title: Within-day variability of magnetic fields among electric utility workers: consequences for measurement strategies.
abstract: Occupational exposure to 50-Hz magnetic fields was surveyed among electric utility workers to investigate (1) components of exposure variability, (2) patterns of autocorrelation between short-term measurements, and (3) imprecision and misclassification due to short-term measurements. Spot measurements every 10 seconds during 81 working days were analyzed for 42 electric utility workers from 10 occupational subgroups and during 8 working days for 4 office workers from the same company. For the 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) magnetic fields, the variability was partitioned into its components: within workers, between workers, and between groups. For spot measurements of magnetic fields, the within-day variance component also was examined. Autocorrelation functions were determined and numbers of short-term measurements necessary for reliable estimates of 8-hour TWA magnetic fields were assessed. Spot measurements of magnetic fields, as well as 8-hour TWA magnetic fields, were approximately lognormally distributed among workers. The mean exposure to magnetic fields was 0.47 microT (n = 81 days) in electric utility workers and 0.12 microT (n = 8 days) in office workers. A large fraction, 76% of the spot measurements total variance, could be attributed to variability within days. For the 8-hour TWA magnetic fields, between-group variability was small and of the same magnitude as between-worker variability. Significant autocorrelations between short-term averages of 7.5, 15, and 30 minutes were present, when taken within periods of 30 minutes. One-hour averages showed no autocorrelation. Simulations showed that, due to high within-day variability and autocorrelation, a limited number of short-term measurements of magnetic fields in electric utility workers are likely to result in imprecise estimates of 8-hour TWA magnetic fields. Measurement strategies relying on short-term (spot) measurements are therefore likely to result in misclassification of exposure and consequently absent or spurious exposure-response relations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van der Woord
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barregård
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jonsson
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011210:Power Plants; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors