title: Comparison of volatile anesthetic effects on actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling in neonatal versus adult cardiac muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neonatal myocardium is more sensitive to volatile anesthetics compared with adults. The greater myocardial sensitivity of neonates may be attributable to greater anesthetic effect on force regulation at the level of the cross-bridge. In the current study, the authors compared the effects of 1 and 2 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) halothane and sevoflurane on cardiac muscle from 0- to 3-day-old (neonate) and 84-day-old (adult) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Triton X-100-skinned muscle strips were maximally activated at pCa (negative logarithm of the Ca2+ concentration) of 4.0, and the following were measured in the presence or absence of anesthetic: Rate of force redevelopment after rapid shortening and restretching (ktr) and isometric stiffness at maximal activation and in rigor. The fraction of attached cross-bridges (alphafs) and apparent rate constants for cross-bridge attachment (fapp) and detachment (gapp) were calculated assuming a two-state model for cross-bridge cycling. Anesthetic-induced changes in the mean stiffness per cross-bridge were also estimated from values in rigor versus maximum activation in the presence or absence of anesthetic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonatal cardiac muscle displayed significantly smaller alphafs slower ktr and slower fapp compared with adult cardiac muscle; however, gapp was not significantly different. Halothane, and sevoflurane to a significantly lesser extent, decreased alphafs, fapp, and the mean force per cross-bridge and increased gapp to a greater extent in neonates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that weaker force production in neonatal cardiac muscle involves, at least in part, less efficient cross-bridge cycling kinetics. The authors conclude that the greater myocardial sensitivity of neonates to volatile anesthetics reflects, at least in part, a direct inhibition of cross-bridge cycling, especially the rates of cross-bridge attachment and detachment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. prakash.ys@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cody
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hannon
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Housmans
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sieck
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000465:Algorithms; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009218:Myosins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009218:Myosins; D006221:Halothane