title: 1H- and 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging as a new diagnostic tool to evaluate neuropathic foot ulcers in Type II diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied 36 Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients without occlusive arterial diseases in the lower extremities and 12 age-matched and sex-matched non-diabetic subjects to clarify the association between diabetic polyneuropathy and foot ulcers using 1H- and 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 36 diabetic patients consisted of 12 patients with superficial foot ulcers and 24 patients free from this disease. We measured fat to water and phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate (PCr:Pi) ratios and calculated the intracellular pH of resting plantar muscles by depth-resolved surface-coil spectroscopy using an 1H-31P double tuned coil. Furthermore, foot vasculature, fat and PCr contents of plantar muscles were visualised by phase-contrast angiography, T1-weighted spin-echo imaging and 31P-chemical shift imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 12 foot ulcer patients showed a reduced PCr to Pi ratio (p < 0.001) and peripheral nerve functions (p < 0.01-0.001) but an increased fat to water ratio (p < 0.001) and intracellular pH (p < 0.001) compared with the 24 patients without ulcers. From stepwise multiple regression analyses, motor nerve function as well as severity of nephropathy was associated with both fat to water and PCr to Pi ratios. When these patients were categorised into three groups based on their level of motor nerve function, the frequency of foot ulcers of the lowest group was higher than that of the highest group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicated that motor nerve dysfunction in diabetic patients was closely associated with impaired energy metabolism, fatty infiltration and increased intracellular pH of plantar muscles and high frequency of foot ulcers. These new techniques could contribute to help clarify the predisposing factors for foot ulcers.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maegawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haneda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inubushi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010758:Phosphorus; D011507:Proteinuria; D012039:Regional Blood Flow
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D006859:Hydrogen