title: Congenital Deformities of the Upper Extremity.
abstract: Congenital deformities of the upper extremity are rare. They are often associated with other, more severe disorders of the cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurologic, and musculoskeletal systems. Most upper-extremity congenital anomalies are minor and cause no functional deficits, and surgical reconstruction is therefore unnecessary. If a severe cosmetic deformity is present or there is significant functional compromise, surgical treatment is indicated. The authors review the common congenital deformities of the upper extremity and offer treatment recommendations.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Gallant
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Bora