title: Corticosteroids for the resolution of malignant bowel obstruction in advanced gynaecological and gastrointestinal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal and ovarian cancers are common cancers. The incidence of associated malignant bowel obstruction in patients with advanced cancers of these types is not known, and the best management of these patients is controversial. Inappropriate management may result in uncontrolled (faeculant) vomiting, pain and distress. Management of the symptoms can include palliative surgery, nasogastric tube suction together with intravenous fluids, or pharmacological means, such as corticosteroids. There is uncertainty regarding both the efficacy and possible harmful effects of corticosteroids, and also the most effective type, dose/dosing regime, route and period of administration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To locate, appraise and summarise evidence from scientific studies on intestinal obstruction due to advanced gynaecological and gastrointestinal cancer, in order to assess the efficacy of corticosteroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive list of all studies was provided by an extensive search of the electronic databases, relevant journals, reference lists, the grey literature, contact with investigators and other search strategies outlined in the methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  As the review concentrates on the 'best evidence' available of the role of corticosteroids in malignant bowel obstruction due to advanced gynaecological and gastrointestinal cancer the inclusion criteria were kept fairly broad so as to include all studies relevant to the question
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extraction forms were used to collect data from the studies included in the review. The data was checked by a secondary searcher to reduce error. A qualitative analysis was performed of the dichotomous data of resolution of obstruction and death at one month, obtained from the randomised controlled trials of corticosteroids versus placebo. Both fixed and random effect models were used. Number needed to treat (NNT) was derived from the odds ratio. Kaplan-Meier survival curves from individual patient data were also analysed. Studies of lower methodological quality were assessed in a qualitative manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three unpublished, randomised, placebo, double blind controlled trials and seven published (prospective and retrospective) trials were considered eligible. Using only the randomised trials, there is a trend, which is not statistically significant, for the resolution of bowel obstruction using corticosteroids. There is no statistically significant difference in mortality at one month, nor in the Kaplan-Meier curves, which describe the survival of patients on corticosteroids or placebo. Number needed to treat is 6 (3, infinity) ie six patients need to be treated with corticosteroids to resolve one episode of bowel obstruction. The results are robust to fixed and random effects models and to 'best' and 'worst case' scenarios on the missing data from patients. The morbidity associated with corticosteroids appears to be very low, though the quality of the data limits this conclusion. No other outcomes were available from the published data or from the authors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a trend for evidence that corticosteroids of dose range 6-16 mg dexamethasone given intravenously may bring about the resolution of bowel obstruction. Equally, the incidence of side effects in all the included studies is extremely low. Corticosteroids do not seem to affect the length of survival of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Horder Ward, Fulham Road, London, UK, SW3 6JJ. Karen.Broadley@rmh.nthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Feuer
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Broadley
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000150:complications*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids