title: Potentiality of interleukin-18 as a useful reagent for treatment and prevention of Leishmania major infection.
abstract: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in natural killer cell activation and the T helper 1 (Th1) cell response, particularly in collaboration with IL-12. Since Th1 cells play a pivotal role in the host defense against infection with intracellular microbes, such as Leishmania major, we investigated whether IL-18 is critically involved in protection against L. major infection by activation of Th1 cells. We administered IL-12 and/or IL-18 daily to L. major-susceptible BALB/c mice. Neither IL-12 (10 ng/mouse) nor IL-18 (1,000 ng/mouse) induced wound healing, while daily injection of IL-12 and IL-18 during the first week after infection strongly protected the mice from footpad swelling by induction and activation of Th1 cells. Furthermore, these mice acquired protective immunity. We also investigated a protective role of endogenous IL-18 by using anti-IL-18 antibody-treated C3H/HeN mice (an L. major-resistant strain) or IL-18 deficient (IL-18(-/-)) mice with a resistant background (C57BL/6). We found that in the absence of endogenous IL-18, these mice showed prolonged footpad swelling as well as diminished nitric oxide production. However, daily injection of IL-18 into IL-18(-/-) mice corrected their deficiencies, suggesting that these mice have Th1 cells that produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in response to IL-18. Indeed, these mice had normal levels of Th1 cells. Thus, IL-18 is not responsible for inducing Th1 cells but participates in host resistance by its action in stimulating Th1 cells to produce IFN-gamma. Our results also indicate the high potentiality of IL-18 as a useful reagent for treatment as well as prevention against reinfection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohkusu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashiwamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwakura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000276:immunology*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout
chemical_list: D020382:Interleukin-18; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma