title: Characteristics of Caucasian type 2 diabetic patients during ketoacidosis and at follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse among adult Caucasian patients hospitalised for diabetic ketoacidosis the relative frequency of patients with type 2 diabetes and their characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of adult patients presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis was conducted between 1993 and 1996. Patients with typical type 1 diabetes were classified according to age of onset < 35 years, insulin-dependence and BMI < 25 kg/m2; patients who did not meet these criteria were further classified on the basis of a basal and stimulated C-peptide and the detection of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and to islet cells (ICA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  43 patients presenting with an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis were divided into two groups, A and B. Group A consisted of 19 patients, 17 patients classified as patients with typical type 1 diabetes and 2 patients with diabetes post-pancreatectomy. The other patients were the subjects of our study (group B; n = 20, 4 lost to follow-up). 13 patients (65% of group B = B I) were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (median basal C-peptide: 0.15 nmol/l) and 7 patients (35% of group B = B II) with type 2 diabetes (median basal C-peptide of 1 nmol/l). Higher body mass index (BMI), shorter duration of diabetes, smaller anion gap and worse glycaemic control were found to be significantly different between groups B I and II on admission (p < 0.05). After a median follow-up of 18 months, patients in group B II had a better metabolic control than those in B I and 5 of the 7 patients were treated without insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic ketoacidosis is more common than previously thought in patients with type 2 diabetes, occurring in 16% of all cases. Distinctive features at presentation are the degree of acidosis, the duration of diabetes, BMI and HbA1c. However, the basal plasma C-peptide value remains the best discriminating factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pitteloud
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Philippe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010180:Pancreatectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013557:Switzerland; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C024211:islet cell antibody