title: Developing performance indicators that reflect an expanded view of health: findings from the use of an innovative methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing presence of managed health care in the United States has been accompanied by the widespread use of performance indicators to assess health plans along various dimensions of quality. Current performance indicator sets virtually ignore psychosocial and behavioral factors in the prevention and management of illness, especially chronic illness, in spite of documented evidence in the medical literature of the importance of these factors. Instead, current indicator sets focus primarily on biomedical interventions to prevent, treat, and manage illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a novel method for developing performance indicators--the use of a storytelling methodology--eight interdisciplinary panels, composed of health care experts at the community, state, and national levels, each completed two stories about patients with chronic illnesses. The first story described experiences a patient might have in the health care system as it is today; the second story retold the events that might transpire if attention to psychosocial and behavioral factors were integrated into the health care system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences between the two sets of stories developed by the panels revealed common themes and specific areas where indicator development might prove fruitful. Performance indicators were identified from these themes, and work is underway to operationalize them; to identify barriers and opportunities for their inclusion in indicator sets; and to further document their potential health and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not scientifically rigorous, the storytelling method was found to provide consistent results and may be applied to many aspects of the health care planning process, health education, and quality improvement efforts.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Affairs, Baruch College, The City University of New York, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sofaer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Connaughton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maule
mesh_terms: D019058:Community Networks; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006126:Group Processes; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D007256:Information Systems; D009042:Motivation; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D005791:Patient Care; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011361:Professional Competence; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*