title: Complications of emergency tracheal intubation in severely head-injured children.
abstract: A high incidence of unsuccessful attempts and complications has been reported when emergency tracheal intubation (ETI) is performed outside the hospital in severely injured children. The aim of this prospective series was to analyse the incidence and related risk factors of complications of emergency tracheal intubation. The time to complete successful ETI and occurrence of incidents, e.g. cough reflex, hypoxia or spasm were related to the experience of the physician performing intubation and the use of drugs to facilitate ETI. The incidence of hypoxia, hypercarbia, postintubation complications such as extubation stridor and long-term sequelae were noted. Of the 188 children, 78% were successfully intubated at the site of the accident, 10% upon arrival at a local hospital from where they were secondarily transferred and 12% upon admission to our trauma centre. The most severely injured children were intubated in the field in 98% of cases without failure, nor life-threatening complications related to ETI. The experience of the operator influenced the number of attempts and the time to complete successful intubation. Immediate incidents were noted in 25% of children, e.g. cough in 18%. The regimen of drugs, but not level of consciousness, influenced the incidence of immediate incidents; without drugs, more than 67% experienced incidents. Early tracheal intubation and controlled ventilation resulted in adequate ventilation upon arrival (mean PaO2 of 35.8+/-24 kPa, mean PaCO2 of 4.35+/-1 kPa). Long-term complications, including transient stridor upon extubation in 33% of the cases, and laryngeal granuloma or tracheal stenosis, were comparable to those in other series. ETI in shocked patients and pulmonary infection in hospital, but not the technique of ETI, increased the risks of long-term complications. Emergency tracheal intubation can be performed safely in the field, and results in adequate ventilation during transportation of severely injured children, provided that it can be performed by trained physicians using adequate drugs to facilitate intubation.
authors.affiliation: Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et SAMU de Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orliaguet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanot
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Jarreau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauverzac
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carli
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000628:therapy; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012307:Risk Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009294:Narcotics; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents