title: Descriptive epidemiology of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Shanghai, China, from 1980 to 1989.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL+/- CP) in an Asian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birth prevalence was assessed in a large birth series in Shanghai, China. A 1:3 sex-age-hospital matched case-control design was used to assess the effects of parental ages and pregnancy history on risk of CL+/- CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of live births from 1980 to 1989 in 22 hospitals in Shanghai, China, were reviewed, comprising 541,504 consecutive births, which is by far the largest such Chinese sample ever investigated. The case-control study included 528 (308 male, 220 female) nonsyndromic CL+/- CP cases and 1,563 (912 male, 651 female) controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1980 to 1989, the overall birth prevalence was 1.2 per 1,000 live births with statistically significant seasonal variation (more CL+/- CP births in January to July). The overall male:female ratio was 1.40:1. For males, statistically significant associations were identified with maternal age for the most severe clefts (bilateral overall, and also bilateral CL+CP subgroup). For females, statistically significant association was shown for pregnancy age with birth order (overall and in most subgroups).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The birth prevalence of CL+/- CP in this Asian population was similar to published Caucasian rates. The observed seasonal variation would be consistent with possible environmental factors. Significant associations with maternal age, pregnancy age, and birth order warrant additional study of pregnancy history in Asian CL+/- CP.
authors.affiliation: Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261-1931, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melnick
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marazita
mesh_terms: D001722:Birth Order; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013577:Syndrome; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*