The human language faculty as an organ.
Developments in the study of language and cognition give increasing credibility to the view that human knowledge of natural language results from--and is made possible by--a biologically determined capacity specific both to this domain and to our species. The functional properties of this capacity develop along a regular maturational path, such that it seems more appropriate to speak of knowledge of our own language as growing rather than as being learned. That our learning of language results from a specific innate capacity rather than by general mechanisms of induction is supported by the extent to which we can be shown to know things that we could not have learned from observation of any plausible available teaching. The domain-specificity of the language faculty is supported by the many dissociations that can be observed between control of language structure and other cognitive functions. Finally, the species-specificity of the human language faculty is supported by the observation that (absent severe pathology) every human child exposed in even limited ways to the triggering experience of linguistic data develops a full, rich capacity that is essentially homogeneous with that of the surrounding community. Efforts to teach human language to other species, however, have uniformly failed. These considerations make it plausible that human language arises in biologically based ways that are quite comparable to those directing other aspects of the structure of the organism. The language organ, in this sense, can be interpreted in a functional sense, and not as implying an anatomical location comparable to that of, say, the kidney.
Anderson
S R
SR
Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8236, USA. stephen.anderson@yale.edu
Lightfoot
D W
DW
D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007804:Language Development