title: Anterior cingulate gyrus epilepsy: the role of ictal rCBF SPECT in seizure localization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this report is to demonstrate the utility of ictal brain single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in a 39-year-old man with complex partial seizures arising from the anterior cingulate gyrus. Seizures originating from the anterior cingulate gyrus are difficult to localize because they have variable ictal semiology, are usually brief, and have rapid cortical propagation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical neurologic examination, electroencephalography, extended video-electroencephalography with scalp and sphenoidal electrodes, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and ictal brain SPECT with Tc-99m HMPAO were performed to identify the seizure focus. The patient's regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) findings were compared with those of eight normal controls, and changes in rCBF were assessed by comparing the patient's ictal scan with those of normal controls at rest by using statistical parametric mapping (SPM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical and neurologic evaluations failed to demonstrate the epileptogenic focus. Ictal rCBF brain SPECT showed a focal region of hyperperfusion in the anterior cingulate gyrus. By using SPM, the ictal blood flow increase in the right anterior cingulate gyrus (x, y, z, -6, 42, 24 mm) was found to be statistically significant when compared with normal controls (z score, 4.88, p < 0.001). Subdural EEG recordings with intracranial electrodes positioned over this location confirmed that the cingulate gyrus was the origin of the seizures, and surgical resection resulted in >90% seizure reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that ictal brain SPECT localization in conjunction with subdural electrode confirmation is a useful test in the presurgical evaluation of difficult to localize cingulate epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: San Pedro
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mountz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ojha
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Kuzniecky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017029:Epilepsy, Complex Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime