title: Effects of enteric-coated methylnaltrexone in preventing opioid-induced delay in oral-cecal transit time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methylnaltrexone is the first peripheral opioid receptor antagonist. It has the potential to prevent or reverse the peripherally mediated gastrointestinal effects of opioids. In previous human volunteer trials, we demonstrated that oral uncoated methylnaltrexone prevented morphine-induced delay in gastrointestinal transit time.
  
  
  METHODS
  This trial consisted of two studies: a pilot study and a controlled study. The lactulose hydrogen breath test was used to measure the oral-cecal transit time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the pilot study with three subjects, an oral dose of 6.4 mg/kg enteric-coated methylnaltrexone effectively reversed the effects of morphine, producing transit times shorter than baseline levels. Subsequently, in the controlled study with another nine subjects, the transit time increased after intravenous morphine administration in all nine subjects, and the lower dose (3.2 mg/kg) of enteric-coated methylnaltrexone completely prevented the morphine-induced change in oral-cecal transit time in all nine subjects. Morphine significantly increased oral-cecal transit time from baseline level of 96.7 +/- 54.1 minutes (mean +/- SD) to 155.0 +/- 53.6 minutes (P = .014). After enteric-coated methylnaltrexone and morphine, the transit time returned to the baseline level (93.3 +/- 56.0 minutes; P = .55 compared with placebo). Plasma concentrations after 6.4 mg/kg and 3.2 mg/kg enteric-coated methylnaltrexone were substantially lower compared with those after 6.4 mg/kg of the uncoated formulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that there is a prevailing direct and local luminal effect of enteric-coated methylnaltrexone and that the enteric-coated formulation exerts its gut pharmacologic actions more efficiently than the uncoated formulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA. cyuan@midway.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karrison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osinski
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Roizen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007792:Lactulose / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013608:Tablets, Enteric-Coated; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013608:Tablets, Enteric-Coated; C032257:methylnaltrexone; D007792:Lactulose; D009271:Naltrexone; D009020:Morphine