title: Does ischemic preconditioning require reperfusion before index ischemia?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic preconditioning (IP) is initiated through one or several short bouts of ischemia and reperfusion which precede a prolonged ischemia. To test whether a reperfusion must precede the prolonged index ischemia, a series without reperfusion (intraischemic preconditioning: IIP) and a series with gradual onset of ischemia, i.e. ramp ischemia (RI), which is possibly related to the development of hibernation, was compared to conventional IP (CIP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed an 27 blood-perfused rabbit hearts (Langendorff apparatus) that were randomized into one of four series: (1) control (n = 7): 60 min normal flow - 60 min low flow (10%) ischemia - 60 min reperfusion. (2) CIP (n = 7): 4 times 5 min zero flow with 10 min reperfusion each - 60 min low flow (10%) - ischemia 60 min reperfusion. (3) IIP (n = 7): 50 min normal flow - 10 min no flow - 60min low flow (10%) ischemia -4 60min reperfusion. (4) RI (n=6): gradual reduction to 10% flow during 60min - 60min low flow (10%) ischemia - 60min reperfusion. At the end of each protocol, the infarcted area was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infarct area in control hearts was 6.7+/-1.4% (means+/-SEM) of LV total area, in CIP hearts 2.6+/-0.8%, in IIP hearts 3.1+/-0.5%, and in RI hearts 3.0+/-0.3% (all p<0.05 vs. control). The differences between the three protection protocols were statistically not significant, and no protective protocol reduced post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preconditioning effect (infarct size reduction) appears not to depend on intermittent reperfusion. Thus, the protective mechanism of IP develops during the initial ischemia that precedes the index ischemia. Alternatively, low-flow ischemia is effectively a sort of reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Korbmacher
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwanke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heusch
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schipke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006439:Hemodynamics; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation