title: Combined effects of tirapazamine and mild hyperthermia on anti-angiogenic agent (TNP-470) treated tumors-reference to the effect on intratumor quiescent cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of the use of tirapazamine (TPZ), especially combined with mild hyperthermia (40 degrees C, 60 min), in the treatment of solid tumors following an anti-angiogenic treatment with TNP-470. In addition, we assessed the effect of TPZ and/or mild hyperthermia (MHT) combined with conventional radiotherapy or chemotherapy on TNP-470 treated tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  C3H/He mice bearing SCC VII tumors subcutaneously received TNP-470 at two doses of 100 mg/kg after tumor cell inoculation. At the same time, the tumor-bearing mice received 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) continuously for 5 days via implanted mini-osmotic pumps to label all proliferating (P) cells. The mice then received TPZ administration combined with or without MHT, gamma-ray irradiation combined with or without TPZ and/or MHT, or cisplatin injection with or without TPZ and/or MHT. Another group of mice received a series of test doses of gamma-rays while alive or after being killed to obtain hypoxic fractions (HFs) in the tumors at various time points after the above-mentioned cytotoxic treatment point. After each treatment, the tumors were excised, minced, and trypsinized. The tumor cell suspensions thus obtained were incubated with cytochalasin-B (a cytokinesis blocker), and the micronucleus (MN) frequency in cells without BrdU labeling (or quiescent [Q] cells) was determined using immunofluorescence staining for BrdU. The MN frequency in the total (P + Q) tumor cells was determined from the tumors that were not pretreated with BrdU. For the measurement of the HFs, the MN frequency of BrdU-unlabeled cells was then used to calculate the surviving fraction of the unlabeled cells from the regression line for the relationship between the MN frequency and the surviving fraction of total tumor cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TPZ administration combined with TNP-470 treatment and MHT increased the MN frequency more markedly than treatment with TPZ alone, and this tendency was more remarkable in Q cells than total cells. In both total and Q cells, combined treatment with TPZ and MHT produced significant increases in MN frequencies whether gamma-rays were delivered to TNP-470 treated tumors or cisplatin was injected into the TNP-470 administered mice. Although not significantly, the HFs of total and Q cell populations within solid tumors increased after TNP-470 treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined treatment with TPZ and MHT, whether other cytotoxic treatments such as gamma-ray irradiation or chemotherapy using cisplatin were combined or not, was useful for sensitizing tumor cells in vivo including Q cells even after TNP-470 treatment.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan. smasuna@rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masunaga
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanamori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saga
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takagaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hori
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003510:Cyclohexanes; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D000077609:O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D014227:Triazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D003510:Cyclohexanes; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D014227:Triazines; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D002945:Cisplatin; D000077609:O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol