title: Keratin 20 is a specific marker of submicroscopic lymph node metastases in colorectal cancer: validation by K-RAS mutations.
abstract: Lymph node status has major prognostic importance in colorectal cancer and greater precision in the diagnosis of lymph node metastases should provide better prognostic and therapeutic guidance. Keratin 20 (K20) gene expression has been used as a marker of lymph node metastases, but the evidence for this remains circumstantial. This study has therefore sought to determine K20 specificity and to correlate K20 expression with mutant K-RAS expression, in order to provide direct evidence that K20 expression in lymph nodes of colorectal cancer patients genuinely reflects metastatic disease. Specificity of K20 expression was established against a range of tissue types and 289 lymph nodes from 41 non-cancer control patients. K20 expression was restricted to gastrointestinal epithelia and was only present in one of the 289 control lymph nodes, giving a calculated specificity of 97.6% (95% confidence limits: 87.1-99.9%). Forty-two tumour samples were analysed for the presence of K-RAS codon 12 gene mutations using a RT-PCR mutant allele-specific amplification (MASA) technique. Thirteen tumours (31%) had codon 12 mutations detected by MASA and these were further analysed to determine the exact nature of the mutation. MASA was then used to screen the lymph nodes from these patients for the presence of the tumour-specific K-RAS transcript and the results were compared with K20 RT-PCR and histopathology from the same samples. Whilst K-RAS MASA was not as sensitive as K20 RT-PCR, there was substantial agreement between the assays. There were no K20-negative lymph nodes which were found to be K-RAS MASA-positive, whereas seven nodes in four patients were K20-positive and K-RAS-negative, in keeping with the differences in assay sensitivity. These results further validate K20 as a marker by providing greater certainty that what is being detected represents occult metastatic disease.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand. han-seung.yoon@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Merrie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McCall
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053554:Keratin-20; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; C507499:KRT20 protein, human; D053554:Keratin-20; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins