title: Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk. Focal dysfunction and distributed disconnectivity reappraised.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  PET studies of verbal fluency in schizophrenia report a failure of 'deactivation' of left superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the presence of activation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which deficit has been attributed to underlying 'functional disconnectivity'.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether these findings provide trait-markers for schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used H2(15)O PET to examine verbal fluency in 10 obligate carriers of the predisposition to schizophrenia, 10 stable patients and 10 normal controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no evidence of a failure of left STG deactivation in carriers or patients. Instead, patients failed to deactivate the precuneus relative to other groups. We found no differences in functional connectivity between left DLPFC and left STG but patients exhibited significant disconnectivity between left DLPFC and anterior cingulate cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure of left STG 'deactivation' and left fronto-temporal disconnectivity are not consistent findings in schizophrenia; neither are they trait-markers for genetic risk. Prefrontal functional disconnectivity here may characterise the schizophrenic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London. sean@hanazono.med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Liddle
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hellewell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Friston
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Frith
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Deakin
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Grasby
mesh_terms: D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods