title: Incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in surgical intensive care patients: the influence of patient gender on disease process and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laboratory studies demonstrated significant detrimental effects of male sex-steroids (testosterone) on immune functions following hemorrhagic shock and soft-tissue trauma. Moreover, better survival of female mice subjected to severe sepsis was observed when compared to male animals. The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether or not gender differences regarding incidence and mortality of severe sepsis do exist in surgical intensive care patients and to elucidate the influence of patient age on incidence and mortality of severe sepsis/septic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data base review of prospectively collected data from surgical intensive care patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical intensive care unit of the department of surgery of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively collected data of 4,218 intensive care patients (2,709 male, 1,509 female).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly fewer female patients were referred to the intensive care unit (6.6 % vs 10.8 % of all patients; P < 0.05) leading to a significantly smaller proportion of female intensive care patients (35.8% vs 64.2%). No gender differences regarding number of failing organs or surgical procedure (exception vascular surgery) were observed in patients with and without severe sepsis/septic shock, indicating that the patients studied are comparable regarding general health prior to admission to SICU. Among all female patients referred to SICU only 7.6 % developed severe sepsis/septic shock, while 10.4% of all male patients suffered from severe sepsis or septic shock (P < 0.05). This gender difference results from a significantly lower incidence of severe sepsis/ septic shock in female patients between 60 and 79 years. No gender difference regarding mortality rates of severe sepsis/septic shock was observed (men 64.9 %, women 65.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate a significantly smaller number of female patients requiring intensive care as well as a significantly lower incidence of severe sepsis/septic shock in female intensive care patients. Mortality from severe sepsis/ septic shock, however, is not affected by gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inthorn
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Andress
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Schildberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000401:mortality; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative