Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolyl aryl sulfones: HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors active at nanomolar concentrations.
Pyrrolyl aryl sulfones (PASs) have been recently reported as a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors acting at the non-nucleoside binding site of this enzyme (Artico, M.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 522-530). Compound 3, the most potent inhibitor within the series (EC(50) = 0.14 microM, IC(50) = 0.4 microM, and SI > 1429), was then selected as a lead compound for a synthetic project based on molecular modeling studies. Using the three-dimensional structure of RT cocrystallized with the alpha-APA derivative R95845, we derived a model of the RT/3 complex by taking into account previously developed structure-activity relationships. Inspection of this model and docking calculations on virtual compounds prompted the design of novel PAS derivatives and related analogues. Our computational approach proved to be effective in making qualitative predictions, that is in discriminating active versus inactive compounds. Among the compounds synthesized and tested, 20 was the most active one, with EC(50) = 0.045 microM, IC(50) = 0.05 microM, and SI = 5333. Compared with the lead 3, these values represent a 3- and 8-fold improvement in the cell-based and enzyme assays, respectively, together with the highest selectivity achieved so far in the PAS series.
Artico
M
M
Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, BOX 36 - ROMA 62, I-00185 Roma, Italy. artico@uniroma.it
Silvestri
R
R
Pagnozzi
E
E
Bruno
B
B
Novellino
E
E
Greco
G
G
Massa
S
S
Ettorre
A
A
Loi
A G
AG
Scintu
F
F
La Colla
P
P
D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D015195:Drug Design; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
D011758:Pyrroles; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014315:Triterpenes; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase