title: Subharmonic imaging of contrast agents.
abstract: Ultrasound contrast agents promise to improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic ultrasound imaging. It is of great importance to adapt ultrasound equipment for optimal use with contrast agents e.g., by exploiting the nonlinear properties of the contrast microbubbles. Harmonic imaging is one technique that has been extensively studied and is commercially available. However, harmonic imaging is associated with problems, due to second harmonic generation and accumulation within the tissue itself. Given the lack of subharmonic generation in tissue, one alternative is the creation of subharmonic images by transmitting at the fundamental frequency (fo) and receiving at the subharmonic (fo/2). Subharmonic imaging should have a much better lateral resolution and may be suitable for scanning deep-lying structures owing to the higher transmit frequency and the much smaller attenuation of scattered subharmonic signals. In this paper, we will review different aspects of subharmonic imaging including implementation, in-vitro gray-scale imaging and subharmonic aided pressure estimation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. forsberg@esther.rad.tju.edu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; C099458:FS 069; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508