title: Three-dimensional facial growth studied by optical surface scanning.
abstract: The objective of the investigation was to study the three-dimensional growth of the face, and to examine the hypothesis that there are three-dimensional differences between the faces of boys and girls. The subjects comprised 132 British Caucasians aged 5-10 years measured by optical surface scanning in this cross-sectional study. Average scans for each age and sex subgroup were superimposed to assess the differences with age and sex. Males were generally larger than females. The greatest difference was between the facial heights and the least in the mid-facial dimensions. The face height of both sexes increased by an average of 3-4 mm annually. Mid-face prominence and width altered little. Mandibular width increased by 1-3 mm a year, rising to 3-5 mm in some years at the inferior areas of the mandibular region. Mandibular prominence also increased. Nose height and prominence and alar base width increased by 2 mm per year on average. Dorsum width changed little. Boys were generally larger than girls. Growth in facial height was greatest. Mid-face prominence and width changed little with age, whilst the prominence and width of the lower face increased more. Nasal prominence and alar base width increased at most ages. Dimensions changed more than reported by cephalometric studies, possibly as this study included the soft tissues. Refereed Scientific Paper
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AD, UK.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nute
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012727:Sex Characteristics