title: The tumour necrosis factor alpha -238 G --> A and -308 G --> A promoter polymorphisms are not associated with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in young healthy relatives of Type II diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is believed to influence skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Two G --> A transitions in the promoter region of TNF-alpha at position -238 and -308 have been identified that could play a part in transcriptional regulation of the gene. Insulin resistance is an independent familial trait that predicts the development of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We investigated the influence on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion of both polymorphisms in a cohort of young healthy relatives of patients with Type II diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 109 first-degree relatives of Caucasian patients with a history of Type II diabetes, who underwent extensive metabolical and anthropometrical phenotyping, and determined the TNF-alpha -238 and -308 G --> A promoter polymorphisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the -238 polymorphism, 3 probands (76.1%) were homozygous for the G-allele, 25 probands (22.9%) were heterozygous and 1 proband (0.9%) was homozygous for the A-allele. For the -308 polymorphism, 83 probands (76.1%) were homozygous for the G-allele, 24 probands (22.0%) were heterozygous and 2 probands (1.18%) were homozygous for the A-allele. Probands with and without the polymorphism did not differ in insulin sensitivity (p = 0.78), insulin-concentrations and C-peptide concentrations in oral glucose tolerance tests (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could not detect an association between insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion and TNF-alpha promoter polymorphisms in our cohort. The polymorphisms occur at the same frequencies in probands with either low or high insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic of the University of Tübingen, Section IV, Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maerker
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haist
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weisser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rettig
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Renn
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Häring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017354:Point Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha