title: Mechanism of delayed rejection in transgenic pig-to-primate cardiac xenotransplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pig-to-primate cardiac xenografts undergo hyperacute rejection (HAR), in which primate IgM bind to porcine endothelial alpha-Gal molecules and activate membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition. Prolonged graft survival can be achieved by using transgenic pig donors, which express human complement regulatory proteins (hCRP) to inhibit MAC. However, these xenografts invariably fail from delayed xenograft rejection (DXR). We sought to investigate the poorly understood DXR process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type (n = 3) and transgenic (n = 3) porcine hearts were heterotopically transplanted into baboons. Biopsies were analyzed by histology and by immunohistochemistry for porcine endothelial markers (vWF, alpha-Gal, and beta-Gal) and primate IgM and MAC deposition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wild-type xenografts survived 60-80 min but succumbed to rapid IgM/MAC deposition and microvascular thrombosis. Transgenic xenografts avoided HAR but showed increasing IgM/MAC deposition before rejection on days 5, 7, and 11. Serum from baboons after transgenic xenograft rejection showed increased activity against porcine endothelial cells, and in vitro incubation of untransplanted porcine cardiac sections with sensitized baboon serum showed elevated microvascular IgM binding. Increased IgM deposition appeared specific to alpha-Gal, since it competes specifically with alpha-Gal-specific GS-4 lectin, but not with beta-Gal-specific RCA-1 lectin. Competition with GS-4 was not seen if naïve baboon serum was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DXR may be mediated by increasing baboon IgM binding on porcine microvascular endothelial alpha-Gal molecules.
authors.affiliation: Primate Xenotransplantation Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadner
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000373:Agglutinins; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001706:Biopsy; D015938:Complement Membrane Attack Complex / Q000276:immunology; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology; D037102:Lectins; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000276:immunology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D010215:Papio; D010544:Peroxidases; D037121:Plant Lectins; D012276:Ricin; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000373:Agglutinins; D015938:Complement Membrane Attack Complex; D004187:Disaccharides; C045475:Griffonia simplicifolia lectins; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D037102:Lectins; D037121:Plant Lectins; C085767:peroxidase-labelled Ricinus communis agglutinin; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; C055075:galactosyl-(1-3)galactose; D012276:Ricin; D010544:Peroxidases