title: Decreased metastatic spread in mice homozygous for a null allele of the cystatin C protease inhibitor gene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased or altered activities of cysteine proteases have been implicated in serious human disorders such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and osteoporosis. To improve the current knowledge of the regulatory role of a major mammalian cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin C, in such disease processes, a cystatin C deficient mouse was generated and characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mouse cystatin C gene was inactivated by insertion of a bacterial neo gene through homologous recombination in 129/Sv embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cell clones were injected into C57BL/6J blastocysts followed by injection of the blastocysts into pseudopregnant female mice. F1 offspring with agouti coat colour after mating of chimaeric males with C57BL/6J females were examined by DNA analysis, and mice carrying the targeted mutation were intercrossed to obtain homozygous cystatin C deficient (CysC-/-) mice. To study the role of cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in metastasis, the spread of B16-F10 melanoma cells in CysC-/- and wild-type mice was compared. Analysis of the formation of remote metastases was carried out by intravenous injection of beta-galactosidase transfected B16-F10 cells and subsequent determination of cancer cell colonies in the lungs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cystatin C deficient mice were fertile and showed no gross pathological abnormality up to 6 months of age. Compared with wild-type mice, seven times fewer large metastatic colonies were counted by means of a dissecting microscope in CysC-/- mice two weeks after tail vein injection of B16-F10 cells. At all of eight time points from 15 minutes to two weeks after intravenous injection of tumour cells, the CysC-/- mice had significantly fewer lung metastases. The observed differences were smaller when beta-galactosidase transfected cells were used to allow counting of small colonies. Subcutaneous and intracerebral tumour growth was not different in the CysC-/- mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cystatin C concentrations in vivo might influence metastasis in some tissues. The decreased metastatic spread of B16-F10 cells in CysC-/- mice is the result of both reduced seeding and reduced growth of tumour cells in their lungs.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Medical Genetics Section, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Håkansson
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nathanson
authors.forename: U P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Thorgeirsson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grubb
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006720:Homozygote; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout
chemical_list: C525030:CST3 protein, human; C525031:Cst3 protein, mouse; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors