title: Functional, cellular, and biochemical adaptations to elastase-induced emphysema in hamster medial scalene.
abstract: The scalene has been reported to be an accessory inspiratory muscle in the hamster. We hypothesize that with the chronic loads and/or dynamic hyperinflation associated with emphysema (Emp), the scalene will be actively recruited, resulting in functional, cellular, and biochemical adaptations. Emp was induced in adult hamsters. Inspiratory electromyogram (EMG) activity was recorded from the medial scalene and costal diaphragm. Isometric contractile and fatigue properties were evaluated in vitro. Muscle fibers were classified histochemically and immunohistochemically. Individual fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were determined quantitatively. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were identified by SDS-PAGE, and their proportions were determined by scanning densitometry. All Emp animals exhibited spontaneous scalene inspiratory EMG activity during quiet breathing, whereas the scalene muscles of controls (Ctl) were silent. There were no differences in contractile and fatigue properties of the scalene between Ctl and Emp. In Emp, the relative amount of MHC(2A) was 15% higher whereas that of MHC(2X) was 14% lower compared with Ctl. Similarly, the proportion of type IIa fibers increased significantly in Emp animals with a concomitant decrease in IIx fibers. CSA of type IIx fibers were significantly smaller in Emp compared with Ctl. SDH activities of all fiber types were significantly increased by 53 to 63% in Emp. We conclude that with Emp the actively recruited scalene exhibits primary-like inspiratory activity in the hamster. Adaptations of the scalene with Emp likely relate both to increased loads and to factors intrinsic to muscle architecture and chest mechanics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, The Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. mario.fournier@cshs.org
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D004646:Emphysema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000032:analysis; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000032:analysis; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains