title: Influence of temperature and time on thermally induced forces in corneal collagen and the effect on laser thermokeratoplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate thermomechanical aspects of corneal collagen denaturation as a function of temperature and time and the effect of the induced forces on refractive changes with laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a material-test setup, porcine corneal strips were denatured in paraffin oil at various constant temperatures for 10 and 500 seconds, and the temporal course of the contractive forces was studied under isometric conditions. Typical LTK lesions were performed in porcine eyes in vitro with a continuous-wave infrared laser diode at a wavelength of 1.87 microm for 10 and 60 seconds. The laser power was chosen to achieve comparable denatured volumes at both irradiation times. The refractive changes were measured and analyzed by histologic evaluations and temperature calculations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time course of the induced forces was characterized by a maximal force, which increased almost linearly with temperature, and a residual lower force. After 500 seconds of heating, the highest force was achieved with a temperature of 75 degrees C. With a limited heating period of only 10 seconds, the forces steadily increased with temperature over the entire observation period. Laser thermokeratoplasty produced less refractive change after 10 seconds of irradiation than after 60 seconds, although the laser power was 25% higher in the short heating period. Polarization light microscopy of LTK lesions revealed different stages of thermal damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The course of the contractive forces during and after heating is a complicated function of the spatial time/temperature profile. Laser thermokeratoplasty lesions produced with 2 irradiation times showed different stages of denaturation and induced refractive change.
authors.affiliation: Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Radt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flamm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kampmeier
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koop
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Birngruber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen