title: Normative clinical relationships between orientation and memory: age as an important moderator variable.
abstract: The present study examined the relationship between memory and orientation to time, place, and personal and general information, as moderated by age, education, and simple attentional ability. A heterogeneous sample of 312 clinical referrals was divided into four groups, according to delayed memory functioning. Patients with globally good, globally poor, poor visual, and poor auditory memory were at differential risk of being disoriented, with the globally poor memory patients having the greatest risk. Overall, poorly oriented patients were older and less educated, with worse recall of digits backward. Discriminant Function Analysis selected visual and auditory memory and age as predictors of orientation. Normative tables stratified by age and memory performance are presented.
authors.affiliation: Evanston Hospital/Northwestern University Medical School, Evanston, IL, United States of America. j-sweet@nwu.edu
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suchy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leahy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abramowitz
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nowinski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001307:Auditory Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards; D009949:Orientation; D012016:Reference Values; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014481:United States; D014796:Visual Perception