title: I4AA-Sensitive chloride current contributes to the center light responses of bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina.
abstract: Light-evoked currents in depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs and HBCs) were recorded under voltage-clamp conditions in living retinal slices of the larval tiger salamander. Responses to illumination at the center of the DBCs' and HBCs' receptive fields were mediated by two postsynaptic currents: DeltaI(C), a glutamate-gated cation current with a reversal potential near 0 mV, and DeltaI(Cl), a chloride current with a reversal potential near -60 mV. In DBCs DeltaI(C) was suppressed by L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4), and in HBCs it was suppressed by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX). In both DBCs and HBCs DeltaI(Cl) was suppressed by imidazole-4-acetic acid (I4AA), a GABA receptor agonist and GABA(C) receptor antagonist. In all DBCs and HBCs examined, 10 microM I4AA eliminated DeltaI(Cl) and the light-evoked current became predominately mediated by DeltaI(C). The addition of 20 microM L-AP4 to the DBCs or 50 microM DNQX to HBCs completely abolished DeltaI(C). Focal application of glutamate at the inner plexiform layer elicited chloride currents in bipolar cells by depolarizing amacrine cells that release GABA at synapses on bipolar cell axon terminals, and such glutamate-induced chloride currents in DBCs and HBCs could be reversibly blocked by 10 microM I4AA. These experiments suggest that the light-evoked, I4AA-sensitive chloride currents (DeltaI(Cl)) in DBCs and HBCs are mediated by narrow field GABAergic amacrine cells that activate GABA(C) receptors on bipolar cell axon terminals. Picrotoxin (200 microM) or (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-4yl) methyphosphinic acid (TPMPA) (2 other GABA(C) receptor antagonists) did not block (but enhanced and broadened) the light-evoked DeltaI(Cl), although they decreased the chloride current induced by puff application of GABA or glutamate. The light response of narrow field amacrine cells were not affected by I4AA, but were substantially enhanced and broadened by picrotoxin. These results suggest that there are at least two types of GABA(C) receptors in bipolar cells: one exhibits stronger I4AA sensitivity than the other, but both can be partially blocked by picrotoxin. The GABA receptors in narrow field amacrine cells are I4AA insensitive and picrotoxin sensitive. The light-evoked DeltaI(Cl) in bipolar cells are mediated by the more strongly I4AA-sensitive GABA(C) receptors. Picrotoxin, although acting as a partial GABA(C) receptor antagonist in bipolar cells, does not suppress DeltaI(Cl) because its presynaptic effects on amacrine cell light responses override its antagonistic postsynaptic actions.
authors.affiliation: Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Maple
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma; D000818:Animals; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000502:physiology; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006632:Histamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000187:drug effects; D010852:Picrotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018118:Chloride Channels; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D006632:Histamine; D007093:Imidazoles; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010852:Picrotoxin; C005954:imidazoleacetic acid