title: Local somatothermal stimulation inhibits motility of the internal anal sphincter through nitrergic neural release of nitric oxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A somatoanal reflex had been demonstrated in our previous work. Because nitric oxide plays an important role in mediating relaxation of the internal anal sphincter, our purpose was to examine whether and how local somatothermal stimulation inhibits the function of the internal anal sphincter by stimulating nitric oxide release via nitrergic neurons and to elucidate the possible mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The activity of the internal anal sphincter in anesthetized rabbits was measured by use of continuously perfused, open-tip manometric methods. Local somatothermal stimulation was achieved by applying an electroheating rod 1 cm away from the skin area at the right popliteal region. The responses were further manipulated by pre-treating the rabbits with agonists or antagonists linked to nitric oxide synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The motility of the internal anal sphincter before and during local somatothermal stimulation was significantly different (tonic pressure (mean +/-standard error of the mean), 5.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.3 mmHg, P = 0.0195; phasic pressure, 3.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.4 mmHg, P = 0.0002; frequency distribution of the phasic contractions (peak-to-peak interval), 28.9 +/- 3.7 vs. 65.3 +/- 10.4 seconds, P = 0.0001). The response began at approximately one minute after local somatothermal stimulation when the skin temperature was 41 +/- 0.3 degrees C. No anal response was observed when local somatothermal stimulation was applied at the control area. The local somatothermal stimulation-induced internal anal sphincter relaxation was not inhibited by pretreatment with atropine, propranolol, or phentolamine (tonic pressure, 5.8 +/- 1 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.8 mmHg, P = 0.038; phasic pressure, 4.2 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.6 mmHg, P = 0.020; peak-to-peak interval, 27.2 +/- 4.3 vs. 52.9 +/- 14.5 seconds, P = 0.043) but was completely blocked by pretreatment with a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor. The effect of the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor could be reversed by pretreatment with L-arginine (tonic pressure, 6 +/- 0.7 vs. 5.6 +/- 0.7 mmHg, P = 0.047; phasic pressure, 4.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.5 mmHg, P = 0.048; peak-to-peak interval, 23.8 +/- 3 vs. 33 +/- 3.7 seconds, P = 0.048), but not by D-arginine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local somatothermal stimulation inhibits internal anal sphincter motility through the activation of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neural release of nitric oxide. This procedure may represent a simplified approach for the treatment of anorectal diseases with hypofunction of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. [Key words: Local somatothermal stimulation; Nitric oxide; Internal anal sphincter; Motility; Moxibustion] Jiang J-K, Chiu J-H, Lin J-K. Local somatothermal stimulation inhibits motility of the internal anal sphincter through nitrergic neural release of nitric oxide.
authors.affiliation: Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000294:innervation*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000502:physiology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D013697:Thermosensing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine