title: The effects of lead sulfate on new sealed lead acid batteries.
abstract: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) rely on batteries to power external cardiac defibrillators. While maintenance protocols should be followed to ensure that batteries possess adequate capacity to power their defibrillator, they are not often applied to new batteries. This study examines the effects of prolonged storage on sealed lead acid (SLA) batteries, the number of batteries that are affected by lead sulfate, and the ability of a protocol to restore the capacity in SLA batteries. A prospective cohort of new batteries was subjected to testing and discharge protocols. Initial battery capacities were measured using a battery analyzer. An "over-discharge" protocol fully discharged the battery over a 24-h period, and batteries were recharged and reanalyzed. Capacity measurements were repeated twice. Sulfate buildup was defined a priori as final capacity measurements greater than predischarge measurements. There were 126 batteries studied, a mean of 14 months after manufacture. Overall, 47 batteries (36.5%) had measured capacity that was insufficient (< 65% capacity). Batteries possessing very low initial capacities (< 55%) responded with a significant improvement on average of 54.7% compared with batteries within a normal capacity range (> 65%) whose average improvement was 9.3%. After discharge, there was an average of 17% improvement in the measured capacity, with no differences in the final capacity readings in each battery type. In conclusion, sealed lead acid batteries are affected by prolonged storage. The loss of capacity created by accumulation of lead sulfate can be reversed if battery maintenance protocols are used as part of EMS quality assurance programs.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Maloney
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002170:Canada; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004581:Electronics; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; C032722:lead sulfate