title: The risks of multimedia methods: effects of actor's race and gender on preferences for health states.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While the use of multimedia methods in medical education and decision support can facilitate learning, it also has certain hazards. One potential hazard is the inadvertent triggering of racial and gender bias by the appearance of actors or patients in presentations. The authors hypothesized that race and gender affect preferences. To explore this issue they studied the effects of actors' race and gender on preference ratings for health states that include symptoms of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of patients with schizophrenia, family members of patients, and health professionals was used. Participants were randomly assigned to rate two health states, one portrayed by either a man of mixed race (Hispanic-black) or a white man and the second portrayed by either a white woman or a white man.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual analog scale (VAS) and standard gamble ratings of health state preferences for health states that include symptoms of mild and moderate schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies of the effects of the race of the actor (n = 114) revealed that racial mismatch between the actor and the participant affected the participant's preferences for health states. Ratings were lower when racial groups differed (mean difference, 0.098 for visual analog scale ratings and 0.053 lower in standard gamble, P = 0.006 for interactions between the race of the subject and the actor). In studies of the effects of a female actress on ratings (n = 117), we found no evidence of a corresponding interaction between the gender of the actor and the study participant. Rather, an interaction between actor's gender and method of assessment was observed. Standard gamble ratings (difference between means, 0.151), but not visual analog scale ratings (difference, 0.005), were markedly higher when the state was portrayed by the actress (P = 0.003 for interactions between actor's gender and method of preference assessment). Differential effects on standard gamble ratings suggest that an actor's gender may influence the willingness of viewers to gamble to gain health benefits (or risk attitude).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Educators and researchers considering the use of multimedia methods for decision support need to be aware of the potential for the race and gender of patients or actors to influence preferences for health states and thus, potentially, medical decisions.
authors.affiliation: University of California-San Diego, USA. llenert@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lenert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Unfred
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019212:Multimedia; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010358:Patient Participation; D011788:Quality of Life; D044469:Racial Groups; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012737:Sex Factors