title: Sink or swim: strategies for cost-efficient diving by marine mammals.
abstract: Locomotor activity by diving marine mammals is accomplished while breath-holding and often exceeds predicted aerobic capacities. Video sequences of freely diving seals and whales wearing submersible cameras reveal a behavioral strategy that improves energetic efficiency in these animals. Prolonged gliding (greater than 78% descent duration) occurred during dives exceeding 80 meters in depth. Gliding was attributed to buoyancy changes with lung compression at depth. By modifying locomotor patterns to take advantage of these physical changes, Weddell seals realized a 9.2 to 59.6% reduction in diving energetic costs. This energy-conserving strategy allows marine mammals to increase aerobic dive duration and achieve remarkable depths despite limited oxygen availability when submerged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, EMS-A316, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. williams@darwin.ucsc.edu
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fuiman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Le Boeuf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horning
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calambokidis
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Croll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D004289:Dolphins / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording; D014907:Whales / Q000502:physiology*