title: A simple way to treat chronic atrial fibrillation during mitral valve surgery: the epicardial radiofrequency approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe an original radiofrequency ablation technique to treat chronic atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Most of the procedure is carried out epicardially, in order to avoid an undue increase of surgical time and trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ablations are performed using a temperature-controlled multipolar radiofrequency catheter. Two encircling lesions around the ostia of the right and of the left pulmonary veins are carried out epicardially, usually before cardiopulmonary bypass. Through a conventional left atriotomy the ablation procedure is completed with two endocardial lesions connecting the two encirclings between them and to the mitral valve annulus. After the mitral valve procedure is performed, the left appendage is sutured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From February 1998 to May 1999, 40 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (43. 1+/-51.9 months) underwent combined radiofrequency ablation and mitral valve surgery. Mean left atrial diameter was 56.8+/-10.7 mm. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp time were, respectively, 119.1+/-26.3 and 76.7+/-21.0 min. Mean postoperative blood loss was 287.2+/-186.6 ml. No reexploration for bleeding occurred. One patient died of pneumonia 12 days after operation. No patient needed permanent pacemaker implantation. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.3+/-5.6 days. At follow-up (mean 11.6+/-4.7 months), 30/39 (76.9%) of the patients were in stable sinus rhythm. All patients in sinus rhythm 3 months after operation recovered both left and right atrial contractility at echocardiographic control (mean 7.3+/-3.4 months). The left atrial diameter decreased significantly in patients recovering sinus rhythm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epicardial radiofrequency ablation is a safe means to achieve surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with a high success rate. The simplicity of the technique and the low procedure-related risk should dictate combined treatment virtually in all patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing open heart operations.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Surgery Division, S. Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20137, Milan, Italy. benussi.stefano@hsr.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benussi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pappone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nascimbene
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oreto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caldarola
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Stefano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Casati
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Alfieri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*