title: Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of calcium and vitamin D compared to calcium alone or placebo in the prevention of bone loss in patients taking systemic corticosteroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal trials register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE and Medline up to 1996. We also conducted a hand search of abstracts from various scientific meetings and reference lists of selected trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomized trials comparing calcium and vitamin D to calcium alone or placebo in patients taking systemic corticosteroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was abstracted from trials by two investigators. Methodological quality was assessed in a similar manner. Analysis was performed using fixed effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five trials were included, with 274 patients. The analysis was performed at two years after starting calcium and vitamin D. There was a significant weighted mean difference (WMD) between treatment and control groups in lumbar (WMD 2.6 (95% CI 0.7, 4.5), and radial bone mineral density (WMD 2.5 (95% CI 0.6, 4.4). The other outcome measures (femoral neck bone mass, fracture incidence, biochemical markers of bone resorption) were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis demonstrated a clinically and statistically significant prevention of bone loss at the lumbar spine and forearm with vitamin D and calcium in corticosteroid treated patients. Because of low toxicity and cost all patients being started on corticosteroids should receive prophylactic therapy with calcium and vitamin D.
authors.affiliation: Medicine, 562 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University Of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2S2. jhomik@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Homik
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suarez-Almazor
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cranney
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tugwell
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium