Temporal profile of cerebrospinal fluid glutamate, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in relation to brain edema and contusion following controlled cortical impact injury in rats.
Traumatic brain injury is associated with release of the excitotoxin glutamate and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Following controlled cortical impact injury, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate, IL-6, and TNF-alpha concentrations were measured to investigate their relationship to evolving tissue damage. Compared to non-traumatized rats CSF glutamate, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly increased by 8 h after trauma (P<0.005). Parallel to increasing brain swelling and contusion CSF glutamate was significantly elevated over time, reaching highest levels by 48 h (33+/-4 microM) while IL-6 and TNF-alpha showed maximum values at 24 h after trauma (42+/-7 and 4.7+/-1 pg/ml) (P<0.005). The observed different temporal profile of CSF glutamate, IL-6, and TNF-alpha following focal traumatic brain injury could be of therapeutic importance.
Stover
J F
JF
Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Virchow Medical Center, Berlin, Germany. john.stover@charite.de
Schöning
B
B
Beyer
T F
TF
Woiciechowsky
C
C
Unterberg
A W
AW
D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D008297:Male; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
D015850:Interleukin-6; D009498:Neurotoxins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018698:Glutamic Acid