title: Ontic closure and the hierarchy of scale
abstract: The Newtonian, universalist world view is incompatible with the notion of ontological indeterminacy. A hierarchical, or granular perspective, however, reveals how the consequences of pure chance, at scales for removed from those at which the event occurs, can be mitigated.
authors.affiliation: Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, Solomons, USA.
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ulanowicz