title: Analysis and significance of messenger RNA in human ejaculated spermatozoa.
abstract: Human ejaculate spermatozoa contain multiple mRNA species carried over from earlier stages in spermatogenesis. To date, gene-specific RT-PCR or in situ hybridization has detected transcripts for beta-actin, heat shock proteins (HSP) 70 and 90, protamines (PRM) 1 and 2, transition protein (TNp) 2, HLA II, beta-integrins, and, most recently, phosphodiesterase subtypes. We have further evidence for a complex population of transcripts based on screening a human testis cDNA library with a heterologous spermatozoal probe. High levels of transcribed repetitive sequences are present in human spermatozoa, including medium reiteration repeats (MERs) and short and long nuclear interspersed repeats (SINES and LINES). Both SINES and LINES belong to the retroposon class of repeat elements, which are thought to proliferate via an intermediate RNA that is converted to DNA by an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). We have circumstantial evidence for the presence of an RT in ejaculate sperm based on the detection of transcripts for ORF2 of LINE 1 encoding such an enzyme. Our data suggests the following: 1. Ejaculate spermatozoa may be a very useful tool in the identification of genes linked to an infertile phenotype. 2. Spermatozoa (or spermatids) may express a reverse transcriptase, the role of which is unknown. 3. RNA isolated from spermatozoa or washed semen samples may facilitate the detection of mutations and deletions in testis-expressed AZF-linked genes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leeds General Infirmary, United Kingdom. d.miller@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D004542:Ejaculation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D018626:Retroelements; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018626:Retroelements; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase