title: Empowering diabetes out-patients with structured education: short-term and long-term effects of functional insulin treatment on perceived control over diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate short-term and long-term effects of structured outpatient education for Functional Insulin Treatment (FIT: selective insulin dosages for eating, fasting or correcting hyperglycaemia) on perceived control over diabetes and related health beliefs. FIT was thought to influence the perception of self-efficacy in diabetes, in contrast to conventional treatment, based on scheduled, rigid food intake and insulin delivery--it allows flexible eating, provided independent control of glycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured, comprehensive, outpatient group training in FIT for selective use of insulin either for eating, fasting or correction included practical "insulin games." The FIT program focused on everyday criteria for choices of insulin dosages and thus on the patient's ability to execute his/her newly gained flexible treatment to his/her everyday life while preventing acute and late complications. To evaluate effects of FIT on "Perceived Control over Diabetes" and related "Health Beliefs Concerning Diabetes" (Bradley's questionnaires, 1984), a fully randomized short-term controlled Study 1 (four weeks, 32 patients), and long-term uncontrolled pilot Study 2 (three years, 68 patients) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The short-term study revealed that FIT induced the feeling of independence from situational control while self-managing diabetes. In the long-term study, the patients were increasingly freed from the feeling of being under the control of physician and treatment-related restrictions, which--together with higher perceived self-efficacy--contributed to the feeling of "empowerment." This was associated with high treatment satisfaction and significant improvement of glycemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Structured out-patient group training for FIT results in measurable improvement of patients' perceived control over diabetes and self-efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Research Group Functional Rehabilitation and Group Education, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Vienna, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Wien, Austria. k.howarka@bmtp.akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Howorka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pumprla
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wagner-Nosiska
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grillmayr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schlusche
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schabmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012646:Self Administration; D020377:Self Efficacy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin