title: HIV infection and risk behaviors in two cross-sectional surveys of heterosexuals in alcoholism treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and high-risk behaviors among heterosexuals in alcoholism treatment, comparing two cross-sectional surveys completed 2 to 3 years apart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of entrants to alcoholism treatment clinics were recruited, between October 1990 and December 1991 (n = 860; 639 men) and between January 1993 and March 1994 (n = 752; 520 men). Participants underwent a structured interview including an assessment of demographics. substance abuse characteristics and sexual behaviors, as well as serotesting for HIV antibodies. Associations were examined between HIV serostatus and several factors, including demographic variables, substance use and high-risk sexual behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall HIV seroprevalence in the first and second samples was 5% (95% CI: 3-6%) and 5% (95% CI: 3-7%). When the two samples were compared, there were no significant differences in prevalence of HIV infection by categories of gender, race, income and most other demographic characteristics within either sample: history of injection drug use (IDU) was significantly related to HIV serostatus in both samples. Unsafe sexual practices were common in both samples. When samples were combined, those 30 years of age or older were more likely to be HIV infected, and men and women with no reported history of IDU still had an HIV prevalence of 3% and 2%, respectively. More than half of the respondents had two or more partners in the previous 6 months and reported a history of a sexually transmitted disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no change in the substantial prevalence of HIV infection and high-risk behavior among heterosexual clients entering alcoholism treatment programs over the 3.5-year study period. The HIV prevalence among non-IDU clients remained several times higher than published estimates from similar community-based heterosexual samples. These data reinforce the concept that heterosexual noninjection drug users are at high risk for HIV and may benefit from intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco 94105, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lindan
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hudes
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Boscarino
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Avins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000635:transmission; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*