title: ECT stimulus intensity: are present ECT devices too limited?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The maximum output charge for ECT devices is limited to 576 millicoulombs in the United States, although there are no data ensuring that this limit will allow consistently effective treatments. The authors examined whether this limit has a negative impact on therapeutic response and, therefore, whether a higher stimulus charge should be available.
  
  
  METHODS
  They retrospectively reviewed the records of 471 patients who received a clinical index course of ECT at Duke University between 1991 and 1998. These patients received conservative stimulus dosing of 2.25 times seizure threshold for unilateral ECT and 1.5 times seizure threshold for bilateral ECT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two (15%) of the 471 patients required the maximum stimulus intensity during their index ECT course. Of these, 24 (5% of the total) had either a short EEG seizure (less than 25 seconds) or had no seizure at the maximum level. Strategies to augment therapeutic response with caffeine, ketamine, or hyperventilation were used in 14 of the 24 patients, and data on therapeutic response were available for 22 of the 24. Only seven (32%) of these 22 patients were considered ECT responders, compared with 242 (66%) of the remaining 364 patients for whom data on response to ECT were available. Older age and pre-ECT course EEG slowing were predictors of requiring the maximum stimulus level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum available stimulus output was therapeutically insufficient for 5% of the patients studied even when available means to augment response were instituted. This percentage would likely be even larger with the use of a less conservative dosing protocol for unilateral ECT. Increases in maximum stimulus output for ECT devices should be considered as a means to ensure adequate treatment response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. krystal@cs.duke.edu
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tramontozzi
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Massie
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome