title: Advancement of the mandible facilitates nasal breathing in human subjects sedated with midazolam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how anterior advancement of the mandible (ADM) affects spontaneous breathing through the nasal route in healthy human volunteers sedated with intravenous midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  In four subjects who exhibited nasal breathing during midazolam sedation (intravenous dose: 0.09+/-0.02 mg x kg(-1), mean +/- SD), we measured respiratory rate (RR), peak nasal inspiratory airflow rate (V(nIpeak)) peak nasal expiratory airflow rate (V(nEpeak), duty ratio (Ti/Ttot) and nasal resistance (Rn) before and after ADM. Nasal resistance was calculated by dividing the difference between nasal mask and oropharyngeal pressure by airflow rate at peak nasal inspiratory airflow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RR, V(nIpeak), and V(nEpeak) increased following ADM (P<0.001, respectively). On the contrary, Ti/Ttot decreased after ADM (P<0.001). Consequently, ADM decreased Rn from 30.4+/-40.8 to 5.0+/-5.6 (cm H2O x l(-1) x sec(-1)) (mean +/- SD) (P<0.001). In these four subjects, no respiratory airflow was observed through the oral route before and after ADM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advancement of the mandible decreases nasal resistance, thereby facilitating spontaneous breathing through the nasal route in normal humans sedated with midazolam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawauchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyooka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008397:Masks; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology*; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000502:physiology; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture; D011312:Pressure; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam