title: Withdrawal and tolerance: prognostic significance in DSM-IV alcohol dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical and research importance of tolerance and/or withdrawal in the diagnosis of substance dependence has been identified as a key area needing clarification. Earlier longitudinal studies did not identify whether diagnoses of alcohol dependence were current or lifetime. In this study, the prognostic significance of the DSM-IV physiological specifier was investigated among cases of alcohol dependence current at the baseline interview. The role of tremors, required in DSM-III and DSM-III-R, was investigated as well.
  
  
  METHODS
  Household residents (N = 130; 57% men) meeting full criteria for current DSM-IV alcohol dependence in a baseline interview were re-interviewed a year later and DSM-IV alcohol dependence was again evaluated. Reliable structured interviews were used to make the diagnoses. The DSM-IV physiologic specifier and its components were tested as predictors of outcome of DSM-IV alcohol dependence, and included an additional definition of alcohol withdrawal that required tremors. Chi-square tests and adjusted odds ratios indicated statistical significance of group differences on outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DSM-IV physiological specifier (tolerance or withdrawal) did not predict 1-year chronicity of DSM-IV alcohol dependence, nor did tolerance when considered separately. However, withdrawal predicted poor outcome (e.g., 1-year chronicity of DSM-IV alcohol dependence). The effect of withdrawal was strengthened when tremors were required as part of the withdrawal syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to earlier longitudinal research, this study supports the prognostic relevance of one component of the present DSM-IV physiological specifier--withdrawal. Withdrawal appears to have stronger prognostic meaning when the DSM-III-R version, in which tremors were required, is used. Further studies of the physiological subtype may benefit from studying subjects who have been clearly identified at the baseline evaluation as having a current diagnosis of dependence.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University / New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hasin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paykin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meydan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol