title: Smoking decreases alveolar macrophage function during anesthesia and surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking changes numerous alveolar macrophage functions and is one of the most important risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications. The current study tested the hypothesis that smoking impairs antimicrobial and proinflammatory responses in alveolar macrophages during anesthesia and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 30 smoking and 30 nonsmoking patients during propofol-fentanyl general anesthesia. Alveolar immune cells were harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage immediately and 2, 4, and 6 h after induction of anesthesia and at the end of surgery. The types of alveolar immune cell and macrophage aggregation were determined. The authors measured opsonized and unopsonized phagocytosis. Microbicidal activity was determined as the ability of the macrophages to kill Listeriamonocytogenes directly. Finally, RNA was extracted from harvested cells and cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription. The expression of interleukin 1beta, 6, and 8, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were measured by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction using beta-actin as an internal standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fraction of aggregated macrophages increased significantly over time in both groups, whereas phagocytosis of opsonized and nonopsonized particles and microbicidal activity of alveolar macrophages decreased significantly. The changes, though, were nearly twice as great as in patients who smoked. Gene expression of all proinflammatory cytokines in alveolar immune cells except interleukin 6 increased 2- to 20-fold over time in both groups. The expression of interleukin 1beta, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, however, increased only half as much in smokers as in nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking was associated with macrophage aggregation but markedly reduced phagocytic and microbicidal activity-possibly because expression of proinflammatory cytokines was reduced in these patients. Our data thus suggest that smokers may have a limited ability to mount an effective pulmonary immune defense after anesthesia and surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan. nao@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuki
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000276:immunology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010587:Phagocytosis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D015742:Propofol / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol