title: Bleach sedimentation method for increased sensitivity of sputum smear microscopy: does it work?
abstract: METHODS
  A non-governmental organisation (NGO) supported tuberculosis control programme in Bangladesh with good smear microscopy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether bleach sedimentation method increases the sensitivity of sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and if so, how.
  
  
  METHODS
  Duplicate smears from successive routine specimens, peripheral centres examining direct smears, and blind examination of bleach sediment smears at central laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When all 3,287 sputum samples were examined in duplicate and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease cut-off for positivity was applied, more positives were not found by bleach sedimentation. Using the much lower American Thoracic Society (ATS) threshold, the percentage positives rose slightly from 15.5% for direct smear to 16.6% after bleach. The gain was more evident when suspect examinations only were taken into consideration, as bleach missed many positives identified by direct follow-up smear. When patients rather than individual smears were counted, more suspects were detected by bleach (10% gain on average), but with considerable variation between the centres (range 6-16%). To arrive at this gain, the ATS cut-off was used, with corrections for false results. Under routine conditions, however, this threshold is too low in view of possible transfer of AFB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bleach sedimentation can increase the diagnostic yield, but only to a minor extent if all other factors have been optimised already; it is not a panacea. Precautions against false negatives as well as false positives should be taken, and the additional workload is not negligible.
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium. avdeun@microbiol.itg.be
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Deun
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Maug
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cooreman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chambuganj
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rema
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marandi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawria
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Portaels
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001459:Bangladesh; D015982:Bias; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite