title: Interventions for helping patients to follow prescriptions for medications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Efforts to assist patients with adherence to prescribed, self-administered medications might improve the benefits and efficiency of health care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To update an ongoing review summarising the results of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions to help patients follow prescriptions for medications, focusing on trials that measured both adherence and clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computerised searches to July 1998 in MEDLINE, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), PsychInfo, Sociofile, and HSTAR; bibliographies in articles on patient adherence; articles in the reviewers' personal collections; and contact with authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were selected if they reported an unconfounded RCT of an intervention to improve adherence with prescribed medications, measuring both medication adherence and treatment outcome, with at least 80% follow-up of each group studied and, for long-term treatments, at least six months follow-up for studies with positive initial findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on study design features, interventions and controls, and findings were extracted by one reviewer (PM) and a research assistant and confirmed by two of the other reviewers. The studies were too disparate to warrant meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For short-term treatments, one study, of counselling and written information, showed an effect on adherence and clinical outcome. Ten of 19 interventions for long-term treatments reported in 17 RCTs were associated with improvements in adherence, but only nine interventions led to improvements in treatment outcomes. Almost all of the interventions that were effective for long-term care were complex, including combinations of more convenient care, information, counselling, reminders, self-monitoring, reinforcement, family therapy, and other forms of additional supervision or attention. Even the most effective interventions did not lead to large improvements in adherence and treatment outcomes. Two studies showed that telling patients about adverse effects of treatment did not affect their adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The full benefits of medications cannot be realised at currently achievable levels of adherence. Current methods of improving adherence for chronic health problems are mostly complex and not very effective. More studies of innovative approaches to assist patients to follow medication prescriptions are needed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University Medical Centre, HSC Room 2C10b, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5. bhaynes@fhs.csu.mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montague
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McKibbon
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanani
mesh_terms: D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012646:Self Administration