title: Prostasomes: current concepts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostasomes are membranous vesicles secreted by prostate gland, and they contain large amounts of cholesterol, sphingomyelin, calcium, and several enzymes. Prostasomes are involved in a number of biological functions. At ejaculation, these prostasomes are expelled with prostate secretions and are to be found in the seminal plasma as seminal prostasomes, which facilitate sperm function in various ways.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, we discuss the structural and functional role of prostasomes, the various enzyme systems associated with these vesicles, and the biological role prostasomes play in male reproduction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Prostasomes are pluripotent and well-organized organelles secreted by the prostate gland. Prostasomes are ascribed to have many physiologiocal functions, the primary function being enhancement of sperm capacity. The several enzyme systems, small signaling molecules, and neuroendocrine markers associated with prostasomes reveal the complex nature of these vesicles in regulating sperm viability and vitality. The functional significance of these molecules that regulate complex pathways in these small vesicles is still a matter of dogma. Critical evaluation of the biological processes associated with prostasomes might be helpful in modeling new contraceptive agents, improving the techniques of in vitro fertilization, and in furthering our understanding and treatment of male factor infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8093, USA.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Kravets
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trocchia
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Pentyala
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000378:metabolism; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015388:Organelles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003165:Complement System Proteins