title: Lactate-induced rage and panic in a select group of subjects who perpetrate acts of domestic violence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perpetrators of domestic violence frequently report symptoms of autonomic arousal and a sense of fear and/or loss of control at the time of the violence. Since many of these symptoms are also associated with panic attacks, we hypothesized that perpetrators of domestic violence and patients with panic attacks may share similar exaggerated fear-related behaviors. To test this hypothesis, we employed the panicogenic agent sodium lactate to examine the response of perpetrators to anxiety fear induced by a chemical agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, we infused 0.5 mol/L sodium lactate or placebo over 20 min on separate days to a select group of subjects who perpetrate acts of domestic violence and two nonviolent comparison groups. We compared their behavioral, neuroendocrine, and physiologic responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lactate administration elicited intense emotional responses in the perpetrators of domestic violence. Perpetrators evidenced more lactate-induced rage and panic and showed greater changes in speech, breathing, and motor activity than did nonviolent control subjects. There were no significant differences between the groups for any neuroendocrine or physiologic measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with our hypothesis that some perpetrators of domestic violence have exaggerated fear-related behavioral responses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1610, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hibbeln
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ragan
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Umhau
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hommer
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rawlings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010200:Panic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011889:Rage / Q000187:drug effects*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid