title: Urokinase cisternal irrigation therapy for prevention of symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a study of urokinase concentration and the fibrinolytic system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cisternal irrigation therapy with urokinase (UK) was performed in multiple institutions to prevent symptomatic vasospasm. The efficacy and safety of this therapy were evaluated, and the optimal concentration of UK was estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  This therapy was performed in 28 patients who underwent surgery within 72 hours of the onset of severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (Fisher's group 3, CT number [Hounsfield units] >60). After the aneurysm was clipped, irrigation tubes were placed in the Sylvian fissure (inlet) unilaterally and in the prepontine or chiasmatic cistern (outlet). Lactated Ringer's solution with UK (30, 60, or 120 IU/mL) was infused at a rate of 30 mL/h. The presence of symptomatic vasospasm was evaluated by changes in the clinical symptoms and the presence of a new low-density area on CT scan. Drained irrigation fluid and peripheral blood were examined chronologically to evaluate the fibrinolytic system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptomatic vasospasm was observed transiently in 3 cases (10.7%) without any low-density area on CT scan. In the 120-IU/mL group, no symptomatic vasospasm occurred. Analysis of drainage fluid suggested that UK 120 IU/mL is effective. The mean values of total drained blood volume for the respective groups were as follows: 58 mL in 30 IU/mL, 106 mL in 60 IU/mL, and 143 mL in 120 IU/mL. No abnormal changes were observed in the coagulative and fibrinolytic systems after UK irrigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that cisternal irrigation therapy with UK is safe and effective for the prevention of symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical School, Japan. tsasaki@fmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Asari
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onuma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002946:Cisterna Magna; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012449:Safety; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator