title: Effects of dopamine and epinephrine infusions on renal hemodynamics in severe malaria and severe sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare the effects of dopamine and epinephrine in various doses on renal hemodynamics and oxygen transport in patients with severe malaria and severe sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled, crossover trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intensive care unit of an infectious diseases hospital in Viet Nam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with severe falciparum malaria and five with severe sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an open, crossover design, we observed the effects on renal and systemic hemodynamics and oxygen transport of separate stepped infusions of epinephrine and dopamine. We measured renal blood flow (RBF) and cardiac output by the thermodilution method using fluoroscopically guided catheters. Creatinine clearance at each time point was calculated from the renal plasma flow and the renal arteriovenous difference in plasma creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dopamine at a "renal" dose (2.5 microg/kg/min) was associated with a mean (95% confidence interval) fractional increase in the absolute renal blood flow index (RBFI) of 37% (13% to 61%) and in RBF as a fraction of cardiac output (RBF/CO) of 35% (10% to 59%; p = .007 and p = .014, respectively). The consequent 39% (14% to 64%) increase in renal oxygen supply (p = .002) was accompanied by a 32% (20% to 44%) decrease in the renal oxygen extraction ratio (p = .0003), leading to no net change in renal oxygen consumption. At higher doses (10 microg/kg/min), both RBF and RBF/CO were not significantly different from baseline values and decreased further as the dose was reduced again. There was no obvious explanation for this hysteresis. There was no change in renal oxygen consumption throughout the study. Because lactic acidosis developed, epinephrine was only given to eight of the 19 patients, and the full stepped epinephrine infusion was given to four patients. Epinephrine infusion was associated, both in absolute terms and when compared with dopamine, with a significant increase in renal vascular resistance (p = .0008 and .0005, respectively), a decrease in RBF/CO (p = .002 and .03), and a compensatory increase in the renal oxygen extraction ratio (p = .005 and .0001). RBFI and renal oxygen consumption remained constant throughout the epinephrine infusion profile. Neither epinephrine nor dopamine significantly affected creatinine clearance or urine output. Twelve patients (63%) were in established renal failure (plasma creatinine, >3 mg/dL) at the time of the study, although the presence or absence of renal failure did not significantly influence the effects of the study drugs. However, overall, the presence of renal failure was associated with a lower mean renal oxygen consumption, a lower mean renal oxygen consumption as a fraction of systemic oxygen consumption, and a higher mean renal vascular resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although dopamine increased and epinephrine decreased fractional renal blood flow, there was no evidence that either drug produced either a beneficial or a deleterious effect on renal oxygen metabolism or function at any of the doses investigated.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Phu
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Bethell
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Loc
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Chuong
authors.forename: D X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Sinh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haywood
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hien
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003422:Critical Care; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004298:Dopamine; D004837:Epinephrine