Effects of market liberalisation on smoking in Japan.
OBJECTIVE
To document the effect of the liberalisation of the Japanese tobacco market on Japanese smoking rates and on Japanese tobacco industry practices.


METHODS
Asahi Shimbun (major daily newspaper) from 1980 to 1996.


METHODS
Review of media coverage on the effects of market liberalisation following the imposition of the USA's section 301 trade sanction.


RESULTS
The opening of Japan's tobacco market to foreign cigarette companies stalled a decline in smoking prevalence. Smoking rates among young women increased significantly, and also appear to be on the rise among adolescents. Aggressive marketing and promotional activities by US and Japanese tobacco companies in response to trade liberalisation appear responsible for these adverse trends. Steep increases in sales through vending machines were also possible contributors to the rising smoking prevalence among adolescents. On the positive side, market liberalisation indirectly promoted smoking control efforts in Japan, by causing an anti-smoking movement to coalesce.


CONCLUSIONS
Market liberalisation in Japan played a significant role in increasing smoking prevalence among young women and adolescents while helping to transform the issue of smoking in Japan from a matter of individual choice to a public health problem.
Honjo
K
K
Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. khonjo@h sph.harvard.edu
Kawachi
I
I
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008389:Marketing of Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention