title: Thigh adipose tissue distribution is associated with insulin resistance in obesity and in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipose tissue (AT) content of the thigh is generally not considered to be associated with insulin resistance (IR), but it is unclear whether the distribution of AT in the thigh is a determinant of IR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether subcompartments of AT within the thigh are determinants of IR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Midthigh AT, muscle composition, and insulin sensitivity were compared in 11 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM); 40 obese, glucose-tolerant (GT) and 15 lean, GT volunteers; and 38 obese subjects who completed a weight-loss program. Midthigh AT area measured with computed tomography was partitioned into 3 components: subcutaneous AT (SCAT), AT beneath the fascia (SFAT), and AT infiltrating muscle groups (IMAT). Muscle attenuation characteristics were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese DM and obese GT subjects had lower insulin sensitivity than lean GT subjects. SCAT was greater in obesity, yet did not correlate with insulin sensitivity. SFAT was approximately 8% of total thigh AT and correlated with insulin sensitivity. IMAT was highest in obese DM, and although it accounted for only approximately 3% of thigh AT, it was a strong correlate of insulin sensitivity. Mean attenuation was highest in lean subjects and was associated with higher insulin sensitivity. Weight loss reduced the amount of thigh AT, the proportion of thigh IMAT, and the amount of low-density thigh muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SFAT and IMAT are markers of IR in obesity and DM although they are much smaller than SCAT, which does not predict IR. Muscle composition reflecting increased fat content is also associated with IR.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. bgood+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Goodpaster
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Thaete
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kelley
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D001824:Body Constitution; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013848:Thigh; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015431:Weight Loss