title: Orthotopic liver transplantation for carcinoid tumour metastatic to the liver: anesthetic management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the anesthetic management of a patient with carcinoid tumour metastatic to the liver who presented for orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesthetic implications of metastatic carcinoid tumour on liver transplantation and the use of octreotide are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 51-yr-old woman with intestinal carcinoid tumour metastatic to the liver presented for orthotopic liver transplantation, a recent treatment option for patients with extensive hepatic carcinoid metastases and disabling symptoms unresponsive to conventional therapy. Despite continuous administration of the somatostatin analogue octreotide via a hepatic artery infusate pump, the patient suffered from daily break through symptoms, which included flushing, palpitations, paroxysmal hypertension, and dyspnea. The patient presented to the operating room with sinus tachycardia and severe arterial hypertension. Octreotide and phentolamine were used to prevent further mediator release and to control the paroxysmal hypertension. Midazolam, fentanyl, thiopental, succinylcholine, vecuronium, and isoflurane were used to induce and maintain anesthesia safely. An intravenous octreotide infusion was initiated after induction and continued throughout the case. Infrequent and non-threatening peaks in arterial blood pressure were readily treated with small intravenous doses of vasoactive drugs and octreotide. No other manifestations of the carcinoid syndrome occurred. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged on postoperative day #6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patient safely underwent orthotopic liver transplantation for treatment of symptomatic carcinoid tumour metastatic to the liver. The anesthetic management followed recent recommendations favouring the use of octreotide to prevent patients from becoming symptomatic. Outlined dosing regimen for octreotide provided satisfactory hemodynamic stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Claure
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Drover
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Haddow
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Esquivel
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Angst
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008875:Middle Aged; D015282:Octreotide / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D015282:Octreotide