title: Day-case laparoscopy: a comparison of prophylactic opioid, NSAID or local anesthesia for postoperative analgesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy, postoperative comfort, recovery characteristics and side effects of three different analgesic agents administered prophylactically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients undergoing day-case minor operative laparoscopy were randomly allocated into four groups to receive tenoxicam 20 mg i.v. (Group T), fentanyl 100 microg i.v. (Group F), 5 ml of bupivacaine 2.5 mg/ml for infiltration of trocar sites (Group B), 30, 10 and 5 min before incision respectively. Bupivacaine, 35 ml, 2.5 mg/ml was also administered into the pelvic cavity in Group B. Group P received only placebo. Postoperative pain, analgesic requirements, first response to verbal stimulus, first analgesic requirement, ability to walk without help, to drink and to void, blood pressures, SpO2 and respiration rates were recorded in the PACU. Postoperative pain was evaluated by verbal rating scale. Pain scores, analgesic requirements and side effects were evaluated by telephone calls until the 48th postoperative hour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative pain scores were lower and time to requirement of rescue analgesics was longer in groups F and B compared to Group P. In the PACU, analgesic requirements were lower in Group B, compared to Group P. Nausea and vomiting were increased in Group F.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tenoxicam 20 mg i.v. was found to be ineffective whereas bupivacaine was superior to other groups in reducing pain and analgesic requirements. Bupivacaine also increased time to first analgesics and obtained better recovery characteristics, underlining its value in prophylactic pain management compared to the other two agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Yücebaş
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coşkun
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aypar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine; C032801:tenoxicam