title: PPAR-gamma is selectively upregulated in Caco-2 cells by butyrate.
abstract: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma is a nuclear lipid-activable receptor controlling the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. In order to investigate the possible role of PPAR-gamma in the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells, we examined its expression in the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2, which undergoes rapid cell differentiation in the presence of butyrate. PPARs were quantified on mRNA level by RT competitive multiplex PCR, the corresponding proteins were determined by Western blot. In contrast to PPAR-alpha and PPAR-beta, PPAR-gamma mRNA and protein increased significantly in butyrate-treated Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was butyrate-specific, since no change in PPAR-gamma expression could be observed after incubation with propionate or valerate. Activation of PPAR-gamma by ciglitazone further increased butyrate-induced cell differentiation dose-dependently. These data demonstrate a role for PPAR-gamma in the regulation of cell differentiation in Caco-2 cells.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Medicine, J. W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, 60590, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wächtershäuser
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Loitsch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010421:Pentanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D002087:Butyrates; D010421:Pentanoic Acids; D011422:Propionates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; C038780:n-pentanoic acid; C029658:propionic acid; D015230:Prostaglandin D2; C039671:ciglitazone