title: Beverage-specific alcohol consumption and cirrhosis mortality in a group of English-speaking beer-drinking countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare beverage-specific per capita consumption and total alcohol consumption's associations with cirrhosis mortality rates in multiple countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States during the years 1953-1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  National level data on per capita total alcohol, beer, wine and spirits consumption and standardized all-cause cirrhosis mortality rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations with cirrhosis mortality are found for both total ethanol and spirits. Spirits consumption is found to make up the majority of the effect of alcoholic beverage consumption on cirrhosis mortality and the model including only spirits is found to fit the data at least as well as the model including only total ethanol consumption. The lag relationship between all alcohol types and cirrhosis is found to be short with only present and 1 year's lagged consumption having significant associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spirits consumption rather than beer or wine is associated with cirrhosis mortality in this group of primarily beer-drinking countries. This finding offers important clues to understanding the drinking behaviors associated with cirrhosis mortality on the individual level.
authors.affiliation: University of California-San Francisco, Laurel Heights 94143-0612, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fillmore
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marvy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001515:Beer / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014920:Wine / Q000009:adverse effects