title: Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: association with risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As both premorbid neurodevelopmental impairments and familial risk factors for schizophrenia are prominent in childhood-onset cases (with onset of psychosis by age 12), their relationship was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premorbid language, motor, and social impairments were assessed in a cohort of 49 patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Familial loading for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, familial eye-tracking dysfunction, and obstetrical complications were assessed without knowledge of premorbid abnormalities and were compared in the patients with and without developmental impairments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over one-half of the patients in this group had developmental dysfunction in each domain assessed. The patients with premorbid speech and language impairments had higher familial loading scores for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and more obstetrical complications, and their relatives had worse smooth-pursuit eye movements. The boys had more premorbid motor abnormalities, but early language and social impairments did not differ significantly between genders. There were no other significant relationships between premorbid social or motor abnormalities and the risk factors assessed here.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premorbid developmental impairments are common in childhood-onset schizophrenia. The rates of three risk factors for schizophrenia (familial loading for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, familial eye-tracking dysfunction, and obstetrical complications) were increased for the probands with premorbid speech and language impairments, suggesting that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves the abnormal development of language-related brain regions.
authors.affiliation: The Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1600, USA. nicolson@box-n.nih.gov
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenane
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singaracharlu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malaspina
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gochman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bedwell
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Thaker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wudarsky
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hommer
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*