title: In vivo assessment of the window of barrier opening after osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osmotic blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption induced by intraarterial infusion of mannitol is used in conjunction with chemotherapy to treat human brain tumors. The time course to barrier closure, or the so-called therapeutic window, has been examined in animals but little information is available in humans. The authors, therefore assessed the time course to barrier closure after osmotic BBB disruption in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disruption of the BBB was demonstrated using 99mTc-glucoheptonate (TcGH) single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scanning in 12 patients who were treated monthly with combination chemotherapy in conjunction with BBB disruption. The primary diagnosis was primary central nervous system lymphoma in seven patients and primitive neuroectodermal tumors in five. The TcGH (20 mCi) was injected at 1- to 480-minute intervals after osmotic BBB disruption, and patients underwent SPECT scanning after 4 hours. A total of 38 studies was performed. Good-to-excellent BBB disruption was obtained in 29 procedures and poor-to-moderate disruption was seen in the other nine studies. The TcGH indices correlated with the degree of BBB disruption as measured postprocedure on contrast-enhanced CT scans (r = 0.852). Mean baseline TcGH indices were 1.02+/-0.07. For the group of patients with good-to-excellent disruptions the mean indices at 1 minute postdisruption measured 2.19+/-0.18. After 40 minutes no significant change was noted (mean index 2.13+/-0.2). Then the indices declined more steeply and at 120 minutes after the disruption the index was 1.36+/-0.02. A very slow decline was noted between 120 and 240 minutes after mannitol infusion. At 240 minutes the barrier was still open for all good-to-excellent disruptions (index 1.33+/-0.08) but at 480 minutes the mean indices had returned to the baseline level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of these in vivo human studies indicate that the time course to closure of the disrupted BBB for low-molecular-weight complexes is longer than previously estimated. The barrier is widely open during the first 40 minutes after osmotic BBB disruption and returns to baseline levels only after 6 to 8 hours following the induction of good or excellent disruption. These findings have important clinical implications for the design of therapeutic protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. siegal@hadassah.org.il
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Siegal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bokstein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lossos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shalom
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chisin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gomori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003287:Contrast Media; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008970:Molecular Weight; D017599:Neuroectodermal Tumors / Q000188:drug therapy; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D009995:Osmosis; D010539:Permeability; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013400:Sugar Acids; D013997:Time Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013400:Sugar Acids; D008353:Mannitol; C100014:technetium Tc 99m gluceptate