title: The probability of correct target dosage: dose-population histograms for deriving treatment margins in radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an analytical description of the effect of random and systematic geometrical deviations on the target dose in radiotherapy and to derive margin rules.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cumulative dose distribution delivered to the clinical target volume (CTV) is expressed analytically. Geometrical deviations are separated into treatment execution (random) and treatment preparation (systematic) variations. The analysis relates each possible preparation (systematic) error to the dose distribution over the CTV and allows computation of the probability distribution of, for instance, the minimum dose delivered to the CTV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The probability distributions of the cumulative dose over a population of patients are called dose-population histograms in short. Large execution (random) variations lead to CTV underdosage for a large number of patients, while the same level of preparation (systematic) errors leads to a much larger underdosage for some of the patients. A single point on the histogram gives a simple "margin recipe." For example, to ensure a minimum dose to the CTV of 95% for 90% of the patients, a margin between CTV and planning target volume (PTV) is required of 2.5 times the total standard deviation (SD) of preparation (systematic) errors (Sigma) plus 1.64 times the total SD of execution (random) errors (sigma') combined with the penumbra width, minus 1.64 times the SD describing the penumbra width (sigma(p)). For a sigma(p) of 3.2 mm, this recipe can be simplified to 2.5 Sigma + 0.7 sigma'. Because this margin excludes rotational errors and shape deviations, it must be considered as a lower limit for safe radiotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose-population histograms provide insight into the effects of geometrical deviations on a population of patients. Using a dose-probability based approach, simple algorithms for choosing margins were derived.
authors.affiliation: Radiotherapy Department, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Huis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. portal@nki.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Herk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Remeijer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rasch
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lebesque
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009068:Movement; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed