title: Risk factors for Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore.
abstract: During 10-19 March 1999, 11 workers in 1 of 2 Singaporean abattoirs developed Nipah-virus associated encephalitis or pneumonia, resulting in 1 fatality. A case-control study was conducted to determine occupational risk factors for infection. Case patients were abattoir A workers who had anti-Nipah IgM antibodies; control subjects were randomly selected abattoir A workers who tested negative for anti-Nipah IgM. All 13 case patients versus 26 (63%) of 41 control subjects reported contact with live pigs (P=.01). Swine importation from Malaysian states concurrently experiencing a Nipah virus outbreak was banned on 3 March 1999; on 19 March 1999, importation of Malaysian pigs was banned, and abattoirs were closed. No unusual illnesses among pigs processed during February-March were reported. Contact with live pigs appeared to be the most important risk factor for human Nipah virus infection. Direct contact with live, potentially infected pigs should be minimized to prevent transmission of this potentially fatal zoonosis to humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Arguin
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Shay
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rollin
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rota
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ksiazek
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007075:Immunoglobulin M