title: Stent-assisted angioplasty of intracranial vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis: an initial experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with intracranial vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) atherosclerotic occlusive disease have few therapeutic options. Unfortunately, VBA transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) herald a lethal or devastating event within 5 years in 25 to 30% of patients. The authors report their initial experience with eight patients in whom medically refractory TIAs secondary to intracranial posterior circulation atherosclerotic occlusive lesions were treated with stent-assisted angioplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients (six men), ranging in age from 43 to 77 years, experienced signs and symptoms of VBA insufficiency despite combination therapy with warfarin and antiplatelet agents. Angiographic studies revealed severe distal vertebral (four patients), proximal basilar (one patient), or proximal and midbasilar stenoses (three patients). Aspirin and clopidogrel were administered for 3 days before primary angioplasty and stent placement, and this regimen was maintained by the patients on discharge. Patients underwent heparinization during the procedure and were given a bolus and 12-hour infusion of abciximab. A neurologist specializing in stroke evaluated all patients before and after the procedure. The VBAs in all patients were successfully revascularized with 7 to 28% residual stenosis. Six patients experienced no neurological complications. One patient died the evening of the procedure due to a massive subarachnoid hemorrhage. Two patients had groin hematomas, one developed congestive heart failure, and one had transient encephalopathy. All surviving patients are asymptomatic up to 8 months postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although primary intracranial VBA angioplasty with stent insertion is technically feasible, complications associated with the procedure can be life threatening. As experience is gained with this procedure, it may be offered routinely as an alternative therapy to patients with medically refractory posterior circulation occlusive disease that may develop into catastrophic VBA insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA. badgers@gateway.net
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: G Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Markarian
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katzan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sila
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Furlan
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Masaryk
mesh_terms: D000077284:Abciximab; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D017130:Angioplasty; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011292:Premedication; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D014715:Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D014859:Warfarin; D006493:Heparin; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin; D000077284:Abciximab