title: The use of liver spheroids as an in vitro model for studying induction of the stress response as a marker of chemical toxicity.
abstract: Stress protein induction has been advocated as a sensitive indicator of compound-induced toxicity. In monolayer cultures of primary hepatocytes, however, the two stress proteins, Hsp25 and Hsp72/3 are up-regulated, probably due to the effect of the isolation procedure and adaptation of the cells to the culture conditions. The aim of the current studies was to determine whether liver spheroids would provide an improved experimental model for the study of heat shock protein induction in vitro. Primary rat hepatocytes were cultured as liver spheroids and the expression of Hsp25 and Hsp72/3 measured along with the levels of ATP, GSH and albumin secretion. Hsp72/3 was initially increased in spheroid culture but returned to in vivo levels after 3 days of culture. Hsp25 was maintained at in vivo levels until day 6 of culture, after which levels increased slightly. The effects of the two hepatotoxins, hydrazine and cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)), were therefore measured on day 6 of spheroid culture. CdCl(2) had no effect on Hsp25 but increased Hsp72/3 at concentrations that affected other biochemical parameters. Hydrazine caused a rapid reduction in ATP levels and albumin secretion, but did not affect Hsp72/3. Hsp25 was slightly induced by hydrazine at later sampling times at concentrations, however, that affected other biochemical parameters. It can be concluded that liver spheroids provide a model for studying stress protein expression. However, the increase in stress proteins appears to be a relatively insensitive parameter compared to other more conventionally used toxicity endpoints and the response appears to vary with individual toxins under study.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dilworth
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Timbrell
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000633:toxicity; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D015415:Biomarkers; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C486114:Hspb1 protein, rat; D006834:Hydrazines; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione