title: Pneumococcal bacteremia during a decade in children in Soweto, South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor for a decade the incidence and the clinical and microbiologic characteristics of pneumococcal bacteremia in children in Soweto and to assess the influence of HIV infection on any changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case records of children with pneumococcal bacteremia at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital from July, 1986, to June, 1987 (1986/ 1987), and from July, 1996, to June, 1997 (1996/ 1997), were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 194 episodes, 62 in 19861 1987 and 132 in 1996/1997. The minimum annual incidence for children younger than 5 years of age increased from 61 per 100000 (179 per 100000 for those <12 months old) in 1986/1987 to 130 per 100000 (349 per 100000 for those <12 months old) in 1996/1997. Sixty-seven (60%) of 111 patients tested in 1996/1997 were HIV-seropositive; none were tested in 1986/1987. The HIV-infected compared with HIV-noninfected were more likely to be malnourished (61% vs. 36%, P = 0.02), less likely to have other underlying disease (12% vs. 50%, P = 0.00001) and more frequently used antibiotics recently (69% vs. 43%, P = 0.008). Penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates were found in 22 (35%) patients in 1986/1987 and 52 (39%) in 1996/1997. There was no significant change in antimicrobial susceptibility during the decade or by HIV serostatus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children in Soweto had a high incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia which doubled during the decade mainly as a result of the impact of the HIV epidemic. There has been no significant change in antimicrobial susceptibility for the decade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Karstaedt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoosal
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Crewe-Brown
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015984:Causality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012703:Serotyping; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents