title: Is heavy alcohol consumption an attributable risk factor for cancer-related deaths among Japanese men?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past four decades, per capita alcohol consumption in Japan has increased 4-fold. Age-adjusted cirrhosis mortality rates for men have also increased, whereas the rates for women have declined gradually. This widening difference in mortality could be due to a decreasing prevalence of viral hepatitis infection for both sexes and to differences in alcohol consumption between the sexes. Difficulties in estimating the impact of increased alcohol consumption on mortality rates in Japan also arise from changes in the prevalence of non-alcohol-related risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure the relative contribution of alcohol to death from cirrhosis, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, and head and neck cancer among Japanese men, we used the mortality rate for Japanese women as the standard because alcohol consumption for women has been low. We used published vital statistics data from 1992 to 1996 to calculate the attributable risk percent (ARP) in 5-year cohorts of Japanese men age 20 and older.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among Japanese men, heavy alcohol consumption accounted for 70.7% of deaths due to cirrhosis, 76.8% of liver cancer deaths, 88.5% of esophageal cancer deaths, and 87.4% of head and neck cancer deaths. When we examined ARPs by age group, ARPs for these four diseases were approximately 80% in the middle age groups. However, for older groups, the ARPs for cirrhosis and liver cancer were much lower than those for esophageal cancer and head and neck cancer. The prevalence of previous hepatitis C virus infection, considered to be the major cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer, increased with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support previous epidemiologic studies conducted in Japan. Heavy alcohol consumption is a major public health problem among younger Japanese men, accounting for approximately 80% of the deaths for the four diseases examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Kanazawa University, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makimoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higuchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000401:mortality; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors