title: Does the risk of childhood diabetes mellitus require revision of the guideline values for nitrate in drinking water?
abstract: In recent years, several studies have addressed a possible relationship between nitrate exposure and childhood type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The present ecologic study describes a possible relation between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and nitrate levels in drinking water in The Netherlands, and evaluates whether the World Health Organization and the European Commission standard for nitrate in drinking water (50 mg/L) is adequate to prevent risk of this disease. During 1993-1995 in The Netherlands, 1,104 cases of type 1 diabetes were diagnosed in children 0-14 years of age. We were able to use 1,064 of these cases in a total of 2,829,020 children in this analysis. We classified mean nitrate levels in drinking water in 3,932 postal code areas in The Netherlands in 1991-1995 into two exposure categories. One category was based on equal numbers of children exposed to different nitrate levels (0.25-2.08, 2.10-6.42, and 6.44-41.19 mg/L nitrate); the other was based on cut-off values of 10 and 25 mg/L nitrate. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for type 1 diabetes in subgroups of the 2,829,020 children with respect to both nitrate exposure categories, sex, and age and as compared in univariate analysis using the chi-square test for trend. We compared the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by multivariate analysis in a Poisson regression model. We found an effect of increasing age of the children on incidence of type 1 diabetes, but we did not find an effect of sex or of nitrate concentration in drinking water using the two exposure categories. For nitrate levels > 25 mg/L, an increased SIR and an increased IRR of 1.46 were observed; however, this increase was not statistically significant, probably because of the small number of cases (15 of 1,064). We concluded that there is no convincing evidence that nitrate in drinking water at current exposure levels is a risk factor for childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in The Netherlands, although a threshold value > 25 mg/L for the occurrence of this disease can not be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. j.vanmaanen@grat.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Maanen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Albering
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Kok
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: van Breda
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Curfs
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Vermeer
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Ambergen
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Wolffenbuttel
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kleinjans
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Reeser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004782:Environmental Health; D005062:European Union; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical