title: Gastrointestinal metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma: radiological and endoscopic studies of 11 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  From October 1990 to January 1999, 11 of 2237 hepatoma patients at our hospital had gastrointestinal tract metastasis. We describe the radiological and endoscopic features, clinical course and prognoses of those patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were male. Six patients were hepatitis B carriers, and cirrhosis was noted in eight patients on admission. We reviewed all available radiological, endoscopic and pathological features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The commonest clinical presentation was frank gastrointestinal bleeding. Histological proof of gastrointestinal involvement was seen in six patients. Endoscopic features included ulcerative tumours mimicking advanced gastric carcinoma (43%) and submucosal tumours (29%). The sites of organ involvement were stomach (five), duodenum (two), colon (three) and duodenum and colon (one). Direct invasion by a contiguous neoplasm was the major route of gastrointestinal tract metastasis. Portal vein thrombosis may be the key point of haematogenous spread to other sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis in these patients was extremely poor. Almost all patients died within 5 months if no further aggressive management was performed. Surgical intervention may be the optimal choice for palliative treatment of HCC with gastrointestinal tract involvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tseng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis