title: Evaluation of standard surgical preparation performed on superficial dermal abrasions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the difference, if any, between the reduction of bacteria on contaminated normal skin and contaminated superficially abraded skin following standard surgical preparations at clinically relevant time points after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two New Zealand white rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two sites, two by two centimeters, one abraded and one nonabraded (control), were studied on each rabbit. Both were inoculated with encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strain Wood 46. Four six-millimeter punch biopsies were obtained after inoculation, immediately before surgical scrub, and five minutes and then two hours after completion of the surgical scrub. The rabbits were divided into four cohort groups with surgical scrubs performed at six, twelve, twenty-four, and forty-eight hours after inoculation. Bacterial counts were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numbers of bacteria on surgical sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before surgical preparation, the amount of bacteria on the normal skin (control sites) dropped significantly (p<0.02) except in the six-hour group (p<0.20). At the abraded skin sites, the bacteria flourished. The surgical scrub dropped bacterial counts at both the abraded and nonabraded skin sites significantly (p<0.05) except for the abraded site in the twenty-four-hour group (p<0.08). However in the twelve-, twenty-four-, and forty-eight-hour groups, the bacterial counts (colony-forming units) were still markedly elevated (>1x10(5) at abraded sites) when compared with the nonabraded skin sites (p<0.008) at the respective time intervals. Only at the six-hour interval were the bacterial counts reduced similarly at both the abraded and nonabraded skin sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a rabbit model the standard surgical preparation using povidone-iodine at six hours after inoculation is effective in reducing the bacterial count on abraded skin to that of surgically prepared nonabraded skin. Beyond that time, the standard surgical preparation is ineffective in reducing counts to those of nonabraded skin at similar time intervals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Greenville Hospital System, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jeray
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Phieffer
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Middlebrooks
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Frankenburg
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kellam
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bosse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000592:standards*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011817:Rabbits; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000601:surgery*