title: Mechanical properties of the posterior rotator cuff.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The infraspinatus is an important active and passive stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint. It functions as external rotator and participates in elevation of the arm. As its main posterior component, it is frequently involved in rotator cuff tears.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the structural and mechanical properties of the infraspinatus tendon structure, including the midsubstance and insertion regions, in the superior, mid-superior, mid-inferior, and inferior portions, in two joint positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The infraspinatus tendons from 22 fresh frozen cadaver shoulders were divided into four strips. The tendons were held in a cryo-jaw and tested with a material-testing machine in 0 degrees or 60 degrees of glenohumeral abduction corresponding to 90 degrees arm abduction. Ultimate load, displacement and failure mode were recorded. Stiffness, ultimate stress and elastic modulus were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences between glenohumeral abduction positions were detected only for the elastic modulus. The mid-superior (676.5 N, S.D. 231.0 N) and the inferior portion (549.9 N, S.D. 284.6 N) had the highest failure loads while the superior (462.8 N, S.D. 237.2 N) and the mid-inferior portions (315.3 N, S.D. 181.5 N) were weaker. Similar trends across the tendon strips were shown for stiffness, ultimate stress and elastic modulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Position dependent changes in mechanical properties of the infraspinatus tendon probably do not play a role in the pathomechanism of posterior shoulder dislocation. Peaks in stiffness in mid-superior and inferior tendon sections explain the low incidence of posterior dislocations. The low ultimate failure loads in the superior portions might explain the frequent extension of rotator cuff ruptures into the infraspinatus tendon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zobitz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000503:physiopathology