title: Testicular cancer at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, management methods and prognosis of testicular cancer at Kenyatta National Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case study of testicular cancer patients over a fifteen year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kenyatta National Hospital, a referral and teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All histologically confirmed testicular cancer patients recorded at the Histopathology Department of Kenyatta National Hospital between 1983 and 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 34.8 years with a peak incidence in the 30-44 year age group. History of cryptochirdism was obtained in 10.26% of the patients. Thirty one patients (79.49%) presented with painless testicular swellings, eleven (28.08%) with pain, nine (23.08%) with scrotal heaviness, six (15.38%) with abdominal swellings and one (2.56%) each with gynaecomastia and eye swelling. On examination 32 patients (82.05%) had testicular masses, ten (25.64%) had abdominal masses, seven (17.91%) had supraclavicular and cervical lymphadenopathy, and one each (2.56%) had gynaecomastia and eye mass respectively. More than eighty nine per cent had germ cell cancers with seminoma accounting for 67.35%, teratoma 12.24%, embroyonal carcinoma 8.16%, rhabdomyosarcoma 6.12% and malignant germ cell tumour, orchioblastoma and dysgerminoma each accounted for 2.04%. Three patients (7.7%) had orchidectomy and radiotherapy and chemotherapy, sixteen (41.03%) had orchidectomy and radiotherapy, six (15.38%) had orchidectomy and chemotherapy, ten (25.64%) had radiotherapy and chemotherapy, three (7.7%) and two (5.13%) had only chemotherapy and radiotherapy respectively. No cisplastin based chemotherapy regime was used. Follow up was effected for eighteen patients (46.15%) and seven patients (38.89%) were alive after five years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prognosis with current regimes was poor with survival of only 38.89% after five years. Cisplastin based chemotherapy with up to 90% cure rates should be included as a component of testicular cancer management at Kenyatta National Hospital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Opot
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Magoha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome