title: Internal fixation of cervical trauma following corpectomy and reconstruction. The effects of posterior element injury.
abstract: Although biomechanical data indicates that anterior fixation alone in unstable cervical injuries may not provide adequate stability, reports of clinical series indicate general success with this method of treatment. The specific contribution of posterior column injury to overall stability following reconstruction has not been evaluated. This study examined the biomechanical stability of anterior and/or posterior plate fixation following anterior corpectomy and reconstruction for unstable cervical injuries with varying degrees of posterior element injury. The C4-C6 motion segments of ten fresh frozen bovine cervical spines were used. After mounting, nondestructive mechanical testing in axial compression, torsion, flexion, extension, and lateral bending was done as an intact control. A C5 corpectomy with reconstruction using a synthetic bone graft was performed and the posterior ligaments sectioned at the C5-C6 level. Each specimen was sequentially instrumented with anterior and posterior plating alone and in combination and each construct was mechanically retested. The specimens were then further destabilized by bilateral facetectomies at C5-C6 and again tested with the same instrumentation combinations. In comparison to the controls, the spines with a C5 corpectomy/bone graft and posterior ligament rupture with anterior plating demonstrated significantly increased stiffness in flexion, extension, and lateral bending; posterior plating increased stiffness in only flexion and lateral bending. In axial compression and torsion, anterior or posterior plating demonstrated stiffness similar to the controls. Further destabilization by facetectomy significantly decreased stiffness of the instrumented construct (less than control) in torsion with anterior or posterior plate fixation alone. Combined plating showed increased stability compared to controls in all loading conditions for both patterns of instability. Anterior plating alone was able to restore the stability of the cervical spines with posterior ligamentous injury after corpectomy, but it failed to do so with the addition of bilateral facetectomies. For the unstable cervical spine with significant bilateral loss of posterior bony contact, anterior or posterior plating alone may not provide sufficient stabilization in the absence of any additional external immobilization. Combined plating should be considered, which may obviate the need for external immobilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York 10003, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Spivak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bharam
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kummer
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002102:Cadaver; D002417:Cattle; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical