title: Lead and calcium produce rod photoreceptor cell apoptosis by opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
abstract: Calcium overload is suggested to play a fundamental role in the process of rod apoptosis in chemical-induced and inherited retinal degenerations. However, this hypothesis has not been tested directly. We developed an in vitro model utilizing isolated rat retinas to determine the mechanisms underlying Ca(2+)- and/or Pb(2+)-induced retinal degeneration. Confocal microscopy, histological, and biochemical studies established that the elevated [Ca(2+)] and/or [Pb(2+)] were localized to photoreceptors and produced rod-selective apoptosis. Ca(2+) and/or Pb(2+) induced mitochondrial depolarization, swelling, and cytochrome c release. Subsequently caspase-9 and caspase-3 were sequentially activated. Caspase-7 and caspase-8 were not activated. The effects of Ca(2+) and Pb(2+) were additive and blocked completely by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) inhibitor cyclosporin A, whereas the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 had no effect. The caspase inhibitors carbobenzoxy-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-CH(2)F and carbobenzoxy-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CH(2)F, but not carbobenzoxy-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-CH(2)F, differentially blocked post-mitochondrial events. The levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione and pyridine nucleotides in rods were unchanged. Our results demonstrate that rod mitochondria are the target site for Ca(2+) and Pb(2+). Moreover, they suggest that Ca(2+) and Pb(2+) bind to the internal metal (Me(2+)) binding site of the PTP and subsequently open the PTP, which initiates the cytochrome c-caspase cascade of apoptosis in rods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-6052, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Poblenz
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Medrano
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D007473:Ion Channels; D007700:Kinetics; D007854:Lead / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D007473:Ion Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D009842:Oligopeptides; C108637:aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal; D007854:Lead; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; C506435:Casp9 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; D002118:Calcium