title: Theta oscillations and the ERP old/new effect: independent phenomena?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hypothesis is examined whether a memory-related change in induced band power (oscillatory old/new effect) is functionally related to a memory-related increase in ERP positivity (ERP old/new effect).
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to avoid a confounding on the measurement level, induced band power (IBP) was used as a measure that is devoid of the influence of evoked components. The EEG was recorded during a recognition memory task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that compared to correctly rejected words, targets (remembered words) elicit a significantly larger P300. An oscillatory old/new effect was found for the delta and theta but not for the alpha band. It is manifested by an increase in delta and theta IBP which is significantly larger for targets than for correctly rejected words. It can be observed during the same time interval and shows the same topographic distribution as the ERP old/new effect. Most importantly, however, the ERP old/new effect (as well as the P300 itself) is generated by very slow frequencies which lie below the delta band.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the two types of old/new effects are functionally related. Possible physiological mechanisms underlying this relationship are discussed in terms of a threshold change in the cortex (generating the P300) that occurs during an increase in hippocampal theta activity (generating an increase in induced theta power).
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria. wolfgang.klimesch@sbg.ac.at
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klimesch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doppelmayr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gruber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013826:Theta Rhythm