title: Seasonal and biological variation of blood concentrations of total cholesterol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, hemoglobin A(1c), IgA, prolactin, and free testosterone in healthy women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concentrations of physiological response variables fluctuate over time. The present study describes within-day and seasonal fluctuations for total cholesterol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)), IgA, prolactin, and free testosterone in blood, and estimates within- (CV(i)) and between-subject (CV(g)) CVs for healthy women. In addition, the index of individuality, prediction intervals, and power calculations were derived.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21 healthy female subjects participated in the study. Using a random effects analysis of variance, we estimated CV(g) and total within-subject variation (CV(ti)), i.e., the combined within-subject and analytical variation, from logarithmically transformed data. Analytical variation was subtracted from CV(ti) to give CV(i). CV(i) was estimated from samples taken monthly during 1 year (CV(iy)), weekly during 1 month (CV(im)), and six times within 1 day (CV(id)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cyclic seasonal variation was demonstrated for total cholesterol, DHEA-S, HbA(1c), prolactin, and free testosterone. Within-day variation was shown for prolactin and free testosterone. The overall mean values for the group and the variability (CV(iy) and CV(g)) were: 5.1 mmol/L, 13% [corrected], and 12% [corrected] for total cholesterol; 6.6 micromol/L, 20% [corrected], and 49% [corrected] for DHEA-S; 30% [corrected], 7.0% [corrected], and 7.5% [corrected] for HbA(1c)/hemoglobin(total); 2.1 g/L, 5.9%, and 13% for IgA; 136 mIU/L, 58% [corrected], and 63% [corrected] for prolactin; and 5.4 pmol/L, 55% [corrected], and 68% [corrected] for free testosterone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collecting samples at specific hours of the day or times of the year may reduce high biological variation. Alternatively, the number of individuals may be increased and a paired study design chosen to obtain adequate statistical power.
authors.affiliation: Referencelaboratory, National Institute of Occupational Health, Lerso Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen N, Denmark. ahg@ami.dk
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Garde
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Skovgaard
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D012621:Seasons; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D011388:Prolactin; D013739:Testosterone