title: Abnormal vertical optokinetic nystagmus in infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if testing vertical optokinetic nystagmus (VOKN) has a role in the clinical assessment of infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large field projection system was developed with which optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) could be stimulated in any direction. Gross abnormalities in the response were detected simply by observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VOKN was tested in 144 children using this OKN projection system. 26 of these children had abnormal VOKN; 13 had a vertical saccade initiation failure "ocular motor apraxia" (in either direction, up/down, or in both) and 13 had absent VOKN (in either direction, up/down, or in both). Nine of the children with an up and/or down vertical saccade initiation failure (VSIF) had a neurometabolic disease (two had Niemann-Pick disease type C, five had Gaucher disease type III, one had Gaucher disease type II, and one had Gaucher disease type I). Five children with a VSIF had an abnormality identified by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain. In two of these children there was a focal lesion of the rostral midbrain. In 11 of the children with absent up and/or down VOKN an MRI scan revealed an abnormality. This involved the brainstem and/or the cerebellum in 10. Absent up and/or down VOKN was found in association with Joubert syndrome, Leigh disease, and cerebral palsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VOKN testing has a useful role in detecting neurological abnormalities in infants and children. Detection of abnormal VOKN should indicate further investigations for a neurometabolic disease or an abnormality involving the cortex, brainstem, and/or cerebellum. Abnormal VOKN but normal horizontal OKN is highly suggestive of a rostral midbrain lesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garbutt
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D020739:Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005776:Gaucher Disease / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009542:Niemann-Pick Diseases / Q000150:complications; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic / Q000502:physiology*; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods