title: Intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This section is under preparation and will be included in the next issue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Indomethacin is used to treat symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus and may prevent or limit intraventricular haemorrhage in the neonatal period. This review examines the effectiveness of prophylactic intravenous indomethacin in reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with these conditions in infants weighing less than 1750 grams at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search from January 1980 to October 1994 was made in three computerised data bases: Medline; Embase; and the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials. The search was updated in February 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Strict selection criteria were applied to clinical trials: the population had to be newborn infants of birth weight < 1751 grams; the intervention had to be prophylactic intravenous indomethacin; the trial had to be randomised and controlled; and at least one of several prespecified outcomes had to be reported in the results.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methodological quality of each study was assessed using explicit criteria. Data on relevant outcome measures were extracted on two separate occasions and, where appropriate, the results of individual trials were combined using meta-analysis techniques to provide a pooled estimate of effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a trend towards reduced neonatal mortality in infants receiving prophylactic indomethacin, pooled relative risk (RR) = 0. 85 [95% CI 0.66 to 1.09]. The incidence of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus is significantly reduced in treated infants, pooled RR = 0.35 [0.26 to 0.47] but there is no evidence that treatment affects respiratory outcomes. Prophylactic indomethacin significantly reduces the incidence of Grade 3 and 4 intraventricular haemorrhage in treated infants, pooled RR = 0.60 [0.43 to 0.83]. There is no evidence to suggest prophylactic indomethacin is associated with any long term adverse effect although there is a trend in treated infants towards an increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, and some evidence that treatment may transiently impair renal function. There is no evidence that haemostasis is disturbed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic treatment with indomethacin has a number of immediate benefits, in particular a reduction in symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus and severe intraventricular haemorrhage. There is no evidence at present of long-term harm. Further trials are needed to assess more precisely the effects, both beneficial and harmful, on short and long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Child Health, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside, UK, DD1 9SY.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Fowlie
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D007213:Indomethacin