title: Human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC gp-39) mRNA expression in adult and fetal chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes by in-situ hybridization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the expression pattern of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC gp-39) mRNA in human cartilage and bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-situ hybridization analysis was used to examine the expression pattern of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC gp-39) mRNA in adult human osteoarthritic articular cartilage from various stages of disease, as well as in human osteophytic tissue and in human fetal bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cartilage from patients with mild osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration, HC gp-39 was expressed at moderate to high levels only in chondrocytes of the superficial zone. In advanced OA cartilage, cloning chondrocytes of the superficial zone expressed high levels of HC gp-39 and chondrocytes of the mid- and deep zones were also positive. HC gp-39 was undetectable in the chondrocytes of normal articular cartilage. In osteophytic tissue, the expression of HC gp-39 mRNA was intense in flattened, end-stage osteoblasts and in primary osteocytes in both endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. Proliferating osteoblasts expressed low to moderate levels. Notably, mature osteocytes were negative for HC gp-39 expression. Chondrocytes in the secondary ossification center of developing fetal cartilage demonstrated high expression while growth plate and mineralized cartilage chondrocytes had lower expression. Osteoblasts at sites of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation were positive for expression of HC gp-39.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stage-specific expression of HC gp-39 in fetal development and adult remodelling bone and cartilage provides evidence for a specific functional or structural role for HC gp-39 in bone and cartilage tissue. HC gp-39 is expressed in diseased human osteoarthritic cartilage and osteophyte, but not in non-diseased tissue, and its distribution within the tissue changes as disease progresses. OA is characterized not only by cartilage degeneration, but by increased subchondral bone formation and osteophytosis. The results from this study indicate that the increased HC gp-39 expression in OA serum and synovial fluid may reflect not only cartilage degeneration but increased osteogenesis.
authors.affiliation: SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gowen
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines; D000328:Adult; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000196:embryology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D037102:Lectins; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; C084533:CHI3L1 protein, human; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D006023:Glycoproteins; D037102:Lectins; D012333:RNA, Messenger