title: Close approximation of putative alpha -helices II, IV, VII, X, and XI in the translocation pathway of the lactose transport protein of Streptococcus thermophilus.
abstract: The lactose transport protein (LacS) of Streptococcus thermophilus belongs to a family of transporters in which putative alpha-helices II and IV have been implicated in cation binding and the coupled transport of the substrate and the cation. Here, the analysis of site-directed mutants shows that a positive and negative charge at positions 64 and 71 in helix II are essential for transport, but not for lactose binding. The conservation of charge/side-chain properties is less critical for Glu-67 and Ile-70 in helix II, and Asp-133 and Lys-139 in helix IV, but these residues are important for the coupled transport of lactose together with a proton. The analysis of second-site suppressor mutants indicates an ion pair exists between helices II and IV, and thus a close approximation of these helices can be made. The second-site suppressor analysis also suggests ion pairing between helix II and the intracellular loops 6-7 and 10-11. Because the C-terminal region of the transmembrane domain, especially helix XI and loop 10-11, is important for substrate binding in this family of proteins, we propose that sugar and proton binding and translocation are performed by the joint action of these regions in the protein. Indeed, substrate protection of maleimide labeling of single cysteine mutants confirms that alpha-helices II and IV are directly interacting or at least conformationally involved in sugar binding and/or translocation. On the basis of new and published data, we reason that the helices II, IV, VII, X, and XI and the intracellular loops 6-7 and 10-11 are in close proximity and form the binding sites and/or the translocation pathway in the transporters of the galactosides-pentosides-hexuronides family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Veenhoff
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Geertsma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poolman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D001692:Biological Transport; D003545:Cysteine / Q000235:genetics; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005033:Ethylmaleimide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011522:Protons; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013291:Streptococcus; D013489:Suppression, Genetic; D027981:Symporters
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C050221:LacY protein, E coli; D008024:Ligands; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D011522:Protons; D027981:Symporters; C021499:lactose permease; D007785:Lactose; D003545:Cysteine; D005033:Ethylmaleimide