title: Impact of population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses on the drug development process: experience at Parke-Davis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continued scepticism about the benefits of population pharmacokinetics and/or population pharmacodynamics, here referred to collectively as the population approach, hampers its widespread application in drug development. At the same time the sources of this scepticism have not been clearly defined. In an attempt to capture and clearly define these concerns and to help communicate the value of the population approach in drug development at Parke-Davis we conducted a survey of customers within the company. The results of this survey are presented here.
  
  
  METHODS
  All drug development programmes conducted over the past 10 years that included a population approach in data analysis and interpretation were identified. A brief description of the population analysis was prepared together with a brief description of how the resulting information was used in each drug development programme. These synopses were forwarded to relevant members of each drug development team together with a survey designed to solicit opinions as to the relevance and impact of these analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent use of information derived from population-based analysis was in labelling. In all cases of drugs making to New Drug Application (NDA) submission the analyses resulted in information that was included in approved or proposed labelling. In almost half of the cases summarised here (5 of 12), population-based analysis was perceived to have resulted in information that influenced the direction of individual development programmes. In many of these cases the information was serendipitous. It is also noted that most of these analyses were not the result of clearly defined objectives and prospective analysis plans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the population approach, even when applied retrospectively, may have value in complementing or supporting interpretation of other data collected during the course of a trial. Atypical systemic exposure is quickly and easily assessed for correlation with adverse events or exceptional efficacy in retrospective or ad hoc evaluation. Although we know of no direct evidence, it is possible that such use of population pharmacokinetic data has facilitated NDA review and approval by providing insight into the role of atypical systemic drug exposure in otherwise spurious events.
authors.affiliation: Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bockbrader
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Koup
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lalonde
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Siedlik
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004345:Drug Industry; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D010601:Pharmacology, Clinical; D011153:Population; D012106:Research; D012984:Software; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires