title: Acute exposure to saccharin reduces morphine analgesia in the the rat: evidence for involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate and peripheral opioid receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pairings of a sweet taste and injection of morphine result in a learned avoidance of that taste and learned analgesic tolerance. This avoidance is mediated by the drug's peripheral effect, while learned tolerance involves activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Exposure to a sweet taste also reduces morphine analgesia. We studied whether this taste-mediated reduction was reversed by an NMDA or peripheral opioid receptor antagonist.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an intraoral infusion of saccharin would modulate morphine analgesia in rats, and to study the contribution of NMDA as well as peripheral opioid receptors to this modulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six experiments used the rat's tail-flick response to study the effect of an intraoral infusion of a sodium saccharin solution on morphine analgesia, and the effects of the quaternary opioid receptor antagonist methylnaltrexone as well as the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on this modulation of analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An intraoral infusion of saccharin reduced the analgesic effects of an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of morphine across a range of doses (experiment la), which was not attributable to an influence on tail-skin temperature (experiment 1b). This reduction was mediated by opioid receptors in the periphery and activation of NMDA receptors because morphine analgesia was reinstated by an i.p. injection of either methylnaltrexone (experiment 2a) or MK-801 (experiment 3a), which was not due to the effect of methylnaltrexone (experiment 2b) or MK-801 (experiment 3b) on morphine analgesia in the absence of saccharin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results document evidence for an antagonism of morphine analgesia by actions of the drug at peripheral opioid receptors and excitatory amino-acid activity at NMDA receptors. They are discussed with reference to the aversive motivational effects of peripheral opioid receptors and pain facilitatory circuits.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Australia. gavanm@umich.edu
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Westbrook
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012439:Saccharin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D013549:Sweetening Agents; C032257:methylnaltrexone; D009271:Naltrexone; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D009020:Morphine; D012439:Saccharin