title: The risk of carcinogenesis from radiographs to pediatric orthopaedic patients.
abstract: This study set out to determine whether cumulative radiograph exposure of children significantly increases their risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis or hereditary defects. Records of children treated for idiopathic scoliosis, hip dysplasia, or leg-length discrepancy between 1980 and 1993 at the Shriners Hospital in Spokane, WA, were retrospectively reviewed. Total radiation and organ dose exposures were calculated using information from individual radiology reports. Surgically treated idiopathic scoliosis patients had the largest total radiation skin entrance and organ dose exposures. This group's risks for developing leukemia, breast cancer, or a heritable defect, respectively, were 0.8%, 2.1%, and 3.0% higher than baseline risks. The other treatment groups had increased carcinogenic risks of <1%. The use of serial radiographs during the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis, hip dysplasia, and leg-length discrepancy appears relatively safe. The increased risk of carcinogenesis or hereditary defects in these patients is minimal.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospital for Children, Spokane, Washington, USA. cmbone1@pol.net
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bone
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology