title: Long-term follow-up of pediatric cardiac transplant recipients on a steroid-free regime: the role of endomyocardial biopsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endomyocardial biopsy is used in long-term follow-up of cardiac transplant recipients to detect sub-clinical rejection. The value of this for adults and children on triple-drug immunosuppression has been disputed. We investigated its value in children maintained on a steroid-free regime.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a retrospective review of annual surveillance biopsy results from children younger than 13 years at the time of cardiac transplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a series of 40 children older than 10 years, we found no evidence of rejection in 88/130 (67.7%) biopsies; 41/130 (31.5%) showed grade 1A rejection, and 1/130 (0.8%) showed grade 1B rejection. No grade 2, 3, or 4 biopsies were found. Nine patients with 1A rejection had subsequent grade 0 biopsies, without any adjustment in treatment. Seven children had treatment changes and repeat biopsies because of grade 1A biopsies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant late rejection is rare even in children on steroid-free maintenance. It is unlikely to be detected unexpectedly, and the practice of indefinite routine biopsy in children who are well is not justified. Future use should focus on individuals at higher risk of rejection.
authors.affiliation: Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dark
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents