title: Reexamining the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among gay men with urethritis: implications for STD policy and HIV prevention activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence of an STD-HIV interaction and the availability of noninvasive urine-based screening tests have resulted in an increased focus on chlamydial infections in men.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of chlamydial infections among men with urethritis at the San Francisco City Clinic (SFCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1997, male SFCC patients diagnosed with urethritis were tested for chlamydia using urine-based ligase chain reaction and for gonorrhea using urethral culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gonorrhea was identified in 45% of men who have sex with men (MSM) versus 26% of men who have sex with women (MSW). Among men with gonorrhea, chlamydia coinfection was found among 15.2% of MSM and 8.4% of MSW. Among men with nongonococcal urethritis, 18% and 20% of MSM and MSW had chlamydial infection, respectively. Young age was associated with chlamydial infection in MSM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a period of low chlamydial infection rates in MSM during the pre-AIDS era, infection rates are increasing among this population. SFCC's revised clinical practice guidelines include chlamydia testing of MSM with urethritis.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Department of Public Health, STD Prevention and Control Services, California, USA.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ciemins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rowniak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moncada
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klausner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schachter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020010:Heterosexuality; D006716:Homosexuality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D014526:Urethritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology