title: Bacterial contamination of bath-water from spinal cord lesioned patients with pressure ulcers exercising in the water.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the bacterial contamination of the water from the microflora of pressure ulcers in para- and tetraplegic patients, when they were exercising in water at 36 degrees C for half an hour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve spinal cord lesioned (SCL) patients with ulcers participated, and six of the 12 SCL patients with healed ulcers constituted a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluation was performed both with and without the ulcer covered with a moisture reactive occlusive dressing, DuoDERM. Bacterial samples were taken from the bath-water before and after the exercise programmes and additionally specimens were obtained from the ulcer, the patients skin and urine, and from the skin of the physiotherapist who exercised the patient. A similar procedure was carried out in the controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bacteriologic analyses showed no significant difference in the contamination of the bath-water after exercising with or without DuoDERM covering the ulcers. In half of the patients DuoDERM loosened. After all exercise programmes with or without DuoDERM dressing the water was contaminated with facultative aerobic intestinal bacteria, ie E. faecalis and Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus species, Enterobacter species). In nearly one-third of the exercise sessions the bath-water was contaminated with P. aeruginosa before starting, and after the exercise programmes one fourth of the ulcers were colonized with these pathogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The water specimen showed the bacteria from the intestine to be much more prominent than the bacteria coming from the ulcers. Thus the pressure ulcers were of minor importance for the bath-water and ought not to prohibit patients from the potential benefits of water exercise, but chlorination of the water in the training pool seems appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Spinal Cord Injured, Department TH, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biering-Sørensen
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilhelmsen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lomberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Høiby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001494:Baths; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009779:Occlusive Dressings; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D014871:Water Microbiology