title: Detection of astroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenovirus types 40 and 41 in surface waters collected and evaluated by the information collection rule and an integrated cell culture-nested PCR procedure.
abstract: We evaluated the use of an integrated cell culture-reverse transcription-PCR (ICC-RT-PCR) procedure coupled with nested PCR to detect human astroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenovirus types 40 and 41 in surface water samples that were collected and evaluated by using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) method. The results obtained with the ICC-RT-PCR-nested PCR method were compared to the results obtained with the total culturable virus assay-most-probable-number (TCVA-MPN) method, the method recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for monitoring viruses in surface and finished waters. Twenty-nine ICR surface water samples were analyzed. Viruses were concentrated by using filter adsorption-beef extract elution and organic flocculation techniques, and then the preparations were evaluated for viruses by visualizing cytopathic effects in the Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cell line. In the ICC-RT-PCR-nested PCR technique we used Caco-2 cells to propagate astroviruses and enteroviruses (ICC step), and we used BGMK cells to propagate adenovirus types 40 and 41, as well as enteroviruses. Fifteen of the 29 samples (51.7%) were positive for astrovirus as determined by the ICC-RT-PCR-nested PCR method, and eight of these samples (27.5%) contained infectious astrovirus. Seventeen of the 29 samples (58.6%) were positive for enteroviruses when the BGMK cell line was used, and six (27.6%) of these samples were determined to be infectious. Fourteen of the 29 samples (48.3%) were positive for adenovirus types 40 and 41, and 11 (37.9%) of these samples were determined to be infectious. Twenty-seven of the 29 samples (93.1%) were positive for a virus, and 19 (68.9%) of the samples were positive for an infectious virus. Only 5 of the 29 samples (17.2%) were positive as determined by the TCVA-MPN method. The ICC-RT-PCR-nested PCR method provided increased sensitivity compared to the TCVA-MPN method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Chapron
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Frades
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Margolin
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D001257:Mamastrovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency / Q000592:standards; D014776:Virus Cultivation; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014871:Water Microbiology