title: A safety and pharmacokinetic study of a mixed-backbone oligonucleotide (GEM231) targeting the type I protein kinase A by two-hour infusions in patients with refractory solid tumors.
abstract: GEM231 is a mixed-backbone oligonucleotide targeting the regulatory subunit alpha of type I protein kinase A, which plays an important role in growth and maintenance of malignancies. Preclinically, GEM231 inhibited human cancer xenografts either alone or synergistically with chemotherapeutic agents and has demonstrated an improved metabolic stability and safety profile compared to the first-generation compounds. Objectives of this study were to define the safety profile and pharmacokinetics of GEM231 administered as 2-h IV infusions twice weekly in patients with refractory solid tumors. Fourteen patients (13 evaluable for safety) received escalating doses of GEM231 at 20-360 mg/m2 (2.5-9 mg/kg). Tumor histologies included non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell cancer, sarcoma, and others. The plasma pharmacokinetics of GEM231 were linear and predictable. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) reached 50-70 microg/ml (8-13 microM) at dose 360 mg/m2 and 27-32 microg/ml at dose 240 mg/m2. The plasma half-life was about 1.5 h. The only clinical toxicities were transient grade I-II fever and fatigue at doses > or = 240 mg/m2. There was no treatment-related complement activation or thrombocytopenia at any dose level, except with the first dose in one patient who had pre-existing borderline thrombocytopenia. Transient activated partial thrombin time prolongation occurred at doses > or =160 mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicities included transient activated partial thrombin time prolongation (one of three patients at 360 mg/m2) and cumulative reversible transaminase elevation (three of three patients at 360 mg/m2 and three of six patients at 240 mg/m2 during weeks 3-10). One patient with colon cancer had stabilization of a previously rising carcinoembryonic antigen. Thus, in this first clinical evaluation of a mixed-backbone oligonucleotide in cancer patients, high plasma concentrations of GEM231 were well tolerated without significant acute toxicities, but prolonged treatment was associated with reversible transaminitis. Although 240 mg/m2 by 2-h infusion twice weekly was safe for a 4-week treatment duration, alternative dosing schedules are being tested to minimize the cumulative toxicity, which will be essential to extend the duration of therapy at the highest GEM231 dose tested.
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. CHENH1@gunet.georgetown.edu
authors.forename: H X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dvorchik
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marquis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKinlay
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dahut
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001483:Base Sequence; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D054756:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D054756:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; C517834:PRKAR1A protein, human; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases