title: Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone under non-fasting conditions in healthy male volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single and multiple oral doses of ziprasidone in healthy male volunteers, and to determine the influence of ziprasidone on serum prolactin levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single and multiple doses of ziprasidone were given orally (as two divided daily doses), at fixed dosages of 10 and 40 mg day(-1), and using titrated regimens of 40-80 and 40-120 mg day(-1), for 14 days. All dosages were taken immediately after food. The study adopted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Prolactin response, sedative properties, tolerability, and extrapyramidal symptoms were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Steady-state exposure to ziprasidone was attained after 1 day of dosing. Mean Cmax and AUC(0,12 h) increased with increasing dose, with apparent dose-proportionality between the 20 and 60 mg dose levels. Trough-to-peak ratios at steady state ranged from 2 to 5. Accumulation ratios for the fixed-dose regimens were 1.49 and 1.48 at the 5 and 20 mg dose levels, respectively. Ziprasidone was associated with transient prolactin elevation but levels of prolactin returned to baseline within the dosing interval at steady state. There was a marginal, transient increase in serum prolactin levels which was not dose-related at the 80 and 120 mg day(-1) doses, and which was noted to attenuate with chronic dosing. Ziprasidone was generally well tolerated. The most frequent side-effect was mild or moderate headache. A minority of patients suffered first-dose postural hypotension. Ziprasidone was also associated with a mild sedative effect that became less pronounced as treatment continued. There were no drug-related changes in electrocardiogram or clinical laboratory variables that were of clinical importance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ziprasidone is characterized by a predictable pharmacokinetic profile resulting in symptoms that reflect its pharmacological action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miceli
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wilner
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Apseloff
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C092292:ziprasidone; D011388:Prolactin