title: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis revisited: a case series of 195 patients with long-term followup.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at revisiting vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) on the basis of anamnestic, clinical, immunologic, histopathologic, and followup data of 195 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective noncomparative case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-five patients with VKC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical evaluation and outcome in 151 of 195 patients with a median followup of 47 months. Evaluation was by telephone survey in 69 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Demographic, clinical, and immunologic features of VKC and their influence on the course of the disease; (2) conjunctival and corneal complications and efficacy of treatment observed during the followup period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VKC is a chronic disease. More than 60% of patients had repeated recurrences all year round. Males had an earlier presentation of symptoms than females and the male/female ratio decreased with age. Major (greater than 80%) and minor (up to 80%) diagnostic criteria were defined for clinical signs and symptoms of the disease. Negative skin test or radioallergosorbent test was present in approximately 50% of patients, whereas eosinophil infiltration was a constant histopathologic finding. A marked conjunctival sensitivity to nonspecific stimuli was noted in more than one third of patients. In 6% of cases, a reduction of visual acuity resulted from corneal scarring, and in 2% of patients, steroid-induced glaucoma was observed. The large size of giant papillae indicates poor prognosis for the persistence of the disease and its evolution into a chronic, perennial condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VKC is a chronic eosinophilic disease of the ocular surface involving IgE, non IgE-mediated mechanisms, and age-sex-related influences. Although the disease has a good prognosis, severe visual impairments may result from long-standing inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Tor Vergata and the G.B. Bietti Eye Foundation, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lambiase
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasqualetti
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zuccaro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rama
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magrini
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Juhas
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bucci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D003315:Cornea / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies