title: Interferon-alpha and 13-cis-retinoic acid as maintenance therapy after high-dose combination chemotherapy with growth factor support for small cell lung cancer--a feasibility study.
abstract: This randomized phase II multi-center study was designed to determine the time to progression, duration of response and the feasibility of an intensified maintenance regime consisting of a combination of interferon (IFN)-alpha and retinoic acid after high-dose combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with small cell lung cancer. The patients received four courses of combination chemotherapy consisting of ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide, with higher doses of ifosfamide and carboplatin given in the first course, with routine growth factor support. Responding patients were then randomly assigned to one of three maintenance therapy arms. All patients with limited disease (LD) were given thoracic radiotherapy before maintenance therapy and those who had also achieved a complete response (CR) or minimal residual disease (MRD) received prophylactic cranial irradiation. In Arm 1 patients received IFN-alpha-2a, 6 MIU s.c. TIW for 4 weeks, followed by 3 MIU s.c. TIW, and 13-cis-retinoic acid 1 mg/kg/day p.o. BID daily. In Arm 2 patients received trophosphamide 100-150 mg/day p.o. BID. No maintenance treatment was given in Arm 3, the control group. Maintenance therapy was continued for 1 year. Eighty-five patients were treated according to the protocol. Twenty-one patients achieved CR, four achieved MRD and forty-two achieved partial responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Sixty patients (71%) were randomly assigned for maintenance treatment. Median survival was 17.1 months in the IFN-alpha-retinoic acid arm, 12.4 months in the trophosphamide arm and 13.5 months in the control arm. One-year survival rates were 82, 56 and 55%, respectively. Duration of response was 6.5, 5.5 and 4.7 months, respectively. Time to progression was 8.6, 8.0 and 6.8 months, respectively The differences were not statistically significant. The IFN-alpha-retinoic acid maintenance treatment was well tolerated. Patients who received IFN-alpha-retinoid maintenance therapy lived longer after the onset of progressive disease. The treatment regime was effective, feasible and well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruotsalainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halme
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Isokangas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pyrhönen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäntylä
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pekonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarna
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joensuu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mattson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha; D005047:Etoposide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D016190:Carboplatin; D015474:Isotretinoin; C003726:trofosfamide; D007069:Ifosfamide