title: The effect of electroporation on iontophoretic transdermal delivery of calcium regulating hormones.
abstract: Electrically-assisted delivery by iontophoresis and/or electroporation was used in vitro to deliver the calcium regulating hormones, salmon calcitonin (sCT) and parathyroid hormone (1-34) (PTH) through human epidermis. Such delivery could be useful for chronic treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis and other clinical indications as a superior alternative to parenteral delivery. sCT (50 microg/ml) or PTH (1-34) (100 microg/ml) formulation was prepared in citrate buffer (pH 4.0 or 5.0, respectively). Epidermis separated from human cadaver skin was used. Iontophoresis was applied using a constant current power source and electroporation with an exponential pulse generator. Silver/silver chloride electrodes were used. A combination of electroporation and iontophoresis resulted in higher transdermal permeation than either one technique alone. Electroporation also shortened the lag time of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of salmon calcitonin. Pulsing at lower voltages followed by iontophoresis did not result in increased transport (over iontophoresis alone), perhaps because the transdermal voltage was very low. The transdermal transport of salmon calcitonin by pulsing with 15 pulses (1 ppm) of 500 V (200 ms) followed by iontophoresis led to a quick input and high flux. The average transdermal voltage was only about 50 V for a 500 V study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacal Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5503, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Deftos
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Banga
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D018274:Electroporation; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D002116:Calcitonin