title: Pharmacological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal symptoms is non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and yet the pathophysiology of this condition has been poorly characterised and the optimum treatment is uncertain. It is estimated that pound450 million is spent on dyspepsia drugs in the UK each year.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review aims to determine the effectiveness of six classes of drugs (antacids, histamine H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, mucosal protecting agents and antimuscarinics) in the improvement of either the individual or global dyspepsia symptom scores and also quality of life scores patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were located through electronic searches of the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and SIGLE, using appropriate subject headings and text words, searching bibliographies of retrieved articles, and through contacts with experts in the fields of dyspepsia and pharmaceutical companies.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing drugs of any of the six groups with each other or with placebo for non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on dyspeptic symptom scores either individual or global symptom assessments and also quality of life scores and adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 11775 citations were obtained. 144 trials were retrieved and 94 trials fulfilled our eligibility criteria. However, subsequent data extraction was not possible in 37 trials. Fifty trials were excluded as they did not meet our eligibility criteria. The final 57 trials were included in the final meta-analysis. Prokinetics (12 trials with dichotomous outcomes generating 829 patients; relative risk reduction [RRR] = 50%; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 30 to 65%) and H2RAs (8 trials generating 1,125 patients; RRR = 30%; 95% CI = 4 to 48%) were significantly more effective than placebo. Proton pump inhibitors (4 trials generating 1,248 patients; RRR = 12%; 95% CI = -1 to 24%) and Bismuth salts (6 trials generating 311 patients; RRR = 40%; 95% CI = -3 to 65%) were superior to placebo but this was of marginal statistical significance. Antacids (one trial generating 109 patients; RRR = -2%; 95% CI = -36% to 24%) and sucralfate (two trials generating 246 patients; RRR = 29%; 95% CI = -40% to 64%) were not statistically significantly superior to placebo. A funnel plot suggested that the prokinetic result could be due to publication bias. The funnel plot of H2RAs did not show any evidence of publication bias but the quality of the trials was generally poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is some evidence that anti-secretory therapy may be effective in NUD. The trials evaluating prokinetic therapy are difficult to interpret as the meta-analysis result could have been due to publication bias. Further research using prokinetics and anti-secretory therapy is required before any firm conclusions can be reached. The effect of these drugs is likely to be small and many patients will need to take them on a long-term basis so the therapies assessed need to be inexpensive and well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: 30-32 Hyde Terrace, Leeds, UK, LS2 9LN.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moayyedi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deeks
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forman
mesh_terms: D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents