title: Determination of drug susceptibility and DNA fingerprint patterns of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Kampala, Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the rate of initial drug resistance and transmission patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment Centre, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA and McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a radiometric BACTEC 460 TB system, susceptibility of 215 M. tuberculosis isolates from previously untreated patients from Kampala, Uganda (age range, 17-48 years, mean, 28 years; 56% males and 69% human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive) was determined for isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin and ethambutol. Isolates from 73 patients, selected on the basis of geographical location, were tested for strain diversity or relatedness using the IS6110 DNA fingerprinting technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resistance rates were as follows: isoniazid, 7.9% streptomycin, 6.1% rifampin, 1.4% and ethambutol 0.9%. Twelve per cent of the strains were resistant to at least one of the first line drugs tested and 4.7% were multiply resistant. There were no significant differences in resistance rates between patients with and without HIV infection. Using the number and size of DNA fragments containing IS6110, only three clusters of isolates with identical RFLP patterns were found out of the 73 isolates tested (8.2%). Each cluster contained two isolates. Three (4.1%) isolates had less than seven copies of IS6110.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that in Uganda initial drug resistance rates to anti-tuberculosis agents are low and similar to other sub-Saharan African countries and that multiple strains of M. tuberculosis have been transmitted within the community.
authors.affiliation: Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Joloba
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cave
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Eisenach
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okwera
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajaksouzian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feagin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mugerwa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellner
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial