title: Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium deposits in coronary and extracoronary arterial beds may indicate the extent of atherosclerosis. However, the incremental predictive value of vascular calcification, beyond traditional coronary risk factors, is not clearly established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate risk factors for aortic arch calcification and its long-term association with cardiovascular diseases in a population-based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study conducted at a health maintenance organization in northern California.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60,393 women and 55,916 men, aged 30 to 89 years at baseline who attended multiphasic health checkups between 1964 and 1973 and for whom incidence of hospitalizations and/or mortality data were ascertained using discharge diagnosis codes and death records through December 31, 1997 (median follow-up, 28 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalization for or death due to coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, or peripheral vascular disease, as associated with aortic arch calcification found on chest radiograph at checkup from 1964-1973.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aortic arch calcification was present in 1.9% of men and 2.6% of women. It was independently associated with older age, no college education, current smoking, and hypertension in both sexes, but it was inversely related to body mass index and family history of myocardial infarction. In women, aortic arch calcification was also associated with black race and elevated serum cholesterol level. After adjustment for age, educational attainment, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, serum cholesterol level, hypertension, diabetes, and family history of myocardial infarction, aortic arch calcification was associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (in men, relative risk [RR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.45; in women, RR, 1. 22; 95% CI, 1.07-1.38). Among women, it was also independently associated with a 1.46-fold increased risk of ischemic stroke (95% CI, 1.28-1.67).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our population-based cohort, aortic arch calcification was independently related to coronary heart disease risk in both sexes as well as to ischemic stroke risk in women. JAMA. 2000;283:2810-2815
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, 3505 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94611. cgi@dor.kaiser.org
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sternfeld
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Browner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology*; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology