title: Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of 60 Hz magnetic fields and harmonic frequencies in Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: Experimental data suggest that exposure to the 50 and 60 Hz sinusoidal components of power-frequency magnetic fields (MFs) does not have an adverse impact on fetal development. However, the possible developmental toxicity of MF harmonics has not been investigated. This study was designed to determine whether exposure to 180 Hz MFs (third harmonic), alone or in combination with 60 Hz MFs, induces birth defects in Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of sperm-positive dams (> or =20/group) were exposed for 18.5 h per day from gestation days 6 through 19 to (1) ambient MFs only (<0.0001 mT; sham controls); (2) 60 Hz MFs at 0.2 mT; (3) 180 Hz MFs at 0.2 mT; or (4) 60 Hz + 180 Hz MFs (10% third harmonic; total field strength = 0.2 mT). Litter size, litter weight, percentage live births, sex ratio, and number of resorption sites were determined for each dam, and gross external, visceral, cephalic and skeletal examinations were performed on all fetuses. MF exposure had no significant effects on litter size, litter weight, or fetal development. With the exception of common rib variants, the incidence of fetal anomalies was comparable in all groups. A small increase in the incidence of rib variants was seen in the group exposed to 60 Hz + 180 Hz MFs; however, the incidence of rib variants in this group was similar to that in historical controls from our laboratory. These data extend the existing database on developmental toxicity of MFs by demonstrating that exposure to 180 Hz MFs, either alone or superimposed on an underlying 60 Hz signal, does not induce biologically significant developmental toxicity. These data do not support the hypothesis that exposure to power-frequency MFs is an important risk factor for fetal development.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Department, IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polen
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gauger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mallett
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McCormick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000528:radiation effects; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000528:radiation effects; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005328:Fetal Viability / Q000528:radiation effects; D005333:Fetus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012272:Ribs / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012737:Sex Factors; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014781:Viscera / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000528:radiation effects