title: Differential effects of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27(Kip1), p21(Cip1), and p16(Ink4) on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) have different patterns of expression in vascular diseases. The Kip/Cip CKIs, p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1), are upregulated during arterial repair and negatively regulate the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In contrast, the Ink CKI, p16(Ink4), is not expressed in vascular lesions. We hypothesized that a variation in the inactivation of cdk2 and cdk4 during the G(1) phase of the cell cycle by p27(Kip1), p21(Cip1), and p16(Ink4) leads to different effects on VSMC growth in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) in serum-stimulated VSMCs inactivated cdk2 and cdk4, leading to G(1) growth arrest. p16(Ink4) inhibited cdk4, but not cdk2, kinase activity, producing partial inhibition of VSMC growth in vitro. In an in vivo model of vascular injury, overexpression of p27(Kip1) reduced intimal VSMC proliferation by 52% (P<0.01) and the intima/media area ratio by 51% (P<0.005) after vascular injury and gene transfer to pig arteries, when compared with control arteries. p16(Ink4) was a weak inhibitor of intimal VSMC proliferation in injured arteries (P=NS), and it did not significantly reduce intima/media area ratios (P=NS), which is consistent with its minor effects on VSMC growth in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) are potent inhibitors of VSMC growth compared with p16(Ink4) because of their different molecular mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the pathophysiology of vascular proliferative diseases and for the development of molecular therapies.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Akyürek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: San
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Nabel
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Nabel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D013552:Swine; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases