title: Deficiency citations for physical restraint use in nursing homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The average percentage of residents restrained in nursing homes is approximately 20%. Facilities that do not meet Health Care Financing Administration standards for restraint use may be issued a deficiency citation. This article investigates which structure and process factors of nursing homes are associated with a deficiency citation for restraint use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative data from the 1997 On-line Survey Certification of Automated Records are used, first, to provide descriptive analyses, and second, for logistic regression analyses of structure and process factors associated with a deficiency citation for restraint use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,321 facilities were found to have at least one restraint deficiency citation, and 14,703 had none. After controlling for seven other key variables, five structural factors and six process factors are significant. The structural factors--larger bed size, for-profit ownership, and hospital based--were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of a deficiency citation for restraint use; whereas higher numbers of full-time equivalent specialists per resident and nurse aide training were significantly associated with a lower likelihood. The process factors--suctioning therapy, pain management, and bladder training--were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of a deficiency citation for restraint use; whereas intravenous therapy, higher use of catheters, and physical restraints were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of a deficiency citation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis establishes linkages between structures and processes and the outcome of a deficiency citation for restraint use. The structural results may have some utility for regulators. They could be used to develop a specific program to target facilities most commonly found to have inappropriate restraint use. The process results may have some utility for providers who could use the information to target residents for review of inappropriate restraint use.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Castle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014487:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002568:Certification / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States