title: Cross-sectional study of faecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum among packstock in the Sierra Nevada Range.
abstract: Faecal specimens from 305 horses and mules used as packstock at one of 17 commercial or governmental (National Park Service, US Forest Service) operations were examined for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum using immunofluorescent microscopy. Fourteen packstock (4.6%) were shedding G. duodenalis cysts, with herd-level prevalences ranging 0-22%. Number of packstock in the corral, size of corral and density of packstock in the corral were associated with the odds of shedding G. duodenalis cysts. None of the horses had detectable C. parvum oocysts. Assuming a sensitivity of at least 43% and a specificity of 100% for our assay, the estimated maximum true prevalence of shedding of C. parvum for packstock would be < or = 2.3% of the population. These data suggest that faecal dispersal of C. parvum on back country watersheds is unlikely with packstock.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Atwill
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: McDougald
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perea
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000254:growth & development; D018397:Equidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005872:Giardia / Q000254:growth & development; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D006736:Horses / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000662:veterinary; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors