title: Clinical transplantation tolerance twelve years after prospective withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs: studies of chimerism and anti-donor reactivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies showed the feasibility of inducing transplantation tolerance to cadaveric renal allografts in patients given pretransplant total lymphoid irradiation (TLI). Microchimerism has been theorized to be an important or necessary factor in long-term graft acceptance and tolerance in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cadaveric renal transplant recipient given pretransplant total lymphoid irradiation and withdrawn from immunosuppressive drugs more than 12 years ago was tested for microchimerism using a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction technique, and for anti-donor reactivity using the mixed leukocyte reaction and an ELISA screen for anti-HLA antibodies. Donor and recipient were mismatched for all HLA-A, B, and DR antigens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The "tolerant" recipient had good graft function, no detectable donor-type cells in the blood by polymerase chain reaction analysis, vigorous reactivity to donor stimulator cells in the mixed leukocyte reaction, and no detectable serum anti-HLA antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operational tolerance to HLA-A, B, and DR mismatched organ allografts can be induced prospectively in humans for at least 12 years after withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs. The allograft can be maintained in the absence of detectable donor microchimerism and in the presence of anti-donor reactivity in the mixed leukocyte reaction, suggesting that neither chimerism nor clonal deletion or anergy of recipient T cells to alloantigens presented by donor Class II HLA molecules is required for persistence of the tolerant state using this total lymphoid irradiation protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305-5111, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strober
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benike
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnaswamy
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Engleman
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Grumet
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002678:Chimera / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents