title: Validation of a food frequency questionnaire in Native American and Caucasian children 1 to 5 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the validity of the Harvard Service Food Frequency Questionnaire (HFFQ) in the diet assessment of Native American and Caucasian children 1 to 5 years of age participating in the North Dakota WIC program.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 84-item HFFQ was administered twice to the parent or guardian of 131 Native American and 102 Caucasian children ages 1 to 5 years (total n = 233), first at the child's routine WIC visit and then following the completion of three 24-hr dietary recalls taken over approximately 1 month. Average nutrient intakes from the three 24-hr dietary recalls were compared to average nutrient intakes from the HFFQs by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients and adjusting for energy intake and within person variation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.26 for dietary fiber to 0.63 for magnesium. The average correlation was 0.52, similar to that found in validation studies among adolescents and adults. The following nutrients had correlations of 0.50 or greater: carbohydrate, sucrose, total fat, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, and iron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HFFQ is a simple self-administered questionnaire completed by the child's parent or guardian and is useful in assessing the diets of Native American and Caucasian children. It may also provide important nutritional information about this age group for future program planning, research, education, and intervention purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. robin.blum@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rockett
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Langeliers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D015930:Diet Records; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007223:Infant; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011203:Poverty; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D044465:White People