title: Psychological distress and styles of coping in parents of children awaiting elective cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the level of psychological distress, and the styles of coping of, parents of children with congenital heart disease. The study was based on questionnaires, which were completed, on average, four weeks, with a range from 0.1 to 22.1 weeks, prior to elective cardiac surgery or elective catheter intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the General Health Questionnaire, and the Utrecht Coping List, to compare scores from parents of those undergoing surgery, with scores of reference groups, and with scores of the parents of those undergoing intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, in comparison with our reference groups, the parents of the 75 children undergoing surgery showed elevated levels of psychological distress, manifested as anxiety, sleeplessness, and social dysfunctioning. They also demonstrated less adequate styles of coping, being, for example, less active in solving problems. With only one exception, no differences were demonstrated in parental reactions to whether cardiac surgery or catheter intervention had been planned. The mothers of the 68 patients who were to undergo cardiac surgery, however, reported greater psychological distress and manifested greater problems with coping than did the fathers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated levels of psychological distress, and less adequate styles of coping, were found in the parents of patients about to undergo cardiac surgery, especially the mothers, when compared to reference groups. Future research should investigate whether these difficulties persist, and whether this will influence the emotional development of their children with congenital cardiac malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands. utens@psys.azr.nl
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Utens
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Versluis-Den Bieman
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witsenburg
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bogers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires