title: Changes in glutamine and glutamate concentrations for tracking training tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose was to monitor high-performance athletes throughout training macrocycles and competitions and examine the changes in plasma glutamine (Gm) and glutamate (Ga) concentrations in order to develop a model of tolerance to training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma glutamine and glutamate concentrations of 52 National team athletes (31 male and 21 female) divided into male and female groups of speed skating, swimming, and cross-country skiing were measured in an early season rested condition to determine highest Gm and lowest Ga concentrations and over 2-4 macrocycles, which included heavy training to establish lowest Gm and highest Ga concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the rested condition, there were no differences within and between the male and female groups, excluding five athletes (OTA) who became overtrained in heavy training. The mean (+/-SD) Gm concentration was 585 +/- 54 micromol x L(-1), Ga concentration 101 +/- 16 micromol x L(-1), and Gm/Ga ratio 5.88 +/- 0.84 micromol x L(-1). The OTA had a significantly higher Ga concentration of 128 +/- 16 micromol x L(-1) and lower Gm/Ga ratio of 4.43 +/- 0.49 micromol x L(-1) than all the other groups. In heavy training, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in Gm concentration to 522 +/- 53 micromol x L(-1), significant increase in Ga concentration to 128 +/- 19 micromol x L(-1) and significant decrease in Gm/Ga ratio to 4.15 +/- 0.57 micromol x L(-1). The OTA Gm concentration of 488 +/- 31 micromol x L(-1) was significant lower than only the male speed skating and swimming groups. However, the Ga concentration of 171 +/- 17 micromol x L(-1) and Gm/Ga ratio of 2.88 +/- 0.27 micromol x L(-1) were significantly higher and lower respectively than all other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the changes in Gm and Ga concentration under different training conditions, we propose an athlete tolerance to training model where glutamine concentration reflects tolerance to volume of work and glutamate concentration reflects tolerance to high intensity training. We suggest that the Gm/Ga ratio may globally represent overall tolerance to training.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary and The National Sports Centre-Calgary, Alberta, Canada. djsmith@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid