title: Estrogen and progestin, lipoprotein(a), and the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease events after menopause.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been identified as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) events. However, few data exist on the clinical importance of Lp(a) lowering for CHD prevention. Hormone therapy with estrogen has been found to lower Lp(a) levels in women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationships among treatment with estrogen and progestin, serum Lp(a) levels, and subsequent CHD events in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS), a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled secondary prevention trial conducted from January 1993 through July 1998 with a mean follow-up of 4.1 years at 20 centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2763 postmenopausal women younger than 80 years with coronary artery disease and an intact uterus. Mean age was 66.7 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to receive either conjugated equine estrogens, 0.625 mg, plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg, in 1 tablet daily (n = 1380), or identical placebo (n = 1383).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipoprotein(a) levels and CHD events (nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased baseline Lp(a) levels were associated with subsequent CHD events among women in the placebo arm. After multivariate adjustment, women in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of baseline Lp(a) level had relative hazards (RHs) (compared with the first quartile) of 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-1.59), 1.31 (95% CI, 0.85-2.04), and 1.54 (95% CI, 0.99-2.39), respectively, compared with women in the lowest quartile (P for trend = .03). Treatment with estrogen and progestin reduced mean (SD) Lp(a) levels significantly (-5.8 [15] mg/dL) (-0.20 [0.53] micromol/L) compared with placebo (0.3 [17] mg/dL) (0.01 [0.60] micromol/L) (P<.001). In a randomized subgroup comparison, women with low baseline Lp(a) levels had less benefit from estrogen and progestin than women with high Lp(a) levels; the RH for women assigned to estrogen and progestin compared with placebo were 1.49 (95% CI, 0.97-2.26) in the lowest quartile and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.67-1.65), 0.78 (0.52-1.18), and 0.85 (0.58-1.25) in the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively (P for interaction trend = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for recurrent CHD in postmenopausal women and that treatment with estrogen and progestin lowers Lp(a) levels. Estrogen and progestin therapy appears to have a more favorable effect (relative to placebo) in women with high initial Lp(a) levels than in women with low levels. This apparent interaction needs confirmation in other trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, USA. shlip@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vittinghoff
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hulley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood*; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate