title: Gene expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger during development in human heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In immature animal hearts, lower activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and lower densities of Ca2+ channels highlight the potentially vital role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) to excitation-contraction coupling. To date, studies on NCX expression have been restricted to late developmental stages. The distribution and gene expression of NCX during early ontogeny is not known, especially in humans. In the present report, we systematically characterized changes in NCX gene expression in human heart during development, with particular emphasis in early ontogeny.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human hearts during early gestation (9- to 20-week gestation), neonatal (1 to 2 days after birth) and adulthood (18-40 years old) were used. NCX mRNA levels were studied using RNase Protection Assay (RPA) and NCX protein levels were assessed by Western blot. Wet weight was also used as the tissue base. Immunolocalization studies using confocal microscopy were performed in isolated fetal cardiac myocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normalization of NCX mRNA derived from ventricles against an early gestational age (10-week gestation) shows that NCX mRNA levels nominally increased from 1 to 1.13 at 19-week gestation then decreased to 0.74 (P < 0.05) at neonate and further decreased to 0.23 (P < 0.05) at adult stages. NCX protein levels increased from 1 at 9-week gestation to 3 (P < 0.05) at 20-week gestation and then decreased to 1.8 (P < 0.05) at neonate and to 1.87 (P < 0.05) at adult stages. Confocal imaging of fetal cardiac myocytes revealed intense homogeneous membrane staining and abundance of NCX protein at this stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrate changes in NCX transcript and NCX protein levels as well as total RNA and proteins during human heart development. Per wet weight, NCX mRNA was 4.5 times greater at early fetal than adult stages and NCX protein was 2 times greater at adult than the early fetal stage indicating considerable post-transcriptional regulation. These findings provide new insights into the understanding of temporal changes in NCX in the developing heart at the gene level. The functional significance remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, V.A. Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghatpande
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: el-Sherif
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boutjdir
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D003720:Densitometry; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger