title: Soluble P-selectin in human plasma: effect of anticoagulant matrix and its levels in patients with cardiovascular disorders.
abstract: P-Selectin represents a cell surface glycoprotein that is constitutively present in the Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells and in the alpha-granules of platelets. In inflammation and thrombogenic conditions, plasmatic P-selectin levels are markedly elevated, indicating the leakage of this marker from these sites. In this study, a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing a monoclonal soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) antibody was employed to assess this marker in blood samples collected in various anticoagulants such as heparin, hirudin, sodium citrate (3.2% and 3.8%), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The soluble P-selectin levels ranged from 26 ng/mL to 44 ng/mL. Sodium citrate (3.8%) was used to collect platelet-poor plasma (PPP) from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), coronary angioplasty (CA), or coronary atherectomy (CAT). In comparison with the control group (approximately 30 ng/mL), all of these patient groups showed a marked elevation of sP-selectin levels (HIT = 96 ng/mL [n = 18], CA = 46 ng/mL [n = 6] and CAT = 60 ng/mL [n = 10]). In platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations using various anticoagulants, the sP-selectin levels were markedly higher, ranging from 87 ng/ mL to 117 ng/mL (n = 10). In patients recruited into a clinical trial (the argatroban [ARG] 911 Study), in which argatroban was used as an alternate anticoagulant in patients with HIT, a 25% to 35% decrease in sP-selectin levels was observed after 72 hours of argatroban treatment. In addition, the relative ratio between levels in PRP and PPP in these patients differed, suggesting that the anticoagulant matrix influences the sP-selectin levels. These data clearly suggest that the anticoagulant matrix and blood collection procedures may significantly influence the plasmatic P-selectin levels. Furthermore, in different clinical conditions, elevation of this marker may reflect endogenous platelet activation; however, optimal anticoagulant for blood collection is important for proper diagnostic validation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walenga
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hoppensteadt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D017225:Atherectomy, Coronary; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D015415:Biomarkers; D019007:P-Selectin; D006493:Heparin