title: Simultaneous analysis of individual and aggregate responses in psychometric data using multilevel modeling.
abstract: Psychometric data on risk perceptions are often collected using the method developed by Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein, where an array of risk issues are evaluated with respect to a number of risk characteristics, such as how dreadful, catastrophic or involuntary exposure to each risk is. The analysis of these data has often been carried out at an aggregate level, where mean scores for all respondents are compared between risk issues. However, this approach may conceal important variation between individuals, and individual analyses have also been performed for single risk issues. This paper presents a new methodological approach using a technique called multilevel modelling for analysing individual and aggregated responses simultaneously, to produce unconditional and unbiased results at both individual and aggregate levels of the data. Two examples are given using previously published data sets on risk perceptions collected by the authors, and results between the traditional and new approaches compared. The discussion focuses on the implications of and possibilities provided by the new methodology.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE), University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marris
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rasbash
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Riordan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010465:Perception; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking