title: Design and pilot evaluation of a system to develop computer-based site-specific practice guidelines from decision models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local tailoring of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) requires experts in medicine and evidence synthesis unavailable in many practice settings. The authors' computer-based system enables developers and users to create, disseminate, and tailor CPGs, using normative decision models (DMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  ALCHEMIST, a web-based system, analyzes a DM, creates a CPG in the form of an annotated algorithm, and displays for the guideline user the optimal strategy. ALCHEMIST'S interface enables remote users to tailor the guideline by changing underlying input variables and observing the new annotated algorithm that is developed automatically. In a pilot evaluation of the system, a DM was used to evaluate strategies for staging non-small-cell lung cancer. Subjects (n = 15) compared the automatically created CPG with published guidelines for this staging and critiqued both using a previously developed instrument to rate the CPGs' usability, accountability, and accuracy on a scale of 0 (worst) to 2 (best), with higher scores reflecting higher quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean overall score for the ALCHEMIST CPG was 1.502, compared with the published-CPG score of 0.987 (p = 0.002). The ALCHEMIST CPG scores for usability, accountability, and accuracy were 1.683, 1.393, and 1.430, respectively; the published CPG scores were 1.192, 0.941, and 0.830 (each comparison p < 0.05). On a scale of 1 (worst) to 5 (best), users' mean ratings of ALCHEMIST'S ease of use, usefulness of content, and presentation format were 4.76, 3.98, and 4.64, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the feasibility of a web-based system that automatically analyzes a DM and creates a CPG as an annotated algorithm, enabling remote users to develop site-specific CPGs. In the pilot evaluation, the ALCHEMIST guidelines met established criteria for quality and compared favorably with national CPGs. The high usability and usefulness ratings suggest that such systems can be a good tool for guideline development.
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305-6019, USA. sanders@stanford.edu
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Nease
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003663:Decision Trees; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D012986:Software Validation