Intellectual, neuropsychological, and academic functioning in long-term survivors of leukemia.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the effects of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) on children's cognitive functioning.


METHODS
Participants were long-term survivors of ALL treated with cranial irradiation and central nervous system (CNS) chemotherapy (n = 20), or CNS chemotherapy only (n = 21), healthy children (n = 21), and children with chronic asthma (n = 21). The groups were compared on measures of intellectual, neuropsychological, and academic functioning.


RESULTS
CNS chemotherapy, with and without cranial irradiation, was associated with significantly lower levels of intellectual and academic functioning. Children with chronic asthma obtained lower scores than healthy controls, but these differences were not significant. Tests of neuropsychological functioning did not consistently separate the groups.


CONCLUSIONS
CNS chemotherapy and, to a lesser extent, chronic illness both contribute to the poorer performance of long-term survivors of ALL on measures of intellectual and academic functioning.
Raymond-Speden
E
E
University of Otago.
Tripp
G
G
Lawrence
B
B
Holdaway
D
D
D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008727:Methotrexate