title: A randomized trial of hypofractionated schedules of palliative radiotherapy in the management of bladder carcinoma: results of medical research council trial BA09.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and toxicity of two hypofractionated radiotherapy schedules for the improvement of local symptoms from muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter randomized trial was conducted comparing the efficacy and toxicity of two radiotherapy schedules (35 Gy in 10 fractions and 21 Gy in 3 fractions) for symptomatic improvement in patients considered unsuitable for curative treatment through disease stage or comorbidity. The primary outcome measures were overall symptomatic improvement of bladder-related symptoms at 3 months and changes in bladder- and bowel-related symptoms from pretreatment to end-of-treatment and 3-month assessments. Overall symptomatic improvement was defined prospectively as the improvement in one bladder-related symptom of at least one grade at 3 months, with no deterioration in any other bladder-related symptom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred patients were recruited, but data on symptomatic improvement at 3 months was only available on 272 patients. Of these, 68% achieved symptomatic improvement (71% for 35 Gy, 64% for 21 Gy), with no evidence of a difference in efficacy or toxicity between the two arms. There was no evidence of a difference in survival between the two schedules (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.99, 95% CI 0.82-1.21, p = 0. 933).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest prospective trial to date in the palliative treatment of bladder cancer, and provides baseline data against which other results may be compared. The use of 21 Gy in 3 fractions appears as effective as 35 Gy in 10 fractions, although modest differences in survival, symptomatic improvement rates, and toxicity can not be reliably excluded.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia. duchesne@petermac.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Duchesne
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bolger
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trevor Roberts
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fossâ
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Uscinska
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Parmar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003558:Cystoscopy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology