title: Competing risks after coronary bypass surgery: the influence of death on reintervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For groups of patients at high risk of death, such as older patients, the actual probability of experiencing a nonfatal event, such as reintervention, must be far smaller than the potential probability were there no attrition by death. Competing risks analysis quantifies the difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariable analyses were performed for the competing events death before reintervention, reoperation, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in 2001 patients after bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting and in 8123 after single internal thoracic artery grafting. Follow-up was 9.7 +/- 3.0 years and 10.8 +/- 5.2 years in bilateral and single internal thoracic artery groups, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving single grafts experienced shorter survival and more reinterventions (P <.0001). However, other risk factors for death included old age (P <.0001), but risk factors for reintervention included young age (P <.0001). This difference confounds interpretation of event-free survival that is clarified by competing risks analysis. Death reduced the potential benefit of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting on reintervention by angioplasty from a median of 8.5% to 5.5% at 12 years and by reoperation from 9.3% to 6.8%, with progressively greater erosion of benefit from attrition by death as age increased. Competing risks simulation confirmed that young age was a true risk factor for reintervention, excluding the explanation that it reflected simply passive attrition by death as patients age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even after accounting for attrition by interim deaths, bilateral versus single internal thoracic artery grafting and older age are associated with fewer reinterventions. However, in high-risk patients, its benefit on freedom from reintervention is eroded considerably by death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. blackse@ccf.org
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Blackstone
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lytle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013895:Thoracic Arteries / Q000637:transplantation; D016896:Treatment Outcome