title: Clenbuterol-supported dynamic training of skeletal muscle ventricles against systemic load: a key for powerful circulatory assist?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The profound loss of power that occurs in skeletal muscle after electrical conditioning has been the major limiting factor in its clinical application. This study investigates a 3-fold approach for chronic conditioning of skeletal muscle ventricles (SMVs) combining electrical transformation, dynamic training against systemic load, and pharmacological support with clenbuterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 10 adult male goats, SMVs were constructed from latissimus dorsi muscle wrapped around an intrathoracic training device with windkessel characteristics. SMVs were stimulated electrically and trained dynamically by shifting volume against systemic load. Group 1 goats were controls (n=5), and group 2 goats (n=5) were supported with clenbuterol (150 microg 3 times a week). SMV dynamics were recorded weekly over 5 to 8 months: peak pressure (P(max)), stroke volume (SV), volume displacement per minute (VD), stroke work per day (SW/d), and maximum rates of pressure generation, +dP/dt(max), and decay, -dP/dt(max). In group 1, after 149.5+/-2.7 days (n=4), data were P(max)=70.8+/-4.7 mm Hg, SV=3.2+/-1.2 mL, VD=62.3+/-21.1 mL/min, SW/d=0.8+/-0.4 kJ, +dP/dt(max)=64+/-13 mm Hg/s, and -dP/dt(max)=156+/-32 mm Hg/s. These parameters were significantly improved (P<0.007) in the clenbuterol-treated group 2 after 151+/-2.7 days: P(max)=176.2+/-43.8 mm Hg, SV=23.3+/-6.1 mL, VD=568.2+/-186.1 mL/min, SW/d=9.1+/-2.2 kJ, +dP/dt(max)=1134+/-267 mm Hg/s, and -dP/dt(max)=1028+/-92 mm Hg/s. In 2 SMVs of group 2, VD increased to 1090 and 1235 mL/min after 202 and 246 days of training, respectively. At termination, myosin heavy chains were totally transformed into myosin heavy chain-1 in all SMVs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clenbuterol-supported dynamic training provides powerful SMVs that may have important clinical implications for the treatment of end-stage heart failure by muscular blood pumps.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany. guldner@medinf.mu-luebeck.de
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Guldner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klapproth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grossherr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rumpel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Sievers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006041:Goats; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*