title: The role of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in inoperable oesophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of PDT in palliation of patients with inoperable oesophageal cancer and to identify subgroups in which this role is of particular significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five patients (37 male, 28 female) aged 42-89 (mean 65.6) with advanced and inoperable oesophageal cancer were the subjects of this study. Inoperability was due to advanced stage of the disease in 61 and because of general condition in 4. Fifty-eight (89%) had previous treatments, other than PDT. All patients had dysphagia of whom 20 could not swallow fluid. Pre-PDT clinical, radiological and endoscopic examinations were carried out. Performance status (PS) and clinical staging was assessed. PDT protocol consisted of: intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg; photofrin (or equivalent polyhaematoporphyrin) followed 24-72 h later by endoscopic illumination using 630 nm laser light.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Relief of dysphagia generally and specifically in those with cervical and post-cricoid carcinoma who were previously treated by external beam radiotherapy (EBR) (n=6) and those with previous intubation or stent (n=9); (2) Survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no PDT related mortality. Three patients (4.6%) developed a mild skin photosensitivity reaction. Dysphagia was relieved in all patients. The mean and median survival of the 58 patients who have died was 7. 7 and 6 months respectively. Seven patients are alive from 2-30 months (mean 16). Survival was not significantly influenced by tumour histology, location in the oesophagus, severity of dysphagia on admission, or by previous therapy. Survival was significantly influenced by Performance Status prior to treatment (P=0.03 log rank, for PS < or =2 vs. PS=3), an most significantly by the stage of the disease (P=0.0001 log rank, for Stage III vs. Stage IV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) PDT is safe and effective for palliation of dysphagia in inoperable oesophageal cancer. This is particularly important in post-cricoid and cervical oesophageal cancer previously treated by other methods and for patients with recurrent malignant obstruction who previously had intubation or stent placement. (2) Survival is influenced by better PS (< or =2) and in those with disease Stage III rather than patients in Stage IV. This study has not been able to determine the influence of complete tumour staging on survival because, apart from four patients, all others were Stages III and IV cancer.
authors.affiliation: The Yorkshire Laser Centre, Goole and District Hospital, Woodland Avenue, Goole, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moghissi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011166:Porphyrins; C115907:polyhaematoporphyrin; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether