title: Assessment of life stress in adolescents: self-report versus interview methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the investigator-based Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) with a self-report measure (Life Events Checklist [LEC]) for the purpose of measuring life stress in adolescents with and without a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (aged 13-18 years) with a recent episode of MDD based on DSM-III-R (n = 35) and normal controls free of any Axis I lifetime psychiatric disorder (n = 35) were assessed using both the LEC and the LEDS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both measures predicted membership in the depressed and nondepressed groups of adolescents. Adolescents in the depressed group were more likely to report a severe event on the LEDS (97%) than adolescents in the nondepressed group (66%) (p = .001). Similarly, subjects in the depressed group endorsed a greater number of negative events (mean = 8.1) on the LEC than subjects in the nondepressed group (mean = 3.0) (p = .0001). An examination of potential provoking agents for episodes of major depression revealed that the LEC captured only 32% of preonset severe events and 36% of preonset major difficulties identified by the LEDS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpreted in light of relative advantages and disadvantages, the results suggest that checklist and interview measures each have distinct advantages depending on the purpose for which they are being used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duggal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malkoff-Schwartz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Matty
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Houck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bailey-Orr
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012372:ROC Curve; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*