title: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis: association with disease risk and severity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is widely distributed in shoulder synovial membrane of active polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and strongly expressed in granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate of the temporal artery in giant cell arteritis (GCA). ICAM-1 genes may contribute to the inflammatory PMR/GCA processes. We examined potential associations of ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms with PMR/GCA susceptibility and severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 121 consecutive patients with "pure" PMR and 56 patients with biopsy positive GCA residing in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Among patients with PMR, 91 had a followup duration of at least one year. Selected as control subjects were 228 healthy blood donors, 75 patients with nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion, and 116 cataract surgery patients from the same geographic area. All PMR/GCA patients and controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and allele-specific oligonucleotide techniques for ICAM-1 polymorphism at codon 241 (exon 4) and codon 469 (exon 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of R241 was significantly higher in PMR/GCA patients [p = 0.00001, odds ratio (OR) 5.0 (95% confidence intervals, CI 2.6-9.6) ], in pure PMR patients [p = 0.00001, OR 5.0 (95% CI 2.5-10.0)], and in GCA patients [p = 0.00005; OR 5.0 (95% CI 2.2-11.5)] compared to the healthy controls. The frequency of R241 was significantly higher in total PMR/GCA patients compared to patients with nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion [p = 0.0007; OR 5.3 (95% CI 1.8-15.5)] and cataract surgery patients [p = 0.0003; OR 4.1 (95% CI 1.8-9.0)]. The distribution of E/K 469 genotype was similar in PMR/GCA patients and in the 3 control groups. Cox proportional hazards modeling identified 2 variables that independently increased the risk of PMR relapse/recurrence: erythrocyte sedimentation rate at diagnosis > 72 mm/h [relative risk 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.3)] and the presence of R241 allele [relative risk 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.4)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that G/R 241 polymorphism of ICAM-1 is associated with PMR/GCA susceptibility and confers an increased risk of relapse/recurrence in PMR.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Reumatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy. salvarani.carlo@asmn.re.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salvarani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Casali
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boiardi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranzi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macchioni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nicoli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farnetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brini
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Portioli
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011111:Polymyalgia Rheumatica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012077:Renal Artery; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1