title: Signaling and transcription in T helper development.
abstract: The recognition of polarized T cell subsets defined by cytokine production was followed by a search to define the factors controlling this phenomenon. Suitable in vitro systems allowed the development of cytokine "recipes" that induced rapid polarization of naïve T cells into Th1 or Th2 populations. The next phase of work over the past several years has begun to define the intracellular processes set into motion during Th1/Th2 development, particularly by the strongly polarizing cytokines IL-12 and IL-4. Although somewhat incomplete, what has emerged is a richly detailed tapestry of signaling and transcription, controlling an important T cell developmental switch. In addition several new mediators of control have emerged, including IL-18, the intriguing Th2-selective T1/ST2 product, and heterogeneity in dendritic cells capable of directing cytokine-independent Th development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. murphy@immunology.wustl.edu
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ranganath
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asnagli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afkarian
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D002455:Cell Division; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000235:genetics; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000235:genetics; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000276:immunology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007370:Interferon Type I; D007375:Interleukin-1; D018793:Interleukin-13; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C108944:SOCS1 protein, human; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; C494090:STAT4 protein, human; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma