title: Altered expression of beta-catenin, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis.
abstract: Activation of the beta-catenin/T cell factor-mediated transcription pathway through mutations of the APC or beta-catenin gene is suggested to play an important role in colon carcinogenesis and there is great interest in the target genes. We have described the frequent mutation and an altered cellular localization of beta-catenin in rat colon adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane (AOM), along with up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. In the present study, the relation between beta-catenin alteration and expression of iNOS and COX-2 in AOM-induced rat colon carcinogenesis was examined in hyperplastic and dysplastic type aberrant crypt, adenoma and adenocarcinoma samples. K-ras gene mutations were also investigated. Mutation analysis by the PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism method and direct sequencing demonstrated the beta-catenin gene to be mutated in two of three dysplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF), two of six adenomas and 20 of 26 adenocarcinomas, while K-ras was mutated in seven of 10 hyperplastic ACF and seven of 26 adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining showed an alteration in cellular localization of beta-catenin in all dysplastic ACF, adenomas and adenocarcinomas examined. iNOS expression was also observed in all but one of the lesions in which beta-catenin alterations were observed. Neither iNOS expression nor beta-catenin alterations were observed in any hyperplastic ACF. COX-2 expression in stromal elements was found even in normal colon mucosa and increased in adenomas and adenocarcinomas, while epithelial cells were only positive in large adenocarcinomas. These results show that beta-catenin alterations may be related to induction of iNOS expression, these being early events in AOM-induced colon tumorigenesis which may play important roles in causing dysplastic changes.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. mtakahas@gan2.ncc.go.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mutoh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugimura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000236:Adenoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001397:Azoxymethane; D002273:Carcinogens; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D011905:Genes, ras; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; C495268:Ctnnb1 protein, rat; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D001397:Azoxymethane