title: Pelvic-floor therapy and toilet training in young children with dysfunctional voiding and obstipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse experience in treating young children (4-5 years old) with urodynamically confirmed voiding dysfunction, using a noninvasive training programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1996 and October 1997, 20 children (all < 5 years old, mean age 4.45 years, 18 girls and two boys, mean ages 4.44 and 4.5 years, respectively) with voiding dysfunction were treated. Three children showed filling phase dysfunction alone (bladder instability), six emptying phase dysfunction alone (dysfunctional voiding) and 11 showed both filling and emptying phase dysfunction. Sixteen children had incontinence problems (three diurnal, two nocturnal and 11 diurnal and nocturnal). Eight children had a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and 12 girls had vaginal irritation. Four children were referred for perineal pain caused by spasms of the pelvic floor. Eight children had encopresis based on chronic obstipation. Therapy consisted of keeping a voiding and drinking chart, instructions on proper toilet posture, daily rules for application at home, and if possible relaxation biofeedback of the pelvic-floor muscles. Therapy was considered successful if incontinence and other urological symptoms resolved. The treatment of encopresis is also discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 20 children, 13 had a good result; they all became dry during the day and night, and encopresis resolved. Six children had moderate success; in one, nocturnal incontinence persisted, and in two diurnal and nocturnal incontinence continued. In two children encopresis persisted and in one the faecal incontinence ameliorated. In one child the therapy was prematurely interrupted because of lack of motivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience suggests that a noninvasive training programme is applicable in very young children with symptoms of dysfunctional elimination of urine and faeces.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Paediatrics, Paediatric Uro-Nephrologic Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: De Paepe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Laecke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vande Walle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoebeke
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017773:Pelvic Floor; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014039:Toilet Training; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation