title: Effects of increased response effort on self-injury and object manipulation as competing responses.
abstract: We evaluated the effects of a response-effort intervention on the occurrence of self-injurious hand mouthing and a competing response (object manipulation) with 4 individuals who had profound developmental disabilities. During Phase 1, results of functional analyses showed that all participants engaged in high levels of hand mouthing in the absence of social contingencies, suggesting that the behavior was maintained by automatic reinforcement. In Phase 2, preferred leisure items were identified for participants during assessments in which duration of leisure item manipulation was used as the index of preference. In Phase 3, participants were observed to engage in high levels of hand mouthing and in varying levels of object manipulation when they had free access to their most preferred leisure items during baseline. The effects of increased response effort on hand mouthing and object manipulation were then evaluated in mixed multiple baseline and reversal designs. The response-effort condition was identical to baseline, except that participants wore soft, flexible sleeves that increased resistance for elbow flexion but still enabled participants to engage in hand mouthing. Results showed consistent decreases in SIB and increases in object manipulation during the response-effort condition for all participants. These results suggested that a less preferred reinforcer (produced by object manipulation) may substitute for a more highly preferred reinforcer (produced by hand mouthing) when response effort for hand mouthing was increased.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  self-injurious behavior, automatic reinforcement, reinforcer substitutability, response effort
authors.affiliation: Arlington Developmental Center, Tennessee 38002, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Goff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior