title: Conduction defects after coronary artery bypass grafting--a disappearing problem?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence of conduction defects (CDs) following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in three different patient populations, to assess the etiologic factors associated with CDs, and to find out their effect on immediate postoperative outcome of the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patient populations were prospectively studied: cohort A consisted of 180 CABG-patients operated between 1990-91, cohort B of 100 patients operated during the year 1993 and cohort C of 118 patients operated from April 1997 to June 1997. Cold crystalloid cardioplegia was used throughout the study years. In the first cohort A, two separate cavae were cannulated and clamped, venting through the right upper pulmonary vein was used, iced cold saline was used in pericardium, and cardioplegia was given until a myocardial temperature of 10-15 degrees of Celcius was attained. In the two later cohorts, two-stage venous cannula and aortic root venting were used and cardioplegia was given only until the activity of the myocardium stopped. Proximal anastomoses were performed after aortic declamping in cohort A, and during aortic occlusion in the two later cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of permanent CDs in cohort A was 36%, in cohort B 5% and in cohort C 1%. Permanent atrioventricular (AV-) and left-sided blocks disappeared first. Left main coronary artery stenosis and low myocardial temperatures were associated with CDs. Patients with permanent CDs had more often low cardiac output after the operation, their values of cardiac enzymes were higher, and they had more often postoperative infarction than patients without CDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The disappearance of all long lasting AV- and left-sided blocks simultaneously with decreasing plasma levels of cardiac enzymes is evidence that protection of both conduction tissue and myocardium had considerably improved in the two later cohorts. Giving cardioplegia in smaller amounts and more often at the same time when raising the general temperature during perfusion were the main reasons for the disappearance of postoperative CDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. paula_k.mustonen@kuh.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mustonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pöyhönen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehnberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kouri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loponen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hippeläinen
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006327:Heart Block / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013696:Temperature