title: Nebulized racemic epinephrine for extubation of newborn infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following a period of mechanical ventilation, post-extubation upper airway obstruction can occur in newborn infants, especially after prolonged, traumatic or multiple intubations. The subsequent increase in upper airway resistance may lead to respiratory insufficiency and failure of extubation. The vasoconstrictive properties of epinephrine, and its proven efficacy in the treatment of croup in infants, has led to the routine use of inhaled nebulised epinephrine immediately post-extubation in some neonatal units. It is also recommended for neonates with post-extubation tracheal obstruction and stridor in neonatal and respiratory textbooks and reviews.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to assess whether nebulised epinephrine administered immediately after extubation in neonates weaned from IPPV decreases the need for subsequent additional respiratory support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were made of Medline (MeSH search terms 'epinephrine' and 'exp infant, newborn'), the Oxford Database of Perinatal trials, expert informants and journal hand searching mainly in the English language, expert informant searches in the Japanese language by Prof. Ogawa, previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, and conference and symposia proceedings.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised and quasi-randomised control trials in which nebulised epinephrine was compared with placebo immediately post-extubation in newborn infants who have been weaned from IPPV and extubated, with regard to clinically important outcomes (i.e. need for additional respiratory support, increase in oxygen requirement, respiratory distress, stridor or the occurrence of side effects).
  
  
  METHODS
  No studies met our criteria for inclusion in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No studies were identified which looked at the effect of inhaled nebulised epinephrine on clinically important outcomes in infants being extubated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence either supporting or refuting the use of inhaled nebulised racemic epinephrine in newborn infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  randomised controlled trials are needed comparing inhaled nebulised racemic epinephrine with placebo in neonates post-extubation. This should be looked at both as a routine treatment post-extubation and as specific treatment for post-extubation upper airway obstruction. Study populations should include the group of infants at highest risk for upper airway obstruction from mucosal swelling because of their small glottic and sub-glottic diameters (ie those infants with birthweights less than 1000 grams).
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Bowen Bridge Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4029. mwdavies@ozemail.com.au
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D064705:Racepinephrine; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015300:Ventilator Weaning
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D064705:Racepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine