title: Influence of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and rheological factors on the sex difference in cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well established that the incidence of cardiovascular disease among men is higher than that among women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether differences between men and women in terms of a range of conventional and rheological risk factors could explain this sex difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based cohort study (the Edinburgh Artery Study).
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women aged 55-74 years (n = 1592) were selected at random from the general population of Edinburgh and followed up for 5 years. Baseline cardiovascular risk factors were measured and related to incidence of disease among men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men had higher levels of cigarette smoking, haematocrit and blood viscosity and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and plasma fibrinogen than did women. The incidences of cardiovascular events among men and women were 48.3 and 26.1 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Adjustment for level of HDL cholesterol reduced the male:female ratio for sex-specific incidence rates of cardiovascular events from 1.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43-2.27] to 1.34 (95% CI 1.04-1.73). This reduction was partially reversed after further adjustment for the other cardiovascular risk factors. The impact of blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and plasma level of fibrinogen on the risk of cardiovascular disease was higher for men than it was for women (multivariate relative risk for blood viscosity were 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.43, for men and 0.81, 95% CI 0.61-1.06, for women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of HDL cholesterol levels in women being higher than those in men may explain some, but not all, of the sex difference in incidence of cardiovascular disease. Greater susceptibility of men to rheological factors might also be important.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Unit for the Prevention of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK. jprice@srv1.med.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fowkes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Housley
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Riemersma
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001809:Blood Viscosity / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL