title: Mortality rates after surgery for congenital heart defects in children and surgeons' performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A public inquiry into surgery for paediatric congenital heart defects in Bristol, UK, underscored the need for reliable data on overall mortality rates, which would allow assessment of individual surgeons' performance. We aimed to gather and report such data for 1 year to provide information for clinicians, researchers, policy makers, and the general public.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data on all operations (1378) for congenital heart defects done by 11 surgeons in five departments in the UK between April 1, 1997, and March 31, 1998. These operations represented about 36% of all operations done in the UK during that time. Clearly defined criteria were agreed to classify operations into subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mortality rate for all operations was 4.0% (95% CI 3.0-5.2). No deaths occurred for 67 arterial-switch operations. Mortality rates for coarctation, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, Fallot, and truncus arteriosus operations were 1.1%, 0.6%, 3.6%, 2.3%, and 28.6%, respectively. Although overall mortality rates between surgeons varied (1.6-6.9%), no surgeon's were higher than the 95% CI. The numbers of operations done by individual surgeons were small, which led to wide confidence intervals and made the detection of differences in performance difficult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The participating departments seemed to reach high standards of care for children with congenital heart defects, although more data would be needed to assess performance of individual surgeons. The development of quality standards will be difficult because of the complexity of defects, the different types of operations, and few patients in each subgroup. Collection of larger sets of data for more patients and centres are needed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, London, UK. jarda@freeuk.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallivan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Monro
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Watterson
mesh_terms: D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology