title: Bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy imitation milk, with some observations on method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium-fortified soy milk is growing in popularity, particularly among vegetarians, but the bioavailability of its calcium was not previously known. Additionally, the validity of isotopic labeling methods for fortified liquid products had not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to compare the bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy milk with that of calcium in cow milk and to evaluate the method of labeling soy milk for bioavailability testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A within-subject comparison of extrinsically labeled cow milk with intrinsically and extrinsically labeled soy milks was undertaken in 16 healthy men. In all tests, 300-mg Ca loads were given as a part of a light breakfast after an overnight fast. The milks were physically partitioned into liquid and solid phases to enable evaluation of tracer distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium from intrinsically labeled soy milk was absorbed at only 75% the efficiency of calcium from cow milk. Extrinsic labeling of soy milk did not produce uniform tracer distribution throughout the liquid and solid phases and resulted in a 50% overestimate of true absorbability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium-fortified soy milk does not constitute a calcium source comparable to cow milk, and extrinsic labeling of such calcium particulate suspensions does not produce the uniform tracer distribution needed for bioavailability testing. Hence, intrinsic labeling of the fortificant is required for such liquid suspensions.
authors.affiliation: Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68131, USA. rheaney@creighton.edu
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Heaney
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dowell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bierman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D012588:Scintillation Counting; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; C020243:calcium phosphate; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous