title: Radiosensitization produced in vivo by once- vs. twice-weekly 2'2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (gemcitabine).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gemcitabine (2'2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine, dFdCyd) is a potent radiosensitizer of rodent and human tumor cells. Our Phase I clinical trial using once-weekly dFdCyd as a radiosensitizer in the treatment of patients with Stage IV squamous cell head and neck cancer has produced a high rate of tumor response and significant normal mucosal toxicity. These findings raised the question of whether we are using dFdCyd in the optimal dose and schedule. In vitro studies suggest that twice-weekly dFdCyd has the potential to be more effective than once-weekly dFdCyd when administered in combination with radiation (RT) given 5 days per week. Therefore, we have used a mouse model to assess whether the therapeutic ratio of combined modality therapy may be improved by using a twice-weekly drug regimen. We asked two questions: 1) Does a once-weekly or twice-weekly dFdCyd regimen cause more normal tissue radiosensitization? 2) Does a once-weekly or twice-weekly dFdCyd + RT regimen produce a better therapeutic index?
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess normal tissue toxicity, C3H mice underwent mouth (60)Co RT (27.5 Gy in 5 daily fractions) +/- dFdCyd delivered intraperitoneally (IP) either once or twice weekly 6 hours prior to irradiation. Acute lip reactions were quantified according to a standard scoring system, and weight loss was measured. We measured tumor control using squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) VII murine squamous cell flank tumors (50-125 mm(3)) treated with the same regimens used in the mouth irradiation model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that dFdCyd delivered 800 mg/kg once weekly or 150 mg/kg twice weekly caused similar (and maximal tolerable) weight loss; therefore these regimens were chosen to test which schedule produced more acute lip radiosensitization. Twice-weekly dFdCyd + RT was somewhat more toxic by weight loss (800 mg/kg once weekly: 11.9%; 150 mg/kg twice weekly: 17.7%; p = 0.09). To assess therapeutic index, we treated SCC VII flank tumors with RT combined with isotoxic drug/RT regimens (dFdCyd 800 mg/kg once weekly or 100 mg/kg twice weekly). Tumors treated with twice-weekly dFdCyd + RT were significantly smaller than tumors treated with once-weekly drug + RT at 28 days from the start of treatment (p < 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that equitoxic once- versus twice-weekly dFdCyd regimens cause differing levels of oral mucosal radiosensitization. This would suggest that each radiation-dFdCyd schedule will require its own dFdCyd dose escalation trial (which cannot be determined by the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for dFdCyd alone using that schedule). In addition, our findings suggest that for head and neck cancers twice-weekly dFdCyd may have a higher therapeutic index compared with once-weekly dFdCyd when combined with daily RT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eisbruch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Normolle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orfali
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008046:Lip / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015431:Weight Loss; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine