title: Morphine inhibits NF-kappaB nuclear binding in human neutrophils and monocytes by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a pivotal role in gene expression of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines or adhesion molecules. NF-kappaB-mediated transcriptional activation of these genes is inhibited by nitric oxide (NO) in a variety of cells, including monocytes. Morphine mediates NO release in a naloxone antagonizable manner in monocytes and neutrophils.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of morphine on NF-kappaB activation was investigated in a whole-blood flow cytometric assay. A specific antibody against the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB was used and detected by fluoresceine-isothiocyanate-labeled anti-immunoglobulin G. Nuclei were stained with propidium iodide. Leukocyte subpopulations were evaluated by gating on neutrophils and monocytes. The median fluorescence channel was determined. Different morphine concentrations (50 nm, 50 microm, 1 mm) and incubation intervals (10-150 min) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB nuclear binding in human blood neutrophils and monocytes in a time-, concentration-, and naloxone-sensitive-dependent manner. Similar effects were achieved with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-pencillamine and the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine. The NO synthase inhibitors Nomega-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-esther and Nomega-nitro-l-arginine completely abolished the morphine-induced attenuation of NF-kappaB nuclear binding, demonstrating that the inhibitory action is mediated by NO release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphine causes immunosuppression, at least in part, via the NO-stimulated depression of NF-kappaB nuclear binding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. Ingeborg.D.Welters@chiru.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Welters
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menzebach
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goumon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cadet
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Menges
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hempelmann
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Stefano
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011485:Protein Binding; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D000111:Acetylcysteine