title: Finite difference modelling of the temperature rise in non-linear medical ultrasound fields.
abstract: Non-linear propagation of ultrasound can lead to increased heat generation in medical diagnostic imaging due to the preferential absorption of harmonics of the original frequency. A numerical model has been developed and tested that is capable of predicting the temperature rise due to a high amplitude ultrasound field. The acoustic field is modelled using a numerical solution to the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) equation, known as the Bergen Code, which is implemented in cylindrical symmetric form. A finite difference representation of the thermal equations is used to calculate the resulting temperature rises. The model allows for the inclusion of a number of layers of tissue with different acoustic and thermal properties and accounts for the effects of non-linear propagation, direct heating by the transducer, thermal diffusion and perfusion in different tissues. The effect of temperature-dependent skin perfusion and variation in background temperature between the skin and deeper layers of the body are included. The model has been tested against analytic solutions for simple configurations and then used to estimate temperature rises in realistic obstetric situations. A pulsed 3 MHz transducer operating with an average acoustic power of 200 mW leads to a maximum steady state temperature rise inside the foetus of 1.25 degrees C compared with a 0.6 degree C rise for the same transmitted power under linear propagation conditions. The largest temperature rise occurs at the skin surface, with the temperature rise at the foetus limited to less than 2 degrees C for the range of conditions considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Bath, UK. sally@divall.demon.co.uk
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Divall
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Humphrey
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal