title: Assessment of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex gains from simultaneous recordings of spontaneous cardiovascular and respiratory variability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In usual models of cardiovascular regulation, arterial pressure drives RR interval through a simple baroreflex, and the influence of respiration is dismissed. We examined the applicability of a trivariate autoregressive model to obtain separate values of the gain of the arterial and non-arterial, i.e. cardiopulmonary, components of the lumped baroreflex, employing spontaneous RR interval, systolic arterial pressure and respiration variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 30 normal subjects (age 37 +/- 1 years), both at rest and during standing, a condition known to enhance sympathetic activity while reducing venous return. Electrocardiogram was obtained by telemetry, arterial pressure by Finapres and respiration with a piezoelectric respiratory belt Data were acquired with a PC and processed with an ad hoc Windows program.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed an additive and a linear multivariate approach to approximate overall gain of the arterial pressure-heart beat period baroreflex (alphalumped) and of its arterial (alphaart) and non-arterial, i.e. cardiopulmonary (alphacp), components, from continuous beat-by-beat series of RR interval, systolic arterial pressure variability and respiration, without using any non-physiological intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall baroreflex gain at rest (alphalumped = 23.7 +/- 3.4 ms/mmHg) was subdivided into arterial (alphaart = 5.2 +/- 1.0 ms/mmHg) and cardiopulmonary (alphacp = 18.5 +/- 3.2ms/mmHg) components. During active orthostatism, alphaluumped was diminished to 10.0 +/- 2.2 ms/ mmHg. In addition, standing selectively reduced alphacp to 4.8 +/- 1.3 ms/mmHg, while alphaart was not significantly changed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A trivariate autoregressive model, that considers explicitly the influence of respiration, can subdivide overall, lumped, arterial pressure-heart period baroreflex gain, into two separate components, alphaart and alphacp. Only the latter is reduced by active orthostatism.
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca sulla Terapia Neurovegetative, Medicine Interna I, Ospedale L. Sacco, CNR, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lucini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baselli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012016:Reference Values; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena