title: Correlation between the structure and function of the rabbit urinary bladder following partial outlet obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the relationship between contractile and structural changes in the obstructed bladder, rabbit bladder was partially obstructed for up to 70 days and alterations in tension response to field stimulation and carbachol were compared with alterations in ultrastructure and innervation of detrusor smooth muscle (SM). The effect of partial outlet obstruction on the physiological responses to field stimulation (FS) (nerve mediated contraction) and carbachol (receptor mediated contraction) were correlated with the structure and innervation of the detrusor smooth muscle (SM) of the same animal during a 70 day period.
  
  
  METHODS
  28 rabbits were subjected to 1 to 70 days of mild partial outlet obstruction. Sham operated rabbits were euthanized at 7, 14, 28, and 70 days post-obstruction. At each time period, isolated strips of bladder body were mounted in individual baths and the contractile response to FS and carbachol determined. Three additional strips from each bladder were fixed for electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bladder mass increased rapidly during the first 7 days after obstruction, was constant for the next 7 days, and then continued to increase gradually. Dysfunction of the contractile response to FS was noted as early as 3 days and progressively increased over the 70-day study period. The decrease in the response to FS increased at a significantly faster rate than the decrease in the contractile response to carbachol. In ultrastructure studies, at 3 and 7 days post-obstruction the majority of SM cells displayed the characteristics of hypertrophy. At 28 days some SM cells displayed loosely packed myofilaments and an irregular distribution of sarcoplasmic dense bodies. At 70 days swollen mitochondria were present in all cell types of the bladder wall. Evidence of axonal degeneration was first observed at 7 days post-obstruction and became more extensive thereafter. No evidence of mitotic figures, nerve growth cones or regenerating SM cells was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged partial bladder outflow obstruction is accompanied by a progressive decrease in contractility of SM. The present study describes the structural damage that occurs in the bladder wall in response to partial outlet obstruction and correlates these observations with the contractile dysfunction with which it is associated. Furthermore, mitochondrial damage in vessels and fibroblasts is suggestive of bladder wall ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomy, Stanford University, California, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitbeck
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D002217:Carbachol