title: Caries-associated micro-organisms in infants from different socio-economic backgrounds in Scotland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were: (1) to compare the frequency of isolation of mutans streptococci, (Streptococcus mutans, Steptococcus sobrinus), lactobacilli and yeasts (caries-associated micro-organisms) in the saliva of 1-year-old infants with and without dental caries; and (2) to determine if socio-economic background influenced the frequency isolation of bacteria and caries status.
  
  
  METHODS
  1393 1-year-old consented infants, who comprised 70. 3% of children born in Dundee during a 1year period, had saliva samples taken (tongue-loop method) for microbiological culture and were examined for dental caries (d(1)-threshold: enamel and dentine diagnostic threshold). Thirty-nine infants were diagnosed with caries and the frequencies of isolation of caries-associated micro-organisms (and absolute microbial counts) were compared with infants who were caries-free. In addition, associations were sought between the infants' socio-economic background, the frequency of isolation of caries-associated micro-organisms and caries status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli and yeasts were isolated more frequently from those infants with caries compared to those who were caries-free (S. mutans: 29.7 vs 9.8%, P=0.0008; lactobacilli: 15.4 vs 4.3%, P=0.0073; yeasts: 23.7 vs 10.4%, P=0.0016-Fisher's exact test). There were no significant differences between the isolation frequencies of S. sobrinus (2.7 vs 1.3%, P=0.39) from those with and without caries. Significantly, more infants living in areas of high deprivation had caries compared to those from more affluent areas (DEPCAT 6 and 7 vs 1-5: 3.6 vs 1.9%, P=0.049), but, apart from yeasts, socio-economic background was not significantly associated with the isolation frequencies of any of the caries-associated micro-organisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In infants as young as 1year of age, salivary S. mutans, lactobacilli and yeasts but not S. sobrinus were isolated significantly more frequently from those with caries compared to those who were caries-free. Apart from yeasts, socio-economic background did not influence the frequency of isolation of caries-associated micro-organisms. However, infants living in areas of highest deprivation had significantly higher frequencies of caries compared to those from more affluent areas.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Adult Comprehensive Restorative Care, Dundee Dental Hospital and School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. john.radford@lineone.net
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Radford
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beighton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Longbottom
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Pitts
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000473:pathology; D003804:Dentin / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011203:Poverty; D012372:ROC Curve; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D012606:Scotland; D012923:Social Class; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology; D015003:Yeasts / Q000302:isolation & purification*