title: Cloverleaf skull and multiple congenital anomalies in a girl exposed to cocaine in utero: case report and review of the literature.
abstract: The case of a girl with cloverleaf skull (CLS) and multiple congenital anomalies is reported. Both parents have a history of drug use. Maternal cocaine abuse during the first trimester of pregnancy was obvious, and other drugs, such as marihuana and alcohol, were also taken by the mother. Many central nervous system malformations have been reported in association with cocaine abuse, the most severe being midline defects and neural tube defects. To our knowledge this is the first case reported of CLS anomaly associated with drug exposure. We also describe other anomalies not previously reported in association with CLS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research in Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico, DF. cesmer_98@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Esmer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Soto
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Daza
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Iracheta
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Del Castillo
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000209:etiology*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine