title: Stability of autoantibodies and their relation to genetic and metabolic markers of Type I diabetes in initially unaffected schoolchildren.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study temporal changes in positivity for autoantibodies associated with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and the relations between these antibodies, HLA-DQB1-risk markers and first-phase insulin response (FPIR) in non-diabetic schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stability of the antibody status over 2 years was assessed in 104 schoolchildren initially positive for islet cell antibodies (ICA) or antibodies to the 65,000 M(r) isoform of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) or both and in 104 antibody-negative control children matched for sex, age and place of residence. All children were also studied for their first-phase insulin response and HLA-DQB1 alleles on the second occasion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the second occasion 3 of the 98 initially ICA-positive children, 3/13 of those positive for antibodies to the IA-2 protein (IA-2A), 1/17 GADA-positive and 2/7 of those positive for insulin autoantibodies (IAA) tested negative for these antibodies. Children with IA-2A, GADA, IAA and multiple (> or = 2) antibodies had significantly lower first-phase insulin responses than the control children. In contrast, these responses did not differ between subjects with and without specific HLA-DQB1-risk alleles or genotypes. Of the six subjects with a considerably reduced first-phase insulin response three had multiple antibodies on both occasions but none of them had a DQB1 genotype conferring increased diabetes risk. Two subjects progressed to Type I diabetes within 3.4 years of follow-up, both of them having multiple antibodies and a considerably reduced first-phase insulin response but neither of them having a DQB1-risk genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positivity for diabetes-associated autoantibodies is a relatively stable phenomenon in unaffected schoolchildren, although conversion to seronegativity can occur occasionally. Our observations also indicate that DQB1 alleles associated with decreased susceptibility to Type I diabetes do not protect from impaired beta-cell function or from progression to overt disease in initially unaffected schoolchildren.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulmala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rahko
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savola
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vähäsalo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöroos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reunanen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001324:Autoantigens; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000276:immunology; D054635:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D007328:Insulin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C516862:PTPRN protein, human; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D054635:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase