title: Assessment of the uncertainties in dose delivery of a commercial system for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was introduced in our department in 1992, and since then, more than 200 patients have been treated with this method. An in-house-developed algorithm for target localization and dose calculation has recently been replaced with a commercially available system. In this study, both systems have been compared, and positional accuracy, as well as dose calculation, have been verified experimentally.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in-house-developed software for target localization and dose calculation is an extension to George Sherouse's GRATIS(R) software for radiotherapy treatment planning, and has been replaced by a commercial (BrainSCAN version 3.1; BrainLAB, Germany) treatment planning system (TPS) for SRS. The positional accuracy for the entire SRS procedure (from image acquisition to treatment) has been investigated by treatment of simulated targets in the form of 0.2-cm lead beads inserted into an anthropomorphic phantom. Both dose calculation algorithms have been verified against manual calculations (based on basic beam data and CT data from phantom and patients), and measurements with the anthropomorphic phantom applying ionization chamber, thermoluminescent detectors, and radiographic film. This analysis has been performed on a variety of experimental situations, starting with static beams and simple one-arc treatments, to more complex and clinical relevant applications. Finally, 11 patients have been evaluated with both TPS in parallel for comparison and continuity of clinical experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom studies evaluating the entire SRS procedure have shown that a target, localized by CT, can be irradiated with a positional accuracy of 0.08 cm in any direction with 95% confidence. Neglecting the influence of dose perturbation when the beam passes through bone tissue or air cavities, the calculated dose values obtained from both TPSs agreed within 1% (SD 1%) for phantom and patient studies. The application of a one-dimensional path length correction for tissue heterogeneity influences the treatment prescription 4% on average (SD 1%), which is in compliance with theoretical predictions. The phantom measurements confirmed the predicted dose at isocenter within uncertainty for the different treatment schedules in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The full SRS procedure applied to an anthropomorphic phantom has been used as a comprehensive method to assess the uncertainties involved in dose delivery and target positioning. The results obtained with both TPSs are in agreement with AAPM Report 54, TG 42 and clinical continuity is assured. However, the use of a one-dimensional path length correction will result in an increase of 4% in dose prescription, which is slightly more than that predicted in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Center, Academic Hospital, Free University Brussels, Belgium. conrvnd@az.vub.ac.be
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verellen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Linthout
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soete
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van den Berge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D' Haens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Storme
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed