title: Intercellular spread of GFP-VP22.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) VP22 polypeptide has been reported to mediate intercellular trafficking of heterologous proteins fused to its C- or N-terminus, a feature making it a useful tool in bystander cell-targeted gene therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we show, by detection of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) fused to VP22, its subcellular distribution in living producer (transfected) and recipient (non-transfected) cells as well as in cells after fixation. Four cell lines from different species were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different fractions of translocated GFP-VP22 fusion protein could be detected in fixed recipient cells by two different methods of fixation. Functional GFP in live recipient cells could not be detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that the VP22-chimeric protein transfer in its present form is suboptimal in terms of protein function. However, after fixation, the GFP signal in 100% of cells in a monolayer can be detected even at moderate transfection efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aints
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dilber
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D019556:COS Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D051381:Rats; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins; C073413:herpes simplex virus type 1 protein VP22; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins