title: A study of smoking, p53 tumor suppressor gene alterations and non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between smoking and p53 tumor suppressor gene alterations, and their association with clinicopathologic features and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  For 111 of 119 stage I-III NSCLC patients that had been followed prospectively, tumor p53 protein accumulation was measured immunohistochemically (IHC). Staining was evaluated as a score (p53IHCS) combining intensity and percent distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight of 111 (43%) tumors had p53IHCS > 1. p53 IHC was associated with increasing tumor size (T) (p = 0.035), nodal status (N) (p = 0.091), stage (p = 0.054), and histology: squamous cell carcinoma (70%) and adenocarcinoma (27%) (p = 0.0002). In logistic regression analysis, p53 IHC was associated with squamous cell histology versus other histotypes [adjusted odds ratio (OR)5.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.34-14.90]. p53 IHC was not associated with smoking variables. In multivariate proportional hazards analysis, p53IHCS and pack-years smoked (PY), both as continuous variables, were negative prognostic factors. The adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for the survival outcome recurrence for p53IHCS and PY were 1.20 (95% CI 1.02-1.40) and 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.04), and for death due to recurrent disease (DRD) were 1.35 (95% CI 1.11-1.64) and 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.04), respectively. Comparing the 75th percentile to the baseline 0, the adjusted HR for p53IHCS (5 vs. 0) was 4.5 and for PY (55 vs. 0) was 5.1 for the outcome DRD. Both variables demonstrated a dose-response relationship with survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PY and p53IHCS are significant, independent and important predictors of recurrence and DRD in stage I-III NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3450, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tammemagi
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Casson
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53