title: Ultrastructure of the horse tongue: further observations on the lingual integumentary architecture.
abstract: This investigation examined primarily epidermal specializations of the adult horse tongue by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Samples were collected from seven regions of the normal tongue of various breeds of horse. The filiform papillae, present on the dorsal and lateral aspects but not the ventral aspect of the tongue, were short, slender and finger-like structures with variable-shaped terminae. The epidermal thickness and height of dermal ridges were reduced on fungiform and vallate papillae, but tissue architecture and keratinocyte ultrastructure of most of the lingual epidermis corresponded to the common mammalian epidermal paradigm. One unique finding was the highly localized clustering of epidermal cells with exceptionally high content of PAS-negative trichohyalin cytoplasmic granules at a location atop the dermal ridges and beneath the base of filiform papillae. These granular cells were immediately subjacent to clusters of clear, non-granulated epidermal cells. It is believed that this integumentary specialization may enhance the structural strength at this localized site of the tissue architecture, in relationship to the mechanical papillae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA. carlsan@vt.edu
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000662:veterinary; D014059:Tongue / Q000648:ultrastructure*