title: Frameless stereotactically guided catheter placement and fibrinolytic therapy for spontaneous intracerebral hematomas: technical aspects and initial clinical results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frame-based stereotactic puncture and catheter placement followed by fibrinolytic therapy and drainage is one treatment option in the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). This minimally invasive procedure could even be simplified by frameless stereotaxy. The authors present their experiences with frameless stereotactic image-guided catheter placement for lysis and drainage of sICH, with emphasis on technical aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 27 patients with sICH, an infrared-based frameless stereotactic device was used for selecting trajectory and target point of hematoma drainage. A trajectory along the main axis of the hematoma was considered to be optimal for fibrinolytic therapy. An articulated arm served to maintain the predetermined trajectory during surgery and to guide catheter advancement. Clot lysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was initiated after radiological confirmation of correct catheter positioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, selection of the optimal trajectory was not restricted by the frameless stereotactic device. In 25 of the 27 patients, the catheter was placed accurately along the predetermined trajectory into the target point. In two patients, the catheter was positioned at the lateral margin of the hematoma, excluding fibrinolytic therapy in one case. In 24 of 27 patients, the mean hematoma volume could be reduced from initially 52 ml to 17 ml in an average of two days. Hematoma enlargement following rt-PA injection was observed in two patients. Further complications were culture negative pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid in two and meningitis in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hematoma puncture and catheter placement for fibrinolytic therapy could be achieved with high accuracy and safety using frameless stereotaxy. This method allows unrestricted trajectory selection with catheter positioning along the main hematoma axis. Further studies are required to investigate if frameless stereotactic puncture and clot lysis could contribute to improve the outcome of patients with sICH.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Technology (RWTH) Aachen, Germany. veit@rohde.ac.uunet.de
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Reinges
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mayfrank
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gilsbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome