title: Thrombus formation on the balloon of heparin-bonded pulmonary artery catheters: an ultrastructural scanning electron microscope study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate heparin-bonded pulmonary artery catheters with respect to thrombus formation and platelet aggregation at the balloon and the shaft using a scanning electron microscope in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical care unit and research laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulmonary artery catheters were inserted in critically ill patients (n = 10).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulmonary artery catheters were removed after 24, 48, 72, or 120 hrs, and the ultrastructure was investigated in specialized research laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Balloon and shaft were investigated using a scanning electron microscopic technique. Area of thrombus formation was quantified using image analysis. Heparin release of the catheters was measured. The frequency of balloon inflations was investigated in in vitro experiments by inflating catheters different times (0, 10, 20, and 30 times). Twenty-four hours after catheter insertion, scanning electron microscopic images showed thrombus formation and platelet aggregation at the site of the balloon. Seventy-two hours after catheter insertion, a thrombus started to detach. The areas of thrombus formation did not differ, but thrombus organization changed dramatically 72 and 120 hrs after catheter insertion. The shaft was colonized by single cells only. Cracks of the balloon could be observed after 72 hrs, whereas no cracks could be found in in vitro controls. In vitro, heparin release of the pulmonary artery catheters decreased significantly after 24 hrs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scanning electron microscopic images of heparin-bonded pulmonary artery catheters demonstrate thrombus formation on the balloon 24 hrs after pulmonary artery catheter insertion, increasing dramatically at 72 and 120 hrs. The shaft was colonized by single cells only. The thrombus size is not significantly different during the observation time, but the grade and quality of thrombus formation differ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofbauer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dielacher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hornykewycz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Handler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Speiser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapiotis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frass
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006493:Heparin; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D006493:Heparin