title: Usefulness and pitfalls of intraoperative spinal motor evoked potential recording by direct cortical electrical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness and problems with spinal motor evoked potential (MEP) recording, especially the reasons for failed recording. We report our personal experience over the last 8 years in patients with lesions adjacent to the primary motor cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEP records of 50 consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed. MEP was recorded by a catheter electrode inserted in the cervical epidural space. Stimulation electrodes were placed on the cortical surface during surgery. SEP recording was also performed in 29 of 50 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MEP was obtained in 40 cases, and SEP was recorded in all 29 cases. The central sulcus was identified in 93% of patients in whom both MEP and SEP were performed, whereas in only 86% of patients who underwent only MEP. The main reason for MEP failure were inadequate exposure of the motor cortex, pre-existing hemiparesis and technical errors. Postoperative deterioration of motor function was closely related to intra-operative MEP changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MEP is a useful tool to determine the motor cortex and to predict postoperative motor function. However, precise pre-operative craniotomy planning and combination with intra-operative SEP is essential to reduce the MEP failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horikoshi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asari
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nukui
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors