title: A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are as yet unknown. Evidence of familial aggregation is one approach for investigating the role of genetics in the etiology of this condition. The current study was conducted to determine ifOCD is familial and to investigate possible familial subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty case probands were identified in 5 specialty OCD clinics and 73 community control probands were identified by random-digit dialing. These probands and their first-degree relatives (343 case and 300 control relatives) were blinded to group and evaluated by psychiatrists and doctoral-level clinical psychologists using semistructured instruments. Final diagnoses were assigned by a blinded-consensus procedure. The results were analyzed using logistic regression by the method of generalized estimating equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence of OCD was significantly higher in case compared with control relatives (11.7% vs 2.7%) (P<.001). Case relatives had higher rates of both obsessions and compulsions; however, this finding is more robust for obsessions. Age at onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the case proband was strongly related to familiality (odds ratio, 0.92; confidence interval, 0.85-0.99) (P = .05); no case of OCD symptoms was detected in the relatives of probands whose age at onset of symptoms was 18 years or older. Probands with tics or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder were not more likely to have relatives with OCD than those without these features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a familial disorder. Obsessions are more specific to the phenotype than are compulsions. Age at onset of OCD is valuable in characterizing a familial subtype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. gnestadt@mail.jhmi.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nestadt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Bienvenu
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: LaBuda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walkup
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grados
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoehn-Saric
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003193:Compulsive Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020323:Tics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics