title: Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A natural cofactor of mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes and a potent antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid improves glucose metabolism in people with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and in animal models of diabetes. In this study we investigated the cellular mechanism of action of alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 2.5 mmol/l R (+) alpha-lipoic acid for 2 to 60 min, followed by assays of: 2-deoxyglucose uptake; glucose transporter 1 and 4 (GLUT1 and GLUT4) subcellular localization; tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor or of the insulin receptor substrate-1 in cell lysates; association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity with immunoprecipitates of proteins containing phosphotyrosine or of insulin receptor substrate-1 using a in vitro kinase assay; association of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with phosphotyrosine proteins or with insulin receptor substrate-1; and in vitro activity of immunoprecipitated Akt1. The effect of R (+) alpha-lipoic acid was also compared with that of S(-) alpha-lipoic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-term treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with R (+) alpha-lipoic acid rapidly stimulated glucose uptake in a wortmannin-sensitive manner, induced a redistribution of GLUT1 and GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, caused tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and of the insulin receptor, increased the antiphosphotyrosine-associated and insulin receptor substrate-1 associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and stimulated Akt activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that R (+) alpha-lipoic acid directly activates lipid, tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases in target cells, which could lead to the stimulation of glucose uptake induced by this natural cofactor. These properties are unique among all agents currently used to lower glycaemia in animals and humans with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaworsky
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Somwar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramlal
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tritschler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klip
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D051379:Mice; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005947:Glucose; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D014443:Tyrosine; D000077191:Wortmannin; C526292:IRS1 protein, human; C526295:Irs1 protein, mouse; C495678:Slc2a1 protein, mouse; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse