title: Paying research subjects: participants' perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the opinions of unpaid healthy volunteers on the payment of research subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Southern Alberta, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medically eligible persons responding to recruiting advertisements for a randomised vaccine trial were invited to take part in a study of informed consent at the point at which they formally consented or refused trial participation. Of 72 invited, 67 (62 trial consenters, 5 trial refusers) returned questionnaires at baseline and 54 at follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportions of persons who agreed or disagreed with three close-ended statements on the payment of research subjects; themes and categories identified by content analysis of responses to an open-ended question.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A minority (43.3%) agreed with paying either patient or healthy volunteer participants. Opinions did not change over time. Participants' comments addressed: benefits and drawbacks to research participation; benefits and drawbacks to paying research participants; conditions under which payment of research subjects would be acceptable, and the nature of acceptable recognition. Acceptable conditions were to improve problematic recruitment, to reimburse costs, and to recognise participants, particularly for their time investment. Both non-monetary and monetary recognition of volunteers were thought to be appropriate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most unpaid volunteers disagreed with paying research participants. The themes arising from their comments are similar to those that have been raised by ethicists and suggest that recognising the time and effort of participants should receive greater emphasis than presently occurs.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Moralejo
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Burgess
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D035881:Compensation and Redress; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D033281:Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D035842:Research Subjects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D036302:Therapeutic Human Experimentation / Q000191:economics