title: Identification of an involucrin promoter transcriptional response element with activity restricted to keratinocytes.
abstract: The involucrin proximal promoter was examined for response elements that confer cell-type specificity. Using a segment spanning positions -157 to +41, three possible response elements were identified by their protein-binding activity using DNase I footprinting. From distal to proximal, they were: an activator protein-1 (AP-1) site (previously identified) overlapping an Ets-like site; a second Ets-like site located 13 bp more proximally; and an extended region designated footprinted site A (FPA). Mutation of the distal Ets-like site had essentially no effect on the transcriptional activity in transfections, while mutation of the proximal site reduced the activity by half. FPA was shown by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) to be comprised of two separable binding sites, FPA1 (distal) and FPA2 (proximal). While mutation of FPA2 had only a modest effect on transcriptional activity in transient transfections, mutation of FPA1 reduced transcriptional activity to approx. 20% of that obtained with the intact promoter. Additional mutations of FPA1 indicated that the active region comprises positions -85 to -73 (GTGGTGAAACCTGT). The molecular masses of the major proteins binding to this site were shown by UV cross-linking to be approx. 40 and 50 kDa, while minor bands were observed at 80 and 110 kDa. Since the involucrin promoter exhibits much higher transcriptional activity in keratinocytes than in other cell types in transfection assays (indicating that cell type specificity of expression is retained), the comparative influence of FPA1 was examined. While mutation of the AP-1 site affected transcriptional activity similarly in all cell lines tested, mutation of FPA1 decreased activity substantially in keratinocytes, but not in NIH-3T3 and HeLa cells, evidence for a contribution to cell-type specificity of expression. Furthermore, a correlation between the sensitivity to FPA1 mutation and amount of involucrin expression in different keratinocyte cell lines was evident. EMSA showed that NIH-3T3 and HeLa cells lacked the same FPA1 DNA-protein complex as keratinocytes. However, the amount of complex formed with nuclear extracts from several keratinocyte lines did not correlate well with the level of involucrin expression. Other factors, such as differences in post-translational modification or co-activators, must account for varied transcriptional response mediated by this site among keratinocyte lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616-8588, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D020218:Response Elements; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D011498:Protein Precursors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D014157:Transcription Factors; C032253:involucrin