title: Effect of posture and isoproterenol on beat-to-beat heart rate and QT variability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent literature emphasizes the utility of QT variability to study ventricular electrophysiologic function. In this investigation, we sought to test the hypothesis that beat-to-beat fluctuations in QT intervals are mediated by sympathetic activity in normal subjects using postural challenge and isoproterenol infusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained ECG in the supine and standing postures during spontaneous breathing, at 12, 15 and 20 per minute controlled breathing (n = 19), and before and after infusions of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agent, in the supine posture during spontaneous breathing (n = 11) using lead II configuration in healthy human adult subjects. Heart rate (HR) and QT time series data were analyzed by spectral analysis of 256 s of real-time data. Beat-to-beat QT intervals were measured by automated analysis of ECG. A QT variability index (QT(vi)) was calculated for each subject as the logarithm of the ratio of normalized QT variance to normalized HR variance. We also calculated fractal dimensions of QT time series during spontaneous breathing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QT(vi) was significantly higher in the standing than in the supine posture (-1. 93 +/- 0.27 vs. -1.47 +/- 0.41; p = 0.0001), and also during isoproterenol infusions in the supine posture (-1.83 +/- 0.39 vs. -1. 27 +/- 0.43; p = 0.0001). Fractal dimensions of QT time series were also significantly higher during standing (p = 0.00001) and isoproterenol infusions (p = 0.0002). Respiratory rate or tidal volume did not account for the increased QT variability seen in the standing posture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A change from the supine to the standing posture as well as infusion of isoproterenol significantly increased the absolute as well as normalized QT variability, which appears to be due to an increase in sympathetic activity associated with these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA. vikramyershr@yahoo.com
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Yeragani
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Jampala
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Igel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007545:Isoproterenol