title: Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pimozide was first formulated in the late 1960s and marketed for the care of those with schizophrenia or related psychoses such as delusional disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of pimozide for people with schizophrenia, non-affective psychotic mental illness and delusional disorder in terms of clinical, social and economic outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches of Biological Abstracts (1982-1995), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register, EMBASE (1980-1995), Janssen-Cilag UK's register of studies (1999), MEDLINE (1966-1995), PsycLIT (1974-1995), hand-searching the references of all included studies and contacting the manufacturers of the compound.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised trials relating to people with schizophrenia, or similar disorders comparing pimozide to other drug treatments were sought. Studies where randomisation was implied rather than stated were included if they did not change the results. Primary outcomes were clinically significant change in global function, mental state, relapse, hospital admission, death, adverse events and acceptability of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were selected, rated and data extracted. For dichotomous data Relative Risks (RR) based on a random effects model with the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The number needed to treat statistic (NNT) was calculated where indicated. Analysis was by intention-to-treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review currently includes 34 studies focusing on those with schizophrenia, none on people with delusional disorder. Few people have been randomised to pimozide versus placebo, but data from three longer term studies does suggest that the active drug prevents relapse (RR 0.59 CI 0.4-0.8, NNT 4 CI 2-13). Pimozide has similar efficacy to that of typical antipsychotic drugs for the outcomes of change in global functioning, mental state, relapse and leaving the study early. People allocated to pimozide did not have a higher mortality than those taking other antipsychotics. Pimozide was more likely to cause parkinsonian tremor (RR 1.6 CI 1.1-2.3, NNH 6 CI 3-44) and lead to a requirement for antiparkinsonian medication more frequently (RR 1.8, CI 1.2-2.6, NNH 3 CI 2-5) than other drugs. It was, however, less likely to cause sedation (RR 0.38 CI 0.2-0.7, NNH 6 CI 4-16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there are shortcomings in the data there is enough overall consistency, over different outcomes and time scales, to confirm that pimozide is a drug with similar efficacy to other more commonly used antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine for those with schizophrenia. There are no data to support or refute its use for those with delusional disorder.
authors.affiliation: St Andrews Hospital, Addenbrooks NHS Trust, Billing Road, Northampton, Northamptonshire, UK, NN1 5DG. alec@elainemvalenzia.fsnet.co.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McMonagle
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010868:Pimozide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010868:Pimozide