title: Cytomegalovirus induces sialyl Lewis(x) and Lewis(x) on human endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the primary viral cause of complications in transplant recipients. We sought to understand the mechanisms of its dissemination and induction of vascular disease, which may lead to transplant complications. Sialyl Lewis(x) (sLe(x)) and Lewis(x) (Le(x)) are known for their roles in mediating cell adhesion and as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Herein we explore whether CMV induces surface expression of these important molecules in endothelial cells (EC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry was used to detect surface expression of sLe(x) and Le(x) on CMV-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), with or without ultraviolet inactivation of the virus. To elucidate mechanisms of CMV-mediated induction, mRNA coding for predominant HUVEC sialyltransferases (ST) and fucosyltransferases (FT), key enzymes in sLe(x) and Le(x) synthesis, was analyzed by Northern blot. Dual immunohistochemical staining for sLe(x) and Le(x) expression of human colon and placental tissue was performed to investigate in vivo relevance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  sLe(x) expression on CMV-infected HUVEC was strongly up-regulated by 8 days after inoculation. Le(x) expression was detectable earlier and increased steadily over time. In contrast, ultraviolet-inactivated CMV did not induce expression of these molecules. Northern blot assays demonstrated higher levels of important EC glycosyltransferases ST-IV, FT-III, and FT-IV in CMV-infected EC. Finally, high levels of sLe(x) and Le(x) were expressed in CMV-infected EC in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the known biologic functions of sLe(x) and Le(x), we suggest that CMV induction of these molecules may have widespread consequences ranging from CMV dissemination to induction of CMV-associated vascular disease, including thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cebulla
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McGaughy
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sedmak
mesh_terms: D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016256:Lewis X Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D000080506:Sialyl Lewis X Antigen; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D016256:Lewis X Antigen; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000080506:Sialyl Lewis X Antigen