title: Neurotransmitter-mediated control of neuronal firing in the red nucleus of the rat: reciprocal modulation between noradrenaline and GABA.
abstract: The electrical activity of neurons from the red nucleus, a mesencephalic structure involved in motor control, is under the influence of several neurotransmitters released from afferent fibers and/or from local interneurons. We have investigated the combined effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and noradrenaline (NA), both present at high levels in the red nucleus, on the firing activity of single rubral neurons recorded extracellularly in vivo on anesthetized adult rats. NA inhibited the firing activity of a large part of rubral neurons and induced excitatory or biphasic inhibitory/excitatory effects in a smaller group of cells. Neuronal firing was also inhibited by GABA in all the cells studied. When the effect of GABA was tested during continuous applications of NA, the magnitude of GABA response was modified in 58% of the cells: the effect of GABA was potentiated by NA in half of the responding neurons and was decreased in the remaining half. NA-induced potentiation of GABA response was mimicked by the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine and was abolished by the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. On the other side, the decrease of GABA response was reproduced by the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline and was blocked by timolol, an antagonist of beta-adrenoceptors. Neuronal firing activity was reduced by nipecotic acid, an inhibitor of GABA reuptake mechanism, and was instead increased during application of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline, suggesting that rubral neurons in vivo were under tonic control by endogenous GABA. Both the inhibitory and the excitatory effects of NA were reduced in the presence of nipecotic acid and were instead potentiated during application of bicuculline, suggesting that NA responses were modified by endogenous GABA. Taken together, our results indicate a reciprocal modulation between the effects of GABA and NA on neuronal firing activity in the red nucleus of the rat: GABA depresses the responsiveness of rubral neurons to NA, whereas NA is able either to potentiate or to decrease the effects of GABA by activation of alpha(2)- and beta-adrenoceptors, respectively. The functional significance of such interaction, as well as the possible implication in diseases affecting motor control, will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, Catania, I-95125, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ciranna
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Licata
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li Volsi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santangelo
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000494:pharmacology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D007478:Iontophoresis; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009557:Nipecotic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012012:Red Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013999:Timolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D009557:Nipecotic Acids; D015016:Yohimbine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D013999:Timolol; D007545:Isoproterenol; D003000:Clonidine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D001640:Bicuculline