title: New observations on carrying angle.
abstract: Based on experiments on fresh cadaveric and accidentally amputated 8 upper limbs of children, study of ulnae for presence and absence of non articular strip on the trochlear notch, measurements of carrying angle, length of forearm bones, pronation-supination, height and weight in 2250 infants, children and adults of various age groups and clinical observations on 800 cases of injuries around elbow many new facts have been observed about the development of the carrying angle and its significance in the etiopathogenesis of various types of fractures seen around the elbow. The carrying angle develops in response to pronation of the forearm and is dependent on length of the forearm bones. Lesser the length of forearm bones greater is the carrying angle. So the carrying angle is more in shorter persons as compared to taller persons. It is abduction at the shoulder and not the carrying angle which keeps the swinging upper limbs away from the side of the pelvis during walking. Carrying angle is not a secondary sex character. The type of fracture a child sustains after fall on outstretched hand is also determined by the value of the carrying angle. A new type of fracture hitherto undescribed in the literature, T-Y fracture of the distal humeral epiphysis is also reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Khare
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Saraf
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mohanty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000092464:Elbow Injuries