title: Branched-chain alpha-keto acid catabolism via the gene products of the bkd operon in Enterococcus faecalis: a new, secreted metabolite serving as a temporary redox sink.
abstract: Recently the bkd gene cluster from Enterococcus faecalis was sequenced, and it was shown that the gene products constitute a pathway for the catabolism of branched-chain alpha-keto acids. We have now investigated the regulation and physiological role of this pathway. Primer extension analysis identified the presence of a single promoter upstream of the bkd gene cluster. Furthermore, a putative catabolite-responsive element was identified in the promoter region, indicative of catabolite repression. Consistent with this was the observation that expression of the bkd gene cluster is repressed in the presence of glucose, fructose, and lactose. It is proposed that the conversion of the branched-chain alpha-keto acids to the corresponding free acids results in the formation of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation. The utilization of the alpha-keto acids resulted in a marked increase of biomass, equivalent to a net production of 0.5 mol of ATP per mol of alpha-keto acid metabolized. The pathway was active under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions. However, under anaerobic conditions the presence of a suitable electron acceptor to regenerate NAD(+) from the NADH produced by the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex was required for complete conversion of alpha-ketoisocaproate. Interestingly, during the conversion of the branched-chain alpha-keto acids an intermediate was always detected extracellularly. With alpha-ketoisocaproic acid as the substrate this intermediate was tentatively identified as 1, 1-dihydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone. This reduced form of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid was found to serve as a temporary redox sink.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: van Der Weijden
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Der Merwe
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Westerhoff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Claiborne
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Snoep
mesh_terms: D042942:3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide); D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000332:Aerobiosis; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D007658:Ketone Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics*; D005810:Multigene Family; D009876:Operon; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D045782:Hemiterpenes; D007651:Keto Acids; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011773:Pyruvates; C016211:alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid; C001505:alpha-ketoisovalerate; C013082:alpha-ketoisocaproic acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007658:Ketone Oxidoreductases; D042942:3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)