title: Risk factors for gonococcal and chlamydial cervical infection in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Zimbabwe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify demographic, behavioural and clinical characteristics of symptomatic and asymptomatic women with gonococcal and/or chlamydial cervicitis a study was conducted among women attending antenatal clinics and primary care clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care clinics and antenatal clinics in Harare.
  
  
  METHODS
  467 women with vaginal discharge and 1,189 asymptomatic pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioural and clinical correlates of gonococcal and chlamydial cervical infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of symptomatic women was 26.11 +/- 6.84 years (range: 15 to 52 years) and that of asymptomatic pregnant women was 24.67 +/- 5.43 years (range: 15 to 45 years). Gonococcal and/or chlamydial cervical infection was found in 69 of 1,189 (5.8%) pregnant women and in 77 of 467 (16.5%) non-pregnant women. Logistic regression analysis identified the following predictors of gonococcal or chlamydial infection in women with vaginal discharge: being separated from the partner for a month or more (p = 0.002), having had sex with a new partner in the last three months (p = 0.002), current use of condoms (p = 0.011), and the finding on examination of a purulent vaginal discharge (p = 0.004). Amongst these women an increasing educational level was inversely associated with cervical infection (p = 0.007). Amongst asymptomatic pregnant women the following were identified as predictors of cervical infection: the patient admitting to having a vaginal discharge on direct questioning (p = 0.004), and the finding of a purulent vaginal discharge on examination (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amongst symptomatic and asymptomatic women certain behavioural factors and some clinical findings are associated with cervical gonococcal or chlamydial infection. Women with multiple partners and with partners who are currently using condoms with them and those women with a purulent vaginal discharge are likely to be infected. The age and marital status of subjects was not associated with cervical infection. These findings are useful in providing appropriate care for women with overt or minimal symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Harare.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marowa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gwanzura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chingono
authors.forename: O L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Mbengeranwa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000209:etiology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D015030:Zimbabwe