title: Field investigations of bacterial contaminants and their effects on extended porcine semen.
abstract: Field investigations (n=23) were made over a 3-yr period at North American boar studs and farms in which the primary complaint was sperm agglutination in association with decreased sperm longevity of extended semen, and increased regular returns to estrus and/or vaginal discharges across parity. Microscopic examination of extended semen from these units revealed depressed gross motility (usually <30%), sperm agglutination, and sperm cell death occurring within 2 d of semen collection and processing regardless of the semen extender used. The extended semen exhibited a high number of induced acrosome abnormalities (>20%). Sample pH was acidic (5.7 to 6.4) in 93% of the submitted samples. Aerobic culture yielded a variety of bacteria from different genera. A single bacterial contaminant was obtained from 66% of the submitted samples (n=37 doses); 34% contained 2 or more different bacterial genera. The most frequently isolated contaminant bacteria from porcine extended semen were Alcaligenes xylosoxydans (n=3), Burkholderia cepacia (n=6), Enterobacter cloacae (n=6), Escherichia coli (n=6), Serratia marcescens (n=5), and Stenotrophomonas [Xanthomonas] maltophilia (n=6); these 6 bacteria accounted for 71% of all contaminated samples, and were spermicidal when re-inoculated and incubated in fresh, high quality extended semen. All contaminant bacteria were found to be resistant to the aminoglycoside gentamicin, a common preservative antibiotic used in commercial porcine semen extenders. Eleven genera were spermicidal in conjunction with an acidic environment, while 2 strains (E. coli, S. maltophilia) were spermicidal without this characteristic acidic environment. Bacteria originated from multiple sources at the stud/farm, and were of animal and nonanimal origin. A minimum contamination technique (MCT) protocol was developed to standardize hygiene and sanitation. This protocol focused on MCT's during boar preparation, semen collection, semen processing and laboratory sanitation. Implementation of the MCT, in addition to specific recommendations in stud management, resulted in the control of bacterial contamination in the extended semen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA. althouse@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Althouse
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kuster
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weisiger
mesh_terms: D000421:Alcaligenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D016956:Burkholderia cepacia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D012661:Semen / Q000382:microbiology*; D012706:Serratia marcescens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014974:Xanthomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification