title: Hepatitis C virus risk: a hepatitis C virus related syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been recently described in many reports.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term prognosis of hepatitis C virus-positive patients affected by mixed cryoglobulinemia with or without kidney involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  At total of 119 hepatitis C virus-positive patients affected by mixed cryoglobulinemia were divided in two groups. Group A: mixed cryoglobulinemia without kidney involvement (103 cases); group B: mixed cryoglobulinemia with glomerulonephritis (GN) (16 cases). A further 37 patients affected by mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) were evaluated as controls (group C).
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies were determined by commercial kits and hepatitis C virus-RNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the virus. The hepatitis C virus genotype was determined according to Okamoto. Liver biopsy was performed in 62 patients, bone marrow biopsy in 65 patients, and kidney biopsy in all patients with proteinuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group A, 46 patients (45%) were affected by chronic liver disease (CLD), 21 (20%) by low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 16 (15%) by both diseases. All patients of group B were affected by type I membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis, 3 (19%) by chronic liver disease, 6 (37%) by low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 7 (44%) by both diseases. Several genotypes of hepatitis C virus were found, but Type 1b was prevalent. In group C, no patient showed chronic liver disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Younger age, higher mean blood pressure, lower C4 serum level, and poorer survival significantly distinguished group B from group A. Survival rates at 5 years were: 87.4% for group A, 89.5% for group C, and 50.0% for group B. None of the patients of group B developed kidney failure requiring dialysis, whilst infections were the leading cause of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hepatitis C virus-positive patients, the presence of mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with kidney involvement seems to indicate a new syndrome characterized by immune system impairment, lack of progression to kidney failure, and poor survival (hepatitis C virus-Risk syndrome).
authors.affiliation: First Division of Medicine, Blood Bank Service of Pordenone General Hospital, Pordenone, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzaro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panarello
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tesio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crovatto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zorat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tulissi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pussini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baracetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campanacci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pozzato
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005838:Genotype; D015432:Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D012367:RNA, Viral