title: Association between early-onset Parkinson's disease and mutations in the parkin gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in the parkin gene have recently been identified in patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease, but the frequency of the mutations and the associated phenotype have not been assessed in a large series of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 73 families in which at least one of the affected family members was affected at or before the age of 45 years and had parents who were not affected, as well as 100 patients with isolated Parkinson's disease that began at or before the age of 45 years. All subjects were screened for mutations in the parkin gene with use of a semiquantitative polymerase-chain-reaction assay that simultaneously amplified several exons. We sequenced the coding exons in a subgroup of patients. We also compared the clinical features of patients with parkin mutations and those without mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the families with early-onset Parkinson's disease, 36 (49 percent) had parkin mutations. The age at onset ranged from 7 to 58 years. Among the patients with isolated Parkinson's disease, mutations were detected in 10 of 13 patients (77 percent) with an age at onset of 20 years or younger, but in only 2 of 64 patients (3 percent) with an age at onset of more than 30 years. The mean (+/-SD) age at onset in the patients with parkin mutations was younger than that in those without mutations (32+/-11 vs. 42+/-11 years, P<0.001), and they were more likely to have symmetric involvement and dystonia at onset, to have hyperreflexia at onset or later, to have a good response to levodopa therapy, and to have levodopa-induced dyskinesias during treatment. Nineteen different rearrangements of exons (deletions and multiplications) and 16 different point mutations were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations in the parkin gene are a major cause of early-onset autosomal recessive familial Parkinson's disease and isolated juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease (at or before the age of 20 years). Accurate diagnosis of these cases cannot be based only on the clinical manifestations of the disease.
authors.affiliation: INSERM Unité 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Lücking
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dürr
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bonifati
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Michele
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gasser
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Harhangi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meco
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Denèfle
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agid
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008025:Ligases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C111567:parkin protein; D008025:Ligases