title: Dietary supplements and physical exercise affecting bone and body composition in frail elderly persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the effect of enriched foods and all-around physical exercise on bone and body composition in frail elderly persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 17-week randomized, controlled intervention trial, following a 2 x 2 factorial design--(1) enriched foods, (2) exercise, (3) both, or (4) neither--was performed in 143 frail elderly persons (aged 78.6 +/- 5.6 years). Foods were enriched with multiple micronutrients; exercises focused on skill training, including strength, endurance, coordination, and flexibility. Main outcome parameters were bone and body composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercise preserved lean mass (mean difference between exercisers and non-exercisers: 0.5 kg +/- 1.2 kg; P < .02). Groups receiving enriched food had slightly increased bone mineral density (+0.4%), bone mass (+0.6%), and bone calcium (+0.6%) compared with groups receiving non-enriched foods, in whom small decreases of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%, respectively, were found. These groups differed in bone mineral density (0.006 +/- 0.020 g/cm2; P = .08), total bone mass (19 +/- g; P = .04), and bone calcium (8 +/- 21 g; P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foods containing a physiologic dose of micronutrients slightly increased bone density, mass, and calcium, whereas moderately intense exercise preserved lean body mass in frail elderly persons.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. nynke.dejong@staff.nutepi.wau.nl
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chin A Paw
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hiddink
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: van Staveren
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D015519:Bone Density; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009426:Netherlands; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients