title: Medical students' attitudes toward pain and the use of opioid analgesics: implications for changing medical school curriculum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Barriers to pain management include physicians' lack of knowledge and attitudes. Our aim was to investigate future physicians' knowledge and attitudes toward pain and the use of opioid analgesics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested a medical school class during their freshman and senior years. Stepwise regression analysis was used to identify the personal traits that predicted opiophobia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The professionalization process of medical training may reinforce negative attitudes. Psychologic characteristics were associated with reluctance to prescribe opioids, and fears of patient addiction and drug regulatory agency sanctions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent attitudes were found in senior medical students with preferences for certain specialty areas and the practitioners of their future specialties, suggesting a "preselection" effect. Higher scores on reliance on high technology, external locus of control, and intolerance of clinical uncertainty were associated with higher scores on one or more of the three dimensions of opiophobia. Implications for medical education are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Laux
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Thornby
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lorimor
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Merrill
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004363:Drug Utilization; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004501:Education, Medical; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D013677:Medical Laboratory Science; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010551:Personality; D011287:Prejudice; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013038:Specialization; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid