title: The concentric structure of the developing gut is regulated by Sonic hedgehog derived from endodermal epithelium.
abstract: The embryonic gut of vertebrates consists of endodermal epithelium, surrounding mesenchyme derived from splanchnic mesoderm and enteric neuronal components derived from neural crest cells. During gut organogenesis, the mesenchyme differentiates into distinct concentric layers around the endodermal epithelium forming the lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa and lamina muscularis (the smooth muscle layer). The smooth muscle layer and enteric plexus are formed at the outermost part of the gut, always some distance away from the epithelium. How this topographical organization of gut mesenchyme is established is largely unknown. Here we show the following: (1) Endodermal epithelium inhibits differentiation of smooth muscle and enteric neurons in adjacent mesenchyme. (2) Endodermal epithelium activates expression of patched and BMP4 in adjacent non-smooth muscle mesenchyme, which later differentiates into the lamina propria and submucosa. (3) Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in endodermal epithelium and disruption of Shh-signaling by cyclopamine induces differentiation of smooth muscle and a large number of neurons even in the area adjacent to epithelium. (4) Shh can mimic the effect of endodermal epithelium on the concentric stratification of the gut. Taken together, these data suggest that endoderm-derived Shh is responsible for the patterning across the radial axis of the gut through induction of inner components and inhibition of outer components, such as smooth muscle and enteric neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachiohji, Tokyo, Japan. kokko@comp.metro-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sukegawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kameda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nohno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasugi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004707:Endoderm / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000196:embryology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000092468:Bromodomain Containing Proteins
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids; C099139:BRD8 protein, human; D000092468:Bromodomain Containing Proteins; C509239:SHH protein, human; C000541:cyclopamine