title: Human ovarian follicular fluid has functional systems for the generation and modulation of thrombin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether prothrombin is present in follicular fluid and whether the enzymatic pathways for prothrombin activation are similar to those in plasma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follicular fluid samples collected at the time of oocyte harvest for an assisted reproductive technology procedure (ART) were analyzed for a panel of hemostatic proteins with use of a combination of functional, chromogenic, and Western ligand blot analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ART clinic and an academic research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women undergoing ART.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Determination of components of thrombin generation and thrombin modulatory systems using functional and antigenic assay procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both prothrombin and components of the prothrombinase enzyme complex, which includes factors V, VII, and X, are present in follicular fluid. Other hemostatic proteins, including factors VIII and IX and vonWillebrand factor, are absent. The direct activation of prothrombin to thrombin is similar in follicular fluid and plasma. Like plasma, inhibitors of both thrombin and thrombin generation, including antithrombin, protein C, and alpha2-macroglobulin, are present in follicular fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a select group of hemostatic plasma proteins are present in follicular fluid. There is no direct correlation between molecular size and concentration of individual proteins in follicular fluid. These results indicate that the proteins involved in the thrombin-generating and thrombin modulatory pathways may be derived from ovarian cells, suggesting that thrombin may have a role in folliculogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. pgentry@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gentry
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Plante
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LaMarre
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Dodds
mesh_terms: D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism; D005164:Factor IX / Q000378:metabolism; D005167:Factor VII / Q000378:metabolism; D005170:Factor X / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015571:Follicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D011486:Protein C; D011506:Proteins; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D005167:Factor VII; D011516:Prothrombin; D005164:Factor IX; D005170:Factor X; D002570:Ceruloplasmin; D013917:Thrombin