title: Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions caused by subcutaneous unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparins: tolerance of a new recombinant hirudin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eczema-like infiltrated plaques at subcutaneous heparin injection sites are well-documented side effects of these anticoagulants. However, surgical interventions may be problematic if heparin is urgently needed in these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to perform extensive allergy skin testing in 24 patients, including a pregnant woman in whom subcutaneous infiltrated plaques developed after subcutaneous heparin injections, and to find safe therapeutic alternatives for this group of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patch, intradermal, and subcutaneous tests were performed with a panel of unfractionated heparins (UFHs), low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), and heparinoids. Since 1997, we have also been performing allergy studies in 8 patients with lepirudin, a new recombinant heparinoid; tolerance of lepirudin was investigated by means of subcutaneous and intravenous injections. The allergy investigations in the pregnant woman were limited to patch tests with heparins and intradermal and subcutaneous tests with pentosanpolysulfate, which are not contraindicated during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our study population 19 of 23 patients were sensitized to all the UFHs and LMWHs tested when intracutaneous and subcutaneous test results were read at up to 96 hours. LMWH was found to be a possible substitute in 4 patients. Five patients were also sensitized to the heparinoid pentosanpolysulfate. Sensitization to the heparinoid danaparoid was observed in 12 of the 13 patients who were tested with this substance. The administration of an intravenous bolus containing a therapeutic dose of lepirudin after negative subcutaneous provocation was tolerated without any side effects in all 8 patients. The pregnant woman was sensitized to LMWH but tolerated subcutaneous pentosanpolysulfate without any side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive allergy skin testing should be performed to find safe alternatives. With few exceptions, all patients react to both UFHs and LMWHs, as well as to danaparoid. The subcutaneous provocation test is the most reliable diagnostic measure. Intravenous lepirudin, and in some cases subcutaneous pentosanpolysulfate, appears to be a safe alternative in patients with eczema-like infiltrated plaques at subcutaneous heparin-injection sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Münssinger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rupp-John
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uhl
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D012882:Skin Tests
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006629:Hirudins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; C083544:lepirudin