title: IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in prostatic secretions are indicators in the evaluation of men with chronic prostatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic Prostatitis, or Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome [CPPS], is a common disorder characterized by pelvic pain and varying degrees of inflammation in expressed prostatic secretions (EPS). In search of markers to more clearly define CPPS, we compared proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in EPS from men with CPPS, to healthy men and men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).
  
  
  METHODS
  78 men: controls (n = 16), BPH (n = 14), CPPS IIIA [>/=10 white blood cells per high power field (WBC/hpf) in EPS] (n = 18), CPPS IIIB [<10 WBC/hpf in EPS] (n = 20), and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (AIP) (n = 10) were evaluated for EPS WBC, and IL-1beta and TNF-alpha by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels in EPS were usually detectable in men with CPPS IIIA (89% and 45%, respectively) or AIP (90%; 100%), but less often in controls (31%; 17%), BPH (57%; 15%), and CPPS IIIB (35%; 15%) respectively. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels were higher in CPPS IIIA versus CPPS IIIB, and in AIP versus controls or BPH (p's <0.001). Cut-points for IL-1beta and TNF-alpha discriminated AIP from controls (predictive values = 94% and 83%, respectively) and CPPS IIIA from CPPS IIIB (predictive values 84% and 100%). Overall, there was a correlation between IL-1beta and TNF-alpha (p <0.003), but no correlation between WBC and IL-1beta (p <0.1) or TNF-alpha (p <0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokines are frequently present and elevated in the EPS from men with CPPS IIIA and AIP and provide a novel means for identification, characterization and potential management of men with CPPS that differs from traditional methods based on WBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Nadler
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pruden
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Yarnold
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007962:Leukocytes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha