title: Clinical evaluation and computed tomography scan analysis of screw tracts after percutaneous insertion of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine.
abstract: METHODS
  An examination of the accuracy of percutaneous pedicle screw placement in the lumbar spine. Using computed tomography scan analysis after implant removal, the screw tracts could be analyzed regarding the degree and direction of screw dislocation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the misplacement rate and related clinical complications of percutaneous pedicle screw insertion in the lumbar spine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The feasibility of the external fixation test has been investigated in several studies. Although pedicle screw misplacement has been reported as one of the main complications, there are no reliable data on the misplacement rate for this difficult surgical procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 51 consecutive patients with suspected segmental instability were investigated after external transpedicular screw insertion for the external fixation test. Computed tomography scans of all instrumented pedicles from L2 to S1 were performed after screw removal. The screw tracts were analyzed, and the direction and degree of the pedicle violations were noted. In addition, the screw and pedicle angles were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 408 percutaneously inserted pedicle screws, only 27 screws (6.6%) were misplaced. There were 19 medial pedicle violations, 6 lateral cortical defects, and only 1 cranial and 1 caudal displacement. With respect to the spinal level, S1 showed the highest misplacement rate, with 11 screw dislocations (12%). After surgery, found two nerve root injuries were found. Only one of the injuries (L4) was related to the malposition of a screw.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that percutaneous insertion of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine is a safe and reliable technique. Despite the low misplacement rate of only 6.6%, it should be kept in mind that the surgical procedure is technically demanding and should be performed only by experienced spine surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Lweisner@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiesner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kothe
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Schulitz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rüther
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000592:standards*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed