title: Intraoperative radiotherapy for the abdominal lymphatic system in patients with esophageal carcinoma.
abstract: We applied intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) to the esophageal carcinoma in an attempt to prevent abdominal lymph node recurrence, and retrospectively studied patterns of failure and controllability of abdominal lymph nodes in patients treated with or without IORT. Between July 1986 and October 1997, 81 patients with radically resected esophageal carcinoma, aged 42-76 years (mean 61), were divided into two groups, the IORT group (39 patients) and the non-IORT group (42 patients). All patients except two, who received transhiatal esophagectomy for superficial carcinoma, underwent subtotal esophagectomy with thoracic and abdominal with/without cervical lymphadenectomy. Fourteen patients underwent only surgical resection, and the remaining 67 patients received radiotherapy to the mediastinum post-operatively (40-50 Gy/20-25 Fr/4-5 W) in 37 and preoperatively (44 Gy/40 Fr/4 W) in 30 patients. Preoperative irradiation was performed as a neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy consisting of two courses of cisplatin (each patient received 80-100 mg, mean 60 mg m(-2), day 1, bolus injection) and 5-fluorouracil (each patient received 500-1000 mg day(-1), mean 400 mg m(-2), days 1-4, continuous infusion). The target volume of IORT encompassed the upper abdominal lymph node area including lymph node groups of right/left cardia, left gastric artery, celiac artery and abdominal para-aorta. A single dose of high-energy electrons (9-12 MeV) of 20-23 Gy, prescribed to the 90% isodose curve, was delivered. Treatment for the abdominal lymphatic system was classified into four categories: surgery alone in 30 patients, surgery with chemotherapy in 12, surgery with IORT in 15, surgery with chemotherapy and IORT in 24. There were no complications related to IORT. Forty patients (49%) had recurring carcinoma: in the lymph nodes (36%), in distant organs (27%) and locally (6%). The incidence of lymph node metastasis was 29% in the neck, 32% in the mediastinum, and 27% in the abdomen. Abdominal lymph node recurrence in the IORT group was less frequent than in the non-IORT group (p=0.048). In particular, 24 patients treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and IORT had no recurrence in the abdominal lymphatic system. The overall median survival was 46 months, the survival at 1, 3, and 5 years being 85%, 52%, and 44% respectively. However, there was no difference in survival between the IORT group and the non-IORT group. The IORT for the abdominal lymphatic system was feasible for reduction of the rate of abdominal lymphatic recurrence without survival benefit in this study. This retrospective finding should be confirmed by a prospective randomized study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tenri Hospital, Tenri City, Nara Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizowaki
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kusumi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hajiro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsusue
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome