title: Comparison of impact data in hockey, football, and soccer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare accelerational forces to the head in high school-level football, hockey, and soccer athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acceleration of impact was measured within the helmet of high school hockey and football players during actual game play. A triaxial accelerometer was placed at the vertex of the helmet immediately adjacent to the players head. Peak acceleration (in g's) was measured and the Gadd Severity Index and Head Injury Criterion score calculated during actual play periods in several games over four seasons. We also recorded acceleration of head impacts in high school-level soccer players who headed a soccer ball while equipped with a football helmet instrumented identically to the helmet used to record during football games.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak accelerations inside the helmet for football averaged 29.2 g compared with 35 g for hockey (p = .004). There were no incidents of concussion or other traumatic brain injury during the recorded periods. In contrast, the peak accelerations associated with heading a soccer ball was 54.7 g (p = 2 x 10(-5) vs. hockey).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peak accelerations as measured at the surface of the head were 160 to 180% greater from heading a soccer ball than from routine (noninjurious) impacts during hockey or football, respectively. The effect of cumulative impacts at this level may lead to neurologic sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. naunheim@slu.edu
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Naunheim
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Standeven
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D012307:Risk Factors; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices