title: Green light photoplethysmography monitoring of free flaps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring strategies have been developed to address the issue of detecting postoperative free flap ischemia in an effort to permit intervention and flap salvage. No one existing noninvasive method has been widely accepted in a clinical setting. Green light photoplethysmography (GLP) uses a diode to transmit green light into a tissue. Reflected light from hemoglobin in dermal capillary red blood cells is analyzed as light intensity along a frequency spectrum. A pure peak signal (1-2 Hz) is identified and provides a way to distinguish between perfused and nonperfused tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, blinded comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty of 72 consecutive patients considered for free flap reconstruction were enrolled in a protocol to evaluate the efficacy of GLP.
  
  
  METHODS
  After free flap elevation, but before pedicle ligation, 120-second baseline measurements were obtained; 120-second measurements then occurred 5 minutes after the onset or release of individual venous or arterial occlusion. Signals were processed by fast Fourier transfer; a mean alternating current-direct current (AC/ DC) ratio was cultivated for each signal. All data were analyzed in a blinded fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AC/DC ratio of GLP was statistically significant across all flap perfusion states (P<.001). Each condition resulted in a unique GLP signal within 5 minutes of manipulation of each vessel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Green light photoplethysmography with AC/DC ratio analysis provides a rapid, precise method with which to determine flap ischemia and can differentiate venous compromised and arterial compromised flaps almost immediately after the onset of an ischemic insult. It may provide a clinically useful tool for postoperative free flap monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195-6515, USA.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Futran
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hollenbeak
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Scharf
mesh_terms: D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010039:Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*