title: Anterior urethral valves: a rare cause of infravesical obstruction in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to report the clinical presentation, mode of diagnosis, and treatment of patients with anterior urethral valves (AUV), a rare congenital anomaly causing infravesical obstruction in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with anterior urethral valves were admitted in the Pediatric Urology Unit at The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, during the period 1997 through 1998. Main clinical features included difficulty in voiding, dribbling of urine, incontinence, poor urinary stream, hematuria, and urinary tract infections. The diagnosis was confirmed by voiding cysto-urethrogram (VCUG) in 2 patients and retrograde urethrogram in 1 patient. A total of 4 valves were found; 1 patient had 2 valves. Two patients had associated vesico-ureteric reflux. Endoscopic resection was performed in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperatively, all patients were able to pass urine with good stream. At 9 to 24 months' follow-up, all patients remain well and asymptomatic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although rare, AUV must be considered in the differential diagnosis of lower urinary tract obstruction. They present with all degrees of severity depending on the age of patient and the degree of obstruction. A properly performed and carefully interpreted VCUG is essential for diagnosis. Transurethral resection is the treatment of choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zia-ul-Miraj
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications