title: Determining epidural catheter location using nerve stimulation with radiological confirmation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of epidural stimulation to confirm epidural catheter placement has been shown. This case report describes the benefits and problems of using the epidural stimulation test to confirm epidural catheter placement and provides supporting evidence for these observations using radiological imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  A nerve stimulator was connected to the proximal end of an epidural catheter via an adapter. The cathode lead was connected to the adapter. The anode lead was connected to an electrode placed on the upper extremity as a grounding site. Using 1 to 10 mA current, a segmental motor response indicated that the catheter was in the epidural space. The absence of a motor response indicated that it was not.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first patient, the new test predicted subcutaneous epidural catheter placement, which was subsequently confirmed radiologically. In the second patient, the catheter tip was found to be lying near a nerve root, which was again confirmed radiologically. In the third case, a negative test was initially observed with only local muscle movement over the biceps area (T2). After relocation of the grounding electrode to the lower extremity, segmental intercostal muscle movement (T4-5 level) was observed. The catheter placement was radiologically shown to be in the T4-5 region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report illustrates some of the potential benefits and problems of using the nerve stimulation test to confirm epidural catheter placement, with radiological verification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Canada. btsui@pop.srv.ualberta.ca
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Finucane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011859:Radiography; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging