title: Conformal irradiation of concave-shaped PTVs in the treatment of prostate cancer by simple 1D intensity-modulated beams.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the case of concave-shaped PTVs including prostate (P) and seminal vesicles (SV), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) should improve the therapeutic ratio of the treatment of prostate cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Comparing IMRT by simple 1D modulations with conventional 3D conformal therapy (i.e. non-IMRT) in the treatment of concave-shaped PTVs including P+SV.
  
  
  METHODS
  For five patients having a concave-shaped PTV (P+SV) previously treated at our Institute with conformal radiotherapy, conventional 3- and 4-fields conformal plans were compared with IMRT plans in terms of biological indices. IMRT plans were generated by using five equi-spaced beams with a partial shielding of the rectum obtainable with our single-absorber modulation technique (Fiorino C, Lev A, Fusca M, Cattaneo GM, Rudello F, Calandrino R. Dynamic beam modulation by using a single dynamic absorber. Phys. Med. Biol. 1995;40:221-240). The modulation was one-dimensional and the shape of the beams was at single minimum in correspondence with the 'core' of the rectum; the beam intensity in the minimum was set equal to 20 or 40% of the open beam intensity. All plans were simulated on the CADPLAN TPS using a pencil-beam based algorithm (with 18 MV X-rays). Tumour control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCPs) (for rectum, bladder and femoral head) were calculated for all situations when varying the isocentre dose from 60 to 90 Gy. Dose distributions were corrected taking dose fractionation into account through the linear-quadratic model; for the TCP/NTCP estimations the Webb-Nahum and the Lyman-Kutcher models were respectively applied. Three different scores were considered: (a) increase of TCP while keeping rectum NTCP equal to 5% (TCP(5%)); (b) increase of the uncomplicated tumour control probability (P+); (c) increase of the biological-based scoring function (S+), developed by Mohan et al. (Mohan R, Mageras GS, Baldwin B, Clinically relevant optimization of 3D conformal treatments. Med. Phys. 1992;19:933-944). The impact of the uncertainty in the knowledge of the parameters of the biological models was investigated for TCP(5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) The average gain in TCP(5%) when considering IMRT against non-IMRT conformal plans was 7.3% (range 5.0-13.5%); (b) the average increase of P+ was 3.4% (range: 1. 0-8.5%); and (c) the average increase of S+ was 5.4% (range 2.9-12. 4%). The largest gain was found for one patient (patient 5) showing a significantly larger overlapping between PTV and rectum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple 1D-IMRT may clearly improve the therapeutic ratio in the treatment of concave-shaped PTVs including P and SV. In the range of clinically suitable values, the impact of the uncertainty of the parameters n and sigma(alpha) does not significantly alter the main results concerning the gain in TCP(5%). The reported gain in terms of P+ and S+ should be considered with great caution because of the intrinsic uncertainties of the model's parameters and, for bladder, because the 'true' DVH (considering variations of the shape and dimension due to variable filling) may be very different from the DVH calculated on a single CT scan. Further investigations should consider inversely-optimised 1D and 2D-IMRT plan in order to compare them in terms of cost-benefit.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, H. San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiorino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Broggi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corletto
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calandrino
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005270:Femur Head / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011467:Prostate / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000191:economics; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects