title: Improved outcome of APACHE II score-defined escalating systemic inflammatory response syndrome in patients post cardiac surgery in 1996 compared to 1988-1990: the ESSICS-study pilot project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac surgery using extracorporeal circulation leads to the release of cytokines and subsequently to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is thought to be a negative prognostic factor for patients' outcome. A stratification for the risk of an escalating systemic inflammatory response syndrome had been achieved in a monocenter study carried out in 1988-1990, using APACHE II scoring on the morning of the 1st postoperative day. We now re-evaluated this concept prospectively in three independent centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The APACHE II based risk stratification was put to test in three independent heart surgery centers in the period from June to December 1996. Nine hundred and forty-five patients after elective cardiac surgery (excluding heart transplantation) with the assistance of the cardiopulmonary bypass were prospectively monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an increase in mortality with higher APACHE II score values determined on the 1st postoperative day. The mortality rose to nearly 50% with an APACHE II score of > or = 28. Patients at high risk for the development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (APACHE II score > or = 24) significantly differed from patients at lower risk (APACHE II score < 19) in the duration of mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal circulation, age and New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The APACHE II score determined on the morning of the 1st postoperative day helps identifying the subgroup of patients with escalating systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Comparison with the data obtained in the years 1988-1990, suggests a better prognosis in the current trial for patients at high risk with a similar degree of escalating systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine III, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Müller-Werdan
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Zerkowski
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Werdan
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D003325:Coronary Care Units; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality