title: Increased nitrotyrosine staining in kidneys from patients with diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proximal tubular cells produce nitric oxide (NO.). We have shown that under hyperglycemic conditions, cultured proximal tubular cells express cytochrome P450 2E1, which is capable of producing superoxide (O2.). NO. and O2. react to form peroxynitrite (ONOO.), a powerful oxidant. ONOO. nitrosylates tyrosine moieties on proteins causing tissue damage. Our hypothesis is that ONOO. plays a role in early diabetic tubular damage and perhaps disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal biopsies from patients with diabetic nephropathy (DM), acute allograft rejection (AAR), acute allograft tubular necrosis (ATN), and glomerulonephritis (GN) were obtained. Normal kidney specimens were taken from nephrectomy samples (N = 10 for each group). The tissues were examined for the presence of nitrotyrosine using an immunoperoxidase technique with a polyclonal antibody. Samples were then arbitrarily scored, and the results analyzed (analysis of variance and Student's t-test for unpaired data). The number of apoptotic cells in a sample of tubules in each biopsy was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DM biopsies showed increased staining for nitrotyrosine in proximal tubules (P = 0.0001) and in the thin limb of the loop of Henle (P = 0.0006) compared with all other groups. There was increased staining in the ascending and distal tubules in GN as compared to DM and ATN (P = 0.01). Nitrotyrosine was also found in all distal tubules and collecting ducts, including normals. There was no difference in the number of apoptotic tubular cells in diabetics compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, these data provide the first evidence for the presence of nitrotyrosine in both normal and diseased kidneys. The significance of the findings in normals is unclear, but could be due to activation of constitutive NOS. However, the study clearly demonstrates increased production of ONOO. in proximal tubules of patients with DM, and suggests that oxidant injury of the proximal tubules plays an important part in the pathogenesis of DM.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nephrology and Morbid Anatomy, Royal Hospitals Trust, London, England, UK. Rajchan@aol.com
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Thuraisingham
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Nott
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yaqoob
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; C039642:peroxynitric acid; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine