Review article: The molecular era of bladder research. Transgenic mice as experimental tools in the study of outlet obstruction.
OBJECTIVE
To review the crucial role of transgenic mice as experimental tools in the study of outlet obstruction.


METHODS
We reviewed the literature for studies that have used mice as models for outlet obstruction.


RESULTS
The combination of genetic manipulations and cellular physiology defines state-of-the-art experiments that explore the reciprocal mesenchymal-epithelial interactions that regulate bladder cell mechanisms.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of transgenic mice in bladder research has provided important data with respect to the molecular signals that drive bladder development, homeostasis, and the response to injury.
Bassuk
J A
JA
Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Grady
R
R
Mitchell
M
M
D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012106:Research; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000235:genetics*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000502:physiology
D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors