title: Identification and proposed mechanism of action of thymidine kinase inhibition associated with cellular exposure to camptothecin analogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of several camptothecin analogs including 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC), SN38, topotecan, and irinotecan (CPT-11) on the enzymes involved in the pyrimidine salvage pathway including thymidylate synthase (TS). A COMPARE analysis using the NCI 60 cell line drug-screening panel suggested that there were similarities in the mechanisms of action of camptothecin analogs and TS inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  TS enzymatic activity was measured by both an in situ tritium release assay using both the H630 colon cancer cell line and the CEM human leukemia cell line, and by a radiolabelled in vitro assay using partially purified human TS as the enzyme source. Thymidine kinase (TK) activity was measure by a radiolabelled in vitro assay using H630 colon cancer cell lysates as the enzyme source.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro studies indicated that none of the analogs directly inhibited TS enzymatic activity; however, utilization of a coupled TS/TK in situ assay with radiolabelled deoxyuridine as the precursor revealed marked inhibition by the camptothecin analogs. 9-AC, SN38, and topotecan yielded IC50 values of 1.3, 1.6, and 1.1 microM respectively. In contrast, there was no inhibition detected when deoxycytidine was used as the radiolabelled nucleoside precursor, suggesting that the drug effect was through inhibition of TK, rather than inhibition of TS. In vitro studies using cell lysates from H630 human colon cancer cells to measure TK activity showed no decrease in TK activity after 9-AC treatment. In addition, no changes were detected in the dATP and dTTP nucleotide pools. Permeabilizing the cell membranes with saponin did not abolish the inhibitory effect of the camptothecins indicating that altered cell transport was not responsible for the decreased activity in the in situ assay in intact cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that there is inhibition of TK in intact cells associated with topoisomerase I inhibition by camptothecin analogs, and the inhibition of TK is the result of an indirect effect not related to feedback inhibition by changes in dTTP pools.
authors.affiliation: Medicine Branch, NCI, Bethesda Naval Hospital, MD 20089, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Voeller
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Grem
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pommier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paull
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Allegra
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D010766:Phosphorylation; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D019772:Topotecan / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine; C080125:9-aminocamptothecin; D000077146:Irinotecan; D019772:Topotecan; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D002166:Camptothecin