title: The influence of reduced liver blood flow on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (rTFPI) has been shown to be an effective treatment in animal models of sepsis and is under investigation for human use. Reduced liver blood flow during septic shock may substantially alter the pharmacokinetics of rTFPI because clearance of rTFPI approaches liver blood flow. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of exercise-induced reduction in liver blood flow on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rTFPI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a two-way, open-label, randomized crossover study in eight healthy male volunteers. The subjects in both treatment groups received a continuous intravenous infusion of rTFPI (0.2 mg/kg/h) concurrently with intravenous sorbitol (50 mg/min) for 4 hours. Sorbitol was used as a biomarker for liver blood flow. The subjects were randomized to remain supine or to exercise on a bicycle ergometer for 30 minutes starting at the beginning of the third hour of the infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercise reduced liver blood flow (mean +/- SEM) from 1.44 +/- 0.06 L/min to 0.40 +/- 0.03 L/min. The average clearance of rTFPI decreased from 0.73 +/- 0.04 L/min in the supine position to 0.25 +/- 0.02 L/min during exercise. This decrease in rTFPI clearance resulted in an 80% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60% to 102%) increase in plasma rTFPI levels during exercise. The average maximal prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time values during exercise were 1.4 (95% CI, 0.4 to 2.5) and 4.4 (95% CI, 2.7 to 6.1) seconds higher compared with the supine steady-state level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction in liver blood flow by exercise markedly increased rTFPI concentrations and induced a slight but variable prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time increase at the rTFPI dose studied.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Drug Research, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. mk@CHDR.nl
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kemme
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burggraaf
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schoemaker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Lentjes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Braeckman
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012016:Reference Values; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000097:blood; D016683:Supine Position
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C051928:lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor; D013012:Sorbitol