title: Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity and laryngospasm in preterm and term infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the occurrence of muscle rigidity after fentanyl administration in premature and term neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital neonatal intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  8/89 preterm and term infants (25-40 wks gestational age) who received fentanyl for perioperative analgesia and sedation or intensive care procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanical or bag mask ventilation and antagonization with naloxone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed chest wall rigidity in 8 patients after low dosage of fentanyl (3-5 microg/kg body weight). All patients presented with respiratory distress, hypercapnia, and hypoxemia leading to bradycardia. In two patients, laryngospasm was noted and associated with muscle rigidity, thus making intubation impossible. Naloxone (20-40 microg/kg body weight) reversed the laryngospasm and muscle rigidity immediately, allowing restitution within 1 min. In our patient population, we found fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity in 4% of neonates after fentanyl administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even low doses of fentanyl can lead to thoracic rigidity in neonates. Additionally, we observed laryngospasm in two patients and speculate that it might be a variant of muscle rigidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Childrens Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. hubert.fahnenstich@unibas.ch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fahnenstich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steffan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartmann
mesh_terms: D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000209:etiology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007826:Laryngismus / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000209:etiology; D013896:Thoracic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone; D005283:Fentanyl