title: Excess mortality from avoidable and non-avoidable causes in men of low socioeconomic status: a prospective study in Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the magnitude and contributory factors of socioeconomic differentials in mortality in a cohort of Korean male civil servants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study of male civil servants followed up for five years after baseline measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  All civil service offices in Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on 759,665 Korean male public servants aged 30-64 at baseline examination in 1992. The grade of monthly salary of these participants divided into four groups, a proxy indicator of socioeconomic status (SES), was the main predictive variable. Mortality of the participants was followed up from 1992 to 1996. The causes of deaths were categorised into four groups according to the medical amenability: avoidable, partly avoidable, non-avoidable, and external causes of death. The risk of mortality associated with SES was estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lowest SES group had significantly higher risk of mortality from most causes compared with the highest SES group in the order of external cause (relative risk (RR): 2.26), avoidable (RR: 1.65), all cause (RR: 1.59), and non-avoidable mortality (RR: 1.54). With the adjustment of known risk factors, significantly higher risks of mortality in lowest SES group were attenuated but persisted. Looking at the deaths from partly avoidable causes, significantly higher risks of mortality in the lowest SES group was observed from cerebrovascular disease but not from coronary heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic differentials in non-avoidable as well as avoidable mortality, persisting even under the control of risk factors, suggest that mortality is influenced not only by the quality of health care and different distribution of risk factors but also by other aspects of SES that are yet unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sung Kyun Kwan University School of Medicine, Kangnamgu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Byeon
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000401:mortality; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000639:trends; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality