title: Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations of midlife tofu consumption with brain function and structural changes in late life.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design utilized surviving participants of a longitudinal study established in 1965 for research on heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Information on consumption of selected foods was available from standardized interviews conducted 1965-1967 and 1971-1974. A 4-level composite intake index defined "low-low" consumption as fewer than two servings of tofu per week in 1965 and no tofu in the prior week in 1971. Men who reported two or more servings per week at both interviews were defined as "high-high" consumers. Intermediate or less consistent "low" and "high" consumption levels were also defined. Cognitive functioning was tested at the 1991-1993 examination, when participants were aged 71 to 93 years (n = 3734). Brain atrophy was assessed using neuroimage (n = 574) and autopsy (n = 290) information. Cognitive function data were also analyzed for wives of a sample of study participants (n = 502) who had been living with the participants at the time of their dietary interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor cognitive test performance, enlargement of ventricles and low brain weight were each significantly and independently associated with higher midlife tofu consumption. A similar association of midlife tofu intake with poor late life cognitive test scores was also observed among wives of cohort members, using the husband's answers to food frequency questions as proxy for the wife's consumption. Statistically significant associations were consistently demonstrated in linear and logistic multivariate regression models. Odds ratios comparing endpoints among "high-high" with "low-low" consumers were mostly in the range of 1.6 to 2.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, higher midlife tofu consumption was independently associated with indicators of cognitive impairment and brain atrophy in late life.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, NIH, USA.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Petrovitch
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hardman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Markesbery
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009929:Organ Size; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013025:Glycine max; D018454:Spouses