title: Clinical implication of altered expression of Mad1 protein in human breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mad1 protein is known to repress Myc target genes and antagonize Myc function. The authors undertook this study to investigate the clinical implication of Mad1 expression in human breast carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed immunohistochemical assays for Mad1 and Myc proteins in human breast carcinoma, along with tissues from normal breast and benign diseases. The data from protein assays were analyzed in terms of the clinical and biologic characteristics of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 66 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, Mad1 expression was detected in 22 (33. 3%). Intensity and area of Mad1 expression significantly decreased in DCIS and invasive cancers, whereas high levels of Mad1 expression were persistent in benign breast lesions. Mad1 expression was significantly reduced in poorly differentiated tumors (P < 0.001). Expression of Mad1 was not associated with tumor size, lymph node status, or stage of disease. The authors did not observe any correlation between S-phase and expression status of Myc or Mad1. Mad1 expression was closely linked to differentiation of the cancer cells and inversely correlated with Myc expression (P = 0.042). In survival analysis, Mad1 was a significant factor in predicting recurrence of the disease, but not overall survival after CMF chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In human breast carcinoma cells, expression of Mad1 seems to be down-regulated, whereas expression of Myc is amplified. Altered expression of Mad1 may play a role in the malignant transformation of human mammary epithelial cells and represent an aggressive phenotype in human breast carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yuh
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C501384:MAD1L1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012097:Repressor Proteins