title: Physical work load between 1970 and 1993--did it change?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates changes in self-reported and expert-evaluated physical work loads between 1970 and 1993 in relation to calendar year, birth cohort, and gender in an urban and suburban population sample (232 men and 252 women) born between 1935 and 1952.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered questionnaire was answered in 1993 concerning different aspects of physical work loads between 1970 and 1993. With the use of a classification matrix, the objective physical work load on different body regions was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1970 and 1993 the fraction of subjects in blue-collar occupations and the physical work loads decreased among the men, but they both increased among the women. Physical work loads were, in general, higher among the men than among the women at younger ages (below 30 years), but less so at higher ages. Expert evaluations of the musculoskeletal load showed a pattern similar to that of self-reported work loads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gender difference in work load development with age may have implications for the development of musculoskeletal disorders.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Working Life, Stockholm, Sweden. margareta.torgen@niwl.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torgén
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilbom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D016272:Occupational Health; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D014505:Urban Population; D014937:Work; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*