title: Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in non-diabetic renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene determines the concentration of ACE in serum and local tissues. The role of this polymorphism in progressive chronic renal disease is still not fully clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the impact of the D/D polymorphism on the rate of decline in renal function in patients with non-diabetic, chronic progressive renal insufficiency. Seventy non-diabetic patients, aged 21-69 years at baseline, with moderately advanced renal insufficiency due to primary chronic renal disease were followed for an average of 3 years with repeated measurements of their glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Their mean GFR at baseline was 41 ml/min/1.73 m(2) body surface area (BSA). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification method was used to detect the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene. GFR was measured as the clearance of (51)Cr-EDTA and the individual rate of progression was calculated using linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distributions of the genotypes were: D/D 30%, I/D 49%, and I/I 21%. The rates of progression in the three ACE genotype groups were an annual decline in renal function of -4.2 (SD 4.6) ml/minx1.73 m(2) BSA in the D/D group, -2.7 (SD 3. 4) in the I/D group and -1.7 (SD 3.4) in the I/I group (ANOVA P=0. 12). In patients with proteinuria below 3.5 g/24 h, the D/D group had a significantly higher rate of progression than patients with the I allele. The same was found in a separate analysis when only patients with normal apoliprotein B (below 155 mg/dl) levels were analysed. Furthermore, the D/D genotype was a significant predictor of a more rapid decline in renal function in male, but not female, patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results in this study in non-diabetic patients with chronic renal disease indicate that the presence of the D allele in the ACE genotype may be of particular importance as a predictor of a high rate of progression in male patients who otherwise do not have a major burden of documented and important prognostic factors for progressive renal insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Attman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mulec
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rymo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricksten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D017931:DNA Primers; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D005819:Genetic Markers; D004247:DNA; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A