title: Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary supplementation with nutrients rich in antioxidants is associated with inhibition of atherogenic modifications to LDL, macrophage foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis. Pomegranates are a source of polyphenols and other antioxidants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed, in healthy male volunteers and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient (E(0)) mice, the effect of pomegranate juice consumption on lipoprotein oxidation, aggregation, and retention; macrophage atherogenicity; platelet aggregation; and atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Potent antioxidative effects of pomegranate juice against lipid peroxidation in whole plasma and in isolated lipoproteins (HDL and LDL) were assessed in humans and in E(0) mice after pomegranate juice consumption for </=2 and 14 wk, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In humans, pomegranate juice consumption decreased LDL susceptibility to aggregation and retention and increased the activity of serum paraoxonase (an HDL-associated esterase that can protect against lipid peroxidation) by 20%. In E(0) mice, oxidation of LDL by peritoneal macrophages was reduced by up to 90% after pomegranate juice consumption and this effect was associated with reduced cellular lipid peroxidation and superoxide release. The uptake of oxidized LDL and native LDL by mouse peritoneal macrophages obtained after pomegranate juice administration was reduced by 20%. Finally, pomegranate juice supplementation of E(0) mice reduced the size of their atherosclerotic lesions by 44% and also the number of foam cells compared with control E(0) mice supplemented with water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pomegranate juice had potent antiatherogenic effects in healthy humans and in atherosclerotic mice that may be attributable to its antioxidative properties.
authors.affiliation: Lipid Research Laboratory and the Division of Morphological Sciences, Technion Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. aviram@tx.technion.ac.il
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aviram
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dornfeld
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenblat
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Volkova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayek
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Presser
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fuhrman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001628:Beverages; D004950:Esterases / Q000097:blood; D005419:Flavonoids; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000502:physiology*; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism; D059808:Polyphenols; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D005419:Flavonoids; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010636:Phenols; D011108:Polymers; D059808:Polyphenols; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D013481:Superoxides; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D004950:Esterases; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; D005978:Glutathione