title: [Computer-assisted oral, maxillary and facial surgery].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methods from the area of virtual reality are used in oral and maxillofacial surgery for the planning and three-dimensional individual simulation of surgeries. SIMULATION: In order to simulate complex surgeries with the aid of a computer, the diagnostic image data and especially various imaging modalities (CT, MRT, US) must be arranged in relation to each other, thus enabling rapid switching between the various modalities as well as the viewing of mixed images. Segmenting techniques for the reconstruction of three-dimensional representations of soft-tissue and osseous areas are required. We must develop ergonomic and intuitively useable interaction methods for the surgeon, thus allowing for precise and fast entry of the planned surgical intervention in the planning and simulation phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the surgical phase, instrument navigation tools offer the surgeon interactive support through operation guidance and control of potential dangers. This feature is already available today. Future intraoperative assistance will take the form of such passive tools for the support of intraoperative orientation as well as so-called tracking systems (semi-active systems) which accompany and support the surgeons' work. The final form are robots which execute specific steps completely autonomously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The techniques of virtual reality keep gaining in importance for medical applications. Many applications are still being developed or are still in the form of a prototype. However, it is already clear that developments in this area will have a considerable effect on the surgeon's routine work.
authors.affiliation: Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universität Heidelberg. shassfeld@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassfeld
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brief
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krempien
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raczkowsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Münchenberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Giess
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Meinzer
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mende
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wörn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mühling
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012371:Robotics; D013515:Surgery, Oral / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014584:User-Computer Interface