Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder.
The anatomies and biomechanics of the glenohumeral joint and the scapulothoracic articulation are the subjects of this article. The anatomies of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles are described in detail, and current biomechanical concepts concerning motion, stability, and force are presented. Morphologic and biomechanical changes in pathologic conditions briefly are described.
Halder
A M
AM
Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Rochester, The Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
Itoi
E
E
An
K N
KN
D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*