title: The effects of transesophageal echocardiography on hemodynamic variables in small infants undergoing cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) on hemodynamic variables during cardiac surgery in small infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical college-affiliated tertiary care children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three infants weighing 2 to 5 kg undergoing cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline heart rate, arterial pressure, and central venous pressure were recorded. A pediatric TEE probe was inserted, and the hemodynamic variables were again recorded. Postoperatively the hemodynamic measurements were measured again before and after probe removal, with the addition of left atrial pressure and pulmonary artery pressure when available. Hemodynamic parameters were carefully observed during all phases of the TEE examinations for any changes attributable to probe manipulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant changes occurred in this group of patients during TEE. No clinically significant changes in any individual patient occurred during the measurement or during manipulation of the TEE probe for the complete examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although hemodynamic compromise can occur in small infants, this study suggests that it is infrequent. Fear of hemodynamic compromise should not prevent use of intraoperative TEE in small infants when otherwise indicated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030-2399, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Andropoulos
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stayer
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bent
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002404:Catheterization; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011446:Prospective Studies