title: Repeated cadmium exposures enhance the malignant progression of ensuing tumors in rats.
abstract: Prior studies show that a single subcutaneous (sc) exposure to cadmium (Cd) will induce injection site sarcomas (ISS) in rats. These tumors, thought clearly malignant, do not often metastasize or invade subdermal muscle layers because of their location. Recent evidence indicates that when tumorigenic cells chronically exposed to Cd in vitro are inoculated into mice, tumor progression and invasiveness in the mice are enhanced. Thus, we studied the effects of repeated Cd exposures on tumor incidence, progression, and metastatic potential in rats. Wistar (WF) and Fischer (F344) rats (30 per group) were injected sc in the dorsal thoracic midline with CdCl2 once weekly for 18 weeks with doses of 0, 10, 20, or 30 micromol Cd/kg. This resulted in total doses of 0, 180, 360, or 540 micromol/kg. One other group of each strain received a low, loading dose of Cd (3 micromol/kg) prior to 17 weekly injections of 30 micromol/kg (total dose 513 micromol/kg). Rats were observed for 2 years. Many F344 rats (57%) died within one week after the first injection of the highest dose, but WF rats were not affected. The low loading dose prevented acute lethality of the high dose in F344 rats. Surprisingly, latency (time to death by tumor) of ISS was the shortest in the groups given the low loading dose in both strains. ISS in these groups also showed the highest rate of metastasis and subdermal muscle layer invasion. Based on ISS incidence in the groups given the lowest total dose of Cd (180 micromoles/kg), F344 rats were more sensitive to tumor induction, showing an incidence of 37% compared to 3% in WF rats. On the other hand, Cd-induced ISS showed a higher overall metastatic rate in WF rats (18 metastatic ISS/68 total tumors in all treated groups; 27%) compared to F344 rats (6%). Immunohistochemically, the primary ISS showed high levels of metallothionein (MT), a cadmium-binding protein, while metastases were essentially devoid of MT. These results indicate that repeated Cd exposures more rapidly induce ISS. An initial low exposure to Cd further accelerates the appearance and enhances the metastatic potential and invasiveness of these tumors. The primary and metastatic ISS appear to have a differing phenotype, at least with regard to MT production. The association between multiple Cd exposures and enhanced metastatic potential of the ensuing tumors may have important implications in chronic exposures to Cd, or in cases of co-exposure of Cd with organic carcinogens, as in tobacco smoking.
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Waalkes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Cherian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012513:Sarcoma, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein