title: Monitoring the circulatory responses of shocked patients during fluid resuscitation in the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of constructing left ventricular response curves non-invasively during the fluid resuscitation of critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED) using a portable suprasternal Doppler ultrasound (PSSDU) device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency department, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shocked patients in the ED were diagnosed by predefined criteria. Only those thought to require standardised intravenous colloid challenges were observed i. e., sequential boluses of 3.5 ml/kg/10 min titrated against changes in stroke distance (Doppler surrogate for left ventricular stroke volume).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 50 shocked patients were studied. Stroke distance was measurable in 45 patients. 35 patients were fluid responders in terms of stroke distance. Group mean stroke distance increased during resuscitation (8.6 +/- 4.1 cm to 19.5 +/- 4.6 cm, P < 0.001) and then reached a plateau value (19.6 +/- 4.6 cm, P = 0.488). No response to fluid was seen in nine patients of which eight had severe sepsis. Alternative therapeutic approaches increased stroke distance for all of these patients. Evidence for right ventricular dysfunction was found as a cause for fluid non-response in the majority of patients with sepsis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous experimental work has shown that changes in central blood flow can be derived using the PSSDU device. This clinical feasibility study suggests that the PSSDU can help tailor haemodynamic therapy for an individual patient and give an early indication of treatment failure in the ED.
authors.affiliation: North Western Injury Research Centre, The University of Manchester, UK. Paul.M.Dark@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dark
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Delooz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016638:Critical Illness; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012769:Shock / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*