title: Differences in bladder compliance with time and associations of bladder management with compliance in spinal cord injured patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Controversy continues on the optimal method of bladder management in spinal cord injured patients. We investigated the effects of bladder management on bladder compliance and changes in compliance with time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts, and video urodynamic and upper tract radiographic studies of 316 patients with spinal cord injury. Patients were categorized according to interval since injury and bladder management method, including clean intermittent catheterization, spontaneous voiding and chronic Foley catheterization. Those with upper tract complications were compared with asymptomatic controls at the bladder compliance threshold values of 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 20.0 cc/cm. water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were noted among bladder management method groups for followup, level, completeness or mechanism of injury. A bladder compliance threshold of 12.5 cc/cm. water was selected for the remaining comparisons based on the frequency of complications compared with asymptomatic controls. Patients using intermittent catheterization had a significantly higher incidence of normal compliance than the Foley management group for suprasacral, complete and incomplete injury (p<0.01). Normal bladder compliance was more common in patients with suprasacral than sacral and incomplete than complete spinal cord injury for each bladder management type. Logistic regression analysis of compliance versus bladder management and age of injury (interval since injury) revealed that intermittent catheterization and spontaneous voiding were associated more with normal compliance than Foley catheterization (RR = 9.2, 5.4 and 1.0, respectively). Combined data showed that each successively older age of injury cohort was at 23% greater risk for loss of normal compliance than the preceding cohort. Low compliance was statistically associated with vesicoureteral reflux, radiographic upper tract abnormality, pyelonephritis and upper tract stones (p<0.01, <0.01, 0.04 and <0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clean intermittent catheterization protects bladder compliance in spinal cord injured patients regardless of the level or completeness of injury and helps to prevent low compliance with time. Also, in the population studied low compliance was associated with upper tract complications. Therefore, clean intermittent catheterization is the superior method for preserving bladder compliance and preventing the upper tract complications associated with low compliance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Weld
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Graney
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dmochowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003187:Compliance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014563:Urodynamics