title: Haematopoietic cancer and medical history: a multicentre case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viruses (such as Epstein-Barr virus) and pathological conditions (mainly involving immunosuppression) have been shown to increase the risk of haematolymphopoietic malignancies. Other associations (diabetes, tonsillectomy, autoimmune diseases) have been inconsistently reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association between different haematolymphopoietic malignancies (lymphomas, myelomas and leukaemias) and the previous medical history has been studied in a population-based case-control investigation conducted in Italy, based on face to face interviews to 2669 cases and 1718 population controls (refusal rates 10% and 19%, respectively). Controls were a random sample of the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previous findings were confirmed concerning the association between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and lupus erythematosus (odds ratio, OR=8.4; 95% CI 1. 6, 45), tuberculosis (OR=1.6; 1.05, 2.5) and hepatitis (1.8; 1.4, 2. 3). An association was found also between NHL and maternal (OR=2.8; 1.1, 6.9) or paternal tuberculosis (OR=1.7; 0.7, 3.9). Odds ratios of 4.0 (1.4, 11.8) and 4.4 (1.1, 6.6) were detected for the association between NHL and Hodgkin's disease, respectively, and previous infectious mononucleosis, but recall bias cannot be ruled out. No association was found with diabetes, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. An association with malaria at young age and "low grade" lymphatic malignancies is suggested. One interesting finding was the observation of four cases of poliomyelitis among NHL patients, one among Hodgkin's disease and one among myeloid leukaemia patients, compared with none among the controls (Fisher's exact test for NHL and Hodgkin's disease, p= 0.03, one tail).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some of these findings are confirmatory of previous evidence. Other observations, such as the putative role of the polio virus and of malaria are new. A unifying theory on the mechanisms by which previous medical history may increase the risk of haematolymphopoietic malignancies is still lacking.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Ospedale S Giovanni, Torino, Italy. paolo.vineis@UNITO.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crosignani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sacerdote
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masala
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miligi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nanni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramazzotti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodella
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stagnaro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vindigni
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Costantini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications; D007244:Infectious Mononucleosis / Q000150:complications; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007938:Leukemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires