title: Interaction of the papillomavirus E2 protein with mitotic chromosomes.
abstract: The bovine papillomavirus E2 transactivator protein is a multifunctional protein that activates viral transcription, cooperates in initiation of viral DNA replication, and is required for long-term episomal maintenance of viral genomes. We have shown previously that the E2 transactivator protein and bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes are associated with mitotic chromosomes and have proposed that E2 links the genomes to cellular chromosomes to ensure segregation to daughter nuclei. In this study, we show that E2 is associated with cellular chromosomes at all stages of mitosis. We also further map the regions of E2 that are required for this association. The transactivation domain of E2 is necessary and sufficient to mediate the interaction with mitotic chromosomes; the DNA binding domain, and the flexible hinge region that separates the two domains, is not required. Furthermore, mutation of previously identified phosphorylation sites (serine residues 235, 298, and 301) has no effect on the ability of the E2 protein to bind mitotic chromosomes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0455, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bastien
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D052688:Bovine papillomavirus 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015870:Gene Expression; D008938:Mitosis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D018583:Pliability; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D012694:Serine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C051550:E2 protein, Bovine papillomavirus; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014764:Viral Proteins; D012694:Serine