title: Ammonium alters N-glycan structures of recombinant TNFR-IgG: degradative versus biosynthetic mechanisms.
abstract: The effect of ammonium on the glycosylation pattern of the recombinant immunoadhesin tumor necrosis factor-IgG (TNFR-IgG) produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells is elucidated in this study. TNFR-IgG is a chimeric IgG fusion protein bearing one N-linked glycosylation site in the Fc region and three complex-type N-glycans in the TNF-receptor portion of each monomer. The ammonium concentration of batch suspension cultures was adjusted with glutamine and/or NH(4)Cl. The amount of galactose (Gal) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) residues on TNFR-IgG correlated in a dose-dependent manner with the ammonium concentration under which the N-linked oligosaccharides were synthesized. As ammonium increased from 1 to 15 mM, a concomitant decrease of up to 40% was observed in terminal galactosylation and sialylation of the molecule. Cell culture supernatants contained measurable beta-galactosidase and sialidase activity, which increased throughout the culture. The beta-galactosidase, but not the sialidase, level was proportional to the ammonium concentration. No loss of N-glycans was observed in incubation studies using beta-galactosidase and sialidase containing cell culture supernatants, suggesting that the ammonium effect was biosynthetic and not degradative. Several biosynthetic mechanisms were investigated. Ammonium (a weak base) is known to affect the pH of acidic intracellular compartments (e.g., trans-Golgi) as well as intracellular nucleotide sugar pools (increases UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine). Ammonium might also affect the expression rates of beta1, 4-galactosyltransferase (beta1,4-GT) and alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (alpha2,3-ST). To separate these mechanisms, experiments were designed using chloroquine (changes intracellular pH) and glucosamine (increases UDP-GNAc pool [sum of UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GalNAc]). The ammonium effect on TNFR-IgG oligosaccharide structures could be mimicked only by chloroquine, another weak base. No differences in N-glycosylation were found in the product synthesized in the presence of glucosamine. No differences in beta1, 4-galactosyltransferase (beta1,4-GT) and alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (alpha2,3-ST) messenger RNA (mRNA) and enzyme levels were observed in cells cultivated in the presence or absence of 13 mM NH(4)Cl. pH titration of endogenous CHO alpha2,3-ST and beta-1,4-GT revealed a sharp optimum at pH 6.5, the reported trans-Golgi pH. Thus, at pH 7.0 to 7.2, a likely trans-Golgi pH range in the presence of 10 to 15 mM ammonium, activities for both enzymes are reduced to 50% to 60%. Consequently, ammonium seems to alter the carbohydrate biosynthesis of TNFR-IgG by a pH-mediated effect on glycosyltransferase activity.
authors.affiliation: Process Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. gawlitzek.martin@gene.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gawlitzek
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ryll
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lofgren
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sliwkowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D001709:Biotechnology; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D006031:Glycosylation / Q000187:drug effects; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007142:Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains; D009237:N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000378:metabolism; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012799:Sialyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007142:Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains; D009711:Nucleotides; D011134:Polysaccharides; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C099374:Ro 45-2081; D009237:N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase; D012799:Sialyltransferases; D009439:Neuraminidase; D001616:beta-Galactosidase