title: Intraoperative direct subcortical stimulation for identification of the internal capsule, combined with an image-guided stereotactic system during surgery for basal ganglia lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The two main problems of surgery for basal ganglia lesions are: first, the difficulty of accurately localizing the lesion in this deep location; and second, the proximity to the internal capsule, with the risk of permanent postoperative sequelae. The author describes the use of intraoperative direct electrical subcortical stimulation in the identification and preservation of the internal capsule, combined with an image-guided stereotactic system for the selection of the best surgical approach in a case of deep cavernoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 33-year-old man was admitted to our institution with a history of three episodes of transitory left hemiparesia in the last 12 years. Neurological examination revealed a mild left weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed typical features of a right posterior capsular-lentiform cavernoma. To prevent another hemorrhagic event, surgery was performed via a right transdistal sylvian approach, using a computer-assisted stereotactic method that allowed us to reach the lesion directly and direct stimulations to detect the subcortical pyramidal pathways. The patient had a transitory worsening with complete recovery in 10 days. Control MRI showed total resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As described at the cortical level, the intraoperative direct subcortical stimulations seem also to represent an easy, safe, accurate, and reliable method of real-time functional identification of the internal capsule during surgery for basal ganglia lesions. The combination with an image-guided stereotactic system to accurately localize the lesion minimizes the risk of postoperative sequelae, and seems to warrant an increase of the surgical indications in this location.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Bd de l'hôpital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duffau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D020772:Internal Capsule / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed