title: High rate of GB virus type C/HGV transmission from mother to infant: possible implications for the prevalence of infection in blood donors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because GB virus type C(GBV-C)/HGV (GBV-C/HGV) is blood-borne and sexually transmitted, persons at risk of infection with such viruses have a high prevalence of GBV-C/HGV markers. However, adults with no apparent risk factors, such as blood donors, frequently are positive for GBV-C/HGV markers. Mother-to-infant transmission could explain this high prevalence, but it has been studied only through small series of GBV-C/HGV-infected mothers co-infected with HCV or HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the rate of mother-to-infant transmission of GBV-C/HGV RNA in women who are HCV- or HIV-negative, a prospective study was performed in a cohort of 288 mothers screened for viral RNA and in the infants born to GBV-C/HGV-infected mothers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen mothers (4.5%) were found positive for GBV-C/HGV RNA. Of the infants in whom at least one blood sample was collected between the third and the ninth months of life, 89 percent were positive for viral RNA. The majority of these newborns were negative for GBV-C/HGV RNA at birth and positive after the third month. The viral RNA titers of infants born to GBV-C/HGV-infected mothers appeared as elevated as those of their mothers. All the GBV-C/HGV-infected infants remained positive for viral RNA during the entire study period. No clinical events possibly linked to a primary GBV-C/HGV infection were reported in infants. Serum ALT level and blood count remained within normal values throughout the follow-up of all GBV-C/HGV-infected infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of mother-to-infant GBV-C/HGV transmission is elevated and could explain the high prevalence of GBV-C/HGV markers (viral RNA and E2 antibody) in adults at low risk for blood-borne or sexually transmitted viruses, such as blood donors.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Blood Transfusion, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lefrère
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sender
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mercier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mariotti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pernot
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soulié
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malvoisin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gabai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lattes
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Galiay
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pawlak
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Lachaux
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chauveau
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hreiche
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Férec
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parnet-Mathieu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roudot-Thoraval
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Brossard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D005260:Female; D018067:Flaviviridae; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D019562:Viral Load / Q000706:statistics & numerical data