title: Direct interaction of all-trans-retinoic acid with protein kinase C (PKC). Implications for PKC signaling and cancer therapy.
abstract: Protein kinase C (PKC) regulates fundamental cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis. All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) modulates PKC activity, but the mechanism of this regulation is unknown. Amino acid alignments and crystal structure analysis of retinoic acid (RA)-binding proteins revealed a putative atRA-binding motif in PKC, suggesting existence of an atRA binding site on the PKC molecule. This was supported by photolabeling studies showing concentration- and UV-dependent photoincorporation of [(3)H]atRA into PKCalpha, which was effectively protected by 4-OH-atRA, 9-cis-RA, and atRA glucuronide, but not by retinol. Photoaffinity labeling demonstrated strong competition between atRA and phosphatidylserine (PS) for binding to PKCalpha, a slight competition with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, and none with diacylglycerol, fatty acids, or Ca(2+). At pharmacological concentrations (10 micrometer), atRA decreased PKCalpha activity through the competition with PS but not phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, diacylglycerol, or Ca(2+). These results let us hypothesize that in vivo, pharmacological concentrations of atRA may hamper binding of PS to PKCalpha and prevent PKCalpha activation. Thus, this study provides the first evidence for direct binding of atRA to PKC isozymes and suggests the existence of a general mechanism for regulation of PKC activity during exposure to retinoids, as in retinoid-based cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA. RadominskaAnna@exchange.uams.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radominska-Pandya
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Czernik
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Samokyszyn
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: G d
authors.initials: Gd
authors.lastname: Nowak
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin; D011493:Protein Kinase C