title: A drug use evaluation of selected opioid and nonopioid analgesics in the nursing facility setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the medical conditions for which selected analgesics are most frequently prescribed in nursing facilities (NFs), describe the use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic pain therapies, and determine the frequency and quality of pain assessment in NF residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter, 3-month retrospective drug use evaluation conducted by consultant pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-nine NFs having no more than 25% of their patient census representing special populations (e.g., head trauma).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2065 adult NF residents who received at least one selected analgesic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary indication for analgesics, pain type, method of pain assessment, nonpharmacologic therapies for pain, prescribed analgesics and regimens, and comorbid conditions were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 54.3% of residents had one indication for analgesic therapy, 31.0% had two indications, and 14.7% had three or more indications. Arthritis was the most prevalent indication for analgesics (41.7% of residents), followed by bone fracture (12.4%) and other musculoskeletal conditions (9.7%). More residents (76.8%) were reported to have chronic pain than acute pain (19.9%), and 3.0% had both chronic and acute pain. Pain type was unknown for 0.2% of residents. Observational pain assessments were used more frequently (for 55.9% of residents) than objective methods (16.6%), and pain was not assessed in 40.6% of residents. Most residents (69.4%) received no nonpharmacologic treatment for pain. Of the 2542 opioid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prescriptions, 67.6% were for opioids, 24.8% were for NSAIDs, and 7.6% were for tramadol. Propoxyphene-containing drugs were the most frequently prescribed opioid group, and propoxyphene with acetaminophen was the most frequently prescribed analgesic (35.6% of all analgesics). Most analgesics (63.2%) were prescribed on an as-needed (prn) basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show a lack of adequate pain assessments, little use of nonpharmacologic interventions, and inappropriate use of analgesic medication. The small percentage of residents with chronic pain assessed objectively suggests the difficulty of monitoring pain progression in NFs. The prescribing of analgesic for most residents (with propoxyphene used most often, long-acting opioids used infrequently, and frequent prn use) was inconsistent with recommended pain therapy in older people and attests to the urgent need to educate NF practitioners on the appropriate use of analgesics.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Galer
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid