title: Ku recruits the XRCC4-ligase IV complex to DNA ends.
abstract: Genetic experiments have determined that Ku, XRCC4, and ligase IV are required for repair of double-strand breaks by the end-joining pathway. The last two factors form a tight complex in cells. However, ligase IV is only one of three known mammalian ligases and is intrinsically the least active in intermolecular ligation; thus, the biochemical basis for requiring this ligase has been unclear. We demonstrate here a direct physical interaction between the XRCC4-ligase IV complex and Ku. This interaction is stimulated once Ku binds to DNA ends. Since XRCC4-ligase IV alone has very low DNA binding activity, Ku is required for effective recruitment of this ligase to DNA ends. We further show that this recruitment is critical for efficient end-joining activity in vitro. Preformation of a complex containing Ku and XRCC4-ligase IV increases the initial ligation rate 20-fold, indicating that recruitment of the ligase is an important limiting step in intermolecular ligation. Recruitment by Ku also allows XRCC4-ligase IV to use Ku's high affinity for DNA ends to rapidly locate and ligate ends in an excess of unbroken DNA, a necessity for end joining in cells. These properties are conferred only on ligase IV, because Ku does not similarly interact with the other mammalian ligases. We have therefore defined cell-free conditions that reflect the genetic requirement for ligase IV in cellular end joining and consequently can explain in molecular terms why this factor is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nick McElhinny
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Snowden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCarville
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ramsden
mesh_terms: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004265:DNA Helicases; D000072481:DNA Ligase ATP; D011088:DNA Ligases / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D004260:DNA Repair; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C101467:XRCC4 protein, human; D004247:DNA; D004265:DNA Helicases; C106893:XRCC5 protein, human; C000606509:Xrcc6 protein, human; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen; D011088:DNA Ligases; D000072481:DNA Ligase ATP