title: Prevalence of genotypic resistance to nucleoside analogues and protease inhibitors in Spain. The ERASE-2 Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence of resistance mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and protease inhibitors (PI) in a representative HIV-1 population in Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted including 601 HIV-infected patients who attended 20 Spanish hospitals in June 1998. Drug resistant mutations were examined using hybridization line probe assays (LiPA). The 6 bp insert at position 69 and the codon 75 mutant were examined by sequencing analysis in specimens lacking reactivity to 69/70 and 74 bands on LiPA, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary resistance to NRTI was recognized in nine out of 52 (17%) naive individuals, whereas primary resistance to PI was found in seven out of 126 (6%) PI-naïve patients. The codons most frequently involved in NRTI resistance were at positions 70 (66%), 184 (44%), 215 (33%), and 41 (11%), whereas the most common PI resistance mutation was at codon 82 (6/7 subjects). In pre-treated patients, the overall prevalence of resistant genotypes was 72.9% for NRTI and 27.2% for PI. The most frequent NRTI mutations occurred at codons 184 (38.5%), 215 (30.1%), and 41 (22.5%), whereas the most frequent PI mutations in pre-treated subjects were found at positions 82 (15.8%) and 84 (11.4%). Overall, patients who began triple combinations as initial therapy showed a lower number of key resistance mutations than those who began highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) after being exposed to NRTI for a period of time (mean number of mutations, 0.1 versus 1.8, P< 0.05). Codon 75 mutant was found in three out of 387 patients (0.7%), whereas no insertions at codon 69 were recognized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of primary genotypic resistance to NRTI and PI in Spain was 17% and 6%, respectively. Zidovudine, lamivudine, indinavir and ritonavir were the drugs most frequently affected. These data support the use of resistance testing prior to the introduction of first-line antiretroviral therapies in Spain. Among pre-treated subjects, drug resistance genotypes were less prevalent in those who began HAART as initial therapy.
authors.affiliation: Retrovirology Laboratory irsiCaixa Foundation, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Puig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Olmeda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Briones
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gómez-Cano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stuyver
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soriano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease