title: Results of a phase II study using estramustine phosphate and vinblastine in combination with high-dose three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility and tolerance of neoadjuvant and concomitant estramustine phosphate and vinblastine (EV) with high-dose three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) for patients with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer were enrolled onto a prospective study to determine the feasibility of combining EV with 3D-CRT. Patients were eligible if any of the following requirements were satisfied: (1) Gleason score > or =8 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > 10 ng/mL; (2) Gleason score of 7 and PSA > 20 ng/mL; (3) clinical stage T3N0M0 disease with PSA > 20 ng/mL; (4) any patient with T4N0M0 disease; or (5) patients with TXN1MO disease. Therapy consisted of three 8-week cycles of EV and 8 weeks of 3D-CRT. Estramustine phosphate was given orally beginning on week 1 and continued until the completion of 3D-CRT. Each 8-week cycle of vinblastine consisted of 6 weekly intravenous injections followed by a 2-week rest period. Radiation therapy was administered using a three-dimensional conformal approach to a prescription dose of 75.6 Gy. The median follow-up was 26 months (range, 6 to 40 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three (85%) of 27 patients completed the entire course of therapy and were assessable for toxicities and biochemical outcome. Two patients (7%) developed grade 3 hematologic toxicity that resolved, and two patients (7%) developed grade 3 hepatoxicity, manifesting as persistent elevation of serum transaminase levels, necessitating discontinuation of the chemotherapy and withdrawal from the treatment program. The most prominent adverse effects from this regimen were mild to moderate (grade 1 to 2) nausea and fatigue related to estramustine. Mild peripheral edema was seen in 15% of patients and was treated with diuresis. 3D-CRT was tolerated well in these patients. Medications were required for relief of acute grade 2 rectal (gastrointestinal [GI]) and urinary (genitourinary [GU]) symptoms in 35% and 48% of patients, respectively. Three patients developed acute grade 3 GU toxicities. The 2-year actuarial likelihood of late grade 2 GI toxicity was 20%. No late grade 3 or 4 GI toxicities were observed. The 2-year actuarial likelihoods of late grade 2 and 3 GU toxicities were 25% and 12%, respectively. No grade 4 GU toxicity was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neoadjuvant and concomitant EV with high-dose 3D-CRT is well tolerated in patients with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer. Although the incidence of modest (grade 2) late GI and GU toxicities seem to be increased compared with 3D-CRT alone or in combination with androgen ablation therapy, no severe toxicities were encountered with this regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Solid Tumor Service, Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. zelefskm@mskcc.org
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Scher
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fuks
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leibel
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004961:Estramustine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014751:Vindesine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004961:Estramustine; D014747:Vinblastine; D005047:Etoposide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D014751:Vindesine