title: Orthograde whole gut irrigation with mannite versus paromomycine + lactulose as prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: results of a controlled randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with liver cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding development of hepatic encephalopathy is a major problem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the mannite lavage in a controlled randomized trial with respect to the Child-Pugh classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  After initial gastroscopy (+/- sclerotherapy) 39 patients with cirrhosis (18 F, 21 M; age: 57.5 +/- 11.9 yr; Child A: 6, Child B: 16, Child C: 17) and upper gastrointestinal-bleeding were classified according to the Child-Pugh-criteria (A,B,C) and randomized in 2 groups (A,B) for each Child-Pugh level. Patients in group A (n = 18) were initially treated with 2000 mL mannite solution (10%) during the first 2 hours using a naso-gastric tube. Treatment was continued using 2000 mL mannite solution (10%) per day until no rectal blood could be observed. Patients in group B (n = 21) were treated with paromomycine ter in die (1 g tid) and lactulose (10 mL tid). There were no statistical differences between both groups concerning age, sex, Child-Pugh-scores, severity or source of bleeding, initial hemoglobin-levels, number of given blood-transfusions or number of patients with sclerotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in group A were treated with a total of 3325 +/- 1897 mL mannite solution. The application was well tolerated. In addition, kinetics of serum creatinine, potassium and sodium levels did not show any significant changes. No significant differences between both groups could be shown with respect to clinical criteria of encephalopathy according to O'Grady and the length of intensive care unit treatment. Moreover, kinetic of ammonia-levels showed a pronounced decrease (P = 0.05) on day 2 versus day 1 in group A (110.0 +/- 24.2 vs. 156.4 +/- 98 mg/dL) as compared to group B (210.0 +/- 52.7 vs. 162.0 +/- 45 mg/dL). In group A, 6 patients (33.3%) died during the study as compared to 3 patients (14.3%) in group B (P > 0.05). The lethality rate was strongly associated with the larger proportion of Child-C-patients in group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that whole gut irrigation with mannite is equally efficacious as compared to standard treatment for prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis. In contrast to previously published controlled studies, no impact of the lavage on the mortality rate or duration of intensive care unit treatment could be shown. With respect to the lower costs for the mannite solution as compared to paromomycine and lactulose (ROTE LISTE, Germany), the mannite lavage should be recommended for the prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany. Andreas.Tromm@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tromm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Griga
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Greving
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hilden
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hüppe
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwegler
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Micklefield
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines; D007792:Lactulose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010303:Paromomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015996:Survival Rate; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008353:Mannitol; D007792:Lactulose; D010303:Paromomycin