title: Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure: underlying mechanisms and therapy perspectives.
abstract: Low exercise tolerance has a large influence on health status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure. In addition to primary organ dysfunction, impaired skeletal muscle performance is a strong predictor of low exercise capacity. There are striking similarities between both disorders with respect to the muscular alterations underlying the impairment. However, different alterations occur in different muscle types. Histologic and metabolic data show that peripheral muscles undergo a shift from oxidative to glycolytic energy metabolism, whereas the opposite is observed in the diaphragm. These findings are in line with the notion that peripheral and diaphragm muscle are limited mainly by endurance and strength capacity, respectively. In both diseases, muscular impairment is multifactorially determined; hypoxia, oxidative stress, disuse, medication, nutritional depletion, and systemic inflammation may contribute to the observed muscle abnormalities and each factor has its own potential for innovative treatment approaches.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pulmonology and Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. h.gosker@pul.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gosker
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Vusse
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schols
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D015444:Exercise; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones