title: Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users in Glasgow 1990-1996: are current harm reduction strategies working?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of HCV antibodies among injecting drug users and to gauge the effectiveness of needle/syringe exchange in preventing the transmission of HCV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990-1994 and in 1996, annual cross-sectional surveys of injecting drug users in Glasgow were conducted. In order to ensure as representative a sample as possible, the 1949 respondents were recruited from both 'in-treatment' and 'out-of treatment' settings. Injectors were interviewed about their risk behaviours for blood-borne viruses and provided a saliva sample which was initially tested, anonymously, for HIV antibodies, and subsequently tested for hepatitis C infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1949 injectors, the prevalence of salivary antibodies, indicative of hepatitis C viraemia, was 61%(95%, confidence interval (CI) 59%-63%): the estimated prevalence of serum antibody positivity was 72%. Length of injecting, year of commencing drug injecting and the number of times in prison were predictive of antibody positivity. Thirty-one per cent of injectors who commenced their injecting after 1992, following the full establishment of needle/syringe exchange in the city, were salivary antibody positive, and the majority of their infections were acquired outside the prison setting. Respondents who began injecting after the introduction of needle/syringe exchange in the city were significantly less likely to test HCV antibody positive than those who commenced injecting prior to the advent of needle/syringe exchange, after adjusting for length of injecting career.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of HCV among injectors in Glasgow has decreased during the era of needle/syringe exchange. However, there is evidence to suggest that the incidence of infection remains high. Since the prevalence of hepatitis C viraemia among the city's injecting population is extremely high, ongoing transmission is inevitable unless more effective interventions are identified and implemented urgently.
authors.affiliation: Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMenamin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pithie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies