title: The efficacy of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in the treatment of severe lupus nephritis in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intermittent intravenous cyclophosphamide in the treatment of lupus nephritis in adults is well tolerated and associated with clinical improvement and long term stability of renal function. However, there are few reports about the efficacy of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide (IPC) of severe lupus nephritis in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical efficacy, renal function, renal outcome and complications of IPC therapy in children with severe lupus nephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with severe lupus nephritis have been followed-up for at least 6 months. Treatment regimen: Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide 0.5-0.75 g/m2 given monthly for 6 months with subsequent doses given at 2-3 months interval up to 3 years and combined with low dose oral prednisolone therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one children (mean age: 12.31 +/- 2.03 years; female:male = 24:7) with severe lupus nephritis received IPC therapy. 24 out of 28 patients (85.7%) had diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. After 3 months of treatment, most patients were clinically improved as evidenced by significant improvements in 24-hour urine protein, creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, BUN, serum albumin and C3 level. These improvements were sustained up to 18 months and were accompanied by a significant reduction in prednisolone dosage. Renal outcome at the last follow-up (range = 6-76 months) demonstrated that twelve patients (38.7%) had complete remission, 18 patients (58.0%) still had significant proteinuria and only one had serum creatinine of 1.6 mg/dl at 42 months. One child progressed to end stage renal diseases during IPC therapy. Five patients had severe infections during the treatment resulting in one death. Hemorrhagic cystitis and malignancies were not found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of severe lupus nephritis in children with intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide is associated with favorable short term results. Severe infections are the major complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tangnararatchakit
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tapaneya-Olarn
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tapaneya-Olarn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011239:Prednisolone