title: The preterm prediction study: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and spontaneous preterm birth. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is elevated in the amniotic fluid and plasma of women with chorioamnionitis and active preterm labor. We investigated the relationship between plasma granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and subsequent spontaneous preterm birth in pregnant women without symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a nested case-control study involving 194 women who had a singleton spontaneous preterm birth and 194 matched term control subjects from the patient pool (n = 2929) enrolled in the Preterm Prediction Study. Plasma collected at 24 and 28 weeks' gestation was analyzed for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and the results were compared with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with term control subjects, women who were delivered of their infants spontaneously at <28 weeks' gestation had increased mean granulocyte colony-stimulating factor values at 24 weeks' gestation (84.7 +/- 38.4 vs 67.7 +/- 28.6 pg/mL; P =.049), and women who were delivered of their infants at <32 weeks' gestation had increased mean plasma granulocyte colony-stimulating factor values at 28 weeks' gestation (80.4 +/- 24.1 vs 55.9 +/- 16.5 pg/mL; P =. 001). At 24 weeks' gestation a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor value >75th percentile in control subjects (approximately 80 pg/mL) was found in 48.9% (23/47) of all women delivered of their infants at <32 weeks' gestation versus 14.9% (7/47) of the term control subjects (adjusted odds ratio, 6.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-20. 8). At 28 weeks' gestation a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor value >75th percentile was found in 36.8% (7/19) of women delivered of their infants at <32 weeks' gestation versus 5.3% (1/19) of term control subjects (adjusted odds ratio, 25.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-470.4). When measured at 24 or 28 weeks' gestation, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor did not predict spontaneous preterm birth at 32 to 34 weeks' gestation or at 35 to 36 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pregnant women without symptoms at 24 and 28 weeks' gestation, elevated plasma granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels are associated with subsequent early (<32 weeks' gestation) spontaneous preterm birth, especially within the next 4 weeks, but not with late spontaneous preterm birth. These data provide further evidence that early spontaneous preterm birth is associated with an inflammatory process that is identifiable by the presence of a cytokine in maternal plasma several weeks before the early spontaneous preterm birth; however, later spontaneous preterm birth is not associated with this process.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Moawad
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Meis
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Iams
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Caritis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miodovnik
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Menard
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thurnau
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McNellis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D013997:Time Factors; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor