title: Flexor muscle incursion into the carpal tunnel: a mechanism for increased carpal tunnel pressure?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the hypothesis that the extrinsic finger flexor muscles have the potential to move into the proximal end of the carpal tunnel with wrist extension.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most distal muscle fibres from the deep and superficial finger flexors were measured relative to the pisiform bone in 18 cadaveric specimens. Muscle excursions during wrist extension were calculated using regression equations previously reported in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean distances from the pisiform were 9.3 and 4.9 mm for the deep and superficial flexors, respectively. Ten flexor muscle bellies were at the level of or distal to the pisiform bone in the anatomical position, while 17 of 36 were within 5 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The excursions expected with wrist extension indicate that many muscles have the potential to enter the carpal tunnel, especially those within 5 mm of the pisiform bone. Comparing the expected excursions to recent pressure data, corroborating support for the pressure increase is found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not directly measured, the results of this study indicate incursion of the flexor muscles into the carpal tunnel space, particularly with wrist extension, is a plausible mechanism for increased carpal tunnel pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proposing a mechanism by which carpal tunnel pressure is elevated during wrist and finger extension is a stepping stone to determining the etiology of the disease itself. Finding that the flexor muscle bellies appear to enter the carpal tunnel with wrist extension indicates that use of the flexor muscles should be avoided when the wrist and fingers are extended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, 364 Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Toronto, Ont., Canada. pjkeir@yorku.ca
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keir
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology; D014953:Wrist / Q000502:physiology*