title: Scientific, ethical, and logistical considerations in introducing a new operation: a retrospective cohort study from paediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the initial impact on mortality of infants with congenital heart disease of a new surgical technique that is now taken for granted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary paediatric cardiology centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  325 consecutive neonates with simple transposition of the great arteries admitted before, during, and after the preferred management changed from the Senning operation to the arterial switch (1978-98); and 100 consecutive neonates requiring a different neonatal open heart operation that did not change in that period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality before and early after operation reconstructed sequentially as the series evolved and retrospectively once the series was complete; actuarial survival associated with the different treatment strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both the transposition and the comparison group, early mortality in 1998 was lower than in 1978. During that period, however, there was a phase temporally related to the adoption of the switch operation in which early mortality for transposition increased. Actuarial survival of recent patients with "intention to treat" with arterial switch is superior to those with intention to treat with the Senning operation, as predicted when the switch operation was first adopted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A period of increased hazard for individual patients may occur when a specialist community, a particular unit, and an individual surgeon are all learning a new technique concurrently. Obtaining informed consent during this time of uncertainty is helped by clarity about the objectives of treatment and availability of relevant local and international data.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH. C.Bull@gosh-tr.nthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deanfield
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Leval
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006285:Health Planning; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*