title: Interpretation of nonvocal behavior and the meaning of voicelessness in critical care.
abstract: This paper presents two interrelated psychosocial constructs, voicelessness and interpretation, which were derived from a participant observation study of critically ill older adults in the USA. Voicelessness occurs when physiological, psychosocial and/or technological barriers limit the abilities of critically ill patients to represent their thoughts, feelings, desires and needs fully to others. Voicelessness influences not only the responses of critically ill patients to their condition, environment and caregivers, but also profoundly effects the responses of family members and clinicians. Thus, communicative interactions as well as certain clinical and treatment decisions in ICU hinge on clinician and family member interpretation of patients' nonvocal behaviors. Conditions and factors contributing to interpretation are described and a hypothesis proposed, that interpretation mitigates the detrimental effects of voicelessness.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advancing Care in Serious Illness, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia 19104-6069, USA. happmb@pobox.upenn.edu
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Happ
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000523:psychology*