title: Occupational risk factors for urothelial carcinoma: agent-specific results from a case-control study in Germany. MURC Study Group. Multicenter Urothelial and Renal Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This multicentre population-based case-control study was conducted to estimate the urothelial cancer risk for occupational exposure to aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and chlorinated hydrocarbons besides other suspected risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based multicentre study, 1035 incident urothelial cancer cases and 4298 controls matched for region, sex, and age were interviewed between 1991 and 1995 for their occupational history and lifestyle habits. Exposure to the agents under study was self-assessed as well as expert-rated with two job-exposure matrices and a job task-exposure matrix. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate smoking adjusted odds ratios (OR) and to control for study centre and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urothelial cancer risk following exposure to aromatic amines was only slightly elevated. Among males, substantial exposures to PAH as well as to chlorinated solvents and their corresponding occupational settings were associated with significantly elevated risks after adjustment for smoking (PAH exposure, assessed with a job-exposure matrix: OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, exposure to chlorinated solvents, assessed with a job task-exposure matrix: OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.6). Metal degreasing showed an elevated urothelial cancer risk among males (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.8). In females also, exposure to chlorinated solvents indicated a urothelial cancer risk. Because of small numbers the risk evaluation for females should be treated with caution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occupational exposure to aromatic amines could not be shown to be as strong a risk factor for urothelial carcinomas as in the past. A possible explanation for this finding is the reduction in exposure over the last 50 years. Our results strengthen the evidence that PAH may have a carcinogenic potential for the urothelium. Furthermore, our results indicate a urothelial cancer risk for the use of chlorinated solvents.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Medical Institute for Environmental Hygiene at the Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pesch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haerting
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ranft
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klimpel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oelschlägel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schill
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000588:Amines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons