title: Prophylactic photopheresis and chronic rejection: effects on graft intimal hyperplasia in cardiac transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the decreased incidence of acute rejection episodes and improvements in short and intermediate term graft survival with current immunosuppressive agents, there has been little progress in decreasing the morbidity and mortality from chronic rejection. This phenomenon may, in part, be related to the development of a humoral immune response with increases in anti-HLA antibodies, which presents as accelerated graft arteriopathy with intimal hyperplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on prior experimental work, a pilot, prospective, randomized study was performed in 23 primary cardiac transplant recipients to determine whether the addition of prophylactic photopheresis to a cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisone regimen was safe and resulted in decreased levels of panel reactive antibodies (PRA) and transplant arteriopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference between the two groups in regard to infection or acute rejection incidence. The photopheresis group had a significant reduction in PRA levels at two time points within the first 6 postoperative months. Coronary artery intimal thickness was significantly reduced in the photopheresis group at 1-yr (0.23 vs. 0.49 mm, p < 0.04) and 2-yr (0.28 vs. 0.46 mm, p < 0.02) follow-up compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small pilot study, photopheresis is a safe, well-tolerated immunomodulatory technique that is capable of decreasing the severity of chronic rejection manifesting as post-transplant graft intimal hyperplasia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA. mbarr@surgery.usc.edu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Schenkel
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stouch
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Starnes
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rose
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017893:Photopheresis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006680:HLA Antigens; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone