title: Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (losartan) down-regulates transforming growth factor-beta in experimental acute pyelonephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan, on cytokine expression, kidney growth and renal scarring in experimental acute pyelonephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Bki NMRI mice, 8 weeks old were infected with E. coli CFT 073 via the urethra. Mice were divided into four groups; either left untreated; or treated with NaCl 0.9%; or an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan, in doses of 1 mg. or 40 mg. /kg. body weight. The treatment was given daily i.p. for 48 hours, 3 weeks or 8 weeks respectively. Kidneys were weighed and sectioned for histo-pathology and in situ hybridization for mRNA of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TGF-beta and IFN-gamma. Homogenized kidneys were used for EIA of TGF-beta and bacterial growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mRNA expression of the studied cytokines generally peaked at 48 hours in all four groups. In animals treated with losartan, kidney TGF-beta, IFN-gamma and IL-6 decreased significantly at 3 and 8 weeks as compared with controls, untreated or those treated with NaCl, (p <0.005 respectively). Infection was associated with a declining kidney weight, also in the presence of losartan. A 50% reduction of the spread of renal scarring was observed in the losartan treated group, but this did however not reach significance. The proportion of kidneys showing bacterial growth was not influenced by losartan although in these kidneys the mean bacterial counts at 3 weeks were significantly higher in the losartan treated mice (p <0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Losartan is associated with downregulation of TGF-beta, IFN-gamma and IL-6 and may, in combination with antimicrobial therapy, reduce the risk of cortical renal scarring in recurrent acute pyelonephritis in infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tullus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakhiet
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jaremko
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brauner
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D019808:Losartan