Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in smooth muscle cells by angiotensin II: involvement of p22phox and reactive oxygen species.
The atherogenic effect of the renin-angiotensin system can be explained, in part, by the influence of its effector, angiotensin II (Ang II), on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth. There is evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in the atherogenesis and activation of mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinases, which are involved in proliferation and differentiation. The study was performed to further characterize the role of ROS in Ang II-mediated MAP kinase activation and the regulation of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). Rat VSMCs were stimulated with Ang II. The activities of MAP kinases were assessed by Western blot analysis or by immunocomplex kinase assay. AP-1 binding was determined by using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Rat VSMCs were treated with Ang II-activated MAP kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK), and their downstream effector, AP-1. Interestingly, only the activation of ERK1/2, but not JNK or p38 MAPK, was tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C, and MEK1/2 dependent. Ang II also induced the rapid formation of ROS, which could be inhibited by a specific antibody as well as by antisense against the p22phox subunit of the NAD(P)H oxidase. JNK and p38 MAPK, but not ERK, activation was inhibited by an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase. Antisense against p22phox also solely inhibited p38 MAPK but did not affect ERK. The results indicate that in VSMCs, Ang II activates MAP kinases and AP-1 through different pathways; the results further suggest that ROS, generated by p22phox, mediate Ang II-induced JNK and p38 MAPK activation, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Viedt
C
C
Innere Medizin III, Universität Heidelberg, Germany.
Soto
U
U
Krieger-Brauer
H I
HI
Fei
J
J
Elsing
C
C
Kübler
W
W
Kreuzer
J
J
D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D015153:Blotting, Western; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology*; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D000804:Angiotensin II; D004247:DNA; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C086986:CYBA protein, human; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases