title: Traditional intravaginal practices and the heterosexual transmission of disease: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review reports on the use and effects of traditional intravaginal substances and practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical and social science literature of the past 50 years regarding use and effects of traditional intravaginal substances and practices is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Traditional intravaginal practices have been described in 11 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, and also in Qatar, Indonesia, Thailand, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and the United States. Women's reasons for the practices include personal hygiene, disease prevention or treatment, and enhancement of sexual experience. Few studies document damage to the vaginal epithelium or changes in vaginal flora due to these practices. No prospective studies link these practices to disease transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The determination of how these practices affect disease transmission will require precise definition of independent variables, which is difficult because of the diversity of the practices. It is appropriate to search for intervening variables; specifically, the effects on the vaginal pH, flora, and epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Department Chogoria Hospital, Kenya.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D020010:Heterosexuality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D014621:Vagina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*