title: Determining when quality improvement initiatives should be considered research: proposed criteria and potential implications.
abstract: Quality improvement initiatives have become a major force in shaping health care. These initiatives are diverse but share a common goal of generating knowledge that will guide improvements in health care. Although quality improvement occupies an uncertain territory between clinical care and research, this difference is extremely important. If a quality improvement initiative is research, federal regulations require a variety of procedures that must be followed to protect the human subjects involved. Conversely, if the same initiative is not research, the regulations outlining these procedures are not applicable. This article proposes 2 criteria to determine whether a quality improvement initiative should be reviewed as research. Such an initiative should be reviewed and regulated as research if (1) the majority of patients involved are not expected to benefit directly from the knowledge to be gained or (2) if additional risks or burdens are imposed to make the results generalizable. Implementation of these criteria offers the possibility that the rights and interests of those who participate in quality improvement initiatives will be protected.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aging, University of Pennsylvania Center for Bioethics and the Division of Geriatrics, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 19104, USA. casarett@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casarett
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Karlawish
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugarman
mesh_terms: D026724:Ethical Review; D028744:Ethics Committees, Research; D035082:Federal Government; D033161:Government Regulation; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D033281:Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; D011786:Quality Control; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards*; D035842:Research Subjects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D036302:Therapeutic Human Experimentation