title: Management of patients with Bacilli Calmette-Guérin-refractory carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: cost implications of a clinical trial for valrubicin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to identify the expected first- and second-year clinical costs associated with intravesical valrubicin therapy, using a decision analytic model, for patients with Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-refractory carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cancer of the urinary bladder is the fourth most common malignancy in men and the sixth most common noncutaneous carcinoma overall. One histopathologic stage of bladder cancer is CIS, for which BCG intravesical immunotherapy is the first-line therapy. Radical cystectomy has been recommended for patients with CIS who do not respond to or become refractory to therapy with BCG. Surgery, however, may not be appropriate for all patients, especially those who are ineligible for the lengthy procedure because of advanced age or comorbidities and those who prefer alternative nonsurgical management. For these groups, intravesical valrubicin therapy is a plausible alternative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Models were developed and populated with data from 1 open-label study of 90 patients, information from the medical literature, and input from clinical experts. The analysis was conducted from the payor perspective for direct costs only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data indicate that first- and second-year expected costs for valrubicin therapy are $19,912 and $23,496, respectively. Expected cost for radical cystectomy was also evaluated, since some patients may have no other option if drug therapy fails.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our cost-consequence analysis and clinical data provide decision-makers with tools to aid in global budgetary projections of fractional and total expected health care costs associated with the management BCG-refractory CIS of the urinary bladder.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magar
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Lamm
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Schellhammer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Erwin-Toth
mesh_terms: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000191:economics; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D018803:Models, Economic; D001743:Urinary Bladder; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; C016163:valrubicin; D004317:Doxorubicin