title: Ultrastructural study of direct bone formation induced by BMPs-collagen complex implanted into an ectopic site.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some authors have reported that direct bone formation is ectopically induced by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) independently of cartilage formation when type I collagen is used as a carrier. This study ultrastructurally investigated the mechanism of direct bone formation by BMPs-collagen complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partially purified BMPs were combined with atelopeptide type I collagen (AC) and were implanted into the calf muscles of rats (n = 20). Tissue specimens were removed on days 7, 10, 14, and 21 after implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrastructurally, several regions near the pellet rim showed evidence of early calcification on day 10. In the uncalcified regions, mitochondrial calcification was seen in mesenchymal cells near AC fibers. The initially calcified regions contained numerous calcified granules deposited in the AC fibers. Some of these granules adhered to the cell membrane of osteogenic cells. In the highly calcified regions, some osteogenic cells secreted uncalcified matrix and deposited needle-like crystals and calcified collagen microfibrils on the AC fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the mesenchymal cells invading BMPs-AC complex closely contacted the AC fibers, differentiated into osteogenic cells, and deposited calcified matrix on the AC fibers, resulting in direct osteoinduction without cartilage formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tagawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003460:Crystallization; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D008297:Male; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020894:Microfibrils / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004337:Drug Carriers; C059821:atelocollagen; D003094:Collagen