title: The association between chronic widespread pain and mental disorder: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with chronic widespread pain (CWP) have been reported to have a greater prevalence of mental disorders and somatization than that found in the general population, but the true association between CWP and mental disorders is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether there is an increased prevalence of mental disorder in people with CWP from the general population. We also describe the psychiatric diagnoses associated with CWP.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based case-control study, 1,953 subjects (75% of a random sample of individuals age 18-65 years) completed a questionnaire that included a pain assessment and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Of 710 subjects scoring >1 on the GHQ-12, 301 were assessed further using a structured psychiatric interview and detailed assessment of medical records to identify cases of mental disorder, in accordance with criteria of the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases. The association between CWP and mental disorder was modeled using logistic regression, adjusting for possible confounders including age, sex, and nonresponders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We estimated the overall population prevalence of mental illness to be 11.9%. The odds of having a mental disorder for subjects with versus those without CWP were 3.18 (95% confidence interval 1.97-5.11). Most subjects with mental disorders were diagnosed as having mood and anxiety disorders. Only 3 cases of somatoform disorders were identified, and all were associated with pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, although unable to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship, showed that 16.9% of those with CWP were estimated to have a psychiatric diagnosis, suggesting that these disorders should be identified and treated.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McBeth
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Silman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires