title: Three-dimensional reconstructions of normal and aneurysmatic left ventricles in vivo using transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform three-dimensional surface reconstructions to provide spatial delineations of a normal and an aneurysmatic left ventricle, using transesophageal echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients in cardiogenic shock admitted to the intensive care unit and two patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a multiplane transesophageal echocardiography probe, nine echocardiographic cross-sectional images of the heart at approximately 20 degrees angular increments were obtained from midesophageal level in each patient for three-dimensional surface reconstructions. Multiple determinations of cardiac output using the thermodilution principle were also made in each patient to verify the accuracy of three-dimensional data sets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were determined from three-dimensional data sets using the disc-summation method. Stroke volume was derived as the difference between end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. Stroke volume was also calculated from thermodilution cardiac output measurements and heart rate. Correlation and limits of agreement between stroke volumes derived by the two methods were determined. Three-dimensional wire-frame models of a normal and an aneurysmatic left ventricle at end-systole were constructed from the nine echocardiographic cross-sectional images. Correlation coefficient between stroke volume derived from three-dimensional data sets using the disc-summation method and that measured by the thermodilution method was 0.91 (p < 0.001). Wire-frame models reveal a normal symmetric cavity and an aneurysmal cavity in sharp relief.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional surface reconstruction can be performed from multiple cross-sectional images obtained using an unmodified commercially available multiplane transesophageal echocardiography probe, to reveal the left ventricular cavity in sharp relief. High correlation between stroke volume calculated from three-dimensional data sets and that measured by the thermodilution method attests to the accuracy of the three-dimensional data sets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8051, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivarajan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klues
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steinert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hanrath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology