title: Withdrawal syndromes.
abstract: The pathophysiology of substance withdrawal is elucidated by a review of classic and cutting-edge research. The manifestation and evaluation of the associated withdrawal syndromes from ethanol, sedative-hypnotics, opioids, and baclofen, are compared. The general management of and pharmacotherapy for these patients are discussed.
authors.affiliation: New York City Poison Control Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olmedo
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000430:Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects; D001418:Baclofen / Q000009:adverse effects; D004630:Emergencies; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000009:adverse effects; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000009:adverse effects; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D000431:Ethanol; D012978:Sodium Oxybate; D001418:Baclofen