title: Hyperhomocysteinemia, nutritional status, and cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperhomocysteinemia, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and malnutrition are common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This study was designed to assess possible relationships between total plasma homocysteine (tHcy), nutritional status, and ischemic CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study in 117 unselected patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) treatment, among whom there was a high prevalence of malnutrition (56%), as assessed by the subjective global nutritional assessment (SGNA), and a high prevalence of CVD (60%), and prospectively, we followed-up the overall mortality for four years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of tHcy was elevated in 95% of the HD patients, and that of total plasma cysteine (tCys) was also significantly elevated, while the plasma concentrations of methionine (Met), serine (Ser), and taurine (Tau) were significantly lower than those in healthy controls. The 65 patients who were malnourished according to the SGNA score had significantly lower levels of serum albumin (SAlb), plasma IFG-1 (p-IGF-1), tHcy, tCys, and Met than the 52 patients with normal nutritional status, whereas the levels of Ser, Tau, plasma folate, and vitamin B12 were similar in the two groups. The prevalence of malnutrition was 30% in the 47 patients without CVD and was significantly higher (70%, P < 0.001) in the 70 patients with CVD, who also had lower tHcy, SAlb, plasma IGF-1, serum creatinine (SCr), and blood hemoglobin. The tHcy levels were positively correlated with SAlb, Met, tCys, and SCr. Stepwise, multiple-regression analysis showed that tCys, SAlb, and normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (nPNA), an indicator of protein intake, were independent predictors of tHcy. The patients with tHcy <24 micromol/L (median value) had a significantly worse four-year survival than those with a higher tHcy (> or =24 micromol/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that most of HD patients have grossly elevated tHcy levels, but that the absolute level appears to be dependent on nutritional status, protein intake, and SAlb. The results also suggest that the lower tHcy levels in patients with CVD than in those without CVD may be related to the higher prevalence of malnutrition and hypoalbuminemia in the CVD patients. This is also in accordance with our observation that the patients with lower tHcy had a worse survival rate than those with higher tHcy, considering that malnutrition is a strong risk factor for mortality and that CVD is the most common cause of death in ESRD patients.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Baxter Novum and Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suliman
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bárány
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderstam
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heimbürger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D003545:Cysteine