title: Troglitazone inhibits mitogenic signaling by insulin in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Troglitazone (TRO) is an oral insulin-sensitizer that has direct effects on the vasculature to inhibit cell growth and migration. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), insulin transduces a mitogenic signal that is dependent on the ERK1/2 MAP kinases. We examined the effects of TRO on this pathway and found that it inhibits mitogenic signaling. In quiescent VSMCs, insulin (1 microM) induced a 3.2-fold increase in DNA synthesis. TRO (1-20 microM) inhibited insulin-stimulated DNA synthesis by 72.8% at the maximal concentration. TRO at I and 10 microM had no significant effect on insulin-stimulated ERK1/2 activity. At 20 microM, however, TRO modestly enhanced insulin-stimulated ERK1/2 activity by 1.5-fold. ERKs transduce a mitogenic signal by phosphorylating transcription factors such as Elk-1. which regulate critical growth-response genes. We used GAL-Elk-1 expression plasmids to detect ERK-dependent activation of Elk-1. TRO at 1-20 microM potently inhibited insulin-stimulated, ERK1/2-dependent Elk-1 transcription factor activity. Neither early steps in insulin signaling nor the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) branch of this pathway were affected by TRO, because it had no effect on IRS-1 phosphorylation, PI3K/IRS-1 association, or Akt phosphorylation. Because TRO is a known ligand for the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), we tested two other ligands for this receptor, rosiglitazone (RSG) and 15-deoxy-delta12,14 prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Both also inhibited insulin-induced DNA synthesis. In summary, these data show that TRO inhibits mitogenic signaling by insulin at a point distal of ERK1/2 activation, potentially by a PPARgamma-mediated inhibition of ERK-dependent phosphorylation and activation of nuclear transcription factors that regulate cell growth.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 90095, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goetze
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007329:Insulin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000077288:Troglitazone; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D004247:DNA; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007329:Insulin Antagonists; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077288:Troglitazone; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1; C494114:Elk1 protein, rat; C526296:Irs1 protein, rat; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat