title: The bovine protein alpha-lactalbumin increases the plasma ratio of tryptophan to the other large neutral amino acids, and in vulnerable subjects raises brain serotonin activity, reduces cortisol concentration, and improves mood under stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased brain serotonin may improve the ability to cope with stress, whereas a decline in serotonin activity is involved in depressive mood. The uptake of the serotonin precursor, tryptophan, into the brain is dependent on nutrients that influence the cerebral availability of tryptophan via a change in the ratio of plasma tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (Trp-LNAA ratio). Therefore, a diet-induced increase in tryptophan availability may increase brain serotonin synthesis and improve coping and mood, particularly in stress-vulnerable subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested whether alpha-lactalbumin, a whey protein with a high tryptophan content, may increase the plasma Trp-LNAA ratio and reduce depressive mood and cortisol concentrations in stress-vulnerable subjects under acute stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine highly stress-vulnerable subjects and 29 relatively stress-invulnerable subjects participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects were exposed to experimental stress after the intake of a diet enriched with either alpha-lactalbumin or sodium-caseinate. Diet-induced changes in the plasma Trp-LNAA ratio and prolactin were measured. Changes in mood, pulse rate, skin conductance, and cortisol concentrations were assessed before and after the stressor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plasma Trp-LNAA ratio was 48% higher after the alpha-lactalbumin diet than after the casein diet (P = 0.0001). In stress-vulnerable subjects this was accompanied by higher prolactin concentrations (P = 0.001), a decrease in cortisol (P = 0.036), and reduced depressive feelings (P = 0.007) under stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of a dietary protein enriched in tryptophan increased the plasma Trp-LNAA ratio and, in stress-vulnerable subjects, improved coping ability, probably through alterations in brain serotonin.
authors.affiliation: TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands. markus@voeding.tno.nl
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Panhuysen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Der Gugten
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alles
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuiten
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Westenberg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fekkes
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Koppeschaar
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: de Haan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002417:Cattle; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007768:Lactalbumin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010919:Placebos; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D011674:Pulse; D012701:Serotonin / Q000097:blood*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002364:Caseins; D010919:Placebos; D012701:Serotonin; D014364:Tryptophan; D011388:Prolactin; D007768:Lactalbumin; D006854:Hydrocortisone