title: Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance dacryocystography in patients with epiphora.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Digital subtraction dacryocystography (DS-DCG) is considered the "gold standard" in the assessment of the nasolacrimal duct system but fails to delineate the soft tissue structures that surround the lacrimal drainage apparatus. The goal of this study was to compare high resolution MR surface coil imaging with DS-DCG to determine the value of gadolinium-enhanced MR dacryocystography (MR-DCG) in patients with epiphora.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed bilateral MR-DCG and unilateral DS-DCG in 11 patients (aged 3-70 years) with epiphora using Gd-DTPA-containing eyedrops (Magnevist; 78.63 mg of Gd/ml diluted in a sterile 0.9% NaCl solution 1:100) and a water-soluble contrast medium (Omnipaque; 677 mg of Iohexol/ml). Radiographic and MR findings were separated and reviewed by two radiologists who were blinded to patients' names and histories. Afterwards, the passage of the contrast material was compared in the two procedures. The gold standard was defined as the distal-most point of the contrast material identified on either study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct system was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 100% with both MR-DCG and DS-DCG. With MR-DCG, the two readers correctly diagnosed the location of an obstruction in 67 and 89% and with DS-DCG in 56 and 67%. With MR-DCG, contrast material was traced further distally than with DS-DCG in three patients. DS-DCG was superior in only one case in which MR-DCG failed to delineate fistulas distal to the nasolacrimal sac.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that MR-DCG is suitable for assessing drainage problems of the nasolacrimal duct system, giving additional information concerning the surrounding soft tissue structures. Further studies are required to show whether MR-DCG can replace DS-DCG as the gold standard in the assessment of the nasolacrimal duct system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirchhof
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hähnel
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zake
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sartor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA