title: Further SAR studies of piperidine-based analogues of cocaine. 2. Potent dopamine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
abstract: The synthesis and monoamine transporter activity of additional members of a series of 3,4-disubstituted piperidines (truncated analogues of the WIN series) are described. All members of this series were prepared from arecoline hydrobromide in optically pure form and were evaluated for their ability to inhibit high affinity uptake of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) into rat brain nerve endings (synaptosomes). Most of the compounds prepared in this series are reasonably potent DAT inhibitors (K(i) values of 4-400 nM) and have selectivity for the 5-HT transporter relative to both the NE transporter (3-9-fold) and to the DAT ( approximately 25-fold). In the present series, (-)-methyl 1-methyl-4beta-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3beta-carboxylate (6) was found to be the most potent piperidine-based ligand, exhibiting K(i)'s of 21 nM and 7.6 nM at the DAT and 5-HTT, respectively. While the 5-HTT activity of compound 6 is comparable to that of the antidepressant medication fluoxetine, it is less selective. As is apparent from the data presented, the naphthyl substituted piperidines 6-9, which differ in their stereochemistry, show different degrees of selectivity for the three transporters. Consistent with results reported in the literature for the tropane analogues, removal of the methyl group from the nitrogen atom of 9 leads to a further enhancement in 5-HTT activity. To examine the in vivo effects of these piperidines, preliminary behavioral screening was carried out on piperidine 14. Despite its 2.5-fold greater DAT activity compared to cocaine, piperidine 14 was found to be about 2. 5-fold less potent in increasing distance traveled in mice. However, consistent with its DAT activity, piperidine 14 was found to be about 2.5-fold more potent than cocaine in enhancing stereotypic movements. Further studies of these piperidine-based ligands may provide valuable insights into the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the enhancement in distance traveled versus stereotypic movements. The present results have important implications for better understanding the structural motifs required in the design of agents with specific potency and selectivity at monoamine transporters.
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Program, Institute of Cognitive and Computational Science, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tamiz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Flippen-Anderson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Deschaux
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tella
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kozikowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine / Q000737:chemistry*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009638:Norepinephrine; D010880:Piperidines; D012701:Serotonin; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; C493215:Slc6a3 protein, mouse; C493216:Slc6a3 protein, rat; C493231:Slc6a4 protein, mouse; C493232:Slc6a4 protein, rat; C406350:methyl-1-methyl-4-(4-vinylphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate