title: Detection of and discrimination between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in intraocular samples by using nested PCR.
abstract: A nested PCR protocol has been developed for the detection of and discrimination between 14 species of gram-positive and -negative bacteria in samples of ocular fluids. First-round PCR with pan-bacterial oligonucleotide primers, based on conserved sequences of the 16S ribosomal gene, was followed by a gram-negative-organism-specific PCR, which resulted in a single 985-bp amplification product, and a multiplex PCR which resulted in two PCR products: a 1,025 bp amplicon (all bacteria) and a 355 bp amplicon (gram-positive bacteria only). All products were detected by gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity of the assay was between 10 fg and 1 pg of bacterial DNA, depending on the species tested, equivalent to between 24 and 4 live bacteria spiked in water. The identification was complete in 3.5 h. The molecular techniques were subsequently applied to four samples of intraocular fluid, (three vitreous and one aqueous) from three patients with clinical signs of bacterial endophthalmitis (test samples) and two samples of vitreous from a patient with chronic intraocular inflammation (control samples). In all culture-positive samples (two of three vitreous and one of one aqueous), a complete concordance was observed between molecular methods and culture results. PCR correctly identified the gram stain classification of the organisms. The bacterial etiology was also identified in a culture-negative patient with clinical history and signs highly suggestive of bacterial endophthalmitis. Furthermore, control samples from a patient with chronic intraocular inflammation remained PCR negative. In summary, this protocol has demonstrated potential as a rapid diagnostic test in confirming the diagnosis of infection and also determining the Gram status of bacteria with high specificity and sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okhravi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lightman
mesh_terms: D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000382:microbiology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S