title: Laser scanning confocal microscopy of cervical tissue before and after application of acetic acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of high-resolution in vivo confocal imaging may offer a clinically useful adjunct to standard methods for the diagnosis and screening of epithelial precancers. This study assesses the feasibility of real-time confocal reflectance imaging of cervical tissue and the use of acetic acid as a contrast agent to increase visualization of cell nuclei.
  
  
  METHODS
  A confocal microscope was used to image cervical cells and colposcopically normal and abnormal cervical biopsy specimens. Images were obtained before and after the application of 6% acetic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The confocal imaging system resolved subcellular detail throughout the entire epithelial thickness. Normal and abnormal tissues were clearly able to be differentiated. Addition of acetic acid enhanced nuclear signal in all acquired images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-contrast reflected light images of cervical tissue are attainable in near real time. Acetic acid significantly increases light scattering from cell nuclei, which may partially explain why acetowhitening occurs.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas, Austin 78712, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Drezek
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Brookner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malpica
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Richards-Kortum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Follen
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D001706:Biopsy; D003127:Colposcopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D019342:Acetic Acid