title: Differential cell cycle response of nontumorigenic and tumorigenic human papillomavirus-positive keratinocytes towards transforming growth factor-beta1.
abstract: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causative agents of a number of malignancies in humans, including cervical cancer. Their tumorigenic potential is linked to expression of the viral E6/E7 genes which can interfere with normal cell cycle control by targeting p53, p21WAF1, p27KIP1, and pRb. We show here that nontumorigenic and tumorigenic HPV-positive keratinocytes (HPK) exhibit striking differences in the response of cell cycle regulatory genes towards transforming growth factor beta-beta1. Treatment with this agent led to an efficient induction of p53 and the growth-inhibitory p15INK4 and p21WAF1 genes only in nontumorigenic HPKs and was linked to an efficient reduction in viral E6/E7 oncogene expression. This was associated with increased pRb levels, exhibiting sustained hypophosphorylation, and a permanent growth arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, tumorigenic HPKs exhibited only a modest rise in p53 protein levels and a substantially reduced induction of the p15INK4 and p21WAF1 genes, which was linked to a lesser degree of viral oncogene repression. In addition, tumorigenic HPKs rapidly resumed cell growth after a transient G1 arrest, concomitantly with the reappearance of hyperphosphorylated pRb. These results support the notion that the progression of HPV-positive cells to a malignant phenotype is associated with increased resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta1. This is linked in the tumorigenic cells to a lack of persistent G1 arrest, inefficient induction of several cell cycle control genes involved in growth inhibition, and inefficient repression of the growth-promoting viral E6/E7 oncogenes.
authors.affiliation: Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasskarl
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Butz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ullmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dürst
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoppe-Seyler
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta