title: Fracture healing after stabilization with intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins: a study in pigeons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness of intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins compared with stainless steel Kirschner wire for the repair of a standardized avian humeral fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty mature pigeons (Columba livia).
  
  
  METHODS
  Birds were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Transverse mid-diaphyseal humeral fractures were created in 1 humerus in each bird. Fractures were stabilized with intramedullary ostrich or canine xenograft cortical bone pins or Kirschner wire. Radiographic, histological, and biomechanical assessments were used to compare fracture healing 6 weeks after fracture stabilization. The contralateral humerus of each bird was used as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fractures healed regardless of intramedullary pin type. There were no statistically significant biomechanical differences among groups or within groups. Xenograft cortical bone pins induced a mononuclear inflammatory reaction that did not impair bone healing. Bones stabilized with intramedullary cortical bone pins had more periosteal callus and inflammation at the fracture site than bones stabilized with stainless steel Kirschner wires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins, derived from mammalian or avian sources, appear to represent an alternative for the repair of avian humeral fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins are biodegradable and may reduce the need for additional surgery to remove implants after fracture healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Wander
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wimsatt
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000662:veterinary*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000662:veterinary*; D010856:Columbidae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D020310:Struthioniformes; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000662:veterinary