title: Prediction of peak oxygen uptake in men using pulmonary and hemodynamic variables during exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many attempts have been made to predict peak VO2 from data obtained at rest or submaximal exercise. Predictive submaximal tests using the heart rate (HR) response have limited accuracy. Some tests incorporate submaximal gas exchange data, but a predictive test without gas exchange measurements would be of benefit. Addition of stroke volume and pulmonary function (PF) measurements might increase the predictability of a submaximal exercise test.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, an incremental exercise test (10 W x min(-1)) was performed in 30 healthy men of various habitual activity levels. Step-wise multiple regression analysis was used to isolate the most important predictor variables of peak VO2 from a set of measurements of PF: lung volumes, diffusion capacity, airway resistance, and maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures; gas exchange; minute ventilation (V(E)), tidal volume (V(T)), respiratory exchange ratio (RER = carbon dioxide output divided by VO2); and hemodynamics (HR, stroke index (SI) = stroke volume/body surface area, and mean arterial pressure). These measurements were made at rest and during submaximal exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the set of PF variables (expressed as percentages of predicted), FEV1 explained 30% of the variance of peak VO2. No other PF variables were predictive. After addition of resting hemodynamic data, SI was included in the prediction equation, raising the predictability to 40%. At the 60-W exercise level, 48% of the variance in peak VO2 could be explained by SI and FEV1. At 150 W, the prediction increased to 81%. At this level VCO2/O2 (RER) also entered the prediction equation of peak VO2: 6.44 x FEV1(%) + 13.0 x SI - 1921 x RER + 2380 (SE = 142 mL x min(-1) x m(-2), P < 0.0001). Leaving out the gas exchange variable RER, maximally 64% of the variance in peak VO2 could be explained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, inclusion of pulmonary function and hemodynamic measurements could improve the prediction accuracy of a submaximal exercise test. The submaximal exercise test should be performed until a level of 150 W is reached. Noninvasive stroke volume measurements by means of EIC have additional value to measurement of HR alone. Finally, measurement of gas exchange significantly improves the predictability of peak VO2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bogaard
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Woltjer
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: van Keimpema
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Postmus
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume