title: Evaluation of efficacy and complications: primary pediatric orbital implants after enucleation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orbital implants are used routinely in pediatric patients at the time of enucleation. Complications, such as exposure, ptosis, and infection, may occur after implantation. Controversy continues regarding the rate of complications with newer implants in the pediatric population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of orbital implants on children whose eyes have been enucleated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of orbital implantation after enucleation performed by 5 surgeons on 120 pediatric patients (123 eyes) over a 10.5-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic data, ocular diagnosis, prior ophthalmic surgery, implant characteristics, and postoperative complications were described using a standardized format for all patients, with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up (mean, 3 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications were observed in 7 eyes (5.7%). Implant exposure (1 [0.8%]), implant extrusion (0 [0%), and implant migration (3 [2.4%) were rare. One hundred eighteen eyes (96%) had good cosmesis and 120 (98%) had good motility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orbital implantation after enucleation is successful in the pediatric population. Complications are minimal. Hydroxyapatite implants were not associated with unacceptable complications in this pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Fla 33101, USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Christmas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Quill
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garonzik
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020273:Orbital Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012449:Safety