title: Somatostatin interferes with thyrotropin-induced G1-S transition mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Involvement of RhoA and cyclin E x cyclin-dependent kinase 2 complexes.
abstract: cAMP-mediated cell proliferation is a complex process that involves multiple pathways. Using a cAMP-dependent cell system, FRTL-5 thyroid cells, we have previously demonstrated the existence of a precise autocrine loop in the control of cell proliferation that involves the positive effector thyrotropin (TSH) and the general inhibitor somatostatin. In search of the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the TSH and somatostatin control of cell proliferation, we analyzed the cell cycle regulatory proteins and the cellular pathways involved in the action of both signals. The results show that specific inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase blocks independently TSH-induced FRTL-5 cell proliferation and that somatostatin interferes with both signals. Each pathway activates different proteins required for G(1)/S progression. Thus, PKA is responsible for the TSH-induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase mRNA levels, RhoA activation, and down-regulation of p27(kip1). These correlated events are necessary for FRTL-5 cell proliferation after TSH stimulation. Moreover, TSH through PKA pathway increases cyclin-dependent kinase 2 levels, whereas PI 3-kinase signaling increases cyclin E levels. Together, both pathways finally converge, increasing the formation and activation of cyclin E x cyclin-dependent kinase 2 complexes and the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, two important steps in the transition from G(1) to S phase in growth-stimulated cells. Somatostatin exerts its antiproliferative effect inhibiting more upstream the TSH stimulation of PKA and PI 3-kinase, interfering with the TSH-mediated increases of intracellular cAMP levels by inactivation of adenylyl cyclase activity. Together, these results suggest the existence of a PKA-dependent pathway and a new PKA-independent PI 3-kinase pathway in the TSH/cAMP-mediated proliferation of FRTL-5 thyroid cells.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Toro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santisteban
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000378:metabolism*; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016193:G1 Phase; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016196:S Phase; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013961:Thyroid Gland; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077191:Wortmannin; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D000730:Androstadienes; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019927:Cyclin E; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007546:Isoquinolines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D013004:Somatostatin; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013972:Thyrotropin; D000077191:Wortmannin; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; C102333:histone H1 kinase; C063509:N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide