title: Gender differences in the control of alcohol-impaired driving in California.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An examination of gender differences in alcohol-impaired driving.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attitudes, perceptions and behaviors concerning drinking and driving were compared for male and female California drivers in three random-digit-dialing telephone survey interviews from 1983, 1986 and 1994 (survey response rates of 58%, 52% and 49%, respectively). A moral reasoning framework was applied to account for observed gender differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gender differences were examined within aggregate data from the 1983 and 1986 surveys (n = 291), and within the 1994 survey data (n = 608). Self-reported drinking-driving violations showed a substantial decline for both men and women across the survey periods (although violations remained much higher for men), paralleling the well-documented drop in alcohol-related traffic crashes during this time span. Men and women responded equally to the threat of punishment from the legal system (threat of arrest, jail, loss of license, fine, increased insurance), but women were much more responsive to social and internal controls (perceived disapproval from friends, feelings of guilt, violation of a moral standard).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These gender differences suggest that women may play an important role in strengthening broad social and moral constraints regarding alcohol-impaired driving. Implications of these findings to deterrence, the effects of sanctions, and social change are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, 92834-6846, USA.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Marelich
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: McKenna
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D003625:Data Collection; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D010379:Peer Group; D012737:Sex Factors; D012926:Social Control, Formal