title: Foamy gland pattern of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a deceptively benign-appearing variant.
abstract: Pathologic diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is frequently a challenge, particularly in small biopsies, frozen sections, and in metastatic foci. Here we report a deceptively benign-appearing and morphologically distinctive pattern of ductal adenocarcinoma with prominent microvesicular cytoplasm, giving the cells a foamy appearance similar to that described in the prostate (Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:419). This variant, which we refer to as foamy gland pattern (FGP), was frequently misdiagnosed in frozen sections or biopsies and its pathologic stage underestimated in surgical specimens. Histologically, the diagnostic features were: (1) white and crisply foamy, "microvesicular" cytoplasm; (2) often basally located and compressed, hyperchromatic nuclei reminiscent of endocervical glands (and so-called "adenoma malignum") or gastric foveolar glands; (3) irregular nuclear contours forming wrinkled (raisinoid) nuclei in some areas; and (4) a distinctive chromophilic condensation of the cytoplasmic material in the luminal aspect of the cells forming a brush border-like zone (BLZ). Histochemically, this BLZ was positive for mucicarmine, alcian blue, and high iron diamine, but not PAS. The remainder of the cytoplasm was negative for all these stains. In contrast, benign mucinous ducts, which constitute the major differential diagnosis, had more homogeneous acidophilic cytoplasm, lacked BLZ, and showed cytoplasmic staining with PAS. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely and strongly positive for CEA and cytokeratin 8 whereas B72.3 staining was focal and weak. MUC1 staining was largely confined to the BLZ. MUC2 was negative. P53 staining was detected in 16 of the 20 cases studied and was strong and diffuse in five. K-ras mutation was detected in 6 of 8 cases studied. The clinical findings in the 20 patients in this study (4 pure and 16 mixed with usual ductal carcinoma) did not appear to differ significantly from those of ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Eleven patients were men and nine were women; the mean age was 62 years and the mean tumor size was 4.4 cm. Follow-up information was available in 17 patients of whom 7 were alive at an average follow up of 23 months (range, 7-104 mos), and 10 were dead of disease at a median follow up of 15 months (range, 4-42 mos). The median survival of the four patients with pure FGP was 18 months. The median survival did not appear to be significantly longer than that of the patients with resectable ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma in the authors' experience (109 patients, median survival of 12 mos, p = 0.48). In conclusion, foamy gland pattern of invasive pancreatic ductal carcinoma is morphologically distinctive and is prone to misdiagnosis as a benign process. The pathologic stage is often underestimated as a result of the lack of its recognition and misinterpretation as mucinous ducts. Careful attention to its microscopic features is adequate for accurate diagnosis. Histochemical and immunohistochemical stains are useful in confirming the diagnosis of malignancy in challenging cases.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Pathology, The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Harper Hospital, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Adsay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Logani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crissman
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaitkevicius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009077:Mucins / Q000032:analysis; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009077:Mucins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins