title: Heart rate in relation to insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in nondiabetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated heart rate has been predictive of cardiovascular disease and has been proposed as a global index of the autonomic nervous system influence on the heart. Hyperinsulinism has been shown to trigger sympathetic activity experimentally; however, the clinical and epidemiological data on the association of heart rate with hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance are conflicting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin sensitivity (S(I)) and the acute insulin response (AIR) to glucose were assessed by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and related to resting heart rate in the tri-ethnic nondiabetic population (n = 1,000) of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate was related to fasting insulin (r = 0.20), intact proinsulin (r = 0.15), split proinsulin (r = 0.17), and AIR (r = 0.18), and an inverse relation was found between heart rate and S(I) (r = -0.19) (all P values <0.0001, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, glucose tolerance status, and smoking). In a multiple linear regression analysis (adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, clinical center, glucose tolerance status, and smoking), heart rate was significantly and independently associated with AIR, proinsulin, and S(I).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proinsulin, acute insulin secretion, and S(I) are associated with heart rate in nondiabetic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Festa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Hales
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mykkänen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Haffner
mesh_terms: D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged