title: Otolaryngologists' perceptions of the indications for tympanostomy tube insertion in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bilateral myringotomy with insertion of tympanostomy tubes is the most common operation that children in Canada undergo. Area variations in surgical rates for this procedure have raised questions about indications used to decide about surgery. The objective of this study was to describe the factors that influence otolaryngologists to recommend tympanostomy tube insertion in children with otitis media and their level of agreement about indications for surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was sent to all 227 otolaryngologists in Ontario in the fall of 1996. The influence of 17 clinical and social factors on recommendations to insert tympanostomy tubes were assessed. Case vignettes were used to determine the effect of multiple factors in decisions about the need for surgical management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveys were returned by 138 (68.3%) of the 202 eligible otolaryngologists. There was agreement (more than 90% of respondents) about 6 indications for surgery: persistent effusion, a lack of improvement after 3 months of antibiotic therapy, a history of persistent effusion for 3 or more months per episode of otitis media, more than 7 episodes of otitis media in 6 months, a bilateral conductive hearing loss of 20 dB or more and a persistently abnormal tympanic membrane. Some respondents were more likely to recommend tube insertion if there were parental concerns about hearing problems or the frequency or severity of episodes of otitis media. Otolaryngologists agreed about the role of tympanostomy tubes in 1 of 4 case vignettes but disagreed about whether adenoidectomy should also be performed in that instance. Most viewed tympanostomy tube insertion as beneficial, with few adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a lack of consensus among practising otolaryngologists in Ontario as to which children with recurrent otitis media or persistent effusion should undergo bilateral myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion. These findings suggest the need to revisit clinical guidelines for this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Ont. wmcisaac@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McIsaac
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Coyte
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Croxford
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Asche
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friedberg
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D009864:Ontario; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010036:Otolaryngology; D018579:Patient Selection; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome