title: Sacral nerve neuromodulation in the treatment of patients with refractory motor urge incontinence: long-term results of a prospective longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conservative treatment rarely results in a durable cure of patients with urge incontinence and bladder overactivity. Instrumental and surgical procedures often have significant side effects and less than optimal results. We developed a technique of sacral nerve neuromodulation using chronic unilateral electrical stimulation of the S3 sacral nerve to inhibit the micturition reflex to provide effective nondestructive alternative therapy for patients whose condition is refractory to conservative treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 85 patients 45 who responded to a test with a temporary electrode underwent implantation of a permanent S3 sacral nerve electrode coupled to a pulse generator. Treatment results were evaluated by urodynamic studies and voiding/incontinence diaries documenting pad use, incontinence episodes, voiding frequency and voided volume. Partial success and cure were defined as 50% to 90% and more than 90% improvement, respectively, in pad use and/or incontinence episodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 45 patients 18 (40%) were cured at an average followup of 47.1 months and 9 (20%) achieved partial success. Median number of pads used and median number of incontinence episodes daily had decreased from 5.4 to 1.2 (p = 0.0001) and 7.1 to 1.3 (p = 0.0001), respectively, 6 months after implantation. Subsequently these results remained almost constant for 5 years. Bladder overactivity disappeared in 19 of the 44 patients (43%). The repeat intervention rate was 37.7% and there was no permanent injury or nerve damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sacral nerve neuromodulation is safe, effective and durable in patients with urge incontinence refractory to conservative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Academic Hospital and Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Groen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000628:therapy*