title: The attitudes of patients with advanced AIDS toward use of the medical futility rationale in decisions to forego mechanical ventilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medical futility rationale asserts that physicians need not offer their patients therapies that have zero or close to zero probability of success. The rationale is controversial, but it is used in practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the attitudes of patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) toward the medical futility rationale as it might apply to their medical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study with interviewer-administered questionnaires. Fifty-seven patients with advanced AIDS (C3 stage AIDS and a CD4 cell count <100/microL) were recruited from academic and private clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whether patients believe it is acceptable for physicians to withhold mechanical ventilation, without offering it, if physicians determine the intervention is futile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one percent of patients (n=35) believed that it was definitely acceptable for their physician to not offer mechanical ventilation if the physician judged this intervention to be futile, and 26% (n= 15) believed this was probably acceptable. Less than 10% of patients (n= 5) said not offering therapy judged futile was definitely not acceptable. Patients who were less likely to prefer mechanical ventilation in different hypothetical health states were significantly more likely to accept decisions on the basis of futility (P=.003). Health-related quality of life, patient satisfaction with medical care, and patient-clinician communication about end-of-life care were not associated with attitudes toward medical futility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the majority of patients with advanced AIDS accept the medical futility rationale, a substantial minority do not. Acceptance of this rationale was associated with wanting less life-sustaining treatment. Physicians invoking the medical futility rationale and hospitals using policies incorporating the medical futility rationale should take into account this diversity in the attitudes toward medical futility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. jrc@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Collier
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001294:Attitude to Health; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D018447:Medical Futility; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000523:psychology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D028761:Withholding Treatment