title: Acute histologic changes in human renal tumors after cryoablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cryoablation is a treatment option for some patients with small, exophytic lesions of the kidney. Several investigators have evaluated the effects of cryoablation in normal renal tissue of animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the tissue changes following cryoablation in human renal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated patients with solid renal lesions (1.5-1.8 cm) confirmed by CT, MRI, or both. Metastatic work-up for all patients was negative. All lesions were biopsied prior to freezing. Two patients with bilateral renal tumors underwent argon-gas-based CRYOcare System (Endocare, Irvine, CA) treatment via an open approach. A 3-mm cryoprobe was placed directly into each tumor. A single 15-minute freeze preceded an active thaw (helium gas) for each lesion. Iceball dimensions were monitored by intraoperative ultrasonography. After successful cryoablation, partial nephrectomy was performed to remove the lesion, and the renal tissue underwent histologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cryoprobes achieved a temperature of -135 degrees C. No bleeding was noted, and there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications with a mean follow-up of 3 months. Histologically, freezing of renal tissue resulted in coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage beyond the boundaries of the lesions. There was a zone of demarcation between the viable and nonviable tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, cryoablation was effective in destroying tumor tissue in vivo in human kidneys. Freezing was sufficient to achieve a negative surgical margin. Cryoablation of renal tumor is an alternative to the currently available nephron-sparing surgical techniques. The long-term effect of tumor tissue destruction by cryosurgery requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Edmunds
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schulsinger
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Waltzer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018206:Angiolipoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003452:Cryosurgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography