title: Public health concerns about caliciviruses as waterborne contaminants.
abstract: Caliciviruses are disseminated by the fecal-oral route and are found in contaminated surface and ground waters. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is interested in preventing calicivirus contamination in treated waters used for consumption, and these viruses are on the EPA's "contaminant candidate list" for regulatory consideration in drinking waters. These viruses also present a health threat for recreation and shellfish-growing waters. However, before EPA can make regulatory decisions regarding caliciviruses, significant information and technology needs must be established, including analytical methods for sampling, identifying, and quantifying the viruses; applicability of surrogates to determine their presence; efficacy of water and wastewater treatment or disinfection; waterborne occurrence levels and distribution; dose response; and the viruses' effect(s) on health. Future drinking-water regulations may need to ensure that treatments are adequate to remove caliciviruses from source waters. For recreation and shellfish-growing waters, surrogate indicators and health criteria may need to be based upon establishing risks of exposure to caliciviruses.
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC 20460, USA. schaub.stephen@epamail.epa.gov.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schaub
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Oshiro
mesh_terms: D002139:Caliciviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards