title: Analysis of cluster randomized trials in primary care: a practical approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cluster randomized trials increasingly are being used in health services research and in primary care, yet the majority of these trials do not account appropriately for the clustering in their analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We review the main implications of adopting a cluster randomized design in primary care and highlight the practical application of appropriate analytical techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  The application of different analytical techniques is demonstrated through the use of empirical data from a primary care-based case study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inappropriate analysis of cluster trials can lead to the presentation of inaccurate results and hence potentially misleading conclusions. We have demonstrated that adjustment for clustering can be applied to real-life data and we encourage more routine adoption of appropriate analytical techniques.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mollison
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grimshaw
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eccles
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D014572:Urology / Q000592:standards