title: Visual loss from arterial steal in patients with maxillofacial arteriovenous malformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an arterial "steal" from the ophthalmic artery accounts for the ocular manifestations associated with maxillofacial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) outside the orbit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective noncomparative case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients with maxillofacial AVM who had been previously treated, unsuccessfully, with proximal ligation of the supplying external carotid artery branches were evaluated clinically and by superselective cerebral angiography. No cases had intraorbital arteriovenous shunting or abnormal venous drainage to the orbit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endovascular embolization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Signs and symptoms of ocular ischemia were correlated with findings on cerebral/orbital angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of seven patients had signs of ocular ischemia. By selective angiography, these four patients were found to have a significant ophthalmic artery supply to the AVM. In contrast, the three patients without signs of ocular ischemia had minimal or no ophthalmic artery supply to the AVM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the ophthalmic arterial blood supply is recruited, ophthalmic artery "steal" phenomenon occurs in patients with maxillofacial AVMs that do not directly involve the orbit. This mechanism appears to be the cause of ocular ischemia. It is possible that this "steal" is precipitated or worsened by previous surgical proximal ligation of external carotid arterial branches that are potential collaterals with the ophthalmic artery but fail to occlude the arteriovenous (AV) shunts.
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andracchi
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kupersmith
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Slakter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Setton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berenstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology*; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005123:Eye / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008438:Maxillary Artery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009884:Ophthalmodynamometry; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity