title: Endosonographic Staging of Esophageal Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND: Endosonography (ES) is an important tool for staging malignant esophageal cancer with the TNM staging classification. ES is a safe procedure and an accurate method of staging tumor invasion (T) and lymph node involvement (N). METHODS: The author reviewed the literature on the comparative roles of computed tomography and ES as complementary staging procedures. RESULTS: Advantages of ES in staging esophageal cancer include the ability to accurately determine the layer depth of mural infiltration and to detect metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes. Its disadvantages include its inability to identify distant metastases, to differentiate inflammation from malignant infiltration of wall layers or in lymph nodes, and to examine beyond obstructing tumors unless esophageal dilation is performed. A recent review indicates the accuracy for T staging to be 84% and N staging to be 77%. CONCLUSIONS: ES is a valuable tool in staging esophageal cancer and should be used in combination with computed tomography for highest accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Boyce