title: Cost-effective management of acute atrial fibrillation: role of rate control, spontaneous conversion, medical and direct current cardioversion, transesophageal echocardiography, and antiembolic therapy.
abstract: Management strategies for the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) include: (1) the use of intravenous drugs for rate control, (2) drug termination, or (3) direct current (DC) cardioversion. Delays in cardioversion can promote atrial remodeling and add thromboembolic risk. Rate control awaiting spontaneous or pharmacologic conversion may be a cost-effective strategy in patients presenting with recent onset of symptoms. Early DC cardioversion can be cost-effective and minimize antiembolic therapy issues in the acute setting. In patients presenting with AF of unknown or >48 hours' duration, rate control and therapeutic warfarin for 3-4 weeks followed by medical or DC cardioversion is standard practice. However, delays in conversion promote atrial remodeling that makes restoration of sinus rhythm more difficult and increases the likelihood of postcardioversion AF recurrence. Transesophageal echocardiography can identify patients at low risk for a cardioversion-related embolic event and allows cardioversion to be performed earlier, thereby minimizing atrial remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Pennsylvania State University, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Naccarelli
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Dell'Orfano
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wolbrette
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Luck
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000188:drug therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005424:Flecainide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011342:Procainamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011405:Propafenone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011802:Quinidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013015:Sotalol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D011405:Propafenone; D013015:Sotalol; D014700:Verapamil; D011802:Quinidine; D005424:Flecainide; D011342:Procainamide; D000638:Amiodarone