title: The homeodomain coordinates nuclear entry of the Lhx3 neuroendocrine transcription factor and association with the nuclear matrix.
abstract: LIM homeodomain transcription factors regulate development in complex organisms. To characterize the molecular signals required for the nuclear localization of these proteins, we examined the Lhx3 factor. Lhx3 is essential for pituitary organogenesis and motor neuron specification. By using functional fluorescent derivatives, we demonstrate that Lhx3 is found in both the nucleoplasm and nuclear matrix. Three nuclear localization signals were mapped within the homeodomain, and one was located in the carboxyl terminus. The homeodomain also serves as the nuclear matrix targeting sequence. No individual signal is alone required for nuclear localization of Lhx3; the signals work in combinatorial fashion. Specific combinations of these signals transferred nuclear localization to cytoplasmic proteins. Mutation of nuclear localization signals within the homeodomain inhibited Lhx3 transcriptional function. By contrast, mutation of the carboxyl-terminal signal activated Lhx3, indicating that this region is critical to transcriptional activity and may be a target of regulatory pathways. The pattern of conservation of the nuclear localization and nuclear matrix targeting signals suggests that the LIM homeodomain factors use similar mechanisms for subcellular localization. Furthermore, upon nuclear entry, association of Lhx3 with the nuclear matrix may contribute to LIM homeodomain factor interaction with other classes of transcription factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5132, USA.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Feister
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bidwell
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Rhodes
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000378:metabolism*; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D015530:Nuclear Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; C094898:Lhx3 protein; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins