title: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is required for the switch to the angiogenic phenotype in a tumor model.
abstract: Among the earliest and most important stages during tumorigenesis is the activation of the angiogenic process, an event that is termed the "switch to the angiogenic phenotype." We have developed an in vivo system that can reliably recapitulate the stages in tumor development that represent this transition. Using this model, we have harvested and studied tumor nodules that can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their degree of vascularization. Angiogenic tumor nodules were characterized by the presence of capillary vessels as determined by factor VIII immunohistochemistry, and both angiogenic and proteolytic activities in vitro. In contrast, preangiogenic nodules were devoid of microvessels and showed little angiogenic or proteolytic activity in vitro. Addition of a specific metalloproteinase inhibitor resulted in the abrogation of both angiogenic and proteolytic activities of the angiogenic nodules in vitro. Comparative substrate gel electrophoresis detected the presence of a prominent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) in the angiogenic nodules when compared with the preangiogenic ones. Suppression of MMP-2 activity by antisense oligonucleotides in the vascular nodules resulted in the loss of angiogenic potential both in vitro and in vivo in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Moreover, this suppression of MMP-2 activity in angiogenic nodules inhibited tumor growth in vivo by approximately 70%. These results strongly implicate the activity of MMP-2 as a requirement for the switch to the angiogenic phenotype and validate this model as a reliable and reproducible tool by which to study other cellular and biochemical factors involved in the acquisition of the angiogenic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shing
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiederschain
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Butterfield
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tamvakopoulos
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moses
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2