title: Hepatitis C transmission and infection by orthotopic heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transmission and clinical consequences of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection acquired by orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) from an HCV-infected donor to an HCV-naive recipient have not been well described. We report our experience in 5 HCV-naive patients who were transplanted with hearts from HCV-positive donors. All transplants occurred within a 1-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  After cardiac transplantation we retrospectively examined the recipients' clinical course, liver-associated enzymes, HCV-antibody serology, quantitative HCV RNA level, and HCV genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five subjects with rapidly deteriorating heart failure and negative serum antibodies to HCV received an emergent OHT from a donor known to be infected with HCV. Liver-associated enzymes peaked at 2 to 6 weeks post-transplant: mean peak alanine aminotransferase was 180 U/L (normal, 9 to 52) and aspartate aminotransferase was 111 U/L (normal, 14 to 36). Liver enzymes had returned to normal limits by 6 and 12 months post-OHT. At a mean 15 months after transplantation, only 1 of 5 patients has developed antibodies to HCV, but 4 of 5 have evidence of infection, as shown by serum HCV RNA. No patient has developed evidence of liver failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Transmission of HCV from an HCV-positive donor to an HCV-naive recipient at the time of OHT is likely. (2) Antibodies to HCV post-OHT may remain negative for more than 1 year in these patients. (3) Hepatitis C viral RNA using polymerase chain reaction should be the test of choice for diagnosis of HCV infection post-OHT. (4) Hepatitis C viral donor hearts should be limited to critically ill patients in extremis until the long-term consequences of acquisition of HCV by an OHT recipient are known.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Pfau
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rho
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeNofrio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Blumberg
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Acker
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lucey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005260:Female; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000502:physiology; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D012367:RNA, Viral