title: Prevalence of infections in intensive care units in Mexico: a multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the 1-day prevalence of community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections in Mexican ICUs. To identify associated risk factors, predominant infecting organisms, and mortality rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1-day point-prevalence study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 254 adult ICUs in Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients hospitalized in the participating ICUs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 895 patients were studied, of whom 521 patients (58.2%) were infected. Community-acquired infection occurred in 214 patients (23.9%), non-ICU nosocomial infection occurred in 99 patients (11.1%), and 208 patients had at least one ICU-acquired infection (23.2%; 1.45 episodes/patient). The most frequently reported ICU-acquired infections were pneumonia (39.7%), urinary tract infections (20.5%), wound infection (13.3%), and bacteremia (7.3%). The mortality rate for the ICU-acquired infections after 6 wks of follow-up was 25.5%. Multivariate regression analysis showed the following risk factors for ICU-acquired infections: neurologic failure as a primary cause of admission (odds ratio [OR], 1.697; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001-2.839); length of stay in ICU (OR, 1.119; 95% CI, 1.091-1.151); number of therapeutic and/or diagnostic interventions during the preceding week (OR, 1.118; 95% CI, 1.016-1.231); peripherally administered infusion of hyperosmolar solutions (OR, 6.93; 95% CI, 2.452-21.661); sedative usage in the preceding week (OR, 1.751; 95% CI, 1.183-2.602); history of an emergency surgery in the preceding month (OR, 1.875; 95% CI, 1.251-2.813). The administration of antimicrobial treatment if there was an infection decreased the risk of death (OR, 0.406; 95% CI, 0.204-0.755).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence of a high frequency of nosocomial infections was found, and potential risk factors for acquiring infections and mortality were identified. Mortality rates according to the hierarchy of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in Latin American ICUs are reported.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hospital Epidemiology, Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México. sponce@quetzal.innsz.mx
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ponce de León-Rosales
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Molinar-Ramos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Cherit
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rangel-Frausto
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Ramos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors