title: Carboxyamido-triazole induces apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial and human glioma cells.
abstract: Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI), an inhibitor of non-voltage-gated calcium channels, has been studied in Phase I/II clinical trials following the identification of its inhibitory effects on tumor cell invasion and motility. It has also been reported to inhibit human endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion to the basement membrane. In glioma, biological assays have shown CAI to be active in inhibiting the phenotypes of invasion and angiogenesis. The exact mechanism of action is not clearly understood, although it appears to work via inhibition of calcium influx in several signal transduction pathways that inhibit cell cycle progression. Recent evidence implicates apoptosis as a contributing mechanism of chemotherapy-induced tumor cytotoxicity. Therefore, we studied the effects of CAI on apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells and a human glioma cell line (U251N) using a variety of methods, including: (a) cell morphology; (b) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling analysis of in situ DNA strand breaks; (c) agarose gel electrophoresis to visualize DNA fragmentation; and (d) flow cytometry. Here we report that the kinetics of CAI-induced apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells and glioma cells was determined to be both dose and time dependent in micromolar concentrations achievable in brain tissue in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health Science Center, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. nssgg@neuro.hfh.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rempel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Divine
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D013997:Time Factors; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014230:Triazoles; C062058:carboxyamido-triazole