title: Anxiety disorders and tic severity in juveniles with Tourette's disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was hypothesized that comorbidity with anxiety disorders would predict tic severity in youths with Tourette's disorder (TD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 190 youths meeting DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for TD who were consecutively referred to a pediatric psychopharmacology program between 1994 and 1997. Subjects were initially evaluated with a clinical interview and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic version. Statistical analysis used t tests, chi 2 tests, and logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-four subjects were classified as mild/moderate and 56 as severe TD cases. No meaningful differences were found in socioeconomic status, gender distribution, or age at onset of TD between the 2 groups. The 2 groups could not be differentiated by the presence of comorbid mood or disruptive behavior disorders including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was overrepresented among the severe TD cases, the difference failed to reach statistical significance. Excluding social and simple phobias, all other anxiety disorders were more clearly overrepresented among subjects with severe TD; separation anxiety disorder most robustly predicted tic severity, irrespective of the presence of OCD or other anxiety disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that non-OCD anxiety disorders in general and separation anxiety disorder in particular may be significantly associated with tic severity in referred TD patients.
authors.affiliation: Joint Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General and McLean Hospitals, MA 02478, USA. coffey@mercury.mclean.org
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Smoller
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020323:Tics / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications*