title: Shoulder muscle activation during aquatic and dry land exercises in nonimpaired subjects.
abstract: METHODS
  Randomized, single blind experimental design using electromyography to measure shoulder muscle activation in nonimpaired subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the muscle activation of rotator cuff and shoulder synergists during rehabilitation exercises performed in water or on dry land.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Early motion is critical to restoration of normal shoulder function. Aquatic therapy has been promoted as a method for increasing range of motion while minimizing stress on the shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The integrated electromyography amplitude of 6 muscles of the shoulder girdle was examined on the nondominant shoulders of 6 subjects (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis, anterior, middle, and posterior deltoids). Each subject performed elevation (0 degree to 90 degrees) in the scapular plane with neutral rotation on land and in water at 3 different speeds of elevation (30 degrees/s, 45 degrees/s, and 90 degrees/s). The mean percentage of the maximal voluntary contraction was determined for each of the 3 test speeds on land and in water. Comparisons between water and dry land were made with a repeated measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all 6 muscles tested, muscle activation during the 30 degrees/s test speed and all muscles tested at the 45 degrees/s test speed was significantly less when performed in water versus when performed on land. For example, electromyography activation of the supraspinatus muscle was 16.68% of a maximal voluntary contraction when elevation at was performed at 30 degrees/s on dry land versus 3.93% when performed in water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that shoulder elevation in the water at slower speeds resulted in a significantly lower activation of the rotator cuff and synergistic muscles. This decreased muscle activation during aquatic physical therapy allows for earlier active motion in the postoperative period without compromising patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. keelyb@hss.edu
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Roskin
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Kirkendall
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Speer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*