title: Augmentation of immune responses to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines by IL-2/Ig plasmid administration in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: The potential utility of plasmid DNA as an HIV-1 vaccination modality currently is an area of active investigation. However, recent studies have raised doubts as to whether plasmid DNA alone will elicit immune responses of sufficient magnitude to protect against pathogenic AIDS virus challenges. We therefore investigated whether DNA vaccine-elicited immune responses in rhesus monkeys could be augmented by using either an IL-2/Ig fusion protein or a plasmid expressing IL-2/Ig. Sixteen monkeys, divided into four experimental groups, were immunized with (i) sham plasmid, (ii) HIV-1 Env 89.6P and simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 Gag DNA vaccines alone, (iii) these DNA vaccines and IL-2/Ig protein, or (iv) these DNA vaccines and IL-2/Ig plasmid. The administration of both IL-2/Ig protein and IL-2/Ig plasmid induced a significant and sustained in vivo activation of peripheral T cells in the vaccinated monkeys. The monkeys that received IL-2/Ig plasmid generated 30-fold higher Env-specific antibody titers and 5-fold higher Gag-specific, tetramer-positive CD8+ T cell levels than the monkeys receiving the DNA vaccines alone. IL-2/Ig protein also augmented the vaccine-elicited immune responses, but less effectively than IL-2/Ig plasmid. Augmentation of the immune responses by IL-2/Ig was evident after the primary immunization and increased with subsequent boost immunizations. These results demonstrate that the administration of IL-2/Ig plasmid can substantially augment vaccine-elicited humoral and cellular immune responses in higher primates.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Barouch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Craiu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: X X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santra
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Krivulka
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lifton
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Crabbs
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heidecker
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nickerson
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Steenbeke
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Montefiori
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shiver
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Letvin
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000276:immunology; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D010957:Plasmids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015686:Gene Products, env; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D019444:Vaccines, DNA