title: Physical and chemical evidence remaining after the explosion of large improvised bombs. Part 1: firings of ammonium nitrate/sugar and urea nitrate.
abstract: Recent criminal acts in the United Kingdom, United States and other countries have demonstrated the dangers to public safety from the criminal use of improvised explosives on a large scale. Four sets of trials were carried out over four years, partly in collaboration with the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, involving the firing of large bombs, mostly fertilizer based. The principal objectives of the firings were to measure the physical effects of the explosions upon objects representative of those that would be found at a real bomb scene and to recover any chemical traces deposited on these objects. The results are intended for use as an aid in determining the approximate size and type of an explosive employed in a terrorist attack. This paper describes the background behind the trials, the procedures for preparation of witness materials and charges, and the collection and analysis of physical and chemical evidence.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Explosives Laboratory, Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, Sevenoaks, Kent, England.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Burmeister
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D003418:Criminology / Q000379:methods; D005107:Explosions; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D009566:Nitrates; D013395:Sucrose; D014508:Urea; C006568:ammonium nitrate