title: Bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: the Pulmonary Complications, ICU Support, and Prognostic Factors of Hospitalized Patients with HIV (PIP) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the causative organisms and factors associated with bacterial pneumonia and to assess its impact on the outcome of hospitalized patients with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-affiliated medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 1,225 consecutive hospital admissions, from April 1995 through March 1998, of 599 adults with HIV. We collected data on APACHE II (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II) score, leukocyte and CD4+ lymphocyte counts, length of hospital stay, ICU admission rate, and case-fatality rate. Chest radiographs and laboratory results were reviewed. The presence of bacterial pneumonia was noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in 111 hospitalizations (9%): 80 (72%) were community-acquired infections. The CD4+ lymphocyte count was lower (median, 38 vs 66/microL, p = 0.0027), APACHE II score higher (17 vs 13, p < 0. 0001), length of hospital stay longer (median, 6 vs 4), and ICU admission (28% vs 9%) and case-fatality rates (21% vs 4%) higher in patients with bacterial pneumonia compared with those without bacterial pneumonia. The most common pathogen was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32 admissions), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (22 admissions), Staphylococcus aureus (16 admissions), and Haemophilus influenzae (11 admissions). Thirty-three (30%) of the pneumonias were bacteremic. Bacteremia was more common in pneumococcal than in pseudomonal pneumonia (95% vs 9%, p < 0.0001). Compared with patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, patients with pseudomonal pneumonia had lower leukocyte and CD4+ lymphocyte counts, longer hospital stay, and similar case-fatality rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P aeruginosa is becoming a common cause of both community-acquired and nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV, especially in those with low leukocyte and CD4+ lymphocyte counts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville, FL Bafessa@UTMEM1.UTMEM.EDU
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Afessa
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006678:HIV; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012124:Respiratory Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*