title: Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta negatively regulates both DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of heat shock factor 1.
abstract: Stress activation of heat shock factor (HSF1) involves the conversion of repressed monomers to DNA-binding homotrimers with increased transcriptional capacity and results in transcriptional up-regulation of the heat shock protein (hsp) gene family. Cells tightly control the activity of HSF1 through interactions with hsp90 chaperone complexes and through integration into a number of different signaling cascades. A number of studies have shown that HSF1 transcriptional activity is negatively regulated by constitutive phosphorylation in the regulatory domain by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3) isoforms alpha/beta. However, previous studies have not examined the ability of GSK3 to regulate the DNA-binding activity of native HSF1 in vivo under heat shock conditions. Here we show that GSK3beta inhibits both DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of HSF1 in heat-shocked cells. Specific inhibition of GSK3 increased the levels of DNA binding and transcription after heat shock and delayed the attenuation of HSF1 during recovery. In contrast, the overexpression of GSK3beta resulted in significant reduction in heat-induced HSF1 activities. These results confirm the role of GSK3beta as a negative regulator of HSF1 transcription in cells during heat shock and demonstrate for the first time that GSK3beta functions to repress DNA binding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mercier
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Woodgett
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ovsenek
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D006358:Hot Temperature; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D018021:Lithium Chloride