title: Experimental investigation of the pulse inversion technique for imaging ultrasound contrast agents.
abstract: The application of ultrasound contrast agents aims to detect low velocity blood flow in the microcirculation. To enhance discrimination between tissue and blood containing the contrast agent, harmonic imaging is used. Harmonic imaging requires the application of narrow-band signals and is obscured by high levels of native harmonics generated in an intervening medium. To improve discrimination between contrast agent and native harmonics, a pulse inversion technique has been proposed. Pulse inversion allows wide-band signals, thus preserving the axial resolution. The present study examines the interference of native harmonics and discusses the practical difficulties of wide-band pulse inversion measurements of harmonics by a single transducer. Native harmonics are not eliminated by pulse inversion. Furthermore, only even harmonics remain and are amplified by 6 dB, alleviating the requirement for selective filtering. Finally, it is shown that the contaminating third harmonic contained in the square wave activation signal leaks through in the emitted signal. The spectral location of the contaminating third harmonic is governed by the transducer spectral characteristics while the location of the native and contrast agent second harmonics is not. Thus the contaminating third harmonic and the native and contrast agent second harmonics may overlap and interfere. Optimal discrimination requires a balance between maximal sensitivity for the second harmonic at reception and minimal interference from the contaminating third harmonic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: X A
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ledoux
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Willigers
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Brands
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hoeks
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D003287:Contrast Media; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508