title: Amino acids and preimplantation development of the mouse in protein-free potassium simplex optimized medium.
abstract: Development of outbred CF1 mouse zygotes in vitro was studied in a chemically defined, protein-free medium both with and without amino acids. The addition of amino acids to protein-free potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM) had little effect on the proportion of embryos that developed at least to the zona-enclosed blastocyst stage. In contrast, amino acids stimulated very significantly, in a dilution-dependent way, the proportion of blastocysts that at least partially or completely hatched. Amino acids also stimulated cell proliferation in both the trophectoderm and inner cell mass (ICM) cells, at rates that favored proliferation of cells in the ICM; had no effect on the incidence of cell death (oncosis or apoptosis); and improved development of the basement membranes, which form on the blastocoelic surface of the trophectoderm and between the primitive endoderm and the primitive ectoderm. Thus, KSOM, supplemented with amino acids but containing no protein supplements, supports development of a newly fertilized ovum to the late blastocyst stage, in which its normal, three-dimensional structure is preserved and in which the ICM has been partitioned into the primitive ectoderm and primitive endoderm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. john_biggers@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Biggers
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McGinnis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raffin
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008938:Mitosis; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003470:Culture Media; D011506:Proteins; D011188:Potassium