title: Phylogenetic identification of hypermastigotes, Pseudotrichonympha, Spirotrichonympha, Holomastigotoides, and parabasalian symbionts in the hindgut of termites.
abstract: The phylogenetic diversity of parabasalian flagellates was examined based on the sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes amplified directly from the mixed population of flagellates in the hindgut of lower termites. In total, 33 representative sequences of parabasalids were recovered from eight termite species. Fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide probes specific for certain sequences were designed and used for the in situ identification of parabasalian species by whole-cell hybridization. The hypermastigotes, Pseudotrichonympha grassii, Spirotrichonympha leidyi, and Holomastigotoides mirabile in the hindgut of Coptotermes formosanus, and Spirotrichonympha sp. and Trichonympha spp. in Hodotermopsis sjoestedti were identified. In the phylogenetic tree constructed, the sequences from the termites were dispersed within the groups of known members of parabasalids, reflecting the presence of diverse parabasalids in the hindgut of termites. There were three paraphyletic lineages of hypermastigotes represented by Pseudotrichonympha, Trichonympha, and Spirotrichonympha, in agreement with the morphology-based taxonomic groups. The analysis of the tree-root suggested that the Pseudotrichonympha group is the most probable ancient lineage of parabasalids and that the Trichonympha group is the secondly deep-branching lineage. The Spirotrichonympha group and the Trichomonadida may have emerged later.
authors.affiliation: RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Wako, Saitama, Japan. mohkuma@mailman.riken.go.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohkuma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohtoko
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tokura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horikoshi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D004064:Digestive System / Q000469:parasitology*; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D020049:Isoptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal