title: Multifocal neuroblastoma: biologic behavior and surgical aspects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although multifocal neuroblastoma is rare, its incidence has increased because of recent improvements in diagnostic tools and the introduction of mass screening. Among the 106 neuroblastoma cases treated at the authors' hospital between 1984 and 1998, 8 were multifocal neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors examined clinicopathologic findings and biologic features, including MYCN amplification, NTRK1 and Ha-ras p21 expression, cellular DNA content, and telomerase activity in these 8 multifocal neuroblastoma cases. Moreover, clinicopathologic findings were investigated with a review of 53 published cases of multiple neuroblastoma in the literature published in English between 1966 and 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these eight cases, five were detected by mass screening and three were incidental neuroblastomas. Histologically, all tumors were classified as ganglioneuroma or favorable neuroblastoma except one advanced case. All tumors lacked the MYCN gene amplification and expressed NTRAK1 mRNA and Ha-ras p21 protein. Cellular DNA content showed that half of these tumors were near-triploid, and the proliferative index (%S-phase) of all tumors was less than 25%. High telomerase activity was detected in none of these cases. Four patients underwent multistage operation and five patients with bilateral adrenal neuroblastomas underwent tumor enucleation to preserve adrenal function. Currently, all patients are disease free and none have required corticosteroid replacement therapy. Among the previously reported 53 cases with multifocal neuroblastoma, 25 were incidentally detected, 18 had familiar history, and most patients without other major complications also had extremely good prognoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that most multifocal neuroblastomas have favorable biologic features. Clinically, surgical approaches should be attempted to preserve organ function, especially adrenal function, and minimal invasive surgery should be performed. In cases of thoracoabdominal neuroblastoma, multistage surgery is effective and safe.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Hiroshima University, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: S i
authors.initials: Si
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D016259:Genes, myc / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010375:Pedigree; D011379:Prognosis; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics; D020917:Receptor, trkA / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D020917:Receptor, trkA; C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)