title: Dietary intake of vitamin D in premenopausal, healthy vegans was insufficient to maintain concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone within normal ranges during the winter in Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study vitamin D status and bone metabolism of premenopausal vegetarians and omnivores during a 1-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal, observational study. Bone mineral density was measured, blood samples from fasting subjects were obtained, and 24-hour urinary samples were collected in February 1994, August 1994, and January 1995. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and intact parathyroid hormone (S-iPTH) concentrations were measured and intestinal calcium absorption was estimated. Dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium were calculated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six vegans, 6 lactovegetarians, and 16 omnivores living in Helsinki, Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Student-Newman-Keuls test; unbalanced, repeated-measures multiple analysis of variance; analysis of covariance; Pearson correlation test; and linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary intake of vitamin D was significantly lower in vegans (P < .05, yearly mean +/- standard deviation = 0.09 +/- 0.06 microgram/day) and in lactovegetarians (P < .05, 0.7 +/- 0.4 microgram/day) compared with omnivores (4.0 +/- 2.1 micrograms/day). Throughout the year S-25(OH)D (P = .01) concentrations were lower and S-iPTH (P = .01) concentrations were higher in vegans than in omnivores and lactovegetarians. Bone mineral density in the lumbar region of the spine was lower in vegans (yearly mean +/- standard deviation = 1.034 +/- 0.174 g/cm2) than in omnivores (P = .05, 1.177 +/- 0.099 g/cm2) and tended to be lower than that in lactovegetarians (P = .17, 1.138 +/- 0.06 g/cm2). Bone mineral density in the neck of the femur tended to be lower in vegans (0.843 +/- 0.116 g/cm2) than in omnivores (P = .07, 0.999 +/- 0.138 g/cm2) and lactovegetarians (P = .15, 0.961 +/- 0.059 g/cm2). No seasonal variation was found in bone mineral density in the study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At northern latitudes, dietary intake of vitamin D in vegans was insufficient to maintain S-25(OH)D and S-iPTH concentrations within normal ranges in the winter, which seems to have negative effects on bone mineral density in the long run.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in vitamin D intake should generally be recommended for vegans at least during winter, or selections of foodstuffs fortified with vitamin D should be broadened in northern latitudes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Outila
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Kärkkäinen
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Seppänen
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lamberg-Allardt
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000652:urine; D017697:Premenopause; D012621:Seasons; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013472:Sunlight; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010710:Phosphates; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002118:Calcium