title: Six X-linked agammaglobulinemia-causing missense mutations in the Src homology 2 domain of Bruton's tyrosine kinase: phosphotyrosine-binding and circular dichroism analysis.
abstract: Src homology 2 (SH2) domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY)-containing sequences and thereby mediate their association to ligands. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, in which mutations cause a hereditary immunodeficiency disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Mutations have been found in all Btk domains, including SH2. We have analyzed the structural and functional effects of six disease-related amino acid substitutions in the SH2 domain: G302E, R307G, Y334S, L358F, Y361C, and H362Q. Also, we present a novel Btk SH2 missense mutation, H362R, leading to classical XLA. Based on circular dichroism analysis, the conformation of five of the XLA mutants studied differs from the native Btk SH2 domain, while mutant R307G is structurally identical. The binding of XLA mutation-containing SH2 domains to pY-Sepharose was reduced, varying between 1 and 13% of that for the native SH2 domain. The solubility of all the mutated proteins was remarkably reduced. SH2 domain mutations were divided into three categories: 1) Functional mutations, which affect residues presumably participating directly in pY binding (R307G); 2) structural mutations that, via conformational change, not only impair pY binding, but severely derange the structure of the SH2 domain and possibly interfere with the overall conformation of the Btk molecule (G302E, Y334S, L358F, and H362Q); and 3) structural-functional mutations, which contain features from both categories above (Y361C).
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology and Infectious Diseases (IMPI), Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. pekmat@utu.fi
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bäckesjö
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laurén
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vihinen
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000077329:Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase; D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D001120:Arginine / Q000235:genetics; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005998:Glycine / Q000235:genetics; D006639:Histidine / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics; D018909:src Homology Domains / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D006639:Histidine; D001120:Arginine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000077329:Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase; C000625949:BTK protein, human; D005998:Glycine