title: Preclinical evaluation of the orally active camptothecin analog, RFS-2000 (9-nitro-20(S)-camptothecin) as a radiation enhancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test for enhancement of radiation effects in vitro and in vivo by the orally administered camptothecin derivative, 9-nitrocamptothecin (RFS-2000); to study whether the mechanism of this enhancement involves inhibition of sublethal damage recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro: H460 human lung carcinoma cells were incubated with RFS-2000 for various times at 37 degrees C, irradiated, immediately rinsed, and assessed for colony-forming ability. Sublethal damage recovery (SLDR) was also assessed using two split doses of radiation. In vivo: H460 cell xenografts were used in nude mice. Tumors were grown subcutaneously on the flank, then treated with RFS-2000 (1 mg/kg) and/or radiation (2 Gy) for 5 consecutive days. Tumor growth delay was then measured for each treatment group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiation enhancement was observed in vitro for incubation times between 4 and 24 hr with 10 nM RFS-2000. Using a 24-hr treatment, the radiation dose enhancement ratio values (DER) for 5, 10, and 15 nM were 1.22, 1.54, and 2.0, respectively. Incubation with 10 nM RFS-2000 inhibited SLDR by a factor of 2. The results of three independent in vivo experiments showed that RFS-2000 can enhance the effects of fractionated radiotherapy, with an enhancement factor (EF) of 1.64.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that RFS-2000 can enhance the effects of radiation in human lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and that the mechanism of this effect may involve the inhibition of SLDR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-5671, USA.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Amorino
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hercules
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pyo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choy
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002470:Cell Survival; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011853:Radiobiology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; C079905:rubitecan; D002166:Camptothecin