title: Potent protective effects of melatonin on experimental spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Experimental biochemical, behavioral, and histologic investigations of spinal cord injury in rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of melatonin, a pineal hormone, in compression ischemic-induced spinal cord injury.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The implication of activated neutrophils in the worsening of spinal cord injury has been shown. Melatonin was shown to play an important role in protecting animal cells from neutrophil-induced toxicity and damage by free radicals. There is no report on using melatonin for spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinal cord injury was induced by placing 25 g of weight extradurally on the rat spinal cord at T12 for 20 minutes. The rats were randomly divided into three groups. Sham rats had only laminectomy. Melatonin rats were injected with melatonin (2.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (intraperitoneal) five times: at 5 minutes, then 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after the injury. Correspondingly, the control rats were injected with saline. Measured levels of lipid peroxidation estimated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the accumulation of leukocytes at the site of trauma, which were evaluated by measuring tissue myeloperoxidase activity. The recovery was assessed by using three clinical scoring systems, and histologic changes of the damaged spinal cord were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content in the spinal cord increased after the injury, with two peaks (at 1 and 4 hours), and nitrogen mustard-induced leukocytopenia significantly attenuated the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content in four 4 after injury. Also in these 4 hours, myeloperoxidase activity increased and melatonin injection reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content and myeloperoxidase activity, which attenuated the motor deficits as well. Histologic findings showed that the melatonin group had less cavity formation than the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results showed that injection of melatonin reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content and myeloperoxidase activity, facilitating recovery of the damaged spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan. torufuji@kaiju.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takagi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007970:Leukopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D008550:Melatonin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D009195:Peroxidase; D008550:Melatonin