title: Effects of throwing overweight and underweight baseballs on throwing velocity and accuracy.
abstract: The purpose of this review is to determine how throwing overweight and underweight baseballs affects baseball throwing velocity and accuracy. Two studies examined how a warm-up with overweight baseballs affected throwing velocity and accuracy of 5 oz regulation baseballs. One of these studies showed significant increases in throwing velocity and accuracy, while the other study found no significant differences. Three training studies (6 to 12 weeks in duration) using overweight baseballs were conducted to determine how they affected ball accuracy while throwing regulation baseballs. No significant differences were found in any study. From these data it is concluded that warming up or training with overweight baseballs does not improve ball accuracy. Seven overweight and 4 underweight training studies (6 to 12 weeks in duration) were conducted to determine how throwing velocity of regulation baseballs was affected due to training with these overweight and underweight baseballs. The overweight baseballs ranged in weight from 5.25 to 17 oz, while the underweight baseballs were between 4 and 4.75 oz. Data from these training studies strongly support the practice of training with overweight and underweight baseballs to increase throwing velocity of regulation baseballs. Since no injuries were reported throughout the training studies, throwing overweight and underweight baseballs may not be more stressful to the throwing arm compared to throwing regulation baseballs. However, since currently there are no injury data related to throwing overweight and underweight baseballs, this should be the focus of subsequent studies. In addition, research should be initiated to determine whether throwing kinematics and kinetics are different between throwing regulation baseballs and throwing overweight and underweight baseballs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. rescamil@duke.edu
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Escamilla
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Speer
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fleisig
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Barrentine
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D051381:Rats; D019415:Torque; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control