title: Maternal serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor are associated with adverse pregnancy outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was the measurement of maternal serum levels of M-CSF throughout pregnancy, in a low risk obstetrical population, to examine the relationship of M-CSF and pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal serum was obtained at various stages of pregnancy and post partum, M-CSF levels were measured by ELISA, pertinent clinical data tabulated, and pregnancy outcome was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 564 pregnancies studied, 22% of 260 nulliparous pregnancies and 10% of 304 multiparous pregnancies were hypertensive. Preeclampsia occurred in 1.5% of nulliparous and in 1% of the multiparous women. In apparently normal pregnancies with good outcome, M-CSF levels rose throughout pregnancy. No cases of preeclampsia occurred if maternal serum M-CSF levels increased more than 100% throughout pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that absolute levels and relative changes in maternal serum M-CSF levels during pregnancy are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Research and Development, Genetics Institute, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA. jkeith@genetics.com
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: keith
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pijnenborg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luyten
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schaub
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Van Assche
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000097:blood; D010298:Parity; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor