title: Smoking and GCF levels of IL-1beta and IL-1ra in periodontal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  GCF levels of the cytokine IL-1beta and its receptor antagonist IL-1ra were analyzed with respect to smoking in patients with moderate to severe periodontal disease. The study population included 22 smokers and 18 non-smokers in the age range 32-86 years. Concomitantly, the GCF levels of IgA, IgG, albumin and total protein were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of GCF were obtained from 2 diseased sites in each patient by means of an aspiration method. IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IgA and IgG were determined with immunoelectrophoresis. Total protein was determined by the BCA method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical characteristics in terms of probing depth and frequency of diseased sites and supragingival plaque did not differ between smokers and non-smokers. Gingival bleeding, however, was significantly depressed in smokers. IL-1beta was detected in GCF of 95% of both smokers and non-smokers and IL-1ra in all patients. The GCF level of IL-1ra was approximately 1,000-fold that of IL-1beta. The GCF levels of IL-1beta and IL-1ra were high in comparison with those of TNF-alpha and IL-6 determined by the same method in our earlier studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations did not reveal any influence of smoking on the levels of IL-1beta and IL-1ra in GCF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boström
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000145:classification; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007122:Immunoelectrophoresis; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011506:Proteins; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha