title: Claudins regulate the intestinal barrier in response to immune mediators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the functional role of immune mediators in the formation of the intestinal barrier, we have examined the regulation of claudin expression by interleukin (IL)-17 in human intestinal epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of claudins, extracellular signal-related (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and activated ERK MAPKs was determined by immunoblotting. Claudin membrane association was assessed by immunohistochemistry and claudin messenger RNA expression by Northern blot analysis. Intestinal epithelial barrier function was characterized through transepithelial electrical resistance and mannitol tracer flux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-17 induced the development of a paracellular barrier of T84 cell monolayers. Inhibition of ERK activation with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked IL-17 as well as basal development of tight junctions in T84 cells. IL-17 induced formation of tight junctions correlated with up-regulation of claudin-1 and claudin-2 gene transcription. Inhibition of MEK reduced the activated and basal expression of claudin-2 messenger RNA and protein expression. Functional MEK was required for the expression and membrane association of claudin-2 but not claudin-1 in T84 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MEK activity is required for claudin-mediated formation of tight junctions. IL-17 is able to regulate the intestinal barrier through the ERK MAPK pathway.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinugasa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Reinecker
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D062445:Claudin-1; D057167:Claudins; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology*; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000276:immunology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C568108:CLDN1 protein, human; C491875:CLDN2 protein, human; D062445:Claudin-1; D057167:Claudins; C568113:Cldn1 protein, mouse; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D020381:Interleukin-17; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; C482576:MAP3K1 protein, human; C482578:Map3k1 protein, mouse; D018631:ras Proteins; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one