title: Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS: part II: MRI results. MRI Analysis Center of the University of Texas-Houston, Health Science Center, and the North American Linomide Investigators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the safety and efficacy of roquinimex (linomide) in the management of relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS as monitored by MRI.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Preclinical studies and several short term randomized trials of linomide suggested clinical and MRI-measured benefits with acceptable risk for closely followed MS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The North American Linomide Trial formally screened 853 individuals for relapsing or secondary progressive, clinically definite MS; recent disease activity or progression; and an Expanded Disability Status Scale score at entry of 3.0 to 6.5 inclusive. MRI was obtained on 811 subjects at pre-enrollment, 718 cases at enrollment, and then at three monthly intervals until the trial was prematurely terminated for unacceptable toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enhancement was found on 40.2% of 718 entry scans. Statistically robust correlations were found between clinical demographic data and several entry MRI measures including CSF volume, a reflection of brain atrophy. Assessment of the effect of treatment on MRI-measured disease was limited by early trial termination. However, active treatment for 3 months reduced the proportion of patients with one or more enhancements. An exploratory analysis suggested that 2.5 mg was the most active of three doses tested in limiting the total volume of enhanced tissue, the proportion of MRI-defined lesions designated as "black holes," and by a novel MRI composite disease measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short term signature of the effect of linomide on MRI-measured aspects of the disease suggests that safer drugs of this class might be useful in the management of MS. The use of a composite index of the heterogeneous nature of the pathology of MS as captured by MRI may have merit as an outcome measure in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center 77030, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Narayana
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Noseworthy
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Lublin
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gjörstrup
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines; C045282:roquinimex