title: Safe and efficient emergency transvenous ventricular pacing via the right supraclavicular route.
abstract: Infraclavicular and internal jugular central venous access are techniques commonly used for temporary transvenous pacing. However, the procedure still has a considerable complication rate, with a high risk/benefit ratio because of insertion difficulties and pacemaker malfunction. To enlarge the spectrum of alternative access sites, we prospectively evaluated the right supraclavicular route to the subclavian/innominate vein for emergency ventricular pacing with a transvenous flow-directed pacemaker as a bedside procedure. For 19 mo, 17 consecutive patients with symptomatic bradycardia, cardiac arrest, or torsade de pointes requiring immediate bedside transvenous pacing were enrolled in the study. The success rate, insertional complications, pacemaker performance, and patients' outcomes were recorded. Supraclavicular venipuncture was successful in all patients, in 16 of 17 at the first attempt. Adequate ventricular pacing was achieved within 1 to 5 min (median, 2 min) after venipuncture and within 10 s to 4 min (median, 30 s) after lead insertion (</=30 s in 15 of 17 patients). The median pacing threshold was 1 mA (range, 0.7 to 2.5 mA). No procedure-related complications were recorded. Throughout the pacing period of 1538 h (median: 62 h, range, 1-280 h) two reversible malfunctions caused by inadvertent lead dislodgement after 122 and 171 h were recorded; in one patient the pacemaker had to be removed because of local infection after 14 days of pacing. We conclude that the right supraclavicular route is an easy, safe, and effective first approach for transvenous ventricular pacing and might provide a useful alternative to traditional puncture sites, even in a preclinical setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporary transvenous cardiac pacing can yield high complication rates especially under emergency conditions. We investigated emergency pacing via the right supraclavicular access in 17 consecutive hemodynamically compromised patients and found good safety, efficacy, and a low complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine I, Division of Intensive Care, Vienna University Hospital, Vienna, Austria. Klaus.Laczika@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laczika
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thalhammer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Locker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Apsner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Losert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kofler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rabitsch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mares
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frass
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sunder-Plassmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muhm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies