title: A role for Id-1 in the aggressive phenotype and steroid hormone response of human breast cancer cells.
abstract: The helix-loop-helix protein Id-1 inhibits the activity of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, and is an important regulator of cell growth and tissue-specific differentiation. We have shown (P. Y. Desprez et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 18: 4577-4588, 1998) that ectopic expression of Id-1 inhibits differentiation and stimulates the proliferation and invasiveness of mouse mammary epithelial cells, and that there is a correlation between the levels of Id-1 protein and the aggressiveness of several human breast cancer cell lines. Here, we show that aggressive and metastatic breast cancer cells express high levels of Id-1 mRNA because of a loss of serum-dependent regulation that is mediated by a 2.2-kb region of the human Id-1 promoter. Three lines of evidence suggest that unregulated Id-1 expression may be an important regulator of the aggressive phenotype of a subset of human breast cancer cells: (a) a constitutively expressed Id-1 cDNA, when introduced into a nonaggressive breast cancer cell line (T47D), conferred a more aggressive phenotype, as measured by growth and invasiveness; (b) Id-1 was an important mediator of the effects of sex steroid hormones on T47D cell proliferation. Estrogen stimulated proliferation and induced Id-1 expression, whereas progesterone inhibited proliferation and repressed Id-1 expression. Progesterone repressed Id-1 expression, at least in part by repressing transcription. Most importantly, an antisense oligonucleotide that reduced Id-1 protein levels reduced the ability of estrogen to stimulate cell proliferation, whereas constitutive Id-1 expression rendered cells refractory to growth inhibition by progesterone; and (c) using a limited number of breast cancer biopsies, we showed that Id-1 was more frequently expressed in infiltrating carcinomas compared with ductal carcinomas in situ. Our results suggest that Id-1 can control the malignant progression of breast cancer cells, particularly that mediated by sex steroid hormones. Moreover, Id-1 has the potential to serve as a marker for aggressive breast tumors.
authors.affiliation: Geraldine Brush Cancer Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco 94115, USA.
authors.forename: C Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itahana
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gillett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campisi
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Desprez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D006801:Humans; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; C497453:ID1 protein, human; C497455:Idb1 protein, mouse; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors