title: A probability prediction rule for malignant cervical lymphadenopathy using sonography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our purpose was to weigh various sonographic parameters as predicting malignant cervical lymphadenopathy and build a reliable prediction rule.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-nine cervical lymph node lesions from 125 consecutive patients were used for building the prediction model. Sonographic variables, including 15 morphologic features of B-mode, 5 vascular parameters of color Doppler mode, along with age and sex, were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression to evaluate the joint effect of a set of independent variables. A prediction rule for malignant lymphadenopathy was established, and prospective validation was assessed on a new group consisting of 100 lymph nodes from another 60 consecutive patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association of heterogeneous content, long transverse diameter, pathologic vascular pattern, high vascular density, and older age provided the most robust prediction value. Scoring scale was designed as 1x (age) + 2x (vascularity index) + 3x (short axis) + 4x (vascular pattern) + 4x (internal echo) according to the parameter estimates of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Cut-off value of score >==10 as malignancy resulted in 89.2% sensitivity and 85.2% specificity. Prospective validation also showed satisfactory results (sensitivity, 82.9%; specificity, 86.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By measuring only 4 sonographic parameters and age, this prediction rule could provide the physician a nonconfusing and reliable probability reference for managing cervical lymphadenopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Medical College of National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Sheen
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009333:Neck; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color