title: Cervical muscle response during whiplash: evidence of a lengthening muscle contraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the potential for cervical muscle injury from a rear-end automobile collision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental design in which human subjects were exposed to low-speed rear-end collisions. The influence of independent variable (gender, speed change, muscle group, and motion phase) on dependent variables (kinematic response, muscle onset and muscle activation level) was examined using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Injuries to various tissues of the cervical spine have been proposed, yet little attention has been focused on the cervical muscles as a site of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 subjects (21 males, 20-40 yr) were exposed to collisions of 4 and 8 km/h speed change while measuring kinematic response of the head and torso and electromyography of the sternocleidomastoid and cervical paraspinal muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle activation occurred earlier in females and in the 8 km/h speed change. Sternocleidomastoid onset preceded paraspinal onset. Muscle activation level varied significantly with speed change, motion phase and muscle group. Initial rearward retraction of the head relative to the torso resulted in lengthening of the activated sternocleidomastoid, consistent with a contraction-induced muscle injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cervical muscles contract rapidly in response to impact and the potential exists for muscle injury due to lengthening contractions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinician should recognize the role of cervical retraction in the mechanism of whiplash injury and avoid aggressive motion in that plane during diagnosis and treatment. An understanding of whiplash injury mechanisms should improve patient education and preventative measures.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research and Consulting, Inc., El Segundo, CA 90245, USA. john@brcinc.com
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Brault
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Siegmund
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*