title: The CXC chemokines gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein 10 and monokine induced by IFN-gamma are released during severe melioidosis.
abstract: Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig) are related CXC chemokines which bind to the CXCR3 receptor and specifically target activated T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. The production of IP-10 and Mig by various cell types in vitro is strongly dependent on IFN-gamma. To determine whether IP-10 and Mig are released during bacterial infection in humans, we measured plasma levels of IP-10 and Mig in patients with melioidosis, a severe gram-negative infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. IP-10 and Mig were markedly elevated in patients with melioidosis on admission, particularly in blood culture-positive patients, and remained elevated during the 72-h study period. Levels of IP-10 and Mig showed a positive correlation with IFN-gamma concentrations and also correlated with clinical outcome. In whole blood stimulated with heat-killed B. pseudomallei, neutralization of IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) partly attenuated IP-10 and Mig release, while anti-interleukin-12 (IL-12) and anti-IL-18 had a synergistic effect. Stimulation with other bacteria or endotoxin also induced strong secretion of IP-10 and Mig. These data suggest that IP-10 and Mig are part of the innate immune response to bacterial infection. IP-10 and Mig may contribute to host defense in Th1-mediated host defense during infections by attracting CXCR3(+) Th1 cells to the site of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Lauw
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: van Deventer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaowagul
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Poll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016957:Burkholderia pseudomallei / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008554:Melioidosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009500:Neutralization Tests
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma