title: A survey of postgraduate (specialist) orthodontic education in 23 European countries.
abstract: This paper reports on a survey of the duration, funding, and assessment of postgraduate specialist orthodontic training, the requirement for postgraduate training prior to entering specialist orthodontic training and registration of specialist orthodontists in Europe. A questionnaire and explanatory letter were mailed to all members of the EURO-QUAL BIOMED II project. Answers were validated during a meeting of project participants and by fax, when necessary. Completed questionnaires which were subsequently validated, were returned by orthodontists from 23 countries. The results indicated that a period of postgraduate training, prior to entering specialist orthodontic training was required in 12 of the responding countries. Specialist orthodontic training was reported as lasting 2 years in three countries, 3 years in 17, and for 4 years in three. Part-time training was reported as a possibility in four countries. In 21 of the 23 countries specialist training was reported to take place in full or part within universities, with some training taking place in government clinics in four countries. In five countries some or all training was reported to take place in specialist practices. Training was said to be funded solely or partially by governments in 15 of the 23 countries, to be solely self-funded in five countries, and partly or solely funded by universities in six countries. A final examination at the end of specialist training was reported to be held in 21 of the 23 countries. The nature of this examination varied widely and there was no such examination in two countries. Twelve of the 23 countries reported that they had a specialist register for orthodontics; 11 that they had no register. In none of the countries surveyed was there a requirement for those on a register to undergo periodic reassessment of competence once they are on the register. It was concluded that there was wide diversity in all aspects of specialist orthodontic training and registration within the countries surveyed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Postgraduate Dental Education, University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Adamidis
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seeholzer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sieminska-Piekarczyk
mesh_terms: D003406:Credentialing; D004499:Education, Dental, Graduate / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000193:education*; D012042:Registries; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014146:Training Support