title: Early predictors of outcome in patients receiving hypervolemic and hypertensive therapy for symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with a high incidence of permanent disability and death. For early identification of patients who are at risk for poor outcome, we determined the predictors of outcome in patients with symptomatic vasospasm after SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively determined the prognostic value of clinical characteristics and computed tomographic scan both at admission and at the time of initiation of hypervolemic and hypertensive therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurosciences critical care unit at a University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 70 consecutive patients who developed symptomatic vasospasm after SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment with oral nimodipine, hypervolemic therapy, and hypertensive therapy. Angioplasty and intra-arterial papaverine were used in patients with vasospasm resistant to standard treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor outcome, defined as Glasgow Outcome Scale Score of 3-5 at 2 months or discharge, was observed in 32 (46%) patients. In the logistic regression analysis, a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of < or =11 (odds ratio, 11.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.6-39.3) and hydrocephalus (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-18.2) at the time of initiation of hypervolemic and hypertensive therapy were significantly associated with poor outcome. Poor outcome was observed in 91% of the patients who had both a GCS score of < or =11 and hydrocephalus compared with 15% of patients with a GCS score of >11 and no hydrocephalus at the time of initiation of hypervolemic and hypertensive therapy. A GCS score of < or =11 was also independently associated with length of intensive care unit stay (F ratio = 18.0; p = .0011) and hospital stay (F ratio = 9.2; p = .0034) after initiation of hypervolemic and hypertensive therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that outcome in patients with symptomatic vasospasm can be effectively predicted by routinely available information, including GCS score at the time of initiation of hypervolemic and hypertensive therapy. This information can be used for selection and stratification of patients in future treatment studies of patients with symptomatic vasospasm.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Yahia
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tamargo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ulatowski
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*