title: Prolongation of allograft survival by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is associated with decreased allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and development of T cytotoxic cell type 2 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have demonstrated that infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), which induces strong type 2 responses, prolongs kidney allograft survival in rats. Here, we confirm that this effect is not species-specific and address immune modulation in allospecific T-cell responses mediated by nematode infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were injected with Nb or phosphate-buffered saline. Four days later, mice were transplanted with BALB/c hearts and graft survival was assessed. In other experiments, Nb-infected mice were immunized with BALB/c spleen cells and allospecific T-cell responses were determined in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we show that Nb prolongs cardiac allograft survival in mice. Further, spleen T cells from Nb-infected, allo-immunized mice exhibit reduced allospecific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity. In contrast, allospecific proliferation of T cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction was not reduced by Nb, ruling out immunosuppression as the mechanism of Nb-induced allograft survival. Nb infection induced IL-4 and IL-6 and inhibited IFN-gamma production by T cells in response to allo-antigen. Furthermore, anti-IL-4 treatment reduced allospecific T-cell proliferation from Nb-infected but not control mice, indicating that type 2 allospecific T cells develop in the presence of Nb. We also double-stained T cells for CD8 and IL-4 and showed that Nb induces an 8-fold increase in Tc2 cell numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with a hypothesis that Nb mediates prolongation of allograft survival through induction of type 2 immunity, including the development of regulatory Tc2 cells, and subsequent inhibition of allospecific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liwski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McAlister
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006085:Graft Survival; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009559:Nippostrongylus / Q000276:immunology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma