title: Effect of aging on the incidence of digoxin toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship of the therapeutic serum digoxin concentration (SDC) range (0.5-2 ng/mL, as recommended in previous clinical studies) with the incidence of digoxin toxicity during digoxin maintenance therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included all inpatients (n = 462) and outpatients (n = 437) receiving digoxin oral maintenance therapy for heart failure and/or atrial fibrillation with tachycardia at Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Japan. SDC and blood chemistry analysis were determined, and a 24-hour Holter electrocardiographic recording was performed when the SDC was at the presumed steady-state concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of clinical data showed that there was an overlapping (toxic and nontoxic) range of SDCs in which the incidence of digoxin toxicity was patient-dependent (1.4-2.9 ng/mL). No patient exhibited signs or symptoms of digoxin toxicity when the SDC was <1.4 ng/mL; all patients had evidence of toxicity when the SDC was >3 ng/mL. Additionally, it was shown that the concentration range of this overlapping range tended to broaden and shift to lower concentrations with increasing age. Patients with signs of toxicity when their SDCs were in the overlapping range had normal serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, digoxin clearance, creatinine clearance, and potassium concentrations, except for a significantly higher mean age than patients without toxicity. The incidence of digoxin toxicity was dependent on increasing age in patients whose SDCs were within the recommended therapeutic range. Moreover, clinical evidence of digoxin toxicity in patients >71 years old was 26.5%, despite their SDCs falling between 1.4 and 2 ng/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased age is most likely associated with enhanced susceptibility to digoxin toxicity, possibly due to unknown pharmacodynamic changes. This raises the possibility that patients >71 years show clinical evidence of digoxin toxicity despite having SDCs within the recommended therapeutic range.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Japan. miura@kosei.anjo.aichi.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takatsu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D004077:Digoxin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004077:Digoxin