title: Antibiotic prophylaxis in intensive care units: meta-analyses versus clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At least 7 meta-analyses (MA) have been published since 1991 on the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in Intensive care units (ICU) patients, but controversy still remains about the overall effectiveness and risk-benefits profile of the treatment. This paper aims to summarise available data on effectiveness and discuss reasons why the controversy is still open and possible directions for future research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of available published MA on the effectiveness of various regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis with particular emphasis on the results of the individual patient data analysis published in 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  MA or randomised control trials (RCTs), published and unpublished, conducted anywhere in the world.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unselected adult ICU populations included in studies, published and unpublished, comparing different forms of antibiotic prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) - however defined in individual studies - and total mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  General information from the 7 MAs published between 1991 and 1999 and detailed information from the MA published in the British Medical Journal in 1998 that reported data on 5727 patients enrolled in 33 RCTs; access to individual patients data could be obtained from 25 of 33 RCTs and allowed a confirmatory individual patient MA on 4343 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pooled estimates from 16 RCTs (including 3361 patients) testing the effect of the topical and systemic antibiotic combination indicates a significant reduction of both RTIs (OR=0.35, 95% CI=0.29-0.41) and total mortality (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.69-0.93). Five and 23 patients need to be treated to prevent one infection and one death, respectively, using this treatment. Pooled data from the 17 RCTs (including 2366 patients) testing the effect of a regimen based on topical antimicrobials indicated a statistically significant reduction in RTIs (OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.46-0.69) but not in total mortality (OR=1.01; 95% CI=0.84-1.22). Individual patient data analyses confirmed these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After over 30 RCTs and seven MAs, there is strong evidence that antibiotic prophylaxis can reduce both RTIs and total mortality in ICUs patients in a statistically and clinically significant way. Concerns about the possible occurrence of antimicrobial resistance are not supported by available data but cannot, at the same time, be ruled out due to methodologic inadequacies of the studies carried out so far. Whether new trials are needed, and how they should be designed to answer the question of the potential for antibiotic resistance following widespread use of the treatment, are now the main issues to be settled. Convening an international panel of clinical experts and methodologists could be appropriate, in order to explore the best way to resolve the controversy that seems to be preventing the widespread use of a treatment that the best analysis of available data now indicates is effective.
authors.affiliation: Italian Cochrane Centre, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, Italy. Cochrane@irfmn.mnegri.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liberati
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pifferi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Telaro
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016638:Critical Illness; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic