Activation of volume-regulated Cl(-) channels by ACh and ATP in Xenopus follicles.
Osmolarity-dependent ionic currents from follicle-enclosed Xenopus oocytes (follicles) were studied using electrophysiological techniques. Whole follicle currents were monitored using a two-electrode voltage clamp and single-channel activity was measured using the patch-clamp technique. In follicles held at -60 mV two chloride currents were activated in external hyposmotic solutions. One was the habitual volume-regulated current elicited by external hyposmolarity (ICl,swell), and the second was a slow and smooth current (Sin) generated by ACh or ATP application. In follicles, the permeability ratios for different anions with respect to Cl- were similar for both ICl,swell and Sin, with a sequence of: SCN- > I- > Br- >= NO3- >= Cl- > gluconate >= cyclamate > acetate > SO42-. Extracellular ATP blocked the outward component of Sin. Also, extracellular pH modulated the inactivation kinetics of Sin elicited by ACh; e.g. inactivation at +80 mV was approximately 100 % slower at pH 8.0 compared with that at pH 6.0. Lanthanides inhibited ICl, swell and Sin. La3+ completely inhibited ICl,swell with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 17 +/- 1.9 microM, while Sin was blocked up to 55 % with an apparent IC50 of 36 +/- 2.6 microM. Patch-clamp recordings in follicular cells showed that hyposmotic challenge opened inward single-channel currents. The single channel conductance (4.7 +/- 0.4 pS) had a linear current-voltage relationship with a reversal membrane potential close to -20 mV. This single-channel activity was increased by application of ACh or ATP. The ICl,swell generation was not affected by pirenzepine or metoctramine, and did not affect the purinergic activation of the chloride current named Fin. Thus, ICl,swell was not generated via neurotransmitters released during cellular swelling. All together, equal discrimination for different anions, similar modulatory effects by extracellular pH, the blocking effects by ATP and La3+, and the same single-channel activity, strongly suggest that ICl,swell and Sin currents depend on the opening of the same type or a closely related class of volume-regulated chloride channels.
Pérez-Samartín
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Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa (Vizcaya), España.
Miledi
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Arellano
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D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000494:pharmacology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
D000838:Anions; D018118:Chloride Channels; D002712:Chlorides; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D007811:Lanthanum; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005682:Gadolinium; D000109:Acetylcholine