title: Impact of gender on access to the renal transplant waiting list for pediatric and adult patients.
abstract: While the public and policy-makers place a priority on equity in the organ allocation process, several studies suggest that women may be less likely than men to receive a renal transplant. However, the cause of this disparity and whether it exists among children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are unknown. To address these issues, two nationally representative cohorts of incident patients were examined: (1) 7594 adults with ESRD onset between 1986 and 1993 for whom detailed data were available from the medical record on health status; and (2) 3217 patients <20 yr old who developed ESRD between 1988 and 1993. Patients were followed from initiation of dialysis for up to 10 yr until first activation on the United Network of Organ Sharing renal transplant waiting list. Access to the list for female and male patients with ESRD was compared using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors. Crude rates of wait-listing per 100 person-years of ESRD were lower for female patients than male patients in both the pediatric (28.89 versus 34.18) and adult (3.94 versus 6.54) populations. Despite adjustment for numerous confounding factors, this gender-based disparity persisted in multivariate analysis. Among children with ESRD, female patients were 14% less likely to be listed than male patients (relative hazard [RH] 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78 to 0.93), and in the adult group, women were 18% less likely to be activated for transplant than men (RH 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.93). These findings suggest that female patients of all ages with ESRD face barriers in being activated for cadaveric renal transplantation. Greater attention to this issue is necessary to improve equity in the organ allocation system and potentially improve the outcomes of female patients with ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.|Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Pushkal P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Furth
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fivush
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.|Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.|Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.|Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014850:Waiting Lists