title: Parameters of human immunodeficiency virus infection of human cervical tissue and inhibition by vaginal virucides.
abstract: Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most frequent mode of infection worldwide. However, the immediate events between exposure to infectious virus and establishment of infection are still poorly understood. This study investigates parameters of HIV infection of human female genital tissue in vitro using an explant culture model. In particular, we investigated the role of the epithelium and virucidal agents in protection against HIV infection. We have demonstrated that the major target cells of infection reside below the genital epithelium, and thus HIV must cross this barrier to establish infection. Immune activation enhanced HIV infection of such subepithelial cells. Furthermore, our data suggest that genital epithelial cells were not susceptible to HIV infection, appear to play no part in the transfer of infectious virus across the epithelium, and thus may provide a barrier to infection. In addition, experiments using a panel of virucidal agents demonstrated differential efficiency to block HIV infection of subepithelial cells from partial to complete inhibition. This is the first demonstration that virucidal agents designed for topical vaginal use block HIV infection of genital tissue. Such agents have major implications for world health, as they will provide women with a mechanism of personal and covert protection from HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greenhead
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shattock
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016764:Cell Polarity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006096:Gramicidin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D017137:Nonoxynol / Q000494:pharmacology; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology; D017697:Premenopause; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; C120231:PRO 2000; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D011108:Polymers; D006096:Gramicidin; D017137:Nonoxynol