title: The alcohol hangover.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the cause, pathophysiologic characteristics, cost, and treatment of alcohol-induced hangover.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search of English-language reports (1966 to 1999) and a manual search of bibliographies of relevant papers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Related experimental, clinical, and basic research studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data in relevant articles were reviewed, and relevant clinical information was extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The alcohol hangover is characterized by headache, tremulousness, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue combined with decreased occupational, cognitive, or visual-spatial skill performance. In the United States, related absenteeism and poor job performance cost $148 billion annually (average annual cost per working adult, $2000). Although hangover is associated with alcoholism, most of its cost is incurred by the light-to-moderate drinker. Patients with hangover may pose substantial risk to themselves and others despite having a normal blood alcohol level. Hangover may also be an independent risk factor for cardiac death. Symptoms of hangover seem to be caused by dehydration, hormonal alterations, dysregulated cytokine pathways, and toxic effects of alcohol. Physiologic characteristics include increased cardiac work with normal peripheral resistance, diffuse slowing on electroencephalography, and increased levels of antidiuretic hormone. Effective interventions include rehydration, prostaglandin inhibitors, and vitamin B6. Screening for hangover severity and frequency may help early detection of alcohol dependency and substantially improve quality of life. Recommended interventions include discussion of potential therapies and reminders of the possibility for cognitive and visual-spatial impairment. No evidence suggests that alleviation of hangover symptoms leads to further alcohol consumption, and the discomfort caused by such symptoms may do so. Therefore, treatment seems warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hangover, a common disorder, has substantial morbidity and societal cost. Appropriate management may relieve symptoms in many patients.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of California, San Francisco 94121, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Browner
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000430:Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D020751:Alcohol-Induced Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones