title: Macular hole retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes: ultrastructure of surgically removed epiretinal membrane and clinicopathologic correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the pathogenesis of macular hole retinal detachment (RD) in highly myopic eyes by investigating the ultrastructure of surgically removed epiretinal membranes (ERM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five consecutive Japanese patients with macular hole RD in highly myopic eyes underwent vitrectomy with attempted removal of the ERM around the hole. The surgical specimens were examined by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extremely thin, translucent sheets of epiretinal tissue were harvested from all patients during surgery, resulting in successful retinal reattachment. Ultrastructural examination revealed that the ERM consisted of cortical vitreous and various cellular components. Fibrous astrocytes were the major cell population and extended cytoplasmic processes with membrane-associated vesicles onto the cortical vitreous. Gap junctions were observed between the interdigitating processes of fibrous astrocytes. The cortical vitreous contained abundant newly formed collagen, including fibrous long-spacing collagen, surrounded by sparsely distributed native vitreous collagen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active synthesis of new collagen may be regulated by fibrous astrocytes by means of transmission of metabolic substances through gap junctions and cytoplasmic vesicles. The frequent occurrence of newly formed collagen aggregates may subsequently lead to a diffusely condensed posterior cortical vitreous that exerts tangential traction on the posterior retina, causing macular hole RD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oguchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003094:Collagen / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications*; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen