title: The impact of HIV infection on recurrence of tuberculosis in South African gold miners.
abstract: DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES: Potential risk factors for recurrence of tuberculosis (TB) were investigated in a retrospective cohort study of 305 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and 984 HIV-negative South African gold miners treated for TB with directly-observed, rifampicin-based regimens. Standard treatment changed from rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide (RHZ) to RHZ plus ethambutol (RHZE) during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recurrence occurred in 37 HIV-positive and 46 HIV-negative men. HIV infection was associated with a significantly higher recurrence rate (8.2 vs 2.2 per 100 person-years; multivariate-adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 4.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-8.1), as were post-tuberculous scarring (multivariate-adjusted IRR 1.6 for one or two scarred lung zones, 4.0 for three or more zones; test for trend P < 0.001) and drug resistance (multivariate-adjusted IRR 2.7, 95%CI 1.01-7.4). The recurrence rate was significantly higher following treatment with RHZ than RHZE (multivariate-adjusted IRR 2.1, 95%CI 1.1-4.0). The difference between regimens needs to be interpreted with caution, however, as allocation was not randomised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high recurrence rate among HIV-positive men requires further investigation to distinguish relapse from re-infection as the predominant cause, leading to consideration of further intensification of the initial regimen or use of secondary prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Aurum Health Research, Welkom, South Africa. kmallory@aghs.co.za
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Mallory
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Churchyard
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: De Cock
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Corbett
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008906:Mining / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011336:Probability; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology