title: Influence of hydrophilic and lipophilic beta-blockers on heart rate, ventricular repolarization and their interrelationship in normal subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been hypothesized that hydrophilic and lipophilic beta-blockers have different antiarrhythmic properties because only the latter seem to reduce the rate of sudden death in post-myocardial infarction patients as well as animal models which seem to be independent of their effect on autonomic nervous system modulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different effects of a hydrophilic (nadolol) and lipophilic (metoprolol) beta-blocker on ventricular repolarization in normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen normal subjects entered this randomized, single-blind cross-over study designed to compare the effects of nadolol (80 mg/day) and slow-release metoprolol (200 mg/day) on dynamic ventricular repolarization. The RR intervals, the QT evaluated at the apex (QT apex) and at the end (QT end) of the T wave before and after correction for heart rate, the standard deviation of QT apex and QT end, and the slope of the QT/RR linear relationship (QTa-slope and QTe-slope) were studied using the ELATEC system (ELA Medical, Mountrouge, France), and an evaluation was made of their reproducibility and the effects of each beta-blocker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most reproducible parameters were QT apex, corrected QT apex and the QTe-slope. Nadolol was associated with a greater adrenergic blockade than metoprolol (lengthening of RR interval +25 +/- 7 and +17 +/- 8% respectively, p = 0.0003) and a lower effect on ventricular repolarization (reduction of corrected QT apex -0.6 +/- 3 and -2.5 +/- 2.1% respectively, p < 0.01; reduction of QTe-slope -5 +/- 16 and -15 +/- 15% respectively, p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the dosages used in the study, metoprolol showed lower adrenergic blockade but greater effect on ventricular repolarization than nadolol.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, University of Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iacoviello
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Laura
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mastropasqua
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forleo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rizzon
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Pitzalis
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009248:Nadolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016276:Ventricular Function
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D009248:Nadolol; D008790:Metoprolol