title: Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endocrine factors are purported to play a role in the etiology of postpartum depression, but direct evidence for this role is lacking. The authors investigated the possible role of changes in gonadal steroid levels in postpartum depression by simulating two hormonal conditions related to pregnancy and parturition in euthymic women with and without a history of postpartum depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The supraphysiologic gonadal steroid levels of pregnancy and withdrawal from these high levels to a hypogonadal state were simulated by inducing hypogonadism in euthymic women-eight with and eight without a history of postpartum depression-with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprolide acetate, adding back supraphysiologic doses of estradiol and progesterone for 8 weeks, and then withdrawing both steroids under double-blind conditions. Outcome measures were daily symptom self-ratings and standardized subjective and objective cross-sectional mood rating scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of the eight women with a history of postpartum depression (62.5%) and none of the eight women in the comparison group developed significant mood symptoms during the withdrawal period. Analysis of variance with repeated measures of daily and cross-sectional ratings of mood showed significant phase-by-group effects. These effects reflected significant increases in depressive symptoms in women with a history of postpartum depression but not in the comparison group after hormone withdrawal (and during the end of the hormone replacement phase), compared with baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data provide direct evidence in support of the involvement of the reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone in the development of postpartum depression in a subgroup of women. Further, they suggest that women with a history of postpartum depression are differentially sensitive to mood-destabilizing effects of gonadal steroids.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1276, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danaceau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nieman
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Rubinow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010919:Placebos; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D016729:Leuprolide