title: Complete duplication of the bladder, urethra, vagina, and uterus in girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVES. To present our experience with 3 girls with complete duplication of the bladder, urethra, vagina, and uterus, a very rare anomaly, and review published reports. Associated anomalies in these cases represent a wide spectrum.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report 3 girls with complete duplication of the bladder, urethra, vagina, and uterus. The associated anomalies were different in each child. The first patient had a symphysis diastasis creating an abdominal hernia with two bladders dislocated into this space. The second patient had anal atresia with colon duplication. The third had cloacal exstrophy with one opened bladder and a second closed, with persistent urogenital sinus. Each patient was carefully evaluated, but the anatomy in 2 patients was not completely defined until surgical exploration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each girl underwent surgical repair. In the first patient, iliac osteotomy, approximation of the symphysis pubis, and excision of the hernia was done. In the second, excision of the common wall between the two descending colons and posterior sagittal anorectoplasty were performed. In the third patient, staged reconstruction of the cloacal exstrophy with anastomosis of the bladders and vaginas was done.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete duplication of the urogenital system in girls is associated with different anomalies. Which surgical procedures will be required depends on the multiple anatomic variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gastol
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baka-Jakubiak
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skobejko-Wlodarska
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szymkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D002585:Cesarean Section; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002988:Cloaca / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D014567:Urography; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery