title: Expression of the sonic hedgehog gene in human embryos with neural tube defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To estimate the rate of malformations observed during early human development, a series of 38,913 first-trimester abortions were studied. Neural tube defects (NTD) were found in 57 cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A histological study of serial sections performed in 25 embryos revealed a spectrum of axial structure abnormalities. Expression of the SHH gene was studied by in situ hybridization in one case of CRS and in two cases of SB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cervical notochord duplication was always found in craniorachischisis (CRS, n = 8), but not in spina bifida (SB, n = 10) or diplomyelia (split cord malformation, n = 3). In the embryo with CRS, expression of SHH was found in both domains, corresponding to the duplicated part of the notochord, whereas a single signal was observed in the nonduplicated part. This expression was associated at the cervical level of the open neural tube with a broad SHH expression domain and with two or even three domains in its lumbar region, suggesting multiple functional floor plates. Similarly, in two embryos with SB, two domains of SHH expression were found in the ventral neural tube.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that notochord splitting in the cervical region might be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS. Interestingly, similar notochord abnormality and altered expression of the shh gene are observed in Lp mice with NTD. This suggests that the Lp gene could be a candidate gene for human CRS. Further studies are needed to establish the primary event responsible for the notochord splitting and for the abnormal expression of the SHH gene in the floor plate in embryos with CRS and SB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, 75015, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kirillova
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Novikova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Augé
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Audollent
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Esnault
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Encha-Razavi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazjuk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attié-Bitach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vekemans
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015534:Trans-Activators
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C509239:SHH protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators