title: Image-navigated endoscopic surgery: introduction of the face-mounted display system with picture-in-picture capabilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The face-mounted display system with picture-in-picture capabilities was evaluated for clinical usefulness in endoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The device mounts two crystal liquid color panels, being shaped like a pair of glasses. It can provide us with an ultra-large virtual screen of the endoscopic view. Furthermore, a picture-in-picture capability can materialize a multi-image environment. Twenty-five patients were enrolled in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The view obtained by the surgeon consisted of the FMD screen of the upper two-thirds and the direct view of the lower one-third. The surgeon could concentrate more on the procedure, because he could face the target organ regardless of the display position. No complications attributable to the device were encountered. With a multi-image environment, endoscopic procedure was executed without taking one's eyes off the operative field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The face-mounted display system will conduct us to another sphere of endoscopic surgery, i.e., an image-navigated endoscopic surgery.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan. t.yoshida@libra.bekkoame.ne.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwai
mesh_terms: D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation*