title: Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human cytomegalovirus among HIV-infected and high-risk uninfected adolescents: findings of the REACH Study. Adolescent Medicine HIV/AIDS Research Network.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In adolescents and young adults, multiple studies have identified sexual activity and behaviors as significant risk factors for acquiring both human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, there are no reports on the prevalence or risk factors for infection of these viruses and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in an adolescent population with sexually acquired HIV.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the seroprevalence and risk factors of HBV, HCV, and HCMV infection in a population of HIV-infected male and female adolescents and in an age- and risk behavior-matched HIV-uninfected cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of HBV, HCV, and HCMV infections in a cohort of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescent males infected with HIV were more likely to have evidence of HBV and HCMV infection than HIV-uninfected males (23.7% versus 0%, respectively, for HBV, P = 0.008; 79.7% versus 50%, respectively, for HCMV, P = 0.004). HIV-infected females were more likely to have evidence of HCMV infection (78.5% versus 61.4%, P = 0.003) than HIV-uninfected females. No significant difference was found for HBV infection in the two groups of females. The rate of HCV infection (1.6%) was too small to make comparisons between the groups. To determine whether the differences in infection rates for HBV and HCMV could be explained by factors other than HIV status, a variety of possible risk factors were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. A significant risk factor for HBV and HCMV infections for males was a homosexual or bisexual orientation. For females, a risk factor for HBV infection was having more than 10 lifetime sexual partners; for HCMV infection, HIV infection was the only risk factor. In addition, in the HIV-infected cohort, 15% of females and 36% of males who were seropositive for HBV had evidence of active HBV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results emphasize the need for continued development of primary and secondary prevention programs and clinical screening and treatment for HBV and HCMV in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moscicki
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Durako
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral