title: In humans, serum polyunsaturated fatty acid levels predict the response of proinflammatory cytokines to psychologic stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychologic stress in humans induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and that of the negative immunoregulatory cytokine, IL-10. An imbalance of omega6 to omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the peripheral blood causes an overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. The omega3 PUFAs reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examines whether an imbalance in omega6 to omega3 PUFAs in human blood predicts a greater production of proinflammatory cytokines in response to psychologic stress. Twenty-seven university students had serum sampled a few weeks before and after as well as 1 day before a difficult oral examination. We determined the omega6 and omega3 fractions in serum phospholipids as well as the ex vivo production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-5 by diluted whole blood stimulated with polyclonal activators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Academic examination stress significantly increased the ex vivo, stimulated production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-10, and the IFN-gamma/IL-5 production ratio. Subjects with lower serum omega3 PUFA levels or with a higher omega6/omega3 ratio had significantly greater stress-induced TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma responses than subjects with higher serum omega3 PUFAs and a lower omega6/omega3 ratio, respectively. Subjects with lower serum omega3 PUFA levels or with a higher omega6/omega3 ratio had a significantly higher stress-induced increase in the IFN-gamma/IL-5 ratio than the remaining subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychologic stress induces a Th-1-like or proinflammatory response in some subjects. An imbalance in the omega6 to omega3 PUFA ratio appears to predispose humans toward an exaggerated Th-1-like response and an increased production of monocytic cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, in response to psychologic stress. The results suggest that increased omega3 PUFA levels may attenuate the proinflammatory response to psychologic stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christophe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosmans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D018836:Inflammation Mediators