title: Transmission imaging for registration of ictal and interictal single-photon emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography.
abstract: A method developed for registration of ictal and interictal single-photon emission tomography (SPET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) is described. For SPET studies, technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) was injected intravenously while the patient was monitored on video-EEG to document the ictal or interictal state. Imaging was performed using a triple-head gamma camera equipped with a transmission imaging device using a gadolinium-153 source. The images (128x128 pixels, voxel size 3.7x3.7x3.6 mm3) were reconstructed using an iterative algorithm and postfiltered with a Wiener filter. The gold-plated silver electrodes on the patient's scalp were utilized as markers for registration of the ictal and interictal SPET images, as these metallic markers were clearly seen on the transmission images. Fitting of the marker sets was based on a non-iterative least squares method. The interictal SPET image was subtracted from the ictal image after scaling. The T1-weighted MPRAGE MR images with voxel size of 1.0x1.0x1.0 mm3 were obtained with a 1.5-T scanner. For registration of MR and subtraction SPET images, the external marker set of the ictal SPET study was fitted to the surface of the head segmented from MR images. The SPET registration was tested with a phantom experiment. Registration of ictal and interictal SPET in five patient studies resulted in a 2-mm RMS residual of the marker sets. The estimated RMS error of registration in the final result combining locations of the electrodes, subtraction SPET and MR images was 3-5 mm. In conclusion, transmission imaging can be utilized for an accurate and easily implemented registration procedure for ictal and interictal SPET, MRI and EEG.
authors.affiliation: Neurology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sipilä
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nikkinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Granström
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gaily
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pohjonen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liewendahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C059659:technetium Tc 99m bicisate; D003545:Cysteine