title: Chronic pain in torture survivors.
abstract: According to Amnesty International government-sanctioned torture is verified in one third of the countries in the world. The physical and psychological sequelae are numerous. This study focuses on pain diagnosis, characterising pain types as nociceptive, visceral or neuropathic. Torture victims from the Middle East, treated at the Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT) in Copenhagen, participated in the study. The patients were referred to a pain specialist for evaluation of unsolved pain problems. Eighteen male torture victims were examined. Twelve patients experienced pain at more than three locations. Nociceptive and neuropathic pain were demonstrated in all patients. Specific neuropathic pain conditions were related to the following four types of physical torture: Palestinian hanging, falanga, beating and kicking of the head, and positional torture. When treating torture victims, it is important to know about torture methods, to think differently than normal on etiological and pathogenetic factors and always consider the presence of neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smidt-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000175:diagnosis; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D011187:Posture; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000293:injuries; D017741:Survivors; D014104:Torture / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology