title: Impaired monocyte CD11b expression in interstitial inflammation in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known to what extent intravascular phenotypic alterations in adhesion molecule expression induced by hemodialysis influence the recruitment of monocytes and their ability to up-regulate CD11b at the local site of inflammation in the interstitium. Using a skin suction chamber technique, we addressed these issues in eight hemodialysis patients and in eight healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two skin blisters were raised on the forearm of each individual and blister exudate collected. The blisters were then stimulated with autologous serum (active blister, intense inflammation) or buffer (control blister, intermediate inflammation), respectively. Thereafter the patients were treated with Cuprophan hemodialysis for four hours. After 10 hours, the exudate was aspirated from each chamber in all subjects. Monocyte count and expression of CD11b were analyzed in serum and blister fluid by flow cytometry. Then, monocytes from healthy blood donors were incubated in blister fluid from patients and healthy subjects in order to determine the local chemotactic activity in terms of CD11b up-regulation. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a marker of systemic monocyte chemotactic activity, was also analyzed in serum at 0 and 10 hours in all individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of monocytes at the site of inflammation in the interstitium in hemodialysis patients correlated with the expression of CD11b on transmigrated cells (r = 0.78, P < 0.001). Monocytes collected in the active blister fluid of dialysis patients expressed equal levels of CD11b as cells collected from healthy subjects. By contrast, monocytes collected from the control blisters of patients expressed lower levels of CD11b than cells from healthy subjects (P < 0.01), despite equal interstitial biological activity of CD11b-mobilizing factors in blister fluid from patients and healthy subjects and the fact that patients had higher systemic chemotactic activity in terms of MCP-1 concentration in serum (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monocytes from hemodialysis patients have the capacity to mobilize CD11b to the same extent as cells from healthy individuals at the inflammatory spot, but more intense stimuli are required for such actions, probably because of a transient refractoriness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. pia@divmed.ks.se
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thylén
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundahl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernvik
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grönneberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halldén
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001768:Blister / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen