title: Dose-dependent alterations in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to Di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation.
abstract: Di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) is a commercially important plasticizer and ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Since previous, limited dose-response studies with DBP that reported alterations in male reproductive development and function failed to establish a NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level), an extensive dose-response study was conducted. Pregnant CD rats were given DBP by gavage at 0, 0.5, 5, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day (n = 19-20) or 500 mg/kg/day (n = 11) from gestation day 12 to 21. In male offspring, anogenital distance was decreased at 500 mg DBP/kg/day. Retained areolas or nipples were present in 31 and 90% of male pups at 100 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively. Preputial separation was not delayed by DBP treatment in males with normal external genitalia, but cleft penis (hypospadias) was observed in 5/58 rats (4/11 litters) at 500 mg/kg/day. Absent or partially developed epididymis (23/58 rats in 9/11 litters), vas deferens (16/58 animals in 9/11 litters), seminal vesicles (4/58 rats in 4/11 litters), and ventral prostate (1/58 animals) occurred at 500 mg/kg/day. In 110-day-old F(1) males, the weights of the testis, epididymis, dorsolateral and ventral prostates, seminal vesicles, and levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle were decreased at 500 mg/kg/day. At 500 mg/kg/day, widespread seminiferous tubule degeneration was seen in 25/58 rats (in 9/11 litters), focal interstitial cell hyperplasia in 14/58 rats (in 5/11 litters), and interstitial cell adenoma in 1/58 rats (in 1/11 litters). For this 10-day prenatal (embryonic and fetal) exposure to DBP, the NOAEL and LOAEL (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level) were 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively. This is currently the lowest NOAEL described for the toxicity of DBP.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mylchreest
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cattley
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D008098:Litter Size / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate