title: Clinical efficacy and safety of the orally inhaled neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenza: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled European study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of orally inhaled zanamivir in the treatment of influenza in a European primary care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in primary care and hospital clinics in 11 European countries. Patients aged > or = 12 years were recruited within 2 days of onset of typical influenza symptoms and received orally inhaled zanamivir 10 mg via a Diskhaler twice daily for 5 days or matching placebo. Influenza symptoms and temperature were recorded daily for 14 days. The primary endpoint was time to alleviation of clinically significant symptoms of influenza. Other endpoints included symptom severity, use of relief medications, time to return to normal activities, complications and investigator's assessment of symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 356 patients were recruited; 277 (78%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza and 32 (9%) were considered high-risk (i.e. elderly or with underlying medical conditions). Zanamivir significantly reduced the time to alleviation of symptoms versus placebo (median 5 days versus 7.5 days, P<0.001), a 33% reduction in duration of illness. Zanamivir significantly reduced the severity of several symptoms; improvements versus placebo were discernible after approximately 24 h. The proportion of patients who were afebrile after 24 h increased by 46% versus placebo. Similar treatment benefits were observed in the high-risk patients. Zanamivir was well tolerated, with an adverse event profile similar to that of placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zanamivir is effective in reducing the duration and severity of influenza illness and is well tolerated. Zanamivir should therefore be a clinically valuable intervention in the management of influenza.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pauksens
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rostila
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: O N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006146:Guanidines; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus; D009981:Influenza B virus; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011714:Pyrans; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D053243:Zanamivir
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D011714:Pyrans; D012794:Sialic Acids; D009439:Neuraminidase; D053243:Zanamivir