title: Recreational firearm use and hearing loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relation between recreational firearm use and high-frequency hearing loss in a population of older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The midwestern community of Beaver Dam, Wis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based sample of 3753 participants (83% of those eligible), aged 48 to 92 years, participated in the baseline phase of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime and past year self-reported firearm use during target shooting and hunting were assessed by interview. Hearing thresholds were measured by pure-tone audiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After age and other factors were adjusted for, men (n = 1538) who had ever regularly engaged in target shooting (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.19) or who had done so in the past year (odds ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-3.46) were more likely to have a marked high-frequency hearing loss than those who had not. Risk of having a marked high-frequency hearing loss increased 7% for every 5 years the men had hunted (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.12). Thirty-eight percent of the target shooters and 95% of the hunters reported never wearing hearing protection while shooting in the past year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that use of recreational firearms is associated with marked high-frequency hearing loss in men. There is a need for further education of users of recreational firearms regarding the risk of hearing impairment associated with firearm use and the availability and importance of appropriate hearing protection.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Department of Ophthalmology, Madison, USA. nondahl@epi.ophth.wisc.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nondahl
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cruickshanks
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tweed
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005389:Firearms; D006316:Hearing Loss, High-Frequency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011998:Recreation; D014922:Wisconsin