title: Fetal pain?
abstract: During the last few years a vivid debate, both scientifically and emotionally, has risen in the medical literature as to whether a fetus is able to feel pain during abortion or intrauterine surgery. This debate has mainly been inspired by the demonstration of various hormonal or motor reactions to noxious stimuli at very early stages of fetal development. The aims of this paper are to review the literature on development of the pain system in the fetus, and to speculate about the relationship between "sensing" as opposed to "feeling" pain and the number of reactions associated with painful stimuli. While a cortical processing of pain theoretically becomes possible after development of the thalamo-cortical connections in the 26th week of gestation, noxious stimuli may trigger complex reflex reactions much earlier. However, more important than possible painfulness is the fact that the noxious stimuli, by triggering stress responses, most likely affect the development of an individual at very early stages. Hence, it is not reasonable to speculate on the possible emotional experiences of pain in fetuses or premature babies. A clinically relevant aim is rather to avoid and/or treat any possibly noxious stimuli, and thereby prevent their potential adverse effects on the subsequent development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. svanhata@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanhatalo
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: van Nieuwenhuizen
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005333:Fetus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology