title: Salivary gland disease in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women from the WIHS study. Women's Interagency HIV Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of enlargement, tenderness, and absence of saliva on palpation as indicators of salivary gland disease in women who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study subjects are participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a multicenter study examining HIV-seropositive women and at-risk HIV-seronegative women. A total of 576 HIV-positive women and 152 HIV-negative women were examined at their baseline oral visit for clinical markers of salivary gland disease. Viral load levels, CD4 counts, and CD8 counts were obtained as part of the related core study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-positive women had higher rates of salivary gland enlargement (4.3%), tenderness (6.9%), and absence of saliva on palpation (26.6%) compared with HIV-negative women, who had rates of 1.3%, 4.6%, and 13.2%, respectively. Absence of saliva was significantly different (P =. 001) between the 2 groups. When 2 of the 3 clinical findings were combined, comparisons between the HIV-positive women and HIV-negative women became significant at the P <.05 level for every combination, except for enlargement/tenderness for the submandibular/sublingual gland. For the HIV-positive women, the viral load was significantly related to enlargement (P =.019) and enlargement/absence of saliva on palpation (P =.037) for the parotids and enlargement (P =.046), absence of saliva (P =.043), and enlargement/absence of saliva (P =.022) for the submandibular/sublingual glands. Significant linear trends were found for increasing viral load and enlargement (P =.013) and enlargement/tenderness (P =.024) for the submandibular/sublingual glands. Significance was present for submandibular/sublingual absence of saliva and tenderness/absence of saliva for CD4 and CD8 medians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serostatus is related to salivary gland disease as assessed by glandular enlargement, tenderness, and absence of saliva on palpation. Furthermore, our findings indicate that a multidimensional approach to gland assessment may provide a more complete and perhaps more adequate description of glandular involvement with HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Medicine and Public Health, University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90089-0641, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navazesh
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Komaroff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redford
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phelan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D012466:Salivary Gland Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology