title: Length of use and symptoms associated with premature removal of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a nation-wide study of 17,360 users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the continuation rates of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) and symptoms associated with its premature removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  All women in Finland who had a LNG IUS inserted between April 1990 and December 1993 and whose doctor had filled in and returned a form at the insertion visit. This study population consists of 46% of all the LNG IUSs sold in Finland between 1990 and 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire on reproductive and contraceptive history, gynaecological problems and symptoms experienced during the use of the LNG IUS was sent to 23,885 LNG IUS users. A total of 17,914 questionnaires were returned (response rate 75%). The results cover experience from 58,600 woman years. A log-rank-test was used to test differences in continuation rates. Multivariate analyse were performed using Cox's proportional hazard model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LNG IUS was prematurely removed from 5175 women. The one, two, three, four and five year continuation rates were 93%, 87%, 81%, 75% and 65%, respectively. The symptoms during the use of the LNG IUS most strongly associated with its premature removal were excessive bleeding and spotting, and infections and pain. The risk of premature removal was markedly lower among women who had occasional or total absence of menstruation. Premature removal was less likely in the oldest age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The continuation rate of the LNG IUS compares favourably with other long-acting contraceptive systems. Totally or occasionally absent menstruation was strongly associated with prolonged continuation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Backman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huhtala
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luoto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rauramo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskenvuo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018456:Reproductive Medicine; D013997:Time Factors; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D016912:Levonorgestrel