title: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: the role of contrast-enhanced MR imaging in predicting disease progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early assignment of disease progression among patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is critical for the appropriate selection of effective therapy. We evaluated the association between contrast enhancement on T1-weighted spin-echo MR images and disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical charts of patients with X-linked ALD were reviewed for age, availability of MR images of the brain, severity of neurologic impairment, and duration and number of follow-up evaluations. Forty-three male patients with X-linked ALD had undergone multiple MR imaging examinations of the brain that consisted of at least sagittal and axial T1-weighted spin-echo, axial double-echo spin-echo, and contrast-enhanced axial T1-weighted spin-echo imaging. The MR images were reviewed for the presence of contrast enhancement. In addition, global disease burden, as shown by the double-echo spin-echo images, was assessed using a visual scoring method (Loes score).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enhancement was seen on the initial T1-weighted spin-echo MR images of 21 (49%) patients; 18 (86%) of the 21 patients had disease progression revealed by the follow-up evaluations based on MR imaging (Loes) and neurologic scores. No enhancement was seen on the initial T1-weighted spin-echo MR images of 22 (51%) patients; for 18 (82%) of the 22 patients, no evidence of disease progression was revealed by the follow-up evaluations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a very strong association between the presence of contrast enhancement on T1-weighted MR images and X-linked ALD progression based on clinical evaluation and MR imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore MD, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Melhem
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Loes
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Georgiades
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Moser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000326:Adrenoleukodystrophy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media