title: Do glia have heart? Expression and functional role for ether-a-go-go currents in hippocampal astrocytes.
abstract: Potassium homeostasis plays an important role in the control of neuronal excitability, and diminished buffering of extracellular K results in neuronal Hyperexcitability and abnormal synchronization. Astrocytes are the cellular elements primarily involved in this process. Potassium uptake into astrocytes occurs, at least in part, through voltage-dependent channels, but the exact mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Although most glial recordings reveal expression of inward rectifier currents (K(IR)), it is not clear how spatial buffering consisting of accumulation and release of potassium may be mediated by exclusively inward potassium fluxes. We hypothesized that a combination of inward and outward rectifiers cooperate in the process of spatial buffering. Given the pharmacological properties of potassium homeostasis (sensitivity to Cs(+)), members of the ether-a-go-go (ERG) channel family widely expressed in the nervous system could underlie part of the process. We used electrophysiological recordings and pharmacological manipulations to demonstrate the expression of ERG-type currents in cultured and in situ hippocampal astrocytes. Specific ERG blockers (dofetilide and E 4031) inhibited hyperpolarization- and depolarization-activated glial currents, and ERG blockade impaired clearance of extracellular potassium with little direct effect on hippocampal neuron excitability. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed ERG protein mostly confined to astrocytes; ERG immunoreactivity was absent in presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, but pronounced in glia surrounding the synaptic cleft. Oligodendroglia did not reveal ERG immunoreactivity. Intense immunoreactivity was also found in perivascular astrocytic end feet at the blood-brain barrier. cDNA amplification showed that cortical astrocytes selectively express HERG1, but not HERG2-3 genes. This study provides insight into a possible physiological role of hippocampal ERG channels and links activation of ERG to control of potassium homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98104, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emmi
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schwartzkroin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taglialatela
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castaldo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nerbonne
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janigro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D002586:Cesium / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics*; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; C092509:KCNH6 protein, human; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D010627:Phenethylamines; D010880:Piperidines; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013449:Sulfonamides; C063968:E 4031; D002586:Cesium; C063533:dofetilide