title: Effectiveness of toughened glassware in terms of reducing injury in bars: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness, in terms of injury prevention, of toughened pint glassware in bars.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 57 bars in South Wales, West Midlands, and West of England.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1229 bar workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete replacement of pint glasses with annealed (control) or toughened (intervention) glassware.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bar staff injuries recorded monthly: number, site, and severity (lifestyle impact; treatment need) of injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety eight bar staff experienced 115 injuries: 43 in the control group, 72 in the intervention group. Adjusting for people at risk gave a relative risk (RR) of 1.48 (confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 2.15). Similarly, adjusting for hours worked gave RR 1.57 (CI 1.08 to 2.29). Thus, injury rate was 60% higher in the intervention group (p<0.05), with no significant difference in severity. Most were hand injuries requiring first aid. Injuries tended to occur simultaneously in more than one body part in the intervention group, reportedly caused by spontaneous disintegration of toughened glassware. Impact resistance testing showed the energy required to break annealed glass (1.8 +/- 0.2 J) was greater than that for toughened glass (1.4 +/- 0.2 J), though the difference was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glass with lower impact resistance caused more injuries. "Toughened" glassware had lower impact resistance. Standards for toughening need to be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery Medicine and Pathology, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Warburton
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention; D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005898:Glass / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012016:Reference Values; D012147:Restaurants; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control