title: ARCON: accelerated radiotherapy with carbogen and nicotinamide in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. The experience of the Co-operative group of radiotherapy of the european organization for research and treatment of cancer (EORTC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since there is increasing evidence that both acute (perfusion-limited) and chronic (diffusion-limited) hypoxia, and tumor repopulation may prejudice the outcome of radiotherapy, the combination of carbogen (95% oxygen-5% carbon dioxide) and nicotinamide with accelerated radiotherapy (ARCON) should reduce the impact of these factors of radioresistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This clinical study was aimed at determining the feasibility, as well as the qualitative and quantitative toxic effects of a therapeutic approach based on ARCON, and assessing the tumor response rates that can be achieved with this regime in patients with locally advanced tumors of the head and neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phase I/II study conducted between 1993 and 1996 by the Co-operative Group of Radiotherapy of the EORTC included three consecutive steps: accelerated fractionation (AF) combined with carbogen (11 analyzable patients), AF combined with the daily administration of nicotinamide (n=10), and AF with both carbogen and nicotinamide (n=17). Radiotherapy was based on an accelerated regime (72 Gy in 5.5 weeks). Nicotinamide was delivered 90 min before the first irradiation session, at a daily dose of 6 g. Carbogen breathing started 5 min before irradiation and lasted throughout the entire radiotherapy sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference in loco-regional toxicity was found among the three study steps, when carbogen and nicotinamide, either alone or in combination, were combined with AF. The feasibility of the ARCON protocol, as proposed in the present EORTC study, appears to be significantly impaired when nicotinamide is added, at a daily dose of 6 g, to AF and carbogen, in an unselected group of patients. More than 20% of patients experienced grade 2 or 3 emesis. It also demonstrates, in unselected groups of patients, no significant difference in tumor response and local control when carbogen and nicotinamide, either alone or in combination, are added to accelerated radiotherapy. The percentages of objective response at 2 months were 81, 70 and 87%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future ARCON trials should target selected head and neck tumor localizations and stages, and a lower nicotinamide dose is needed to reduce severe upper gastro-intestinal toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Cantonal Department of Radiation Oncology, San Giovanni Hospital, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denekamp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Minatel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horiot
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antognoni
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richaud
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Glabbeke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piérart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009536:Niacinamide; C011700:carbogen; D010100:Oxygen