title: Pulmonary embolism in the elderly: clinical, instrumental and laboratory aspects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To focus on diagnostic and therapeutic problems of pulmonary embolism in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 5 years of clinical, instrumental, and laboratory data (collected at the time of hospital admission) for patients 65 years and older with pulmonary embolism proven by a high-probability scintigraphic lung scan or necropsy. Sixty-eight patients, 46 females and 22 males, 78.61 +/- (SD) 7.71 years old, were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, and tachypnea were the most common symptoms and signs; they were present alone or in combination in all patients. Bed rest over 4 days was found in 65% of the patients and deep vein thrombosis in the leg in 35%. Only 7 patients were on anticoagulant therapy which was likely to reduce the incidence of pulmonary embolism. The mortality was 29.5%. Major bleeding due to anticoagulant therapy was observed in 4.4% of the patients; 1 case was fatal. Sinus tachycardia, ST segment and T wave abnormalities in anterior leads, and incomplete bundle branch block were the most frequent electrocardiographic findings. Chest X-ray was normal in 19.5% of the patients and compatible with pulmonary embolism in 10%. A transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiogram was abnormal in 74% of the cases, with involvement of the right ventricle in the majority of them. Many patients had laboratory parameters within the normal range. The value of the latex agglutination D-dimer assay was less than the cutoff value of 500 microg/l in 16% of the patients. Hypoxemia and a high alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient were the most frequent aspects of the arterial blood gas analysis. Respiratory alkalosis was observed in only one third of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary embolism is often underdiagnosed in the elderly. Clinical, instrumental, and laboratory findings are nonspecific. Only acute suspicion can increase the number of diagnoses, reduce the time to diagnosis, and improve the prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Internal Medicine in Geriatrics, University of Siena, Italy. images@unisi.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masotti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ceccarelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cappelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerrini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forconi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006493:Heparin; D010100:Oxygen