title: Kynurenergic manipulations influence excitatory synaptic function and excitotoxic vulnerability in the rat hippocampus in vivo.
abstract: Competing enzymatic mechanisms degrade the tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to kynurenate, an inhibitory and neuroprotective compound, and to the neurotoxins 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinate. Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitors such as PNU 156561 shift metabolism towards enhanced kynurenate production, and this effect may underlie the recently discovered anticonvulsant and neuroprotective efficacy of these drugs. Using electrophysiological and neurotoxicological endpoints, we now used PNU 156561 as a tool to examine the functional interplay of kynurenate, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinate in the rat hippocampus in vivo. First, population spike amplitude in area CA1 and the extent of quinolinate-induced excitotoxic neurodegeneration were studied in animals receiving acute or prolonged intravenous infusions of L-kynurenine, PNU 156561, (L-kynurenine+PNU 156561) or kynurenate. Only the latter two treatments, but not L-kynurenine or PNU 156561 alone, caused substantial inhibition of evoked responses in area CA1, and only prolonged (3h) infusion of (L-kynurenine+PNU 156561) or kynurenate was neuroprotective. Biochemical analyses in separate animals revealed that the levels of kynurenate attained in both blood and brain (hippocampus) were essentially identical in rats receiving extended infusions of L-kynurenine alone or (L-kynurenine+PNU 156561) (4 and 7microM, respectively, after an infusion of 90 or 180min). However, addition of the kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitor resulted in a significant decrement in the formation of 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinate in both blood and brain. These data suggest that the ratio between kynurenate and 3-hydroxykynurenine and/or quinolinate in the brain is a critical determinant of neuronal excitability and viability. The anticonvulsant and neuroprotective potency of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitors may therefore be due to the drugs' dual action on both branches of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
authors.forename: H Q
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guidetti
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varasi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ceresoli-Borroni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Speciale
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Scharfman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarcz
mesh_terms: D015095:3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D050601:Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase; D008297:Male; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C104254:FCE 28833; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D015095:3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid; C005045:3-hydroxykynurenine; D007737:Kynurenine; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D050601:Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase; D017378:Quinolinic Acid; D007736:Kynurenic Acid