title: Effects of supplemental methionine on antiserum-induced dysmorphology in rat embryos cultured in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heterologous antiserum to the visceral yolk sac (AVYS) is teratogenic, inducing a spectrum of malformations in vivo and producing similar effects in vitro. Numerous studies support the concept that AVYS-induced malformations result from embryonic nutritional deficiency, without affecting the maternal nutritional status. This has provided a useful model with which to investigate the nutritional requirements of the early embryo, as well as the role of various nutrients in the etiology of congenital defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current investigation, we examined the effects of methionine and other nutrients on AVYS-induced embryotoxicity in vitro. For these experiments, we cultured rat embryos (9.5 p.c) for 48 hr with AVYS and/or methionine at several concentration levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of L-methionine to AVYS-exposed cultures reduced dysmorphology and open neural tube; this effect was concentration dependent. AVYS-induced dysmorphology was completely prevented at a concentration of L-methionine corresponding to 50-fold the basal serum concentration. Utilization of D-methionine, L-leucine, or folic acid (5-methyltetrahydrofolate, MTHF) instead of L-methionine had no protective effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that, although AVYS limits the supply of all amino acids to the embryo, embryopathy largely results from a deficiency of methionine. Furthermore, although endocytosis and degradation of proteins by the VYS supplies most amino acids to the embryo, free amino acids may be compensatory when this source is reduced. These results support those of previous investigations that suggest methionine is required for normal NT closure and that methionine is a limiting nutrient for embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. lfawcett@nemours.org
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pugarelli
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D007930:Leucine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008715:Methionine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007106:Immune Sera; D005492:Folic Acid; D008715:Methionine; D007930:Leucine