title: [Reconstructive surgery of the mitral and tricuspid valves with a Cosgrove-Edwards flexible ring].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitral and tricuspid valve asymmetric annular dilation represents the most important mechanism which produces insufficiency. Recent computerized in vitro and in vivo three-dimensional models have been developed in order to better understand the competing factors (annular dilation, displacement of papillary muscles, left and right ventricular geometry). The leading cause of mitral and tricuspid competence is a sphincteric action of both annuli, during systole and diastole, the loss of which produces asymmetric dilation and therefore the absence of cusp coaptation. The Cosgrove-Edwards dynamic ring corrects, alone or in combination with other procedures on the valves, this patho-anatomic feature in a physiological way by restoring the normal annular dimensions and the sphincteric movements during the cardiac cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 1998 and May 1999, 30 adult patients underwent mitral (n = 20, Group I) or tricuspid valve repair (n = 10, Group II). Regurgitation was due to a degenerative disease in 13 Group I patients and to ischemic (n = 3), congenital (n = 2) or dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 2) in the others. In Group II the leading cause of insufficiency was functional regurgitation in 7 patients and organic in 3. Associated procedures were carried out in 4 Group I patients and in all Group II patients. Regurgitation was evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography before, during and 3 months after operation. The maximal regurgitant area (MRA) and the grade of insufficiency were evaluated using the equation: MRA < 2 cm2 = grade 0, MRA > 2 < 4 cm2 = 1+, MRA > 4 < 7 cm2 = grade 2+, MRA > 7 < 10 cm2 = 3+, MRA > 10 cm2 = 4+.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operative mortality was 0%. One Group I patient died 3 months after operation due to bronchopneumonia. No patient was reoperated on for plasty failure in both groups during the follow-up. Mitral insufficiency was absent (grade 0) in 17 Group I patients and mild (grade 1+) in 3 at the end of operation. At 3-month postoperative transesophageal echocardiographic control mitral insufficiency was absent in 14 patients, mild (1+) in 4 and moderate (2+) in 2. MRA was 3 cm2 in the 2 patients operated on for dilated cardiomyopathy and < 3 cm2 in the others. Preoperative tricuspid insufficiency of grade 4+ in all Group II patients became absent in 9 of them either at the end of operation or at 3-month postoperative control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Cosgrove-Edwards dynamic ring as isolated device or in combination with other plasty mitral or tricuspid procedures is a safe, simple, and reproducible method to restore the distorted motion of valvular annuli. It preserves the sphincteric mechanism of the valve and allows for the coaptation of cusps. Although in a small number of patients and for a short period of follow-up our experience corroborates what other more consistent series of patients operated on have shown.
authors.affiliation: Unità Funzionale di Cardiochirurgia, Casa di Cura Villa Torri, Clinica Accreditata, Bologna.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pantani
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lusa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nuti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bongiovanni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Biasi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pigini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palmisano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery