title: Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced glycosylation end product (AGE) formation is a major mechanism for the development of complications in diabetes, and the possible roles of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) are not clearly established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the associations of AGEs, free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients under diverse conditions. In a cross-sectional design we studied 110 subjects (67 women and 43 men): non-diabetic controls in group 1, (n = 15) and diabetes patients as follows: group 2, without complications (n = 25); group 3, with chronic complications (n = 25); group 4, with acute or chronic infections (n = 24); group 5, hospitalized for reasons unrelated to diabetes (n = 9); group 6, with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (n = 12). AGEs were determined by a spectrofluorometric method (HPLC). Insulin and IGFBP-3 were measured by RIA and free IGF-1 with an IRMA method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AGEs were 13-fold higher in patients with ESRD (p<0.001), and lower in healthy individuals. Free IGF-1 was lower in the patients with complications (p = 0.017), with infections (p = 0.006) and hospitalized (p = 0.04). IGFBP-3 was higher in hospitalized patients (p=0.017). AGEs were associated with free IGF-1 (r = 0.41, p = 0.04) in the group with complications, and with HbA(1c) (r = -0.90, p = 0.002) in hospitalized patients. In the total group, free IGF-1 (r = -0.25, p = 0.008), and IGFBP-3 (r = -0.22, p = 0.021) were associated with HbA(1c).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that AGEs were markedly increased in diabetic patients with ESRD, IGF-1 was decreased in patients with infections and hospitalized, and was negatively associated with HbA(1c). IGFBP-3 was increased in hospitalized patients, with higher levels in patients with long bone fractures. A complex interaction of humoral factors may participate in the acceleration of complications of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, 20 de Enero 929, 37320 León Gto, Mexico.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Garay-Sevilla
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nava
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Malacara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wróbel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wróbel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pérez
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I