title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and membrane type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP) in human head and neck cancer cells.
abstract: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but the mechanism of their regulation is not clearly understood. Recently, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been shown to be associated with cancer invasion and metastasis. We hypothesized that GM-CSF may upregulate MMP-2 and/or MT1-MMP expression in HNSCC cells, and may thereby influence their ability to invade and metastasize. We studied the effects of GM-CSF on the production of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP in HNSCC cell lines SAS and HSC-2. Gelatin zymography of conditioned media derived from HNSCC cells revealed a major band of 68 kDa, which was characterized as proMMP-2. GM-CSF stimulated the production of proMMP-2 in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with 50 ng/ml GM-CSF for 24 h increased the proMMP-2 activity 3.4-fold in SAS cells and 2.3-fold in HSC-2 cells compared with untreated controls. Northern blot analyses demonstrated that GM-CSF led to elevated mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP in both cell lines. The results identify GM-CSF as a regulator of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP expression in certain types of HNSCC, and suggest that GM-CSF may contribute to the invasiveness of HNSCC through the regulation of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tokumaru
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imanishi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanke
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanzaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kameyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Otani
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D016187:Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000032:analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016187:Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2