title: Safety and efficacy of a steerable temperature monitoring microwave catheter system for ventricular myocardial ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency current delivered during cardiac ablation is limited by a rise in impedance secondary to coagulum formation on the ablation electrode. Microwave antennas continue to deliver energy despite the presence of coagulum; thus, temperature control of the ablation electrode may be even more important for microwave than for radiofrequency ablations to avoid thromboembolic risks. The purpose of this study was to test the safety and efficacy of an ablation system utilizing a feedback control system to maintain a fixed target temperature for creating lesions with multiple applications of microwave energy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microwave ablation was assessed using an 8.5-French catheter at 2 to 4 sites in 11 dogs. Microwave energy delivery was performed for 60 seconds three times at the same site. Power was regulated using a feedback control mechanism to maintain a target temperature of 75 degrees C. Ambulatory ECG monitoring was performed before and after ablation to assess arrhythmia occurrence. After follow-up, the dogs were euthanized, and lesion dimensions measured after fixation. The mean power applied to achieve the target temperature of 75 degrees C was 9.3+/-44 W. The mean depth of the lesions was 8.8+/-4.2 mm. The mean volume of the lesions was 304+/-240 mm3. Forty-four percent of the lesions were transmural. No endocardial thrombus was found. Ventricular tachycardia was observed acutely but resolved after 1 week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temperature feedback control systems for microwave ablation using a temperature-controlled system is feasible for myocardial ablation and creates uniform and large lesions; however, such large lesions can be acutely proarrhythmic.
authors.affiliation: New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: VanderBrink
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gilbride
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Aronovitz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lenihan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schorn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Homoud
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006339:Heart Rate; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015635:Radionuclide Ventriculography; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013696:Temperature; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control