title: Absence of evidence of infection with divergent primate T-lymphotropic viruses in United States blood donors who have seroindeterminate HTLV test results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent identification of divergent simian or primate T-lymphotropic viruses (STLVs; PTLVs) in bonobos (formerly called pygmy chimpanzees; Pan paniscus; viruses: STLVpan-p and STLVpp1664) and a baboon (Papio hamadryas; viruses: STLVph969 or PTLV-L) have raised the possibility of human infection with these viruses. Divergent PTLV-infected primate sera show p24 bands on HTLV-I Western blots (WBs). It was investigated whether infection by divergent PTLV-like viruses could explain a subset of United States blood donors who reacted on HTLV-I EIAs and had indeterminate HTLV-I WBs with p24 bands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiologic characteristics of 1889 donors with HTLV-I-indeterminate WBs were compared to those of donors with confirmed retrovirus infections (393 with HIV, 201 with HTLV-I, 513 with HTLV-II) and 1.6 million donors with nonreactive screening tests. To directly probe for infection with divergent PTLVs, 2 HTLV-I-indeterminate donors born in Africa and 269 representative non-African-born donors with p24 bands on HTLV-I WBs (previously shown to be negative for HTLV-I and -II DNA by PCR) were selected for PTLV PCR analysis. DNA from peripheral blood MNC samples was tested for a proviral tax sequence by PCR using generic primers that amplify HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and the divergent PTLVs. Amplified tax sequences were detected by Southern blot hybridization to a (32)P-labeled generic PTLV probe. PCR-positive samples could then be typed by hybridization with virus-specific internal probes that differentiate HTLV-I, HTLV-II, PTLV-L, and STLVpan-p.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the epidemiologic analysis, HTLV-indeterminate status was independently associated with age of at least 25 years (OR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.93-2.49), black (OR = 3.27; 95% CI, 2.90-3.67) or Hispanic (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.52-2.16) race or ethnicity, and donation at one blood center (Baltimore) (OR = 1. 30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.53). None of the 271 HTLV-I WB-indeterminate samples tested positive by generic PTLV PCR analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the epidemiologic data suggest the possibility of undiagnosed HTLV-I, HTLV-II, or a cross-reactive virus such as PTLV among older, black, and Hispanic blood donors, the PCR data do not support the presence of divergent PTLV infection among US blood donors with HTLV-I-indeterminate results.
authors.affiliation: Blood Centers of the Pacific, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Switzer
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001782:Blood Donors; D015481:HTLV-I Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015482:HTLV-II Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D015491:HTLV-II Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D019974:Pan paniscus / Q000821:virology*; D010215:Papio / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015481:HTLV-I Antibodies; D015482:HTLV-II Antibodies