title: Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotic prophylaxis has been established policy for major surgical operations for many years. In fracture fixation, the effectiveness, and the duration of administration, have been a matter of debate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of the prophylactic administration of antibiotics in patients undergoing surgical management of hip or other long bone fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Current Contents, Dissertation Abstracts, and Index to UK Theses, and bibliographies of identified articles. Trials were also obtained from the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group trials register. Date of the most recent search: end of 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Any patients with a hip or other closed long bone fracture undergoing surgery for internal fixation or replacement arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Any regimen of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis administered at the time of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wound infection (deep and superficial), urinary tract infection, respiratory tract infection, adverse effects of prophylaxis, economic evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion, and assessed methodological quality and extracted data. Where possible, data were pooled and Peto odds ratios and absolute risk reductions, each with 95% confidence intervals, calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty one randomised trials of only poor or moderate quality were included. The comparisons tested fell within six comparison groups, principally multiple dose or a single dose of antibiotic versus a placebo or no treatment. Antibiotic prophylaxis reduces wound, urinary and respiratory tract infections in patients undergoing surgery for closed fracture fixation. Economic modelling has indicated that this is a cost-effective intervention. There are limited data for the incidence of adverse effects, but as expected they appear to be more common in those receiving antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotic prophylaxis should be offered to those undergoing surgery for closed fracture fixation. On ethical grounds, further placebo controlled randomised trials of the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in closed fracture surgery are unlikely to be justified. Trials addressing the cost-effectiveness of different effective antibiotic regimens would need to be very large and may not be feasible.
authors.affiliation: Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand. bill.gillespie@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walenkamp
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001178:Arthroplasty; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D005596:Fractures, Closed / Q000601:surgery; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures