title: Palliation of advanced esophageal carcinoma by photodynamic therapy and irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We wanted to determine the role of photodynamic therapy in a multimodal approach for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer of the esophagus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the cases of 119 patients with nonresectable esophageal carcinoma who underwent endoluminal palliation. Twenty-one patients required initial dilation and tumor obliteration with a neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser prior to therapy. Forty-four patients received photodynamic therapy followed by brachyradiotherapy, and 75 patients were treated with brachyradiotherapy. In both groups, some patients also received external-beam irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Photodynamic therapy produced a significant difference in relieving stenosis caused by tumor stenosis (mean, 6.6 mm; p = 0.0000). The dysphagia score improved by one to three levels in all patients, with a significant difference in favor of PDT (p = 0.0003). The mean number of overall treatment sessions was four (range, one to seven). The rate of major complications was 9.2%. Four esophageal perforations occurred, three after intervention and one spontaneously 5 months later. Four esophagorespiratory tract fistulas developed several months after combined PDT and irradiation. The mean overall survival was 7.7 months, and analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in favor of PDT and external-beam irradiation (p = 0.0129 and p = 0.0001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photodynamic therapy has been shown to be an effective palliative treatment of advanced esophageal cancer. However, proper patient selection is necessary to prevent serious complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Karl-Franzens University Medical School, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomaselli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rehak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smolle
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Smolle-Jüttner
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care