title: Naloxone protects rat dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory damage through inhibition of microglia activation and superoxide generation.
abstract: Degeneration of dopaminergicrgic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease and inflammation and oxidative stress are closely associated with the pathogenesis of degenerative neurological disorders. Treatment of rat mesencephalic mixed neuron-glia cultures with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia, resident immune cells of the brain, to release proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, nitric oxide, and superoxide and subsequently caused damage to midbrain neurons, including dopaminergic neurons. The LPS-induced degeneration of the midbrain neurons was significantly reduced by cotreatment with naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist. This study focused on understanding the mechanism of action for the protective effect of naloxone on dopaminergic neurons because of relevance to Parkinson's disease. Both naloxone and its opioid receptor inactive stereoisomer (+)-naloxone protected the dopaminergic neurons with equal potency. Naloxone inhibited LPS-induced activation of microglia and release of proinflammatory factors, and inhibition of microglia generation of superoxide free radical best correlated with the neuroprotective effect of naloxone isomers. To further delineate the site of action, naloxone was found to partially inhibit the binding of [(3)H]LPS to cell membranes, whereas it failed to prevent damage to dopaminergic neurons by peroxynitrite, a product of nitric oxide and superoxide. These results suggest that naloxone at least in part interferes with the binding of LPS to cell membranes to inhibit microglia activation and protect dopaminergic neurons as well as other neurons in the midbrain cultures from inflammatory damage.
authors.affiliation: Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. liu@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D016877:Oxidants; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides; C039642:peroxynitric acid; D009270:Naloxone; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D004298:Dopamine