title: The experience of nausea during sustained hyper-gravity flight with negligible angular velocity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate nausea and vomiting during hyper-gravity flight at a slow rate of turn. During head-movements under these conditions, the semi-circular canals of the vestibular system function normally whereas the otoliths experience a G-excess effect, displacing further and moving faster than in a 1 G field.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Nausea and vomiting are greater during hyper-gravity flight compared with historical data collected in a 1 G field at a similar rate of turn.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 27 subjects who were exposed to 1.8 G (hyper-G) during a slow rate turn on three NASA KC-135 flights. Subjects participated in one of three experimental periods, each period consisting of two 5.5-min hyper-G runs: 1) rest, with only incidental head movements; 2) active roll and pitch head movements; or 3) passive roll head movements. Subjective symptom data were collected pre-flight, following each experimental period and post-flight using a standardized nausea questionnaire. Electrogastrograms were obtained from eight subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven subjects (26%) vomited during the flight. Nausea initially increased but was then stable throughout the flight. Nausea appeared highest during active head movements. In subjects who vomited, greater gastrointestinal distress and somatic distress were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levels of nausea and vomiting observed during hyper-G cannot be explained by Coriolis cross coupling and are likely due to the G-excess effect on the otoliths. The nausea profiles observed in individuals who vomit during hyper-G appear similar to those previously observed during nausea produced by an optokinetic drum stimulus in a 1-G field.
authors.affiliation: Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Pensacola, FL 32508-1046, USA. emuth@namrl.navy.mil
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Muth
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rupert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001359:Aviation; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013270:Stomach / Q000294:innervation; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology