title: Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: nocturnal enuresis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the medical and psychological literature concerning enuresis treatments in light of the Chambless criteria for empirically supported treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of the medical and psychological literature was performed using Medline and Psychlit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several review studies and numerous well-controlled experiments have clearly documented the importance of the basic urine alarm alone as a necessary component in the treatment of enuresis or combined with the "Dry-Bed Training" intervention, establishing them as "effective treatments." Other multicomponent behavioral interventions that also include the urine alarm such as "Full Spectrum Home Training" have further improved the outcome for bed-wetters, but are classified as "probably efficacious" at this time because independent researchers have not replicated them. Less rigorously examined approaches that focus on improving compliance with treatment or include a "cognitive" focus (i.e., hypnosis) warrant further study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend a "biobehavioral" perspective in the assessment and treatment of bed-wetting and suggest that combining the urine alarm with desmopressin offers the most promise and could well push the already high success rates of conditioning approaches closer to 100%. Much important work is yet to be completed that elucidates the mechanism of action for the success of the urine alarm and in educating society about its effectiveness so that its availability is improved.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, NY 55905, USA. mellon.michael@mayo.edu
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Mellon
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McGrath
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004775:Enuresis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D012076:Renal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012076:Renal Agents; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin