title: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children with a 7-repeat allele of the dopamine receptor D4 gene have extreme behavior but normal performance on critical neuropsychological tests of attention.
abstract: An association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene located on chromosome 11p15.5 and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been demonstrated and replicated by multiple investigators. A specific allele [the 7-repeat of a 48-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3] has been proposed as an etiological factor in attentional deficits manifested in some children diagnosed with this disorder. In the current study, we evaluated ADHD subgroups defined by the presence or absence of the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene, using neuropsychological tests with reaction time measures designed to probe attentional networks with neuroanatomical foci in D4-rich brain regions. Despite the same severity of symptoms on parent and teacher ratings for the ADHD subgroups, the average reaction times of the 7-present subgroup showed normal speed and variability of response whereas the average reaction times of the 7-absent subgroup showed the expected abnormalities (slow and variable responses). This was opposite the primary prediction of the study. The 7-present subgroup seemed to be free of some of the neuropsychological abnormalities thought to characterize ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA. jmswanson@uci.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oosterlaan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murias
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schuck
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flodman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wasdell
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sergeant
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadeh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Babb
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moyzis
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Posner
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4