title: Metabolism of ifosfamide to chloroacetaldehyde contributes to antitumor activity in vivo.
abstract: Metabolic activation of ifosfamide (IFO) leads to the active 4-hydroxy-metabolite and to a substantial liberation of chloroacetaldehyde (CAA). CAA has been presumed responsible for side effects of IFO. We recently have shown cytotoxic effects of CAA against human tumor cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to demonstrate antitumor effects of CAA in vivo, and to compare its potency to 4-OH-IFO. Pharmacokinetics of IFO and metabolites were evaluated after infusion of 250 mg/kg IFO in mice. The area under the curve (AUC) for 4-hydroxyifosfamide (4-OH-IFO) and CAA were 138. 5 and 102.4 micromol. h/liter, respectively. To compare pharmacokinetics and antitumor effects, the mice received isolated infusion of 4-OH-IFO or CAA in equimolar doses to IFO. Administration of 4-OH-IFO yielded AUC values comparable with those obtained after administration of the parent drug. In contrast, infusion of isolated CAA via tail vein gave a low AUC value of 51.5 micromol. h/liter due to slow flow in the tail vein and rapid degradation. Administration of the parent drug gave highly cytotoxic intratumoral peak concentrations of 25 and 12 micromol/kg tumor weight for 4-OH-IFO and CAA in MX1 xenotransplanted nude mice. Both IFO and isolated 4-OH-IFO led to complete remissions. Administration of isolated CAA (75 mg/kg) delayed tumor growth significantly. The equitoxic dose of isolated 4-OH-IFO was 40 mg/kg. On a molar basis CAA was seven times less potent as 4-OH-IFO. However, on the basis of achieved AUC values, CAA seems to exhibit a similar antitumor activity to 4-OH-IFO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Börner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kisro
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hagenah
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D011355:Prodrugs; C004656:chloroacetaldehyde; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D007069:Ifosfamide