title: Maternal HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection and child survival in The Gambia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the survival of children born to HIV-1 or HIV-2 seropositive mothers with that of children born to HIV-seronegative mothers and to evaluate risk factors for mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physician-blinded prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and one HIV-1-seropositive, 243 HIV-2-seropositive pregnant women, and 468 HIV-seronegative women (control group) matched by age, parity, and health centre, were followed up in a study of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Mothers and children were seen at 2 and 6 months of age and subsequently followed at 3-monthly intervals up to 18 months of age. HIV infection in children was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction at 2, 9 or 18 months and by antibody assays at 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen per cent of children born to HIV-1-infected mothers died compared with 7% of children born to HIV-2-infected mothers [hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-4.7; P = 0.02], and 6% of HIV-seronegative mothers (hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-5.0; P = 0.003). Six of the 17 children known to be HIV-1 infected died compared with none among the eight HIV-2-infected children (P = 0.13). High proviral load in the babies, high antenatal maternal RNA plasma viral load, and maternal death increased child mortality significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More children born to HIV-1-infected mothers died in comparison with those born to HIV-2-infected mothers or to mothers from the control group. This effect was due to excess death in HIV-1-infected infants which was associated with a high viral load in the affected mother and child.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia. Mota@mrc.gm
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Alabi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Yamuah
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: N'Gom
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ariyoshi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Whittle
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D009035:Mothers; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015996:Survival Rate; D019562:Viral Load