title: Short-term effects of rapid pacing on mRNA level of voltage-dependent K(+) channels in rat atrium: electrical remodeling in paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation causes electrophysiological changes of the atrium, thereby facilitating its maintenance. Although the expression of ion channels is modulated in chronic atrial fibrillation, it is yet unknown whether paroxysmal atrial fibrillation can also lead to electrical remodeling by affecting gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To examine the short-term effects of rapid pacing on the mRNA level of voltage-dependent K(+) channels, high-rate atrial pacing was performed in Sprague-Dawley rat hearts. Total RNA was prepared from the atrial appendages from 0 to 8 hours after the onset of pacing, and mRNA levels of Kv1.2, Kv1. 4, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, Kv4.2, Kv4.3, erg, KvLQT1, and minK were determined by RNase protection assay. Among these 9 genes, the mRNA level of the Kv1.5 channel immediately and transiently increased, with bimodal peaks at 0.5 and 2 hours after the onset of pacing. Conversely, the pacing gradually and progressively decreased the mRNA levels of the Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 channels. The increase of Kv1.5 and the decrease of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 mRNA levels were both rate dependent. In correspondence with the changes in the mRNA level, Kv1. 5 channel protein transiently increased in the membrane fraction of the atrium during a 2- to 8-hour pacing period. Electrophysiological findings that the shortening of the action potential produced by 4-hour pacing was almost abolished by a low concentration of 4-aminopyridine implied that the increased Kv1.5 protein was functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even short-term high-rate atrial excitation could differentially alter the mRNA levels of Kv1.5, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 in a rate-dependent manner. In particular, increased Kv1.5 gene expression, having a transient nature, implied the possible biochemical electrical remodeling unique to paroxysmal tachycardia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. yamt-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayami
authors.forename: E i
authors.initials: Ei
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasaoka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omata
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D016375:Antisense Elements (Genetics); D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D016275:Atrial Function / Q000235:genetics*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017931:DNA Primers; D051668:Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels; D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D004594:Electrophysiology; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D051656:KCNQ Potassium Channels; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel; D051663:Kv1.2 Potassium Channel; D051665:Kv1.4 Potassium Channel; D051666:Kv1.5 Potassium Channel; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051669:Shab Potassium Channels; D051672:Shal Potassium Channels; D013612:Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016375:Antisense Elements (Genetics); D017931:DNA Primers; D051668:Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels; D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D051656:KCNQ Potassium Channels; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel; C496972:Kcna2 protein, rat; C496979:Kcna4 protein, rat; C496983:Kcna5 protein, rat; C496991:Kcnb1 protein, rat; C497020:Kcnd2 protein, rat; C497023:Kcnd3 protein, rat; C496911:Kcnq1 protein, rat; D051663:Kv1.2 Potassium Channel; D051665:Kv1.4 Potassium Channel; D051666:Kv1.5 Potassium Channel; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051669:Shab Potassium Channels; D051672:Shal Potassium Channels; C059983:potassium channel protein I(sk)