Causality and temporality in the study of short-term effects of air pollution on health.
BACKGROUND
The relationship between air pollution and health is usually analysed by time series analysis. However, temporality (i.e. looking to see whether the cause precedes the effect) is rarely examined in detail.


METHODS
Models were fitted to daily levels of black smoke, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone and mortality from Barcelona 1986-1995 to account for seasonality, environmental temperature, days of the week and influenza epidemics. Cross-correlations of the residuals were plotted for different lags.


RESULTS
Clear evidence of a temporal relationship between mortality and air pollution found for all four pollutants in that changes in the pollutant preceded changes in mortality, implying causality. However the pattern of dependence was different for each pollutant.


CONCLUSIONS
The cross-correlation plot is a useful tool in the analysis of air pollution time series.
Campbell
M J
MJ
University of Sheffield, UK. m.j.campbell@sheffield.ac.uk
Tobías
A
A
D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015984:Causality; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009026:Mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors