title: Analysis of silicon in human tissues with special reference to silicone breast implants.
abstract: The increase, in the last two decades, in the application of silicones (polysiloxanes) and inorganic silicon compounds in medicine and the food industry, has exposed the human body to extensive contacts with these substances. Most silicone breast implants contain a gel consisting of a crosslinked silicone elastomer swollen by silicone oil (PDMS). Diffusion of PDMS through the silicone elastomer envelope and rupture of the envelope with release of the gel contents both occur clinically. The amount and distribution of silicone compounds in various tissues are key issues in the assessment of health problems connected with silicone implants. We have measured by GFAAS the Si content of tissues from normal and implant patients and the organic solvent extractable Si levels (assumed to be silicone), using careful control of sample collection and preparation. Whole blood levels were: implant patients mean 38.8 (SD 25.6) (microg/kg), controls mean 24.2 (SD 26.7) (microg/kg) in one study and subsequently 103.8 (SD 112.1) and 74.3 (SD 86.5) (microg/kg) in another study. Capsular tissue levels were: gel implants 25047 (SD 39313) (mg/kg of dry tissue), saline implants 20.0 (SD 27.3) (mg/kg of dry tissue) and controls 0.24 (SD 0.39) (mg/kg of dry tissue). Breast milk levels were: implant patients mean 58.7 (SD 33.8) (microg/kg), controls mean 51.1 (SD 31.0) (microg/kg); infant formula mean was 4.40 (mg/kg). Various precautions were undertaken to avoid Si contamination in this work, the most important being a) the use of a Class 100 laboratory for sample preparation and b) application of strict and elaborate washing procedure for specimen collection tools and laboratory plasticware. This data demonstrated that to properly interpret the importance of these numbers for human health, a larger study of "normal" levels of Si in human tissues should be undertaken and factors such as diet, water, race and geographical location should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomaterials, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lugowski
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bonek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lugowski
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Semple
mesh_terms: D018427:Breast Implants; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012825:Silicon / Q000097:blood*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012825:Silicon