title: A data fusion environment for multimodal and multi-informational neuronavigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Part of the planning and performance of neurosurgery consists of determining target areas, areas to be avoided, landmark areas, and trajectories, all of which are components of the surgical script. Nowadays, neurosurgeons have access to multimodal medical imaging to support the definition of the surgical script. The purpose of this paper is to present a software environment developed by the authors that allows full multimodal and multi-informational planning as well as neuronavigation for epilepsy and tumor surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed a data fusion environment dedicated to neuronavigation around the Surgical Microscope Neuronavigator system (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). This environment includes registration, segmentation, 3D visualization, and interaction-applied tools. It provides the neuronavigation system with the multimodal information involved in the definition of the surgical script: lesional areas, sulci, ventricles segmented from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), vessels segmented from magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), functional areas from magneto-encephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for somatosensory, motor, or language activation. These data are considered to be relevant for the performance of the surgical procedure. The definition of each entity results from the same procedure: registration to the anatomical MRI data set (defined as the reference data set), segmentation, fused 3D display, selection of the relevant entities for the surgical step, encoding in 3D surface-based representation, and storage of the 3D surfaces in a file recognized by the neuronavigation software (STP 3.4, Leibinger; Freiburg, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multimodal neuronavigation is illustrated with two clinical cases for which multimodal information was introduced into the neuronavigation system. Lesional areas were used to define and follow the surgical path, sulci and vessels helped identify the anatomical environment of the surgical field, and, finally, MEG and fMRI functional information helped determine the position of functional high-risk areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this short evaluation, the ability to access preoperative multi-functional and anatomical data within the neuronavigation system was a valuable support for the surgical procedure.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire SIM, UPRES E.A. 2232, Université de Rennes, France. pierre.jannin@univ-rennes1.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jannin
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Fleig
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seigneuret
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grova
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scarabin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted