title: Analysis of bladder related nerve cuff electrode recordings from preganglionic pelvic nerve and sacral roots in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electrical stimulation of appropriate lower urinary tract (LUT) nerves may be used in bladder dysfunction to achieve continence and abolish hyper-reflexic detrusor contractions. It can also be used for consequent emptying of the bladder. To control the time course of the described functional phases, knowledge of bladder sensory information is needed. We investigated if the latter could be extracted from the LUT nerve activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In acute experiments using 10 pigs, tripolar cuff electrodes were placed unilaterally around the pelvic nerve and the S3 and S2 roots. The cuff electrode signals, filling rate and the bladder and rectal pressures were recorded during slow and fast bladder fillings/emptyings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two pigs were excluded from the analysis because of no observed changes in the nerve signals in one animal, and because of electrical noise problems in the other animal. Fast bladder pressure increases resulted in a sudden pelvic nerve signal rise in 6 out of 7 pigs (3 out of 6 for the S3 nerve signal). Slow bladder pressure increase was reflected in the recorded nerve activity only in 3 out of 8 and in 3 out of 7 pigs for the pelvic and S3 cuff signals respectively. In 2 animals small spontaneous bladder contractions were clearly reflected in the pelvic nerve signal (contractions were observed only in 3 pigs). Except in one pig, there were no slow/fast bladder filling responses recorded in the S2 roots. It is shown that the recorded responses were afferent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cuff electrodes can be used to record bladder afferent information from the pelvic nerve and the sacral root S3 in pig. Pelvic nerve recordings were more selective than the sacral root recordings. Nerve activity increases were more distinct and repeatable during rapid bladder pressure changes and small spontaneous bladder contractions than during slow bladder fillings.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jezernik
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Rijkhoff
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Djurhuus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sinkjaer
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001339:Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000502:physiology*; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*