title: A multihospital survey of radiation exposure and image quality in pediatric fluoroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, pediatric radiologists have been advocates of fluoroscopy systems that provide diagnostic images at the lowest possible radiation dose to the pediatric patient. Manufacturers of fluoroscopic equipment vary as to their claims of "low radiation" exposures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To obtain comparative data on radiation exposure and image quality from four pediatric hospitals, across variants of fluoroscopic equipment (such as pulsed versus continuous fluoroscopy).
  
  
  METHODS
  Images were acquired from phantoms that simulated the size of a 3-year-old child. Phantom results, both stationary and rotating dynamic, were evaluated for radiation exposure and for image resolution of high- and low-contrast objects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiation exposure from the four fluoro units varied widely; the lowest-dose selectable fluoro mode produced exposures varying between 34 and 590 mrads/min among the four fluoro units, and the highest-dose selectable fluoro mode produced 540-2,230 mrads/min. The lowest radiation exposures were produced by pulsed fluoro units, and the very lowest radiation exposure was produced by a fluoroscope that had been especially optimized for pediatric imaging. There was only a small variation in image quality among the hospitals for visualization of stationary objects. A wide variability was noted for detection of objects on the moving phantom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The variability in the number of detected objects was considerably smaller than the variability in radiation exposure. Pulsed fluoroscopy provides improved resolution for moving objects. Optimization of one hospital's fluoroscope especially for pediatric imaging produced the best ratio of image quality to radiation exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health Science University, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland 97201-3098, USA.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Silberberg
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Strife
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Towbin
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage