title: Epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP system, all-cause mortality, and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report concerns the 2-year extension of the study of mortality and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in the cohort of patients receiving vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP System for the treatment of epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 1,819 individuals was followed 3,176.3 person-years from implantation. The 25 deaths that occurred during NCP System activation were reviewed for SUDEP by a panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mortality rates were lower [standardized mortality ratio (SMR = 3.6)] with the extended follow-up compared to the previous finding (SMR = 5.3). The SUDEP rates (4.1 vs. 4.5 per 1,000 person-years) were similar to those in the previous study of this cohort. When the vagal nerve stimulation experience is stratified by duration of use, the rate of SUDEP was 5.5 per 1,000 over the first 2 years, but only 1.7 per 1,000 thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mortality and SUDEP rates are similar to those reported from clinical trials of new drugs and cohorts of severe epilepsy. The lower SUDEP rates after 2 years of follow-up are intriguing, but require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Annegers
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Coan
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leestma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D017029:Epilepsy, Complex Partial / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants