title: Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this guideline is to provide recommendations for treating patients with the more common forms of histoplasmosis. PARTICIPANTS AND CONSENSUS PROCESS: A working group of 8 experts in this field was convened to develop this guideline. The working group developed and refined the guideline through a series of conference calls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The goal of treatment is to eradicate the infection when possible, although chronic suppression may be adequate for patients with AIDS and other serious immunosuppressive disorders. Other important outcomes are resolution of clinical abnormalities and prevention of relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The published literature on the management of histoplasmosis was reviewed. Controlled trials have been conducted that address the treatment of chronic pulmonary and disseminated histoplasmosis, but clinical experience and descriptive studies provide the basis for recommendations for other forms of histoplasmosis. VALUE: Value was assigned on the basis of the strength of the evidence supporting treatment recommendations, with the highest value assigned to controlled trials, according to conventions established for developing practice guidelines. BENEFITS AND COSTS: Certain forms of histoplasmosis cause life-threatening illnesses and result in considerable morbidity, whereas other manifestations cause no symptoms or minor self-limited illnesses. The nonprogressive forms of histoplasmosis, however, may reduce functional capacity, affecting work capacity and quality of life for several months. Treatment is clearly beneficial and cost-effective for patients with progressive forms of histoplasmosis, such as chronic pulmonary or disseminated infection. It remains unknown whether treatment improves the outcome for patients with the self-limited manifestations, since this patient population has not been studied. Other chronic progressive forms of histoplasmosis are not responsive to pharmacologic treatment.
  Options for therapy for histoplasmosis include ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B (Fungizone; Bristol-Meyer Squibb, Princeton, NJ), liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome; Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL), amphotericin B colloidal suspension (ABCD, or Amphotec; Seques, Menlo Park, CA), and amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC, or Abelcet; Liposome, Princeton, NJ).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA. lwheat@iupui.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wheat
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarosi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McKinsey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bradsher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loyd
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kauffman
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006658:Histoplasma / Q000187:drug effects; D006660:Histoplasmosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D008480:Mediastinitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010493:Pericarditis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents