title: Bicarbonate enhances the hydroxylation, nitration, and peroxidation reactions catalyzed by copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. Intermediacy of carbonate anion radical.
abstract: The effect of bicarbonate anion (HCO(3)(-)) on the peroxidase activity of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) was investigated using three structurally different probes: 5, 5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), tyrosine, and 2, 2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). Results indicate that HCO(3)(-) enhanced SOD/H(2)O(2)-dependent (i) hydroxylation of DMPO to DMPO-OH as measured by electron spin resonance, (ii) oxidation and nitration of tyrosine to dityrosine, nitrotyrosine, and nitrodityrosine as measured by high pressure liquid chromatography, and (iii) oxidation of ABTS to the ABTS cation radical as measured by UV-visible spectroscopy. Using oxygen-17-labeled water, it was determined that the oxygen atom present in the DMPO-OH adduct originated from H(2)O and not from H(2)O(2). This result proves that neither free hydroxyl radical nor enzyme-bound hydroxyl radical was involved in the hydroxylation of DMPO. We postulate that HCO(3)(-) enhances SOD1 peroxidase activity via formation of a putative carbonate radical anion. This new and different perspective on HCO(3)(-)-mediated oxidative reactions of SOD1 may help us understand the free radical mechanism of SOD1 and related mutants linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalyanaraman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002384:Catalysis; D002412:Cations; D002417:Cattle; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D005609:Free Radicals; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D006900:Hydroxylation; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D013113:Spin Labels; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D001639:Bicarbonates; D002412:Cations; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D005609:Free Radicals; D009566:Nitrates; D013113:Spin Labels; D014443:Tyrosine; C017245:5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase