title: Lidocaine-prilocaine cream for analgesia during circumcision in newborn boys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonates routinely undergo tissue-damaging interventions as part of medical treatment. The skin is the site of noxious stimulation for many procedures, including circumcision. EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) penetrates intact skin and has the potential to reduce pain associated with circumcision.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of EMLA compared to placebo or no treatment as an analgesic for circumcision in male newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  The guidelines of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group were followed. No language restrictions were applied. Three reviewers (AT, KO, AO) agreed through a consensus process on the inclusion of a specific study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy/effectiveness of EMLA to prevent circumcision associated pain. Behavioral and physiological outcome data were accepted for efficacy/effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data abstracted from each report included gestational age at birth, timing and dosage regimen of EMLA, control group treatment and outcomes. Abstracted data were verified by the three investigators (AT, KO, AO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the different stages of the surgical procedure for circumcision, the increase in heart rate was 12 - 27 beats per minute less for the EMLA group compared to placebo. In a single study, neonates treated with EMLA showed a higher oxygen saturation. Although the data from the three studies could not be combined, crying during circumcision was reported as less in the EMLA treated groups. In two studies, facial action was lower in the EMLA treated groups compared to placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMLA reduces pain response during circumcision in newborn male infants. Other potentially more effective forms of analgesia for circumcision (such as dorsal penile nerve block, ring block) should be subjected to systematic reviews.
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. aohlsson@globalserve.net or aohlsson@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taddio
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008012:Lidocaine; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D009824:Ointments; D011318:Prilocaine
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D009824:Ointments; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine