title: The apical ligament: anatomy and functional significance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors conducted a study to describe the detailed anatomy of the apical ligament and to acknowledge or refute its historical description as a functionally significant contributor to craniocervical stability.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 20 adult human cadavers measurements of the apical ligament were obtained, and its detailed anatomy was observed. Ranges of motion were also assessed to discern the function of the apical ligament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the study support the concept that the apical ligament is best described as a vestigial structure that offers no significant added stability to the craniocervical junction. In fact, this ligament was absent in 20% of the specimens examined. These data will aid physicians who frequently view images or manage clinical problems of the craniocervical junction because they may focus on other ligaments of this area and not the apical ligament.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, The Children's Hospital of Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grabb
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Oakes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values