title: Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that walnuts reduce serum cholesterol levels in normal young men.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the acceptability of walnuts and their effects on serum lipid levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidizability in free-living hypercholesterolemic persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, crossover feeding trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipid clinic at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  55 men and women (mean age, 56 years) with polygenic hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet and a diet of similar energy and fat content in which walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. Patients followed each diet for 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low-density lipoprotein fatty acids (to assess compliance), serum lipid levels, lipoprotein(a) levels, and LDL resistance to in vitro oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  49 persons completed the trial. The walnut diet was well tolerated. Planned and observed diets were closely matched. Compared with the Mediterranean diet, the walnut diet produced mean changes of -4.1% in total cholesterol level, -5.9% in LDL cholesterol level, and -6.2% in lipoprotein(a) level. The mean differences in the changes in serum lipid levels were -0.28 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.43 to -0.12 mmol/L) (-10.8 mg/dL [-16.8 to -4.8 mg/dL]) (P<0.001) for total cholesterol level, -0.29 mmol/L (CI, -0.41 to -0.15 mmol/L) (-11.2 mg/dL [-16.3 to -6.1 mg/dL]) (P<0.001) for LDL cholesterol level, and -0.021 g/L (CI, -0.042 to -0.001 g/L) (P = 0.042) for lipoprotein(a) level. Lipid changes were similar in men and women except for lipoprotein(a) levels, which decreased only in men. Low-density lipoprotein particles were enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids from walnuts, but their resistance to oxidation was preserved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substituting walnuts for part of the mono-unsaturated fat in a cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet further reduced total and LDL cholesterol levels in men and women with hypercholesterolemia.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínic and School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zambón
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sabaté
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Campero
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casals
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merlos
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Laguna
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001835:Body Weight; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005224:Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009754:Nuts; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010349:Patient Compliance
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005224:Fats, Unsaturated; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins