title: [Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on lower respiratory system of children under 5 years of age].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of second-hand smoke in the respiratory system of children under 5 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study of a total of 1,104 children under 5 years old. Information about respiratory symptoms and illness, family history of respiratory diseases, smoking habits of household members and housing conditions were assessed by home interviews with the children's parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 546 boys and 558 girls. Among 611 children exposed to second-hand smoke, 82% had respiratory problems (odds ratio = 1.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.21-2.20). Children whose parents were smokers at the time of the survey were more likely to experience wheezing than children of nonsmoking parents (odds ratio = 1.66; 95% confidence interval: 1.21-2.27), shortness of breath (odds ratio = 1.91; 95% confidence interval: 1. 36-2.67), morning and day time or night coughs (odds ratio = 1.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.28). The odds ratio for asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia was greater for children exposed to second-hand smoke (odds ratio = 1.60; 95% confidence interval: 1. 11-2.31).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal smoking, paternal smoking, family history of respiratory diseases, and housing conditions are considered risk factors for respiratory diseases in children.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. eanes@portalnet.com.br
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Macêdo
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Medeiros
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution