title: Mobility difficulties and physical activity as predictors of mortality and loss of independence in the community-living older population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In older people, mobility impairments and physical inactivity are risk factors for further disability and death. We studied the interaction of physical activity and mobility impairment as a predictor of dependence and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, prospective study. The data were collected in structured interviews in the year 1988 and 8 years later in the year 1996 as part of the Evergreen Project.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 1109 independently living, at baseline 65- to 84-year-old people in the city of Jyvaskyla, in central Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were ranked into four groups: (1) Intact mobility and physically active (Mobile-Active), (2) Intact mobility and sedentary (Mobile-Sedentary), (3) Impaired mobility and physically active (Impaired-Active), and (4) Impaired mobility and sedentary (Impaired-Sedentary). The confounders adjusted for in the models included age, marital status, education, chronic conditions, smoking, and physical exercise earlier in life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men and women, the relative risk of death was two times greater in Impaired-Active and three times greater in Impaired-Sedentary groups than the risk of death in Mobile-Active groups. However, the risk of death did not differ between Mobile-Active and Mobile-Sedentary groups. The odds ratio for dependency (95% confidence interval) in Impaired-Sedentary men was 5.21 (1.44-18.70) and in Impaired-Sedentary women was 2.92 (1.52-5.60) compared to Mobile-Active groups. The risk of dependence did not differ significantly between Mobile-Active, Mobile-Sedentary, and Impaired-Active groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mobility impairments predicted mortality and dependence. However, among people with impaired mobility, physical activity was associated with lower risks, whereas the risk did not differ according to activity level among those with intact mobility. Despite of their overall greater risk, mobility-impaired people may be able to prevent further disability and mortality by physical exercise.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Centre for Interdisciplinary Gerontology, Department of Physical Education, University of Jyväskylä.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirvensalo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rantanen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D009069:Movement Disorders; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies