title: Pharmacological interventions for acute spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute spinal cord injury is a devastating condition typically affecting young people with a preponderance of males. Pharmacological treatment in the early hours of the injury is aimed at reducing the extent of permanent paralysis during the rest of the patient's life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review randomized trials of pharmacological therapies for acute spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review draws on the search strategy developed by the Cochrane Injuries Group. In addition, files of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study have been reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  All published or unpublished randomized controlled trials of pharmacological treatment for acute spinal cord injury in any language.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data have been abstracted from original trial reports. For the NASCIS, Japanese and French trials, additional data (e.g. SDs) have been obtained from the original authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are few trials in this area of medical care. Only one therapy has been extensively studied, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, which has been shown to improve neurologic outcome up to one year post injury if administered within 8 hours of injury and in a dose regimen of: bolus 30mg/kg administered over 15 minutes with a maintenance infusion of 5.4 mg/kg per hour infused for 23 hours. The initial North American trial was replicated in a Japanese trial but not in the one from France. Data has been obtained from the latter study to permit appropriate meta-analysis of all three trials. This analysis indicates significant recovery in motor function after methylprednisolone therapy. A more recent trial indicates that if methylprednisolone therapy is given for an additional 24 hours (for a total of 48 hours), additional improvement in motor neurologic function and functional status is observed. This is particularly observed if treatment cannot be started until between 3 to 8 hours after injury. The same methylprednisolone therapy has been found effective in whiplash injuries and a modified regimen found to improve recovery after surgery for lumbar disc disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High dose methylprednisolone steroid therapy is the only pharmacological therapy shown to have efficacy in a Phase Three randomized trial when it can be administered within 8 hours of injury. High dose methylprednisolone has been accepted as standard therapy in many countries. A recent trial indicates additional benefit by extending the maintenance dose from 24 to 48 hours if start of treatment must be delayed to between 3 and 8 hours after injury. There is an urgent need for more randomized trials of pharmacological therapy for acute spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 60 College street, Box 20834, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034, USA. brackenmb@maspo3.mas.yale.edu
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bracken
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D008775:Methylprednisolone