title: Osmotic and chill activation of glycine betaine porter II in Listeria monocytogenes membrane vesicles.
abstract: Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen known for its tolerance to conditions of osmotic and chill stress. Accumulation of glycine betaine has been found to be important in the organism's tolerance to both of these stresses. A procedure was developed for the purification of membranes from L. monocytogenes cells in which the putative ATP-driven glycine betaine permease glycine betaine porter II (Gbu) is functional. As is the case for the L. monocytogenes sodium-driven glycine betaine uptake system (glycine betaine porter I), uptake in this vesicle system was dependent on energization by ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate. Vesicles lacking the gbu gene product had no uptake activity. Transport by this porter did not require sodium ion and could be driven only weakly by artificial gradients. Uptake rates could be manipulated under conditions not affecting secondary transport but known to affect ATPase activity. The system was shown to be both osmotically activated and cryoactivated. Under conditions of osmotic activation, the system exhibited Arrhenius-type behavior although the uptake rates were profoundly affected by the physical state of the membrane, with breaks in Arrhenius curves at approximately 10 and 18 degrees C. In the absence of osmotic activation, the permease could be activated by decreasing temperature within the range of 15 to 4 degrees C. Kinetic analyses of the permease at 30 degrees C revealed K(m) values for glycine betaine of 1.2 and 2.9 microM with V(max) values of 2,200 and 3,700 pmol/min. mg of protein under conditions of optimal osmotic activation as mediated by KCl and sucrose, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tombras Smith
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001622:Betaine / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008773:Methylphenazonium Methosulfate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009995:Osmosis; D013696:Temperature; D014638:Vanadates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008773:Methylphenazonium Methosulfate; D001622:Betaine; D014638:Vanadates; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate