title: Percutaeous radiofrequency facet rhizotomy--experience with 118 procdedures and reappraisal of its value.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been many reports of percutaneous radiofrequency facet rhizotomy, perhaps better referred to as facet denervation, usually performed under general anaesthesia, with inconsistent success rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the authors' outcome data using both general and local anaesthesia and to reassess the value of this controversial procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our experience with 118 consecutive percutaneous radiofrequency facet rhizotomies performed on 90 patients in the Toronto Western Hospital was analyzed. Sixty percent of the procedures were performed under general anaesthesia, 40% under local anaesthesia. All patients had been temporarily virtually relieved of pain after local anaesthetic blockade of the subject facets by an independent radiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were monitored from 1-33 (mean 5.6) months after surgery, with complete elimination or a greater than 50% subjective reduction of pain considered the criteria for success. For the first or only procedure this was 41% overall, 37% in cases done under local anaesthesia, 46% in cases done under general anaesthesia (difference not statistically significant p=0.52). There was no statistically significant difference in success rates for procedures performed in the cervical, thoracic or lumbosacral facets, with unilateral versus bilateral denervations, when two to three as compared with more than three facets were denervated, nor for operations done in patients who had had previous spinal surgery compared with those who had not. Results were not better regardless of whether hyperextension of the spine aggravated the patient's preoperative pain or not, and when the procedures were repeated in the same patient outcomes tended to be consistent, arguing against repetition of failed facet denervations. The morbidity was low, the chief problem being sensory loss and transient neuropathic pain in the distribution of cutaneous branches of posterior rami in the cervical and thoracic areas; mortality was zero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous radiofrequency facet denervation is simple and safe, still worth considering in patients with disabling spinal pain that fails to respond to conservative treatment. The use of general anaesthesia shortens the operating time and the patient's discomfort without impairing success rate.
authors.affiliation: Second Division of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tzaan
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Tasker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018681:Anesthetics, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004598:Electrosurgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000294:innervation; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D019051:Rhizotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local