title: Enterovirus RNA in serum is a risk factor for beta-cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes: a prospective study. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group.
abstract: Recent prospective studies have documented serologically an increased frequency of enterovirus infections in prediabetic children, indicating that these infections may initiate and accelerate the beta-cell damaging process several years before the clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to establish whether these serological findings would be supported by the detection of enterovirus RNA in a unique prospective series of sera collected from prediabetic children 0-10 years before the manifestation of clinical type 1 diabetes. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction employing highly conserved primers among enteroviruses were used to amplify enteroviral sequences. Viral RNA was found in 22% (11/49) of follow-up samples from prediabetic children but in only 2% (2/105) of those from controls (OR 14.9, P < 0.001). Persisting RNA positivity was not observed in any of these children. The presence of enterovirus RNA was associated with concomitant increases in the levels of autoantibodies against islet cells (OR 21.7, P < 0.01) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (OR 15.4, P < 0.05), but not in the levels of antibodies against insulin or the tyrosine phosphatase-like IA-2 protein. In contrast to the prediabetic children, those with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes were negative for enterovirus RNA. The results thus complement previous serological data, suggesting that enterovirus infections are an important risk factor underlying type 1 diabetes and associated with the induction of beta-cell autoimmunity even years before symptoms appear.
authors.affiliation: JDFI Center for Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Finland, Tampere, Finland. maria.lonnrot@uta.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lönnrot
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savola
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulmala
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leinikki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyypiä
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Akerblom
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyöty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009679:Nuclear Family; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D012367:RNA, Viral; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase