title: Angiographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are occasionally associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), which is characterized by the presence of multiple mucocutaneous telangiectasia, epistaxis, and familial inheritance. We analyzed the angiographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cerebral AVMs related to HHT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 638 patients with cerebral AVMs, we identified 14 patients with HHT. The AVMs were classified as those with nidi of 1 cm or less (micro AVMs), those with nidi between 1 and 3 cm (small AVMs), and those of the fistulous type (arteriovenous fistulas [AVFs]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 28 AVMs were found; seven of 14 patients had multiple AVMs. The 28 AVMs were categorized as 12 micro AVMs, eight small AVMs, and eight AVFs. All except one micro AVM were asymptomatic, whereas all small AVMs were symptomatic. Three of eight AVFs were asymptomatic. All 28 AVMs were located on the cortex. All micro AVMs and AVFs had single feeders and single draining veins, whereas the small AVMs had multiple feeders in all lesions and single draining veins in six of eight lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple, cortical, micro AVMs or AVFs harboring single feeding arteries and single draining veins should raise clinical suspicion of HHT-related AVMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mandzia
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: ter Brugge
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Willinsky
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Faughnan
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Manzia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013683:Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed