Reinventing fatherhood in Japan and Canada.
This article summarizes the findings of a transnational study of Japanese and Canadian families. Fathers' perceptions are presented for a critical developmental phase of life: pregnancy, labor, birth, the early and late postpartum periods. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, 33 fathers and 194 mothers were interviewed: Japanese in Tokyo and Montreal, and English and French Canadians in Montreal. In addition, the study examines the impact of pregnancy and birth on the relationship of marriage. The results suggest that the social meaning of fatherhood has been transformed, legitimizing the presence of the father in the domestic sphere as a consequence of shifting extended family household structures, economic conditions and the empowerment of women. Other significant (p < 0.05) patterns were identified. (1) Canadian fathers participate in labor and delivery to a higher degree than Japanese fathers in Montreal and Tokyo do (mothers in Tokyo felt more isolated). (2) Canadian men (60%) are more likely to take time off from work during this phase than the Japanese. (3) Overall, the majority of fathers, in all four groups, cared for the child to a higher degree than expected and (4). Birth and early child rearing appears to have a significant impact on marriage in all four groups. Public policy issues are addressed and potential responses provided.
Steinberg
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St. Mary's Hospital, Montreal, Que., Canada. inezst@total.net
Kruckman
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Steinberg
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D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005195:Family Relations / Q000208:ethnology*; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D010332:Paternal Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors