title: X-rays vs. carbon-ion tumor therapy: cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from cancer patients treated with X-rays or carbon ions (C-ions).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from patients diagnosed for esophageal or uterine cervical cancer were obtained before, during, and at the end of the radiation treatment. The novel technique of interphase chromosome painting was used to detect aberrations in prematurely condensed chromosomes 2 and 4. The fraction of aberrant lymphocytes was measured as a function of the dose to the tumor volume. For comparison, blood samples were also exposed in vitro to X-rays or to carbon ions accelerated at the HIMAC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C-ions were more efficient than X-rays in the induction of chromosomal aberrations in vitro. In patients with similar pathologies, tumor positions, and radiation field sizes, however, C-ions induced a lower fraction of aberrant lymphocytes than X-rays during the treatment. The initial slope of the dose-response curve for the induction of chromosomal aberrations during the treatment was correlated to the relative decrease in the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes during the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C-ions induce a lower level of cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes than X-rays, reducing the risk of bone marrow morbidity.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan. durante@na.infn.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durante
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Furusawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawata
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Majima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsujii
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D020223:Chromosome Painting; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes