title: Disposition of valproic acid in maternal, fetal, and newborn sheep. I: placental transfer, plasma protein binding, and clearance.
abstract: Separate 24-h maternal and fetal infusions of valproic acid (VPA) were administered to five pregnant sheep at 125 to 138 days gestation (term approximately 145 days) to determine maternal-fetal disposition. The pharmacokinetics of VPA were also investigated in five newborn 1-day-old lambs after a 6-h drug infusion. Plasma, urine, and amniotic and fetal tracheal fluid samples were analyzed for VPA using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. During maternal drug infusion, the average steady-state fetal/maternal unbound VPA plasma concentration ratio was 0.81 +/- 0.09. Unbound maternal-to-fetal VPA placental clearance (69.0 +/- 20.2 ml/min/kg) was similar to that in the other direction (61.9 +/- 24.2 ml/min/kg); this indicates passive placental diffusion and intermediate placental permeability of VPA in sheep. Newborn unbound VPA clearance (0.66 +/- 0.28 ml/min/kg) was much lower than in the mother (5.4 +/- 2.7 ml/min/kg) or the fetus (62.1 +/- 22.4 ml/min/kg), and exhibited pronounced Michaelis-Menten characteristics. The elimination half-life of the drug was much longer in the newborn (18.6 +/- 2.6 h) relative to the mother (5.6 +/- 1.4 h) and the fetus (4.6 +/- 1.9 h). Thus, VPA elimination in newborn lambs is much slower as compared with adult sheep, a situation similar to that in humans. Plasma protein binding of VPA was saturable, with similar VPA binding capacities and affinities in maternal and fetal plasma. VPA was extensively displaced from binding sites in the newborn lamb during the first 1 to 2 days of life, possibly because of increased plasma free fatty acid concentrations at birth. Thereafter, newborn plasma appeared to have a similar VPA binding capacity but lower affinity compared with the mother and the fetus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rurak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011485:Protein Binding; D012756:Sheep; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001798:Blood Proteins; D014635:Valproic Acid