title: Relationship between structural abnormalities and short-wavelength perimetric defects in eyes at risk of glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative prevalence of blue-yellow perimetric defects and structural abnormalities of the optic nerve and nerve fiber layer in eyes at risk of glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two eyes (of 72 patients) at risk of glaucoma, with normal white-on-white full threshold perimetry, were examined prospectively with blue-yellow full-threshold perimetry (Humphrey). Structural evaluations were conducted with qualitative assessment of stereoscopic color optic disk photographs and monochromatic nerve fiber layer photographs performed independently by three masked examiners (a glaucoma specialist and two glaucoma fellows), and statistical analysis of summary parameters was obtained with scanning confocal laser tomography (abnormal defined as values outside 95% confidence limits established in normal control subjects).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kappa values for interobserver agreement were 0.64, 0.88, and 0.79 for optic disk evaluation and 0.59, 0.60, and 0.61 for nerve fiber layer evaluation. Thirteen (18%) of 72 eyes had blue-yellow abnormalities. A total of 30 eyes (42%) were identified as having a structural abnormality; 29 (40%) had qualitatively determined optic disk abnormalities, 21 (29%) had qualitatively determined nerve fiber layer defects, and 26 (36%) had statistically significant structural abnormalities. Twelve of 13 eyes with blue-yellow defects had a detectable structural abnormality; all 12 had abnormalities identified with disk photography, nine with nerve fiber layer photography, and 12 by scanning laser tomography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically detectable structural abnormalities frequently coexist with blue-yellow perimetric defects in patients with ocular hypertension. A substantial proportion of patients with ocular hypertension with normal blue-yellow perimetry has early detectable glaucomatous structural abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ugurlu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Garway-Heath
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caprioli
mesh_terms: D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology*; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields