title: Total endoscopic computer enhanced coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an effort to minimize access in coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery, a total endoscopic approach using computer enhanced technology was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  By July 1999 the da Vinci telemanipulation system (Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, CA) was used in 66 patients with coronary artery disease. In 12 patients undergoing routine coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (group 1) the internal thoracic artery (ITA) to left anterior descending artery (LAD) anastomosis was performed remotely using the system. In 32 patients (group 2) endoscopic dissection of the ITA was performed followed by a conventional minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) operation. In 22 patients (group 3) the complete operation was performed endoscopically through 4 ports (total endoscopic coronary artery bypass, TECAB). Port-Access cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest was used for TECAB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1 the time for performing the ITA to LAD anastomosis was 17 +/- 10 min. Mean graft flow was 38 +/- 25 ml/min. One anastomosis leaked and was repaired manually. In group 2 in 31/32 patients (96%) the ITA harvest was successfully performed with the system at mean of 61 +/- 27 min. There was a substantial learning curve associated with ITA take-down. In one patient a dissection caused insufficient free ITA graft flow which necessated additional vein grafting. Postoperative angiography demonstrated graft patency in all cases. In the TECAB group, the operation could be completed through four ports in 18 of the 22 patients (82%) with operating times in the range 220-507 min. In four patients, elective conversion to a minithoracotomy was required due to failure to identify the LAD (1), bleeding from the anastomosis (1), grafting of a diagonal branch (1) and torsion of the pedicle (1). One patient required reoperation for bleeding from an ITA side-branch. Median intubation time was 13 h and stay on ICU and hospitalization were 20 h and 7 days, respectively. A 3-month follow-up angiography revealed patent grafts in all TECAB patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic ITA harvesting and performing of arterial anastomoses can be safely performed with the da Vinci system. TECAB is possible on the arrested heart with good functional results. However, a substantial learning curve has to be overcome which is reflected in long operation times and an initial significant conversion rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heartcenter, University of Leipzig, Germany. falv@.medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diegeler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banusch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brucerius
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raumans
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autschbach
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004724:Endoscopy; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014741:Video Recording