title: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of prophylactic theophylline on renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The kidney is the most damaged organ in asphyxiated full-term infants. Experiments in rabbits and rats have shown that renal adenosine acts as a vasoconstrictive metabolite in the kidney after hypoxemia and/or ischemia, contributing to the fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and filtration fraction. Vasoconstriction produced by adenosine can be inhibited by the nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist, theophylline. Gouyon and Guignard performed studies in newborn and adult rabbits subjected to normocapnic hypoxemia. Their results clearly showed that the hypoxemia-induced drop in GFR could be avoided by the administration of low doses of theophylline.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine whether theophylline could prevent and/or ameliorate renal dysfunction in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized 51 severe asphyxiated term infants to receive intravenously a single dose of either theophylline (8 mg/kg; study group: n = 24) or placebo (control group: n = 27) during the first 60 minutes of life. The 24-hour fluid intake and the urine volumes formed were recorded during the first 5 days of life. Daily volume balances (water output/input ratio and weights) were determined. Severe renal dysfunction was defined as serum creatinine elevated above 1.50 mg/dL, for at least 2 consecutive days after a fluid challenge, or rising levels of serum creatinine (.3 mg/dL/day). The GFR was estimated during the second to third days of life by endogenous creatinine clearance (mL/minute/1.73 m2) and using Schwartz's formula: GFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2) =.45 x length (cm)/plasma creatinine (mg/100 mL) during the first 5 days of life. Tubular performance was assessed as the concentration of beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) determined by enzyme immunoassay, on the first voided urine 12 hours after theophylline administration. The statistical analysis for the evaluation of the differences between the groups was performed with Student's t and chi(2) tests as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first day of life, the 24-hour fluid balance was significantly more positive in the infants receiving placebo compared with the infants receiving theophyline. Over the next few days, the change in fluid balance favored the theophyline group. Significantly higher mean plasma values were recorded in the placebo group from the second to the fifth days of life. Severe renal dysfunction was present in 4 of 24 (17%) infants of the theophylline group and in 15 of 27 (55%) infants of the control group (relative risk:.30; 95% confidence interval:.12-.78). Mean endogenous creatinine clearance of the theophylline group was significantly increased compared with the creatinine clearance in infants receiving placebo (21.84 +/- 7.96 vs 6.42 +/- 4.16). The GFR (estimated by Schwartz's formula) was markedly decreased in the placebo group. Urinary beta2M concentrations were significantly reduced in the theophylline group (5.01 +/- 2.3 mg/L vs 11.5 +/- 7.1 mg/L). Moreover, 9 (33%) patients of the theophylline group versus 20 (63%) infants of the control group had urinary beta2M above the normal limit (<.018). There was no difference in the severity of the asphyxia between infants belonging to the theophylline and control groups in regards of Portman's score. Except for renal involvement, a similar frequency of multiorganic dysfunction, including neurologic impairment, was observed in both groups. The theophylline group achieved an average serum level of 12.7 microg/mL (range: 7.5-18.9 microg/mL) at 36 to 48 hours of live versus traces (an average serum level of .87 microg/mg) in the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that prophylactic theophylline, given early after birth, has beneficial effects on reducing the renal dysfunction in asphyxiated full-term infants. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics of the Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina. ajenik@drwebsa.com.ar
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jenik
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ceriani Cernadas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorenstein
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vain
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armadans
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ferraris
mesh_terms: D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D013806:Theophylline / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013806:Theophylline