title: Oestrogens and progestogens for preventing and treating postnatal depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postnatal depression, with a prevalence of at least 10%, is probably the most common complication of the puerperium. A deficiency or imbalance of sex hormones has repeatedly been suggested as a cause.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to evaluate the role of oestrogens and progestogens in the prevention and treatment of postnatal depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The register of clinical trials maintained and updated by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group.
  
  
  METHODS
  All trials were considered in which pregnant or postpartum women (up to 18 months) were randomised to receive postpartum oestrogen or progestogen or placebo for the treatment or prevention of postnatal depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two published randomised placebo controlled trials were identified for inclusion in the analyses for this review. One study was excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depot norethisterone enanthate given within 48 hours of delivery and lasting 8-12 weeks was associated with significantly higher postpartum depression scores than placebo. Oestrogen therapy in severely depressed women was associated with a greater improvement in depression scores than placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no place for synthetic progestogens in the prevention of treatment of postnatal depression. Long-acting norethisterone enanthate is associated with an increased risk of postnatal depression. It and other long-acting progestogen contraceptives should be used with caution in the postnatal period, especially in women with a history of depression. The role of progesterone in the prevention and treatment of postnatal depression has yet to be evaluated in a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Oestrogen therapy may be of modest value at a late stage of severe postnatal depression. Its role in the prevention of recurrent postnatal depression has not been evaluated. Further research on its value is unlikely for ethical reasons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, PO Box 19164, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa, 7505. lawrie@pixie.co.za
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lawrie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herxheimer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins