title: Brain tumor surgery with the Toronto open magnetic resonance imaging system: preliminary results for 36 patients and analysis of advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frameless navigation systems represent a huge step forward in the surgical treatment of intracranial pathological conditions but lack the ability to provide real-time imaging feedback for assessment of postoperative results, such as catheter positions and the extent of tumor resections. An open magnetic resonance imaging system for intracranial surgery was developed in Toronto, by a multidisciplinary team, to provide real-time intraoperative imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The preliminary experience with a 0.2-T, vertical-gap, magnetic resonance imaging system for intraoperative imaging, which was developed at the University of Toronto for the surgical treatment of patients with intracranial lesions, is described. The system is known as the image-guided minimally invasive therapy unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between February 1998 and March 1999, 36 procedures were performed, including 21 tumor resections, 12 biopsies, 1 transsphenoidal endoscopic resection, and 2 catheter placements for Ommaya reservoirs. Three complications were observed. All biopsies were successful, and the surgical goals were achieved for all resections. Problems included restricted access resulting from the confines of the magnet and the imaging coil design, difficulties in working in an operating room that is less spacious and familiar, inconsistent image quality, and a lack of nonmagnetic tools that are as effective as standard neurosurgical tools. Advantages included real-time imaging to facilitate surgical planning, to confirm entry into lesions, and to assess the extent of resection and intraoperative and immediate postoperative imaging to confirm the extent of resections, catheter placement, and the absence of postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging has great potential as an aid for intracranial surgery, but a number of logistic problems require resolution.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Al-Anazi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kucharczyk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bronskill
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henkelman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D003199:Computer Systems; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome