title: Prevalence of transmitted nucleoside analogue-resistant HIV-1 strains and pre-existing mutations in pol reverse transcriptase and protease region: outcome after treatment in recently infected individuals.
abstract: We retrospectively studied 38 Italian recently HIV-1-infected subjects who seroconverted from 1994 to 1997 to investigate: (i) the prevalence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)-related mutations at primary infection; (ii) the proportion of naturally occurring mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease regions of patients naive for non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs); (iii) the drug-susceptibility to NRTIs and PIs in subjects with NRTI- and/or PI-related mutations; and (iv) the outcome of seroconverters treated with various NRTIs or NRTI/PI regimens. Baseline HIV-1 plasma viraemia and absolute CD4 count at baseline could not be used to distinguish patients with NRTI- and/or PI-related pre-existing mutations from those with wild-type virus (P = 0.693 and P = 0.542, respectively). The frequency of zidovudine-related mutations was 21% in the study period. The response to treatment was not significantly different in subjects with or without genotypic zidovudine-related mutations at primary infection (P = 0.744 for HIV-1 RNA and P = 0.102 for CD4 cells). Some natural variation (2.6%) was present within regions 98-108 and 179-190 of RT involved in NNRTI resistance. The high natural polymorphism in the protease region present in our patients was similar to that reported by others. In our study some PI-associated substitutions, thought to be compensatory in protease enzymatic function, could confer intermediate to high PI-resistance. As discrepancies between genotypic and phenotypic results may exist in recent seroconverters, our data suggest that the role of transmitted NRTI- and PI-resistant variants remain to be fully elucidated in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Italy. Claudia.Balotta@unimi.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balotta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berlusconi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Violin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Papagno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corvasce
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazzucchelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Facchi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Velleca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saporetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rusconi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moroni
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015684:Gene Products, pol / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015684:Gene Products, pol; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine; D019469:Indinavir; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease; D019438:Ritonavir