title: Sensitivity of ultrasonic hydrophone probes below 1 MHz.
abstract: Frequency responses of different PVDF polymer hydrophone probes, including membrane and needle designs, were measured and are presented in terms of end-of-cable voltage sensitivity versus frequency over a wide, 4.5 octave bandwidth ranging from 0.25 to 2.5 MHz. The probes are seldom, if at all, characterized in this frequency range due to the difficulties associated with a lack of adequate and readily implementable calibration techniques. To this end, a technique, which uses a combination of swept frequency chirp and reciprocity, so that both the relative and absolute plots of sensitivity versus frequency can be obtained, was developed and tested. Salient features of the technique including the design of a 6 octave auxiliary acoustic source are described. The experimental data indicate that a majority of the PVDF membrane hydrophones exhibit a relatively uniform (to within +/- 2 dB) response. While, in general, this is not the case for commercially available needle hydrophone probes, it is evidenced that a careful attention to the PVDF probe design results in frequency characteristics fairly close to those achievable with a membrane design. The overall uncertainty of the calibration technique was estimated to be better than +/- 1.5 dB in the considered frequency range. The results of this work are important to implement procedures for adequate determination of the Mechanical Index (MI) of ultrasound imaging devices. MI is widely accepted as a predictor of potential bioeffects associated with cavitation phenomena. Current efforts are focused on extending the applicability of the technique to frequencies below 100 kHz.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. lewin@ece.drexel.edu
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lypacewicz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Devaraju
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008904:Miniaturization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011108:Polymers; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers