title: Distant enhancers stimulate the albumin promoter through complex proximal binding sites.
abstract: The albumin-alpha-fetoprotein locus epitomizes the main features of transcriptional regulation of fetal and adult hepatocyte-specific genes: developmentally regulated promoters and strong distant enhancers. Full enhancer activity required only a proximal albumin-promoter region containing the TATA box, hepatic nuclear factor 1 (HNF1), and nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) sites. Deletion of the HNF1 site abrogated enhancer and promoter activity, whereas methylation of the site reduced all activity by about 3-fold. Deletion of the NF-Y site attenuated activity by about half, but much of the activity could be replaced by juxtaposition of an upstream region (designated distal element IV). Gel shift and competition analysis demonstrated that binding of architectural factors overlapped NF-Y binding. Moreover, a mutation that eliminated NF-Y binding but only minimally perturbed the surrounding region did not affect enhancer function. In plasmids with a second promoter, the enhancers simultaneously stimulated both albumin and alpha-fetoprotein promoters with minimal competition, but surprisingly some mutations in the albumin promoter attenuated expression from both promoters, whereas another uncoupled their expression. With single promoters, the function of the proximal promoter region was controlled by three parameters in the following hierarchy: HNF1 binding > local architecture > NF-Y binding, but integrated two-promoter function had a much greater dependence on NF-Y.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Vorachek
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Steppan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kajiyama
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Locker
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D004247:DNA