title: Does treatment of vesicoureteric reflux in childhood prevent end-stage renal disease attributable to reflux nephropathy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is believed that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) attributable to reflux nephropathy is preventable by the active treatment of vesicoureteric reflux in childhood with long-term antibiotics and ureteric reimplantation surgery. We aimed to test this belief.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry of new patients 5 to 44 years of age treated for ESRD between 1971 and 1998, categorized by age and primary renal disease, was used to analyze the age-specific incidences of ESRD attributable to reflux nephropathy using a before-after study design. The early 1960s were regarded as the introduction period for the active treatment of childhood vesicoureteric reflux. A time-delay in treatment effect was expected. Patients with ESRD attributable to other causes were used as a comparative group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of ESRD attributable to reflux nephropathy and nonreflux nephropathy has increased. For reflux nephropathy, the rate of change was significantly associated with age, with a downward trend in incidence with decreasing age suggesting a minor treatment effect. This trend was no longer evident when adjustment was made for changing diagnostic practices. An opposite trend was observed for the nonreflux nephropathy group, who demonstrated an upward trend in incidence with decreasing age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of children with vesicoureteric reflux has not been accompanied by the hoped-for reduction in the incidence of ESRD attributable to reflux nephropathy. A randomized trial with a control (no-treatment) arm is required to appropriately assess the medical belief that long-term antibiotics and surgery improve the natural history of vesicoureteric reflux.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Kidney Research, New Children's Hospital, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Irwig
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*