title: The importance of osmolality for intermittent catheterization of the urethra.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The urethral trauma after catheterization with intermittent catheters was studied histologically using unconscious rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed at Astra Hässle, Mölndal, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen rabbits were randomized into five groups (three rabbits in each group), one control group and four groups catheterized with four different LoFric catheters (Astra Tech, Mölndal, Sweden): (1) control (not catheterized); (2) salt coated (i.e. high osmolality catheters) with drainage eyes; (3) without salt (i.e. low osmolality catheters) and with eyes; (4) with salt coating but without drainage eyes; and (5) without neither salt coating nor drainage eyes. The urethral injuries were evaluated using a four graded histological scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that salt coated LoFric catheters gave less urethral trauma than LoFric catheters without salt. This was also supported by the significantly lower removal friction measured during withdrawal of the high osmolality catheters. No significant differences either in removal friction or in urethral trauma could be observed between LoFric catheters with or without drainage eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be concluded that osmolality is one important factor (there might be others, like e.g. water binding ability) when comparing different hydrophilic catheters, in regards to removal friction and urethral trauma. Furthermore it is suggested that there is no difference in urethral trauma between catheters with eyes or without eyes. To minimize the risk of urethral trauma, high osmolality catheters are recommended, especially when the catheterization times are a few minutes or more.
authors.affiliation: Astra Hässle, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Israelsson
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013997:Time Factors; D014521:Urethra / Q000293:injuries; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D012965:Sodium Chloride