title: The role of p53 in gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity and radiosensitization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine, dFdCyd), a clinically valuable radiosensitizer, in colon cancer RKO cells which differed in their p53 status. The parental RKO cells, RKO-P, contain wild-type p53 protein. In RKO-E6 cells, the p53 function has been disrupted by transfection of the cells with the human papillomavirus type-16 E6 gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the RKO-P cells were significantly more sensitive to dFdCyd-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis than RKO-E6 cells (IC10 39.3 +/- 5.3 nM and 62.0 +/- 6.9 nM, respectively). The cytotoxic effect of dFdCyd in RKO-P cells was accompanied by induction of the proapoptotic protein Bax at the time when p53 was induced. In contrast, similar treatment of RKO-E6 cells with dFdCyd resulted in only limited expression of Bax, suggesting that the cytotoxic effect of dFdCyd was mediated, in part, by a p53-dependent apoptosis pathway. We also studied the effect of dFdCyd on radiation sensitivity. We found that at minimally cytotoxic concentrations dFdCyd failed to radiosensitize either RKO-P or RKO-E6 cells, whereas at cytotoxic concentrations equal sensitization was produced. Finally, we assessed the influence of dFdCyd on cell cycle distribution. We found that dFdCyd synchronized RKO-P cells, whereas synchrony was not produced in p53-disrupted RKO-E6 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that p53 status may influence dFdCyd-mediated apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and cell cycle progression but do not support an important role for p53 in radiosensitization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hough
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; C494826:BAX protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine