title: The physiological effects of supplemental oxygen versus nitrous oxide/oxygen during conscious sedation of pediatric dental patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to compare the effects of nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O/O2) versus oxygen (O2) as adjuncts to an oral narcotic regimen for pediatric conscious sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a randomized double-blind crossover design, 19 children (mean age 41 +/- 8.6 months) were sedated with chloral hydrate (50 mg/kg), meperidine (1.5 mg/kg) and hydroxyzine pamoate (25 mg) for two appointments. Patients were assigned randomly to receive 100% O2 at one visit and 50% N2O/O2 at the other. Physiologic parameters were measured in five-minute intervals, including respiratory rate, pulse rate (PR), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide. Data analyses focused on true desaturations and apnea, level of sedation and sedation outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in PR, SpO2 and risk of desaturation between the inhalation agents. The level of sedation was deeper and the sedation outcomes were better in the N2O/O2 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  N2O/O2 deepened the sedation while improving its success with minimal alteration in physiologic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Mahidol University, Thailand. dtple@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leelataweewud
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Vann
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Dilley
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001049:Apnea / Q000175:diagnosis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen