title: Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide therapy in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of an antisense oligonucleotide targeting bcl-2 in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and to determine efficacy using clinical and biologic end points.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with Bcl-2-positive relapsed NHL received a 14-day subcutaneous infusion of G3139, an 18-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to the first six codons of the bcl-2 open reading frame. Plasma pharmacokinetics were measured by anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Response was assessed by computed tomography. Changes in Bcl-2 expression were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting of patients' tumor samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight cohorts of patients received doses between 4. 6 and 195.8 mg/m(2)/d. No significant systemic toxicity was seen at doses up to 110.4 mg/m(2)/d. All patients displayed skin inflammation at the subcutaneous infusion site. Dose-limiting toxicities were thrombocytopenia, hypotension, fever, and asthenia. The maximum-tolerated dose was 147.2 mg/m(2)/d. Plasma levels of G3139 equivalent to the efficacious plasma concentration in in vivo models were produced with doses above 36.8 mg/m(2)/d. Plasma levels associated with dose-limiting toxicity were greater than 4 microg/mL. By standard criteria, there was one complete response, 2 minor responses, nine cases of stable disease, and nine cases of progressive disease. Bcl-2 protein was reduced in seven of 16 assessable patients. This reduction occurred in tumor cells derived from lymph nodes in two patients and from peripheral blood or bone marrow mononuclear cell populations in the remaining five patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bcl-2 antisense therapy is feasible and shows potential for antitumor activity in NHL. Downregulation of Bcl-2 protein suggests a specific antisense mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, and Cancer Research Campaign Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, and Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raynaud
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: di Stefano
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Cotter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense