title: Identification of Candida dubliniensis in a study of HIV-seropositive pediatric dental patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The combination of an immature immune system and suppressed cellular immunity in children with HIV infections provides optimal conditions for rapid disease progression. As a result, pediatric AIDS has become a major epidemiological challenge. Oral fungal colonization remains one of the most common opportunistic infections observed in both adult and pediatric HIV infected patients. Although Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated opportunistic fungal species, a recently characterized Candida species, C. dubliniensis, has gained considerable attention due to its almost exclusive association with HIV-seropositive individuals. The purpose of this study was to prospectively screen for the presence of C. dubliniensis among pediatric HIV+ patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral samples taken from twenty-seven children were cultured for the presence of yeast. All positive yeast isolates obtained were screened for the presence of C. dubliniensis by use of tests for germ tube and chlamydospore production, detection of inability to grow at 45 degrees C, by colony color on CHROMagar Candida medium, coaggregation with Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 49256 and by the results of sugar assimilation testing with the API 20C AUX yeast identification system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 27 patients tested, 3 patients were found to harbor C. dubliniensis, one of which also grew C. glabrata; 12 patients were colonized with C. albicans, while the remaining 12 patients were negative for yeast. Identification of the three C. dubliniensis isolates was genetically confirmed by electrophoretic karyotyping. All three C. dubliniensis isolates were found to be susceptible to fluconazole (MIC < or = 0.25 ug/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm the presence of this novel species in a dental pediatric HIV seropositive population and support the need for further investigation into the prevalence and pathogenesis of C. dubliniensis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jabra-Rizk
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Falkler
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Baqui
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Meiller
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002175:Candida / Q000235:genetics; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D015725:Fluconazole