title: Evidence for the presence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma and retinoid Z receptor in cartilage. PPARgamma activation modulates the effects of interleukin-1beta on rat chondrocytes.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, PPARgamma, and retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) alpha are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Although they play a key role in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, or glucose homeostasis regulation, recent studies suggested that they might be involved in the inflammation control and especially in the modulation of the cytokine production. This strongly suggests that these transcriptional factors could modulate the deleterious effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on cartilage. However, to date, their presence in cartilage has never been investigated. By quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry analysis, we demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and RORalpha in rat cartilage, at both mRNA and protein levels. Comparatively, the PPARalpha mRNA content in cartilage was much lower than in the liver but not significantly different to that of the adipose tissue. PPARgamma mRNA expression in cartilage was weak, when compared with adipose tissue, but similar to that found in the liver. RORalpha mRNA levels were similar in the three tissues. mRNA expression of the three nuclear receptors was very differently modulated by IL-1 or mono-iodoacetate treatments. This indicates that they should be unequally involved in the effects of IL-1 on chondrocyte, which is in accordance with results obtained in other cell types. Indeed, we showed that 15d-PGJ2 mainly, but also the drug troglitazone, that are ligands of PPARgamma could significantly counteract the decrease in proteoglycan synthesis and NO production induced by IL-1. By contrast, PPARalpha ligands such as Wy-14,643 or clofibrate had no effect on this process. Therefore, the presence of PPARgamma in chondrocytes opens up new perspectives to modulate the effects of cytokines on cartilage by the use of specific ligands. The function of the two other transcription factors, PPARalpha and RORalpha identified in chondrocytes remains to be explored.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Unite Mixte de Recherche 7561 CNRS-Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, Faculté de Médecine, 54505 Vandouvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bordji
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Grillasca
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gouze
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magdalou
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schohn
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dauça
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Netter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Terlain
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002994:Clofibrate / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D057094:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D044094:Receptors, Melatonin; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008024:Ligands; D057094:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D044094:Receptors, Melatonin; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C006253:pirinixic acid; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002994:Clofibrate; D008550:Melatonin