title: A dibasic motif in the tail of a class XIV apicomplexan myosin is an essential determinant of plasma membrane localization.
abstract: Obligate intracellular parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa exhibit gliding motility, a unique form of substrate-dependent locomotion essential for host cell invasion and shown to involve the parasite actin cytoskeleton and myosin motor(s). Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to express three class XIV myosins, TgM-A, -B, and -C. We identified an additional such myosin, TgM-D, and completed the sequences of a related Plasmodium falciparum myosin, PfM-A. Despite divergent structural features, TgM-A purified from parasites bound actin in an ATP-dependent manner. Isoform-specific antibodies revealed that TgM-A and recombinant mycTgM-A were localized right beneath the plasma membrane, and subcellular fractionation indicated a tight membrane association. Recombinant TgM-D also had a peripheral although not as sharply defined localization. Truncation of their respective tail domains abolished peripheral localization and tight membrane association. Conversely, fusion of the tails to green fluorescent protein (GFP) was sufficient to confer plasma membrane localization and sedimentability. The peripheral localization of TgM-A and of the GFP-tail fusion did not depend on an intact F-actin cytoskeleton, and the GFP chimera did not localize to the plasma membrane of HeLa cells. Finally, we showed that the specific localization determinants were in the very C terminus of the TgM-A tail, and site-directed mutagenesis revealed two essential arginine residues. We discuss the evidence for a proteinaceous plasma membrane receptor and the implications for the invasion process.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hettmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geiter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soldati
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Soldati
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009218:Myosins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D009218:Myosins