title: First-episode major depression in adolescents. Affective, cognitive and endocrine characteristics of risk status and predictors of onset.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little information on whether patterns of steroids precede and are associated with depressive onset.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether there is an association between salivary cortisol and/or dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels and depression independent of psychosocial risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two subgroups of adolescents in the community at high (n = 181) and low (n = 65) risk for psychopathology were interviewed for recent psychiatric disorder at entry and again at 12 months. Salivary samples (08.00 and 20.00 h) for hormone estimations and self-reports on current mood and cognitive style were obtained at both assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither hormone was associated with risk status, current mood or cognitive style at entry. Of 31 onsets of major depression that occurred over the next 12 months, 30 came from the high-risk group but were not associated with any particular pattern of risk. Increased negative mood and feelings and DHEA (08.00 h) hypersecretion at entry were associated with subsequent major depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both negative mood and feelings and alterations in adrenal steroid function precede the onset of first-episode major depression in adolescents. Variation in levels of hormones may arise from more distal origins than recent life events and current ongoing difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Clinical School, University of Cambridge.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Goodyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamplin
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Altham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000032:analysis*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D006854:Hydrocortisone