Thyroid volumes in a national sample of iodine-sufficient swiss school children: comparison with the World Health Organization/International Council for the control of iodine deficiency disorders normative thyroid volume criteria.
OBJECTIVE
The determination of goiter prevalence in children by thyroid ultrasound is an important tool for assessing iodine deficiency disorders. The current World Health Organization/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (WHO/ICCIDD) normative values, based on thyroid volume in iodine-sufficient European children, have recently been questioned, as thyroid volumes in iodine-sufficient children from the USA and Malaysia are smaller than the WHO/ICCIDD reference data. Our objective was to describe ultrasonographic thyroid volumes in a representative national sample of iodine-sufficient Swiss school children, and to compare these with the current reference data for thyroid volume.


METHODS
A 3-stage, probability proportionate-to-size cluster sampling method was used to obtain a representative national sample of 600 Swiss children aged 6-12 years. The following data were collected: thyroid size by ultrasound, urinary iodine concentration, weight, height, sex and age.


RESULTS
The median urinary iodine concentration (range) of the children was 115 microgram/l (5-413). Application of the WHO/ICCIDD thyroid volume references to the Swiss children resulted in a prevalence of 0%, using either age/sex-specific or body surface area (BSA)/sex-specific cut-off values. Upper limits of normal (97th percentile) of thyroid volume from Swiss children calculated using BSA, sex and age were similar to those reported in iodine-sufficient children in the USA, but were 20-56% lower than the corresponding WHO/ICCIDD references.


CONCLUSIONS
Swiss children had smaller thyroids than the European children on which the WHO/ICCIDD references are based, perhaps due to a residual effect of a recent past history of iodine deficiency in many European regions. However, there were sharp differences between our data and a recent set of thyroid volume data in Swiss children produced by the operator and equipment that generated the WHO/ICCIDD reference data. This suggests that interobserver and/or interequipment variability may contribute to the current disagreement on normative values for thyroid size by ultrasound in iodine-sufficient children.
Hess
S Y
SY
The Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland.
Zimmermann
M B
MB
D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D011315:Preventive Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D012574:Schools; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013557:Switzerland; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014944:World Health Organization
D007455:Iodine