title: p38 MAPK and NF-kappa B collaborate to induce interleukin-6 gene expression and release. Evidence for a cytoprotective autocrine signaling pathway in a cardiac myocyte model system.
abstract: In cardiac myocytes, the stimulation of p38 MAPK by the MAPKK, MKK6, activates the transcription factor, NF-kappaB, and protects cells from apoptosis. In the present study in primary neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, constitutively active MKK6, MKK6(Glu), bound to IkappaB kinase (IKK)-beta and stimulated its abilities to phosphorylate IkappaB and to activate NF-kappaB. MKK6(Glu) induced NF-kappaB-dependent interleukin (IL)-6 transcription and IL-6 release in a p38-dependent manner. IL-6 protected myocardial cells against apoptosis. Like IL-6, TNF-alpha, which activates both NF-kappaB and p38, also induced p38-dependent IL-6 expression and release and protected myocytes from apoptotis. While TNF-alpha was relatively ineffective, IL-6 activated myocardial cell STAT3 by about 8-fold, indicating a probable role for this transcription factor in IL-6-mediated protection from apoptosis. TNF-alpha-mediated IL-6 induction was inhibited by a kinase-inactive form of the MAPKKK, TGF-beta activated protein kinase (Tak1), which is known to activate p38 and NF-kappaB in other cell types. Thus, by stimulating both p38 and NF-kappaB, Tak1-activating cytokines, like TNF-alpha, can induce IL-6 expression and release. Moreover, the myocyte-derived IL-6 may then function in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to augment myocardial cell survival during stresses that activate p38.
authors.affiliation: SDSU Heart Institute and The Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mingo
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Thuerauf
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Glembotski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019898:Autocrine Communication; D001692:Biological Transport; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020011:Protective Agents; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D020011:Protective Agents; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494088:Stat3 protein, rat; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6