title: Compressed air as a source of inhaled oxidants in intensive care units.
abstract: Exhaled gas from mechanically ventilated preterm infants was found to have similar oxidant concentrations, regardless of lung disease, leading to the hypothesis that wall outlet gases were an oxidant source. Oxidants in compressed room air and oxygen from wall outlets were assessed in three hospitals. Samples were collected by flowing wall outlet gas through a heated humidifier and an ice-packed condenser. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured in intensive care room air and in compressed air with and without a charcoal filter using a Sievers NOA280 nitric oxide analyzer (Boulder, CO). Oxidants were measured by spectrophotometry and expressed as nMol equivalents of H2O2/mL. The quantity of oxidant was also expressed as amount of Vitamin C (nMol/mL) added until the oxidant was nondetectable. This quantity of Vitamin C was also expressed in Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) units (mMol/L). Free and total chlorine were measured with a Chlorine Photometer. Oxidants were not found in compressed oxygen and were only found in compressed air when the compression method used tap water. At a compressed room air gas flow of 1.5 L/min, the total volume of condensate was 20.2 +/- 1 mL/hr. The oxidant concentration was 1.52 +/- 0.09 nMol/mL equivalents of H2O2/mL of sample and 30.8 +/- 1.2 nMol/hr; 17.9% of that found in tap water. Oxidant reduction required 2.05 +/-0.12 nMol/mL vitamin C, (1.78 +/- 0.1 x 10(-3) TEAC units). Free and total chlorine in tap water were 0.3 +/- 0.02 mg/mL and 2.9 +/- 0.002 mg/mL, respectively. Outlet gas contained 0.4 +/- 0.06 mg/mL and 0.07 + 0.01 mg/mL total and free chlorine, respectively; both 14% of tap water. When a charcoal filter was installed in the hospital with oxidants in compressed air, oxidants were completely removed. Nursery room air contained 12.4 +/- 0.5 ppb NO; compressed wall air without a charcoal filter, 8.1 +/- 0.1 ppb and compressed air with a charcoal filter 12.5 +/- 0.5 ppb. A charcoal filter does not remove NO. (Table 3) We recommend that all compressed air methods using tap water have charcoal filters at the compression site and the gases be assessed periodically for oxidants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Thibeault
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rezaiekhaligh
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ekekezie
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Truog
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000399:Air Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007615:Kansas; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D016877:Oxidants; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010100:Oxygen