title: Second-generation antipsychotics in the emergency care setting. A prospective naturalistic study.
abstract: The objective of this subject was to examine the impact of the replacement of standard neuroleptics with atypical antipsychotic agents in an intensive psychiatric care unit. A mirror-image study was conducted. Cases admitted in the first semester of the year (when most of patients were treated with standard neuroleptics) were compared to cases admitted in the second semester of the year, when atypical antipsychotic agents were routinely utilized as first line treatment of patients with psychotic signs. Cases admitted in the first semester received a significantly higher daily dosage of antipsychotic drugs and more frequently received anticholinergics. In the second semester, a significantly higher number of patients received anticonvulsants, in particular valproate and gabapentin. There was no significant difference between the two groups of cases in the number of patients treated with antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, lithium, and carbamazepine and in the mean daily dose of benzodiazepines, lithium, carbamazepine, or valproate on the first day of hospitalization, the day of evaluation, and on discharge. On discharge, similar percentages of patients went home, were transferred to other Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) or to private clinics, or left our PICU against medical advice. The length of hospitalization was similar in the two groups. There was no significant difference in the rate of aggressive or violent behavior registered in the two groups of cases. The risk of increasing violence rates, lengthening hospitalization, and facilitating patients' non-compliance should not be major concerns for physicians prescribing second-generation antipsychotics in the emergency care setting. Since these drugs have been shown to have at least similar efficacy (or greater efficacy in the case of clozapine) in the treatment of psychotic disorders as typical neuroleptics and to have a better side-effects profile, they should become first line treatment for patients with psychotic signs admitted to emergency care psychiatric facilities.
authors.affiliation: Servizio Psichiatrico di Diagnosi e Cura, Ospedale Santo Spirito in Sassia, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azzoni
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D010890:Pirenzepine; C066304:sertindole; D003024:Clozapine; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine; D002746:Chlorpromazine