title: Leukotomy revisited: late cognitive and behavioral effects in chronic institutionalized schizophrenics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the 1940s and 1950s, prefrontal lobotomy was widely used to treat aggressive, disruptive and psychotic behavior in schizophrenics. Subsequent observations have confirmed its ineffectiveness in schizophrenia. Few studies have addressed its long-term consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted tests of frontal function, behavior (Frontal Behavioral Inventory), psychopathology (PANSS), neurological examinations and CT scans in 19 chronically institutionalized schizophrenic patients (mean age 74) who had undergone orbitofrontal leukotomy between 1948 and 1972 and 11 controls (mean age 74) matched for age, length of hospitalization, education, and diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between leukotomized patients and controls on: Folstein Mini-Mental score (leuko 22.13+/-5.66; controls 23.55+/-5.93), utilization behavior, Luria alternating written and motor sequences, verbal fluency, imitation behavior, motor impersistence, primitive reflexes, or psychopathology. Significant differences were found on clock drawing and on the go/no-go test, which may reflect the presence of an orbitofrontal lesion in the leukotomized group. There was a tendency for the leukotomized group to have fewer indices of frontal behavioral dysfunction. Both groups showed comparable impairment on the Stroop test and cognitive rigidity on the Odd Man Out test of category shifting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With few exceptions, elderly leukotomized and nonleukotomized schizophrenic patients show varying degrees of distractibility, difficulty in set shifting, poor planning and organization, susceptibility to interference, primitive reflexes and signs of global cognitive impairment. Allowing for the small sample size, variability in the surgical frontal lesion, and the long interval from surgery to testing, these observations likely reflect the long-term consequences of severe schizophrenia in both groups.
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche Fernand Seguin, Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Hospital, Quebec H1N 3V2, Montreal, Canada. dnblack@globalnetisp.net
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stip
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bédard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabay
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paquette
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bigras
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011612:Psychosurgery; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology