title: Evaluation of the autoinduction of ifosfamide metabolism by a population pharmacokinetic approach using NONMEM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the population pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide in 15 patients treated for soft tissue sarcoma with 9 or 12 g m-2 ifosfamide by means of a 72 h continuous i.v. infusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model was developed using nonlinear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM) to describe the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide by linking the ifosfamide plasma concentrations to the extent of the autoinduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed model revealed the effect of autoinduction on the disposition of ifosfamide. The initial clearance, volume of distribution, rate constant for enzyme degradation, induction half-life of the enzyme and the ifosfamide concentration at 50% of the maximum inhibition of enzyme degradation were estimated at 2.94 +/- 0.27 l h-1, 43.5 +/- 2.9 l, 0.0546 +/- 0. 0078 h-1, 12.7 h and 30.7 +/- 4.8 microM, respectively. Interindividual variabilities of initial clearance, volume of distribution, rate constant for enzyme degradation were 24.5, 23.4 and 22.7%, respectively. Proportional and additive variability not explained by the model were 13.6% and 0.0763 microM, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of a lag time for the autoinduction of ifosfamide metabolism could be the result of an immediate inhibition of the enzymatic degradation of CYP3A4 by ifosfamide. By application of the autoinduction model individual pharmacokinetic profiles of patients were described with adequate precision. This model may therefore be used in the future development of a model to individualize dose selection in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerbusch
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Huitema
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouwerkerk
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mathôt
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schellens
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D011153:Population; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007069:Ifosfamide