in the dose of folic acid are not effective from a tHcy-lowering point of view.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Icelandic Heart Association Heart Preventive Clinic, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnadottir
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gudnason
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hultberg
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood*; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D008875:Middle Aged; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011624:Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006397:Hematinics; D011624:Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine