title: Do we eat less fat, or just report so?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine secular trends in diet reporting error.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary information was obtained from 228 Danish men and women in 1987-88, and from 122 men and women in 1993-94.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bias in dietary reporting of energy and protein intake was assessed by comparing reported intake with intake data, estimated from 24 h nitrogen output, validated by administering P-aminobenzoic acid, and estimated 24 h energy expenditure. Total energy was under-reported more than energy from protein at both surveys, suggesting that energy from other nutrients, like fat and/or carbohydrate, must have been under-reported too. There was a greater under-reporting for energy than for protein in 1993-94 (29%) than in 1987-88 (15%). Obesity was positively associated with under-reporting, both in 1987-88 and in 1993-94.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher macro-nutrient specific error in 1993-94 compared to 1987-88 may reflect a trend to increasingly omitting fat and/or carbohydrate-rich foods in dietary reporting. This may be a consequence of increased awareness of diet intake, which, in turn, may be related to intensified public health campaigns to reduce intake of fat and/or simple carbohydrate. These results may have consequences for our understanding of the apparent decline in dietary fat and associated health benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine CF, Glostrup University Hospital, Denmark. BeHe@Glostruphosp.KbhAmt.dk
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lissner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osler
mesh_terms: D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid / Q000652:urine; D015982:Bias; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid