title: Low GSK-3beta immunoreactivity in postmortem frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a protein kinase that is highly abundant in the brain. It is involved in signal transduction cascades of multiple cellular processes, particularly neurodevelopment. In an attempt to explore possible involvement of GSK-3beta in psychiatric disorders, the authors examined its levels in postmortem brain tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Western blot analysis was performed to measure GSK-3beta in the frontal cortex of 14 schizophrenic patients, 15 patients with bipolar disorder, 15 patients with unipolar depression, and 14 normal comparison subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSK-3beta levels were 41% lower in the schizophrenic patients than in the comparison subjects. Other diagnostic groups did not differ from the comparison subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with the notion that schizophrenia involves neurodevelopmental pathology. It remains to be investigated whether the active fraction of GSK-3beta, or its activity, is also low in frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients and if this is also reflected in other brain regions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Beersheva Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beersheva, Israel.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kozlovsky
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Belmaker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000201:enzymology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3