title: The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors myogenin and Id2 mediate specific induction of caveolin-3 gene expression during embryonic development.
abstract: Caveolin-3 protein is the only member of the caveolin family that shows a unique muscle-specific expression pattern, and loss of its functional activity causes muscular dystrophy. Caveolin-3 mRNA levels are dramatically increased during the formation of myotubes in the C2C12 cell line. In this study, we characterized the human caveolin-3 5'-flanking region. Promoter analyses demonstrate that the proximal E box element serves as a myogenin binding site and is both necessary and sufficient to control caveolin-3 gene transcription. Transient transfection assays indicated that overexpression of myogenin activates caveolin-3 reporter gene expression, whereas Id2 overexpression inhibited caveolin-3 promoter activation by myogenin. A mutant Id2 protein lacking the HLH domain was not capable of suppressing myogenin-mediated activation. Determination of caveolin-3 transcript distribution patterns in vivo revealed that mRNA was first detectable at day 10 of gestation in the developing somites and heart. Caveolin-3 protein in myoblasts and myotubes was expressed in both the plasma membrane and vesicular structures. During skeletal myogenesis the level of Id2, an inhibitor of differentiation, decreases, allowing the induced basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor myogenin to form transcriptionally active heterodimers that bind to the caveolin-3 promoter and thereby mediate its transcription.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94143-0128, USA.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Biederer
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Florio
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buettner
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D051244:Caveolin 3; D022461:Caveolins; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018008:Myogenin / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C495548:Cav3 protein, mouse; D051244:Caveolin 3; D022461:Caveolins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497450:ID2 protein, human; C497452:Idb2 protein, mouse; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; C503799:MYOG protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C503801:Myog protein, mouse; D018008:Myogenin; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors