title: Energy/temperature diagram and compression behavior of the polymorphs of D-mannitol.
abstract: Three modifications of D-mannitol were produced and investigated: mod. I (mp 166.5 degrees C, heat of fusion 53.5 kJ mol(-1)), mod. II (mp 166 degrees C, heat of fusion 52.1 kJ mol(-1)), and mod. III (mp incongruent 150-158 degrees C, heat of transition, III to I 0.2 kJ mol(-1)). The measured densities are 1.490 +/- 0.000 g cm(-3) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for mod. I, 1.468 +/- 0.002 g cm(-3) (95% CI) for mod. II, and 1.499 +/- 0.004 g cm(-3) (95% CI) for mod. III. It was possible to relate the different modifications given in the literature to one of the three pure crystal forms or to mixtures of two or all three modifications. The thermodynamic relationship among the crystal forms is represented in a semi-schematic energy/temperature diagram. From these data we can conclude that mod. III is thermodynamically stable at absolute zero. It is enantiotropically related to mod. I and mod. II. FTIR and Raman spectra, differential scanning calorimetry curves, and X-ray powder patterns of these crystal forms are depicted for doubtless assignment in the future. The water uptake of the three modifications at 92% relative humidity and 25 degrees C is less than 1%. The differences of the heat capacities and the heats of solution between mod. II and III are not significant, whereas mod. I shows small significant differences compared with the other modifications. In addition, compaction studies of these crystal forms were performed by means of an instrumented hydraulic press. The results show that mod. III should have the best tableting behavior under these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmakognosie der Universität Innsbruck, Josef-Moeller-Haus, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Artur.Burger@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Henck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hetz
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rollinger
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Weissnicht
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stöttner
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D019245:Compressive Strength; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D008353:Mannitol