title: Distinct expression of splice variants of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the human gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression have been linked to several human gastrointestinal disorders such as achalasia, diabetic gastroparesis, and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. They could be caused by differential transcriptional control or alternative splicing generating different nNOS proteins. The aims of this study were to characterize 5'-splice variants, promoter usage, and site-specific expression of nNOS in the human gastrointestinal tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  5'-Splice variants were characterized by immunoblotting, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, 5'-rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends, and Southern blotting. Genomic analysis was performed by rapid amplification of genomic ends, followed by reporter gene assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six different 5'-splice variants of nNOS-messenger RNA were identified showing specific expressions at various sites of the human gastrointestinal tract. Three variants encode for nNOSalpha, which has a specific N-terminal PDZ/GLGF domain and interaction sites for regulatory proteins. Two variants encode for nNOSbeta and 1 for nNOSgamma, which both lack the protein-binding domains of nNOSalpha. In addition to 2 known first exons, a novel first exon of human nNOS with a separate functionally active downstream promoter and multiple binding sites for transcription factors was identified and characterized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Six 5'-mRNA splice variants of nNOS encoding 3 different nNOS proteins are expressed in the human gut. The differential expression of these proteins could be implicated in different biological functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saur
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paehge
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schusdziarra
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Allescher
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology; D004064:Digestive System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000201:enzymology / Q000294:innervation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000201:enzymology / Q000294:innervation; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013270:Stomach / Q000201:enzymology / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C496320:NOS1 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I