title: Urothelial cytoprotective activity of Tamm-Horsfall protein isolated from the urine of healthy subjects and patients with interstitial cystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is a ubiquitous urinary protein with essentially no known function. We propose that THP is a cytoprotective agent that protects the urothelium from cationic species. To test this hypothesis we isolated THP from normal and interstitial cystitis urine to see if it could protect cultured cells from damage induced by the polyamine, protamine sulfate (PS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tamm-Horsfall protein was extracted from the urine of interstitial cystitis (IC) patients (N=28) and normal volunteers (N=5). Urothelial target cells (T24) were radiolabeled with 51Cr and then exposed to PS (0-1.0 mg/mL) for either 1.5 or 20 h. The resulting cytotoxicity data (dose-response curves) were then compared with the data obtained when PS was preincubated with 0-0.5 mg/mL of THP (IC vs normal), the semisynthetic polysaccharide, pentosan polysulfate (Elmiron), or human serum albumin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Toxicity of PS was significantly reduced by incubation with THP (or Elmiron) prior to evaluation by the chromium release assay, but not reduced by incubating with another protein, albumin. Tamm-Horsfall protein from IC patients' urine was less protective than an equal quantity of THP from normal urine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These experiments suggest that THP has an important role in bladder mucosal defense mechanisms, protecting the bladder surface from injury. Inability of THP to prevent cytotoxic damage by urinary polyamine or other urinary toxins (cationic species) may be relevant in the etiology of interstitial cystitis, as putative urinary toxic components have been described in the urine of some patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, USA. akiyama@tokyo-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houshiar
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Parsons
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002460:Cell Line; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000652:urine*; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009088:Mucoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011479:Protamines / Q000633:toxicity; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D058949:Uromodulin; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D009088:Mucoproteins; D011479:Protamines; C548612:UMOD protein, human; D058949:Uromodulin