title: Changes in hemodynamic parameters and volume homeostasis with the menstrual cycle among women with a history of preeclampsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among women with a history of preeclampsia the prevalence of hemodynamic and clotting disorders is elevated. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the normal cyclic variation in hemodynamic and renal function parameters with the menstrual cycle that is seen among healthy women would be preserved in women with a history of preeclampsia irrespective of whether they had an underlying hemodynamic or clotting disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the hemodynamic and volume cyclic variations during the menstrual cycle among women with a history of preeclampsia (n = 39) with those among healthy parous control women (control group, n = 10). The participants with a history of preeclampsia were subdivided into groups of women with hypertension with or without thrombophilia (hypertension group, n = 10), women with a normotension and a thrombophilic disorder (thrombophilia group, n = 17), and women without either of these abnormalities (symptom-free group, n = 12). We measured > or =5 months post partum, once during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (day 5 +/- 2) and once during the luteal phase (day 22 +/- 2), the following variables: body weight and length, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, plasma volume, glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and concentrations of renal volume homeostatic hormones, reproductive hormones, and catecholamines. From the measured data we calculated body mass index, cardiac index, left ventricular work, total peripheral and renal vascular resistances, effective renal blood flow, and renal filtration fraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypertension group differed from the control group in having higher baseline (follicular phase) values for cardiac output, cardiac output, left ventricular work, renal vascular resistance, and atrial natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine levels. The symptom-free group differed from the control group in having a lower baseline plasma volume and higher baseline cardiac output and left ventricular work values. Women in the thrombophilia group were comparable to those in the control group with respect to baseline hemodynamic and renal function variables except for a higher renal vascular work value. In the control group heart rate, plasma volume, effective renal plasma volume, effective renal blood flow, and concentrations of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system hormones and norepinephrine were increased during the luteal phase with respect to values during the follicular phase, whereas the renal vascular resistance and atrial natriuretic peptide values were decreased. In the three subgroups of women with a history of preeclampsia this cyclic pattern with the menstrual cycle was preserved for most of these parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although baseline hemodynamic and volume status among women with a history of preeclampsia differed from that among healthy parous control subjects, the cyclic variation with the menstrual cycle was largely preserved.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Spaanderman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Beek
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Ekhart
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Eyck
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cheriex
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: De Leeuw
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Peeters
mesh_terms: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001810:Blood Volume; D002302:Cardiac Output; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000503:physiopathology; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D009638:Norepinephrine