title: Electronic activity-monitor-derived sleeping and awake times and diurnal variation of blood pressure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Results of a number of studies have indicated that target-organ damage is more pronounced in non-dippers, those in whom the blood pressure falls by less than 10% with the onset of sleep, than it is in dippers with comparable clinic blood pressures. However, the standard use of arbitrarily defined daytime and night-time periods, rather than precise estimates of sleeping time and awake time, could limit the accuracy of estimates of diurnal variation of blood pressure and hence of dipping status.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study of 102 consecutive patients undergoing ambulatory blood pressure monitoring we compared activity-derived estimates of sleeping and awake blood pressures using electronic activity monitoring and diary records with estimates determined using pre-defined day and night-time periods. The dipping/non-dipping status of each subject was assessed using these three different techniques for defining the awake/asleep time periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sleeping/awake times based on the activity monitor, diary and default data were 2356 h+/-55 min/0754 h+/-50 min, 2326 h+/-61 min/0722 h+/-72 min and 2300 h and 0700 h respectively. The percentage systolic/diastolic falls in blood pressure were 18+/-6/18+/-7% with six non-dippers (activity-monitor-derived data), 16+/-6/17+/-8% and 12 non-dippers (diary data) and 13+/-7/15+/-7% and 21 non-dippers (using the pre-set daytime and night-time periods).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study demonstrate that the extent of the diurnal variation in blood pressure (and hence dipping status) can differ depending on the technique used to define periods of wakefulness and sleep.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. oshea002@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology