title: Right atrial angiographic evaluation of the posterior isthmus: relevance for ablation of typical atrial flutter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gaining anatomic information about the posterior isthmus is not generally part of flutter ablation procedures. We postulated that right atrial (RA) angiography could rationalize the ablation approach by revealing the conformation of the isthmus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 100 consecutive patients, biplane RA angiography was performed before ablation to guide catheter contact with the isthmus along its length. Angiography showed a wide variation in the width of the isthmus (17 to 54 mm; 31.3+/-7.9), its angle with the inferior vena cava in the right anterior oblique projection (68 degrees to 114 degrees; 90.3+/-9.0 degrees ), and its lateral position relative to the inferior vena cava in the left anterior oblique projection. A deep sub-Eustachian recess was revealed in 47%, with a mean depth of 4.3+/-2.1 mm (1.5 to 9.4). A Eustachian valve was visualized in 24%. Ablation resulted in bidirectional conduction block (which could be transient) in all, with a median of 2 dragging radiofrequency (RF) applications (2.3+/-2.5 RF applications; 57 degrees C, < or =99 seconds each). Permanent block was achieved in 99%, with a median of 3 RF applications (3.4+/-3.0). The presence of a Eustachian valve or concave isthmus was associated with statistically more RF applications; the same trend was seen for patients with deep pouches. The number of RF applications decreased statistically throughout the study, indicating a learning curve. No patient had a recurrence after a follow-up of 13+/-11 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Right atrial angiography reveals a highly variable isthmus anatomy, often showing particular configurations that can make ablation more laborious. Rational adaptation of the ablation approach to these anatomic findings may contribute to successful ablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Belgium. Hein.Heidbuchel@uz.kuleven.ac.be
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidbüchel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Rensburg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ector
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van de Werf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests