title: Sex preselection: laboratory validation of the sperm sex ratio of flow sorted X- and Y-sperm by sort reanalysis for DNA.
abstract: Laboratory validation is essential in developing an effective method for separating X and Y sperm to preselect sex. Utilizing sexed sperm from a particular experiment to test fertility and achieve the subsequent phenotypic sex without knowing the likely outcome at conception is too costly for most applications. Further, research advances need to be built on an ongoing assessment with respect to the collection of data to continue progress towards achieving a successful outcome. The Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology, which is based on the sorting of X- and Y-bearing sperm through the process of flow-cytometric sperm sorting, is also well suited for validation in the laboratory by "sort reanalysis" of the sperm X- and Y-bearing fractions for DNA content. Since the sexing technology is based on the use of Hoechst 33342, a permeant nuclear DNA stain for sorting X- and Y-bearing sperm, it also can be the marker for determining the proportions of X and Y populations by sort reanalysis. The process consists of using an aliquot of the sorted sperm and sonicating to obtain sperm nuclei. The uniformity of the nuclear staining is re-established through the addition of more Hoechst 33342. Separate analysis of each aliquot produces a histogram that is fitted to a double gaussian curve to determine proportions of X and Y populations. The relative breadths of the distributions of DNA of X- and Y-bearing sperm within a species affects interpretations of the histogram. Sort reanalysis is consistently repeatable with differences in X/Y DNA equal to or greater than 3.0%. This information on sex ratio of the sperm then provides the precise tool by which one can predict the outcome in terms of sex, from a particular sample of semen. Simple analysis of unsorted sperm to determine the proportions of X- and Y-bearing sperm based on DNA content is also an effective tool for validating sperm-sex ratio, whether it is in a sample assumed to be 50:50 or predicted to be something other than 50:50. This simple analysis provides for a check on the potential sex ratio of any sample of semen.
authors.affiliation: Germplasm & Gamete Physiology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012743:Sex Preselection / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology*; D013552:Swine; D014960:X Chromosome; D014998:Y Chromosome
chemical_list: D004247:DNA