title: Embryonic quail eye development in microgravity.
abstract: The US-Russian joint quail embryo project was designed to study the effects of microgravity on development of Japanese quail embryos incubated aboard Mir. For this part of the project, eyes from embryonic days 14 and 16 (E14 and E16) flight embryos were compared with eyes from several groups of ground-based control embryos. Measurements were recorded for eye weights; eye, corneal, and scleral ring diameters; and numbers of bones in scleral ossicle rings. Transparency of E16 corneas was documented, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to observe corneal innervation. In addition, corneal ultrastructure was observed at the electron microscopic level. Except for corneal diameter of E16 flight embryos, compared with that of one of the sets of controls, results reported here indicate that eye development occurred normally in microgravity. Fixation by cracking the shell and placing the egg in paraformaldehyde solution did not adequately preserve corneal nerves or cellular ultrastructure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4901, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: A Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Conrad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000196:embryology / Q000294:innervation; D003370:Coturnix / Q000196:embryology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009420:Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D012426:Russia; D012590:Sclera / Q000196:embryology; D013026:Space Flight; D014481:United States; D014893:Weightlessness