title: The production of nerve growth factor by human bladder smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) in tissue biopsies taken from subjects with a normal bladder and from patients diagnosed to have idiopathic detrusor instability (associated with a reduction in the density of motor nerves), and to use an in vitro model to study the mechanisms of NGF expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsy specimens were obtained during endoscopic and open surgery from patients undergoing routine bladder surgery. The patients were divided into two categories based upon urodynamic characterization. The NGF content in samples from 11 normal bladders and seven idiopathic unstable bladders were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mechanisms influencing net NGF production were explored using detrusor cells in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SEM) NGF content was significantly higher in unstable tissues, at 0.96 (0.05) pg/microg protein, than in the normal bladder, at 0.53 (0.05) pg/microg protein. In the cell model, acetylcholine (10 micromol/L), noradrenaline (1 and 10 micromol/L) and ATP (1 micromol/L) caused a significant increase in net NGF production; acetylcholine at 1 micromol/L had no effect. Direct stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol ester (33 ng/mL) or elevation of cAMP using forskolin (10 micromol/L) increased NGF, suggesting that at least two intracellular pathways (PKC- and PKA-dependent) are involved. The expression of c-Fos was increased by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate added before NGF, suggesting that c-Fos may be involved in regulating NGF production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a role for NGF in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human bladder, and indicate some of the possible mechanisms which might regulate NGF production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Khadra
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Gillespie
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism*; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009414:Nerve Growth Factors