title: Early increased chemokine expression and production in murine allogeneic skin grafts is mediated by natural killer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased expression of chemokine mRNA is observed in allogeneic but not syngeneic skin grafts 3-4 days after transplantation. The recipient cells mediating this early inflammatory response in allografts remain unidentified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isogeneic and allogeneic skin grafts were transplanted to euthymic and athymic nude mice. mRNA expression and protein production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and the murine homolog of Gro(alpha), i.e. KC, from graft homogenates retrieved 3-4 days posttransplantation was tested by Northern blot hybridization and ELISA. To deplete NK cells, recipients were treated with antiasialo GM1 (ASGM1) antisera or with anti-NK1.1 mAb before transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of KC, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta mRNA was equivalent in C57BL/6 allogeneic skin grafts and BALB/c isografts at day 2 posttransplant. At day 3 posttransplant, chemokine mRNA levels decreased in isografts but were maintained at high levels in the allografts. Increased early chemokine mRNA was also observed in C57BL/6, but not BALB/c++ grafts on BALB/c athymi(nu/nu) recipients. Treatment of allograft recipients with ASGM1 or with anti-NK1.1 antibody eliminated NK cells from the spleen and allograft infiltrating cell populations and decreased early chemokine mRNA levels in allografts 60-70%. Analyses of allograft homogenates indicated increased levels of KC, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta protein at day 4 posttransplant that were decreased in recipients depleted of NK cells. Early chemokine mRNA levels were equivalent in isogeneic and semiallogeneic F1 grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early chemokine mRNA expression and protein production in allogeneic skin grafts is amplified by recipient natural killer (NK) cells. These results indicate a novel function for infiltrating NK cells in mediating early increased intra-allograft chemokine production and inflammation during the initiation of acute rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watarai
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Taub
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Novick
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toma
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Fairchild
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000502:physiology*; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014185:Transplantation, Isogeneic
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C475895:Cxcl1 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C074302:keratinocyte-derived chemokines