title: A longitudinal study on bone mineral density until adulthood in girls with Turner's syndrome participating in a growth hormone injection frequency-response trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) in girls with Turner's syndrome (TS) before and during growth hormone (GH) treatment in combination with low dose oestrogens as well as three years after discontinuation of GH treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized injection frequency-response study, the effect of GH treatment in combination with low dose ethinyl oestradiol (starting with 0.05 microgram/kg/day), on BMD was evaluated, comparing twice daily (BID) with once daily (OD) injections of a total GH dose of 6 IU/m2/day until adult height was reached. After discontinuation of GH treatment, the dosage of oestrogens was further increased to adult supplementation levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen untreated girls with TS, mean (SD) baseline pretreatment age 13.3 (1.7) (range 11.0-17.6) year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and during GH treatment, measurements of volumetric BMD were performed using phalangeal radiographic absorptiometry. In addition, the BMD measurements were repeated three years after discontinuation of GH treatment. BMD results were adjusted for bone age and sex, and expressed as SD-scores (SDS) using reference values of healthy Dutch girls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, most individual BMD values of cortical bone as well as those of trabecular bone were within the normal range of healthy girls. However, the mean BMD SDS of the trabecular bone was significantly lower than zero. During treatment, the BMD SDS showed a significant increment to values equal or higher than zero after mean (SD) GH treatment period of 36.6 (7.5) months. The increase in BMD of the cortical bone was significantly higher in the OD group than in the BID group. The BMD SDS in the last year of GH treatment was not significant different between the two injection frequency groups. Three years after discontinuation of GH treatment, the BMD values had increased further similar as in healthy girls, resulting in BMD values all within normal range or even higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most untreated girls with Turner syndrome, age >/= 11 years, have a normal volumetric BMD of the cortical, as well as of the trabecular bone compared to healthy girls. During GH treatment with 6 IU/m2/day in combination with low dose oestrogens, the BMD SDS increases significantly. After discontinuation of GH treatment and the use of oestrogens in an adult dosage, the BMD was as high as in young healthy women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. sas.alkg.azr.nl
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Sass
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: De Muinck Keizer-Schrama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stijnen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asarfi
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Teunenbroek
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Van Rijn
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Drop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D006225:Hand; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol