title: Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of beta-sitosterols (B-sitosterol) on urinary symptoms and flow measures in men with of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were searched in computerized general and specialized databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Phytodok), by checking bibliographies, and by contacting manufacturers and researchers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were eligible for inclusion provided they (1) randomized men with BPH to receive B-sitosterol preparations in comparison to placebo or other BPH medications, and (2) included clinical outcomes such as urologic symptom scales, symptoms, or urodynamic measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on patients, interventions, and outcomes was extracted by at least two independent reviewers using a standard form. Main outcome measure for comparing the effectiveness of B-sitosterols with placebo and standard BPH medications was the change in urologic symptom scale scores. Secondary outcomes included changes in nocturia as well as urodynamic measures (peak and mean urine flow, residual volume, prostate size). Main outcome measure for side effects was the number of men reporting side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  519 men from 4 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials, (lasting 4 to 26 weeks) were assessed. 3 trials used non-glucosidic B-sitosterols and one utilized a preparation that contained 100% B-sitosteryl-B-D-glucoside. B-Sitosterols improved urinary symptom scores and flow measures. The weighted mean difference (WMD) for the IPSS was -4.9 IPSS points (95%CI = -6.3 to -3.5, n = 2 studies). The WMD for peak urine flow was 3.91 ml/sec (95%CI = 0.91 to 6.90, n = 4 studies) and the WMD for residual volume was -28.62 ml (95%CI = -41. 42 to -15.83, n = 4 studies). The trial using 100% B-sitosteryl-B-D-glucoside (WA184) show improvement in urinary flow measures. B-sitosterols did not reduce prostate size. Withdrawal rates for men assigned to B-sitosterol and placebo were 7.8% and 8. 0%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence suggests non-glucosidic B-sitosterols improve urinary symptoms and flow measures. Their long term effectiveness, safety and ability to prevent BPH complications are not known.
authors.affiliation: General Internal Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Coordinating Center of the, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA. wilt.timothy@minneapolis.va.gov
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishani
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mulrow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014563:Urodynamics
chemical_list: D012855:Sitosterols; C025473:gamma-sitosterol