title: Detection and genotyping of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To isolate and genotype Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies in serum samples of Croatian patients with erythema migrans.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA isolates from sera of patients with erythema migrans were analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), amplifying a segment of flagellin gene with primers encompassing the conserved region of the gene. To screen PCR products for heterogeneity, we performed single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The samples showing differences in SSCP patterns were sequenced, and the sequence compared in the GeneBank for sequence homology with known Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies. We also constructed phylogenetic tree of all known borrelial sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nested PCR method using specially designed flagellin gene primers, achieved the sensitivity of 10 genome copies (0.01 pg of purified Borrelia burgdorferi DNA from culture) by dilution analysis. The assay specificity was confirmed by amplification of a part of the flagellin gene from different bacterial species. The primer pairs successfully amplified only Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin gene. The genome of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was detected in the sera of all 10 tested patients with erythema migrans. Sequence data and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that all amplified samples belonged to Borrelia afzelii genospecies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phylogenetic tree analysis placed the borrelial isolates together with Borrelia afzelii sequences into a single group. This finding was additionally supported by sequence homology analysis, which produced a homology score of 99%. In patients with erythema migrans who come from the northwest Croatia, an endemic area for Lyme borreliosis, Borrelia afzelii was the cause of skin manifestations of Lyme borreliosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatovenerology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Salata 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. branka@marli.hr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Situm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grahovac
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marković
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipozencić
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poje
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dobrić
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marinović
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolanca-Bumber
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Misić-Majerus
mesh_terms: D015748:Borrelia burgdorferi Group / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017523:Croatia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D015787:Erythema Chronicum Migrans / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial