title: Outcome in refractive accommodative esotropia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine outcome among children with refractive accommodative esotropia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with accommodative esotropia associated with hyperopia were included in the study. The features studied were ocular alignment, amblyopia, and the response to treatment, binocular single vision, requirement for surgery, and the change in refraction with age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  103 children with refractive accommodative esotropia were identified. Mean follow up was 4.5 years (range 2-9.5 years). 41 children (39.8%) were fully accommodative (no manifest deviation with full hyperopic correction). The remaining 62 children (60.2%) were partially accommodative. At presentation 61.2% of children were amblyopic in one eye decreasing to 15.5% at the most recent examination. Stereopsis was demonstrated in 89.3% of children at the most recent examination. Mean cycloplegic refraction (dioptres, spherical equivalent) remained stable throughout the follow up period. The mean change in refraction per year was 0.005 dioptres (D) in right eyes (95% CL -0. 0098 to 0.02) and 0.001 D in left eyes (95% CL -0.018 to 0.021). No patients were able to discard their glasses and maintain alignment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most children with refractive accommodative esotropia have an excellent outcome in terms of visual acuity and binocular single vision. Current management strategies for this condition result in a marked reduction in the prevalence of amblyopia compared with the prevalence at presentation. The degree of hyperopia, however, remains unchanged with poor prospects for discontinuing glasses wear. The possibility that long term full time glasses wear impedes emmetropisation must be considered. It is also conceivable, however, that these children may behave differently with normal and be predestined to remain hyperopic.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulvihill
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacCann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Flitcroft
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003867:Depth Perception; D004948:Esotropia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D009184:Mydriatics; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015348:Vision, Binocular; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics