title: The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of a near-physiological peripheral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) infusion, during and after a breakfast of fixed energy content, on resting energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and metabolism and the desire to eat specific types of food in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded, cross-over study. Infusion (GLP-1, 50 pmol/kg x h or saline) was started simultaneously with initiation of the test meals.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 healthy, normal weight (body mass index 20.3-25.7 kg/m2) men of 20-31 y of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Energy expenditure and substrate oxidations were measured before and for 4 h after standard breakfast (20% of calculated daily energy requirements, 50% of energy from carbohydrates, 37% of energy from fat and 13% of energy from protein) using a ventilated hood system. Visual analogue scales were used throughout the experiment to assess the desire to eat specific types of food and the palatability of the test meals. Blood was sampled throughout the day for analysis of plasma hormone and substrate concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was lower (47%) on the GLP-1 infusion than on the saline infusion (P < 0.0001). This was due to a lower carbohydrate oxidation (P < 0.01). No differences in fat oxidation or total 4 h protein oxidation were observed. All hormone and substrate profiles except non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were significantly suppressed (GLP-2 completely suppressed) during the GLP-1 infusion, whereas profiles of NEFA and CCK differed in time course during the two treatments (treatment x time effect), P < 0.0001). GLP-1 infusion also suppressed the desire to eat all food types following the breakfast (treatment effect: P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral GLP-1 decreased DIT and carbohydrate oxidation, probably secondary to a delayed absorption of nutrients, since substrate and hormone concentrations in plasma were suppressed during GLP-1 infusion. Endogenous secretion of GLP-1 and GLP-2 was completely suppressed by GLP-1 infusion. Finally, the desire to eat any type of food was decreased by exogenous administrated GLP-1.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Human Nutrition, Center for Food Research, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. afl@kvl.dk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rehfeld
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005502:Food; D005934:Glucagon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010919:Placebos; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010919:Placebos; D011498:Protein Precursors; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D002766:Cholecystokinin