title: Accommodation causes with-the-rule astigmatism in emmetropes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the changes in astigmatism when bilateral emmetropes accommodate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral emmetropes accommodative responses were measured with an improved photorefractometer PR-1100, which measured binocular refraction in all meridians simultaneously as a fixation target was shown in natural space.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accommodative responses in the vertical meridian are greater than those in the horizontal meridian. In the horizontal meridian, the accommodative responses are less than the accommodative stimulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When accommodating the majority of bilateral emmetropes show with-the-rule astigmatism and lag of accommodation in the horizontal meridian.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uozato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saishin
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation; D015348:Vision, Binocular