title: Mothers' child-feeding practices influence daughters' eating and weight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood overweight has increased dramatically, particularly among young girls. Genetic and environmental factors produce the overweight phenotype. Nonshared environments appear to account for a substantial proportion of the population variance in overweight but remain largely unspecified and unmeasured.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to evaluate the influence of maternal control in feeding, an aspect of nonshared family environment, on daughters' eating and relative weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural equation modeling was used to test models that describe maternal influences on daughters' eating and relative weight. The participants were 197 white, non-Hispanic families with 5-y-old daughters. The mothers' own dietary restraint and their perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight were used to predict maternal control in feeding, which was used to predict the daughters' eating and weight outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal body mass index was a modest predictor of daughters' relative weight. The addition of the family-environment pathway provided a good fit and showed additional, independent prediction of daughters' relative weight. Mothers' dietary restraint and perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight predicted maternal child-feeding practices, which in turn predicted daughters' eating and relative weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Child-specific aspects of the family environment, including mothers' child-feeding practices and perceptions of their daughters' risk of overweight, may represent important, nonshared, environmental influences on daughters' eating and relative weight. The environmental effects noted were modest but comparable in magnitude to the direct association between maternal and child weight, which indicates that measuring family environmental factors can enhance our understanding of the etiology of childhood overweight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Graduate Program in Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA. llb15@psu.edu
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009679:Nuclear Family / Q000523:psychology; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires