title: Prospective study of potentially virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori and coronary heart disease in middle-aged men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies are needed to test claims that potentially virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori are more strongly related to coronary heart disease (CHD) than are other strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured serum IgG antibodies to mixed H pylori antigens and separately to the virulence-associated H pylori antigen CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene product A) in 505 CHD cases and in 1025 age-matched controls "nested" in a prospective study of 7735 British men (mean duration of follow-up in controls, 16 years). Of the 505 cases, 401 (79%) were seropositive for H pylori antibodies compared with 740 (72%) of the 1025 controls, yielding an odds ratio for CHD of 1.55 (95% CI 1.19 to 2.03), which fell to 1.30 (95% CI 0.88 to 1. 90) after adjustments were made for standard vascular risk factors and indicators of socioeconomic status. Of the CHD cases, 240 (48%) were seropositive for IgG antibodies to CagA compared with 450 (44%) of the controls. When CagA-seropositive individuals were compared with H pylori-seronegative individuals, the odds ratio for CHD was 1. 42 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.91), which fell to 1.10 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.71) after adjustments. In an analysis restricted to the 1141 (75%) H pylori-seropositive participants, the odds ratio for CHD was 1.0 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.29) in CagA-seropositive men. No strong associations were observed between H pylori seropositivity and blood lipids, blood pressure, markers of systemic inflammation, or plasma homocysteine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H pylori infection is not strongly related to the incidence of CHD in late middle-aged men, and CagA-positive strains appear to be no more strongly related to the disease than other strains. However, further studies are required to confirm or refute the existence of any moderate associations, particularly at younger ages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Sciences and Primary Care, Royal Free UCL Medical School, London, UK. p.whincup@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Danesh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Appleby
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawkey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atherton
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori