title: Hypomagnesaemia-hypercalciuria-nephrocalcinosis: a report of nine cases and a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cardinal characteristics of primary hypomagnesaemia-hypercalciuria-nephrocalcinosis include renal magnesium wasting, marked hypercalciuria, renal stones, nephrocalcinosis, a tendency towards chronic renal insufficiency and sometimes even ocular abnormalities or hearing impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  As very few patients with this syndrome have been described, we provide information on nine patients on follow-up at our institutions and review the 42 cases reported in the literature (33 females and 18 males).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary tract infections, polyuria-polydipsia, renal stones and tetanic convulsions were the main clinical findings at diagnosis. The clinical course was highly variable; renal failure was often reported. The concomitant occurrence of ocular involvement or hearing impairment was reported in a large subset of patients. Parental consanguinity was noted in some families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate an autosomal recessive inheritance. The diagnosis of primary hypomagnesaemia-hypercalciuria-nephrocalcinosis deserves consideration in any patient with nephrocalcinosis and hypercalciuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Benigno
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Canonica
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bettinelli
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: von Vigier
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Truttmann
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bianchetti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009397:Nephrocalcinosis / Q000150:complications*; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications; D013577:Syndrome; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium