title: Diagnostic findings from testis fine needle aspiration mapping in obstructed and nonobstructed azoospermic men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although helpful for defining extratesticular obstruction, the testis biopsy offers limited information on nonobstructive azoospermic testes. Guided by diagnostic biopsies, testis sperm extraction procedures fail in 25% to 50% of patients with nonobstructive azoospermia, largely because it is clinically difficult to know where sperm are located. To provide a more complete assessment of spermatogenesis in nonobstructive azoospermic patients and to simplify the confirmation of sperm production in men with obstruction, we use a systematic, fine needle aspiration "mapping" procedure. We summarize the diagnostic findings in a series of azoospermic men.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 118 azoospermic infertile men (22 with obstructed and 96 with nonobstructed azoospermia) fine needle aspiration data were used to generate location specific, sperm frequency maps for obstructed and nonobstructive azoospermic testes to determine if "sperm rich" locations existed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fine needle aspiration map analysis revealed that all aspiration locations from obstructed cases showed sperm. In men with nonobstructive azoospermia, sperm was identified in the right testis in 134 of 652 (20.5%) and in the left testis in 151 of 716 (21.1%) separate aspirations. Rates of sperm detection among various intratesticular sites were not statistically different. In 27.1% of cases the fine needle aspiration map found sperm in men with sperm negative biopsies. The likelihood of heterogeneity in fine needle aspiration sperm findings was 25% within individual nonobstructive azoospermic testes and 19.2% between testis sides. At post-procedure followup of 88 patients (74%), no clinical or surgical complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testis fine needle aspiration mapping is a simple, reliable and informative diagnostic tool in the evaluation of azoospermic infertile men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Turek
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ljung
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conaghan
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*