title: Fat intake and breast cancer risk in an area where fat intake is low: a case-control study in Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations of fat and other macronutrients with breast cancer risk are not clear in areas where fat intake is low.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a hospital-based case-control study from 1992 to 1995 in Jakarta, Indonesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study, based on 226 cases and 452 age and socioeconomic status matched controls, provided the following findings. (a) In the pre-marriage period, the greater the fat or protein consumption, the larger the risk, whereas decreasing risk with increasing carbohydrate intake was detected. The odds ratio (OR) for the highest quartile of intake relative to the lowest was 8.47 (95% CI: 4.03-17.8) for fat, 2.19 (95% CI: 1.30-3.69) for protein, and 0.16 (95% CI: 0.08-0.31) for carbohydrate. A positive association with fat and a negative one with carbohydrate were also observed for the post-marriage period, but of weaker magnitude compared to the pre-marriage period. (b) The effects of macronutrient intakes were stronger among premenopausal than among postmenopausal women. (c) Most of the associations of protein and carbohydrate were insignificant after adjustment for fat intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that fat intake might be an important determinant of breast cancer among populations with a low fat diet in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prihartono
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Budiningsih
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramli
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Darwis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tjindarbumi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tjahjadi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soetrisno
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Roostini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cornain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002241:Carbohydrates; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011506:Proteins; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D011506:Proteins