title: Epidemiological survey of workers exposed to inorganic germanium compounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess occupational exposure to inorganic germanium (Ge) in workers from a producing plant, and to assess the health of these workers, with a special focus on respiratory, kidney, and liver functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study of 75 workers exposed to Ge and 79 matched referents. Exposure was characterised by measuring air and urine concentrations of the element during a typical working week, and health was assessed by a questionnaire, clinical examination, lung function testing, chest radiography, and clinical chemistry in serum and urine, including high and low molecular weight urinary proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Airborne concentrations of Ge (inhalable fraction) ranged from 0.03 to 300 micrograms/m, which was reflected by increased urinary excretion of Ge (0.12-200 micrograms/g creatinine, after the shift at the end of the working week). Lung, liver, and haematological variables were not significantly different between referents and workers exposed to Ge. A slightly higher urinary concentration of high molecular weight proteins (albumin and transferrin) was found in workers exposed to Ge, possibly reflecting subclinical glomerular changes. No relation was found between the intensity or duration of exposure and the urinary concentration of albumin. No difference between referents and workers exposed to Ge was found for other renal variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of urinary Ge can detect occupational exposure to inorganic Ge and its compounds. It is prudent to recommend the monitoring of renal variables in workers exposed to Ge.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Department, Union Minière-Olen, Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Swennen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mallants
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Roels
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Buchet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Lauwerys
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005857:Germanium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D005857:Germanium