title: Increased levels of leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA in muscular dystrophy and human muscle trauma.
abstract: Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is an important muscle trauma factor both after crush injury and in the mdx mouse dystrophy model. It is important to establish which growth factors have a role in human muscle regeneration due to potential clinical therapeutic applications. As there is limited information concerning LIF expression in human muscle, we investigated the relative levels of LIF messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in human muscle injury. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase followed by polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify LIF message. We found that although LIF mRNA is expressed in low levels in control muscle, a sevenfold increase occurred after orthopedic muscle trauma and a marked 19-fold increase in dystrophic muscle (P < 0.002). These results indicate that LIF mRNA is upregulated in surgical and especially medical muscle injury with repeated myonecrosis. Muscle growth factors such as LIF may assist in future muscle rehabilitation after injury.
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Neuromuscular Institute, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria, Australia. sreardon@bigpond.com.au
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kapsa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kornberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D015850:Interleukin-6; C507837:LIF protein, human; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; C507838:Lif protein, mouse; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases