title: Safety, immunogenicity, and induction of immunologic memory by a serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine in infants: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neisseria meningitidis is a common cause of meningitis and septicemia in infants worldwide. Whether a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine protects infants against the serogroup C strain is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine is safe and immunogenic and induces immunologic memory in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial in 1995 and 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community, Oxfordshire, England.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-two healthy infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to receive vaccination with 0. 5-mL doses of 1 of 2 lots of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (groups 1 and 2; n=60 in each group) or a hepatitis B control vaccine (group 3; n=62), administered with routine immunizations at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. Approximately half of each group received meningococcal C conjugate vaccine and half received plain meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPS) at 12 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum antibodies to meningococcal C polysaccharide, assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and serum bactericidal activity (SBA), at 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, and 13 months of age; local and systemic reactions, recorded for 6 days after each vaccination, compared by intervention group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine was well tolerated. After 3 doses, children in groups 1 and 2 achieved significantly higher meningococcal C IgG geometric mean concentrations (21 and 17 U/mL, respectively, vs 0.20 U/mL; P<.001) and SBA titers (629 and 420, respectively, vs 4.1; P<. 001) than controls. At 12 months, antibody concentrations had decreased in all groups but remained significantly higher in children vaccinated with meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (SBA, 24 and 16 in groups 1 and 2, respectively, vs 4.2 in group 3; P<.001). Following vaccination with MPS at 12 months of age, SBA in the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine group was significantly higher than in controls (SBA, 789 vs 4.5; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that meningococcal C conjugate vaccine is safe and immunogenic and results in immunologic memory when given with other routinely administered vaccines to infants at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. JAMA. 2000;283:2795-2801
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, England. pheath@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: MacLennan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shackley
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Deeks
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flamank
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatzmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goilav
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Moxon
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D011336:Probability; D012703:Serotyping; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; C410218:serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine