title: Effect of temperature and PaCO2 on cerebral embolization during cardiopulmonary bypass in swine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients experience cerebral embolization during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study determined if alterations in temperature and/or PaCO2 can reduce cerebral and ocular embolization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four pigs underwent CPB: 24 animals at 28 degrees C, and 20 at 38 degrees C. The two temperature groups were randomized to undergo embolization (67-microm fluorescent microspheres) at either hypercarbia or hypocarbia. Before and after embolization, cerebral and ocular blood flow were determined at normocarbia. Reducing temperature or PaCO2 reduced cerebral and ocular embolization. Hypocarbia reduced cerebral embolization by 60% and 45% in normothermic and hypothermic groups, respectively (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05). Relative to normothermic animals, hypothermia reduced cerebral embolization by 37% under an elevated CO2 condition (p < 0.05), but not under hypocarbic conditions. Similarly, regardless of temperature, fewer emboli were delivered to the eye in hypocarbic animals (p < 0.05), but hypothermia did not reduce ocular embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral embolization is determined by both temperature and PaCO2 at the time of embolization. In CPB practice, reductions in temperature and/or PaCO2 during periods of embolic risk may reduce brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Foundation and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. cook.david@mayo.edu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plöchl
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Orszulak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide