title: Smoking cessation with and without assistance: a population-based analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine usage rates of smoking-cessation assistance and to compare the success rate of those who used assistance with the success rate of those who did not.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data come from the 1996 California Tobacco Survey, a random sample of 4480 individuals (18 years or older) who tried to quit smoking in the 12 months before the survey. We calculated population estimates for demographics, smoking histories, rate of using assistance, and abstinence rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One fifth (19.9%) of those who attempted to quit smoking used one or more forms of assistance: self-help, counseling, and/or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Heavy smokers were more likely to use assistance than were light smokers. Women were more likely to use assistance than were men, and usage increased with age. Whites were more likely to use NRT than were other ethnic groups. Overall, those who used assistance had a higher success rate than those who did not; the 12-month abstinence rates were 15.2% and 7.0%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of assistance for smoking cessation has increased over recent years, from 7.9% in 1986 to 19.9% in 1996. The use of assistance is associated with a greater success rate. Anti-tobacco campaigns in California and increased availability of multiple forms of assistance probably facilitated the use of assistance and successful quitting for those using assistance.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093-0905, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Melcer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosbrook
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011336:Probability; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*