title: Flap perfusion after free musculocutaneous tissue transfer: the impact of postoperative complications.
abstract: In a previous study, the authors found persistence of pedicle blood flow up to 10 years after uncomplicated free latissimus dorsi transfer. In this study, the impact of postoperative complications (hematoma, thrombosis, infection) and successful surgical revision was tested. Since 1982, more than 1200 free tissue transfers have been performed at the authors' institution (Hannover Medical School). Of these, the authors selected two groups of 30 patients each who had received a free latissimus dorsi transfer to the lower leg without microsurgical nerve coaptation for wound coverage. All patients included in this study were carefully selected for clinical homogeneity, with one difference: group I comprised patients who had no postoperative complications after free latissimus dorsi transfer. Group II included only patients with major postoperative complications after the procedure. All flaps in group II survived after successful surgical revision. The arteries, which nourished the lower leg, were visualized and documented by means of a duplex scanner in both groups. Three different time intervals were chosen for measurements of blood flow: 4 to 6 months (groups I.I and II.I), 4 to 6 years (groups I.II and II.II), and 8 to 10 years (groups I.III and II.III). Quantitative measurements of local flap perfusion in milliliters per minute per 100 g tissue were performed by means of the hydrogen clearance technique. In each patient, a total of nine measurements was performed in three phases: phase A, before closing the vascular pedicle by manual compression (n = 3); phase B, with a closed pedicle (n = 3); and phase C, after releasing the vascular pedicle from manual compression (n = 3). Each measurement took approximately 10 minutes. One hundred percent closure of each pedicle in phase B was confirmed by the duplex scanner. Furthermore, all patients were monitored both clinically and by means of the hydrogen clearance technique during phase B for adequate blood supply to the lower leg. Lower leg perfusion showed no statistical differences for phases A, B, and C in all groups of patients. In group I, no statistical differences in local flap perfusion were encountered for phases A and C. In phase B, however, a statistically significant (p < 0.01) complete extinction of local flap perfusion was registered in all patients of group I at the site of the flap's skin paddle. In group II, however, persistent flap perfusion was registered during phase B in up to 50 percent of cases in one subgroup (II.III). No statistically significant alterations of local blood flow were registered in the surrounding tissue of group II during phases A, B, and C. Patients with thrombosis of the venous anastomosis (n = 7) seemed to have the highest incidence of loss of autonomous blood supply through the vascular pedicle (5 out of 11 cases). No inconstant results were found during the repetitive measurements (n = 3) for each patient in each phase. After uncomplicated free tissue transfer, the flap's intact vascular pedicle seems to play an important role in permanent flap survival up to 10 years after the procedure. Postoperative complications after free tissue transfer with successful surgical revision, especially venous thrombosis of the vascular anastomosis, may lead to loss of vascular flap autonomy over time.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Machens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mailänder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pasel
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funke
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siemers
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000637:transplantation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012086:Reoperation; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000601:surgery; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome