title: Evidence for the involvement of histidine A(12) in the aggregation and precipitation of human relaxin induced by metal-catalyzed oxidation.
abstract: The metal-catalyzed oxidation (ascorbate/cupric chloride/oxygen) of recombinant human relaxin (rhRlx, type II) was shown by Li et al. [Li, S., Nguyen, T. H., Schöneich, C., and Borchardt, R. T. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 5762-5772] to result in the chemical modification of His A(12), Met B(4), and Met B(25). Considering the fact that His A(12) exists in an extended loop that joins two alpha-helices in this protein, we hypothesized that oxidation of this specific amino acid leads to alterations in the secondary and tertiary structures of the protein, resulting in the pH-dependent aggregation/precipitation phenomena observed in our earlier studies (i.e., at pH >6.0 most of the degradants of rhRlx are insoluble). Evidence obtained in the current study that supports this hypothesis includes the following: (i) oxidation of rhRlx with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which leads only to modification of Met B(4) and Met B(25), does not result in the pH-dependent aggregation/precipitation of the protein; and (ii) metal-catalyzed oxidation of porcine relaxin (pRlx), which does not contain His at position A(12), leads to chemical degradation of the protein [e.g., Met A(2) is oxidized] but produces only slight pH-dependent aggregation/precipitation of the protein. In addition, experimental evidence is provided to show that the physical instability of rhRlx observed at pH >6.0 does not appear to be related to the pH-dependent solubility of a common protein degradant. Instead, it appears that several oxidation products of His A(12) are produced in a pH-dependent manner and that these oxidation products produce different effects on the physical stability of the protein. Evidence in support of this conclusion includes the observation that the soluble degradants of rhRlx showed reduced levels of His, reduced levels of the T(2)-T(7) tryptic fragment that contained His A(12), and the presence of 2-oxo-His. Similarly, the precipitated degradants of rhRlx showed reduced levels of His but no 2-oxo-His. In addition, the soluble degradants, which contain 2-oxo-His, appear to exist as monomers having an average molecular weight similar to that of rhRlx. These results suggest that the metal-catalyzed oxidation of His A(12) leads to other, as yet unidentified oxidation products of His A(12) that affect the secondary/tertiary structure of the protein more significantly than does 2-oxo-His and ultimately lead to the physical instability of the protein observed at higher pH values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khossravi
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shire
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Borchardt
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010449:Peptide Mapping; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012065:Relaxin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006639:Histidine; D003300:Copper; D012065:Relaxin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C029892:cupric chloride