title: Dynamic assessment of abnormalities in central pain transmission and modulation in tension-type headache sufferers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine and compare central pain processing and modulation in young tension-type headache sufferers with that of matched healthy controls using an induced headache "challenge" paradigm.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent research has suggested that abnormalities in central pain processing and descending pain modulation may contribute to chronic tension-type headache. These abnormalities, if they contribute to headache pathogenesis, should be present in young adult tension-type headache sufferers. Recent research using static measures of physiological variables, such as muscle tenderness and exteroceptive suppression, has identified chronic muscle tenderness as a characteristic of young tension-type headache sufferers, but other central nervous system functional abnormalities may require a dynamic "challenge" to be observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four young women meeting the International Headache Society diagnostic criteria for tension-type headache (headache-prone) and a matched group of 24 healthy women who reported fewer than 10 problem headaches per year (control) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Subjects completed jaw clenching and a placebo condition on different days in counterbalanced order. Pericranial muscle tenderness, pressure-pain thresholds on the temporalis, and exteroceptive suppression periods were assessed before and after each procedure. Head pain was recorded for 12 to16 hours following each condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Headache-prone subjects were more likely than controls to experience headaches after both the jaw clenching and placebo procedures, but neither group was significantly more likely to experience headaches following jaw clenching than placebo. In pretreatment measurements, headache-prone subjects exhibited greater muscle tenderness than controls, but pressure-pain detection thresholds and exteroceptive suppression periods did not differ in the two groups. Control subjects showed increases in muscle tenderness and exteroceptive suppression periods following both the clenching and placebo procedures, whereas headache-prone subjects exhibited no significant changes in any of the physiological measures following either experimental manipulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm previous findings indicating abnormally high pericranial muscle tenderness in young tension headache sufferers even in the headache-free state. In addition, the results suggest that the development of headaches following noxious stimulation is more strongly related to headache proneness and associated abnormalities in central pain transmission or modulation (indexed by pericranial muscle tenderness and exteroceptive suppression responses) than muscle strain induced by jaw clenching.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Health Center, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Holroyd
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Lipchik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002012:Bruxism / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009132:Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*