title: Practical low-cost visual communication using binary images for deaf sign language.
abstract: Deaf sign language transmitted by video requires a temporal resolution of 8 to 10 frames/s for effective communication. Conventional videoconferencing applications, when operated over low bandwidth telephone lines, provide very low temporal resolution of pictures, of the order of less than a frame per second, resulting in jerky movement of objects. This paper presents a practical solution for sign language communication, offering adequate temporal resolution of images using moving binary sketches or cartoons, implemented on standard personal computer hardware with low-cost cameras and communicating over telephone lines. To extract cartoon points an efficient feature extraction algorithm adaptive to the global statistics of the image is proposed. To improve the subjective quality of the binary images, irreversible preprocessing techniques, such as isolated point removal and predictive filtering, are used. A simple, efficient and fast recursive temporal prefiltering scheme, using histograms of successive frames, reduces the additive and multiplicative noise from low-cost cameras. An efficient three-dimensional (3-D) compression scheme codes the binary sketches. Subjective tests performed on the system confirm that it can be used for sign language communication over telephone lines.
authors.affiliation: PixStream, Inc., Waterloo, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Manoranjan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D015982:Bias; D002359:Cartoons as Topic; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities / Q000191:economics; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003638:Deafness / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008838:Microcomputers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012813:Sign Language; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D013689:Telephone / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*