title: The cytokine hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor inhibits apoptosis and enhances DNA repair by a common mechanism involving signaling through phosphatidyl inositol 3' kinase.
abstract: Scatter factor (SF) [aka. hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)] (designated HGF/SF) is a multifunctional cytokine that stimulates tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis. We recently reported that HGF/SF protects epithelial and carcinoma cells against cytotoxicity from DNA-damaging agents and that HGF/SF-mediated cytoprotection was associated with up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL in cells exposed to adriamycin. We now report that in addition to blocking apoptosis, HGF/SF markedly enhances the repair of DNA strand breaks caused by adriamycin or gamma radiation. Constitutive expression of Bcl-XL in MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells not only simulated the HGF/SF-mediated chemoradioresistance, but also enhanced the repair of DNA strand breaks. The ability of HGF/SF to induce both chemoresistance and DNA repair was inhibited by wortmannin, suggesting that these activities of HGF/SF are due, in part, to a phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase (PI3K) dependent signaling pathway. Consistent with this finding, HGF/SF induced the phosphorylation of c-Akt (protein kinase-B), a PI3K substrate implicated in apoptosis inhibition; and an expression vector encoding a dominant negative kinase inactive Akt partially but significantly inhibited HGF/SF-mediated cell protection and DNA repair. These findings suggest that HGF/SF activates a cell survival and DNA repair pathway that involves signaling through PI3K and c-Akt and stabilization of the expression of Bcl-XL; and they implicate Bcl-XL in the DNA repair process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 11040, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R Q
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Laterra
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D004317:Doxorubicin; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D009153:Mutagens; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; C494918:AKT1 protein, human