title: Attenuation of the preoperative stress response with midazolam: effects on postoperative outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, effects of preoperative sedatives were assessed mainly with respect to preoperative outcomes such as anxiety and compliance. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of preoperative sedatives on postoperative psychological and clinical recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing general anesthesia and outpatient surgery were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects (n = 55) were randomly assigned to receive either 5 mg intramuscular midazolam (n = 26) or a placebo injection (n = 29) at least 30 min before surgery. The anesthetic technique was controlled. Postoperative anxiety, pain, analgesic consumption, clinical recovery parameters, and global health (SF-36) were evaluated up to 1 month after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgery length did not differ significantly between the treatment and placebo groups (118 +/- 45 min vs 129 +/- 53 min; P = NS). Throughout the first postoperative week, subjects in the treatment group reported a greater reduction in postoperative pain compared with subjects in the placebo group (F1,50= 3.5; P = 0.035). Moreover, at 1 week, ibuprofen use was reported by less subjects in the treatment group than in the placebo group (0% vs 17.2%; P = 0.026). Subjects in the treatment group also reported a greater reduction in postoperative anxiety throughout the follow-up period (F1,53 = 9.2; P = 0.04). However, global health indexes (SF-36) did not detect any significant differences between the two experimental groups (multivariate F1,45 = 0.44; P = 0.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects treated with midazolam preoperatively self-report improved postoperative psychological and pain recovery. However, the clinical significance of these findings is unclear at the present time.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. zeev.kain@yale.edu
authors.forename: Z N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Kain
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sevarino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pincus
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kosarussavadi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam