title: Fatal heroin overdoses resulting from non-injecting routes of administration, NSW, Australia, 1992-1996.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document cases of fatal heroin overdose in New South Wales by non-injecting routes of administration, and to compare the characteristics and toxicology of these cases with injecting fatalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Examination of coronial files.
  
  
  METHODS
  New South Wales, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  All fatal heroin overdose cases in NSW between 1992 and 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 10 cases of death resulting from non-injecting routes of heroin administration between 1992 and 1996, representing 1% of cases. In three cases the route of administration was by inhalation, in five cases by nasal administration and in two cases by swallowing. The mean age of cases was 29.6 years, and nine of the cases were male. The median blood morphine concentration of non-injectors was 0.31 mg/l (range 0.06-0.99 mg/l). Drugs other than morphine were also detected in seven cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heroin overdose deaths are not restricted to the injection of heroin. While injection may constitute a greater overdose risk-factor, there is no safe, overdose-free way to use heroin.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000506:poisoning*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin