title: Reducing stress responses in the pre-bypass phase of open heart surgery in infants and young children: a comparison of different fentanyl doses.
abstract: High-dose opioids are advocated for paediatric cardiac surgery to suppress stress responses but they can produce unwanted side effects. There are no data on the dose-dependent effects of opioids on the stress response on which to base rational opioid administration. We conducted a dose ranging study on 40 children less than 4 yr undergoing elective open heart surgery using one of five fentanyl doses: 2, 25, 50, 100 or 150 micrograms kg-1 before surgery. The standardized anaesthetic also included pancuronium and isoflurane. Blood samples were taken at induction, before incision, after sternotomy, immediately before, and at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients in the 2 micrograms kg-1 group had significant rises in prebypass glucose (P < 0.01), pre- and post-bypass cortisol (P < 0.01), and pre- and post-bypass norepinephrine (P < 0.01). No significant rise occurred in glucose, cortisol and catecholamines in any of the higher dosage groups. Patients in the 2 micrograms kg-1 group had significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure (P < 0.02) and heart rate (P < 0.04). A balanced anaesthetic containing fentanyl 25-50 micrograms kg-1 is sufficient to obtund haemodynamic and stress responses to the pre-bypass phase of surgery. Higher doses of fentanyl (100 and 150 micrograms kg-1) offer little advantage over 50 micrograms kg-1, and can necessitate intervention to prevent hypotension.
authors.affiliation: Royal Hospital for Sick Children, St Michael's Hill, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cloote
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pawade
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002395:Catecholamines; D009294:Narcotics; D005283:Fentanyl; D006854:Hydrocortisone