title: [Effects of tubal sterilization].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Besides manifestations of hormonal deficits, psychological problems are also known as possible negative effects of tubal sterilization (here termed "operative contraception"--OC). It is generally assumed that the age at time of operation and the number of children play a crucial role in enabling the patient to come to terms with surgical contraception. We investigated whether these patients were satisfied and the frequency of a desire for refertilization as well as further factors possibly affecting our patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized questionnaire was sent to 274 women in whom surgical contraception was performed from 1984 to 1990 in our hospital. Besides physical symptoms, the questions mainly inquired as to satisfaction, degree of regret and desire for refertilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  5.4% of women were not satisfied with the operation. 13.7% of the patients regretted the operative contraception and 6.5% wished to have refertilization. The negative appraisal did not correlate with the number of children and age at the time of operative contraception. Altogether, satisfaction was very much greater in patients who had completed family planning than in patients who had received operative contraception for medical reasons. Appraisal of operative contraception was especially negative in women in whom the operation had been performed on the occasion of a cesarean section.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our follow-up investigation confirmed that operative contraception was experienced as being very liberating by most women and was accordingly appraised positively on the whole. The number of children and age only played a subordinate role in how patients came to terms with their situation. For a positive experience of operative contraception, the time of the operation appears to be of major importance. In particular, "favorable opportunities" on the occasion of cesarean section and the if anything doubtful need for this measure in the condition after prior cesarean sections must be avoided, since in these cases a free decision in favor of operative contraception, which the woman concerned feels to be autonomous, is not possible.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe im Klinikum Grosshadern, LMU München.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Englmaier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hepp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013243:Sterilization Reversal / Q000523:psychology*; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors