title: Effect of intermittent pneumatic foot compression on popliteal artery haemodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  the aim was to investigate the effect of intermittent pneumatic foot compression (IPC(foot)) on popliteal artery haemodynamics in normal individuals and in patients with intermittent claudication due to peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (Fontaine stage II).
  
  
  METHODS
  popliteal artery volume flow [vFl], pulsatility index [PI], mean velocity [mV], peak systolic [PSV] and end diastolic velocity [EDV], in 25 limbs of 20 normal subjects and 40 limbs of 32 stable claudicants were obtained in the sitting position before, during and within 30 seconds after the application of IPC(foot)(applied pressure: 120 mmHg; inflation time: 3 seconds; deflation time: 17 seconds) using colour-flow duplex imaging (CFDI). The reproducibility of flow velocity estimations using CFDI in the horizontal [hor] (recovery) and sitting [sit] positions was evaluated in 20 limbs of normal controls and 20 limbs of claudicants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  popliteal artery vFl, mV, PSV and PI measurements were performed with a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 14.6% among claudicants and of less than 13.3% in normal subjects. EDV is the least reproducible parameter with an overall CV range of 10.2-21.5% in normal controls and 9.1-18.6% in arteriopaths. On application of IPC(foot)popliteal artery vFl increased by 111% in the control group (p<0.001) and by 51% in the claudicants (p<0.001). Within 30 seconds of the cessation of pump action flow decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.001), but maintained a significantly higher level than that at baseline (p<0. 001, in both groups). The mV, PSV and EDV showed a similar pattern of significant changes. Both in normals and claudicants, the PI decreased with IPC(foot)(p<0.001) and increased post-compression; however, it was significantly lower than baseline (p<0.005) within 30 seconds of impulse delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  current CFDI technology enables a reproducible estimation of popliteal artery flow velocities. IPC(foot)can significantly augment arterial calf inflow on an acute basis both in normals and claudicants. The increase of EDV and decrease of PI indicate that attenuation of peripheral resistance to flow is the main mechanism underlying the popliteal artery vFl enhancement on application of IPC(foot). Prospective trials on the long-term effect of IPC(foot)in the management of patients with PVD are indicated from the results of this study.
authors.affiliation: Irvine Laboratory for Cardiovascular Investigation and Research, Academic Vascular Surgery, London, Paddington, UK.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Delis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glenville
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stansby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000628:therapy*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology