title: Increased formaldehyde in jet engine exhaust with changes to JP-8, lower temperature, and lower humidity irritates eyes and respiratory tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Formaldehyde (FA) in exhaust from F-4 aircraft with low smoke combustor(LSC) J79 engines has been reported to be of sufficient concentration to cause irritation. It has also been noted that eye and respiratory irritation became more frequent and severe after the fuel was changed from JP-4 to JP-8. The present sturdy investigated the effect of jet fuel and power setting on formaldehyde concentrations in the exhaust. We also investigated the exposure to formaldehyde among pilots and flight line personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  The exhaust from LSC J79 engines using different types of fuel (JP-8 and JP-4) was sampled 50 m behind the engine at different power settings in July (summer season in Japan) and February (winter season ). It was also sampled at 75% power settings using JP-8 in July.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At an idle power setting, the FA concentration was higher in the exhaust of engines using JP-8 (1.31 ppm in July and 2.78 ppm in February) than in engines using JP-4 (0.95 ppm in July and 1.84 ppm in February). The FA concentration increased as both ambient temperature and relative humility decreased in the sampling atmosphere. The FA concentration of JP-8 fuel at an idle power setting (65%) was higher than that at a 71.5% power setting (1.32 ppm and 0.86 ppm, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FA concentrations in LSCJ79 engine exhaust varies depending on the type of fuel, engine power settings, and ambient air conditions. A high FA concentration at ground level due to a change in the fuel type, low temperature, and humidity, causes frequent severe eye respiratory irritation.
authors.affiliation: Aeromedical Laboratory, Japan Air Self Defense Force, Tokyo. nf5a-kbys@asahi-net.or.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kikukawa
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D005123:Eye; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007509:Irritants; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012137:Respiratory System; D013696:Temperature; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D005557:Formaldehyde