title: Evaluation of transarterial embolization for lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter arterial embolization has been used as a therapeutic maneuver for lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The availability of highly selective arteriography has made this procedure safer and warrants re-evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was done of all patients undergoing arteriography for presumed lower gastrointestinal bleeding at two acute-care community hospitals. Causes of bleeding, clinical outcome, and complications caused by transcatheter arterial embolization were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 26 arteriographically identified bleeding sites in the colon and small bowel. The most frequent cause of bleeding was diverticulosis (12 patients), with the diagnosis being arterio venous malformation in two, and one unknown colonic source. Transcatheter arterial embolization was attempted for 17 separate bleeding episodes in 16 patients. Transfusion requirements were an average (+/- standard deviation) of 7 +/- 1.43 units per patient. Transcatheter arterial embolization was successful in stopping bleeding in 14 cases (82 percent). Two patients had surgery after transcatheter arterial embolization: one for colonic necrosis and one for persisting bleeding. There were two more unsuccessful procedures; one had a successful repeated transcatheter arterial embolization, and one stopped spontaneously. One patient rebled during the same hospitalization and was controlled with intra-arterial vasopressin. There were two deaths, both secondary to sepsis unrelated to the transcatheter arterial embolization or the gastrointestinal tract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter arterial embolization is a relatively safe and successful procedure in patients with massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. It is an excellent choice of therapy for patients that are poor candidates for surgery, but its role in other patients remains to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Services, The Ferguson Clinic-Spectrum Health-Ferguson Center, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Luchtefeld
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Senagore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szomstein
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fedeson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Erp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rupp
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications; D002404:Catheterization; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000150:complications; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis; D016896:Treatment Outcome