title: Nonspecific velocity and amplitude hunting reveals different specific detection performance of flexion and extension movements in the human knee joint.
abstract: A debate exists in the literature as to what extent perception is conscious. In some publications regarding proprioception, the term proprioception has explicitly only been seen as properly used when subjects were able to report the imposed movement's direction. Detections of movements without movement-direction perception, have been seen as nonspecific. Since a lot of studies discussed this point but never tested it explicitly, we tested it by using nonspecific hunting paradigms (only the occurrence of a movement has to be detected, not its direction) with the following rationale. If the perception performance is really nonspecific, no difference regarding the movement's direction should be found. Thus, if we found a different detection performance regarding flexion and extension by means of a nonspecific paradigm, it would demonstrate that this "nonspecific" perception is already specific. Therefore, we measured the perception characteristics separately for flexion and extension. The perception characteristics have been determined from the amplitude-velocity-relation curve. Two different, nonspecific hunting paradigms, modifications of our previously published specific hunting paradigm, have been used. Thus, we determined pairs of threshold values, regarding amplitude hunting using three different angular velocities (0.1 degrees s(-1), 0.25 degrees s(-1), and 0.5 degrees s(-1)) and regarding velocity hunting using three different angular displacements (0.25 degrees, 0.5 degrees, and 1 degrees) as well, for flexion and extension, respectively. We found that both threshold paradigms (velocity hunting and amplitude hunting) revealed the same perception characteristics for a given movement direction. With an increasing angular velocity, angular displacement threshold values converged toward a common value for flexion and extension (about 0.2 degrees); with an increasing angular displacement, angular velocity threshold values converged toward separate values for flexion (about 0.06 degrees s(-1)) and extension (about 0.1 degrees s(-1)). Thus, our findings demonstrate that detection performance is specific and not bound to conscious perception, since specific thresholds for flexion and extension were revealed with nonspecific hunting paradigms.
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Research Group at the Department of Orthopedics, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany. Hans-Theo.Weiler@Medizin.Uni-Magdeburg.de
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Awiszus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D011434:Proprioception