title: The effect of continued posterior spinal growth on sagittal contour in patients treated by anterior instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of radiographs on a prospective cohort of patients undergoing anterior instrumentation for thoracic idiopathic scoliosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the change in sagittal profile after growth.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The authors previously reported some advantages of anterior instrumentation for treatment of thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. However, postsurgery hyperkyphosis has resulted in some patients, especially those who were skeletally immature at the time of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria required that participants have thoracic idiopathic scoliosis treated with anterior instrumentation and a confirmed solid fusion, no rod breakage, and a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. The 47 patients meeting the criteria were divided into a study group of 10 patients who were Risser 0 at the time of surgery and a control group of 37 patients who were Risser 1 to 5. Progressive sagittal kyphosis was defined as an increase of 10 degrees or more (T5-T12) after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sagittal progression greater than 10 degrees (average, 15 degrees ) occurred in 6 of 10 patients (60%) in the study group (Risser 0). Five patients progressed from 10 degrees to 19 degrees, and one patient from 20 degrees to 30 degrees. In contrast, sagittal progression occurred in only 10 of 37 patients (27%) in the control group (Risser 1 to 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some patients with thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated with anterior instrumentation may be at risk for progressive sagittal kyphosis secondary to growth. Skeletal immaturity (Risser 0) appears to be a risk factor. In these immature patients, preserving the sagittal profile with intervertebral spacers, rigid rods, and bone graft (allowing for an average 15 degrees increase of kyphosis with growth) may be appropriate.
authors.affiliation: SIU School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Lenke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001858:Bone Nails; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000601:surgery