title: Low intensity vagal nerve stimulation lowers human thermal pain thresholds.
abstract: The effect of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) on thermal pain sensation was studied in eight subjects who had vagal nerve stimulators surgically implanted for purposes of seizure control. Prior to their involvement in the study, all subjects had the intensity of their VNS (30 Hz, 0.5 ms, 1.0-2.75 mA) adjusted upwards until achieving their desired clinical effect of reduced seizures. Thermal pain thresholds were determined using a Medoc TSA-2001 with a thermode applied to the skin of the forearm. During VNS at settings 100% of those used clinically to control their seizures, subjects showed a statistically significant decrease in their thermal pain threshold of 1.1+/-0.4 degrees C. Acute effects of graded VNS on thermal pain thresholds were determined in seven of the subjects after cessation of chronic VNS. Two thermal threshold measurements were obtained while the subject received sham stimulation (0 mA intensity), during tactile control stimulation and during 30 s of VNS at intensities approximately 33, 66 and 100% of the settings utilized to control their seizures. Tactile control stimulation was provided by electrical stimulation of the skin of the ankle with the intensity adjusted by the patient to match the intensity of any sensations felt in the neck during VNS. Subjects were not aware of the settings employed. Their stimulator was adjusted with each trial and an ascending/descending ordering of intensity was utilized with an inter-trial interval of 2 min. Thermal pain thresholds were significantly decreased in relation to tactile control stimulation at all intensities of VNS tested with the greatest effect occurring at the 66% level. Subjects were also monitored non-invasively and hemodynamic responses to VNS were determined. No significant alterations in hemodynamic variables were observed. The findings of this human study are consistent with experiments in non-human animals which demonstrate a pro-nociceptive effect of low intensity VNS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, ZRB 940, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35233, USA. tin.ness@ccc.uab.edu
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Fillingim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Randich
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Backensto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faught
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*