title: Early and intermediate outcomes after repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries: experience with 85 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and major aortopulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) is a complex lesion with marked heterogeneity of pulmonary blood supply. Traditional management has involved staged unifocalization of pulmonary blood supply. Our approach has been to perform early 1-stage complete unifocalization in almost all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since 1992, 85 patients with pulmonary atresia, VSD, and MAPCAs have undergone unifocalization (median age, 7 months). Complete 1-stage unifocalization and intracardiac repair were performed through a midline approach in 56 patients, whereas 23 underwent unifocalization in a single stage with the VSD left open, and 6 underwent staged unifocalization through sequential thoracotomies. There were 9 early deaths. During follow-up (1 to 69 months), there were 7 late deaths. Actuarial survival was 80% at 3 years. Among early survivors, actuarial survival with complete repair was 88% at 2 years. Reintervention on the neo-pulmonary arteries was performed in 24 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early 1-stage complete unifocalization can be performed in >90% of patients with pulmonary atresia and MAPCAs, even those with absent true pulmonary arteries, and yields good functional results. Complete repair during the same operation is achieved in two thirds of patients. There remains room for improvement; actuarial survival 3 years after surgery is 80%, and there is a significant rate of reintervention. These results must be appreciated within the context of the natural history of this lesion: 65% of patients survive to 1 year of age and slightly >50% survive to 2 years even with surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0118, USA.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Teitel
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome