title: Unemployment and psychological distress one year after childbirth in France.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the relation between unemployment and the psychological distress of mothers one year after childbirth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicentric survey concerning births occurring between September 1993 and July 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  In France: two maternity units in the Parisian area and one in Champagne-Ardennes, in the east of France, comprising both urban and rural areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primipara and secondipara women were interviewed three times: at birth by a face to face interview, five months and 12 months after the birth, by postal questionnaires, with a 83% response rate for the two postal questionnaires. The analysis includes 632 women who answered all three stages of the survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychological distress was mainly assessed one year after birth by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for unwanted pregnancy, marital conflicts, marital status, hospitalisation of the baby during the last year, lack of confiding relationship, depressive or anxious troubles before pregnancy, age, educational level and parity, unemployed women had an excess of psychological distress compared with employed women (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.12, 3.13). The ratios for housewives were very close to those of employed women. Among the unemployed women, 60% had recently been without a job, since a few months before or after the birth. An excess of psychological distress among unemployed compared with employed women was observed in all social groups defined by the current or last occupation, but with various extents. Psychological distress was specially linked to the employment status in the group of women with the more qualified occupations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even after a birth, when women are very much involved in their maternal role, those seeking a job have worse mental health than those in a stable situation, either employed or housewives. In France, the unemployment rate among young women is high. It is specially important that social regulations protecting employment during and after pregnancy are adequately applied. Employers, legislators, such as medical doctors, have to be aware to this situation.
authors.affiliation: INSERM Unité 149, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Saurel-Cubizolles
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romito
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Ancel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lelong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology*