title: HIV-1 transmission in injection paraphernalia: heating drug solutions may inactivate HIV-1.
abstract: In response to recent concerns about risk of HIV-1 transmission from drug injection paraphernalia such as cookers, ethnographic methods were used to develop a descriptive typology of the paraphernalia and practices used to prepare and inject illegal drugs. Observational data were then applied in laboratory studies in which a quantitative HIV-1 microculture assay was used to measure the recovery of infectious HIV-1 in cookers. HIV-1 survival inside cookers was a function of the temperature achieved during preparation of drug solutions; HIV-1 was inactivated once temperature exceeded, on average, 65 degrees C. Although different types of cookers, volumes, and heat sources affected survival times, heating cookers 15 seconds or longer reduced viable HIV-1 below detectable levels.
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, New York 10048, USA. michael.clatts@ndri.org
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Clatts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heimer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdala
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Goldsamt
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sotheran
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hoffer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kyriakides
mesh_terms: D003296:Cooking; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012996:Solutions; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D013594:Syringes
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions