title: Improved antioxidant status among HIV-infected injecting drug users on potent antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: Low serum antioxidant levels in HIV-infected people have been attributed to altered metabolism associated with excess oxidative stress. We conducted a study to examine serum antioxidant levels in 175 HIV-positive and 210 HIV-negative injecting drug users (IDUs) in Baltimore, Maryland. At the time of data collection, 30 of the HIV-positive IDUs were receiving antiretroviral therapies (ART) including a protease inhibitor (PI), 43 ART without a PI, 22 monotherapies, and 80 not on any ART. Serum antioxidants examined included retinol, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol, alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin. Mean serum levels of lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin were significantly lower in HIV-positive IDUs than HIV-negative IDUs. Contrary to the findings in other studies, however, levels of the remaining antioxidants in HIV-positive study subjects were not lower than in HIV-negative study subjects. In fact, serum alpha-tocopherol levels were significantly higher in HIV-positive IDUs than HIV-negative IDUs (medians = 744 microg/dl and 718 microg/dl, respectively; p = .04). Among HIV-positive study subjects, there were significant differences in antioxidant levels by ART regimen. In multivariate models adjusting for injecting drug use, dietary intake, supplement intake, gender, and alcohol intake, significant overall differences by ART regimen were observed for alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. Serum levels of these three antioxidants were significantly higher in the PI group than in the other three ART groups combined (p = .0008, 0.02, and 0.02, respectively). These data provide indirect evidence of the effectiveness of PIs in lowering oxidative stress levels in HIV-positive IDUs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University', Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lyles
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors