title: Homozygosity for a HERG potassium channel mutation causes a severe form of long QT syndrome: identification of an apparent founder mutation in the Finns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the clinical characteristics and molecular background underlying a severe phenotype of long QT syndrome (LQTS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mutations of cardiac ion channel genes cause LQTS, manifesting as increased risk of ventricular tachycardia and sudden death.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied two siblings showing prolonged QT intervals corrected for heart rate (QTc), their asymptomatic parents with only marginally prolonged QTc intervals and their family members. The potassium channel gene HERG was screened for mutations by deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing, and the electrophysiologic consequences of the mutation were studied in vitro using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel missense mutation (L552S) in the HERG channel, present in the homozygous state in the affected siblings and in the heterozygous state in their parents, as well as in 38 additional subjects from six LQTS families, was identified. One of the homozygous siblings had 2:1 atrioventricular block immediately after birth, and died at the age of four years after experiencing unexplained hypoglycemia. The other sibling had an episode of torsade de pointes at the age of two years. The mean QTc interval differed significantly (p < 0.001) between heterozygous symptomatic mutation carriers (500 +/- 59 ms), asymptomatic mutation carriers (452 +/- 34 ms) and noncarriers (412 +/- 23 ms). When expressed in vitro, the HERG-L552S formed functional channels with increased activation and deactivation rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that homozygosity for a HERG mutation can cause a severe cardiac repolarization disorder without other phenotypic abnormalities. Absence of functional HERG channels appears to be one cause for intrauterine and neonatal bradycardia and 2:1 atrioventricular block.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Piippo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toivonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitasalo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pasternack
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirvelä
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sajantila
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontula
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D002648:Child; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics*; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015534:Trans-Activators; D000071230:Transcriptional Regulator ERG
chemical_list: D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C072312:ERG protein, human; D000072237:ERG1 Potassium Channel; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; C000606913:KCNH2 protein, human; C092509:KCNH6 protein, human; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D015534:Trans-Activators; D000071230:Transcriptional Regulator ERG