title: Comparative study between children with and without cleft lip and cleft palate, part 2: electromyographic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to compare electromyographic (EMG) activity of superior orbicularis oris muscle between children with repaired cleft lip and cleft palate and children without clefts.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 28 children with mixed dentition. They were divided into two groups. The study group included 14 children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years, who presented clinically with a short upper lip, abnormal lip seal, and inhibition of sagittal development of the midface as assessed radiographically. The control group included 14 children without clefts ranging in age from 8 to 11 years. All had normal lip seal, nasal breathing, and a clinically normal body posture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bipolar surface electrodes were used for EMG recordings of resting level activity and during swallowing of saliva, speech, and chewing and swallowing of an apple.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significantly higher level of activity at rest and during swallowing of saliva was observed in the cleft lip and cleft palate group. Similar activity during speech and chewing and swallowing of an apple was observed in both groups. The higher level of activity at rest and during swallowing of saliva in children with cleft lip and cleft palate seems to suggest that upon higher functional demands their activity increases less than in children without clefts. From a clinical point of view, if increased EMG activity at rest and during swallowing of saliva reflects increased force on the maxilla, then our findings may corroborate Bardach's findings (1990) that surgical treatment of cleft lip has an iatrogenic effect on facial growth, although the lack of significant correlation between the cephalometric data and EMG findings in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Rehabilitation of Maxillofacial Malformations and Deformities, Faculty of Odontology, University of Chile, Santiago.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ravera
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miralles
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Santander
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Villaneuva
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zúñiga
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D003679:Deglutition; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D013060:Speech