title: Pediatric acetaminophen overdose: risk factors associated with hepatocellular injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize demographic and clinical factors associated with pediatric acetaminophen overdose and identify risk factors for hepatocellular injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective 10-year chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two regional children's hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of patients examined because of acetaminophen ingestion from January 1, 1988, through December 31, 1997, were reviewed. Hepatocellular injury was defined as elevation of serum aminotransferase levels greater than 2 times the reference values. Severe hepatotoxic effect was defined as hepatotoxic effect with evidence of encephalopathy and/or coagulopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 322 patients (208 girls and 114 boys, aged 1-17 years) were obtained. Ingestions were intentional in 140 patients (median age, 14 years) and unintentional in 172 (median age, 2 years). Another 10 cases represented dosing errors with therapeutic intent (median age, 3.5 years). Twenty-seven patients had hepatocellular injury; of these, 4 had severe hepatotoxic effects and 1 died. Hepatocellular injury occurred in 10.0% of the dosing error group, 17.9% of the intentional group, and 0.6% of the unintentional group. No patients underwent liver transplantation. Hepatocellular injury was associated with presentation longer than 24 hours after ingestion (odds ratio [OR], 335.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 40.8-275.0), age 10 to 17 years (OR, 36.9; 95% CI, 4.9-275.4), intentional overdose (OR, 37.2; 95% CI, 5.0-278.2), dose greater than 150 mg/kg (OR, 17.9; 95% CI, 2.3-139.2), and white race (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1-7.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intentional and unintentional acetaminophen overdoses occurred with similar frequency. Therapeutic misadventure was relatively uncommon, as was hepatocellular injury. Practitioners should have greater suspicion of acetaminophen-associated hepatocellular injury in patients who present more than 24 hours after ingestion, older children, and those who have intentional ingestion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo 64108, USA. salander@cmh.edu
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Alander
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bratton
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kearns
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000293:Adolescent; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen