title: Rearing experiences and stress-induced plasma cortisol as early risk factors for excessive alcohol consumption in nonhuman primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of early rearing and stress-induced rise of plasma cortisol collected during infancy as a biological predictors of adult alcohol consumption in nonhuman primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven female and male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were investigated. They were reared for their first 6 months of life either without mothers or other adults but with constant access to same-aged peers (peer-reared), or as controls with their mothers (mother-reared). When subjects reached 6 months of age, they underwent a series of four sequential weeks of 4-day social separations. Blood was drawn 1 and 2 hr after initiation of the 4-day separation periods, and the plasma was assayed for plasma cortisol concentrations. When the subjects were young adults (approximately 50 months of age), they were tested for voluntary intake of alcohol for 1 hr per day, 4 days a week, during a period of 5 to 7 weeks under normal living conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The social separation challenge increased infant plasma cortisol concentrations, with peer-reared subjects exhibiting higher stress-induced cortisol concentrations than mother-reared animals. Subjects that responded to the social separation challenge with high cortisol levels consumed significantly more alcohol per kilogram of body weight as adults than subjects with a low cortisol response to the separation challenge, regardless of rearing condition. In addition, male and peer-reared subjects consumed significantly more alcohol than female and mother-reared subjects, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that early rearing experiences, such as adult absence, and high plasma cortisol concentrations early in life after a social separation stressor, are useful psychobiological predictors of future high alcohol consumption among nonhuman primates.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Studies-Primate Unit, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. claudia.fahlke@psy.gu.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fahlke
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Champoux
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Suomi
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Higley
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006854:Hydrocortisone