title: Intravenous low-dose native tissue plasminogen activator for distal embolism in the middle cerebral artery divisions or branches: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of an intravenous infusion of low-dose native tissue plasminogen activator for distal embolisms in the middle cerebral artery divisions or branches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients were selected according to the following computed tomographic and angiographic criteria and treated with intravenous infusion of 7.2 mg of tisokinase: 1) no early ischemic changes on the initial computed tomographic scan, and 2) embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery divisions or branches without the involvement of the lenticulostriate arteries. For comparison, the records of 12 patients from previous years who met the above inclusion criteria but underwent no thrombolytic therapy were reviewed retrospectively. The degree of neurological recovery was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at 24 hours after admission. Major neurological improvement was defined as a decrease in the stroke score by 4 points or more.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in stroke scores at the time of admission between the treatment group (mean +/- standard deviation, 12.8 +/- 2.8) and the untreated group (14.0 +/- 2.4). In the treatment group, major neurological improvement was seen in 17 (85%) of 20 patients, whereas in the untreated group only 5 (41.7%) of 12 patients showed major neurological improvement (P < 0.05). The mean score at 24 hours in the treatment group (3.6 +/- 3.5) was significantly lower than that in the untreated group (9.4 +/- 7.3) (P < 0.05). There was no hemorrhagic complication with neurological exacerbation in the treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even with delayed initiation (>3 h after symptom onset), intravenous infusion of low-dose tisokinase may be safe and effective for small distal emboli in the middle cerebral artery divisions or branches, when early ischemic changes on computed tomographic scans and involvement of the lenticulostriate arteries are absent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iseda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wakisaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator