title: Reduced platelet activation and thrombosis in extracorporeal circuits coated with nitric oxide release polymers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the use of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing polymers coated onto the inner surface of extracorporeal circuits can reduce platelet consumption and activation in the absence of systemic heparinization using a rabbit model of venovenous extracorporeal circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory at an academic medical institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand White Rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized, tracheotomized, and ventilated New Zealand White rabbits were injected with freshly prepared, 111In(oxine)3 labeled single donor platelets through the external jugular vein. After baseline measurements, these animals were placed on venovenous extracorporeal circulation through a 1-m control circuit or NO test circuit for 4 hrs at a blood flow rate of 109-118 mL/min via roller pump. Four groups were studied: systemically heparinized control circuits, systemically heparinized NO test circuits, nonheparinized control circuits, and nonheparinized NO test circuits. Platelet counts, fibrinogen levels, and plasma free indium levels were measured hourly. Circuits were rinsed and retained for gamma counting after the 4-hr run or when the circuit clotted. Four animals, one from each group, did not receive radiolabeled platelets so that the circuits could be preserved for scanning electron microscopic examination after the 4-hr study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Platelet consumption was significantly reduced in both the heparinized and nonheparinized NO test groups when compared with the controls (p < .0001 and p < .0004, respectively). Platelet adhesion to the extracorporeal circuits was significantly reduced in the nonheparinized test circuits when compared with the controls (p < .05). Scanning electron microscopic examination of the circuits revealed that in the absence of heparin and in the presence of a NO-releasing surface, platelets retained their spherical nonactivated shape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incorporation of NO into the surface of extracorporeal circuits reduces platelet consumption and eliminates the need for systemic heparinization in a rabbit model of extracorporeal circulation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0243, USA. gannich@umich.edu
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Annich
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Meinhardt
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mowery
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hirschl
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Meyerhoff
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bartlett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007601:Jugular Veins; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011817:Rabbits; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D006493:Heparin