title: Effects of ammonia on CHO cell growth, erythropoietin production, and glycosylation.
abstract: The effect of ammonium chloride was determined on a culture of CHO cells transfected with the human erythropoietin (EPO) gene. Cell growth was inhibited above a culture concentration of 5 mM NH(4)Cl with an IC-50 determined to be 33 mM. The specific production of EPO increased with the addition of NH(4)Cl above 5 mM. At 10 mM NH(4)Cl, the final cell density after 4 days in culture was significantly lower but the final yield of EPO was significantly higher. This appeared to be due to continued protein production after cell growth had ceased. The metabolic effects of added NH(4)Cl included higher specific consumption rates of glucose and glutamine and an increased rate of production of alanine, glycine, and glutamate. The EPO analyzed from control cultures had a molecular weight range of 33-39 kDa and an isoelectric point range of 4.06-4.67. Seven distinct isoforms of the molecule were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis. This molecular heterogeneity was ascribed to variable glycosylation. Complete enzymatic de-glycosylation resulted in a single molecular form with a molecular mass of 18 kDa. Addition of NH(4)Cl to the cultures caused a significant increase in the heterogeneity of the glycoforms as shown by an increased molecular weight and pI range. Enzymatic de-sialylation of the EPO from the ammonia-treated and control cultures resulted in identical electrophoretic patterns. This indicated that the effect of ammonia was in the reduction of terminal sialylation of the glycan structures which accounted for the increased pI. Selective removal of the N-glycan structures by PNGase F resulted in two bands identified as the O-glycan linked structure (19 kDa) and the completely de-glycosylated structure (18 kDa). The proportion of the O-linked glycan structure was reduced, and its pI increased in cultures to which ammonia was added. Thus, the glycosylation pattern altered by the presence of ammonia included a reduction in terminal sialylation of all the glycans and a reduction in the content of the O-linked glycan. The addition of a sialidase inhibitor to the cultures had no effect on the ammonia-induced increase in EPO heterogeneity. Also, the effect of ammonia on glycosylation could not be mimicked using the weak base chloroquine in our system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006031:Glycosylation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004921:Erythropoietin; D000641:Ammonia