title: Characteristics of sequential movements during early learning period in monkeys.
abstract: We previously demonstrated that the organization of a learned sequential movement, after long-term practice, is based on the entire sequence and that the information pertaining to the sequence is largely specific to the hand used for practice. However, it remained unknown whether these characteristics are present from the beginning of learning. To answer the question, we examined the performance of four monkeys for the same sequential procedure in the early stage of learning. The monkeys' task was to press five consecutive pairs of buttons (which were illuminated), in a correct order for every pair, which they had to find by trial-and-error during a block of trials. We first examined whether the memory of a sequential procedure that was learned once was specific to the hand used for practice. The second time that the monkeys attempted to learn a novel sequence, they were required to use either the same hand they used the first time or the opposite hand. The number of errors decreased to a similar degree in the same-hand condition and in the opposite-hand condition. The performance time decreased in the same-hand condition, but not in the opposite-hand condition. The results suggest that, in the early stage of learning, memory of the correct performance of a sequential procedure is not specific to the hand originally used to perform the sequence (unlike the well-learned stage, where the transfer was incomplete), whereas memory of the fast performance of a sequential procedure is relatively specific to the hand used for practice (like the well-learned stage). We then examined whether memory of a sequential procedure depends on the entire sequence, not individual stimulus sets. For the second learning block, we had the monkey learn the sequence in the same or reversed order. In the reversed order, the order within each set was identical, but the order of sets was reversed. The number of errors decreased in both the same-order and reversed-order conditions to a similar degree for two out of four monkeys; the decrease was larger in the same-order condition for the other two monkeys. For all monkeys, the performance time decreased in the same-order condition, but not in the reversed-order condition. The results suggest that the memory structure for correct performance varies among monkeys in the early stage of learning (unlike the well-learned stage, where the memory of individual sets was consistently absent). On the other hand, memory of the fast performance of a sequential procedure is relatively specific to the learned order used for practice (like the well-learned stage).
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-0404, USA. rand@asu.edu
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hikosaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyachi
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitaguchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007839:Functional Laterality; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008251:Macaca; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time