title: Outcome from injury: general health, work status, and satisfaction 12 months after trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated outcomes 12 months after trauma in terms of general health, satisfaction, and work status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-seven patients without severe neurotrauma were evaluated by interview during admission and by mailed self-report 6 and 12 months after trauma. Data were obtained from the Trauma Registry, interviews, and survey instruments. Baseline assessment was obtained with the Short Form 36 (SF36) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) work scale. Outcome measures were the SF36, SIP work scale, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) depression scale, the Civilian Mississippi Scale for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and a satisfaction questionnaire. Three regressions were determined for outcome. The dependent variables were general health and work status (linear) and satisfaction (logistic). Each regression controlled for baseline status and mental health, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and 12-month SF36 physical function before evaluating the effect of outcome mental health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up data were available for 75% of the patients at 6 months and 51% at 12 months. The mean age of patients was 37.2 +/- 0.9 years (+/-SEM), and 73% were male. Their average ISS was 13.9 +/- 0.6. Seventy percent of injuries were blunt force, 13.5 % were penetrating, and 16.5 % were burn injuries (mean total body surface area, 13.3 +/- 1.5%). Sixty-four percent of the patients had returned to work at 12 months. Follow-up SF36 mental health was associated with the dependent outcome in each regression. After controlling for baseline status and mental health, ISS, and outcome SF36 physical function, outcome mental health was associated with outcome SF36 general health (p < 0.001), SIP work status (p = 0.017), and satisfaction with recovery (p = 0.005). Outcome SF36 mental health was related to baseline mental health, 12-month PTSD and BSI depression scores, and increased drug and alcohol use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twelve months after trauma, patients' work status, general health, and overall satisfaction with recovery are dependent on outcome mental health. This dependency persists despite measured baseline status, ISS, or physical recovery. The mental disease after trauma is attributable to poor mental health, the development of symptoms of PTSD and depression, and increased substance abuse. Trauma centers that fail to recognize, assess, and treat these injury-related mental health outcomes are not fully assisting their patients to return to optimal function.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Services, Legacy Emanuel Hospital, Portland, Oregon 97277, USA. amichael@lhs.org
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome