title: A custom confocal and two-photon digital laser scanning microscope.
abstract: We describe a custom one-photon (confocal) and two-photon all-digital (photon counting) laser scanning microscope. The confocal component uses two avalanche photodiodes (APDs) as the fluorescence detector to achieve high sensitivity and to overcome the limited photon counting rate of a single APD ( approximately 5 MHz). The confocal component is approximately nine times more efficient than our commercial confocal microscope (fluorophore fluo 4). Switching from one-photon to two-photon excitation mode (Ti:sapphire laser) is accomplished by moving a single mirror beneath the objective lens. The pulse from the Ti:sapphire laser is 109 fs in duration at the specimen plane, and average power is approximately 5 mW. Two-photon excited fluorescence is detected by a fast photomultiplier tube. With a x63 1.4 NA oil-immersion objective, the resolution of the confocal system is 0.25 microm laterally and 0.52 microm axially. For the two-photon system, the corresponding values are 0.28 and 0.82 microm. The system is advantageous when excitation intensity must be limited, when fluorescence is low, or when thick, scattering specimens are being studied (with two-photon excitation).
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA. gwier001@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Wier
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Balke
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mauban
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002138:Calibration; D003201:Computers; D004867:Equipment Design; D005453:Fluorescence; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000166:cytology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017785:Photons; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium