title: Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated dystrophin gene transfer and expression in MDX mouse skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results from mutations that prevent the expression of functional dystrophin in muscle fibers. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) represents a potentially useful vector for treatment of DMD because it has the capacity to accommodate the 14-kb full-length dystrophin cDNA and can efficiently transduce muscle cells. We have tested the ability of first- and second-generation replication-defective HSV vectors to deliver full-length dystrophin to dystrophin-deficient mdx muscle cells in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-generation replication-defective HSV vectors harboring full-length or truncated (Becker) dystrophin expression cassettes and lacking a single viral immediate-early (IE) gene were constructed and tested by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting for their ability to direct dystrophin expression in infected mdx cells in culture. To reduce vector cytotoxicity and safety concerns, a second-generation dystrophin vector missing additional IE genes was constructed and tested in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dystrophin expression was observed in infected mdx myotubes in vitro in all cases. Confocal microscopy showed exclusive localization of full-length dystrophin to the cell membrane whereas the Becker variant was also found abundantly throughout the cytoplasm. Dystrophin expression in mdx mice was restored in muscle cells near the site of vector injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly defective HSV-1 vectors which lack the ability to spread systemically and are greatly reduced in toxicity for infected cells, thus removing an impediment to prolonged transgene expression, can direct the delivery and proper expression of full-length dystrophin whose considerable size is compatible with few other modes of delivery. These vectors may offer a legitimate opportunity toward the development of effective gene therapy treatments for DMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Akkaraju
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huard
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Goins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pruchnic
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Glorioso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003673:Defective Viruses / Q000235:genetics; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009137:Muscular Dystrophy, Animal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D016189:Dystrophin