title: [What are the physical complaints without pathological clinical signs in patients with diabetes mellitus?].
abstract: In previous research it was found that patients with diabetes mellitus suffer from multiple physical symptoms even early in their disease course. Such complaints may relate to blood glucose levels or can be understood as a sign of distress in respect to the diagnosis of a chronic disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to evaluate in a cross-sectional analysis all the symptoms that patients may complain of and to relate these symptoms to a possible dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the complaints of 66 patients with diabetes mellitus and compared these variables with those of patients with psychological disturbances (n = 794) or somatic disease (n = 162). The symptoms were recorded by means of several questionnaires such as the "Giessener Beschwerdebogen" (GBB), "the Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar" (FPI), the German version of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the German version of the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). The autonomic nervous system was assessed using resting and mental stress conditions in a subset of patients with diabetes mellitus (n = 29) and psychological disturbances (n = 44).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and psychological disturbances showed a tendency to higher scores in GBB, STAI and STAXI. As far as psychological disturbances are concerned, the complaints experienced by patients with diabetes mellitus were found to be similar to those with somatic diseases. Both groups, however, rate clearly below those with psychological disturbances. The results of autonomic testing showed a significant disturbance in patients with diabetes mellitus with reduced sensitivity of the baroreceptor indicating autonomic neuropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some of the physical complaints of patients with diabetes mellitus can be understood in connection with autonomic dysfunction. Moreover, an explicitly psychological view of these complaints may not be correct.
authors.affiliation: Universität Trier, Abteilung Verhaltensmedizin, Psychophysiologisches Labor, Bad Kreuznach. laederach@insel.unibe.ch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laederach-Hofmann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mussgay
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schill
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rüddel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010556:Personality Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose