title: Vision-dependent changes in the choroidal thickness of macaque monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether changes in the eye's effective refractive state produce changes in the thickness of the choroid in infant monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal developmental changes in choroidal thickness were studied in 10 normal rhesus monkeys. Hyperopia or myopia was induced by rearing 26 infant monkeys with either spectacle or diffuser lenses secured in front of one or both eyes. The treatment lenses were worn continuously beginning at approximately 3 weeks of age for an average of 120 days. Refractive status and ocular axial dimensions, including choroidal thickness, were measured by retinoscopy and high-frequency A-scan ultrasonography, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three lines of evidence indicate that the normal increase in choroidal thickness that occurs during early maturation can be altered by the eye's refractive state. First, in monkeys experiencing form deprivation or those in the process of compensating for imposed optical errors, choroidal thickness and refractive error were significantly correlated with eyes developing myopia having thinner choroids than those developing hyperopia. Second, the choroids in eyes recovering from binocularly induced myopia increased in thickness at a faster rate than the choroids in recovering hyperopic eyes. Third, monkeys recovering from induced anisometropias showed interocular alterations in choroidal thickness that were always in the appropriate direction to compensate for the anisometropia. These changes in choroidal thickness, which were on the order of 50 microm, occurred quickly and preceded significant changes in overall eye size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in the eye's effective refractive state produce rapid compensating changes in choroidal thickness. Although these choroidal changes are small relative to the eye's refractive error, they may play an important role in the visual regulation of axial growth associated with emmetropization.
authors.affiliation: College of Optometry, University of Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallman
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002829:Choroid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005123:Eye / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009216:Myopia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015348:Vision, Binocular