title: Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Kenyan schoolchildren aged 3-15 years and risk factors for infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in Kenyan schoolchildren aged 3-15 years and the risk factors for infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey and study of risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary-school children in Trans Nzoia district, Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hp status was determined using the 13C-urea breath test. Risk factors were assessed using a structured interview schedule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 205 children interviewed, valid breath test results were obtained for 192 (93.7%), of whom 155 (80.7% (95% CI 75.2-86.3)) were infected. Univariate analysis showed weak associations between Hp infection and rural areas (location of home, Relative Risk (RR)= 1.2 (1.0-1.4); location of school, RR = 1.2 (1.0-1.3)) and lower socio-economic status (RR = 1.2 (1.0-1.4)). Access to only a pit-latrine in the home (RR = 1.2 (1.0-1.4)) and plate-sharing with other family members in the home also increased the likelihood of Hp infection (RR = 1.3 (1.1 -1.6)). However, after logistic regression modelling only plate-sharing in the home remained as an independent risk factor (odds ratio (OR) = 2.8 (1.3-6.3)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of Hp infection in Kenyan schoolchildren aged 3-15 years is already high, suggesting that most acquisition occurs before age 3 years. Children who normally shared a plate with other family members during meals in the home had a higher prevalence of infection, suggesting that oro-oral transmission may be important in this population. Future studies in developing countries should focus on younger children (before age 3 years), and consider the possibility of adult-child, oro-oral transmission in order to establish likely modes of transmission.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Nabwera
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Van-Tam
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D001944:Breath Tests; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors