title: The influence of gender and specialty on reporting of abusive and discriminatory behaviour by medical students, residents and physician teachers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The perception of whether a given behaviour is abusive differs between students and teachers. We speculated that attitudes towards reporting abusive and discriminatory behaviour may vary by specialty as well as by gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a cross-sectional survey of incoming medical students, medical students, residents, and teaching faculty at one Canadian medical school. The discrimination and abuse questions were in the following domains: (i) psychological abuse, (ii) sexual abuse, (iii) physical abuse, (iv) gender discrimination, (v) racial discrimination, (vi) disability discrimination, (vii) derogatory remarks regarding homosexuality. The frequency of self-reported witnessed or experienced abusive and discriminatory behaviour was compared by gender, specialty choice and stage of training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rates varied by respondent group: 44/56 (79%) of incoming medical students, 177/218 (81%) of medical students, 134/206 (65%) of residents and 215/554 (38%) of physician teachers. The frequency of these behaviours was perceived to be low by both male and female respondents. Abusive and discriminatory behaviour by physician teachers was noted more frequently by residents (P < 0.001) and physician teachers themselves (P < 0.001) compared with incoming medical students. As well, in general, women noted more abusive and discriminatory behaviour by all teachers, compared with men (P < 0. 003). Each response to the abuse/discrimination questions was also modelled as the independent variable using stepwise multiple regression. The area of specialization (surgical versus non-surgical) altered the reporting of abusive and discriminatory behaviour by women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that female surgical residents and medical students undergo a process of acclimatization to the patriarchal surgical culture. As female surgeons become physician teachers they revert to a culture more similar to that of their female non-surgical colleagues. Although a process of deidealization occurs in medical training, these attitudes are not necessarily retained throughout the practising lifetime of physicians as they regain autonomy and more personal control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oancia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bohm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carry
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cujec
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine; D011287:Prejudice; D012723:Sex; D012919:Social Behavior; D013038:Specialization; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D013663:Teaching