title: Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Observational studies suggest that poor nutritional status among HIV-infected pregnant women is associated with a higher risk of vertical transmission of HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized 1083 pregnant women infected with HIV-1 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine the effects of supplements of vitamin A and/or multivitamins (excluding vitamin A) using a 2-x-2 factorial design. We report the effects of the supplements on HIV infection defined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or death up to 6 weeks postpartum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of babies in the multivitamin arm 38, (10.1%) were HIV-positive at birth compared with 24 (6.6%) in the no-multivitamin arm (relative risk [RR] = 1.54; 95% CI, 0.94-2.51; p = .08). Of babies born to mothers in the vitamin A arm, 38 (10.0%) were HIV-positive at birth compared with 24 (6.7%) in the no-vitamin A arm (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.91-2.43; p = 0.11). Neither multivitamins nor vitamin A had an effect on HIV status at 6 weeks among those who were HIV-negative at birth (RR = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.65-1.66; p = 0.88) and (RR = 1.30; 95% CI, 0.80-2.09; p = .29, respectively). Similarly, neither supplement was associated with being either HIV-infected or dead at birth (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.76-1.27; p = .89 and RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.78-1.31; p = .95, respectively. A beneficial effect of multivitamins on birth weight was limited to babies who were HIV-negative at birth; babies in the multivitamin arm weighed +94 g more compared with those in the no-multivitamin arm (p = .02). Among babies who were HIV-positive at birth, the corresponding difference was -31 g (p = .82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin A and multivitamins did not affect the risk of vertical transmission of HIV in utero nor during the intrapartum and early breastfeeding periods. Multivitamins resulted in a significant improvement in birth weight of babies who were HIV-negative at birth but had no effect among those who were HIV-positive. The effect of vitamin supplements on HIV transmission through breastfeeding and on clinical progression of HIV disease is yet to be ascertained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Fawzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Msamanga
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Urassa
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renjifo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mwakagile
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hertzmark
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapiga
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antelman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Essex
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A