title: Rectal cancer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: the King Faisal Specialist Hospital experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No survival data have yet been published from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for patients with rectal cancer. The present paper reports experience with these patients over an 8-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients referred to the King Faisal Specialist Hospital (KFSH) between March 1990 and February 1998 for the primary management of rectal cancer were entered into a computerized database. Prior to 1993 patients did not receive adjuvant therapy. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test were used to compare outcome data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 70 men (average age: 55.6 years) and 75 women (average age: 52.8 years). Twelve per cent of patients admitted a family history of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Twenty-seven per cent of tumours were circumferential. Most tumours were larger than 4 cm and the lowest edge of the majority of tumours was less than 6 cm from the anal verge. Fifty-four per cent of tumours were fixed; 69% of patients received either pre-operative or postoperative radiotherapy. A total of 106 patients underwent 'curative' surgery. Equal numbers of patients had abdomino-perineal resection (APR) and anterior resection (AR) of the rectum. Thirty-five patients received blood peri-operatively (APR, 34%; AR, 12%). Major anastomotic leakage following AR occurred in two patients. Two patients died within 30 days of surgery. Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Following curative AR, eight patients had a distal resection margin of < 2 cm and two patients (Dukes' C) developed local recurrence (25%); 37 patients had a margin > 2 cm and seven developed local recurrence (18.9%). A total of 48 patients underwent curative APR, and four patients developed local recurrence (8.3%). Overall local recurrence was tumour stage-dependent (Dukes' B, 8.8%; Dukes' C, 29.3%). Recurrence was local in 13 patients. Pre-operative radiotherapy seemed to reduce average tumour size (3.6 vs 4.3 cm). The crude overall 5-year survival rate was 39%. The 5-year survival rate for patients with Dukes' stage C cancers following 'curative' surgery was 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Curative surgery can be performed with a relatively low requirement for blood transfusion, a low mortality and morbidity, and comparable outcomes to Western studies in spite of the large, low and often advanced stage of the tumours managed. Local recurrence rates following curative resection and re-anastomosis for low rectal cancers may be reduced by resisting patient pressure to avoid stomata.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. isbister@kfshrc.edu.sa
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Isbister
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murad
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Habib
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D015996:Survival Rate