title: A digital image analysis and neural network based system for identification of third-stage parasitic strongyle larvae from domestic animals.
abstract: A competitive learning vector quantization artificial neural network (ANN) was trained to identify third-stage parasitic strongyle larvae from domestic animals on the basis of quantitative data obtained from processed digital images of larvae. For this reason, various quantitative features obtained from processed digital images of larvae were tested as to whether they are variant or invariant to the shape taken by the motile larvae during image recording. A total of 255 images of 57 individual larvae in various shapes belonging to five genera were recorded. Following image processing, 16 features were measured, of which seven were selected as invariant to larva shape. By trial and error, two of those features, 'area' and 'perimeter', along with the quantitative features used in conventional identification, 'overall body length', 'width' and 'extension of sheath' (tip of larva to tip of sheath), were used as an effective training data set for the ANN. This ANN coupled with an image analysis facility and a knowledge relational database became the basis for developing a computer-based larva identification system whose overall identification performance was 91.9%. The advantages of this system are its speed and objectivity. The objectivity of the system is based on the fact that it is not subject to inter- and intra-observer variability arising from the user's profile of competency in interpreting subjective and non-quantifiable descriptions. The limitations of the system are that it cannot handle raw images but only data extracted from images, its performance depends on the reliability of the input vectors used as training data for the ANN, and its use is restricted only to well-equipped laboratories due to its requirement for expensive instrumentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, Athens, Greece. gtheo@aua.gr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Theodoropoulos
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Loumos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kayafas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martinez-Gonzales
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014253:Trichostrongylosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*