title: [Hygiene, working conditions and professional risks in the Moorish "hammams++" in Marrakech].
abstract: Moorish "Hammam" baths are used by almost all of the Moroccan population. We evaluated the occupational hazards associated with these baths by studying the working conditions, hygiene and safety at ten Hammam baths in Marrakech. We carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional epidemiological study of 60 workers (30 men and 30 women). We analyzed working conditions, hygiene and safety and carried out a medical survey by means of a questionnaire, clinical tests, chest X rays and biological screening. The working environment in Hammam baths is particularly hot and humid. We found working conditions, hygiene and safety to be poor. Elementary regulations concerning environmental health were not respected and no means of protection was provided for the staff. Mycological studies showed that fungi pathogenic for humans were present in 100% of floor samples. Bacteriological analysis of the well water supplying the baths and of the residual water collected from various bath chambers showed that pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics were present. The medical survey identified various diseases affecting staff members, mostly infectious in nature. The most common problems observed were: problems muscular or skeletal in nature or linked to posture (28.3%), dermatological (100%), neurological (71.6%), ocular (30%), respiratory (90%), ear/nose/throat (51.6%), digestive (11.6%), oral (63.3%), gynecological (83.3%) and urinary (31.6%). Often, individual workers suffered several morbidities associated with working conditions simultaneously In light of these major occupational hazards, it is clearly important to implement special medical supervision of workers in Hammam baths, to improve hygiene and working conditions and to ensure the occupational health education and training of those concerned. As a first step, an occupational health service should be set up in the offices of the municipal health department.
authors.affiliation: 44, avenue Lalla Yacout, Casablanca, Maroc.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Laraqui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caubet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benghalem
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Laraqui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zahrathaddi
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Curtes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001494:Baths; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016272:Occupational Health