title: Quality of heroin and heroin-related deaths from 1987 to 1995 in Vienna, Austria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the quality of heroin seized in Vienna between 1987 and 1995 and to examine whether there was a relationship between the quality of heroin and the rate of drug-related deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports of heroin seizure analysis and post-mortem reports of heroin-related deaths in Vienna from 1987 to 1995 were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 386 seizures of heroin comprising a total weight of 25 640.12 g heroin. All the seizures were in the base form. All seizures also contained a diluent, mainly lactose. Additionally, in 95 seizures caffeine, in four seizures paracetamol and in three seizures metaqualon were detected. Of a total of 764 drug-related deaths 506 cases were classified as heroin-related deaths. In 336 cases other central nervous system-depressant drugs and/or alcohol could be detected in the blood in addition to morphine (polydrug heroin-related deaths). There was evidence of a trend towards greater polydrug involvement during the study period. The age of victims of polydrug heroin-related deaths remained unchanged over time while the age of victims of pure heroin-related deaths decreased significantly. The morphine concentration in the medulla oblongata in heroin-related deaths decreased significantly. Finally, there was no statistically significant relationship between the rate of heroin-related deaths per year and the diacetylmorphine concentration of heroin seizures in that year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results did not substantiate the widely held belief that increases in heroin-related deaths could be explained by an increase in the quality of heroin.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Vienna, Austria. daniele.risser@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Risser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stichenwirth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hönigschnabl
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hirz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stellwag-Carion
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klupp
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vycudilik
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000506:poisoning*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin