title: Involvement of histone phosphorylation in thymocyte apoptosis by protein phosphatase inhibitors.
abstract: Incubation of rat thymocytes with the inhibitors of protein phosphatase such as calyculin A and okadaic acid resulted in an increase in DNA fragmentation. These effects were dependent on the concentration of the inhibitors and the incubation time. Analyses of the fragmented DNA revealed the production of approximately 50 kbp of DNA and a 180 bp DNA ladder. In addition, a laser scanning-microscopic analysis showed that these compounds caused nuclear condensation. Thus, these results demonstrated that protein phosphatase inhibitors induced thymocyte apoptosis. The inhibitors of protein phosphatase increased the phosphorylation of proteins of approximately 15 kDa. The phosphorylation of proteins preceded the DNA fragmentation induced by these inhibitors. Judging from acetic acid-urea-Triton X-100 gel electrophoresis, the phosphorylated proteins were histone H1 and H2A/H3. Therefore, these results suggest that phosphorylation of histones triggers the DNA fragmentation of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan. elee@pharm.kobegakuin.ac.jp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakatsuma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D008387:Marine Toxins; D010080:Oxazoles; D010710:Phosphates; D019319:Okadaic Acid; C059041:calyculin A; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases