title: Nonhomologous bioinjectable materials in urology: 'size matters'?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the factors that influence how particles might become fixed in tissues or migrate from them, by measuring the size of the injectable particles, their susceptibility to phagocytosis and their affinity for fibroblast attachment in culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The particle size of three types of particulate unphysiological bioinjectable material, i.e. Urocol (Genesis Medical, Ltd., London), Macroplastiquetrade mark (Uroplasty Ltd., Reading, UK) and Urethrin (Mentor Medical Systems, Wantage, UK) was analysed using phase-contrast light microscopy and confocal microscopy. Human monocytes from peripheral blood were incubated with the three materials in phagocytic studies, where ingestion was determined by confocal microscopy. A fibroblast cell line was used to ascertain the ability of the particles to act as a substrate for cell attachment in culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SEM) maximum particle diameters of Macroplastique, Urethrin and Urocol were 209 (5.10) microm, 49 (1.52) microm and 14 (0.39) microm, respectively. Rat peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood monocytes commonly ingested Urocol particles; the phagocytosis of Urethrin was rare and that of Macroplastique was not detected. Fibroblasts adhered to Urocol paste and Urethrin particles, but not to Macroplastique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published reports of particle size and phagocytosis are confusing, but a relationship clearly exists. Macroplastique is the largest particle and is least likely to be phagocytosed by human mononuclear phagocytes. Urocol paste is the slowest to dissipate in culture conditions; the flat surfaces of Urethrin, but not Macroplastique, can serve as a substrate for fibroblast anchorage.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, and St Mary's Hospital, Portsmouth, UK. Lemke3112@aol.com
authors.forename: L Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000502:physiology; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D010316:Particle Size; D010587:Phagocytosis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012826:Silicone Elastomers