title: Beyond the significance test in administrative research and policy decisions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe confidence interval (CI) analysis and show how it can be used in administrative decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical significance testing should be supplemented, if not replaced, by effect size (ES) estimation and confidence interval analysis. Hypothesis testing based on the statistical significance test is the dominant paradigm in statistics; however, this approach has inherent problems which can ultimately diminish the usefulness of research for operational decisions. After identifying major difficulties with significance testing, the authors use hypothetical examples to demonstrate how ES and CI analysis provide more informative answers to nursing administrative research questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CI analysis provides the basis for both improving the interpretation of findings from individual studies and for facilitating the analysis of cumulative evidence. By clarifying the meaning of results, CI analysis can increase the relevance and usefulness of research for health care executives and practitioners.
authors.affiliation: Baruch College of the City University of New York, NY, USA. hrothstein@mindspring.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rothstein
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tonges
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D011050:Policy Making