title: Caliper and ultrasonographic measurements of bovine testicles and a mathematical formula for determining testicular volume and weight in vivo.
abstract: This study quantified the relationship between calibrated caliper and ultrasonographic derived measurements of bovine testicles in vivo with actual testicular length, width, volume and weight. The prolate spheroid formula was tested to accurately predict testicular volume and a modification to predict weight. Ten bulls were employed to derive caliper and ultrasound testicle (n = 20) length and width measurements in vivo. Caliper length measurements were more reliable than ultrasound derived lengths, with correlations of r2 = 0.8023; P < 0.05 and r2 = 0.5111; P < 0.05, respectively. Width for both the calipers and ultrasound measurements when compared to actual width measurements were r2 = 0.7313; P < 0.05 and r2 = 0.8310; P < 0.05, respectively. The prolate spheroid formula is reliable in determining testicle (n = 116) volume (r2 = 0.8928; P < 0.05). Testicular volume and weight are highly correlated (r2 = 0.9776; P < 0.05); therefore, a modification of the prolate spheroid formula was used to predict weight (r2 = 0.9084; P < 0.05) against the actual weight. Caliper-derived length and width measurements used in the prediction of volume and weight had correlation coefficients against actual volume and weight of r2 = 0.5497; P < 0.05 and r2 = 0.6340; P < 0.05, respectively. Ultrasound in vivo measurements for prediction of testicular volume and testicular weight had a correlation of r2 = 0.3276; P < 0.05 and r2 = 0.6249; P < 0.05, respectively. A testicular (n = 116) length to width ratio of 1.8:1 (SEM = 0.01) was determined for both slaughterhouse and castrated animals. Caliper measurements are reliable, inexpensive and much simpler to obtain than ultrasound determinations for in vivo testicle length, width, volume and weight. The two-dimensional measurement of length and width would be a more accurate predictor of testicle volume and weight than the one-dimensional measurement of scrotal circumference (SC), especially in bulls with variation in testicular shape.
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg 24061, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Riddell
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D002417:Cattle; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography