title: Employment grade differences in cause specific mortality. A 25 year follow up of civil servants from the first Whitehall study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that the association between socioeconomic status and mortality rates cuts across the major causes of death for middle aged and elderly men.
  
  
  METHODS
  25 year follow up of mortality in relation to employment grade.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first Whitehall study.
  
  
  METHODS
  18,001 male civil servants aged 40-69 years who attended the initial screening between 1967 and 1970 and were followed up for at least 25 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific causes of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After more than 25 years of follow up of civil servants, aged 40-69 years at entry to the study, employment grade differences still exist in total mortality and for nearly all specific causes of death. Main risk factors (cholesterol, smoking, systolic blood pressure, glucose intolerance and diabetes) could only explain one third of this gradient. Comparing the older retired group with the younger pre-retirement group, the differentials in mortality remained but were less pronounced. The largest decline was seen for chronic bronchitis, gastrointestinal diseases and genitourinary diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differentials in mortality persist at older ages for almost all causes of death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: van Rossum
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shipley
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van de Mheen
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000401:mortality; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol