title: Use of social services by pregnant Medicaid eligible women in Baltimore.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use linked health and social service databases to determine differences in the use of social services by pregnant women in different managed care systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of service use by women enrolled in a fee-for-service primary care case management program (Maryland Access to Care or MAC), in a capitated health maintenance organization (HMO), or not assigned to managed care using six state databases. Participants included 5181 women receiving Medical Assistance (MA) and delivering in Baltimore City in 1993. Outcome measures were receipt of WIC, AFDC, and Food Stamps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall proportions of women receiving WIC, AFDC, and Food Stamps at delivery were 52.7%, 89.2%, and 62.7%, respectively. Women enrolled in an HMO at delivery were less likely to be receiving WIC (adjusted odds ratios, 0.8, 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93), AFDC (OR, 0.20; CI, 0.03 to 0.43 for women with prior children and OR 0.13; CI, 0.09 to 0.20 for women without prior children), and Food Stamps (OR 0.77; CI, 0.59 to 0.95 for women with prior children and OR, 0.49; CI, 0.35 to 0.67 for women without prior children) than their MAC counterparts. Women not assigned to managed care also generally were less likely than their MAC counterparts to receive WIC (OR 0.55; CI, 0.46, 0.66), AFDC (OR 1.07; CI 0.83, 1.30 for women with prior children and OR 0.24; CI 0.18, 0.34 for women without prior children), and Food Stamps (OR 0.31; CI 0.08, 0.55 for women with prior children and OR 0.31; CI 0.23, 0.41 for women without prior children).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many low-income pregnant women qualify for select social services, receipt of WIC and Food Stamps was low. Increasing efforts are needed by managed care systems and public health agencies to ensure delivery of appropriate services for women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. cminkovi@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Minkovitz
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D004608:Eligibility Determination; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008484:Medicaid; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011632:Public Assistance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011634:Public Health; D014481:United States