title: Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proponents of therapeutic ultrasound suggest it can decrease pain by resolution of inflammation processes and reducing the pressure on pain sensitive structures by haematoma and oedema.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the effects of therapeutic ultrasound for treating acute perineal pain, persistent perineal pain and/or dyspareunia, following childbirth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, Embase, Cinahl (to May 1996), Physiotherapy Index (1985 to May 1996) and World Congress of Physical Therapy 1994 Conference Proceedings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing active therapeutic ultrasound with no treatment, placebo ultrasound, or any other 'standard' or active treatment for women with acute or persistent perineal pain and/or dyspareunia following childbirth.
  
  
  METHODS
  One reviewer assessed trial quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials involving 659 women were included. The trials were of variable quality. Based on two placebo controlled trials, women treated with active ultrasound for acute perineal pain were more likely to report improvement in pain with treatment (odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 0.69). No other outcome reached significance. In one trial comparing pulsed electromagnetic energy with ultrasound for acute perineal pain, women treated with ultrasound were more likely to have bruising at 10 days (odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 2.60). However those treated with ultrasound were less likely to have experienced perineal pain at 10 days (odds ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 0.92) and three months (odds ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.22 to 0.84). No other outcome reached significance. Based on one trial, women treated with ultrasound for persistent perineal pain and/or dyspareunia were less likely to report pain with sexual intercourse compared with the placebo group (odds ratio 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.11 to 0.84). None of the other outcomes measured reached significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is not enough evidence to evaluate the use of ultrasound in treating perineal pain and/or dyspareunia following childbirth.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. jhay-smith@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hay-Smith
mesh_terms: D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy