title: 99mTc-PEG liposomes for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation: clinical evaluation.
abstract: Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) liposomes have been shown to be excellent vehicles for scintigraphic imaging of infection and inflammation in various experimental models. In this article we report on a series of patients with possible infectious and inflammatory disease in whom the performance of 99mTc-PEG liposomes was evaluated. The results of 99mTc-PEG liposome scintigraphy were directly compared with those of 111In-immunoglobulin G (IgG) scintigraphy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients (22 men, 13 women; mean age, 51 y; range, 20-76 y), suspected of having infectious or inflammatory disease, received 740 MBq 99mTc-PEG liposomes intravenously. Imaging was performed at 4 and 24 h after injection. Patients received 75 MBq 111In-IgG 24 h after administration of the liposomes. The scintigraphic results were compared and verified by culture, biopsy, surgery, and follow-up of at least 6 mo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 16 proven infections and inflammations, 15 were detected by 99mTc-PEG liposome scintigraphy: soft-tissue infection (n = 3), septic arthritis (n = 3), autoimmune polyarthritis (n = 2), infected hip prosthesis (n = 1), infected osteosynthesis (n = 1), spondylodiscitis (n = 1), infected aortic prosthesis (n = 1), colitis (n = 1), abdominal abscess (n = 1), and pneumonia (n = 1). 99mTc-PEG liposome and 111In-IgG scintigraphy both missed 1 case of endocarditis. In addition, an 111In-IgG scan of a patient with mild soft-tissue infection was false-negative. Concordantly false-positive scans were recorded from 2 patients, both with uninfected pseudarthrosis and focal signs of sterile inflammation. During liposomal administration, 1 patient experienced flushing and chest tightness, which rapidly disappeared after lowering the infusion rate. No other adverse events were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clinical evaluation of 99mTc-PEG liposomes shows that focal infection and inflammation can be adequately imaged with this new agent. The performance of 99mTc-PEG liposomes is at least as effective as that of 111In-IgG. With the simple and safe preparation and the physical and logistic advantages of a 99mTc label, 99mTc-PEG liposomes could be an attractive agent for infection or inflammation imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Dams
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Oyen
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Boerman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laverman
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Corstens
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005490:Focal Infection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D007962:Leukocytes; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016719:Radioimmunodetection; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D008081:Liposomes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols