title: Response of C2C12 mouse and turkey skeletal muscle cells to the beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine.
abstract: The effects of ractopamine (RAC) and ractopamine stereoisomers (RR, RS, SR, and SS) on cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, total protein, and DNA concentrations in mouse skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) were evaluated. The RAC (10 microM) caused an approximately 30% increase in cell number, protein, and DNA concentrations in myoblasts after 48 h; no differences were found in myotubes. The RAC-stimulated increase of these variables in myoblasts was blocked by the presence of equimolar concentrations of propranolol. At a later passage, myoblasts failed to exhibit an increase in cell number, protein, or DNA upon exposure to RAC. Both myoblasts and myotubes increased cAMP production in response to 10 microM RAC. The RAC isomers ranked RR >> SR > RS approximately SS in ability to stimulate cAMP production, with essentially no response to SS. The SR produced about 50% of the RR response. Coincubation of propranolol (10 microM) and RAC (10 microM) prevented RAC-stimulated cAMP production in myotubes but not in myoblasts (approximately 35% of cAMP produced by RAC alone). Turkey satellite cells (derived from biceps femoris of 12-wk-old toms) produced essentially no increased cAMP when exposed to 10 microM RAC stereoisomers. Stability of RAC was evaluated under laboratory storage and culture conditions. The RAC was stable for more than 4 mo when stored in deuterated DMSO (>98% purity) at room temperature or in aqueous solutions at -80 degrees C, as determined from sequential nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Radiolabeled RAC was incubated for 72 h in the presence of serum-containing medium, with or without C2C12 cells. Ninety-eight percent of the parent compound found in the medium at time zero was present in the medium as parent at the end of 72 h. The cellular cAMP response to RAC through beta-adrenergic receptors seems to be stereospecific. If the state of myoblasts and myotubes in vitro reflects the in vivo state, then the ractopamine effect in vivo on cellular processes (including cell division and protein and DNA accumulation) may be independent of beta-adrenergic receptors in muscle.
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Fargo, NS 58105, USA. shappeln@fargo.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Shappell
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Feil
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McFarland
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005121:Extremities; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014422:Turkeys / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D010627:Phenethylamines; C060897:ractopamine; D011433:Propranolol; D000242:Cyclic AMP