title: Nipah viral encephalitis or Japanese encephalitis? MR findings in a new zoonotic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An epidemic of suspected Japanese encephalitis occurred in Malaysia in 1998-1999 among pig farmers. In neighboring Singapore, an outbreak occurred among pig slaughterhouse workers. It was subsequently established that the causative agent in the outbreak was not the Japanese encephalitis virus but a previously unknown Hendra-like paramyxovirus named Nipah virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The brain MR images of eight patients with Nipah virus infection were reviewed. All patients tested negative for acute Japanese encephalitis virus. Seven patients had contrast-enhanced studies and six had diffusion-weighted examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had multiple small bilateral foci of T2 prolongation within the subcortical and deep white matter. The periventricular region and corpus callosum were also involved. In addition to white matter disease, five patients had cortical lesions, three had brain stem involvement, and a single thalamic lesion was detected in one patient. All lesions were less than 1 cm in maximum diameter. In five patients, diffusion-weighted images showed increased signal. Four patients had leptomeningeal enhancement and four had enhancement of parenchymal lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The brain MR findings in patients infected with the newly discovered Nipah paramyxovirus are different from those of patients with Japanese encephalitis. In a zoonotic epidemic, this striking difference in the appearance and distribution of lesions is useful in differentiating these diseases. Diffusion-weighted imaging was advantageous in increasing lesion conspicuity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Sitoh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tambyah
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chee
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D018098:Paramyxovirinae; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000635:transmission; D015047:Zoonoses