title: Feeding schedules in hospitals for newborn infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regular breastfeeding times have been thought to help establish routines and promote infant digestion, while frequent breastfeeding has been recommended to enhance breastfeeding and infant growth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the effects of frequent breastfeeding compared with less frequent breastfeeding in the early days after birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing on demand or frequent breastfeeding (two or three hourly) schedules in hospital compared with four hourly restricted feeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trial quality was assessed and data were extracted independently by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials involving 400 women were included. There were significant methodological limitations in some of the studies. Compared to two hourly, three hourly or on demand breastfeeding, restricted (less frequent four hourly breastfeeding) was associated with greater discontinuation of breastfeeding by four to six weeks postpartum (relative risk 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 2.15). Restricted breastfeeding was associated with increased incidence of sore nipples (relative risk 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 3.68), engorgement (relative risk 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.25 to 3.21) and the need to give additional (formula) feeds (relative risk 3.14, 95% 1.24 to 8.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appear to be a number of disadvantages from restricting breastfeeding to a four hourly schedule in the first few days after birth. More frequent or on demand breastfeeding is associated with fewer complications and longer duration of breastfeeding.
authors.affiliation: Mother and Infant Research Unit, University of Leeds, 22 Hyde Terrace, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK, LS2 9LN. m.j.renfrew@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Renfrew
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Woolridge
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016389:Maternal-Child Nursing; D009725:Nurseries, Hospital; D013997:Time Factors