title: Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adult HIV-1 infection: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Panel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assays for drug resistance testing in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are now available and clinical studies suggest that viral drug resistance is correlated with poor virologic response to new therapy. The International AIDS Society-USA sought to update prior recommendations to provide guidance for clinicians regarding indications for HIV-1 resistance testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  An International AIDS Society-USA 13-member physician panel with expertise in basic science, clinical research, and patient care involving HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs was reconvened to provide recommendations for the clinical use of drug resistance testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The full panel met regularly between January and October 1999. Resistance and resistance testing data appearing in the last decade through April 2000 and presentations at national and international research conferences were reviewed. Recommendations and considerations were developed by 100% group consensus, acknowledging that definitive data to support final recommendations are not yet available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emerging data indicate that despite limitations, resistance testing should be incorporated into patient management in some settings. Resistance testing is recommended to help guide the choice of new regimens after treatment failure and for guiding therapy for pregnant women. It should be considered in treatment-naive patients with established infection, but cannot be firmly recommended in this setting. Testing also should be considered prior to initiating therapy in patients with acute HIV infection, although therapy should not be delayed pending the results. Expert interpretation is recommended given the complexity of results and assay limitations.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA. hirsch.martin@mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brun-Vézinet
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: D'Aquila
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kuritzkes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loveday
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mellors
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Demeter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vella
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Richman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral