title: Virtual CT cystoscopy: color mapping of bladder wall thickness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the conspicuity of bladder tumors in a virtual environment, we developed an algorithm for color mapping the thickness of the bladder wall. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of this algorithm as a component of virtual CT cystoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five subjects with a history of superficial transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent helical CT scanning after insufflation of the bladder with air. Source images were transformed into three-dimensional models, and the thickness of the bladder wall was demarcated by using a new computer algorithm and a fixed color scale. Results were compared with those obtained by conventional cystoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three tumors, one site of benign wall thickening, and normal wall thickness were correctly identified by using axial source images and virtual cystoscopy with color mapping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Color mapping of bladder wall thickness is feasible and demonstrates both normal and thickened urothelium. Its value in identification of small or sessile tumors will require further trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schreyer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Warfield
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Loughlin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dumanli
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Jolesz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikinis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003116:Color; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*