title: The effect of age on inflammatory responses and nerve root injuries after lumbar disc herniation: an experimental study in a canine model.
abstract: METHODS
  An experimental investigation on the effect of age on pathologic events surrounding the herniated disc and at the adjacent nerve root.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of age on the inflammatory responses and nerve root damage surrounding a sequestered lumbar disc fragment using a dog model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Lumbar disc herniation is manifested in patients by variable clinical findings, natural history, and resorption phenomena in which the variability is particularly noted among patients with different ages. There are no previous reports on the effect of age on pathologic events induced by the herniated disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six beagle dogs, including two animals of each age group of 6, 12, and 24 months (human equivalent ages of 10, 15, and 24 years), were used in this study. The dogs underwent L4-L5, L5-L6, and L6-L7 laminotomy and discectomy under general anesthesia. An autologous intervertebral disc from the tail was divided into anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus fragments. The anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus fragments were placed in the anterolateral epidural space of L5-L6 and L6-L7, respectively. The L4-L5 discectomy site served as a control. Dogs were killed at 12 weeks after surgery. The lumbar spine was removed en bloc, and histologic sections were prepared consecutively and examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the nucleus pulposus group at L6-L7, neovascularity, and intensive infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts were observed surrounding the nucleus pulposus fragment in the 24-month-old group only. Degenerative changes of the nerve root fibers were observed in the 24-month-old group only. In the control and anulus fibrosus groups at L4-L5 and L5-L6, there were no marked inflammatory reactions in all age groups. The nerve root fibers around the anulus fibrosus were normal in all age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an effect of age on the inflammatory response and nerve root injury caused by the herniated disc. The apparent neuroprotective mechanism in the young animal, and the apparent inflammatory and resorption changes of the nucleus pulposus fragment in the older animal are quite intriguing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan. hasegawa@med.kawasaki-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inufusa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mikawa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D004285:Dogs; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology