title: Psychosocial predictors of survival: metastatic breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research interest in psychosocial predictors of the onset and course of cancer has been active since the 1950s. Recently we reported associations between psychological factors and survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. We now report a replication of this study in a sample of women with metastatic breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine patients with metastatic breast cancer completed questionnaires measuring cognitive appraisal of threat, coping, psychological adjustment, perceived aim of treatment, social support and quality of life, approximately four months after diagnosis. Survival was measured from date of study entry to date of death or censored at the date of last follow-up for surviving patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multivariate analysis, four factors independently predicted outcome. Patients with metastases in the liver, lung or pleura survived for a shorter duration (P < 0.001); older patients (P < 0.001) and those with a better appetite (P < 0.05) also lived for a shorter time. Patients who minimised the impact of cancer survived longer (a median of 29.1 vs. 23.9 months after study entry, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimisation was also significantly associated with outcome in patients with metastatic melanoma who participated in an identically designed study, reported elsewhere. This suggests that minimisation may have a general impact on cancer progression and deserves closer scrutiny in other cancers.
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychology Unit, University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia. phyllisb@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Butow
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis