title: Extubation from low-rate intermittent positive airways pressure versus extubation after a trial of endotracheal continuous positive airways pressure in intubated preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Failure of extubation and subsequent reintubation may result in additional stress and trauma to the premature infant. Testing infants about to be extubated with a period of endotracheal CPAP has been suggested as a method of demonstrating readiness for extubation. However, this process has been criticized as increasing the neonate's work of breathing and perhaps increasing the likelihood of extubation failure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In premature infants having their endotracheal tube removed, is direct extubation from low rate intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) more successful than that following a period of endotracheal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)?
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard search strategy of the Neonatal Review Group as outlined in the Cochrane Library was used. This included searches of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conferences, symposia proceedings, expert informants and journal hand searching mainly in the English language.
  
  
  METHODS
  All trials using random or quasi-random allocation of premature infants to endotracheal CPAP or direct extubation following a period of IPPV were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted using standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group, with separate evaluation of trial quality and data extraction by each author and synthesis of data using relative risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct extubation from low rate ventilation is associated with a trend to increased chance of successful extubation when compared to extubation after a period of endotracheal CPAP, RR 0.45 (0.19,1.07), RD -0.103 (-0.200,-0.006), NNT 10 (5,167). When only truly randomized trials are considered, this result becomes both statistically significant and clinically important, RR 0.10 (0.01,0.78), RD -0.201 (-0.319,-0.083), NNT 5 (3, 12). Similar differences are seen for the secondary outcome, apnea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preterm infants no longer requiring endotracheal intubation and IPPV should be directly extubated without a trial of ETT CPAP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatrics, Royal Women's Hospital, 132 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3053. p.davis@obgyn-rwh.unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Henderson-Smart
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D007385:Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy