title: Respiration during snow burial using an artificial air pocket.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asphyxia is the most common cause of death after avalanche burial. A device that allows a person to breathe air contained in snow by diverting expired carbon dioxide (CO2) away from a 500-cm3 artificial inspiratory air pocket may improve chances of survival in avalanche burial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the duration of adequate oxygenation and ventilation during burial in dense snow while breathing with vs without the artificial air pocket device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field study of physiologic respiratory measures during snow burial with and without the device from December 1998 to March 1999. Study burials were terminated at the subject's request, when oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) dropped to less than 84%, or after 60 minutes elapsed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mountainous outdoor site at 2385 m elevation, with an average barometric pressure of 573 mm Hg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six male and 2 female volunteers (mean age, 34.6 years; range, 28-39 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Burial time, SpO2, partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), partial pressure of inspiratory CO2 (PICO2), respiratory rate, and heart rate at baseline (in open atmosphere) and during snow burial while breathing with the device and without the device but with a 500-cm3 air pocket in the snow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean burial time was 58 minutes (range, 45-60 minutes) with the device and 10 minutes (range, 5-14 minutes) without it (P=.001). A mean baseline SpO2 of 96% (range, 90%-99%) decreased to 90% (range, 77%-96%) in those buried with the device (P=.01) and to 84% (range, 79%-92%) in the control burials (P=.02). Only 1 subject buried with the device, but 6 control subjects buried without the device, decreased SpO2 to less than 88% (P=.005). A mean baseline ETCO2 of 32 mm Hg (range, 27-38 mm Hg) increased to 45 mm Hg (range, 32-53 mm Hg) in the burials with the device (P=.02) and to 54 mm Hg (range, 44-63 mm Hg) in the control burials (P=.02). A mean baseline PICO2 of 2 mm Hg (range, 0-3 mm Hg) increased to 32 mm Hg (range, 20-44 mm Hg) in the burials with the device (P=.01) and to 44 mm Hg (range, 37-50 mm Hg) in the control burials (P=.02). Respiratory and heart rates did not change in burials with the device but significantly increased in control burials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, although hypercapnia developed, breathing with the device during snow burial considerably extended duration of adequate oxygenation compared with breathing with an air pocket in the snow. Further study will be needed to determine whether the device improves survival during avalanche burial.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Division, LDS Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84143, USA. ldcgriss@ihc.com
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Grissom
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Radwin
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Harmston
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hirshberg
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004190:Disasters; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009051:Mountaineering; D012119:Respiration; D012865:Skiing; D012914:Snow; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical