title: Tubal ligation and risk of breast cancer.
abstract: Although it has been demonstrated in previous studies that tubal ligation can have widespread effects on ovarian function, including a decrease in the risk of subsequent ovarian cancer, few studies have evaluated effects on breast cancer risk. In a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among women 20-54 years of age conducted in three geographic areas, previous tubal ligations were reported by 25.3% of the 2173 cases and 25.8% of the 1990 controls. Initially it appeared that tubal ligations might impart a slight reduction in risk, particularly among women undergoing the procedure at young ages (<25 years). However, women were more likely to have had the procedure if they were black, less educated, young when they bore their first child, or multiparous. After accounting for these factors, tubal ligations were unrelated to breast cancer risk (relative risk (RR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-1.3), with no variation in risk by age at, interval since, or calendar year of the procedure. The relationship of tubal ligations to risk did not vary according to the presence of a number of other risk factors, including menopausal status or screening history. Furthermore, effects of tubal ligation were similar for all stages at breast cancer diagnosis. Further studies would be worthwhile given the biologic plausibility of an association. However, future investigations should include information on type of procedure performed (since this may relate to biologic effects) as well as other breast cancer risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7234, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brinton
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hoover
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal