title: Assessment of cardiac risk before nonvascular surgery: dobutamine stress echocardiography in 530 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the incremental value of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) for assessment of cardiac risk before nonvascular surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Limited information exists regarding the preoperative assessment of cardiac risk in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease who are to undergo nonvascular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients (303 men, 227 women) who underwent DSE before nonvascular surgery and did not sustain an intervening event (coronary revascularization or cardiac event) were studied. Clinical, electrocardiographic and rest and stress echocardiographic variables were evaluated to identify predictors of postoperative cardiac events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Events occurred in 6% of patients: 1 cardiac death and 31 nonfatal myocardial infarctions. All of these patients had inducible ischemia on DSE (sensitivity 100%, specificity 63%). Multivariate predictors of postoperative events in patients with ischemia were history of congestive heart failure (p = 0.006; odds ratio = 4.66; confidence interval 1.55 to 14.02) and ischemic threshold less than 60% of age-predicted maximal heart rate (p = 0.0001; odds ratio 7.002; confidence interval 2.79 to 17.61). Clinical variables of Eagle's index identified 21% of patients as low, 68% as intermediate and 11% as high risk preoperatively; the postoperative event rates were 3%, 6%, and 14%, respectively. Dobutamine stress echocardiography identified 60% of patients as low (no ischemia), 32% as intermediate (ischemic threshold 60% or more) and 8% as high risk (ischemic threshold < 60%); postoperative event rates were 0%, 9% and 43%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease evaluated before nonvascular surgery, DSE had incremental value over clinical, electrocardiographic and rest echocardiographic variables for identifying patients at low, intermediate and high risk for postoperative cardiac events. Ischemia occurring at less than 60% of age-predicted maximal heart rate identified patients at highest risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pellikka
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: McCully
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002423:Cause of Death; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D004280:Dobutamine; D004452:Echocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004280:Dobutamine