title: Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the postulated preventive effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on pre-term delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, and pregnancy induced hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  In six multicentre trials, women with high risk pregnancies were randomly assigned to receive fish oil (Pikasol) or olive oil in identically-looking capsules from around 20 weeks (prophylactic trials) or 33 weeks (therapeutic trials) until delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen hospitals in Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four prophylactic trials enrolled 232, 280, and 386 women who had experienced previous pre-term delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, or pregnancy induced hypertension respectively, and 579 with twin pregnancies. Two therapeutic trials enrolled 79 women with threatening pre-eclampsia and 63 with suspected intrauterine growth retardation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fish oil provided 2.7 g and 6.1 g n-3 fatty acids/day in the prophylactic and therapeutic trials, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preterm delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, pregnancy induced hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fish oil reduced recurrence risk of pre-term delivery from 33% to 21% (odds ratio 0.54 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.98)) but did not affect recurrence risks for the other outcomes (OR 1.26; 0.74 to 2.12 and 0.98; 0.63 to 1.53, respectively). In twin pregnancies, the risks for all three outcomes were similar in the two intervention arms (95% CI for the three odds ratios were 0.73 to 1.40, 0.90 to 1.52, and 0.83 to 2.32, respectively). The therapeutic trials detected no significant effects on pre-defined outcomes. In the combined trials, fish oil delayed spontaneous delivery (proportional hazards ratio 1.22; 1.07 to 1.39, P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fish oil supplementation reduced the recurrence risk of pre-term delivery, but had no effect on pre-term delivery in twin pregnancies. Fish oil had no effect on intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension, affecting neither recurrence risk nor risk in twin pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Maternal Nutrition Group, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen. sfo@ssi.dk
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Secher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tabor
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gluud
mesh_terms: D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils