title: Field tests of environmentally friendly malathion replacements to suppress wild Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations.
abstract: This article reports a large-scale field test of two environmentally friendly malathion replacements on wild populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratatis capitata (Wiedemann): spinosad, a bacteria-derived toxin, and phloxine B, a red dye with phototoxic properties. The comparison test was conducted on 11 coffee fields infested with wild populations of Mediterranean fruit fly on the Hawaiian island of Kauai with 8-wk protein bait sprays with and without toxicants. To assess effectiveness, adults were trapped and larval infestation levels were evaluated with fruit collections. Malathion was found to be the most effective treatment. However, the two replacements gave significant levels of control, and because they are environmentally safer, should be considered for eradicating incipient populations of this invasive species of fruit fly. Cage tests were also conducted to ensure that the wild flies consumed the bait and to assess how long the bait-toxicant combination remained effective in the field. Although spinosad and phloxine B were found to be effective up to 1 wk, malathion remained effective at least 2 wk.
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5255, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: McQuate
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004175:Diptera; D004777:Environment; D010697:Eosine I Bluish; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D018942:Macrolides; D008294:Malathion
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D018942:Macrolides; C114883:spinosyn A; C114884:spinosyn D; D010697:Eosine I Bluish; D008294:Malathion