title: Is apoptosis a diagnostic marker of acute myocardial infarction?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and quantify the presence of apoptosis in early myocardial ischemia in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histologic sections from the left and right ventricles of 16 hearts with impending myocardial infarction were stained with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and with antibodies to p53, bcl-2, cpp32, FAS, FAS-L, and bax. DNA electrophoretic analysis was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the inclusion criteria, all 16 cases showed morphologic changes consistent with ischemia and/or reperfusion. TUNEL results were positive in 14 of the 16 ischemic areas. Unexpectedly, they were also positive in "remote from ischemia" myocardium of both the left and right ventricles. DNA electrophoretic analysis confirmed the results of TUNEL. Immunohistochemistry was uniformly negative, probably because of autolysis phenomena.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that apoptosis precedes necrosis in humans, but the detection of apoptosis cannot be used as a diagnostic tool, since it can also be triggered by nonischemic events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Piro
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: di Gioia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: d'Amati
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis; D001344:Autopsy; D015415:Biomarkers; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000032:analysis; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019014:fas Receptor; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases