title: Effects of benzimidazole and triazole fungicide use on epigeic species of Collembola in wheat.
abstract: Foliar sprays of the systemic fungicides carbendazim, propiconazole, and triadimenol were applied in summer to replicated barrier-enclosed and open plots in a field of winter wheat in southern England at dose rates equivalent to label recommendations. Surface-active Collembola (springtails) were sampled from the experimental plots by suction sampling and pitfall trapping before and after the fungicide applications. No consistent effects of the fungicides on collembolan activity were detected using pitfall trapping but suction sampling revealed a transient negative effect of propiconazole and triadimenol on the overall abundance of higher collembolan taxa. Among individual species, however, fungicide effects varied spatially. Fewer significant treatment effects were obtained in enclosed than in open plots and no consistent effects of carbendazim were detected. The relevance of these findings to current fungicide usage strategies in British arable crops, which include the use of complex tank mixes, is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity and Ecology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, United Kingdom. gkf@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Frampton
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wratten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C045950:propiconazole; C032910:triadimefon; C006698:carbendazim