title: Use of integrated cell culture-PCR to evaluate the effectiveness of poliovirus inactivation by chlorine.
abstract: Current standards, based on cell culture assay, indicate that poliovirus is inactivated by 0.5 mg of free chlorine per liter after 2 min; however, integrated cell culture-PCR detected viruses for up to 8 min of exposure to the same chlorine concentration, requiring 10 min for complete inactivation. Thus, the contact time for chlorine disinfection of poliovirus is up to five times greater than previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blackmer
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gerba
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Pepper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002460:Cell Line; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D007668:Kidney; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine