title: Seasonal changes in calcium homeostasis affect the incidence of postoperative tetany in patients with Graves' disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have found that postoperative tetany occurs in patients with Graves' disease who have secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by a deficiency in calcium and vitamin D concomitant with transient hypoparathyroidism after surgery. There are seasonal variations in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of seasonal changes in calcium homeostasis on the incidence of postoperative tetany in patients with Graves' disease who undergo subtotal thyroidectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was carried out to investigate sequential changes in serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium and other electrolytes, 25(OH)D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) in female patients with Graves' disease who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy during the summer (n = 89) and during the winter (n = 89).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and 25(OH)D were significantly higher, but iPTH levels and 1,25(OH)2D levels were lower in summer than in winter. The percentage of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L) was 23% in summer and 62% in winter (P < .001). iPTH was below the detection limit on the first postoperative day in 15 patients (13.8%) in summer and in 13 patients (11.4%) in winter. In summery, tetany developed in only 4 of 15 patients and in one patient whose iPTH level was below normal (incidence of tetany, 5.6%). In winter, however, tetany developed in 6 of 13 patients and in 4 patients whose iPTH level was below normal (incidence of tetany, 11.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with Graves' disease are more susceptible to calcium and vitamin D deficiency during the winter than during the summer, resulting in the tendency toward a higher incidence of postoperative tetany in winter.
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, Beppu Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013746:Tetany / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010710:Phosphates; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002117:Calcitriol; D008274:Magnesium; D002112:Calcifediol; D013974:Thyroxine; D002118:Calcium