title: Predicting the survival of bladder carcinoma patients treated with radical cystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical outcomes vary for patients treated with radical cystectomy. The authors sought to identify factors associated with the survival of patients treated with radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 218 patients treated with radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma between 1980 to 1984. Patient ages ranged from 41 to 78 years (mean, 64 years). Using the 1997 TNM system, T classifications were Ta (17 patients), T1 (44), T2 (71), T3a (42), T3b (14), T4a (28), and T4b (2). Thirty-two patients had lymph node metastasis at the time of surgery. Histologic grade was determined according to the newly proposed World Health Organization and International Society of Urological Pathology grading system; tumor was low grade in 43 patients and high grade in 175. The male-to-female ratio was 4.9 to 1. The mean follow-up of patients still alive was 13.1 years (median, 13.8 years; range, 30 days to 18 years). Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the impact of numerous clinical and pathologic findings on survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten-year local recurrence free, distant metastasis free, cancer specific, and all-cause survival were 71%, 73%, 67%, and 41%, respectively. In univariate analysis, cancer size, T classification, and lymph node status were associated with distant metastasis free, cancer specific, and all-cause survival. Histologic grade and surgical margin status were significantly associated with worse cancer specific and all-cause survival, but not with distant metastasis free survival. In multivariate analysis, cancer size, margin status, T classification, and lymph node status were identified as significantly associated with cancer specific survival after adjustment for age and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long term survival is achieved in a significant number of patients treated with radical cystectomy. In this study, patients with organ-confined (< or = pT2) and small size (< or = 3 cm) cancer had favorable 10-year distant metastasis free (93%) and cancer specific survival (88%) after cystectomy. Tumor size, margin status, extravesical involvement, and lymph node metastasis are important pathologic factors and should be considered as stratification variables in identifying patients for whom adjuvant chemotherapy should be evaluated in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA. lcheng@iupui.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Leibovich
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ramnani
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nehra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zincke
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bostwick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*