title: [Coping with the toll of heroin: 10 years of the Barcelona Action Plan on Drugs, Spain].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemic of heroin use began in Barcelona, as in the rest of Spain, in the late 70's, to reach its peak by the end of the 80's. In a first period, responsible officers experimented difficulties to define the specific objectives of opiate control policies. This paper reviews the effects of the adoption of an explicit policy on drug dependence grounded on a wide consensus in the City of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain).
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of twelve years, from 1986 to 1997, both demand and offer of care and harm reduction services were analyzed, as well as the evolution of the adverse effects of drug use, such as mortality from acute adverse drug reaction, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, aids incidence, and incidence of tuberculosis. Data for city residents was compared through four different stages in this period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the lack of data in initial years, relevant changes are apparent. Treatment offer changes clearly, with significant increases in initial treatment, coverage of methadone maintenance programmes, and sterile syringes distribution. Therapeutic compliance of tuberculous intravenous drug users IVDU and risk of HIV infection improve. Emergency service use linked to heroin, overdose, or withdrawal syndrome decreases. Mortality rates decline, although this decline does not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Service offer shows a clear increase, reflected in treatment initiation, while harm reduction services expand. With the development of this process, outcome indicators change, both reflecting changes in the toll of the heroin epidemic (cases of tuberculosis and aids among IVDUs, HIV infection). and changes in a more comprehensive care (better treatment compliance of IVDUs with tuberculosis). There is a lower distortion of emergency services. These changes occur although the predominance of white heroin in Barcelona favors parenteral use.
authors.affiliation: Institut Municipal de Salut Pública, Barcelona, 08023, España.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manzanera
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torralba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brugal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Armengol
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solanes
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Villalbí
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006291:Health Policy; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016485:Needle Sharing; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs; D013030:Spain; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone