title: Percutaneous transmyocardial intracardiac retroperfusion shunts: technical feasibility in a canine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the technical feasibility of creating a left ventricle to coronary sinus shunt using endovascular techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  By means of a right jugular vein approach, a needle puncture was made from the coronary sinus to the left ventricle in 10 dogs. The tracts were balloon dilated and lined with 6-mm Wallstents. Shunt patencies, immediate and 4-hours later, were fluoroscopically assessed by contrast material injection into the left ventricle. Blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation, and cardiac rhythm were monitored. The dogs were then euthanized. Thoracic cavities and hearts were dissected and inspected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technical success and immediate shunt patency were 100%. No cardiac dysrhythmias, electrocardiographic changes, or reduction in voltage potential were seen. Eight (80%) of the shunts were patent at 4 hours, one (10%) had thrombosed, and one dog died. Nine (90%) dogs had no pericardial hematoma and one (10%) had minimal pericardial blood from needle passes into the pericardial sac. The coronary sinuses were intact and no injuries to the valve leaflets or chordae tendineae were seen. The puncture sites were from the coronary sinus, 1-2 mm (mean, 1.3) from its auricular orifice, into the left ventricle, just below the inferior margin of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. One dog died at 3 hours with no preceding electrocardiographic evidence of impending demise. Autopsy showed no pericardial hematoma and the heart findings were no different from the other nine dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creation of a left ventricle to coronary sinus shunt with use of endovascular techniques is technically feasible. Study of a transmyocardial intracardiac coronary retroperfusion shunt to deliver oxygenated blood to the ischemic myocardium is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Moresco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McLennan
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dreesen
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome