title: Growth hormone (GH) effects on bone and collagen turnover in healthy adults and its potential as a marker of GH abuse in sports: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. The GH-2000 Study Group.
abstract: The effects of GH on bone remodeling in healthy adults have not been systematically investigated. An analysis of these effects might provide insights into GH physiology and might yield data useful for the detection of GH doping in sports. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of GH administration on biochemical markers of bone and collagen turnover in healthy volunteers. Ninety-nine healthy volunteers of both sexes were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study and assigned to receive either placebo (40 subjects) or recombinant human GH (0.1 IU/kg day in 29 subjects and 0.2 IU/kg x day in 30 subjects). The treatment duration was 28 days, followed by a 56-day wash-out period. The biochemical markers evaluated were the bone formation markers osteocalcin and C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, the resorption marker type I collagen telopeptide, and the soft tissue marker procollagen type III. All variables increased on days 21 and 28 in the two active treatment groups vs. levels in both the baseline (P < 0.01) and placebo (P < 0.01) groups. The increment was more pronounced in the 0.2 IU/kg-day group and remained significant on day 84 for procollagen type III (from 0.53 +/- 0.13 to 0.61 +/- 0.14 kU/L; P < 0.02) and osteocalcin (from 12.2 + 2.9 to 14.6 +/- 3.6 UG/L; P < 0.02), whereas levels of C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen and type I collagen telopeptide declined after day 42 and were no longer significantly above baseline on day 84 (from 3.9 +/- 1.2 to 5.1 +/-1.5 microg/L and from 174 +/- 60 to 173 +/- 53 microg/L, respectively). Gender-related differences were observed in the study; females were less responsive than males to GH administration with respect to procollagen type III and type I collagen telopeptide (P < 0.001). In conclusion, exogenous GH administration affects the biochemical parameters of bone and collagen turnover in a dose- and gender-dependent manner. As GH-induced modifications of most markers, in particular procollagen type III and osteocalcin, persist after GH withdrawal, they may be suitable markers for detecting GH abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Longobardi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keay
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehrnborg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cittadini
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosén
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dall
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boroujerdi
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bassett
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pentecost
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powrie
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saccà
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*; D003094:Collagen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D024042:Collagen Type I; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D010919:Placebos; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D010919:Placebos; D011347:Procollagen; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; C041876:procollagen Type III-N-terminal peptide; C042813:procollagen type I carboxy terminal peptide; D015675:Osteocalcin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D003094:Collagen