Phospholipase C and D in the commitment to survival or death in the early lag phase of tetrahymena cultures.
We made three kinds of experiments in order to elucidate aspects of physiological mechanisms involved in a series of specific events leading to either cell death or survival in the lag phase of culture growth. We studied the fate of newly inoculated Tetrahymena cells in small droplets at 'high' (more than 1000 cells ml(-1)) and 'low' cell densities (less than 600 cells ml(-1)) in a nutrionally complete, synthetic nutrient medium. Confirming previous results we found that the cells in high-density cultures multiplied to final densities around 500,000 cells ml(-1) and that cells in low-density cultures died before multiplying. The appearance of the cells was recorded with a video camera at 20 frames per second for 6 h or until they died. The results indicated that the death process took place within milliseconds. We also studied the effects of U 73122, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, on cell survival at low densities. At low inhibitor concentrations low-density cells were rescued from dying. At high inhibitor concentrations all cells died, and phosphatidylinositol - but not phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine - saved them. The results indicate that the paths leading to either cell death or to cell proliferation separate within the first few minutes after subcultivation into a new medium, since the first cells in each culture died within 4-30 min after inoculation. Our results also indicate that some PLC activity was required for stimulation of phospholipase D, and that cell death during the early lag phase is caused by a shortage in phosphatidylinositol before the phospholipase D activity is upregulated. These experiments are shedding light on the lethal consequences of a cellular depletion of the important signalling compound phosphatidylinositol in an in vivo system, and may help to elucidate mechanisms behind the century-old fact that eukaryote cells die when inoculated at too low a cell density to survive.
Rasmussen
M
M
Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Odense University, Denmark.
Rasmussen
L
L
D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004963:Estrenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism*; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013768:Tetrahymena / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
D004963:Estrenes; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; C060229:1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D010739:Phospholipase D