Transdermal drug delivery using electroporation. II. Factors influencing skin reversibility in electroporative delivery of terazosin hydrochloride in hairless rats.
A previous study indicated that the parameters governing the performance of electroporative delivery to the skin, are voltage, pulse length, number of pulses and electrode area.1 This article describes a study in which the reversibility of the electroporation technique is evaluated with in vitro methods. The skin's reversal from an enhanced permeation mode as a result of electroporation to the base level was used as an index to understand the mechanism of drug delivery and also as a preliminary indicator of safety. Maximum delivery of the model drug, terazosin hydrochloride, occurred during the pulsing. Electroporative delivery with a wire electrode (small-area electrode, 0.56 cm(2)) using 20 pulses at U(skin,0) 88 V, and pulse length 20 ms, did not cause any damage to the skin. Increasing the pulse length to 60 ms, while keeping the rest of the parameters fixed, caused a visible change in the external appearance of the skin. However, with the use of a spiral electrode (large-area electrode, 2.74 cm(2)) at 60-ms pulse length, there was minimal damage to the skin. This may be attributed to the more uniform flow of current over the whole skin area. The large-area electrode required a smaller electrode voltage, U(electrode,0) for any given U(skin,0) and also delivered nearly double the instantaneous power density compared with the small-area electrode. These findings indicate that using shorter pulses and large-area electrodes is a safer technique than large pulses and small-area electrodes when electroporation is used to enhance skin's permeability for drug delivery.
Sharma
A
A
School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada A1B 3V6.
Kara
M
M
Smith
F R
FR
Krishnan
T R
TR
D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D018274:Electroporation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010539:Permeability; D011224:Prazosin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
C041226:Terazosin; D011224:Prazosin