title: Withholding versus withdrawing life-sustaining treatment: patient factors and documentation associated with dialysis decisions.
abstract: We evaluated prospectively the use of acute hemodialysis among hospitalized patients to identify demographic and clinical predictors of and chart documentation concerning dialysis withheld and withdrawn.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  
  Five teaching hospitals.
  
  
  
  Five hundred sixty-five seriously ill hospitalized patients who had not previously undergone dialysis who developed renal failure.
  
  
  
  Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, preferences, and prognostic estimates associated with having dialysis withheld rather than initiated and withdrawn rather than continued. Differences in chart documentation concerning decision-making for dialysis withheld, withdrawn, and continued.
  
  
  
  Older patient age, cancer diagnosis, and male gender were associated with dialysis withheld rather than withdrawn. Age and gender differences persisted after adjustment for patients' aggressiveness of care preference. Worse 2-month prognosis was associated with both withholding and withdrawing dialysis. Chart documentation of decision-making was lacking more often for patients with dialysis withheld than for dialysis withdrawn.
  
  
  
  Measuring the equity of life-sustaining treatment use will require evaluation of care withheld, not just care withdrawn. Older patients and men, after accounting for prognosis and function, are more likely to have dialysis withheld than withdrawn after a trial. Further exploration is needed into this disparity and the inadequate chart documentation for patients with dialysis withheld.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1736, USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Oye
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teno
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Desbiens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kussin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taub
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Knaus
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000628:therapy*; D000367:Age Factors; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012923:Social Class; D028761:Withholding Treatment