title: An update in the palliative management of malignant dysphagia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oesophageal cancer is generally associated with late presentation and poor prognosis. Therefore palliative surgery has been largely superseded by less invasive non-surgical techniques. Once palliation is indicated, the aims of the management should be: the maintenance of oral intake, minimizing hospital stay, relief of pain, elimination of reflux and regurgitation and the prevention of aspiration.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a review of all published English language data on the palliation of malignant dysphagia between 1994-1999. The Medline and Bids databases were searched and other references were derived from the material perused.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palliative treatment for oesophageal cancer should be individualized and relate to tumour stage, size and location, the patient's medical condition and his/her personal wishes. The palliative treatment largely includes self-expanding metal stents (SEMS), laser (including photodynamic therapy (PDT)) or a combination of the two to relieve symptoms, this may be employed with or without other treatments such as radiotherapy/chemotherapy (RT/CT) with the aim of reducing tumour bulk and possibly prolonging survival. A multi-disciplinary approach is vital in patients with advanced oesophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Surgery, University of Nottingham, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kubba
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krasner
mesh_terms: D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004937:Esophageal Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care