title: Midwifery care research: what questions are being asked? What lessons have been learned?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create and critically evaluate a research database about midwifery care that identifies topics studied, research methods, results, funding, publication data, and implications for a future midwifery research agenda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic literature review. Studies included were 1) data-based research; 2) about midwifery care or practice; 3) in the United States; and 4) published between 1984-1998. The CINAHL and MEDLINE electronic databases were searched using a defined strategy, and relevant journals and bibliographies were searched by hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This 15-year review identified 140 studies of midwifery care published in 161 papers. A midwife was the lead author on 60%. Sixty percent were published in the Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. Six to 15 studies were published each year, and both the number of publications and funding increased over the time period. The six major areas of focus were: 1) midwifery management, 2) structure of care, 3) midwifery practice, 4) midwife-physician comparisons, 5) place of birth, and 6) care of vulnerable populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although retrospective descriptive studies still predominate, more prospective studies, randomized controlled trials, multi-site studies, and quasi-experimental designs are being conducted. Qualitative methods are helping to measure nontraditional outcomes. A research agenda should be established based on discussion and debate within the profession. Midwife investigators need to build research teams and collaborate with other disciplines. Key areas for future research include alternative therapies, breastfeeding, cost-effectiveness, cultural studies, gynecology, health policy, menopause, postpartum care, substance abuse interventions, and the woman's experience of birth and midwifery care.
authors.affiliation: Midwifery Program, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor 48109-0482, USA. jraisler@umich.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raisler
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery; D011247:Pregnancy; D012107:Research Design