title: Relationships between the epileptic focus and hand area in central epilepsy: combining dipole models and anatomical landmarks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When considering resection of epileptic generators near the central sulcus, it is essential to define the spatial relationship between the epileptic generator and the primary sensorimotor hand area. In this study, the authors assessed the accuracy of dipole modeling of electroencephalographic spikes and median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) in defining this relationship preoperatively and noninvasively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epileptic spikes and SSEPs in patients with focal central area epilepsy were represented by dipole models coregistered onto global magnetic resonance images. In patients who underwent surgery, spike dipoles were also compared with findings of electrocorticography (ECoG) and with the resection area. To improve the accuracy of the dipole models, anatomical landmarks of the hand area were used to assess the error in SSEP dipole location, and this error measure was used to correct the location of spike dipoles. Five patients with central epilepsy were studied, three of whom underwent ECoG-guided surgical resections. The location of SSEP dipoles correlated well with anatomical landmarks of the primary sensory hand area. The relative position of the spike and SSEP dipoles correlated well with the patients' ictal symptoms, ECoG findings, and the location of the epileptic focus (as defined by the resection cavity in patients who became seizure free postoperatively). Corrected spike dipoles were located even closer to the resection cavity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The calculation of the relative location of spike and SSEP dipoles is a simple noninvasive method of determining the relationship between the primary hand area and an epileptic focus in the central area. The spatial resolution of this technique can be further improved using easily identifiable anatomical landmarks.
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Merlet
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gotman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004568:Electrodiagnosis; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology