title: Combined pure esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, biliary atresia, and pancreatic ductal atresia: prenatal diagnostic features and review of the literature.
abstract: The authors recently managed a case of combined pure esophageal, duodenal, biliary, and pancreatic ductal atresia in a fetus and newborn with Trisomy 21. The authors present a case report and review of the literature, emphasizing the prenatal radiographic features of the combined lesions and the high incidence of associated anomalies including Down's syndrome. Prenatal suspicion of these anomalies warrants karyotype analysis as well as careful pre- and postnatal screening for other anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pameijer
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Flake
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D001656:Biliary Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000002:abnormalities*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal