title: Interhemispheric switching mediates perceptual rivalry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Binocular rivalry refers to the alternating perceptual states that occur when the images seen by the two eyes are too different to be fused into a single percept. Logothetis and colleagues have challenged suggestions that this phenomenon occurs early in the visual pathway. They have shown that, in alert monkeys, neurons in the primary visual cortex continue to respond to their preferred stimulus despite the monkey reporting its absence. Moreover, they found that neural activity higher in the visual pathway is highly correlated with the monkey's reported percept. These and other findings suggest that the neural substrate of binocular rivalry must involve high levels, perhaps the same levels involved in reversible figure alternations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present evidence that activation or disruption of a single hemisphere in human subjects affects the perceptual alternations of binocular rivalry. Unilateral caloric vestibular stimulation changed the ratio of time spent in each competing perceptual state. Transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to one hemisphere disrupted normal perceptual alternations when the stimulation was timed to occur at one phase of the perceptual switch, but not at the other. Furthermore, activation of a single hemisphere by caloric stimulation affected the perceptual alternations of a reversible figure, the Necker cube.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that interhemispheric switching mediates perceptual rivalry. Thus, competition for awareness in both binocular rivalry and reversible figures occurs between, rather than within, each hemisphere. This interhemispheric switch hypothesis has implications for understanding the neural mechanisms of conscious experience and also has clinical relevance as the rate of both types of perceptual rivalry is slow in bipolar disorder (manic depression).
authors.affiliation: Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. s.miller@vthrc.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riek
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pettigrew
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000502:physiology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*