title: Inhomogeneous target-dose distributions: a dimension more for optimization?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if the use of inhomogeneous target-dose distributions, obtained by 3D conformal radiotherapy plans with or without beam intensity modulation, offers the possibility to decrease indices of toxicity to normal tissues and/or increase indices of tumor control stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with stage III NSCLC were planned using a conventional 3D technique and a technique involving noncoplanar beam intensity modulation (BIM). Two planning target volumes (PTVs) were defined: PTV1 included macroscopic tumor volume and PTV2 included macroscopic and microscopic tumor volume. Virtual simulation defined the beam shapes and incidences as well as the wedge orientations (3D) and segment outlines (BIM). Weights of wedged beams, unwedged beams, and segments were determined by optimization using an objective function with a biological and a physical component. The biological component included tumor control probability (TCP) for PTV1 (TCP1), PTV2 (TCP2), and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for lung, spinal cord, and heart. The physical component included the maximum and minimum dose as well as the standard deviation of the dose at PTV1. The most inhomogeneous target-dose distributions were obtained by using only the biological component of the objective function (biological optimization). By enabling the physical component in addition to the biological component, PTV1 inhomogeneity was reduced (biophysical optimization). As indices for toxicity to normal tissues, NTCP-values as well as maximum doses or dose levels to relevant fractions of the organ's volume were used. As indices for tumor control, TCP-values as well as minimum doses to the PTVs were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When optimization was performed with the biophysical as compared to the biological objective function, the PTV1 inhomogeneity decreased from 13 (8-23)% to 4 (2-9)% for the 3D-(p = 0.00009) and from 44 (33-56)% to 20 (9-34)% for the BIM plans (p < 0. 00001). Minimum PTV1 doses (expressed as the lowest voxel-dose) were similar for both objective functions. The mean and maximum target doses were significantly higher with biological optimization for 3D as well as for BIM (all p values < 0.001). Tumor control probability (estimated by TCP1 x TCP2) was 4.7% (3D) and 6.2% (BIM) higher for biological optimization (p = 0.01 and p = 0.00002 respectively). NTCP(lung) as well as the percentage of lung volume exceeding 20 Gy was higher with the use of the biophysical objective function. NTCP(heart) was also higher with the use of the biophysical objective function. The percentage of heart volume exceeding 40 Gy tended to be higher but the difference was not significant. For spinal cord, the maximum dose as well as NTCP(cord) were similar for 3D plans (D(max): p = 0.04; NTCP: p = 0.2) but were significantly lower for BIM (D(max): p = 0.002; NTCP: p = 0.008) if the biophysical objective function was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When using conventional 3D techniques, inhomogeneous dose distributions offer the potential to further increase the probability of uncomplicated local control. When using techniques as BIM that would lead to large escalation of the median and maximum target doses, it seems indicated to limit target-dose inhomogeneity to avoid dose levels that are so high that the safety becomes questionable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: De Gersem
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Derycke
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Colle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Wagter
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: De Neve
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004947:Esophagus; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord