title: [Professional education of Polish physicians in otologic centers of Vienna in the 19th century].
abstract: The foundations of the modern otology in Vienna created Adam Politzer, Joseph Gruber, Victor Urbantschitsch. The professional and scientific achievements of Joseph Gruber and Victor Urbantschitsch are described briefly. Gruber was one of two heads of otiatric clinic in Vienna. Urbantschitsch was an authority of psychophysiology of hearing. Such well-known otologists in Vienna as Gustav Alexander, Robert Bárány, Beniamin Gomperz, Erich Ruttin and others were a good teachers of many foreign physicians also from Polish territories. Robert Bárány was a Nobel prize winner.
authors.affiliation: Przemysłowy ZOZ Wrocław-Fabryczna.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kierzek
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education* / Q000266:history; D011044:Poland