title: Similar splice-site mutations of the ATP7A gene lead to different phenotypes: classical Menkes disease or occipital horn syndrome.
abstract: More than 150 point mutations have now been identified in the ATP7A gene. Most of these mutations lead to the classic form of Menkes disease (MD), and a few lead to the milder occipital horn syndrome (OHS). To get a better understanding of molecular changes leading to classic MD and OHS, we took advantage of the unique finding of three patients with similar mutations but different phenotypes. Although all three patients had mutations located in the splice-donor site of intron 6, only two of the patients had the MD phenotype; the third had the OHS phenotype. Fibroblast cultures from the three patients were analyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR to try to find an explanation of the different phenotypes. In all three patients, exon 6 was deleted in the majority of the ATP7A transcripts. However, by RT-PCR amplification with an exon 6-specific primer, we were able to amplify exon 6-containing mRNA products from all three patients, even though they were in low abundance. Sequencing of these products indicated that only the patient with OHS had correctly spliced exon 6-containing transcripts. We used two different methods of quantitative RT-PCR analysis and found that the level of correctly spliced mRNA in this patient was 2%-5% of the level found in unaffected individuals. These findings indicate that the presence of barely detectable amounts of correctly spliced ATP7A transcript is sufficient to permit the development of the milder OHS phenotype, as opposed to classic MD.
authors.affiliation: The John F. Kennedy Institute, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark. lbm@kennedy.dk
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tümer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanusch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horn
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D007706:Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D012326:RNA Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C081184:ATP7A protein, human; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases