title: Predictors of quality of life in women with heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two and one half million women have heart failure (HF). Yet little is known about quality of life (QOL) in this population and the factors influencing it. Given the importance of QOL as an outcome of care, we conducted a study to evaluate predictors of QOL in women with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using baseline QOL data collected in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials, we studied predictors of QOL in 691 women with HF. Univariate, bivariate, and multiple regression analyses were used. Potential predictors included age, education, tobacco use, social isolation, life stresses, comorbidity index, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, HF symptoms, etiology, and medications. We measured global QOL and QOL dimensions of physical function, emotional distress, and social and general health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women were older (61+/-10.5 years), predominantly Caucasian (75%), and their mean ejection fraction was 0.27 (+/-6.51). Variables with the strongest relationship to QOL included dyspnea, NYHA class, and life stresses. As dyspnea, life stresses, and NYHA class increased, QOL decreased. Additionally, smoking behavior and vasodilator use was associated with decreased QOL. Heart failure etiology of ischemic origin was associated with decreased social life satisfaction, and use of digitalis was predictive of increased social life satisfaction. Finally, increasing age was related to an increase in general life satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptom amelioration, which may improve functional ability, has the greatest potential for increasing QOL in women with HF. Programs to increase physical activity in women with HF should be developed and tested. Finally, clinicians may need to optimize HF medications in women.
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. riedinger@cshs.org
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Riedinger
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dracup
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brecht
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016387:Women's Health