title: Estimating ancestral geographical distributions: a Gondwanan origin for aphid parasitoids?
abstract: We tested the published hypothesis of a Gondwanan origin for the overwhelmingly northern hemisphere aphid parasitoids (Aphidiinae) as follows: (i) finding their sister group by a phylogenetic analysis of the entire Braconidae (Insecta: Hymenopterai using sequence data from approximately 500 bp fragments of both the nuclear 28S (D2 region) and mitochondrial 16S rDNA genes, (ii) using this sister-group relationship and the more informative 28S D2 gene to estimate the phylogeny of the Aphidiinae and (iii) estimating the ancestral distribution for the Aphidiinae using maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony methods. Both methods indicated a Gondwanan origin.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Parasitoid Sytematics, Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Berkshire, UK. r.belshaw@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belshaw
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dowton
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Quicke
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020459:Genes, rRNA / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D014863:Wasps / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S