title: The efficacy of interconnected porous hydroxyapatite in achieving posterolateral lumbar fusion in sheep.
abstract: METHODS
  An animal study was performed to evaluate lumbar spinal fusion radiologically and mechanically.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of interconnected porous hydroxyapatite in achieving posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis in sheep.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Posterolateral spinal arthrodesis with autologous bone graft is the gold standard procedure for lumbar fusion. The procedure for harvesting bone from the iliac crest increases morbidity. Interconnected porous hydroxyapatite has been used effectively as an alternative to cancellous bone graft material in metaphyseal bone defects. Little is known about the efficacy of interconnected porous hydroxyapatite in achieving lumbar spinal fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of seven sheep underwent bisegmental posterolateral lumbar fusion with instrumentation using different intertransverse graft material. In group 1, no graft material was used. In group 2, autologous bone was used. Group 3 had interconnected porous hydroxyapatite. Group 4 had an equip of interconnected porous hydroxyapatite and autologous bone. The animals were killed at 20 weeks after surgery. Radiographs and computed tomography images were obtained. The fusion masses were graded for bone resorption and trabecular connectivity on the computed tomography images. Mechanical testing of the specimens was performed, and the three-dimensional segmental motion was measured in flexion/extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The radiographic images were difficult to interpret because of the radiodense interconnected porous hydroxyapatite granules. According to mechanical stability criteria, the fusion rate for the different groups was as follows: 100% (14/14) for the autologous bone group, 72% (10/14) for the bone/interconnected porous hydroxyapatite group, 50% (7/14) for the pure interconnected porous hydroxyapatite group, and 15% (2/14) for the sham group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal arthrodesis using interconnected porous hydroxyapatite alone or mixed with bone as graft material reduced segmental motion. It was not, however, as effective as autologous bone graft material in achieving spinal arthrodesis. The sheep model using autologous bone achieved a 100% fusion rate. Because the nonunion rate for a single level in humans may be as high as 40%, the fusion rate with bone/interconnected porous hydroxyapatite in humans may be lower than the 72% found in the sheep model. The little resorption of the radiodense interconnected porous hydroxyapatite granules made the radiologic evaluation of the fusion masses difficult.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Baramki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marchesi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012756:Sheep; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017886:Durapatite