title: Use of sodium valproate in violent and aggressive behaviors: a critical review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Valproate was initially introduced as an antiepileptic agent in 1967, but has been used over the years to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders. Its use in the treatment of patients exhibiting aggressive and violent behaviors has been reported in the literature as far back as 1988. However, these reports are uncontrolled, which is in marked contrast to the actual wide and established use of valproate for the treatment of aggressive behaviors. The aim of this report is to critically review the available data on valproate's use in nonbipolar patients with aggressive and violent behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE and PsycLIT databases were searched for all reports published from 1987-1998 containing the keywords valproate, the names of all commercial preparations, aggression, and violence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen reports with a total of 164 patients were located. Ten of these were case reports with a total of 31 patients. Three were retrospective chart reviews with 83 patients, and 3 were open-label prospective studies with a total of 34 patients. No double-blind, placebo-controlled study could be found. An overall response rate of 77.1% was calculated when response was defined as a 50% reduction of target behavior. Most frequent diagnoses recorded were dementia, organic brain syndromes, and mental retardation. The antiaggressive response usually occurred in conjunction with other psychotropic medication. The dose and plasma valproate level required for response appeared to be the same as in the treatment of seizure disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While valproate's general antiaggressive effect is promising, in the absence of controlled data, conclusions are limited at this time. Specific recommendations for study design are given to obtain interpretable data for this indication.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Manhattan Psychiatric Center, New York University Medical Center, NY 10035, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lindenmayer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotsaftis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014635:Valproic Acid