title: Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypnotherapy is widely promoted as a method for aiding smoking cessation. It is proposed to act on underlying impulses to weaken the desire to smoke or strengthen the will to stop.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to evaluate the effects of hypnotherapy for smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered randomised trials of hypnotherapy which reported smoking cessation rates at least six months after the beginning of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers extracted data on the type of subjects, the type and duration of the hypnotherapy, the nature of the control group,the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence in each trial, and biochemically validated rates where available. Subjects lost to follow-up were counted as smokers. Where possible, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies compared hypnotherapy with 14 different control interventions. There was significant heterogeneity between the results of the individual studies, with conflicting results for the effectiveness of hypnotherapy compared to no treatment or to advice. We therefore did not attempt to calculate pooled odds ratios for the overall effect of hypnotherapy. There was no evidence of an effect of hypnotherapy compared to rapid smoking or psychological treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have not shown that hypnotherapy has a greater effect on six month quit rates than other interventions or no treatment. The effects of hypnotherapy on smoking cessation claimed by uncontrolled studies were not confirmed by analysis of randomised controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Leicester, 216 Goscote House, Sparkenhoe St, Leicester, UK, LE2 0TL. nca2@leicester.ac.uk
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Abbot
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Stead
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention