title: Neuromuscular function of the human lower oesophageal sphincter in reflux disease and Barrett's oesophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Columnar lined (Barrett's) oesophagus is often considered a sequel to chronic severe reflux disease. Aberrant lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) motility associated with Barrett's oesophagus includes reduced basal LOS pressures. The aim of this study was to characterise neuromuscular function of the LOS in normal (squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with uninvolved LOS) and reflux affected (Barrett's) oesophagus in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Strips of LOS muscle were prepared at biopsy following oesophagectomy from 16 patients with SCC and seven patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's oesophagus associated with a history of reflux disease. LOS smooth muscle responses were recorded in response to electrical field stimulation (EFS), potassium chloride (KCl), DMPP, isoprenaline, capsaicin, bethanechol, and tachykinins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal LOS tone and LOS relaxations in response to isoprenaline, EFS, and DMPP were not significantly altered in the Barrett's group. After tetrodotoxin pretreatment, responses to KCl and DMPP were significantly reduced in the SCC but not in Barrett's LOS. Maximal contraction in response to bethanechol was significantly decreased in Barrett's LOS while substance P and NK-2 receptor mediated contraction was unaltered. Capsaicin, NK-1, and NK-3 receptor agonists exerted negligible effects on LOS tone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LOS muscle strips from patients with reflux associated Barrett's oesophagus exhibit a reduction in cholinergic muscle contraction while retaining similar features of basal tone, responses to tachykinins, and inhibitory muscle and neural function. Enteric inhibitory neurones in LOS muscle strips from patients with reflux associated Barrett's oesophagus display resistance to axonal sodium channel blockade. No evidence for functional NK-1 or NK-3 receptors or capsaicin sensitive axon collateral reflexes was observed in the human LOS.
authors.affiliation: Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. ssmid@gastro.rah.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Smid
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Blackshaw
mesh_terms: D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents