title: Randomized trial of case-finding for depression in elderly primary care patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of case-finding for depression on frequency of depression diagnoses, prescriptions for antidepressant medications, prevalence of depression, and health care utilization during 2 years of follow-up in elderly primary care patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen primary care medical clinics at the Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, an HMO in Oakland, Calif, were randomly assigned to intervention conditions (7 clinics) or control conditions (6 clinics).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,346 patients aged 65 years or older who were attending appointments at these clinics and completed the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). GDS scores of 6 or more were considered suggestive of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care physicians in the intervention clinics were notified of their patients' GDS scores. We suggested that participants with severe depressive symptoms (GDS score >/= 11) be referred to the Psychiatry Department and participants with mild to moderate depressive symptoms (GDS score of 6 -10) be evaluated and treated by the primary care physician. Intervention group participants with GDS scores suggestive of depression were also offered a series of organized educational group sessions on coping with depression led by a psychiatric nurse. Primary care physicians in the control clinics were not notified of their patients' GDS scores or advised of the availability of the patient education program (usual care). Participants were followed for 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physician diagnosis of depression, prescriptions for antidepressant medications, prevalence of depression as measured by the GDS at 2-year follow-up, and health care utilization were determined. A total of 331 participants (14%) had GDS scores suggestive of depression (GDS >/= 6) at baseline, including 162 in the intervention group and 169 in the control group. During the 2-year follow-up period, 56 (35%) of the intervention participants and 58 (34%) of the control participants received a physician diagnosis of depression (odds ratio [OR], 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 1.6; P =.96). Prescriptions for antidepressants were received by 59 (36%) of the intervention participants and 72 (43%) of the control participants (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.2; P =.3). Two-year follow-up GDS scores were available for 206 participants (69% of survivors): at that time, 41 (42%) of the 97 intervention participants and 54 (50%) of the 109 control participants had GDS scores suggestive of depression (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.4 to 1.3; P =.3). Comparing participants in the intervention and control groups, there were no significant differences in mean GDS change scores (-2.4 +/- SD 3.7 vs -2.1 SD +/- 3.6; P =.5) at the 2-year follow-up, nor were there significant differences in mean number of clinic visits (1.8 +/- SD 3.1 vs 1.6 +/- SD 2.8; P =.5) or mean number of hospitalizations (1.1 +/- SD 1.6 vs 1.0 +/- SD 1.4; P =.8) during the 2-year period. In participants with initial GDS scores > 11, there was a mean change in GDS score of -5.6 +/- SD 3.9 for intervention participants (n = 13) and -3.4 +/- SD 4.5 for control participants (n = 21). Adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics between groups did not affect results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were unable to demonstrate any benefit from case-finding for depression during 2 years of follow-up in elderly primary care patients. Studies are needed to determine whether case-finding combined with more intensive patient education and follow-up will improve outcomes of primary care patients with depression.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA. whooley@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whooley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soghikian
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation