title: Hyperhomocysteinemia and other thrombotic risk factors in women with placental vasculopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate coagulation inhibitors and abnormalities of the homocysteine metabolism, which are related to an increased thrombotic risk, as risk factors for placental vasculopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study comparing nonpregnant women with an obstetric history of placental vasculopathy (study group) with nonpregnant women (control group) matched for age and occupation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obstetric outpatient clinic in the University Hospital Nijmegen.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and one women in the study group and 92 women in a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Determinations in blood samples of homocysteine concentrations; the occurrence of 677 C-->T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene; protein C activities; activated protein C resistance ratios; concentrations of free protein S antigen; antithrombin III activities; and the occurrence of factor V Leiden mutation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased risk for placental vasculopathy was found in the study group with elevated homocysteine (odds ratio 2.28, 95% CI 1.18-4.39), MTHFR mutation (odds ratio 3.29, 95% CI 1.03-10.5), decreased activated protein C resistance ratio (odds ratio 2.46, 95% CI 1.06-5.72) and protein C (odds ratio 2.01, 95% CI 1.11-3.65). Any combination of two risk factors in the same individual resulted in a 3.40 (95% CI 1.80-6.42) higher relative risk for placental vasculopathy; combinations of three risk factors in a 6.83 (95% CI 1.52-30.7) higher risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thrombotic risk factors decreased levels of activated protein C resistance ratios and protein C, elevated homocysteine and the MTHFR 677 C-->T mutation are likely risk factors for placental vasculopathy. Combinations of these risk factors in one individual resulted in synergistic increase of risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Nijmegen University Hospital, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: van der Molen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nováková
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Eskes
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Monnens
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Blom
mesh_terms: D020016:Activated Protein C Resistance / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005165:Factor V / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism; D017293:Protein S / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates / Q000097:blood; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates; C095381:factor V Leiden; D006710:Homocysteine; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005165:Factor V