title: Discontinuation of prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex disease in HIV-infected patients who have a response to antiretroviral therapy. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS.
abstract: Several agents are effective in preventing Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, there is uncertainty about whether prophylaxis should be continued in patients whose CD4+ cell counts have increased substantially with antiviral therapy.
  
  
  
  We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial of treatment with azithromycin (1200 mg weekly) as compared with placebo in HIV-infected patients whose CD4+ cell counts had increased from less than 50 to more than 100 per cubic millimeter in response to antiretroviral therapy. The primary end point was M. avium complex disease or bacterial pneumonia.
  
  
  
  A total of 520 patients entered the study; the median CD4+ cell count at entry was 230 per cubic millimeter. In 48 percent of the patients, the HIV RNA value was below the level of quantification. The median prior nadir CD4+ cell count was 23 per cubic millimeter, and 65 percent of the patients had had an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illness. During follow-up over a median period of 12 months, there were no episodes of confirmed M. avium complex disease in either group (95 percent confidence interval for the rate of disease in each group, 0 to 1.5 episodes per 100 person-years). Three patients in the azithromycin group (1.2 percent) and five in the placebo group (1.9 percent) had bacterial pneumonia (relative risk in the azithromycin group, 0.60; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.14 to 2.50; P=0.48). Neither the rate of progression of HIV disease nor the mortality rate differed significantly between the two groups. Adverse effects led to discontinuation of the study drug in 19 patients assigned to receive azithromycin (7.4 percent) and in 3 assigned to receive placebo (1.1 percent; relative risk, 6.6; P=0.002).
  
  
  
  Azithromycin prophylaxis can safely be withheld in HIV-infected patients whose CD4+ cell counts have increased to more than 100 cells per cubic millimeter in response to antiretroviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Harlem Hospital Center and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10037, USA. wme1@columbia.edu
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Matts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hafner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zeh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mannheimer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gordin
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000009:adverse effects; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015270:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017963:Azithromycin