title: Efficacy of articaine: a new amide local anesthetic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors compared the safety and efficacy of 4 percent articaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 with 2 percent lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three identical randomized, double-blind, multicenter trials, subjects 4 to 80 years of age received either 4 percent articaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 or 2 percent lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 for simple or complex dental procedures. In each trial, the authors randomized the subjects in a 2:1 ratio to receive articaine or lidocaine. Efficacy was determined by both subject and investigator using a visual analog scale, or VAS. The authors used the Kruskal-Wallis test to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 882 subjects received articaine, and 443 received lidocaine. The authors found no statistical differences between the groups (P = .05). They also compared drug volumes for both articaine and lidocaine groups (2.5 milliliters +/- 0.07 standard error of mean, or SEM, vs. 2.6 mL +/- 0.09 SEM for simple procedures and 4.2 mL +/- 0.15 SEM vs. 4.5 mL +/- 0.21 SEM for complex procedures). The procedures' durations were comparable for both the articaine and lidocaine groups. The authors found no statistical difference between the two treatment groups (P = .05) with respect to subject or investigator pain ratings using the VAS; the mean pain scores determined by both patients and investigators for all groups tested were less than 1.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found that 4 percent articaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 was well-tolerated in 882 subjects. It also provided clinically effective pain relief during most dental procedures and had a time to onset and duration of anesthesia appropriate for clinical use and comparable to those observed for other commercially available local anesthetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain control is a major component of patient comfort and safety. Local anesthetics form the backbone of pain control techniques in dentistry. Four percent articaine with epinephrine is an amide local anesthetic that will meet the clinical requirements for pain control of most dental procedures in most patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-0641, USA.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Malamed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leblanc
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002355:Carticaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002355:Carticaine; D004837:Epinephrine