title: Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of conventional and new methods of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing when used to detect cervical cancer and its precursors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic search of English-language literature through October 1999 using MEDLINE, EMBASE, other computerized databases, and hand searching.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies that compared Pap testing (conventional methods, computer screening or rescreening, or monolayer cytology) with a concurrent reference standard (histologic examination, colposcopy, or cytology).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently reviewed selection criteria and completed 2 x 2 tables for each study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  94 studies of the conventional Pap test and three studies of monolayer cytology met inclusion criteria. No studies of computerized screening were included. Data were organized by cytologic and histologic thresholds used to define disease. For conventional Pap tests, estimates of sensitivity and specificity varied greatly in individual studies. Methodologic quality and frequency of histologic abnormalities also varied greatly between studies. In the 12 studies with the least biased estimates, sensitivity ranged from 30% to 87% and specificity ranged from 86% to 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insufficient high-quality data exist to estimate test operating characteristics of new cytologic methods for cervical screening. Future studies of these technologies should apply adequate reference standards. Most studies of the conventional Pap test are severely biased: The best estimates suggest that it is only moderately accurate and does not achieve concurrently high sensitivity and specificity. Cost-effectiveness models of cervical cancer screening should use more conservative estimates of Pap test sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Carolina 27705, USA. knanda@fhi.org
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McCrory
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hasselblad
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Matchar
mesh_terms: D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*