title: Organic compounds in the extrapalial fluid and haemolymph of Anodonta cygnea (L.) with emphasis on the seasonal biomineralization process.
abstract: Bivalve mollusks, such as the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea, show seasonal changes in calcification. This cycle of calcification must either be a cause or a consequence for seasonal fluctuations in the organic composition of the animal's fluids, haemolymph and extrapallial fluid, the liquid media for biomineralization. We monitored the fluids of A. cygnea, throughout a 1-year cycle, for the presence of organic constituents, known to be important for biomineralization, such as proteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and hexosamines. Proteins were subjected to further study, namely through the total amino acid determination and fraction separation by agarose gel electrophoresis. GAG levels were fairly constant throughout the year, with a maximum concentration in July and a minimum in January, a feature also detected for glucosamine, although with higher fluctuations. Proteins showed highly increased concentrations during June and July, both in total amounts and individual fractions. All fractions showed similar trends throughout the year, with lowest general levels in October, the starting month of a period when some fractions were not detectable at all. All fractions ended this low period in May, when a sometimes-important increase could be detected. As to the total amino acid composition of the fluids, the general trend followed that of proteins, except for ornithine (Orn), a non-proteic amino acid. The overall fluctuations detected in the biological fluids of A. cygnea suggest that the main variation related to the calcification cycle must be quantitative, since no different compounds appear in specific periods, to achieve also specific results.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vilarinho
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000032:analysis; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis*; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D011506:Proteins; D005944:Glucosamine