title: Quantification of liver iron concentration with magnetic resonance imaging by combining T1-, T2-weighted spin echo sequences and a gradient echo sequence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to quantify hepatic iron by MRI for practical use.
  
  
  METHODS
  In twenty-three patients with various degrees of iron overload, measurements were carried out with a 1.5 Tesla MR unit. A combination of pulse sequences (T1, T2 and gradient echo) enabled us to quantify smaller amounts of liver iron as accurately as larger amounts of liver iron. The gradient echo sequence provided us with a good correlation when detecting smaller amounts of iron in the liver where the T1 sequence provided a good correlation when larger amounts of iron were present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination of the three sequences showed a nice correlation (r=-0. 93, P<0.001) and provided us with an accurate estimate of the liver iron content (LIC). This correlation was achieved with a LIC from the lower range of normal up to LIC of 146 mmol/kg dry weight, which seems the highest measurable liver iron content for a 1.5 Tesla MRI. Measuring in the lower range makes it possible to decide whether further invasive diagnostic investigations by a liver biopsy are indicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI is a useful tool to quantify iron overload non-invasively. In cases where a liver biopsy is hazardous MRI can easily be used to obtain reliable, quantitative information about the initial LIC. Quantification by MRI could also be used for follow up of the iron content during depletion treatment by phlebotomy or iron chelation. The stronger the magnet the more sensitive the detection of concentrations up to 150 mmol/kg is. A semi-quantitative judgement will only be possible with severe iron overload over 150 mmol/kg. If such an iron excess is found, a liver biopsy should be performed to exclude cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. h.g.kreeftenberg@int.azg.nl
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kreeftenberg
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Mooyaart
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Huizenga
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sluiter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012015:Reference Standards; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014168:Transferrin; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron