title: Effect of cytokine therapy on survival for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between treatment with cytokine therapy and survival, investigate the effect of nephrectomy on survival, and identify long-term survivors among a cohort of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 670 patients with advanced RCC treated on 24 clinical trials of systemic chemotherapy or cytokine therapy were the subjects of this retrospective analysis. Treatment was categorized as cytokine (containing interferon alfa and/or interleukin-2) in 396 patients (59%) and as chemotherapy (cytotoxic or hormonal therapy) in 274 (41%). Among the 670 patients, those with survival times of greater than 5 years were identified as long-term survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients treated with cytokine therapy had a longer survival time than did those treated with chemotherapy, regardless of the year of treatment or risk category based on pretreatment features. The median survival times for favorable-, intermediate-, and poor-risk patients were 27, 12, and 6 months for those treated with cytokines and 15, 7, and 3 months for those treated with chemotherapy, respectively. The magnitude of difference in median survival was greater in the favorable- and intermediate-risk groups. The median survival time was less than 6 months in the poor-risk group for both treatment programs. Median survival time was 14 months among patients with prior nephrectomy plus time from diagnosis to treatment greater than 1 year versus 8 months among those with time from diagnosis to treatment less than 1 year, regardless of pretreatment nephrectomy status. Thirty patients (4.5%) among the 670 patients were identified as long-term survivors; 12 were free of disease after nephrectomy and treatment with interferon alfa, interleukin-2, or surgical resection of metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low proportion of patients with advanced RCC who achieve long-term survival emphasizes the need for clinical investigation to identify more effective therapy.
authors.affiliation: Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, and Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Motzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacik
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Metz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines