title: Recent developments in understanding the immune response to human papilloma virus infection and cervical neoplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of the immune system and describe the systemic and local immune response to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in the cervix and to the development of cervical dysplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical and current medical and nursing literature, current gynecologic oncology texts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immune system provides protection against a wide variety of pathogens and plays a role in the response of the body to neoplastic cells. The immune system orchestrates the functions of various immune cells and proteins to fight against invading pathogens. Mucosal immunity is one of the key functions of the immune system and has unique features. Humoral and cytotoxic responses in the cervix and in the peripheral blood are seen during clearance of an HPV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The functional status of the immune system is associated closely with the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer in women with HPV infection. Clinicians must assist women in maintaining proper functioning of immune responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better understanding of local and systemic immune responses to HPV infection may help nurses who provide care to women with cervical disease and women at high risk for cervical cancer to deliver better care and clearer information to patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, USA. akikok@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallhagen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith-McCune
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*