title: S(+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia.
abstract: We have evaluated the intra- and postoperative analgesic efficacy of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine compared with bupivacaine for caudal block in paediatric hernia repair. After induction of general anaesthesia, 49 children undergoing hernia repair were given a caudal injection (0.75 ml kg-1) of S(+)-ketamine 0.5 mg kg-1 (group K1), S(+)-ketamine 1.0 mg kg-1 (group K2) or 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 (group B). No additional analgesic drugs were required during operation in any of the groups. Haemodynamic and respiratory variables remained stable during the observation period. Mean duration of analgesia was significantly longer in groups B and K2 compared with group K1 (300 (SD 96) min and 273 (123) min vs 203 (117) min; P < 0.05). Groups B and K2 required less analgesics in the postoperative period compared with group K1 (30% and 33% vs 72%; P < 0.05). Postoperative sedation scores were comparable between the three groups. We conclude that S(+)-ketamine 1.0 mg kg-1 for caudal block in children produced surgical and postoperative analgesia equivalent to that of bupivacaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and General Intensive Care, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marhofer
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Krenn
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plöchl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koinig
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fleischmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Höchtl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Semsroth
mesh_terms: D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000379:methods*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007649:Ketamine; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D007649:Ketamine; D002045:Bupivacaine