title: 'Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis', a newly described pathogen of abalone, Haliotis spp., along the west coast of North America.
abstract: Withering syndrome is a fatal disease of wild and cultured abalone, Haliotis spp., that inhabit the west coast of North America. The aetiological agent of withering syndrome has recently been identified as a member of the family Rickettsiaceae in the order Rickettsiales. Using a combination of morphological, serological, life history and genomic (16S rDNA) characterization, we have identified this bacterium as a unique taxon and propose the provisional status of 'Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis'. The Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pleomorphic bacterium is found within membrane-bound vacuoles in the cytoplasm of abalone gastrointestinal epithelial cells. The bacterium is not cultivable on synthetic media or in fish cell lines (e.g. CHSE-214) and may be controlled by tetracyclines (oxytetracycline) but not by chloramphenicol, clarithromycin or sarafloxicin. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA of 'Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis' places it in the alpha-subclass of the class Proteobacteria but not to the four recognized subtaxa of the alpha-Proteobacteria (alpha-1, alpha-2, alpha-3 and alpha-4). The bacterium can be detected in tissue squashes stained with propidium iodide, microscopic examination of stained tissue sections, PCR or in situ hybridization. 'Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis' can be differentiated from other closely related alpha-Proteobacteria by its unique 16S rDNA sequence.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Andree
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hedrick
mesh_terms: D020561:Alphaproteobacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D002693:Chlamydiaceae / Q000276:immunology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008974:Mollusca / Q000382:microbiology*; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S