title: Psychological distress two years after diagnosis of breast cancer: frequency and prediction.
abstract: The present prospective study aimed at (1) investigating the frequency of high levels of psychological distress in women with early-stage breast cancer almost two years after diagnosis and (2) identifying characteristics associated with long-term distress. One hundred and seventy women participated on two occasions. Two months after surgery, patients completed questionnaires measuring psychosocial variables (e.g., stressful life-events, health complaints, sleep problems, social support, subjective distress, personality factors), demographic and biomedical variables (e.g., TNM status, type of surgery). At the second measurement, subjective distress was assessed for a second time by means of the Impact of Events Scale (IES). Almost two years after diagnosis, 16% of the women reported a high level of psychological distress as measured by the Intrusion scale (IES). Best predictors of a high level of distress were: intrusive thoughts about the disease, trait-anxiety, health complaints and problems with sleeping. No significant association was found between previous life-events, social support or biomedical variables and levels of distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, D 342, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ebleiker@nki.nl
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bleiker
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouwer
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van der Ploeg
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leer
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Adèr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*