title: Analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as dose-reducing agents for classical immunosuppressants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most immunosuppressants have a narrow margin between efficacy and side effects. A major goal in the development of immunomodulatory strategies is the discovery of combinations of drugs exerting synergistic immunomodulatory effects. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, is an immunomodulator that interacts with T cells but mainly targets antigen-presenting cells. We have demonstrated synergism between 1,25(OH)2D3 and cyclosporine, rapamycin, and FK506. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this synergism could be observed with other immunosuppressants (mycophenolate mofetil, leflunomide, and the methylxanthine A802715) and whether analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 share this synergistic capacity in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro, the median effect analysis was applied to the inhibition of phytohemagglutinin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation. In vivo, synergism between analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 and cyclosporine or mycophenolate mofetil was evaluated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, all combinations with 1,25(OH)2D3 were synergistic. The strongest synergism was seen with the inhibitors of interleukin 2 secretion, cyclosporine and FK506 (indexes 0.16 and 0.27, respectively). The weakest synergism was observed in combinations using A802715, a second-signal inhibitor (index 0.52), or the nucleotide synthesis inhibitor mycophenolate mofetil (index 0.43). In vivo, analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 share the in vitro-observed synergism with 1,25(OH)2D3. Moreover, the differences in synergism with different immunomodulators were also present in vivo, where the best synergism was again seen in combination with cyclosporine (up to 100% paralysis protection).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm that 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs are potent dose-reducing drugs for other immunomodulators, making them potentially interesting for clinical use in autoimmunity and transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Etten
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Branisteanu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verstuyf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mathieu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D002117:Calcitriol; D002118:Calcium