title: Delayed systemic administration of PACAP38 is neuroprotective in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many substances have been shown to reduce brain damage in models of stroke, but mainly when given either before or shortly after the onset of ischemia. Delayed systemic administration of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to attenuate the neuronal damage in the hippocampus in a model of global ischemia in rats. The present study examined the neuroprotective action of delayed systemic administration of PACAP38 in a model of transient focal ischemia produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered PACAP38 as an intravenous bolus (20 nmol/kg body wt) followed by an intravenous infusion for 48 hours using a micro-osmotic pump at a rate of 160 pmol/microL per hour, beginning 4, 8, or 12 hours after a 2-hour transient MCAO using a filament model. The size of the infarct was determined by examining 2-mm-thick brain sections stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride, followed by image analysis. Control animals received intravenously 0.1% bovine serum albumin in 0.9% saline as a bolus and infusion at the same time intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of PACAP38 beginning 4 hours after MCAO significantly reduced the infarct size by 50.88%. Treatment with PACAP38 starting 8 or 12 hours after the onset of ischemia did not result in a significant reduction of the infarct size, although infarct volumes tended to be smaller than in the control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic administration of PACAP38 should be clinically useful for reducing brain damage resulting from stroke even when administration is delayed for several hours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70037, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reglodi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Somogyvari-Vigh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vigh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kozicz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C495403:Adcyap1 protein, rat; D009479:Neuropeptides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide