title: Immersion in water in pregnancy, labour and birth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immersion in warm water may help with relaxation, pain relief and increased elasticity of the birth canal. On the other hand, there may be risks associated with decreased mobility and inhalation of water by the baby, as well as increased risk of maternal infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the effects of immersion in water during pregnancy, labour or birth on maternal, fetal, neonatal and caregiver outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register was searched and study authors were contacted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adequately controlled trials comparing the use of any kind of bath tub which allows immersion of the abdomen in water compared with non-immersion during pregnancy, labour or birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were assessed for inclusion and quality by the reviewer and a colleague.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials involving 988 women were included. No statistically significant differences between immersion and no immersion were detected for use of pain relief, augmentation and duration of first stage of labour, meconium stained liquor and perineal trauma. Neonatal outcomes such as Apgar scores, umbilical arterial pH values and neonatal infection rates also showed no differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is not enough evidence to evaluate the use of immersion in water during labour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of the Witwatersrand, Coronation Child & Maternal Hospital, PO Box 3331, Halfway House, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1685. 091niko@chiron.wits.ac.zo
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Nikodem
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D009321:Natural Childbirth; D011247:Pregnancy; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water