title: Lost human capital from early-onset chronic depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic depression starts at an early age for many individuals and could affect their accumulation of "human capital" (i.e., education, higher amounts of which can broaden occupational choice and increase earnings potential). The authors examined the impact, by gender, of early- (before age 22) versus late-onset major depressive disorder on educational attainment. They also determined whether the efficacy and sustainability of antidepressant treatments and psychosocial outcomes vary by age at onset and quantified the impact of early- versus late-onset, as well as never-occurring, major depressive disorder on expected lifetime earnings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used logistic and multivariate regression methods to analyze data from a three-phase, multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial that compared sertraline and imipramine treatment of 531 patients with chronic depression aged 30 years and older. These data were integrated with U.S. Census Bureau data on 1995 earnings by age, educational attainment, and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early-onset major depressive disorder adversely affected the educational attainment of women but not of men. No significant difference in treatment responsiveness by age at onset was observed after 12 weeks of acute treatment or, for subjects rated as having responded, after 76 weeks of maintenance treatment. A randomly selected 21-year-old woman with early-onset major depressive disorder in 1995 could expect future annual earnings that were 12%-18% lower than those of a randomly selected 21-year-old woman whose onset of major depressive disorder occurred after age 21 or not at all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early-onset major depressive disorder causes substantial human capital loss, particularly for women. Detection and effective treatment of early-onset major depressive disorder may have substantial economic benefits.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Koran
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gelenberg
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kornstein
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Trapp
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D019352:Censuses; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007099:Imipramine; D020280:Sertraline