title: Brain chirps: spectrographic signatures of epileptic seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A chirp is a brief signal within which the frequency content changes rapidly. Spectrographic chirps are found in signals produced from many biological and physical phenomena. In radar and sonar engineering, signals with chirps are used to localize direction and range to the signal source. Although characteristic frequency changes during epileptic seizures have long been observed, the correlation with chirps and chirp technology seems never to have been made.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 19404 s (1870 s of which were from 43 seizures) of intracranially (subdural and depth electrode) recorded digital EEG from 6 patients for the presence of spectral chirps. Matched filters were constructed from methods in routine use in non-medical signal processing applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that chirps are very sensitive detectors of seizures (83%), and highly specific as markers (no false positive detections). The feasibility of using spectral chirps as matched filters was demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chirps are highly specific and sensitive spectrographic signatures of epileptic seizure activity. In addition, chirps may serve as templates for matched filter design to detect seizures, and as such, can demonstrate localization and propagation of seizures from an epileptic focus.
authors.affiliation: Krsasnow Institute and Department of Psychology, George Mason University, VA 22030, Fairfax, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colella
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Jacyna
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Creekmore
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozek-Kuzmicki
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benke
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conry
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019579:Neocortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology*