title: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) up-regulates adrenomedullin expression in human tumor cell lines during oxygen deprivation: a possible promotion mechanism of carcinogenesis.
abstract: Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control adrenomedullin (AM) production in human cancers. We demonstrate here that the expression of AM mRNA in a variety of human tumor cell lines is highly induced in a time-dependent manner by reduced oxygen tension (1% O2) or exposure to hypoxia mimetics such as desferrioxamine mesylate (DFX) or CoCl2. This AM expression seems to be under hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional regulation, since HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta knockout mouse cell lines had an ablated or greatly reduced hypoxia AM mRNA induction. Similarly, inhibition or enhancement of HIF-1 activity in human tumor cells showed an analogous modulation of AM mRNA. Under hypoxic conditions, immunohistochemical analysis of tumor cell lines revealed elevated levels of AM and HIF-1alpha as compared with normoxia, and we also found an increase of immunoreactive AM in the conditioned medium of tumor cells analyzed by RIA. AM mRNA stabilization was shown to be partially responsible for the hypoxic up-regulated expression of AM. In addition, we have identified several putative hypoxia response elements (HREs) in the human AM gene, and reporter studies with selected HREs were capable of enhancing luciferase expression after exposure to DFX. Furthermore, transient coexpression of HIF-1alpha resulted in an augmented transactivation of the reporter gene after DFX treatment. Given that most solid human tumors have focal hypoxic areas and that AM functions as a mitogen, angiogenic factor, and apoptosis-survival factor, our findings implicate the HIF-1/AM link as a possible promotion mechanism of carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. garayoam@bprb.nci.nih.gov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garayoa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pío
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neckers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trepel
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Montuenga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gassmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cuttitta
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases; D003676:Deferoxamine; D010100:Oxygen