title: Adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis: relation to subtypes of disease and methylprednisolone therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine levels of adhesion molecules in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with different subtypes and activities of multiple sclerosis (MS) and to assess the effect of intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment on the levels of soluble adhesion molecules.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expressions of very late activation antigen 4 (VLA-4), lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were determined immunocytochemically, and levels of soluble VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin, by means of enzyme immunoassay technique. The volumes of T2- and T1-weighted MS plaques and brain atrophy were determined by means of the semiautomatic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital in Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred subjects (71 patients with MS and 29 healthy control subjects). The subtypes of MS were relapsing-remitting (RRMS [n = 26]), secondary progressive (SPMS [n = 20]), and primary progressive (PPMS [n = 25]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with RRMS and SPMS, the expressions of VLA-4 and LFA-1 on immune cells from blood were at least 1.5- to 3-fold higher than in controls (RRMS, P = .002 and P<.001, respectively; SPMS, P = .03 and P =.001, respectively). In RRMS, LFA-1 and ICAM-1 expression in blood was more up-regulated than in SPMS (P = .03 and P = .01, respectively). The expressions of adhesion molecules on CSF lymphocytes in RRMS and SPMS were of similar magnitude, but the proportions of CSF VLA-4- and LFA-1-expressing lymphocytes were 3- to 4-fold higher than in controls (P = .04 and P = .008, respectively). The levels of serum soluble VCAM-1 were higher in SPMS than in RRMS (P = .005) or PPMS (P = .04). Intravenous methylprednisolone treatment of patients with RRMS in exacerbation caused a significant reduction in the serum levels of soluble VCAM-1 and E-selectin (P<.001). In SPMS, the volumes of T2-weighted plaques correlated with the serum level of soluble ICAM-1 (r = 0.64; P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Up-regulated adhesion molecules in blood and CSF indicate sustained potential for inflammation in the CNS throughout the clinical spectrum of MS. Therapies interfering with cell adhesion may be of key importance in suppressing MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland. IElovaara@tays.fi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elovaara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ukkonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leppäkynnäs
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luomala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peltola
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dastidar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D039041:Integrin alpha4beta1; D016023:Integrins / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016169:Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008776:Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016201:Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; D039041:Integrin alpha4beta1; D016023:Integrins; D016169:Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1; D016201:Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D008776:Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate; D005682:Gadolinium