title: Clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sirolimus is a novel macrocyclic antibiotic that has an immunosuppressive mechanism of action distinct from that of cyclosporine and tacrolimus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this report is to provide an overview of the clinical development of sirolimus with emphasis on the mechanism of immunosuppressive activity, prevention of acute renal allograft rejection, clinical pharmacokinetics, concentration-effect relationships, and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetic studies in adult renal transplant patients have shown that sirolimus may be characterized as a drug with rapid absorption (t(max) = 1 to 2 hours), low systemic availability (F = 14%), linear dose proportionality (2 to 24 mg), extensive partitioning into formed blood elements (B/P = 36), large apparent volume of distribution (1.7 L/kg), prolonged terminal half-life (62 hours), and large intersubject (CV = 52%) and intrasubject (CV = 26%) variability in oral-dose clearance. Results from phase 111 pivotal trials showed that sirolimus (2 or 5 mg/d) reduced acute renal graft rejection (generally, P < 0.01) without TDM. Although TDM may not be required for a regimen consisting of full-dose cyclosporine and corticosteroids with sirolimus 2 mg/d (4 hours after cyclosporine), it may be warranted in patients (1) with hepatic impairment, (2) who are young children, (3) who are receiving concurrent doses of strong CYP3A/p-glycoprotein inhibitors or inducers, (4) in whom cyclosporine dosing is markedly reduced or discontinued, and (5) who are at a high risk for rejection. A whole-blood sirolimus therapeutic window of 5 to 15 ng/mL (measured by microparticle enzyme immunoassay) is recommended for patients at standard risk of rejection. The large intrapatient variability observed in trough sirolimus concentrations indicates that dose adjustments should be optimally based on more than a single trough sample. Because of the time required to reach steady state, sirolimus dose adjustments would optimally be based on trough levels obtained >5 to 7 days after a dose change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effective use of sirolimus in an immunosuppressive regimen for the prevention of acute renal allograft rejection requires an understanding of the drug's clinical pharmacokinetics, concentration/adverse-effect relationship, concentration-efficacy relationship, and TDM.
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scarola
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D020123:Sirolimus