title: A new cortical electrode for neuronavigation-guided intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring: technical note.
abstract: Intraoperative neurophysiological mapping and monitoring of eloquent brain areas can be combined with image-guided localisation to enhance the safety and efficacy of surgical procedures in the motor cortex. We designed a new type of cortical electrode which can be repeatedly placed on the cortical surface and allows accurate and reproducible stimulation by means of a navigation pointer. The newly designed device consists of a monopolar electrode contact for direct cortical stimulation, housed in a holder which allows placement, easy removal, and precise repeated placement of a surgical navigation pointer. It can be used for navigation-guided, high-frequency anodal monopolar cortical stimulation (MCS) for the mapping of eloquent cortex, and for monitoring of motor pathways. While the cortex is stimulated, compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) are recorded from muscles of the contralateral extremities and are assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. When the device is used in combination with intraoperative navigation, the stimulation sites may optionally be registered or displayed on the system monitor. This allows repeated pinpointing and obviates the need for strip or grid electrodes in the operative field; although such electrodes may be useful for continuous monitoring, they often are in the surgeon's way. In addition, the primary and supplementary motor cortex can be mapped by determining the location of the sites of stimulation on surface-projected images of the cerebral cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Benjamin Franklin University Hospital, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Suess
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kombos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baur
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pietilae
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brock
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*