title: Prognostic factors in diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN) can have variable clinical course. Identification of the predictors of outcome would help to improve the management. We have studied the prognostic significance of clinical, laboratory and histological parameters in patients with DPLN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty nine patients diagnosed to be having DPLN seen between 1987 and 1991 were followed up for over 57 months. Parameters assessed for prognostic significance included serum creatinine, urine protein at the time of biopsy, blood pressure, type of immunosuppression, composite scores and individual components of activity index (AI) and chronicity index (CI). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted and the results were compared using log rank test. Fishers' exact test was used to study the risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End stage renal failure developed in 7/29 (24.1%) patients; 7/19 (36.8%) who had hypertension and 7/16 (43.8%) who had nephrotic proteinuria developed renal failure, while none who had normal blood pressure or nonnephrotic proteinuria, developed renal failure (p < 0.01). Three patients had high activity index (> 12) and all three developed renal failure. Other parameters such as age, gender, serum creatinine, type of immunosuppression, CI and individual components of AI failed to predict the outcome (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertension, nephrotic proteinuria and high AI were predictive of progression to end stage renal failure in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis.
authors.affiliation: Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korula
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayakrishnan
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Jacob
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011239:Prednisolone