title: P rats develop physical dependence on alcohol via voluntary drinking: changes in seizure thresholds, anxiety, and patterns of alcohol drinking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been proposed that the alcohol-preferring P rat meets many of the criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. However, the development of alcohol dependence has not been explored in rats that self-administer ethanol for less than 15-20 weeks. The present study investigated the development of physical dependence upon alcohol after 2-6 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake. Changes in bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds, microstructure of alcohol drinking, and anxiety-related behavior were used as indices of alcohol dependence. In addition, we evaluated the microstructure of alcohol drinking associated with the development of physical dependence upon alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol (10% ethanol solution) was measured in graduated drinking tubes with both alcohol and water available continuously. Microstructure of alcohol intake was monitored by a computerized drinkometer. Physical dependence upon alcohol was determined by measuring bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds after alcohol withdrawal. Anxiety-related behavior of P rats after alcohol withdrawal was determined by the social interaction and elevated plus maze tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial alcohol intake in the alcohol-preferring P rat was relatively modest (3.9 +/- 0.4 g/kg/day). Four days of forced alcohol exposure (initiation) followed by 6 weeks of voluntary drinking resulted in an increase of alcohol intake to 5.5 +/- 0.2 g/kg/day. Ethanol self-administration for 6 weeks, but not for 2 or 4 weeks, produced a significant reduction (30%; p < 0.05) in bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds during alcohol withdrawal. Alterations in the microstructure of alcohol intake (i.e., 90% increase in the size of alcohol drinking bouts compared to the baseline [p < 0.001] with no change in bout frequency) were associated with the development of alcohol dependence. Termination of alcohol intake after 6 weeks of voluntary alcohol consumption resulted in increased anxiety according to both the social interaction and elevated plus maze tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that 6 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake are sufficient for the development of physical dependence upon alcohol in the alcohol-preferring P rats as measured by susceptibility to bicuculline-induced seizures. This time is much shorter than the 15-20 weeks reported earlier. Development of physical dependence to alcohol was associated with an increase in daily alcohol intake (40% over the baseline), an increase in alcohol intake during each drinking bout (90% over the baseline), and elevated anxiety during alcohol withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7178, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kampov-Polevoy
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gause
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Overstreet
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D001640:Bicuculline; D003292:Convulsants; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D003292:Convulsants; D001640:Bicuculline