title: Expression of activator protein 2 in prostate cancer is related to tumor differentiation and cell proliferation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activator protein 2 (AP-2) is a DNA-binding transcription factor that can activate the expression of p21 (waf1/cip1), which in turn causes growth arrest of cells through inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases required in G1-S progression. The aims of the present study were to analyze the expression of AP-2 in prostate cancer and to relate the results of AP-2 immunohistochemistry to other known prognostic factors and patient survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  AP-2alpha was demonstrated by an immunohistochemical method in 215 prostate cancer cases, and the results of immunohistochemistry were related to other known prognostic factors and patient survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of AP-2alpha in carcinomas was usually weak and cytoplasmic, similar to normal prostatic epithelium adjacent to tumors. In 6% of the tumors, the expression was strong, and in 15% no staining signal was detected. Nuclear expression was detected in 22% of cases. Low fraction of AP-2-expressing cells was related to high mitotic index, Ki67 labeling and high expression of p21 (waf1/cip1). Nuclear expression of AP-2 was related to high Gleason score, advanced T category, DNA aneuploidy and high S-phase fraction. Nuclear expression was an indicator of unfavorable disease outcome, but in multivariate analysis, expression of AP-2 had no prognostic value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytoplasmic expression of AP-2alpha is reduced in poorly differentiated prostate carcinomas. The rare nuclear expression occurs in a small proportion of tumors which are aneuploid, have a high T category and high Gleason score. The expression of AP-2 seems to have no prognostic value in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. pertti.lipponen@kuopio.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipponen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aaltomaa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kellokoski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ala-Opas
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kosma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002455:Cell Division; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C083115:activator protein-2 binding element