title: Hormone profiles in humans experiencing military survival training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical models of the human response to intense, acute stress have been limited to laboratory settings or cross sectional characterizations. As a result, data about the sensitivity of the human neuroendocrine activation to realistic stressors of varying magnitudes are limited. The U.S. Army survival course offers a unique opportunity to examine, in a controlled manner, the human response to acute, realistic, military stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary data were collected in 109 subjects at baseline during four stress exposure time points and at recovery. Serum data was collected at baseline and recovery in 72 subjects and at baseline and during stress exposure in a subgroup of subjects (n = 21).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortisol significantly increased during the captivity experience and was greatest after subjects' exposure to interrogations. Cortisol remained significantly elevated at recovery. Testosterone was significantly reduced within 12 hours of captivity. Reductions of both total and free T4 and of total and free T3 were observed, as were increases in thyrotropin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stress of military survival training produced dramatic alterations in cortisol, percent free cortisol, testosterone, and thyroid indices. Different types of stressors had varying effects on the neuroendocrine indices. The degree of neuroendocrine changes observed may have significant implications for subsequent responses to stress.
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Southwick
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hazlett
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000523:psychology*; D013534:Survival / Q000523:psychology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone