title: Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and sleep apnea have been linked to hypertension in previous studies, but most of these studies used surrogate information to define SDB (eg, snoring) and were based on small clinic populations, or both.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between SDB and hypertension in a large cohort of middle-aged and older persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analyses of participants in the Sleep Heart Health Study, a community-based multicenter study conducted between November 1995 and January 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6132 subjects recruited from ongoing population-based studies (aged > or = 40 years; 52.8% female).
  
  
  METHODS
  Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, the average number of apneas plus hypopneas per hour of sleep, with apnea defined as a cessation of airflow and hypopnea defined as a > or = 30% reduction in airflow or thoracoabdominal excursion both of which are accompanied by a > or = 4% drop in oxyhemoglobin saturation) [corrected], obtained by unattended home polysomnography. Other measures include arousal index; percentage of sleep time below 90% oxygen saturation; history of snoring; and presence of hypertension, defined as resting blood pressure of at least 140/90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension increased significantly with increasing SDB measures, although some of this association was explained by body mass index (BMI). After adjusting for demographics and anthropometric variables (including BMI, neck circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio), as well as for alcohol intake and smoking, the odds ratio for hypertension, comparing the highest category of AHI (> or = 30 per hour) with the lowest category (< 1.5 per hour), was 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.83; P for trend = .005). The corresponding estimate comparing the highest and lowest categories of percentage of sleep time below 90% oxygen saturation (> or = 12% vs < 0.05%) was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.12-1.88; P for trend <.001). In stratified analyses, associations of hypertension with either measure of SDB were seen in both sexes, older and younger ages, all ethnic groups, and among normal-weight and overweight individuals. Weaker and nonsignificant associations were observed for the arousal index or self-reported history of habitual snoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings from the largest cross-sectional study to date indicate that SDB is associated with systemic hypertension in middle-aged and older individuals of different sexes and ethnic backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Samet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redline
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lebowitz
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Pickering
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D017286:Polysomnography; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications