title: Induction of apoptosis by 2-chloro-2'deoxyadenosine (2-CdA) alone and in combination with other cytotoxic drugs: synergistic effects on normal and neoplastic lymphocytes by addition of doxorubicin and mitoxantrone.
abstract: 2-CdA is active as a single agent in the treatment of low-grade lymphomas. We analyzed the induction of apoptosis by 2-CdA alone (n=5) and in combination with other drugs in peripheral lymphocytes from 25 patients with leukemic low-grade lymphomas and from 25 healthy volunteers. 2-CdA was tested in 4 escalating concentrations (0.05 microg/ml to 0.4 microg/ml). Linear regressions showed a dose dependent apoptosis rate of 0.29 x microg 2-CdA/ml + 0.11 (r2=0.88, p=0.006) in normal cells and 0.41 x microg 2-CdA/ml + 0.15 (r2=0.88, p=0.005) in leukemic cells. Intracellular metabolization of 2-CdA into 2-CdA-5'mono-, -di- and the active metabolite -triphosphate was analyzed by HPLC and paralleled the dose dependent increase of apoptosis. The combination of 2-CdA with doxorubicin or mitoxantrone had a synergistic effect on the induction of apoptosis (p<0.001) in both normal and neoplastic lymphocytes, whereas 2-CdA plus etoposide or cytosine arabinoside were only additive. Due to the flat slope of the dose response of 2-CdA concentration on apoptosis we assume that higher in vivo dosages of 2-CdA in the treatment of low-grade lymphomas may not result in a higher clinical efficacy. The synergistic lymphocytotoxic effect of 2-CdA combined with doxorubicin or mitoxantrone may be relevant for new treatment approaches.
authors.affiliation: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Department of Medicine III, Hematology/Oncology, Frankfurt, Germany. chow@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rummel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weidmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jantschke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boehrer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pourebrahim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Napieralski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoelzer
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mitrou
mesh_terms: D015762:2-Chloroadenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003839:Deoxyadenosines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003839:Deoxyadenosines; D015762:2-Chloroadenosine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D008942:Mitoxantrone; C055994:2-chloro-3'-deoxyadenosine