title: Tobacco, hypertension, and vascular disease: risk factors for renal functional decline in an older population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A decline in renal function with age has been noted in some but not all individuals. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with a clinically significant increase in serum creatinine (of at least 0.3 mg/dL) in an older nondiabetic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-control study was performed analyzing data obtained from 4142 nondiabetic participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study Cohort, all at least 65 years of age, who had two measurements of serum creatinine performed at least three years apart. Cases were identified as participants who developed an increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL, with controls including participants who did not sustain such an increase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an increase in the serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL in 2.8% of the population. In a multivariate "best-fit" model adjusted for gender, weight, black race, baseline serum creatinine, and age, the following factors were associated with an increase in serum creatinine: number of cigarettes smoked per day, systolic blood pressure, and maximum internal carotid artery intimal thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that three very preventable or treatable conditions-hypertension, smoking, and prevalent vascular disease, which are associated with large and small vessel disease-are highly associated with clinically important changes in renal function in an older population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1054, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bleyer
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Shemanski
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Appel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D044383:Black People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine