title: Acute effects of estradiol and progesterone on insulin, lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the acute effects of estradiol-17beta (E(2)) and progesterone (P) on serum levels of insulin, lipids and lipoproteins in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, whereby, a direct cause-effect relationship could be established without the influence of lifestyle changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine postmenopausal women were given oral E(2) (Estrace) 2 mg/day for 28 days and oral micronized P (Prometrium) 200 mg/day in the last 14 days of E(2) treatment. Fasting blood samples were obtained before starting E(2) (day 1) and P (day 15) and on day 29. Serum levels of insulin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) at the three time points were compared by Friedman analysis of variance (ANOVA). Corresponding levels of glucose, the apolipoproteins (Apo) A1 and B and serum androgen levels were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E(2) decreased while P increased fasting levels of insulin (32.45+/-3.57, 26.36+/-2.90 and 37.36+/-3.67 pmol/l on day 1, 15 and 29 respectively; P<0.01). Fasting glucose to insulin ratios changed inversely (P<0.01). E(2) increased HDL from 1.07+/-0.05 mmol/l on day 1 to 1.17+/-0.07 mmol/l on day 29 but decreased corresponding levels of Lp(a) from 261+/-93 to 211+/-83 U/l (P=0.03 for both). TC and LDL levels fell significantly after 14 days of E(2) treatment with no further decrease when P was added. Androgen levels remained unchanged during hormone treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sequential, acute effects of E(2) and micronized P on insulin and lipids confirm a direct cause-effect relationship. The acute effects of P on insulin in particular, highlights the importance of standardizing the medication days according to estrogen and progestin in the clinical evaluation of their true metabolic impact in longer-term studies and may influence the choice of progestin type, dose and duration in hormone replacement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. apcheung@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone