title: Visualizing muscle cell migration in situ.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell migration has been studied extensively by manipulating and observing cells bathed in putative chemotactic or chemokinetic agents on planar substrates. This environment differs from that in vivo and, consequently, the cells can behave abnormally. Embryo slices provide an optically accessible system for studying cellular navigation pathways during development. We extended this system to observe the migration of muscle precursors from the somite into the forelimb, their cellular morphology, and the localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged adhesion-related molecules under normal and perturbed conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle precursors initiated migration synchronously and migrated in broad, rather than highly defined, regions. Bursts of directed migration were followed by periods of meandering or extension and retraction of cell protrusions. Although paxillin did not localize to discernible intracellular structures, we found that alpha-actinin localized to linear, punctate structures, and the alpha5 integrin to some focal complexes and/or vesicle-like concentrations. Alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules inhibited migration. The muscle precursors migrating in situ formed unusually large, long-lived protrusions that were polarized in the direction of migration. Unlike wild-type Rac, a constitutively active Rac localized continuously around the cell surface and promoted random protrusive activity and migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observation of cellular migration and the dynamics of molecular organization at high temporal and spatial resolution in situ is feasible. Migration from the somite to the wing bud is discontinuous and not highly stereotyped. In situ, local activation of Rac appears to produce large protrusions, which in turn, leads to directed migration. Adhesion can also regulate migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laukaitis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hotchin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edlund
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Horwitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002465:Cell Movement; D002642:Chick Embryo; D046508:Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D024510:Muscle Development; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019170:Somites / Q000166:cytology; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein