title: Distribution and initiation of seizure activity in a rat brain with subcortical band heterotopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Misplaced (heterotopic) cortical neurons are a common feature of developmental epilepsies. To better understand seizure disorders associated with cortical heterotopia, the sites of aberrant discharge activity were investigated in vivo and in vitro in a seizure-prone mutant rat (tish) exhibiting subcortical band heterotopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depth electrode recordings and postmortem assessment of regional c-fos mRNA levels were used to characterize the distribution of aberrant discharge activity during spontaneous seizures in vivo. Electrophysiologic recordings of spontaneous and evoked activity also were performed by using in vitro brain slices from the tish rat treated with proconvulsant drugs (penicillin and 4-aminopyridine).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depth electrode recordings demonstrate that seizure activity begins almost simultaneously in the normotopic and heterotopic areas of the tish neocortex. Spontaneous seizures induce c-fos mRNA in normotopic and heterotopic neocortical areas, and limbic regions. The threshold concentrations of proconvulsant drugs for inducing epileptiform spiking were similar in the normotopic and heterotopic areas of tish brain slices. Manipulations that blocked communication between the normotopic and heterotopic areas of the cortex inhibited spiking in the heterotopic, but not the normotopic, area of the cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that aberrant discharge activity occurs in normotopic and heterotopic areas of the neocortex, and in certain limbic regions during spontaneous seizures in the tish rat. Normotopic neurons are more prone to exhibit epileptiform activity than are heterotopic neurons in the tish cortex, and heterotopic neurons are recruited into spiking by activity initiated in normotopic neurons. The findings indicate that seizures in the tish brain primarily involve telencephalic structures, and suggest that normotopic neurons are responsible for initiating seizures in the dysplastic neocortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Z F
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schottler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Anzivino
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000235:genetics; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010400:Penicillin G / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011922:Rats, Mutant Strains; D012640:Seizures / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D010400:Penicillin G