title: Time course for cryoprotectant synthesis in the freeze-tolerant chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata.
abstract: Increases in liver glycogen phosphorylase activity, along with inhibition of glycogen synthetase and phosphofructokinase-1, are associated with elevated cryoprotectant (glucose) levels during freezing in some freeze-tolerant anurans. In contrast, freeze-tolerant chorus frogs, Pseudacris triseriata, accumulate glucose during freezing but exhibit no increase in phosphorylase activity following 24-h freezing bouts. In the present study, chorus frogs were frozen for 5- and 30-min and 2- and 24-h durations. After freezing, glucose, glycogen, and glycogen phosphorylase and synthetase activities were measured in leg muscle and liver to determine if enzyme activities varied over shorter freezing durations, along with glucose accumulation. Liver and muscle glucose levels rose significantly (5-12-fold) during freezing. Glycogen showed no significant temporal variation in liver, but in muscle, glycogen was significantly elevated after 24 h of freezing relative to 5 and 30 min-frozen treatments. Hepatic phosphorylase a and total phosphorylase activities, as well as the percent of the enzyme in the active form, showed no significant temporal variation following freezing. Muscle phosphorylase a activity and percent active form increased significantly after 24 h of freezing, suggesting some enhancement of enzyme function following freezing in muscle. However, the significance of this enhanced activity is uncertain because of the concurrent increase in muscle glycogen with freezing. Neither glucose 6-phosphate independent (I) nor total glycogen synthetase activities were reduced in liver or muscle during freezing. Thus, chorus frogs displayed typical cryoprotectant accumulation compared with other freeze-tolerant anurans, but freezing did not significantly alter activities of hepatic enzymes associated with glycogen metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069-2390, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000502:physiology*; D005615:Freezing; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D009132:Muscles / Q000201:enzymology; D006005:Phosphorylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006005:Phosphorylases; D006006:Glycogen Synthase