title: Management of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament: results of a survey of orthopaedic surgeons in Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the approaches to management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury by Canadian orthopedic surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was mailed to 234 physicians randomly chosen from the Canadian Orthopaedic Association directory to obtain the following information: 1) how orthopaedic surgeons diagnose acute hemarthroses; 2) how patients in any of three common ACL injury scenarios would be managed; 3) what variations exist in surgical technique; and 4) how patient variables such as age, gender, and alignment influence the decision-making process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The return rate was 72%, and 56% of respondents were from academic centers. Patients such as those described in the protocol are routinely managed by 80% of the respondents. The diagnosis of acute hemarthrosis is predominantly made by means of clinical examination and radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used occasionally by 43% and routinely by 6% of those who responded; arthroscopy is used routinely by 24%. For the competitive athlete with a complete ACL tear, 64% would recommend reconstruction and 33% would recommend bracing and rehabilitation. For reconstruction, 59% would use bone-patellar tendon-bone (B-PT-B) autograft and 32% would use hamstring tendon autograft; 40% would incorporate the ACL stump during reconstruction. Of the respondents, 77% would advocate ACL reconstruction for competitive athletes with chronic ACL injury. Of these, 63% would use B-PT-B autograft and 27% would use hamstring tendons. If bracing and rehabilitation failed, 98% would recommend ACL reconstruction. In ACL reconstruction, synthetic augmentation would be used by 12% in chronic cases and by 16% in acute cases. In making the decision to perform ACL reconstruction, 53% consider limb alignment to be important and 67% consider moderate patellofemoral pain to be important. Seventy-one percent are influenced by patellofemoral pain when choosing a surgical technique, with a trend toward semitendinosis autograft rather than B-PT-B autograft reconstruction. For the 8-year-old child with an acute ACL injury, 63% of the respondents would recommend rehabilitation and bracing. For the 14-year-old, 45% would recommend rehabilitation and bracing and 37% would recommend ACL reconstruction after physeal closure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the survey indicate that, with respect to some of the issues, there is a wide variation in management of acute and chronic ACL injuries among Canadian orthopedic surgeons. Future research and randomized, controlled clinical trials should be directed toward these areas.
authors.affiliation: Fowler-Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, University of Western Ontario and London Health Sciences Centre, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirkley
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amendola
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires