title: Multidirectional instability of the shoulder in the female athlete.
abstract: Multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder is a complex entity, characterized by symptomatic global laxity of the glenohumeral joint. Because symptoms vary widely, making the diagnosis of MDI is not always straightforward. In addition, relatively few series of patients with this disorder have been reported. Thus, precise definition, causes, and treatment remain elusive. This article reviews the current literature regarding anatomy, biomechanics, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of MDI that are relevant to care of the female athlete.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Faryniarz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hannafin
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint