title: Appropriateness of intravenous cannulation by paramedics: a London study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of patients undergoing intravenous (IV) cannulation by paramedics has increased dramatically over recent years in the UK. Treatment protocols for cannulation in the field are loosely defined. Variation in practice may lead to patients' receiving differential treatment according to customary practice, rather than according to their clinical conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore variations in practice and assess level of appropriatenesss of IV cannulation by London Ambulance Service (LAS) paramedics; to revise treatment protocols and work toward clinical guidelines, if indicated by study findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skill usage data were analyzed for all LAS paramedics for 1995-96. All patients who were IV-cannulated and transported to three hospitals by LAS during March 1996 were identified. A panel of accident and emergency (A&E) and prehospital specialists judged each case for appropriateness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variation during the year was wide, with a range of 1 to 221 (mean 47) patients cannulated per paramedic, although the majority showed some consistency in frequency of skill usage. A sample of 183 cases was reviewed. The majority judged 149 (81.4%) to be appropriate, although there was considerable disagreement between reviewers (kappa = 0.43, p < 0.001). Data suggested that those paramedics who cannulate more frequently cannulated less appropriately during the study period (lowest 30%: 73.9% appropriate; highest 30%: 45.8% appropriate, p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite wide variation between paramedics, the panel judged overall appropriateness of cannulation to be high. The audit advisory group judged that new clinical guidelines might not achieve an improvement in practice and were not supported by study findings. It was recommended that variations be addressed through individual practice review.
authors.affiliation: London Ambulance Service NHS Trust, UK. h.a.snooks@swan.ac.uk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snooks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lees-Mlanga
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006113:United Kingdom