title: Ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertile men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse our experience of ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) in infertile men, evaluating the diagnostic steps and the outcome of management according to the aetiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 7-year period, 50 infertile men were diagnosed with EDO as a contributory factor to male infertility. Diagnostic criteria included a history, physical examination, semen analyses, semen fructose measurement, hormonal study, testicular biopsy, transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and/or vasography. Thirty-one patients with EDO were treated by transurethral resection (26) or forced lavage via a vasotomy (five).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 45 of the 50 men, semen analyses showed the typical characteristics of complete EDO. Seminal values were variable in five cases of partial EDO; the semen fructose levels were < 1.4 g/L in all five. The main cause of EDO was a midline cyst in 16, Wolffian malformation in four, tuberculosis in 17, previous genitourinary infection in five and idiopathic in eight men. In 17 patients the seminal vesicles appeared to be atrophied on TRUS; 15 of these patients had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis and subsequent vasography in five showed multiple bilateral vasal obstruction. TRUS findings correlated well with vasography except in one case. The overall rate of improved semen values and paternity was 61% and 26%, respectively. Of 16 patients with midline cysts, 14 had improved semen variables and achieved paternity, seven after transurethral resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TRUS should be the first diagnostic procedure used when infertile men are suspected of having EDO, but vasography should still be considered for a more comprehensive diagnosis. In patients with atrophic seminal vesicles on TRUS and with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, further study is unnecessary and microscopic epididymal sperm aspiration is recommended for in vitro fertilization. The measurement of semen fructose may be helpful in diagnosing partial EDO. Patients with midline cysts who are treated by transurethral resection are expected to have the best outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paick
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004543:Ejaculatory Ducts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D013076:Sperm Count; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014463:Ultrasonography