title: Telomerase activity in needle biopsies from prostate cancer and benign prostates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Telomerase activation is thought to be essential for the immortality of cancer cells. It may be a prognostic factor in small volume well differentiated prostate cancers and hence a guide for the aggressiveness of the approach. The length of the chromosome tips (telomeres) are maintained by a specific enzyme (telomerase) independently of the normal cell division cycle. Although telomerase is not expressed in most normal human tissues, it is expressed in most human tumours. For the detection of telomerase in small prostate needle biopsy samples a recently developed telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay was used. The aim of the present study was: to measure telomerase activity in human prostate samples, and to evaluate the applicability of this assay on specimens from a prostate biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 36 patients referred for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or suspicion of having prostate cancer a total of 288 prostate biopsy samples were obtained (8 in each patient). When the digital rectal examination was abnormal and/or when the PSA level was elevated in L.U.T.S., or asymptomatic patients' tissue samples were obtained by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsies. Samples were tested for telomerase activity by a modified TRAP and forwarded for histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 19 out of 36 patients prostate cancer was diagnosed on histology. In 11 of these 19 tumours substantial telomerase activity was detected, whereas only very low telomerase activity existed in 2 of 17 samples from benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) patients. In this small series the relative telomerase activity in prostate cancer correlated with histopathological grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show the applicability of a TRAP assay to measure telomerase activity in small needle biopsied prostate samples. In poorly differentiated and metastatic cancer we observed that levels of telomerase activity were high. To establish accuracy and to distinguish the 'relative good from the ugly' further study is needed.
authors.affiliation: Martini Hospital, and Groningen University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Wymenga
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Wisman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veenstra
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ruiters
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mensink
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019098:Telomerase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019098:Telomerase; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen