title: The effects of plasma fentanyl concentrations on propofol requirement, emergence from anesthesia, and postoperative analgesia in propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia.
abstract: To determine the effects of plasma fentanyl concentrations on intraoperative propofol requirements, emergence from anesthesia, and relief of postoperative pain, we studied 60 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing spine fusion. The patients were randomly assigned to four study groups according to the expected intraoperative plasma fentanyl concentrations. Group I received an infusion of saline, and Groups II, III, and IV received fentanyl infusions to maintain the blood levels at 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 ng/mL, respectively. An infusion rate of propofol was adjusted to keep the mean arterial pressure within 15% of the control value. Inspired nitrous oxide concentrations were maintained at 67%. The following were investigated in each group: 1) an average propofol infusion rate, 2) time to spontaneous eye opening and recovery of orientation (name, date, and place), and 3) total dose of fentanyl used for 24 h after admission to the postanesthetic care unit. Average propofol infusion rates were 10.1 +/- 2.5 (mean +/- SD), 7.5 +/- 1.2, 5.7 +/- 1.1, and 4.9 +/- 1.2 mg. kg(-1). h(-1), in Groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Groups receiving fentanyl infusion had significantly smaller infusion rates of propofol (P < 0.01) than the group receiving saline. Among the three fentanyl infusion groups, Group II (P < 0.01) had more than Groups III and IV. The time to spontaneous eye opening and the recovery of orientation were directly related to plasma fentanyl concentrations. The plasma fentanyl levels between Groups III and IV were the same. The total amount of IV patient-controlled analgesia fentanyl during postoperative 24 h increased significantly when the order of plasma fentanyl concentrations was reversed, 913.1 +/- 58.4, 553.4 +/- 129, 222.7 +/- 73.4, and 135.1 +/- 69.5 microg in Groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. These results suggest that the addition of fentanyl infusions had ceiling effects that reduce the intraoperative propofol requirements according to the plasma fentanyl concentrations. The ceiling effect was demonstrated in the recovery of consciousness but not in the fentanyl requirements for postoperative analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of fentanyl, a potent opioid, reduced the intraoperative requirement of propofol, an IV anesthetic, in the order of the plasma fentanyl concentrations. The ceiling effects of fentanyl were demonstrated in the reduction of propofol requirements and recovery of consciousness but not in the fentanyl requirements for postoperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Samsung Medical Center, SungKyunKwon University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. athan@samsung.co.kr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kil
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inagaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol