title: The public release of performance data: what do we expect to gain? A review of the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information about the performance of hospitals, health professionals, and health care organizations has been made public in the United States for more than a decade. The expected gains of public disclosure have not been made clear, and both the benefits and potential risks have received minimal empirical investigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the empirical evidence concerning public disclosure of performance data, relate the results to the potential gains, and identify areas requiring further research.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for articles published between January 1986 and October 1999 in peer-reviewed journals. Review of citations, public documents, and expert advice was conducted to identify studies not found in the electronic databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive, observational, or experimental evaluations of US reporting systems were selected for inclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included studies were organized based on use of public data by consumers, purchasers, physicians, and hospitals; impact on quality of care outcomes; and costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven US reporting systems have been the subject of published empirical evaluations. Descriptive and observational methods predominate. Consumers and purchasers rarely search out the information and do not understand or trust it; it has a small, although increasing, impact on their decision making. Physicians are skeptical about such data and only a small proportion makes use of it. Hospitals appear to be most responsive to the data. In a limited number of studies, the publication of performance data has been associated with an improvement in health outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are several potential gains from the public disclosure of performance data, but use of the information by provider organizations for quality improvement may be the most productive area for further research.
authors.affiliation: School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, England, UK. mmarshall@fs1.cpcr.man.ac.uk
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Shekelle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leatherman
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D019985:Benchmarking; D003256:Community Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007255:Information Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010820:Physicians / Q000592:standards; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014481:United States