title: Effect of imidapril in dipper and nondipper hypertensive patients: comparison between morning and evening administration.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to identify differences in the patterns of efficacy and duration of effects of imidapril administered at different times of the day (morning versus evening) in dipper and nondipper hypertensive patients. Twenty patients with untreated hypertension were classified into two groups: dippers (n = 9) and nondippers (n = 11). Imidapril (10 mg) was given at 07:00 or 18:00 for 4 weeks in a crossover fashion. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored before and after morning and evening treatment every 30 min for 48h by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). In dipper hypertension, the mean 48h BP was reduced with both doses. The decrease in the diurnal BP was stronger when the drug was administered in the evening than morning, but without significant difference. In nondipper hypertension, the systolic BP decreased at night with both doses, but the extent of the nocturnal reduction in systolic BP was greater after morning therapy. There were no significant differences in the decrease in BP during the day or night between the morning and evening administrations. When imidapril was administered in the morning, its serum concentration reached a maximum at 16:00, and when the drug was administered in the evening, it reached a maximum at 6:00. In dipper hypertension, the time taken for the blood concentration of imidapril to reach a maximum changed depending on its time of administration, and the time when the maximum antihypertensive effect of the drug appeared was different. In nondipper hypertension, decreases in the BP were confirmed at night regardless of the time of administration; this might be caused by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors effectively blocking the BP from increasing by activating the parasympathetic nervous system. Therefore, when assessing the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents, factors such as the various patterns of BP before therapy and administration time must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan. ikohno@swallow.res.yamanashi-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ijiri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takusagawa
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawanobori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048289:Imidazolidines; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D048289:Imidazolidines; C065166:imidapril; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D012083:Renin; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine