title: Cocaine activates platelets and increases the formation of circulating platelet containing microaggregates in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is evidence of platelet activation following in vivo cocaine administration in humans, as cocaine abuse is associated with myocardial infarction and stroke, and platelet activation leading to thrombosis is a possible mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a randomised, double blind crossover design, 14 healthy volunteers were studied twice, receiving cocaine (2 mg/kg intranasally) once and placebo once. Flow cytometric analysis of P-selectin expression (an alpha granule membrane protein found on the surface of activated platelets), quantification of the platelet specific proteins platelet factor 4 and beta thromboglobulin, and measurement of platelet containing microaggregate and platelet microparticle (fragment) formation were used to assess platelet activation. Circulating von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF) was measured to evaluate a possible role of endothelial stimulation concurrent with platelet activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an increase in both platelet factor 4 (mean (SD), 16 (7) to 39 (22) IU/ml, p = 0. 04) and beta thromboglobulin (70 (20) to 98 (26) IU/ml, p < 0.01) at 120 minutes following cocaine administration. Platelet containing microaggregate formation was increased at 40 minutes (from 47 (3.2)% to 54 (2.0)%, p < 0.001) and 80 minutes (55 (2.5)%, p = 0.04). Bleeding time decreased following cocaine from 10 (1) to 9 (1) minutes (p = 0.07). No changes in any of the measured variables were noted following placebo administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine exposure causes platelet activation, alpha granule release, and platelet containing microaggregate formation. These data support the view that cocaine, even at the relatively low doses commonly self administered by occasional abusers, may promote thrombosis and predispose healthy individuals to ischaemic events. Platelet inhibitors should be considered early in any patient with suspected cocaine related ischaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 328 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Heesch
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ristich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adnane
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bontempo
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001760:Bleeding Time; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000032:analysis; D015539:Platelet Activation; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000032:analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin / Q000032:analysis; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019007:P-Selectin; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D010978:Platelet Factor 4; C005618:benzoylecgonine; D003042:Cocaine