title: Impact of an antibiotic restriction policy on hospital expenditures and bacterial susceptibilities: a lesson from a pediatric institution in a developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an era of growing concern about bacterial resistance and hospital costs, limiting the use of broad spectrum antibiotics is important.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of an antibiotic restriction policy on expenditures, antimicrobial resistance rates and clinical outcomes of hospitalized children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Starting in January, 1997, a prior consultation with an infectious disease specialist for using restricted antibiotics was required in all hospital areas. A retrospective assessment of study objectives obtained 2 years before (1995, 1996) and 2 years after (1997, 1998) initiation of the restriction policy was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was conducted in a 500-bed university hospital serving children nationwide of a developing country, Panama.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total expenditures for antimicrobial agents decreased by 50%, from $699,543 (US dollars) during 1995 and 1996 to $347,261 during 1997 and 1998. Susceptibility rates of many nosocomial isolates (especially staphylococci and Gram-negative enteric bacilli) usually improved for restricted antibiotics with >35% reduction in utilization (notably for gentamicin, third generation cephalosporins, piperacillin and vancomycin). Major improvements in bacterial susceptibilities were observed in the nursery, a place harboring microorganisms exhibiting the higher initial resistance rates of the hospital. No differences in days of hospital stay and mortality rates of all patients and of children with nosocomial infections were detected during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Requirement for prior approval of selected antimicrobial drugs in a pediatric institution decreases hospital expenditures and improves susceptibilities to antibiotics without compromising patient outcomes or length of hospital stays.
authors.affiliation: University of Panama, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital del Niño, Panama City.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sáez-Llorens
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Castrejón de Wong
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castaño
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: De Suman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Morös
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Atencio
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017046:Cost Savings; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D003906:Developing Countries; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010176:Panama; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents