title: The 5' flank of mouse H19 in an unusual chromatin conformation unidirectionally blocks enhancer-promoter communication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During mouse prenatal development, the neighbouring insulin-like growth factor II (Igf2) and H19 loci are expressed monoallelically from the paternal and maternal alleles, respectively. Identical spatiotemporal expression patterns and enhancer deletion experiments show that the Igf2 and H19 genes share a common set of enhancers. Deletion of a differentially methylated region in the 5' flank of the H19 gene partially relieves the repression of the maternal Igf2 and paternal H19 alleles in the soma. The mechanisms underlying the function of the 5' flank of the H19 gene are, however, unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chromatin analysis showed that the 5' flank of the mouse H19 gene contains maternal-specific, multiple nuclease hypersensitive sites that map to linker regions between positioned nucleosomes. These features could be recapitulated in an episomal-based H19 minigene, which was propagated in human somatic cells. Although the 5' flank of the H19 promoter has no intrinsic silencer activity under these conditions, it unidirectionally extinguished promoter-enhancer communications in a position-dependent manner, without directly affecting the enhancer function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unmethylated 5' flank of the H19 gene adopts an unusual and maternal-specific chromatin conformation in somatic cells and regulates enhancer-promoter communications, thereby providing an explanation for its role in manifesting the repressed state of the maternally inherited Igf2 allele.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Development and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, S-752 36, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kanduri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilartz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanduri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ginjala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ullerås
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002460:Cell Line; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011487:Protein Conformation; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II