title: Smad7 and Smad6 differentially modulate transforming growth factor beta -induced inhibition of embryonic lung morphogenesis.
abstract: Transforming growth factors beta (TGF-beta) are known negative regulators of lung development, and excessive TGF-beta production has been noted in pulmonary hypoplasia associated with lung fibrosis. Inhibitory Smad7 was recently identified to antagonize TGF-beta family signaling by interfering with the activation of TGF-beta signal-transducing Smad complexes. To investigate whether Smad7 can regulate TGF-beta-induced inhibition of lung morphogenesis, ectopic overexpression of Smad7 was introduced into embryonic mouse lungs in culture using a recombinant adenovirus containing Smad7 cDNA. Although exogenous TGF-beta efficiently reduced epithelial lung branching morphogenesis in control virus-infected lung culture, TGF-beta-induced branching inhibition was abolished after epithelial transfer of the Smad7 gene into lungs in culture. Smad7 also prevented TGF-beta-mediated down-regulation of surfactant protein C gene expression, a marker of bronchial epithelial differentiation, in cultured embryonic lungs. Moreover, we found that Smad7 transgene expression blocked Smad2 phosphorylation induced by exogenous TGF-beta ligand in lung culture, indicating that Smad7 exerts its inhibitory effect on both lung growth and epithelial cell differentiation through modulation of TGF-beta pathway-restricted Smad activity. However, the above anti-TGF-beta signal transduction effects were not observed in cultured embryonic lungs with Smad6 adenoviral gene transfer, suggesting that Smad7 and Smad6 differentially regulate TGF-beta signaling in developing lungs. Our data therefore provide direct evidence that Smad7, but not Smad6, prevents TGF-beta-mediated inhibition of both lung branching morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation, establishing the mechanistic basis for Smad7 as a novel target to ameliorate aberrant TGF-beta signaling during lung development, injury, and repair.
authors.affiliation: Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. zhao@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warburton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011510:Proteolipids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051905:Smad6 Protein; D051906:Smad7 Protein; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011510:Proteolipids; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D051905:Smad6 Protein; C497803:Smad6 protein, mouse; D051906:Smad7 Protein; C497807:Smad7 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta