title: Therapeutic plasma concentrations of human factor IX in mice after gene delivery into the amniotic cavity: a model for the prenatal treatment of haemophilia B.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several groups including our own have reported gene delivery to fetal organs by vector administration into the amniotic cavity. Based on these studies we hypothesised that the large surface of the fetal skin may be exploitable for high level production of systemically required gene products to be released into the fetal circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered E1/E3-deleted adenoviral vectors carrying a bacterial beta-galactosidase gene or the human coagulation factor IX gene into the amniotic cavities of mid- to late-gestation mouse fetuses. The concentrations of human factor IX in the plasma of fetal or new-born mice were determined by ELISA. Reverse transcription PCR was used to identify sites of transgene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of 5 x 10(8) infectious units of the factor IX gene vector in utero resulted in plasma concentrations of human factor IX of up to 1.2 microg/ml without significant decrease in fetal survival. Transgenic protein was found to be produced in the fetal skin, mucosae and amniotic membranes and was shown to be present for several days after birth of healthy pups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As ultrasound-guided amniocentesis in humans is a well-established diagnostic procedure, delivery of the factor IX gene into the amniotic cavity appears to be a safe route for prenatal treatment of haemophilia B and may prevent haemorrhagic complications such as intracranial bleeding during delivery. Our study allowed for the first time a quantification of the expression of a potentially therapeutic transgene in rodents after prenatal gene delivery. It thus provides a model for the prenatal treatment of haemophilia B, but may also serve as a pathfinder to gene therapy of inheritable skin disorders such as epidermolysis bullosa.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. holm.schneider@kinder.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adebakin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Themis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Douar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavirani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coutelle
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000653:Amniotic Fluid; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002460:Cell Line; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005164:Factor IX / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000209:etiology; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012867:Skin / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D005164:Factor IX