title: Airway management during spaceflight: A comparison of four airway devices in simulated microgravity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors compared airway management in normogravity and simulated microgravity with and without restraints for laryngoscope-guided tracheal intubation, the cuffed oropharyngeal airway, the standard laryngeal mask airway, and the intubating laryngeal mask airway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four trained anesthesiologist-divers participated in the study. Simulated microgravity during spaceflight was obtained using a submerged, full-scale model of the International Space Station Life Support Module and neutrally buoyant equipment and personnel. Customized, full-torso manikins were used for performing airway management. Each anesthesiologist-diver attempted airway management on 10 occasions with each device in three experimental conditions: (1) with the manikin at the poolside (poolside); (2) with the submerged manikin floating free (free-floating); and (3) with the submerged manikin fixed to the floor using a restraint (restrained). Airway management failure was defined as failed insertion after three attempts or inadequate device placement after insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the laryngoscope-guided tracheal intubation, airway management failure occurred more frequently in the free-floating (85%) condition than the restrained (8%) and poolside (0%) conditions (both, P < 0.001). Airway management failure was similar among conditions for the cuffed oropharyngeal airway (poolside, 10%; free-floating, 15%; restrained, 15%), laryngeal mask airway (poolside, 0%; free-floating, 3%; restrained, 0%), and intubating laryngeal mask airway (poolside, 5%; free-floating, 5%; restrained, 10%). Airway management failure for the laryngoscope-guided tracheal intubation was usually caused by failed insertion (> 90%), and for the cuffed oropharyngeal airway, laryngeal mask airway, and intubating laryngeal mask airway, it was always a result of inadequate placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emphasis placed on the use of restraints for conventional tracheal intubation in microgravity is appropriate. Extratracheal airway devices may be useful when restraints cannot be applied or intubation is difficult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brimacombe
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: A
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giampalmo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleinsasser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loeckinger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giampalmo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pühringer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins