title: Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if intra-arterial stent placement can adequately treat lesions producing microemboli to the lower extremities.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 6.5-year period, 15 patients presenting with blue toe syndrome had 16 presumed embolic lesions treated with intra-arterial stents. These patients were evaluated during routine clinical follow-up during a 6-month period. This evaluation included physical and noninvasive arterial examinations. When patients could not return for follow-up, hospital, clinical, vascular laboratory, and radiology records were reviewed to assemble the appropriate information. Outcomes included symptoms of recurrent emboli, amputation, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treated embolic lesions included two aortic stenoses, three bilateral iliac artery stenoses, nine unilateral iliac artery stenoses (one patient received separate treatment of unilateral iliac lesions), and two superficial femoral artery stenoses. Patients were followed-up for a mean of 18 months. Eight of 15 patients (53%) were improved or stable without complications. There were eight negative outcomes experienced in seven patients. Three patients (20%) were deceased at follow-up. Four patients (27%) had undergone amputation; one transmetatarsal amputation and three below-the-knee amputations. Only one of these was related to progressive disease in the treated extremity (7%). One patient (7%) experienced recurrent embolic symptoms. Stents were patent in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with blue toe syndrome are at high risk of limb loss and mortality despite treatment. Intra-arterial stent placement provides an alternative to standard surgical treatment. Further studies are needed to define the optimum therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA. matchettwjean@exchange.uams.edu
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Matchett
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Eidt
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moursi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000379:methods*; D018438:Blue Toe Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D004617:Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D015607:Stents