title: Optimum intermittent pneumatic compression stimulus for lower-limb venous emptying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) of the foot (IPC(foot)), calf (IPC(calf)) or both (IPC(foot+calf)) augments calf inflow, and improves the walking ability and peripheral haemodynamics of claudicants (IPC(foot), IPC(foot+calf)), largely due to venous outflow enhancement. This cohort study, using direct pressure measurements in healthy limbs, determines the optimal combination of frequency (2-4 impulses/minute), applied pressure (60-140 mmHg), mode (IPC(foot)-IPC(calf)-IPC(foot+calf)) and delay time of calf-to-foot impulse (0 s-0.5 s-1 s) that enables IPC to generate an almost complete and sustained decrease in venous pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) IPC(foot)at 120 and 80 mmHg generated lower venous pressure than that with 100 and 60 mmHg (p=0.036) respectively, for 2-4 impulses/minute; venous pressure differences between applied pressures of 140 and 120 mmHg or between 80 and 100 mmHg were insignificant. (b) Venous pressure with IPC(calf)at 80 mmHg was lower than that with 60 mmHg (p=0.036) (2-4 cycles/minute); differences in venous pressure between applied pressures of 140 and 100 mmHg or between 120 and 80 mmHg were insignificant. (c) At applied pressures 60-140 mmHg, IPC(foot+calf)with one-second delay generated lower venous pressure than that with half-second delay (p=0.036), the latter being more efficient than zero delay; increasing applied pressures produced lower venous pressure, but differences were small. Venous pressure decreased with increasing IPC frequency (from 2 to 3-4/minute), at applied pressures 60-140 mmHg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPC(foot+calf)at applied 120-140 mmHg, a frequency of 3-4 impulses/minute and one-second delay, provided the optimum intermittent pneumatic stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Irvine Laboratory for Cardiovascular Investigation and Research Academic Vascular Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Delis
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015924:Blood Pressure Monitors; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000628:therapy; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D014680:Veins / Q000502:physiology; D014690:Venous Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology