title: Silver acetate for smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Silver acetate produces an unpleasant taste when combined with cigarettes, thereby producing an aversive stimulus. It has been marketed in various forms with the aim of extinguishing the urge to smoke, by pairing the urge with an unpleasant stimulus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to determine the effectiveness of silver acetate products (gum, lozenge, spray) in promoting smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised trials of silver acetate for smoking cessation with reports of smoking status at least six months after the beginning of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted data in duplicate on the type of subjects, the dose and form of silver acetate, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was biochemically validated abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. Subjects lost to follow-up were counted as continuing smokers. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two studies provided long-term follow-up data on patients randomised to silver acetate or placebo. In one of these studies, there was a third arm, randomised to 2mg nicotine gum. The combined odds ratio for quitting for silver acetate vs placebo was 1.05 (95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing trials show little evidence for a specific effect of silver acetate in promoting smoking cessation. The confidence intervals for the ratio are quite wide. However, the upper limit of the confidence intervals for a positive effect equates to an absolute increase in the smoking cessation rate of about 4%. Any effect of this agent is therefore likely to be smaller than nicotine replacement therapy. The lack of effect of silver acetate may reflect poor compliance with a treatment whose rationale is to create an unpleasant stimulus.
authors.affiliation: ICRF General Practice Research Group, Division of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Institute of Health Sciences, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LF. tim.lancaster@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Stead
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000278:Administration, Buccal; D002638:Chewing Gum; D006801:Humans; D018030:Silver Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002638:Chewing Gum; D018030:Silver Compounds; C103100:silver acetate