title: The net charge of the first 18 residues of the mature sequence affects protein translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
abstract: This statistical study shows that in proteins of gram-negative bacteria exported by the Sec-dependent pathway, the first 14 to 18 residues of the mature sequences have the highest deviation between the observed and expected net charge distributions. Moreover, almost all sequences have either neutral or negative net charge in this region. This rule is restricted to gram-negative bacteria, since neither eukaryotic nor gram-positive bacterial exported proteins have this charge bias. Subsequent experiments performed with a series of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase mutants confirmed that this charge bias is associated with protein translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane. Two consecutive basic residues inhibit translocation effectively when placed within the first 14 residues of the mature protein but not when placed in positions 19 and 20. The sensitivity to arginine partially reappeared again 30 residues away from the signal sequence. These data provide new insight into the mechanism of protein export in gram-negative bacteria and lead to practical recommendations for successful secretion of hybrid proteins.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Modeling, CIT, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. kajava@helix.nih.gov
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kajava
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Zolov
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kalinin
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nesmeyanova
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase