title: Subunit-dependent inhibition of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and other ligand-gated ion channels by dissociative anesthetics ketamine and dizocilpine.
abstract: Background The neuronal mechanisms responsible for dissociative anesthesia remain controversial. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are inhibited by ketamine and related drugs at concentrations lower than those required for anesthetic effects. Thus, the authors studied whether ligand-gated ion channels other than NMDA receptors might display a sensitivity to ketamine and dizocilpine that is consistent with concentrations required for anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heteromeric human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (hnAChR channels alpha2beta2, alpha2beta4, alpha3beta2, alpha3beta4, alpha4beta2 and alpha4beta4), 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3), alpha1beta2gamma2S gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) and alpha1 glycine receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and effects of ketamine and dizocilpine were studied using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both ketamine and dizocilpine inhibited hnAChRs in a noncompetitive and voltage-dependent manner. Receptors containing beta1 subunits were more sensitive to ketamine and dizocilpine than those containing beta2 subunits. The inhibitor concentration for half-maximal response (IC50) values for ketamine of hnAChRs composed of beta4 subunits were 9.5-29 microM, whereas those of beta2 subunits were 50-92 microM. Conversely, 5-HT3 receptors were inhibited only by concentrations of ketamine and dizocilpine higher than the anesthetic concentrations. This inhibition was mixed (competitive/noncompetitive). GABAA and glycine receptors were very resistant to dissociative anesthetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human nAChRs are inhibited by ketamine and dizocilpine at concentrations possibly achieved in vivo during anesthesia in a subunit-dependent manner, with beta subunits being more critical than alpha subunits. Conversely, 5-HT3, GABAA, and glycine receptors were relatively insensitive to dissociative anesthetics.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin 78712-1095, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamakura
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chavez-Noriega
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects*; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008024:Ligands; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects; D044406:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D007473:Ion Channels; D008024:Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D044406:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate