title: Adverse life events and cognitive-personality characteristics in the prediction of major depression and antidepressant response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stressful life events are known to precipitate major depression. However, it remains unclear why some individuals who experience adverse events develop depression whereas others do not, and how the occurrence of life events affects treatment outcome. Emerging models posit that the effect of adverse life events varies by cognitive-personality style. This study examines the direct and interactive effects of stressful life events and cognitive-personality style in predicting 1) episode onset in patients with DSM-IV unipolar depression versus community comparison subjects and 2) depressive symptom severity at the completion of a 6-week standard antidepressant regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate models were used to test the effects of adverse life events, cognitive-personality style, and the congruence of event type (interpersonal versus achievement) with cognitive-personality style on depressive onset and treatment outcome in 43 patients with major depression and 43 healthy comparison subjects. Cognitive-personality characteristics were assessed by using Beck's measures of sociotropy (interpersonal dependency) and autonomy (need for independence and control).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adverse life events, sociotropy, and an autonomy factor need for control were each significantly related to depressive onset and predicted group status for 88% of the subjects. Event types affected outcome differently, and specific life event types interacted with cognitive-personality styles in predicting response to treatment. A multivariate model accounted for 65% of the variance in predicting outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse life events are a potent factor in predicting depression. However, cognitive-personality characteristics also confer susceptibility to depression. Better outcome is associated with occurrence of adverse interpersonal events (e.g., death of a loved one) rather than adverse achievement events (e.g., loss of job) and occurs when the event type is congruent with cognitive-personality style.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Donaghue Women's Health Investigator Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mazure
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Maciejewski
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010551:Personality; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents