title: Protective effect of a caspase inhibitor in models for cerebral ischemia in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: In primary neuronal-astrocyte cultures from mouse brain, ischemic conditions were simulated by combined oxygen-glucose deprival (OGD) for 2 hrs. This treatment resulted in near complete neuronal damage 24 hrs. later and was accompanied by DNA degradation and apoptotic nuclear morphology. Since caspases are key enzymes in the propagation and execution of programmed cell death, we evaluated the effect of the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Damage following 2 hrs. OGD could be reduced by up to 56% with z-VAD-fmk (p<0.05). DNA-fragmentation and caspase activation has been also reported in an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia imitating human stroke. In this model the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is permanently occluded resulting in focal cerebral ischemia and subsequent infarction. Since z-VAD.fmk does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier it was applied intraventricularly as a bolus injection given 30 min. before MCA occlusion which was followed by 24 hrs. of infusion. Infarct volume was determined 48 hrs. after MCA occlusion by means of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Z-VAD.fmk dose dependently reduced infarct volume reaching a significant decrease of the cortical infarct by 45% when given as a 120 ng bolus followed by 40 ng/hr. infusion (p<0.05). In summary, our study supports the concept that caspase inhibitors are beneficial in brain ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, Nervous System Research/Neurodegeneration, Basel, Switzerland. christoph.wiessner@pharma.novartis.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wiessner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alaimo
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Allegrini
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001253:Astrocytes; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005947:Glucose