title: Postmenopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin use and 2-year rate of cognitive change in a cohort of older Japanese American women: The Kame Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relation between estrogen and cognition among postmenopausal women remains controversial. Also uncertain is whether the proposed association varies between women taking unopposed estrogen and those taking estrogen combined with progestin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether unopposed estrogen and combined estrogen-progestin use were associated with the rate of cognitive change in a cohort of older, Japanese American, postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study in a population-based cohort of older Japanese Americans (aged > or =65 years) living in King County, Washington. Cognitive performance was measured in 837 women at baseline (1992-1994) and 2-year follow-up (1994-1997) examinations using the 100-point Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). Least squares means general linear models were used to estimate the 2-year rate of cognitive change according to categories of postmenopausal estrogen use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately half of this cohort (n=455) had never used estrogen at any time since menopause, 186 were past users, 132 were current unopposed estrogen users, and 64 were current estrogen-progestin users. The majority of current estrogen users were taking conjugated estrogens, and all women receiving combined therapy were taking medroxyprogesterone acetate. After adjusting for age, education, language spoken at the interview, surgical menopause, and baseline CASI score, women who had never used postmenopausal estrogen improved slightly on the CASI scale (mean adjusted change, 0.79; SEM, 0.19). This change was significantly greater for current unopposed estrogen users (mean adjusted change, 1.68; SEM, 0.36; P=.04) and significantly worse for current estrogen-progestin users (mean adjusted change, -0.41; SEM, 0.50; P =.02) compared with never users. The improvement observed in past users (mean adjusted change, 1.12; SEM, 0.29) was intermediate between the changes for never users and current unopposed estrogen users and not significantly greater than that for never users (P=.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support a modest beneficial association between current unopposed estrogen use and the rate of cognitive change. We also observed a modest detrimental association between current estrogen-progestin use and the rate of cognitive change. The clinical significance of these modest differences, however, is uncertain. Data from large, long-term randomized trials are required before applying this information to the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. madrice@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McCurry
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate