title: Sustained hypertension in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the etiology and clinical profile of children with sustained hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective hospital-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care, referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  246 children with sustained hypertension presenting between January 1983 and December 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at presentation was 8.2+/-3.9 yr; range 2 months-16 yr. There were 180 boys. An underlying cause for hypertension was identified in 242 (98.4%); 4 patients were considered to have essential hypertension. The chief causes included chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) in 121 (49.2%), obstructive uropathy in 39 (15.8%), reflux nephropathy in 30 (12.2%), thrombotic microangiopathy in 15 (6.1%) and renovascular disease in 14 (5.7%). Takayasu's disease was the most common cause of renovascular hypertension. Coarctation of aorta was the commonest cause of hypertension in infancy, being present in 53.3% of cases. In 198 subjects (80.5%) hypertension was detected as a feature of a known underlying disease. Thirty-five patients however, presented for the first time with complications of severe hypertension, including congestive cardiac failure in 21 and encephalopathy in 23. Thirteen patients presented with nonspecific symptoms and hypertension was detected on clinical examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with sustained hypertension have an underlying etiology. A significant proportion of patients with renovascular and endocrine conditions may present, for the first time, with complications of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagga
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013625:Takayasu Arteritis / Q000150:complications; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000150:complications