title: The incidence, nature, and severity of injuries in New Zealand civil aviation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strategies to improve aviation safety can be directed at the pre-crash, in-crash, or post-crash phases of aircraft crashes. For resources to be made available for in-crash interventions, and for these to be well designed, it is necessary in the first instance to have a detailed understanding of the injuries sustained in crashes. The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence, nature, and severity of injuries sustained in aircraft crashes and other related events in civil aviation in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  National injury databases were searched for fatalities and hospitalizations sustained in aircraft crashes and related events, and cases were linked with Civil Aviation Authority accident records to identify the aircraft involved. Rates were based on estimates of total hours flown by active pilots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 104 fatalities identified for the period 1988-1992, giving a rate of 2.57 per 100,000 flight hours. There were 120 hospitalizations identified for the period 1988-1993, giving a rate of 2.45 per 100,000 flight hours. Most fatalities involved injury to multiple body regions, with at least one injury being sufficient in itself to cause death in 48% of cases. For hospitalizations, the lower extremities (23%), spine (20%), and head and face (18%) were the body regions most commonly injured, with fractures being predominant. While the majority of fatalities and hospitalizations occurred in fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, the highest rates were for microlight and home-built aircraft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different patterns of injury were evident for fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. Reasons for these are suggested. Future research will seek to determine the relative risk associated with potentially modifiable risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand. dchalmers@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: O'Hare
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D015998:Abbreviated Injury Scale; D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies