title: Use of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) in the short-term management of headache.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the short-term effects of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) in the management of three types of chronic headache.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Traditional electroanalgesic therapies have been reported to be effective in the management of acute headache symptoms. However, no controlled studies have been performed in patients with chronic headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with either tension headache, migraine, or posttraumatic headache symptoms of at least 6 months' duration were randomized to receive PENS (needles with electricity) or "needles alone" according to a crossover study design. All treatments were administered for 30 minutes, three times a week for 2 consecutive weeks with 1 week off between the two different treatments. For the PENS treatments, an alternating electrical stimulation frequency of 15 and 30 Hz was used. Pain, activity, and sleep scores were assessed using a 10-cm visual analog scale, with 0 corresponding to the best and 10 to the worst, during the 48-hour period prior to the beginning of the two treatments, immediately before and after each treatment session, and 48 hours after completing each treatment modality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the needles alone, PENS therapy was significantly more effective in decreasing the overall VAS pain scores for tension-type headache, migraine and posttraumatic headache (58%, 59%, and 52% versus 20%, 15%, and 20%, respectively). Similarly, PENS therapy produced greater improvement in the patients' physical activity (41% to 58% for PENS versus 11% to 21% for needles only) and quality of sleep (41% to 48% for PENS versus 12% to 20% for needles only). However, there were no differences in the pattern of the response to PENS therapy among the three headache groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation appears to be a useful complementary therapy to analgesic and antimigraine drugs for the short-term management of headache. Interestingly, the analgesic response to PENS therapy appears to be independent of the origin of the headache symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Eugene McDermott Center for Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9068, USA.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hamza
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ghoname
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gajraj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000628:therapy; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation