title: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and phospholipid transfer protein release lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacterial membranes.
abstract: Although animals mobilize their innate defenses against gram-negative bacteria when they sense the lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), excessive responses to this conserved bacterial molecule can be harmful. Of the known ways for decreasing the stimulatory potency of LPS in blood, the binding and neutralization of LPS by plasma lipoproteins is most prominent. The mechanisms by which host lipoproteins take up the native LPS that is found in bacterial membranes are poorly understood, however, since almost all studies of host-LPS interactions have used purified LPS aggregates. Using native Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium outer membrane fragments (blebs) that contained (3)H-labeled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (35)S-labeled protein, we found that two human plasma proteins, LPS-binding protein (LBP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), can extract [(3)H]LPS from bacterial membranes and transfer it to human high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Soluble CD14 (sCD14) did not release LPS from blebs yet could facilitate LBP-mediated LPS transfer to HDL. LBP, but not PLTP, also promoted the activation of human monocytes by bleb-derived LPS. Whereas depleting or neutralizing LBP significantly reduced LPS transfer from blebs to lipoproteins in normal human serum, neutralizing serum PLTP had no demonstrable effect. Of the known lipid transfer proteins, LBP is thus most able to transfer LPS from bacterial membranes to the lipoproteins in normal human serum.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9113, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vesy
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kitchens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolfbauer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Munford
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein