title: Risk and protective factors in children adopted from the former Soviet Union.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The former Soviet Union (including the present independent republics of Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Belarus, Lithuania, and Georgia) is the leading source of children adopted from overseas by persons in the United States (US Department of State, 1998). This study sought to (a) characterize the current social, academic, and conduct competencies of 6- to 9-year-old children adopted from the former Soviet Union who have resided in the United States for at least 2 years and (b) evaluate both risks and protective influences of adoptive families and their relationships to competence via a structural equation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone interviews and a postal survey of children were drawn from a US community sample of 105 children. Measures included (a) Child Behavior Checklist, (b) Teacher Report Form, (c) Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, (c) Family Environment Scale, and (d) demographic information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many children had experienced abuse, abandonment, or neglect between birth and entry to the institution. Their mean birth weight was 2637 g, and alcohol abuse by the birth mother was common (41%). Although the children scored below average in competence, adoptive family environments were positive and served as buffers between the risks experienced by the children and the subsequent development of competence within the adoptive family.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children's abilities ranged from severely challenged to developmentally normal. The high rate of fetal alcohol exposure in the children may portend future challenges for families.
authors.affiliation: University of South Alabama College of Nursing, Community Mental Health Nursing, Springhill Area Campus, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Dyer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D002674:Child, Institutionalized / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005581:Foster Home Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012951:Socialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014586:USSR / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology