title: Effects of vasopressin and epinephrine on splanchnic blood flow and renal function during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of vasopressin versus epinephrine on splanchnic blood flow during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and to evaluate the effects of these vasopressors on renal function in the postresuscitation phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized laboratory investigation using an established porcine CPR model with instrumentation for continuous measurement of splanchnic and renal blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital experimental laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 anesthetized, 12- to 16-wk-old domestic pigs weighing 30-35 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 4 mins of cardiac arrest, and 3 mins of CPR, 12 pigs were randomly assigned to receive either 0.4 units/kg vasopressin (n = 6) or 45 microg/kg epinephrine (n = 6). Defibrillation was performed 5 mins after drug administration; all animals were observed for 6 hrs after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SEM superior mesenteric artery blood flow was significantly (p < .05) lower after vasopressin compared with epinephrine at 90 secs after drug administration (13+/-3 vs. 129+/-33 mL/min); at 5 mins after drug administration (31+/-18 vs. 155+/-39 mL/min); at 5 mins after ROSC (332+/-47 vs. 1087+/-166 mL/min); and at 15 mins after ROSC (450+/-106 vs. 1130+/-222 mL/min); respectively. Mean +/- SEM left renal and hepatic artery blood flow after ROSC was comparable in both groups ranging between 120-290 mL/min (renal blood flow), and 150-360 mL/min (hepatic blood flow), respectively. Median urine output after ROSC showed no difference between groups, and highest values (180-220 mL/hr) were observed in the first 60 mins after ROSC. Median calculated glomerular filtration rate showed no difference between groups with values ranging between 30 and 80 mL/min in the postresuscitation phase. Calculated fractional sodium excretion and osmolar relationship between urea and plasma indicated no evidence for renal tubular dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the early postresuscitation phase, superior mesenteric blood flow was temporarily impaired by vasopressin in comparison with epinephrine. With respect to renal blood flow and renal function after ROSC, there was no difference between either vasopressor given during CPR. Vasopressin given during CPR did not result in an antidiuretic state in the postresuscitation phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Voelckel
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonatti
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hangler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frimmel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Künszberg
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lingnau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012076:Renal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012076:Renal Agents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D004837:Epinephrine