title: Modification of survival by DNA repair modifiers: a probable explanation for the phenomenon of increased radioresistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The low dose (<1 Gy) survival curve of mammalian cells is characterized by a region of hypersensitivity (HRS) followed by increased resistance (IRR). Above 1 Gy, the survival response can be described with a smooth downward-bending curve. Indirect evidence has indicated that the IRR response might reflect an induced radioresistance triggered by DNA damage. The work reported here provides experimental evidence that consolidates this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clonogenic survival of V79-379A cells was measured using automated microscopy (DMIPS cell analyser) in the presence or absence of three known modifiers of DNA repair processes over the X-ray dose range 0-1 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3-Aminobenzamide (5 microM), a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP ribose)-polymerase, inhibited the development of increased radioresistance as indicated by a statistically significant reduction in an RBE from 3.537 (+/-SEM (0.139)) to 2.168 (+/-0.191) at an X-ray dose of 1 Gy, implying an involvement of DNA repair pathways that require poly(ADP ribose)-polymerase in the IRR response. In contrast, novobiocin (350 microM), an inhibitor of topoisomerase II, did not inhibit the development of increased radioresistance (RBE 3.650 (+/-0.192) to 3.322+/-(0.156)) but eliminated low-dose hypersensitivity as measured by an increase in RBE from 2.508 (+/-0.536) to 1.135 (+/-0.057) at 0.04 Gy. Ara-A (120 microM), an inhibitor of DNA polymerase, sensitized cells at all doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the hypothesis that DNA repair processes are likely to be involved in the development of increased radioresistance and provide further evidence against a sensitive subpopulation explanation for the biphasic low-dose survival response.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Oncology, Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, UK. marples@graylab.ac.uk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marples
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Joiner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005214:Fast Neutrons; D009675:Novobiocin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D000963:Antimetabolites; D001549:Benzamides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D009675:Novobiocin; C025160:3-aminobenzamide; D014740:Vidarabine