title: Genetic and epigenetic changes in human epithelial cells immortalized by telomerase.
abstract: Exogenous expression of hTERT, the catalytic component of telomerase, is sufficient for the immortalization of human fibroblasts but insufficient for the immortalization of human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) and human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). These latter cell types can overcome senescence by coexpression of hTERT and human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 or by expression of hTERT and loss of p16(INK4a) expression, indicating that the retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway, along with a telomere maintenance pathway, plays a role in determining the life span of epithelial cells. In this study, we further characterize hTERT-immortalized HFKs and human adenoid epithelial cells (HAKs) for genotypic and phenotypic alterations that are associated with immortalization. Of five hTERT-immortalized HFK and HAK cell lines examined, four exhibited repression of p16(INK4a) expression by promoter methylation or specific large-scale deletion of chromosome 9p, the location of p16(INK4a). Interestingly, one cell line exhibited complete down-regulation of expression of p14(ARF), with only slight down-regulation of expression of p16(INK4a). Yet, all of the immortal cells lines exhibited hyperphosphorylated Rb. Cytogenetic analysis revealed clonal chromosome aberrations in three of the five cell lines. All of the cell lines retained a growth block response with the expression of mutant ras. When grown on organotypic raft cultures, however, the hTERT-immortalized cells exhibited a maturation delay on terminal differentiation. Our results indicate that immortalization of epithelial cells may require both activation of telomerase and other genetic and/or epigenetic alterations that abrogate normal differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head-Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Farwell
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Shera
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Koop
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Reuther
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Coltrera
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Klingelhutz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D046508:Culture Techniques; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D011506:Proteins; D025803:Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF; D004247:DNA; D019098:Telomerase