title: Comparing two methods of topical anesthesia used before intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two methods of topical anesthesia before venipuncture or intravenous cannulation of pediatric patients to assess which type of topical anesthetic would better alleviate pain in the least amount of time with the greatest success rate of cannulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a randomly controlled trial of 100 preoperative pediatric patients aged 5 to 21 years. The following methods of topical anesthesia were compared: (a) iontophoresis of a topical solution of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 using a Phoresor Dose Controller (PDC) with Numby Stuff electrodes and a eutectic mixture of local anesthetic and (b) 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics [EMLA] cream).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children reported less pain with iontophoresis (M = 0.08) compared with EMLA cream (M = 1.88, P < .001). Time to accomplish topical anesthesia was shorter with iontophoresis (13 minutes) compared with EMLA cream (60 minutes, P < .001). Failure to accomplish venipuncture occurred 5 times with the iontophoresis method and 8 times with the EMLA method (not significant). No dermal burns resulted from use of iontophoresis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that use of iontophoresis in pediatric patients is safe, rapid, and significantly more effective than is EMLA cream in reducing pain associated with venipuncture or intravenous cannulation.
authors.affiliation: Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Squire
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kirchhoff
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hissong
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000379:methods; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine