title: The danger of premature graduation to seat belts for young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk of significant injury associated with premature graduation of young (2- to 5-year-old) children to seat belts from child restraint systems (CRS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Advocates recommend use of child safety seats for children younger than age 4 and booster seats for children age 4 and older. Despite these recommendations, many children are prematurely taken out of these child restraints and placed in seat belts. Although data exist to support the use of child restraints over nonrestraint, no real-world data exist to evaluate the risk of significant injury associated with premature use of seat belts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partners for Child Passenger Safety includes a child-focused crash surveillance system based on a representative sample of children ages 0 to 15 years in crashes involving 1990 and newer vehicles reported to State Farm Insurance Companies in 15 states and the District of Columbia. Driver reports of crash circumstances and parent reports of child occupant injury were collected via telephone interview using validated surveys. Results were weighted based on sampling frequencies to represent the entire population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between December 1, 1998, and November 30, 1999, 2077 children aged 2 to 5 years were included and were weighted to represent 13 853 children. Among these young children, 98% were restrained, but nearly 40% of these children were restrained in seat belts. Compared with children in CRS, children in seat belts were more likely to suffer a significant injury (relative risk: 3.5; 95% confidence interval: [2. 4, 5.2]). Children in seat belts were at particular risk of significant head injuries (relative risk: 4.2; 95% confidence interval: [2.6, 6.7]) when compared with children in CRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premature graduation of young children from CRS to seat belts puts them at greatly increased risk of injury in crashes. A major benefit of CRS is a reduction in head injuries, potentially attributable to a reduction in the amount of head excursion in a crash.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. flaura@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Winston
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Durbin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kallan
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Moll
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States