title: Epstein-Barr virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, synovial fluid cells, and synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Different infectious agents have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the role of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in patients with RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera of 55 patients with RA and 60 age and sex matched healthy controls were examined for antibodies against EBV encoded antigens (EBNA-1, VCA, and EA) by ELISA. The presence of viral DNA was analyzed by polymerase chain amplification of DNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of these samples and from cells of synovial fluid (SF) specimens. Paraffin sections of synovial membranes from 25 patients were subjected to in situ hybridization analysis for the EBV encoded small RNA EBER1 and EBER2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-fold increased values of IgG antibodies against EBNA-1 were found in patients with RA in comparison to healthy controls (p = 0.029). No statistically significant difference could be observed for antibody levels against EBV-VCA. Fourteen (24.1%) of 55 patients with RA had serological evidence of reactivated EBV infection in comparison to none of the control group (p = 0.028). In PBMC, EBV DNA was detected in a significantly higher proportion in the patient group (50.9 vs. 30%; p = 0.02). In addition, SF cells harbored the viral DNA in 30% of RA cases compared to 16.6% of control cases (p = 0.02). However, EBER1/2 transcripts could only be found within synovial membranes of 2 (8%) of 25 patients with RA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that EBV infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RA. Further studies may define the precise pathogenetic mechanisms of viral infection for the development of inflammatory arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Goettingen, Germany. sblasch@gwdg.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blaschke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moneke
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reuss-Borst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens; C041788:Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen; C033305:Epstein-Barr virus early antigen; C099537:Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA 1; C106732:Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA 2; D012367:RNA, Viral