title: Physical and sexual abuse in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: increased illness and health care utilization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A history of physical or sexual abuse is associated with increased health care utilization and possibly an increase in illness based largely on self-reported data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether victimization experience is associated with increases in documented medical disease and health care utilization among women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed and reviewed medical record data of 50 women seeking initial primary care for HIV infection at 2 urban hospitals. Women with and without a history of physical and sexual abuse were compared. Using multiple regression analysis, 2 periods were examined: entire life before study entry and the subsequent 2 years. The characteristics examined included episodic disease, chronic disease, sexually transmitted disease, chronic pain syndrome, opportunistic infections, obstetrical history, and number of injuries, surgical procedures, hospitalizations, ambulatory care visits, and emergency department visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence of physical or sexual abuse was found in 34 (68%) of the 50 women, of whom 16 (32%) did not disclose during the interview that they were abused. At entry, the rates of episodic disease, chronic pain syndrome, and sexually transmitted disease were greater among those women with histories of abuse. At 2 years, episodic disease, chronic disease, injuries, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations were all more likely in abused women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical and sexual abuse are common and associated with increased medical disease and health care utilization among HIV-infected women.
authors.affiliation: Clinical AIDS Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Mass 02118, USA. jliebs@bu.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liebschutz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feinman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010808:Physical Examination; D015995:Prevalence; D012237:Rhode Island / Q000453:epidemiology; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014932:Women's Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*