title: Thrombotic and haemorrhagic complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses attending the Singapore General Hospital Anticoagulation Clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the intensity of anticoagulation required for prevention of thromboembolic episodes with minimal haemorrhagic complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of thrombotic and haemorrhagic events was retrospectively assessed in a series of 143 patients attending the anticoagulation clinic over a period of 67 months. Risk factors for haemostatic events were also analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All embolic events occurred when the International Normalised Ratio (INR) was less than 2.2, suggesting an INR of 2.5 to 3.0 should be adequate for thromboembolic prophylaxis. Risk factors for embolic events were atrial fibrillation, mitral valve prosthesis and a previous thromboembolic event. Most embolic events involved the central nervous system with resultant permanent residual disability. Most major bleeding episodes occurred in the presence of underlying pathological states such as peptic ulcers or fibroids and were not related to the intensities of anticoagulation. There was no mortality or long-term morbidity associated with bleeding episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In agreement with recent data from other centres, a moderate intensity of anticoagulation of INR 2.5 to 3.0 is now recommended. Hence, with this lowered intensity of anticoagulation and better patient education, we hope that thrombotic as well as haemorrhagic complications will be reduced in future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. ghellh@sgh.gov.sg
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants