title: Hypoxia does not activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arteriolar muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that hypoxia activates ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in cremasteric arteriolar muscle cells, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of norepinephrine-induced contraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arteriolar muscle cells were isolated enzymatically from second- and third-order arterioles that were surgically removed from hamster cremaster muscles. The effects of hypoxia (PO2 = 12-15 mm Hg) were then examined on norepinephrine-induced contraction, membrane currents, and membrane potential in these cells at room temperature. Whole-cell currents and membrane potential were recorded using the perforated patch technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoxia (12-15 mm Hg PO2) reversibly inhibited norepinephrine-induced contraction to 52 +/- 6% of the response in normoxic solutions (156 mm Hg, n = 12 digests, p < 0.05). These effects of hypoxia could be prevented by superfusion of the cells with either solutions containing the KATP channel antagonist glibenclamide (1 microM) or solutions containing 35 mM K+ to reduce the electrochemical gradient for K+ diffusion. Cromakalim, an activator of KATP channels, also inhibited norepinephrine-induced contraction to a similar extent as hypoxia, and in a glibenclamide and 35 mM K(+)-sensitive manner. These results are consistent with the KATP channel hypothesis. In contrast, hypoxia had no effect on estimated whole-cell membrane conductance between -40 and -90 mV in voltage-clamp experiments; on holding current measured at -60 mV in cells superfused with 143 mM K+ under voltage-clamp conditions; or on membrane potential in current-clamp experiments, despite positive effects of cromakalim in all three protocols. These electrophysiological data lead to rejection of the hypothesis that hypoxia activates KATP channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoxia inhibits norepinephrine-induced contraction of cremasteric arteriolar muscle cells by a mechanism that does not involve KATP channels. It is speculated that the inhibitory effects of glibenclamide and 35 mM K+ on the effects of hypoxia on contraction resulted from depolarization induced by these treatments rather than specific inhibition of KATP channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. jackson@wmich.edu
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000502:physiology*; D006224:Cricetinae; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate