title: Domestic violence and out-of-hospital providers: a potential resource to protect battered women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of domestic violence (DV) in a subset of women presenting to the Boston emergency medical services (EMS) system and to evaluate documentation. A secondary objective was to determine the rate of refusal of transport to the hospital for DV-positive patients, compared with the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of ambulance run sheets from a nonconsecutive, convenience sample between July and December 1995 was performed. Women presenting with injury, obstetric/ gynecologic complaints, or psychiatric complaints were included. Records were reviewed, and labeled as positive, probable, suggestive, or negative for DV, based on a previously used classification system. A weighted kappa test was performed, and data were analyzed using chi-square and t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,251 charts reviewed, 876 met criteria for inclusion. The percentage of positive cases was 5.4% (95% CI = 3.9% to 6.9%), probable 10.8% (8.8% to 12.9%), suggestive 2.6% (1.6% to 3.7%), and negative 81.2% (78.6% to 83.6%). Among DV-positive patients, the refusal to transport rate was 23.4% (11.3% to 35.5%), compared with a 7.1% (5.8% to 9.3%) rate for the entire study population (n = 876), and 4.7% for the general Boston EMS population during the same year. More DV patients presented during the night shift compared with other shifts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Domestic violence is common in this high-risk population. A substantial proportion of women in this population refuse transport to the hospital. Out-of-hospital personnel should be trained with the tools to identify and document DV, assess patient safety, offer timely resources, and empower victims to make choices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Husni
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tibbles
mesh_terms: D018585:Battered Women; D001900:Boston; D017579:Domestic Violence; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014187:Transportation of Patients; D014505:Urban Population