title: Methane ice worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola colonizing fossil fuel reserves.
abstract: During a research cruise in July 1997 in the Gulf of Mexico we discovered a gas hydrate approximately 1 m thick and over 2 m in diameter which had recently breached the sea floor at a depth of 540 m. The hydrate surface visible from the submarine was considerably greater than that of any other reported hydrate. Two distinct color bands of hydrate were present in the same mound, and the entire exposed surface of the hydrate was infested (2500 individuals/m2) with 2 to 4 cm-long worms, since described as a new species, Hesiocaeca methanicola, in the polychaete family Hesionidae (Desbruyères and Toulmond 1998). H. methanicola tissue stable isotope values are consistent with a chemo-autotrophic food source. No evidence of chemo-autotrophic symbionts was detected, but geochemical data support the presence of abundant free living bacteria on the hydrate. The activities of the polychaetes, grazing on the hydrate bacteria and supplying oxygen to their habitats, appears to contribute to the dissolution of hydrates in surface sediments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sassen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Macko
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hourdez
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joye
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McMullin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D017691:Caribbean Region; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*; D011077:Polychaeta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005579:Fossil Fuels; D008697:Methane