title: Preparing patients to travel abroad safely. Part 2: Updating vaccinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide, for family physicians without access to a travel clinic, evidence-based recommendations on vaccinating infants and children, adults, pregnant women, and immunocompromised patients traveling to non-Western countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were undertaken of MEDLINE from 1990 to November 1998 (372 articles); the Cochrane Collaboration Library; publications of the National Action Committee on Immunization and the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel in Canada Communicable Disease Reports; the Canadian Immunization Guide; and Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, United States Centres for Disease Control, and World Health Organization websites. Evidence-based statements, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were selected. Vaccination recommendations are based on this evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physicians should complete vaccination schedules for children whose primary series is incomplete and vaccinate unvaccinated adults. Hepatitis A is widespread, and travelers to areas where it is endemic should be vaccinated. The elderly should be vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcal disease. Pregnant women should receive vaccines appropriate to their trimester. Immunocompromised patients should be vaccinated, but BCG and live vaccines are contraindicated. Travelers to areas where meningitis, typhoid, cholera, Japanese encephalitis, and rabies are endemic should be vaccinated if they are likely to be exposed. Those traveling to areas where tuberculosis is endemic should take precautions and should have skin tests before traveling and 2 to 4 months after return.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family physicians can administer all necessary vaccinations. They can advise pregnant women and immunocompromised people about the balance of risk of disease and benefits of vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's. rogert@morgan.ucs.mun.ca
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D014195:Travel; D014611:Vaccination / Q000592:standards*