title: Heparin, low molecular weight heparin and physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following surgery for hip fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hip fracture patients have a high risk of thromboembolic complications following surgical management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of heparin (unfractionated (U), and low molecular weight (LMW) heparins), and physical methods (compression stockings, calf or foot pumps) for prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism after surgery for hip fracture in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group trials register, Medline, Embase, and reference lists of published papers and books. We contacted trialists and other workers in the field. Date of most recent search: September 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised trials evaluating the use of heparins and physical agents for prevention of DVT and pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality and extracted data. Trials were grouped into four categories (heparin versus control, mechanical versus control, LMW heparin versus U heparin, and miscellaneous) and results pooled where possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 26 included trials involved 2600 predominantly female and elderly patients. Overall, trial quality was disappointing. Ten trials involving 826 patients which compared U heparin with control, and four trials of 471 patients which compared LMW heparin with control, showed a reduction in the incidence of lower limb DVT (121/511 (24%) versus 203/519 (39%); Peto odds ratio 0.41; 95% confidence interval 0.31 to 0.55). There were insufficient data to confirm the efficacy of either agent in the prevention of pulmonary embolism. There was a non significant increase in overall mortality in the heparin group (46/420 (11%) versus 35/423 (8%); Peto odds ratio 1.39; 95% confidence interval 0. 86 to 2.23). Data were inadequate for all other outcomes including wound complications. There is insufficient evidence from five trials, involving 644 patients, to establish if LMW heparin was superior to U heparin. Most trials evaluating heparins had methodological defects. Four trials, involving 442 patients, testing mechanical pumping devices were also methodologically flawed, and so pooled results need to be viewed cautiously. Mechanical pumping devices may protect against DVT (12/202 (6%) versus 42/212 (19%); Peto odds ratio 0.24; 95% confidence interval 0.13 to 0.44). Although the limited data indicated a potential benefit, they were inadequate to establish any effect on the incidence of pulmonary embolism and overall mortality. Problems with skin abrasion and compliance were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  U and LMW heparins protect against lower limb DVT. There is insufficient evidence to confirm either protection against pulmonary embolism or overall benefit, or to distinguish between various applications of heparin. Foot and calf pumping devices appear to prevent DVT, may protect against pulmonary embolism, and reduce mortality, but compliance remains a problem. Good quality trials of mechanical methods as well as direct comparisons with heparin should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Rose Orthopaedic Hospital, Edinburgh, UK, EH10 7ED. h.handoll@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Handoll
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McBirnie
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tytherleigh-Strong
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Awal
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gillespie
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006493:Heparin