title: Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients: lack of association with plasma insulin levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a dysregulation of the fibrinolytic system exists in normal glucose tolerant offspring of type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 32 offspring of type 2 diabetic patients and 26 subjects with no family history of diabetes were studied. With respect to the metabolic parameters, plasma fasting and 2-h postload (75 g glucose) glucose and insulin levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol concentrations were determined. To evaluate the status of hemostatic factors, fibrinogen, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen level, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen level, and PAI-1 activity were assessed. The statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test to check the significance of differences between variables in the two groups and Spearman's rank correlation tests to check the interrelationships between the hemostatic and metabolic parameters in the offspring group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects had normal glucose tolerance according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Plasma fasting and postload insulin concentrations were significantly higher in offspring compared with control group (P<0.00001 and P<0.01, respectively). Plasma fasting and postload glucose, fibrinogen, tPA antigen, total cholesterol, and BMI were comparable between the groups. The offspring had significantly higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P = 0.03), higher triglycerides (P = 0.01), and lower HDL cholesterol (P<0.01) compared with the control group. PAI-1 antigen level and PAI-1 activity were higher in the offspring (P = 0.05 and P = 0.04, respectively). In the offspring group, PAI-1 activity was correlated with plasma PAI-1 antigen level (r = 0.40, P = 0.02), fibrinogen (r = 0.45, P = 0.01), and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.36, P = 0.04). However, tPA antigen level, fasting and postload plasma glucose and insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, WHR, and BMI did not correlate with PAI-1 activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that normal glucose tolerant offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects have elevated PAI-1 activity indicating to hypofibrinolysis in this group. The elevated PAI-1 activity has no association with plasma insulin concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. agurlek@ato.org.tr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gürlek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayraktar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirazli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009679:Nuclear Family; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007328:Insulin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014280:Triglycerides; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002784:Cholesterol; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator