title: Atherosclerotic carotid arteries--calcification and radio-morphological findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Are there any predictable factors influencing the process of calcification in carotid arteries?
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The carotid arteries and especially the carotid bifurcation are one of the predisposed regions of atherosclerotic disease. Whether topography of the carotid sinus, flow patterns or different patient characteristics (e.g., diabetes mellitus, age, sex) are a factor determining calcification of atherosclerotic lesions is still hardly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphological and morphometrical analysis including radiographic classification of different degrees of calcification on postmortal carotid arteries (90 men and 19 women) and 306 surgical samples after intramural desobliterations of carotid arteries (202 patients with diabetes, 104 patients without diabetes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most common localization of radiographically identified calcified deposits are the carotid bulb (76%) especially on the lateral wall opposite the flow divider and the internal carotid artery (55%) especially the proximal 1 cm section. No difference in degree of calcification was found when comparing patients with and without diabetes (intermediate calcification in 59% of patients with diabetes and 50% without diabetes). More female patients with diabetes show calcification when compared to the group of patients without diabetes. Females produce calcification in atherosclerotic carotid lesions at an older age compared to male patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcification is a frequent finding in advanced atherosclerotic carotid lesions. There is no difference in regard to degree, pattern of calcification or age distribution when comparing patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic lesions more frequently found in female patients with diabetes may be due to less vasoprotection by estrogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, University of Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deneke
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Grewe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruppert
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balzer
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values