title: A comparison of papaveretum-promethazine with morphine-ondansetron for patient-controlled analgesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with intravenous morphine is commonplace. Antiemetics are often added to reduce side-effects. In our institution an unusual combination of papaveretum-promethazine is in use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We set out to compare this combination with a more commonly used one (morphine-ondansetron) by auditing the records of our pain-control team assessing analgesia and control of side-effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of two groups of 100 consecutive patients were studied. Pain scores were recorded 24 hours post-operatively on a scale of zero to ten. Also recorded were sedation scores, pruritus, emesis, and usage of breakthrough analgesia. The groups contained the work of a variety of anaesthetists and surgeons, though the majority were orthopaedic cases. All results were recorded by one pain-control nurse, using the same question, over a nine-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sedation scores were identical, while side-effects were few and similar in both groups. The use of breakthrough analgesia was also similar. However, the median pain-score of zero in the papaveretum group was significantly lower than that of two in the morphine group, (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Papaveretum-promethazine appeared to be effective for PCA. This combination is also much less expensive than morphine-ondansetron. A previously described synergistic interaction between promethazine and opiates may be a factor in its success. Further evaluation of these drugs in PCA is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nevin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017294:Ondansetron / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009892:Opium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011398:Promethazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000932:Antiemetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D017294:Ondansetron; D009020:Morphine; D009892:Opium; D011398:Promethazine