title: BCG coverage and the annual risk of tuberculosis infection over a 14-year period in the Philippines assessed from the Nationwide Prevalence Surveys.
abstract: METHODS
  A prevalence survey of tuberculosis (TB) infection was undertaken in the Philippines, a developing country in the Western Pacific region.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination rate, the prevalence of TB infection and the annual risk of TB infection (ARTI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide stratified multi-stage cluster survey of 21,960 individuals. BCG scar verification and tuberculin test were performed on those aged > or =2 months. The ARTI was calculated using the prevalence rates of TB infection in children aged 5-9 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BCG scars were noted in 66% of the study population. The prevalence of TB infection was 63.4% among unvaccinated individuals. The prevalence rate was higher in males in both urban and rural areas. With both sexes combined, urban and rural communities had similar prevalence rates. In children aged 5-9 years, the prevalence rate was 16.1% (males 17.4%, females 14.9%), corresponding to an ARTI of 2.3% (males 2.5%, females 2.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCG coverage increased substantially between 1981-1983 and 1997. The ARTI, however, was virtually unchanged, indicating that morbidity due to TB continued to be high.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Disease Foundation, Makati Medical Center, Makati City, The Philippines. tdf@info.com.ph
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Tupasi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radhakrishna
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Quelapio
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Co
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sarol
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mangubat
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarmiento
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Solon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Lofranco
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rostrata
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mantala
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine