title: LEDGF: survival of embryonic chick retinal photoreceptor cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) is a novel adhesive, survival, and growth factor for lens epithelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and cos7 cells. In the presence of LEDGF, these cells acquire resistance to environmental stresses, and in the absence of LEDGF they die. The effects of LEDGF on survival of embryonic chick retinal photoreceptor cells under serum starvation and heat stress were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression pattern of LEDGF in embryonic chick retinal photoreceptor cells was investigated with protein blot analysis and immunohistochemistry using antibodies (Abs) to LEDGF. Retinal cells were cultured in serum-free medium for up to 6 days in the presence of varying amounts of LEDGF at 37 degrees or 41 degrees C. The photoreceptor cells were immunostained with Abs to arrestin and counted to evaluate the photoreceptor cell viability. Heat shock proteins in the cultured cells were quantified by protein blot analysis with Ab probes and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LEDGF was found predominantly in the nucleus of neuroretinal cells, including photoreceptor cells. In the presence of LEDGF, photoreceptor cells manifested increased resistance to serum starvation and thermal stress and survived for a longer period. The levels of heat shock protein 90 were elevated in those cells. Most retinal cells died in the absence of LEDGF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LEDGF enhanced survival of retinal photoreceptor cells under serum starvation and heat stress. Thus, LEDGF has a potency to enhance survival of neuronal cell types against environmental stresses, and it may be applicable as a therapeutic agent for those cells.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Ophthalmic Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, The Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chylack
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinohara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019393:Arrestin / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D019393:Arrestin; D006133:Growth Substances; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C119380:lens epithelium-derived growth factor