title: Arteries of the insula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The insula is located at the base of the sylvian fissure and is a potential site for pathological processes such as tumors and vascular malformations. Knowledge of insular anatomy and vascularization is essential to perform accurate microsurgical procedures in this region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arterial vascularization of the insula was studied in 20 human cadaver brains (40 hemispheres). The cerebral arteries were perfused with red latex to enhance their visibility, and they were dissected with the aid of an operating microscope. Arteries supplying the insula numbered an average of 96 (range 77-112). Their mean diameter measured 0.23 mm (range 0.1-0.8 mm), and the origin of each artery could be traced to the middle cerebral artery (MCA), predominantly the M2 segment. In 22 hemispheres (55%), one to six insular arteries arose from the M1 segment of the MCA and supplied the region of the limen insulae. In an additional 10 hemispheres (25%), one or two insular arteries arose from the M3 segment of the MCA and supplied the region of either the superior or inferior periinsular sulcus. The insular arteries primarily supply the insular cortex, extreme capsule, and, occasionally, the claustrum and external capsule, but not the putamen, globus pallidus, or internal capsule, which are vascularized by the lateral lenticulostriate arteries (LLAs). However, an average of 9.9 (range four-14) insular arteries in each hemisphere, mostly in the posterior insular region, were similar to perforating arteries and some of these supplied the corona radiata. Larger, more prominent insular arteries (insuloopercular arteries) were also observed (an average of 3.5 per hemisphere, range one-seven). These coursed across the surface of the insula and then looped laterally, extending branches to the medial surfaces of the opercula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete comprehension of the intricate vascularization patterns associated with the insula, as well as proficiency in insular anatomy, are prerequisites to accomplishing appropriate surgical planning and, ultimately, to completing successful exploration and removal of pathological lesions in this region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA. ugurture@turk.net
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Türe
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Yaşargil
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al-Mefty
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yaşargil
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000098:blood supply; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery; D002102:Cadaver; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000098:blood supply; D004210:Dissection; D005404:Fixatives; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007840:Latex; D008866:Microsurgery; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011699:Putamen / Q000098:blood supply; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D007840:Latex