title: Dietary calcium supplementation increases apoptosis in the distal murine colonic epithelium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased dietary calcium might reduce colorectal cancer risk, possibly by reduction of colonic epithelial hyperproliferation, but not all studies have demonstrated this. Little is known about the effects of calcium on colonic apoptosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the effects of increasing calcium on apoptosis and cell proliferation in normal murine colonic crypt epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty one day old male C57B1/6 mice were fed either control AIN-76 diet (0.5% calcium wt/wt; n = 10) or the same supplemented with calcium carbonate (1.0% calcium; n = 10) for 12 weeks. Apoptotic cells in proximal and distal segments were counted and expressed as an apoptotic index (AI: frequency of apoptosis/100 longitudinal crypts). The bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling index was also determined. Differences were analysed by the student's t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control animals, the AI was significantly higher in the caecum/proximal colon (mean, 28.6; SEM, 2.0) compared with the distal colon (mean, 19.9; SEM, 1.8; p = 0.004). In the calcium treated group, the AI in the caecum/proximal colon (mean, 30.6; SEM, 1.7) was similar to controls (p = 0.71) but the AI in the distal colon was significantly greater (mean, 32.6; SEM, 1.8; p = 0.001) than in control mice and was raised to values similar to those in the proximal colon. Calcium was also associated with reduced crypt cellularity and, in the proximal colon, a downward shift in the crypt position at which apoptosis occurred. There were no significant differences in the BrdU labelling index between groups or between proximal and distal colonic segments in each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased dietary calcium is associated with the induction of apoptosis in normal mouse distal colonic epithelium without affecting cell proliferation. This might contribute to its putative chemopreventive role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Whether this effect is direct or indirect requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK. i.penman@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Penman
authors.forename: Q L
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arends
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine