title: Prevalence of antibodies to West Nile fever, sandfly fever Sicilian, and sandfly fever Naples viruses in healthy adults in Israel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The arbovirus infections West Nile fever (WNF) and sandfly fever (SFF) are both endemic in the Middle East. Despite the fact that the mosquito and sandfly vectors of these viruses are still found in Israel, SFF has not been reported since 1948, whereas outbreaks of WNF occur periodically. It is suspected that some of the cases of nonspecific febrile illnesses in Israel may in fact be either WNF or SFF.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent of past arbovirus infections in subgroups of Israeli soldiers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from random samples of three groups of healthy soldiers aged 18-20 (n=273), 21-30 (n=497), and 40-55 years (n=285) were examined for IgG and IgM antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV), sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), and sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV), using an ELISA method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of antibodies increased with age for all three viruses examined, and ranged from 7.0%, 0, and 2.8%, for WNV, SFSV, AND SFNV, respectively, in soldiers aged 18-20 years, to 41.9%, 23.7%, and 30.8%, in those aged 40-55 years. The percentage of seropositives for IgG who were also IgM positive were 1.0%, 5.9%, and 3.4%, for WNV, SFSV, AND SFNV, respectively. 17.5% of the seropositives for WNV were also positive for SFSV, as compared  with 5.7% among the WNV-seronegatives. Among the seropositives for WNV, 23.99% were positive for SFNV, compared with 9.1% of WNV seronegatives. 48.2% of seropositives for SFSV were positive for SFNV, as compared with 8.4% for SFSV-seronegatives. In the age agroup 40-55 years, there were significantly higher prevalence rates in those born in Israel compared with those born abroad.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is still significant exposure to WNV, SFSV, and SFNV in Israel. Arborviruses are probably responsible for many cases of non-specific febrile illness in this region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zaide
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karasenty
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: LeDuc
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Slepon
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ksiazek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shemer
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010217:Phlebotomus Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D016856:Phlebovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral