title: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: valuing the survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the survival, developmental status, quality of life, and direct medical costs of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who have undergone stage I, II, and III reconstructive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 106 children underwent staged repair for classic hypoplastic left heart syndrome between February 1990 and March 1999 (stage I: 106; stage II: 49; stage III: 25; 4 converted to heart transplantation). Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. In a cross-sectional study, parents assessed quality of life by completing the Infant/Toddler Child Health Questionnaire or Child Health Questionnaire Parent Format-28; they assessed developmental progress by completing the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. The ratio-of-costs-to-charges method was used to derive hospital costs, and payments were used to capture physician time and wholesale pricing for outpatient medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Institutional 1-year and 5-year actuarial survivals were 58% and 54%. Birth weight, the need for preoperative inotropic drugs, and surgical experience were predictors of survival. Norwood I patients achieved fewer developmental benchmarks than those who survived to subsequent stages. Child Health Questionnaire Parent Format-28 mean summary scores for physical and psychosocial health were 48.5 +/- 6.3 and 42.8 +/- 9.9. The median inpatient costs for stage I, II, and III repairs were $51,000, $33,892, and $52,183, respectively. Monthly outpatient and readmission costs were less than 10% of total costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prospective, large-scale study of the comprehensive outcomes of staged repair and transplantation is needed. This study will need to address the longer-term developmental and quality-of-life outcomes, as well as the long-term cost effectiveness of these procedures.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Health Outcomes and Innovation Research, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gelijns
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Quaegebeur
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate