title: The potential of soil microorganisms to mineralize atrazine as predicted by MCH-PCR followed by nested PCR.
abstract: The potential of soil microorganisms to mineralize atrazine was studied in soil samples collected from fields with various histories of atrazine application. In contrast to many previous studies, which showed no atrazine mineralization activity, all the tested soils mineralized atrazine regardless of their atrazine application history. However, the delay before mineralization and the variation in the subsequent mineralization rate were in agreement with the initial copy number of the atrazine dechlorinaze gene, and the proliferation rate of the degraders. Soils from corn fields, which had up to 100 copies of the atzA gene per gram of soil, had a lag period of 4-5 days before atrazine mineralization started, and final mineralization percentages ranged from 40% to 54%. However, soils from fields that were never amended with atrazine had much longer lag periods (more than 17 days), which decreased after enrichment of the degrader population with high concentrations of atrazine for 15 days. Generally the mineralization rate and the atzA gene copy number increased after the enrichment period. The atrazine mineralization potential was measured by PCR of genes from the atrazine mineralization pathway. Magnetic capture hybridization was the most efficient of the two tested methods for purifying target DNA of PCR inhibitors, without reducing the copy number of the required fragment. Nested PCR proved to be the most effective method for predicting the exact potential of the soil to mineralize the pollutant even without enrichment of a small population with the target genes. This method can complement microcosm studies and eliminate futile efforts when the potential to mineralize the pollutant does not exist in the soil.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shapir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goux
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Mandelbaum
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pussemier
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008280:Magnetics; D008863:Microspheres; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D006867:Hydrolases; C100894:atrazine chlorohydrolase; D001280:Atrazine