title: Optimal parameters for laser tissue soldering: II. Premixed versus separate dye-solder techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser tissue soldering by using an indocyanine green (ICG)-doped protein solder applied topically to the tissue surface and denatured with a diode laser was investigated in Part I of this study. The depth of light absorption was predominantly determined by the concentration of the ICG dye added to the solder. This study builds on that work with an in vitro investigation of the effects of limiting the zone of heat generation to the solder-tissue interface to determine whether more stable solder-tissue fusion can be achieved.
  
  
  METHODS
  An alternative laser tissue soldering technique was investigated, which increased light absorption at the vital solder-tissue interface. A thin layer of ICG dye was smeared over the surface to be treated, the protein solder was then placed directly on top of the dye, and the solder was denatured with an 808-nm diode laser. Because laser light at approximately 800 nm is absorbed primarily by the ICG dye, this thin layer of ICG solution restricted the heat source to the space between the solder and the tissue surfaces. A tensile strength analysis was conducted to compare the separate dye-solder technique with conventional techniques of laser tissue soldering for which a premixed dye-solder is applied directly to the tissue surface. The effect of hydration on bond stability of repairs formed by using both techniques was also investigated using tensile strength and scanning electron microscopy analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Equivalent results in terms of tensile strength were obtained for the premixed dye-solder technique using protein solders containing 0.25 mg/ml ICG (liquid solder, 220 +/- 35 N/cm(2); solid solder, 602 +/- 32 N/cm(2)) and for the separate dye-solder technique (liquid solder, 228 +/- 41 N/cm(2); solid solder, 578 +/- 29 N/cm(2)). The tensile strength of native bovine thoracic aorta was 596 +/- 31 N/cm(2). Repairs created by using the separate dye-solder technique were more stable during hydration than their premixed dye-solder counterparts. The conventional premixed dye-solder was simpler and approximately twice as fast to apply. The separate dye-solder technique, however, increased the shelf-life of the solder, because the dye was mixed at the time of the experiment, thus conserving its spectral absorbency properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two laser-assisted tissue soldering techniques have been evaluated for repairing aorta incisions in vitro. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these techniques are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Lasers and Applications, School of MPCE, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sorg
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dawes
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Owen
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002417:Cattle; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000379:methods*; D008027:Light; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D014867:Water; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D007208:Indocyanine Green