title: Social relations and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Swedish women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both social isolation and the metabolic syndrome are independently associated with greater than normal cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cross-sectional study of middle-aged Swedish women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 300 healthy women (aged 31-65 years) who were representative of women living in the greater Stockholm area. Social isolation was measured by using a condensed version of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. Health behaviours were assessed and a full serum-lipid-level and haemostatic profile was obtained by standardized methods. The metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of two or more of these components: fasting serum level of glucose > or = 7.0 mmol/l, arterial blood pressure > or = 160/90 mmHg, fasting serum level of triglycerides > or = 1.7 mmol/l or high-density lipoprotein < 1.0 mmol/l, or both, and central obesity (waist:hip ratio > 0.85 or body mass index > 30 kg/m2, or both).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, menopausal status, educational level, smoking, exercise habits and consumption of alcohol, the risk ratio for the metabolic syndrome for women in the lower compared with women in the upper social-support quartile was 3.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1-11.4), whereas that of women in the two middle quartiles was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 0.67-7.2; P for trend 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social isolation was associated with the metabolic syndrome for these middle-aged women. The findings suggest that the metabolic syndrome and its components may be mediators of the reported association between social isolation and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horsten
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wamala
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schenck-Gustafsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orth-Gomér
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012934:Social Isolation; D012944:Social Support; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013577:Syndrome; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D005340:Fibrinogen