title: Whiplash injuries: clinical picture and diagnostic work-up.
abstract: The term "whiplash" commonly refers to symptoms and signs associated with a mechanical event such as a sudden acceleration and deceleration of the neck (due, in the majority of cases, to a road accident), instead of to the mechanism itself. The recent Quebec Classification of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD) contributed to define nosographically all the clinical manifestations usually grouped under the terms acute/post-traumatic and late "syndrome". In the late phase of WAD, neck pain and neck muscle contraction have been reported in all cases, together with headache in over 50%. "Headache stemming from the neck", despite numerous attempts to classify this entity (i.e. cervicogenic headache) according to the IASP classification (headache associated with neck disorders), is still a subject of debate. An adequate multiparametric procedure is required to study WAD, which takes into account: the patient's principal details; an exact reconstruction of the event; description and analysis of the signs and symptoms, with various complications and correlated dysfunctions; an objective neurological and neck-shoulder examination; and a battery of complementary instrumental tests which are described in this study. These investigations include evaluation of muscle tension (manual palpation, algometry, EMG recording), kinematic analysis of the cervical spine, neuropsychological and psychological evaluation, and evaluation of disability. In order to assess cervical spine mobility in WAD patients, a 3D kinematic analysis by means of the ELITE system and clinical evaluation were performed in our setting. Seventy patients with whiplash injury and 46 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Patients were tested at the time of first consultation and again 6 months and 12 months later. Clinical evaluation of the range of motion was performed both in patients and in 41 healthy volunteers. Furthermore, patients diagnosed according to the WAD Classification as grade 2 (n = 68) or grade 3 (16) underwent a Quality of life (QoL) evaluation, measured using the short form (36-item) Health Survey (SF36) and the migraine-specific questionnaire (MSQ). According to our data, whiplash patients showed an impairment of cervical spine mobility, as well as a poor QoL, compared to a control group population, even though we observed a trend towards improvement over time in cervical ROM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Varese.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bono
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antonaci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghirmai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nappi
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology