title: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) effects on withdrawal syndrome of heroin abusers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), administered orally in high doses has been observed to relieve pain and reduce opioid use in cancer patients. In vitro studies have also shown that antioxidants, such as vitamin C, may, at high concentrations, inhibit the endogenous opioid degrading metalloenzyme and increase endorphin levels. In the present study the effects of oral administration of high doses of vitamin C on withdrawal syndrome of heroin abusers were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ascorbic acid at doses of 300 mg/kg b.w/day, supplemented with vitamin E (5 mg/kg b.w/day), was orally administered in two groups of heroin addict subjects consisting of in-patients (Group A, 30 males) and one of out-patients(Group B, 10 males), for a minimum of 4 weeks. The group A in-patients were also administered the conventional (diazepam + analgesic) medication. The results on the intensity of withdrawal syndrome (WS), estimated according to DMS-III criteria, were compared to a third group of heroin addict in-patients (group C, 30 males-control group), treated only by conventional medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients of the vitamin C-treated groups (in-patients and out-patients) experienced mild WS (in 46.6% to 50% of the subjects) in contrast to the control group patients, who experienced mild WS in 6.6% of the cases. The vitamin C-treated subjects expressed major WS ranging from 10% to 16.6%, in contrast to the untreated subjects (control group), who expressed a major WS in 56.6% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that high doses of ascorbic acid administered orally, may ameliorate the withdrawal syndrome of heroin addicts. Further studies are needed in order to estimate the dose- and time-dependent effects of ascorbic acid treatment, and to clarify its mechanisms of action in the withdrawal syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece. aevaggel@uoi.gr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evangelou
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kalfakakou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgakas
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koutras
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vezyraki
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iliopoulou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vadalouka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010045:Outpatients; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid