title: Congenital malformations of the ear and cochlear implantation in children: review and temporal bone report of common cavity.
abstract: The objective of this review is to analyze aspects of congenital malformation of the ear in relation to cochlear implantation in children. Having briefly described the in utero development of the ear and the classification of types of external, middle and inner ear malformation, five practical aspects of these malformations are discussed. It seems likely that the combination of bilateral profound sensorineural deafness with bilateral microtia severe enough to make a surgical approach to the cochlea difficult will be extremely uncommon. No such cases have been reported, although Klippel-Feil deformity seems the syndrome most likely to produce this set of circumstances. Abnormalities in the intratympanic course of the facial nerve have been associated with cochlear malformation, emphasizing the benefit of intra-operative facial nerve monitoring, and a technique suggested for safely avoiding an abnormally placed nerve. Fistulae of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and perilymph can complicate surgery and are relatively common in common cavity and Mondini malformations. Strategies for facilitating surgery in the presence of 'gushers', for measuring the pressure of a gusher and for placement of the cochlear implant electrode array are reviewed, with reports of fluctuating levels of electric current when implants lie in dysplastic cochleas. The relationship of implant performance to VIIIth nerve tissue in malformed cochleas is discussed, with a description of the histological findings in a common cavity cochlea. Techniques for identifying the absence of the cochlear nerve are reviewed. Stimulation of the facial nerve by cochlear implants has been described in cases of congenital malformation of the labyrinth but is relatively uncommon. Case reports of the benefit received by implanted children with congenital cochlear malformation have appeared since 1988. Most cases reported have not yet been followed for long enough to establish a clear picture of the outcome following cochlear implantation in such children; no centre has yet built up a large series of cases, but there have been two multicentre postal surveys. It seems likely that in cochlear malformation the range of potential outcomes in terms of hearing threshold and the development of speech perception and production will be similar to the range found in implanted children without cochlear dysplasia. However there is, as yet, no clear picture of the mean level of performance within this range.
authors.affiliation: UCL/Nuffield Cochlear Implant Programme, Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michaels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003051:Cochlea / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000150:complications; D004423:Ear / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D004431:Ear, External / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005402:Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000151:congenital / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome