title: Incidence of cancer among commercial airline pilots.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the cancer pattern in a cohort of commercial pilots by follow up through the Icelandic Cancer Registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective cohort study of 458 pilots with emphasis on subcohort working for an airline operating on international routes. A computerised file of the cohort was record linked to the Cancer Registry by making use of personal identification numbers. Expected numbers of cancer cases were calculated on the basis of number of person-years and incidences of cancer at specific sites for men provided by the Cancer Registry. Numbers of separate analyses were made according to different exposure variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers was 0.97 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.62 to 1.46) in the total cohort and 1.16 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.81) among those operating on international routes. The SIR for malignant melanoma of the skin was 10.20, 95% CI 3.29 to 23.81 in the total cohort and 15.63, 95% CI 5.04 to 36.46 in the restricted cohort. Analyses according to number of block-hours and radiation dose showed that malignant melanomas were found in the subgroups with highest exposure estimates, the SIRs were 13.04 and 28.57 respectively. The SIR was 25.00 for malignant melanoma among those who had been flying over five time zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows a high occurrence of malignant melanoma among pilots. It is open to discussion what role exposure of cosmic radiation, numbers of block-hours flown, or lifestyle factors--such as possible excessive sunbathing--play in the aetiology of cancer among pilots. This calls for further and more powerful studies. The excess of malignant melanoma among those flying over five time zones suggests that the importance of disturbance of the circadian rhythm should be taken into consideration in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. vilraf@hi.is
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rafnsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hrafnkelsson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tulinius
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology