title: Area under the serum creatinine time-curve is a strong predictor of chronic renal allograft rejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of risk factors for chronic renal allograft rejection have been identified; in particular the number and severity of acute rejections, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and insufficient immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective case control study, all histologically confirmed cases of chronic rejection (n=45) that occurred between 1985 and 1993 among patients transplanted at Huddinge Hospital were compared with twice as many controls. Determinants such as donor age and sex, HLA-mismatch, cold ischemia time, recipient age and sex, body mass index, cause of renal disease, time undergoing dialysis, condition of blood vessels at surgery, time of onset, number of acute rejection episodes during the first 3 months, area under the serum creatinine versus time curve (AUC(Creatinine)), blood pressure, blood lipids, and cyclosporine concentrations at various times after the transplantation were also compared. Additional data were obtained from a questionnaire, concerning 79% of the cases and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases and controls were similar with regard to most determinants, that is, blood pressure, blood lipids, and average cyclosporine concentrations. The main outstanding risk factor for chronic rejection was the time-averaged creatinine (AUC(Creatinine)) value between day 22 and 3 months after transplantation. The adjusted odds ratio for chronic rejection increased stepwise from 1.1 to 9.2, when AUC(Creatinine) increased from < 150 to >300 micromol/l. The number of acute rejection episodes and number of HLA-mismatches also had a significant effect on the risk of chronic rejection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To reduce the risk of developing chronic rejection after renal transplantation acute rejection episodes during the first 3 months should be avoided as much as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Setterberg
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Elinder
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fored
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tyden
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Reinholt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001787:Blood Group Incompatibility; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology*; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D003404:Creatinine