title: Relative ultrasonographic echogenicity of standard, dimpled, and polymeric-coated needles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use quantitative ultrasonographic measurements to compare the effect of a polymeric coating designed to increase needle echogenicity to commercially available needles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commercially available standard smooth and dimpled echogenic tip 21-gauge needles established reference levels of echogenicity in gelatin-based and turkey breast phantoms. Examples of both types of needles were coated with a thin polymeric film that utilizes entrapped microbubbles of air on its surface to increase echogenicity. Samples of each type in both coated and noncoated versions were placed in phantoms in matched positions and imaged with clinical ultrasound machines. Similar numbers of each category were evaluated at various angles of insonation for a total of 109 images. Similar numbers of each category were imaged at 5-minute intervals for up to 38 minutes for a total of 226 images. Images were recorded, digitized, and evaluated for relative echo strength in arbitrary echogenic brightness units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coating increased peak echogenicity over the entire needle to a level that closely approximates the peak echogenicity of dimpled needle tips (means: dimpled = 834, coated smooth = 803, coated dimpled = 823; P = .54). Smooth is lower than this group at 468 (P = .0001). Representative area echogenicity increased with coating or dimpling (smooth = 377 vs coated smooth = 778, coated dimpled = 690, dimpled = 775; P = .0001). Coating increased peak values 74% and area values 95% compared to smooth. Decreased angles of insonation moderately reduced echogenicity on coated smooth, coated dimpled, and dimpled, while it decreased to below good visibility threshold on standard smooth needles. The echogenicity of the coated needles fades in saline with time (1%/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Objective measurements show that this coating significantly increases echogenicity of entire needles to match that obtained with a dimpled tip.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-1045, USA. wculp@unmc.edu
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: McCowan
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Goertzen
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Habbe
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: LeVeen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000592:standards*; D004867:Equipment Design; D009339:Needles / Q000592:standards*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011108:Polymers / Q000592:standards*; D014422:Turkeys; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011108:Polymers