Genetic regulation of root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana: a network model.
The root epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana is formed by alternate files of hair and non-hair cells. Epidermal cells overlying two cortex cells eventually develop a hair, while those overlying only one cortex cell do not. Here we propose a network model that integrates most of the available genetic and molecular data on the regulatory and signaling pathways underlying root epidermal differentiation. The network architecture includes two pathways; one formed by the genes TTG, R homolog, GL2 and CPC, and the other one by the signal transduction proteins ETR1 and CTR1. Both parallel pathways regulate the activity of AXR2 and RHD6, which in turn control the development of root hairs. The regulatory network was simulated as a dynamical system of eight discrete state variables. The distinction between epidermal cells contacting one or two cortical cells was accounted for by fixing the initial states of CPC and ETR1 proteins. The model allows for predictions of mutants and pharmacological effects because it includes the ethylene receptor. The dynamical system reaches one of the six stable states depending upon the initial state of the CPC variable and the ethylene receptor. Two of the stable states describe the activation patterns observed in mature trichoblasts (hair cells) and atrichoblasts (non-hair cells) in the wild-type phenotype and under normal ethylene availability. The other four states correspond to changes in the number of hair cells due to experimentally induced changes in ethylene availability. This model provides a hypothesis on the interactions among genes that encode transcription factors that regulate root hair development and the proteins involved in the ethylene transduction pathway. This is the first effort to use a dynamical system to understand the complex genetic regulatory interactions that rule Arabidopsis primary root development. The advantages of this type of models over static schematic representations are discussed.
Mendoza
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Laboratorio de Gen¿etica Molecular y Evoluci¿on, Instituto de Ecolog¿ia UNAM, Coyoac¿an, D.F., CP04510, Mexico.
Alvarez-Buylla
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D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017343:Genes, Plant; D009154:Mutation; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*
D005030:Ethylenes; C036216:ethylene