title: Herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria in Trisomy 21 periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease in Trisomy 21 patients. This study determined the occurrence of herpesviruses and putative periodontopathic bacteria in Trisomy 21 periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen Trisomy 21 patients (17 to 37 years of age) contributed subgingival samples from molar and bicuspid teeth presenting interproximal periodontitis lesions (probing depths, 5 to 8 mm) and from shallow periodontal sites (probing depths, 1 to 3 mm). Samples were obtained at baseline, and at 1 and 4 weeks after subgingival debridement by means of hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers. Epstein-Barr virus type 1 and 2 (EBV-1 and EBV-2), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were identified by sensitive and specific nested polymerase chain reaction. Putative periodontopathic bacteria were identified by means of non-selective and selective culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 19 Trisomy 21 periodontitis lesions, 6 (32%) were positive for EBV-1, 5 (26%) were positive for HCMV, 3 (16%) were positive for HSV, and 2 (11%) showed viral co-infection. Of 19 shallow periodontal sites, only one revealed HCMV. Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, and Capnocytophaga species were detected in higher proportions in deep than in shallow periodontal pockets (P = 0.02). Subgingival debridement did not reduce genomic herpesvirus presence but caused a decrease in proportions of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Capnocytophaga species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal herpesvirus-bacteria coinfections may play important roles in the pathogenesis of destructive periodontal disease in Trisomy 21 patients. Herpesviruses may reduce the periodontal defense and promote growth of subgingival bacteria capable of causing periodontal breakdown.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Los Angeles 90089-0641, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanookai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nowzari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slots
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000145:classification; D002206:Capnocytophaga / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012534:Dental Scaling; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000145:classification*; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013357:Subgingival Curettage; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy