title: Vascular retinal abnormalities in neonates of mothers who smoked during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether maternal smoking during pregnancy causes retinal abnormalities in the newborn.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-two neonates of smoking mothers and 162 matched neonates of nonsmoking mothers (112 appropriate for gestational age [AGA], 30 small for gestational age [SGA], 20 large for gestational age [LGA] in each group) were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinal arterial narrowing and straightening (RANS) was observed in 52 and 10 eyes of the newborns of smoking and nonsmoking mothers, respectively (P <. 000001) in association with elevated blood pressure in the neonates. The frequency of RANS was more than 3-fold greater in the SGA neonates than in the AGA and LGA neonates of the smoking mothers. Retinal venous dilatation and tortuosity (RVDT) was found in 100 and 36 eyes of neonates of smoking and nonsmoking mothers, respectively (P <.000001). The frequency of RVDT in the SGA neonates of the smoking mothers was 2.5-fold and 4.2-fold greater than in the AGA infants and the LGA infants, respectively. Also, intraretinal hemorrhages were found in 61 and 31 eyes of neonates of smoking and nonsmoking mothers, respectively (P =.0007) in association with elevated hematocrit and RVDT, whereas no intraretinal hemorrhages were found when RANS was present. All retinal abnormalities resolved by 6 months in infants of smoking mothers and by 2 months in infants of nonsmoking mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes increased frequency of RANS, RVDT, and intraretinal hemorrhages; but these retinal abnormalities resolve by 6 months of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Ophthalmology, University of Patras Medical School, General University Hospital, Rion, Greece.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Beratis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varvarigou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katsibris
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gartaganis
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*