title: Echocardiographic destruction of albumin microbubbles directs gene delivery to the myocardium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The noninvasive, tissue-specific delivery of therapeutic agents to the heart would be a valuable clinical tool. This study addressed the hypothesis that albumin-coated microbubbles could be used to effectively deliver an adenoviral transgene to rat myocardium by ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recombinant adenovirus containing beta-galactosidase and driven by a constitutive promoter was attached to the surface of albumin-coated, perfluoropropane-filled microbubbles. These bubbles were infused into the jugular vein of rats with or without simultaneous echocardiography. Additional controls included ultrasound of microbubbles that did not contain virus, virus alone, and virus plus ultrasound. One group underwent ultrasound-mediated destruction of microbubbles followed by adenovirus infusion. Rats were killed after 4 days and examined for beta-galactosidase expression. The hearts of all rats that underwent ultrasound-mediated destruction of microbubbles containing virus showed nuclear staining with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside substrate, indicating expression of the transgene. None of the control animals showed myocardial expression of the beta-galactosidase transgene. By quantitative analysis, beta-galactosidase activity was 10-fold higher in the treated group than in controls (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-mediated destruction of albumin-coated microbubbles is a promising method for the delivery of bioactive agents to the heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dallas, Tex, USA.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Shohet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Meidell
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Grayburn
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D004452:Echocardiography; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D007763:Lac Operon; D008863:Microspheres; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D001616:beta-Galactosidase