title: Sarcolemmal and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate- dependent potassium channels: mechanism of desflurane-induced cardioprotection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volatile anesthetic-induced preconditioning is mediated by adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium (KATP) channels; however, the subcellular location of these channels is unknown. The authors tested the hypothesis that desflurane reduces experimental myocardial infarct size by activation of specific sarcolemmal and mitochondrial KATP channels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Barbiturate-anesthetized dogs (n = 88) were acutely instrumented for measurement of aortic and left ventricular pressures. All dogs were subjected to a 60-min left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 3-h reperfusion. In four separate groups, dogs received vehicle (0.9% saline) or the nonselective KATP channel antagonist glyburide (0.1 mg/kg intravenously) in the presence or absence of 1 minimum alveolar concentration desflurane. In four additional groups, dogs received 45-min intracoronary infusions of the selective sarcolemmal (HMR 1098; 1 microg. kg-1. min-1) or mitochondrial (5-hydroxydecanoate [5-HD]; 150 microg. kg-1. min-1) KATP channel antagonists in the presence or absence of desflurane. Myocardial perfusion and infarct size were measured with radioactive microspheres and triphenyltetrazolium staining, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Desflurane significantly (P < 0.05) decreased infarct size to 10 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM) of the area at risk as compared with control experiments (25 +/- 3% of area at risk). This beneficial effect of desflurane was abolished by glyburide (25 +/- 2% of area at risk). Glyburide (24 +/- 2%), HMR 1098 (21 +/- 4%), and 5-HD (24 +/- 2% of area at risk) alone had no effects on myocardial infarct size. HMR 1098 and 5-HD abolished the protective effects of desflurane (19 +/- 3% and 22 +/- 2% of area at risk, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Desflurane reduces myocardial infarct size in vivo, and the results further suggest that both sarcolemmal and mitochondrial KATP channels could be involved.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Toller
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Pagel
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Warltier
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077335:Desflurane; D004285:Dogs; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006880:Hydroxy Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001549:Benzamides; D003652:Decanoic Acids; D006880:Hydroxy Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; C052853:5-hydroxydecanoic acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C410297:HMR 1098; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D005905:Glyburide