title: Identification of an enhancer sequence within the first intron required for cartilage-specific transcription of the alpha2(XI) collagen gene.
abstract: Type XI collagen, a heterotrimer composed of alpha1(XI), alpha2(XI) and alpha3(XI), is primarily synthesized by chondrocytes in cartilage and is also present in some other tissues. Type XI collagen plays a critical role in collagen fibril formation and skeletal morphogenesis. We investigated a tissue-specific transcriptional enhancer in the first intron of the alpha2(XI) collagen gene (Col11a2). Transient transfection assays using reporter gene constructs revealed that a 60-base pair (bp) segment within intron 1 increased promoter activity of Col11a2 in rat chondrosarcoma cells but not in either BalB/3T3 cells or undifferentiated ATDC5 cells, suggesting that it contained cell type-specific enhancer activity. In transgenic mice, this 60-bp fragment was also able to target beta-galactosidase expression to cartilage including the limbs and axial skeleton, with similar localization specificity as the full-length intron 1 fragment. Competition experiments in gel shift assays using mutated oligonucleotides showed that recombinant Sox9 bound to a 7-bp sequence, CTCAAAG, within the 60-bp segment. Anti-Sox9 antibodies supershifted the complex of the 60-bp segment with recombinant Sox9 or with rat chondrosarcoma cell extracts, confirming the binding of Sox9 to the enhancer. Moreover, a site-specific mutation within the 7-bp segment resulted in essentially complete loss of the enhancer activity in chondrosarcoma cells and transgenic mice. These results suggest that the 7-bp sequence within intron 1 plays a critical role in the cartilage-specific enhancer activity of Col11a2 through Sox9-mediated transcriptional activation.
authors.affiliation: Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsumaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002356:Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007438:Introns; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527933:Sox9 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003094:Collagen; D008156:Luciferases