title: Protein kinase C activation reduces the function of the Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The basolateral isoform of the Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter is expressed in several epithelial and non-epithelial cells, in which it is involved in ion secretion processes and in cell volume regulation. In humans, this cotransporter has been implicated in the development of primary hypertension. The major goal of the present study was to characterize the effect of protein kinase C activation on the function of the Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter isoform present in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oocytes were surgically harvested from adult female Xenopus laevis frogs, defolliculated by incubation in frog ringer containing collagenase B (2 mg/mL) under vigorous shaking, and by hand under the microscope. Only stage V-VI oocytes were used in the study. After overnight incubation in regular frog Ringer, oocytes were switched to a Cl(-)-free ringer for at least 12 h before beginning uptake experiments. The function of the Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter was determined by assessing tracer 22Na(+) uptake in the control group as well as under several experimental conditions, such as changes in extracellular osmolarity, absence of one of the cotransported ions, or the presence of drugs such as the specific cotransporter inhibitor bumetanide, phorbol esters (TPA, PDBu, or 4alphaPDD), and the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. At the end of the uptake period, tracer Na(+) uptake was counted by liquid scintillation of each individual oocyte previously dissolved in SDS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Xenopus oocytes exhibited a bumetanide-sensitive Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter in the plasma membrane activated by hypertonicity and inhibited by hypotonicity. The bumetanide-sensitive fraction of Na(+) uptake was significantly reduced by the addition of phorbol esters TPA or PDBu to the uptake media. This inhibitory effect of PKC activators was dose- and time-dependent. Phorbol ester 4alphaPDD, which cannot activate PKC, exhibited no effect on Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter function. In addition, pretreatment of oocytes with the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I partially abolished TPA-induced reduction in the cotransporter function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In defolliculated Xenopus laevis oocytes, phorbol esters reduce the function of the Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter by a mechanism that includes the activation of an endogenous PKC.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plata
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gamba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D011493:Protein Kinase C