title: The effects of cyclic loading on pull-out strength of sacral screw fixation: an in vitro biomechanical study.
abstract: METHODS
  The pull-out strength of sacral screw fixation after cyclic loading was tested using young human cadaveric specimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of fatigue loading on the pull-out strength of medial and lateral unicortical and bicortical sacral screws and to correlate the pull-out strength with sacral bone density and the screw insertion torque.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The immediate biomechanical effects of depth of penetration, screw orientation, and bone density on sacral screw fixation have been studied in aged cadaveric specimens. The effect of cyclic loading on the pull-out strength of sacral screw fixation is unknown, however, and data from young specimens is rare.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven fresh specimens of human sacrum were used in this study. Bone mineral density at the vertebral body and the ala were determined by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Seven-millimeter compact Cotrel-Dubousset sacral screws were inserted into the sacrum anteromedially and anterolaterally, both unicortically and bicortically, and the insertion torque for each screw was measured. Cyclic loading from 40 to 400 N was applied to each screw at a frequency of 2 Hz up to 20,000 cycles. Pull-out tests were conducted after completion of the fatigue tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average bone density was 0.38 +/- 0.08 g/mL at the S1 body and 0.24 +/- 0.05 g/mL at the S1 ala. The insertion torque and average pull-out force after cyclic loading were significantly higher for bicortical fixation than for unicortical fixation for a particular screw alignment. The pull-out strength and insertion torque of medially oriented fixation was always higher than that for lateral fixation, however, regardless of whether the insertion was unicortical or bicortical. The pull-out force of unicortical and bicortical medial screw fixations after cyclic loading showed significant linear correlations with both the insertion torque and the bone mineral density of the S1 body.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a young population, screw orientation (anterolateral or anteromedial) was more important in determining pull-out strength than screw depth (unicortical or bicortical) after fatigue loading, anteromedially directed screws being significantly stronger than laterallyplaced screws. Bone mineral density of the S1 body andinsertion torque were good preoperative and intraoperative indicators of screw pull-out strength.
authors.affiliation: Medical Biomechanics Laboratory, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012447:Sacrum / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000601:surgery*; D019415:Torque; D016474:Weight-Bearing