title: Malnutrition and xerophthalmia in rural communities of Ethiopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the level of malnutrition and xerophthalmia in pre-school children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-randomised community based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different administrative regions: Harari, Tigray, Southern Nation Nationalities and people region (SNNPR) and Oromiya, with different eco-zones, were studied from May to June 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen thousand and eighty seven children, aged between six and 71 months, examined for clinical symptoms and signs of xerophthalmia. Anthropometry and blood samples were taken from every 20 children (n = 634) of same age, for serum retinol and nutritional determination. INTERVENTION MEASURES: Disease targeted approach of vitamin A supplementation was employed in the regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence rates of night blindness and Bitot's spots exceeded WHO cut-off point for xerophthalmia as a public health problem, with higher prevalence rates in males (53%) than females (26%). The proportion of children with deficient serum retinol concentrations (SRC), and Bitot's spot were observed to be higher in Oromiya and Harari regions followed by Tigray, than SNNPR administrative regions. Most of the affected children were aged between 36 and 72 months. The greatest low SRC was also observed in the same age group of children in all regions. There was higher prevalence rate of stunting (60.1%) than wasting (12.2%) with an additional (8.8%) of children both stunted and wasted. The proportion of stunted children was high in Tigray followed by Oromiya, SNNPR and Harari regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high level of stunting and Bitot's spot, together with the low level of serum retinol concentrations found in these regions, indicates the need to strengthen this intervention strategy further with universal vitamin A capsule distribution, nutrition education and promotion of horticulture activities.
authors.affiliation: Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haidar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Demissie
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014985:Xerophthalmia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A