title: Intravenous thrombolytic treatment of mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis: a study using serial transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed the results of intravenous thrombolytic treatment under transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) guidance in prosthetic valve thrombosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Thrombotic occlusion of prosthetic valves continues to be an uncommon but serious complication. Intravenous thrombolytic treatment has been proposed as an alternative to surgical intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a four-year period, 32 symptomatic patients with prosthetic valve related thrombosis underwent 54 thrombolytic treatment sessions for the treatment of 36 distinct episodes. All patients had low international normalized ratio values at the presentation. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed at baseline and repeated after each thrombolytic treatment session (total 98 TEE examinations). Streptokinase was used as the initial agent with a repeat dose given within 24 h when necessary. Recurrent thrombosis was treated either with tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial success after first dose was only 53% (17/32) but increased up to 88% (28/32) after repeated thrombolytic sessions upon documentation of suboptimal results on TEE examination (p < 0.01). In addition, four asymptomatic patients with large thrombi were also successfully treated with single infusion. The TEE characteristics of thrombus correlated with clinical presentation and response to lytics. Success was achieved with single lytic infusion in 40% of the obstructive thrombi as compared with 75% of the nonobstructive ones (p < 0.05). The success rates of lytic treatment were similar for mitral versus aortic valves, and for tilting disk versus bileaflet valves. Rapid (3 h) and slow (15 to 24 h) infusion of streptokinase resulted in similar success rates. However, major complications (three patients) occurred only in the rapid infusion group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with prosthetic valve thrombosis, intravenous slow infusion thrombolysis given in discrete, successive sessions guided by serial TEE and transthoracic echocardiography can be achieved with a low risk of complications and a high rate of success.
authors.affiliation: Kosuyolu Heart and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaymaz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sönmez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balkanay
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yakut
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Deligönül
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents