title: Reconstructing the Pennsylvanian-Age Filicalean Fern Botryopteris tridentata (Felix) Scott.
abstract: Numerous anatomically preserved fragments of the Middle Pennsylvanian age filicalean fern, Botryopteris tridentata, occur in coal balls collected at the Pittsburgh and Midway Coal Company mine near Baxter Springs, Kansas. Included are the first fertile specimens of the species, evidence of complete vegetative frond architecture, and fronds that are specialized for vegetative propagation. Rhizomes are erect and unbranched, have helical phyllotaxis and short internodes, and typically display an ectophloic solenostele. Fronds are tripinnately compound with lobed pinnules that have open, dichotomous venation. Fertile pinnae or individual pinnules are interspersed among vegetative frond segments and produce sori of annulate sporangia beneath veins on the abaxial pinnule surface. Fertile pinnule lobes are rolled toward the abaxial surface to enclose the sori. Sporangia have a horizontally elongated biseriate annulus located near the short broad stalk and produce tetrahedral-shaped trilete spores with coarse spines. Epiphyllous branches diverge from the stipe or rachis, and some fronds produce only branches. This fern is reconstructed as having short stems. Helically arranged fronds are either pinnately dissected with lobed vegetative pinnules and abaxially rolled fertile pinnules or are specialized for vegetative propagation. The latter functioned as the foliar equivalent of stolons. While some characters of the B. tridentata plant are similar to those of Botryopteris forensis, generitype of the Botryopteridaceae, others are more comparable to those of Psalixochlaena cylindrica, generitype of Psalixochlaenaceae, suggesting the need for reevaluation of systematic relationships among species of the Botryopteridaceae and Psalixochlaenaceae.
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Good