title: The preterm prediction study: cervical lactoferrin concentration, other markers of lower genital tract infection, and preterm birth. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the relationship among cervical lactoferrin concentration, other cervical markers potentially related to infection, and spontaneous preterm birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical lactoferrin concentrations obtained at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation among 121 women who had a spontaneous preterm birth <35 weeks' gestation were compared with cervical lactoferrin concentrations among 121 women matched for race, parity, and center who were delivered at >/=37 weeks' gestation. Results were compared against levels of cervical interleukin 6, fetal fibronectin, and sialidase, against cervical length according to ultrasonography, and according to the bacterial vaginosis Gram stain score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cervical lactoferrin concentrations ranged from not measurable (19% of the concentrations were below the threshold for this assay) to a titer of >/=1:64. There was no significant difference in the overall distributions of lactoferrin concentrations between the case patients and control subjects (P =.18). Only when the highest titers of lactoferrin were considered were there more women in the spontaneous preterm birth group (6/121 vs 0/121; P =.03). According to Spearman correlation analyses the cervical lactoferrin concentrations were strongly related to interleukin 6 concentration (r =.51; P =.0001), sialidase activity (r =.38; P =.0001), and bacterial vaginosis (r =.38; P =.0001), were weakly related to fetal fibronectin (r =. 16; P =.01), and were not related to cervical length. With the 90th percentile (a dilution of 1:32) used as a cutoff to establish a dichotomous variable, lactoferrin concentration had the following odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations with other potential markers of infection: bacterial vaginosis odds ratio, 4.8 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-10.3); interleukin 6 concentration odds ratio, 2.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.5); sialidase activity odds ratio, 5. 5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-13.7); fetal fibronectin concentration odds ratio, 0.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.2-2.0); chlamydiosis odds ratio, 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.8-6.9); and short cervix odds ratio, 0.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.2-1.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lactoferrin found in the cervix correlated well with other markers of lower genital tract infection. High lactoferrin levels were associated with spontaneous preterm birth but had a very low predictive sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: The Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Guerrant
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iams
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moawad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: VanDorsten
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Caritis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thurnau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bottoms
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miodovnik
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McNellis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis*; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000032:analysis; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C403421:FFN protein, human; D005353:Fibronectins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D009439:Neuraminidase; D007781:Lactoferrin