title: Extension of osmolality-induced podia is observed from fluorescently labeled hematopoietic cell lines in hyperosmotic medium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the description of long podia extended by hematopoietic cells and cell lines, the reliable elicitation of podia extensions is needed to study these podia systemically. In this study, hyperosmotic stress was considered as an elicitor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using two fluorescent membrane dyes PKH2 and PKH26, and an automated fluorescence microscopy system, morphological changes of seven human cell lines (six hematopoietic, one fibrosarcoma) at different osmolalities were monitored. Presence of surface molecules on the hyperosmolality-induced podia (osmopodia) was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In hyperosmotic medium, cells shrank rapidly, followed by osmopodia extension. Cells exhibited variable number (up to five) and length (up to longer than 100 microm) of osmopodia in about 1 h. Dead cells did not extend podia. Frequency, length, and number of podia were variable among cell lines studied. CD44 and CD45 were not present on the osmopodia, although they were present on the cell surface, showing that osmopodia characteristics differ from the podia observed previously in isotonic media. The osmopodia extension process was shown to be reversible upon repeated osmolality changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osmopodia extended by human hematopoietic cell lines display a newly observed cellular morphology and provide a tool for investigation of dynamic cellular response to environmental changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, 92093-0412, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Palsson
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005354:Fibrosarcoma; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015448:Leukemia, B-Cell; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; D015458:Leukemia, T-Cell; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011554:Pseudopodia / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C067882:PKH2-GL