title: Prognostic factors for medulloblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate prognostic factors for medulloblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy-three consecutive patients with medulloblastoma, treated at King Faisal Specialist Hospital (KFSH) from 1988-1997, were reviewed. Eighty-four percent were children less than 15 years old. From 1988-1994, treatment was at the discretion of the investigator. From 1994-1998, patients entered a single-arm best practice protocol in which, in staged patients, the surgical intent was total resection, standard radiation treatment was defined, and adjuvant chemotherapy was given to a "high-risk" subset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 150 patients who completed surgical and radiation treatment, the 5-year survival rate was 58%, compared with 0% for 16 patients who were unable to start or complete radiation treatment. For staged patients, the 5-year survival was M0 + M1, 78% and M2 + M3, 21% (p < 0.0001). Other favorable significant prognostic factors were age >14 years and gross cystic/necrotic features in the primary tumor. The size of the primary tumor, the degree of hydrocephalus at diagnosis, the presence of residual tumor in the post-operative CT/MRI, and the functional status of the patient prior to radiation treatment were not significant factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stage M0 + M1 was the most powerful favorable prognostic factor. In Saudi Arabia more patients present with advanced disseminated disease, 41% M2 + M3, than in the West, and this impacts adversely on overall survival. Total resection and standard radiation treatment were not sensitive prognostic factors in a treatment environment in which 78% of patients underwent at least 90% tumor resection and 60% received standard radiation treatment. In order to improve the proportion of patients able to complete radiation treatment, consideration should be given to limiting resection when the attainment of total resection is likely to be morbid, and to delaying rather than omitting radiation treatment in the patient severely compromised postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jenkin
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shabanah
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shail
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassounah
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khafaga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kofide
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome