title: Intrathecal dexmedetomidine attenuates hypercapnic but not hypoxic cerebral vasodilation in anesthetized rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic dexmedetomidine (DXM) attenuates the cerebral vasodilation induced by hypercapnia and decreases the cerebral blood flow response to hypoxia. We determined whether lumbar intrathecal DXM affected the cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia and hypoxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits (n = 55) anesthetized with pentobarbital were prepared for measurement of pial vessel diameters using a closed cranial window preparation. The first study evaluated the response to hypercapnia after intrathecal administration of DXM (2 microg/kg; n = 7) or normal saline (n = 8). The second evaluated the response to hypercapnia after intrathecal DXM in the presence of yohimbine (20 microg/kg followed by DXM 2 microg/kg; n = 7). The third evaluated the response to mild or moderate hypoxia after intrathecal DXM (2 microg/kg; n = 7) or normal saline (n = 7). The hypercapnic responses were also examined in the presence of systemic DXM (2, 10 microg/kg; n = 6), topical DXM (10-8 m, 10-6 m; n = 6) and of intrathecal clonidine (2 microg/kg; n = 7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pial arteriolar dilator response to hypercapnia was significantly attenuated after intrathecal administration of DXM. Pretreatment with yohimbine completely blocked the decreased reactivity to hypercapnia. Intrathecal clonidine, although less than DXM, also attenuate the hypercapnic response. Intrathecal DXM did not affect the vasodilation of pial arterioles induced by mild or moderate hypoxia. The systemic DXM 10 microg/kg and topical DXM 10-6 m, but not systemic 2 microg/kg and topical 10-8 m, attenuated hypercapnic vasodilation of pial arterioles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist administered intrathecally into the lumbar spinal region attenuates hypercapnic but not hypoxic cerebral vasodilation, probably via a stimulation of central alpha2-adrenergic receptors of the central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dohi
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000187:drug effects; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D010424:Pentobarbital; D011817:Rabbits; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D015016:Yohimbine; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D010424:Pentobarbital; D003000:Clonidine