title: IHG-2, a mesangial cell gene induced by high glucose, is human gremlin. Regulation by extracellular glucose concentration, cyclic mechanical strain, and transforming growth factor-beta1.
abstract: We used cloning in silico coupled with polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate that IHG-2 is part of the 3'-untranslated region of gremlin, a member of the DAN family of secreted proteins that antagonize the bioactivities of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily. Mesangial cell gremlin mRNA levels were induced by high glucose, cyclic mechanical strain, and TGF-beta1 in vitro, and gremlin mRNA levels were elevated in the renal cortex of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in vivo. gremlin expression was observed in parallel with induction of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), a target for gremlin in models of cell differentiation. Together these data indicate that (a) IHG-2 is gremlin, (b) gremlin is expressed in diabetic nephropathy in vivo, (c) both glycemic and mechanical strain stimulate mesangial cell gremlin expression in vitro, (d) high glucose induces gremlin, in part, through TGFbeta-mediated pathways, and (e) Gremlin is a potential endogenous antagonist of BMPs within a diabetic glomerular milieu.
authors.affiliation: Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University College Dublin, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clarkson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taal
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Brady
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525720:Bmp2 protein, rat; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C486399:GREM1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D005947:Glucose