title: Methylation of the estrogen receptor-alpha gene promoter is selectively increased in proliferating human aortic smooth muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis is a multigenic process leading to the progressive occlusion of arteries of mid to large caliber. A key step of the atherogenic process is the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells into the intimal layer of the arterial conduit. The phenotype of smooth muscle cells, once within the intima, is known to switch from contractile to de-differentiated, yet the regulation of this switch at the genomic level is unknown. Estrogen has been shown to regulate cell proliferation both for cancer cells and for vascular cells. However, methylation of the estrogen receptor-alpha gene (ERalpha) promoter blocks the expression of ERalpha, and thereby can antagonize the regulatory effect of estrogen on cell proliferation. We sought to determine whether methylation of the ERalpha is differentially and selectively regulated in contractile versus de-differentiated arterial smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Southern blot assay, combined bisulfite restriction analysis (Cobra) and restriction landmark genome scanning (RLGS-M) to determine the methylation status of ERalpha in human aortic smooth muscle cells, either in situ (normal aortic tissue, contractile phenotype), or the same cells explanted from the aorta and cultured in vitro (de-differentiated phenotype).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We provide evidence that methylation of the ERalpha in smooth muscle cells that display a proliferative phenotype is altered relative to the same cells studied within the media of non-atherosclerotic aortas. Thus, the ERalpha promoter does not appear to be methylated in situ (normal aorta), but becomes methylated in proliferating aortic smooth muscle cells. Using a screening technique, RLGS-M, we show that alteration in methylation associated with the smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch does not seem to require heightened activity of the methyltransferase enzyme, and appears to be selective for the ERalpha and a limited pool of genes whose CpG island becomes either demethylated or de novo methylated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support the concept that the genome of aortic smooth muscle cells is responsive to environmental conditions, and that DNA methylation, in particular methylation of the ERalpha, could contribute to the switch in phenotype observed in these cells.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Lung Institute, 514 Medical Research Facility, 420 W. 12th Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hassanain
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smiraglia
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Michler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caligiuri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plass
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt-Clermont
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019175:DNA Methylation; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015183:Restriction Mapping
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen