title: Chemotherapy extravasation from implanted ports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the four primary causes of extravasation from implanted ports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Journal articles, textbooks, medical records, depositions, serial photographs, and the authors' personal experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extravasation from ports can occur by four major mechanisms: incomplete needle placement and needle dislodgment, thrombus or fibrin sheath formation, perforation of the superior vena cava, and catheter fracture. The degree of tissue injury can vary but may be severe enough to require that a simple mastectomy be performed to manage chest wall necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extravasation is a known risk of chemotherapy administration via implanted ports. Vesicants should be administered only after a blood return has been obtained and the needle inserted into the port septum has been adequately secured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extravasation of vesicant drugs from ports can cause tissue necrosis and may prompt litigation. Risk-management strategies include careful assessment and use of ports, comprehensive patient teaching about the risk of extravasation and measures to decrease the likelihood of needle dislodgment, and development of extravasation-management policies that address port extravasations.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schulmeister
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camp-Sorrell
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing*; D009859:Oncology Nursing
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007509:Irritants