title: Risk of dysphagia after transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysphagia can be a significant complication following cardiac operations. This study evaluates its incidence and relationship to intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for specific indications versus known factors such as stroke or prolonged intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 838 consecutive cardiac surgical patients were reviewed, and categorized into those who received TEE for specific indications versus those who did not (nonTEE). Dysphagia was recorded when symptoms were confirmed by barium cineradiography. Multiple logistic regression identified significant factors causing dysphagia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TEE was significantly related to the development of postoperative dysphagia by multiple logistic regression (p < 0.001). After controlling for other significant factors (stroke, left ventricular ejection fraction, intubation time, duration of operation), the odds of dysphagia for TEE patients was 7.8 times greater than for nonTEE patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TEE may be an independent risk factor for dysphagia following cardiac operations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01107, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rousou
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tighe
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Garb
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krasner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Deaton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors