title: Epidural top-up solutions for emergency caesarean section: a comparison of preparation times.
abstract: We compared the preparation times of three solutions commonly used for epidural top-up for emergency Caesarean section. Twenty-two anaesthetists were asked to prepare fresh solutions in random order as quickly as possible: 0.5% bupivacaine 20 ml (B); 2% lidocaine 20 ml with 1:200,000 epinephrine (LE); and 0.5% bupivacaine 10 ml and 2% lidocaine 10 ml with 1:200,000 epinephrine and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate 2 ml (BLEB). Preparation times for B were approximately half of those for LE, which in turn were approximately half of those for BLEB (P = 0.0001). If local anaesthetic solutions with additives such as epinephrine or bicarbonate are prepared just before emergency Caesarean section, any possible reduction in onset time that they might afford may be offset by the additional preparation time required.
authors.affiliation: Magill Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Borra
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yentis
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000737:chemistry; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000737:chemistry; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D012996:Solutions; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine