title: Hemosuccus pancreaticus complicating chronic pancreatitis: an obscure cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemosuccus pancreaticus, a rare form of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, may complicate chronic pancreatitis and pose a significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present our experience with this potentially life-threatening complication of chronic pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our experience with management (both operative as well as angiographic embolization) of patients with hemosuccus pancreaticus complicating histologically documented chronic pancreatitis between 1976 and 1997. Diagnosis of hemosuccus pancreaticus was based on clinical presentation, preoperative endoscopic and radiographic imaging, operative findings, and pathologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the period, we managed eight patients with hemosuccus pancreaticus (1.5% of all patients with chronic pancreatitis treated surgically). Gastrointestinal bleeding presented as hematemesis in three and hematochezia in three, but all had recent melena and were anemic; three of these patients were hemodynamically unstable. Abdominal pain was present in six. When performed, angiography (n=6) was diagnostic of a pseudoaneurysm; computed tomography (n=7) showed a pseudoaneurysm in two and a pseudocyst in five. Endoscopy (n=8) revealed blood issuing from the ampullary papilla in two patients. Operative management (n=6) involved distal pancreatectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, or total pancreatectomy in two patients each. Angiographic embolization was successful in one patient, but the other died from uncontrollable hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemosuccus pancreaticus is rare, but should be considered in patients with chronic pancreatitis and gastrointestinal bleeding. In the absence of pancreatitis-related indications for surgery, angiographic embolization can be definitive treatment. If there are pancreatitis-related indications for operation, angiographic embolization may allow an elective operative procedure based on structural changes of the pancreas. If embolization fails, pancreatic resection is usually required, often on an emergent basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Sakorafas
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sarr
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Que
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Farnell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery