title: Considerations in the selection of radiopharmaceuticals for palliation of bone pain from metastatic osseous lesions.
abstract: Bone pain is a common complication for terminal patients with bone metastases from prostate, lung, breast, and other malignancies. A multidisciplinary approach in treating bone pain is generally required, 1 which includes a combination of analgesic drug therapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy. Over the years, treatment of bone pain using bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals has been explored extensively. Pharmaceuticals labeled with energetic 1-particle emitters such as 32p, 89Sr, 153Sm, and 186Re, in addition to the low-energy electron emitter 117mSn, have been studied for this purpose. Bone-marrow toxicity as a consequence of chronic irradiation by the energetic , particles is a general problem associated with this form of treatment. It is therefore desirable to identify radiochemicals that minimize the dose to the bone marrow and at the same time deliver therapeutic doses to the bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  New S values (mean absorbed dose per unit cumulated activity) for target regions of human bone and marrow were used to ascertain the capacity of various radiochemicals to deliver a high bone dose while minimizing the marrow dose. The relative dosimetric advantage of a given radiopharmaceutical compared with a reference radiochemical was quantitated as a dosimetric relative advantage factor (RAF). Several radionuclides that emit energetic 1 particles (32p, 89Sr, 153Sm, 186Re, and 177Lu) and radionuclides that emit low-energy electrons or beta particles (169Er, 117mSn, and 33p) were evaluated. For these calculations, ratios of the cumulated activity in the bone relative to cumulated activity in the marrow alpha equal to 10 and 100 were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the radiopharmaceutical was assumed to be uniformly distributed in the endosteum and alpha was taken as 100 for both the reference and test radiochemicals, the RAF values compared with the reference radionuclide 32p were 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, and 2.0 for 89Sr, 186Re, 153Sm, 177Lu, 169Er, 117mSn, and 33P, respectively. In contrast, when the radiopharmaceutical is assumed to be uniformly distributed in the bone volume, the RAF values for these 7 radionuclides were 1.1, 1.5, 2.4, 3.2, 4.5, 5.1, and 6.5, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that low-energy electron emitters such as 117mSn and 33P are more likely to deliver a therapeutic dose to the bone while sparing the bone marrow than are energetic beta emitters such as 32p and 89Sr. Therefore, radiochemicals tagged with low-energy electron or beta emitters are the radiopharmaceuticals of choice for treatment of painful metastatic disease in bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear and Radiological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bouchet
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bolch
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goddu
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D006801:Humans; D010148:Intractable Pain; D010166:Palliative Care; D010761:Phosphorus Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014001:Tin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010761:Phosphorus Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014001:Tin