title: Vibration exposure, smoking, and vascular dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vibration white finger (VWF), also known as "occupational Raynaud's phenomenon", is marked by arterial hyperresponsiveness and vasoconstriction during cold stimulation. The impact of tobacco use, and by extension stopping smoking, on the long term course of the disease has been inconclusively characterised. The objectives of this study included assessment of the impact of tobacco use on symptoms and on objective tests in shipyard workers exposed to vibration, and in gauging the natural history of the disorder after stopping exposure and changing smoking patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross sectional investigation, 601 current and former users of pneumatic tools were evaluated subjectively for cold related vascular symptoms, and tested by cold challenge plethysmography. There was follow up and subsequent testing of 199 members of the severely effected subgroup of smokers and non-smokers, many of whom had stopped smoking in the interval between tests. Effects of smoking and stopping smoking on symptoms and plethsymographic results were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms and measured abnormal vascular responses related to cold were more severe in smokers than in non-smokers. Follow up of 199 severely effected members of the cohort, all removed from exposure for 2 years, indicated that smokers were almost twice as likely to have more severe vasospasm (test finger/control finger systolic blood pressure% (FSBP%) <30) than were non-smokers (-32.2% v 17.4%). 53 Subjects who stopped smoking during the interval between tests improved, and were indistinguishable from non-smokers similarly exposed to vibration. Additional physiological benefits of stopping smoking were still apparent at further follow up examination, 1 year later. Improvements evident on plethysmography were not accompanied by improvements in symptoms, which were unaffected by smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking seems to delay physiological improvement in response to cold challenge in workers with VWF, after the end of exposure to vibration. Symptoms were less likely to improve over time than digital blood pressure, and were less affected by smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue-MC6210, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-6210, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cherniack
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clive
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seidner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010991:Plethysmography; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*