title: Delayed administration of the K+ channel activator cromakalim attenuates cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed cerebral vasospasm remains an unpredictable and inadequately treated complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Recent evidence indicates that the potassium channel activator cromakalim is capable of limiting cerebral vasospasm in rabbits when administered immediately after experimental SAH (i.e. before spastic constriction has been initiated). However, the ultimate clinical value of cromakalim for treating vasospasm will depend in part on its effectiveness when administered after SAH-induced constriction has already been initiated. The present study examined the effects of cromakalim on vasospasm when treatment was initiated after SAH-induced constriction was underway.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to experimental SAH by injecting autologous blood into the cisterna magna. Cromakalim (0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected intravenously at 8 hour intervals beginning 24 hours post-SAH. Animals were killed by perfusion fixation 48 hours after SAH. Basilar arteries were removed and sectioned, and cross-sectional area was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average cross sectional areas of basilar arteries were reduced by 64% and 68% in the SAH-only and SAH + vehicle groups, respectively. Treatment with cromakalim dose-dependently attenuated SAH-induced constriction. The groups treated with 0.03, 0. 1, and 0.3 mg/kg cromakalim exhibited average decreases in cross-sectional area of 57%, 42%, and 19%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that cromakalim dose-dependently attenuates cerebral vasospasm when administered 24 hours after experimental SAH in the rabbit. The results suggest K(ATP) channel activators, such as cromakalim. could be of benefit for reversing cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal SAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Howng
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Kassell
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019806:Cromakalim / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications; D011817:Rabbits; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019806:Cromakalim