title: Interference of pain control employing opioids in in vivo immunological experiments.
abstract: Pain control (PC) in laboratory animals is supported by ethical as well as methodological considerations, aimed at preventing an interfering reduction in food and water intake and normalizing stress hormone levels. However, little is known about the immunomodulatory attributes of analgesics, which putatively prevents the routine implementation of PC in immunological research. In an established murine model of endotoxemia we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of common clinical analgesics (the opioids fentanyl and buprenorphine). Additionally, a literature study was conducted to investigate the frequency of PC in laboratory animals used for immunological experimentation. In line with various reports, we observed interactions between the opioid analgesics and the immune system that altered the outcome of performed in vivo immunological experiments. Of 100 evaluated publications, none mentioned the use of PC, indicating its uncommon implementation. In conclusion, more studies on the interactions between the immune system and analgesics are needed to establish better criteria for adequate implementation. Finally, we propose that methodological sections in scientific journals should clearly document whether or not PC was employed. If PC is not used, the reason for not using it should be stated.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Piersma
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Daemen
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bogaard
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buurman
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002047:Buprenorphine; D005283:Fentanyl