The prevalence of anemia in pregnant Nepali women--a study in Kathmandu.
BACKGROUND
Anemia in pregnancy is associated with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization has suggested that where up-to-date information is not available, prevalence studies should be undertaken.


METHODS
The distribution of hematocrit in 2280 pregnant women attending Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, for their first antenatal visit in a twelve month period, 1994-95, was studied. Anemia was defined as a hematocrit value < or =34% in the first and third trimesters, or < or =33% in the second trimester. Severe anemia was defined as a hematocrit value < or =24%. The prevalence of anemia and severe anemia, and associations with socio-demographic (age, ethnic group, living area, maternal and paternal education and occupation) and biological (height, body mass index, parity, gestation) variables were investigated.


RESULTS
The hematocrit values ranged from 11-49% with a mean value of 32.6% (s.d. 3.9). The prevalences of anemia and severe anemia were 62.2% and 3.6%, respectively. High prevalence of anemia was observed among teenagers, farmers, women of short height, the ethnic groups Lama/Sherpa/Tamang, and women married to industrial workers or illiterate men. Also, the risk of anemia increased with gestation. Work within the service professions, higher education and high body mass index, were associated with a lower risk of anemia.


CONCLUSIONS
A high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in Kathmandu was observed. The hematocrit values were related to socio-demographic and biological factors. In order to plan focused and effective intervention, studies on the etiology of anemia among pregnant women in rural and urban areas of Nepal need to be carried out.
Bondevik
G T
GT
Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway.
Ulstein
M
M
Lie
R T
RT
Rana
G
G
Kvåle
G
G
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D014944:World Health Organization