title: Murine xenogeneic immune responses to the human testis: a presumed immune-privileged tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune privilege provides a natural paradigm for potentially down-regulating allogeneic and xenogeneic inflammatory immune responses. Fas ligand has been suggested as a general underlying mechanism of immune privilege; the human Fas ligand has been shown to ligate murine Fas in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we examined whether the human testicular xenograft, a presumed immune-privileged tissue would have prolonged survival in mice. In addition, in vitro and in vivo murine xenogeneic immune responses to the human testicular xenografts were characterized using MHC class I, MHC class II, CD4, CD8, CD4/8 knockout mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unlike in rodent testis, Fas ligand mRNA is not expressed and Fas is highly expressed in human testis. Human testicular xenografts are immunogenic, and do not induce any preferential pattern of recipient systemic Th1 or Th2 cytokine bias. Interestingly, an indefinite survival of the human testicular xenografts is observed in murine MHC class II knockout mice, whereas the human skin xenografts were rejected without a delay. In vivo murine immune responses to human testicular xenografts require a recipient MHC class II-dependent CD4 T cell-mediated process that appears to depend on B7-1/B7-2 costimulatory signals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that the concept of immune privilege, as defined by the expression of Fas ligand and prolonged survival after transplantation, cannot be extended to human testis. The stringent restriction of murine xenogeneic immune responses to discordant human testicular xenografts to the indirect MHC class II-dependent CD4 T cell-mediated pathway suggests a potential venue for immune modulation to induce tolerance across a discordant species barrier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohbatake
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kushida
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Merguerian
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D014181:Transplantation Immunology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; C505658:Fasl protein, mouse; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma