title: Living near opencast coal mining sites and children's respiratory health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To answer the question whether living near opencast coal mining sites affects acute and chronic respiratory health.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 4860 children aged 1-11 from five socioeconomically matched pairs of communities close to active opencast sites and control sites away from them were selected. Exposure was assessed by concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 microns (PM10), residential proximity to active opencast sites, and particle composition. PM10 was monitored and sampled for 6 weeks in four pairs, and for 24 weeks in one pair. A postal questionnaire collected data on health and lifestyle. Daily health information was collected by a symptom diary (concurrently with PM10 monitoring) and general practitioner (GP) records were abstracted (concurrently with PM10 monitoring and 52 weeks before the study). Outcomes were the cumulative and period prevalence (2 and 12 months) of wheeze, asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory symptoms, and the prevalence and incidence of daily symptoms and GP consultations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patterns of the daily variation of PM10 were similar in opencast and control communities, but PM10 was higher in opencast areas (mean ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.13 to 1.16, geometric mean 17.0 micrograms/m3 v 14.9 micrograms/m3). Opencast sites were a measurable contributor to PM10 in adjacent areas. Little evidence was found for associations between living near an opencast site and an increased prevalence of respiratory illnesses, asthma severity, or daily diary symptoms, but children in opencast communities 1-4 had significantly more respiratory consultations (1.5 v 1.1 per person-year) than children in control communities for the 6 week study periods. Associations between daily PM10 concentrations and acute health events were similar in opencast and control communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children in opencast communities were exposed to a small but significant amount of additional PM10 to which the opencast sites were a measurable contributor. Past and present respiratory health of children was similar, but GP consultations for respiratory conditions were higher in opencast communities during the core study period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Tanja.Pless-Mulloli@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pless-Mulloli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merefield
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bessell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Darnell
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003032:Coal Mining; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom