title: Effect of central 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion on inter-temporal choice: a quantitative analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been proposed that the ascending 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (5-HTergic) pathways are involved in "impulse control". Previous experiments have shown that rats whose 5-HTergic pathways have been destroyed are more liable than intact rats to select a smaller, immediate reinforcer rather than a larger, delayed reinforcer (impulsive choice). However, it remains unclear whether this effect of central 5-HT depletion reflects a change in the rate of time discounting (i.e. a change in the rate at which reinforcers become devalued as a function of delay) or a change in sensitivity to reinforcer size.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effect of central 5-HT depletion on time discounting using a quantitative model of inter-temporal choice (multiplicative hyperbolic model), which enables effects on time discounting to be differentiated from effects on sensitivity to reinforcer size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats received injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the dorsal and median raphe nuclei or sham lesions. They were trained to press two levers for food-pellet reinforcers in a discrete-trials adjusting-delay schedule. In free-choice trials, selection of lever A resulted in a brief fixed delay (dA) followed by delivery of one pellet; selection of lever B resulted in a longer variable delay (dB) followed by delivery of two pellets; dB was adjusted in accordance with the subject's choices. The value of dA was varied (0.5-8.0 s) in successive phases of the experiment, and the indifference value of dB was determined in each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, the indifference value of dB was linearly related to the value of dA, in accordance with the multiplicative hyperbolic model. The lesioned group showed shorter indifference delays than the sham-lesioned group, this being reflected in a parallel displacement of the linear indifference function. In both experiments, the levels of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid were reduced in the brains of the lesioned rats, but the levels of noradrenaline and dopamine were not altered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the multiplicative hyperbolic model, parallel displacement of the linear indifference function uniquely specifies a change in time discounting. Thus these results indicate that central 5-HT depletion results in an increase in the rate of time discounting for food reinforcers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mobini
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Ruwaitea
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szabadi
mesh_terms: D015116:5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018490:Serotonin Agents
chemical_list: D018490:Serotonin Agents; D015116:5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine; D012701:Serotonin; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine