title: Temperature measured at the axilla compared with rectum in children and young people: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the agreement between temperature measured at the axilla and rectum in children and young people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of studies comparing temperature measured at the axilla (test site) with temperature measured at the rectum (reference site) using the same type of measuring device at both sites in each patient. Devices were mercury or electronic thermometers or indwelling thermocouple probes.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 studies including 5528 children and young people from birth to 18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Difference in temperature readings at the axilla and rectum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  20 studies (n=3201 (58%) participants) had sufficient data to be included in a meta-analysis. There was significant residual heterogeneity in both mean differences and sample standard deviations within the groups using different devices and within age groups. The pooled (random effects) mean temperature difference (rectal minus axillary temperature) for mercury thermometers was 0.25 degrees C (95% limits of agreement -0.15 degrees C to 0.65 degrees C) and for electronic thermometers was 0. 85 degrees C (-0.19 degrees C to 1.90 degrees C). The pooled (random effects) mean temperature difference (rectal minus axillary temperature) for neonates was 0.17 degrees C (-0.15 degrees C to 0. 50 degrees C) and for older children and young people was 0.92 degrees C (-0.15 degrees C to 1.98 degrees C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference between temperature readings at the axilla and rectum using either mercury or electronic thermometers showed wide variation across studies. This has implications for clinical situations where temperature needs to be measured with precision.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool L12 2AP.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001365:Axilla / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D013821:Thermometers