title: Patterns of genomic sequence diversity among their simian immunodeficiency viruses suggest that L'Hoest monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti) are a natural lentivirus reservoir.
abstract: Recently, we described a novel simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVlhoest) from a wild-caught L'Hoest monkey (Cercopithecus lhoesti) from a North American zoo. To investigate whether L'Hoest monkeys are the natural host for these viruses, we have screened blood samples from 14 wild animals from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Eight (57%) were found to be seropositive for SIV. Nearly full-length genome sequences were obtained for SIV isolates from three of these monkeys and compared to the original isolate and to other SIVs. The four samples of SIVlhoest formed a distinct cluster in phylogenetic trees. Two of these isolates differed on average at only about 5% of nucleotides, suggesting that they were epidemiologically linked; otherwise, the SIVlhoest isolates differed on average by 18%. Both the level of diversity and the pattern of its variation along the genome were very similar to those seen among isolates of SIVagm from vervet monkeys, pointing to similarities in the nature of, and constraints on, SIV evolution in these two species. Discordant phylogenetic relationships among the SIVlhoest isolates for different genomic regions indicated that mosaic viruses have been generated by recombination, implying that individual monkeys have been coinfected by more than one strain of SIV. Taken together, these observations provide strong evidence that L'Hoest monkeys constitute a natural reservoir for SIV.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bailes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dapolito
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Goeken
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Axthelm
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Markham
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zagury
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franchini
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002521:Cercopithecus / Q000821:virology*; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins