title: Ascending spinal systems in the fish, Prionotus carolinus.
abstract: The fin rays of the pectoral fin of the sea robins (teleostei) are specialized chemosensory organs heavily invested with solitary chemoreceptor cells innervated only by spinal nerves. The rostral spinal cord of these animals is marked by accessory spinal lobes which are unique enlargements of the dorsal horn of the rostral spinal segments receiving input from the fin ray nerves. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 1,1;-dioctadecyl-3,3,3', 3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (diI) were used as anterograde and retrograde tracers to examine the connectivity of these accessory lobes and the associated ascending spinal systems in the sea robin, Prionotus carolinus. The majority of dorsal root fibers terminate within the accessory lobes at or nearby their level of entrance into the spinal cord. A few dorsal root axons turn rostrally in the dorsolateral fasciculus to terminate in the lateral funicular complex situated at the spinomedullary junction. The lateral funicular complex also receives a heavy projection from the ipsilateral accessory lobes. In addition, it contains a few large neurons that project back onto the accessory lobes. Injections of either diI or HRP into the lateral funicular complex label fibers of the medial lemniscus which crosses the midline in the caudal medulla to ascend along the ventral margin of the contralateral rhombencephalon. Within the medulla, fibers leave the medial lemniscus to terminate in the inferior olive and in the ventrolateral medullary reticular formation. Upon reaching the midbrain, the medial lemniscus turns dorsally to terminate heavily in a lateral division of the torus semicircularis, in the ventral optic tectum, and in the lateral subnucleus of the nuc. preglomerulosus of the thalamus. Lesser projections also reach the posterior periventricular portion of the posterior tubercle with a few fibers terminating along the ventral, posterior margin of the ventromedial (VM) nucleus of the thalamus. The restricted projection to the ventral tectum is noteworthy in that this part of the tectum maintains the representation of the ventral visual field, that is, the area in which the fin rays lie. A prominent spinocerebellar system is also evident. Both direct and indirect spinocerebellar fibers can be followed through the dorsolateral fasciculus, with or without relay in the lateral funicular nucleus and terminating in a restricted portion of the granule cell layer of the ipsilateral corpus cerebelli. The similarities in connectivity of the spinal cord between the sea robins and other vertebrates are striking. It is especially notable because sea robins utilize the chemosensory input from the fin rays to localize food in the environment. Thus, although these fish use their spinal chemosense as other fishes use their external taste systems, the spinal chemosense apparently relies on the medial lemniscal system to guide this chemically driven feeding behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA. tom.finger@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Finger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005399:Fishes / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D020824:Spinocerebellar Tracts / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology