title: A randomized, double-blind study of the use of droperidol for conscious sedation during therapeutic endoscopy in difficult to sedate patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Droperidol has been used in combination with narcotics and benzodiazepines to achieve conscious sedation. We performed a randomized, double-blind, study of droperidol in patients at risk for difficult sedation scheduled for therapeutic endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with regular ethanol, narcotic, or benzodiazepine usage, suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, or a history of difficult sedation were eligible for the study. Patients were randomized to receive either droperidol or placebo along with midazolam and meperidine as preprocedure sedation. Time to achieve sedation, interruptions due to undersedation, medication dosages, recovery time, and subjective assessments of sedation were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred one patients were randomized. The droperidol group had significantly fewer procedure interruptions and observer ratings of difficulty with sedation and required significantly less midazolam (23%) and meperidine (16%) than the placebo group. There were no significant differences in time to achieve sedation, incomplete procedures, procedure length, recovery room time, or complications. There were significantly higher observer ratings of the quality of sedation for patients who received droperidol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Droperidol is a useful adjunct to conscious sedation in patients who are difficult to sedate. Its use results in significantly fewer interruptions due to poor sedation and improved sedation ratings compared with sedation using midazolam and meperidine alone.
authors.affiliation: Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dorais
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Scheider
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Kortan
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Marcon
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000191:economics; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004329:Droperidol / Q000191:economics; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000191:economics; D008874:Midazolam / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D008614:Meperidine; D004329:Droperidol; D008874:Midazolam