title: The left atrial appendage: our most lethal human attachment! Surgical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prevent death from atrial fibrillation, a cardiac disease which kills by producing emboli. Atrial fibrillation causes about 25% of strokes and increases stroke rate by five times. Over 90% of these embolic strokes are from clots originating in the left atrial appendage. This study addresses the surgical feasibility of removing the appendage to prevent future deaths in two subcategories of patients. (1) Prophylactic removal during open-heart surgery to study its safety. Theoretically, as these patients age and some develop atrial fibrillation, protection from embolic strokes would already be present. (2) Therapeutic removal in chronic atrial fibrillation patients by means of a thorascopic approach. Its technical feasibility is demonstrated. Its actual stroke prevention potential awaits large studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Appendectomy has been evaluated three ways. (1) Experimentally, thorascopic appendage removal was performed on 20 goats with endoscopic approach. Late studies showed a cleanly healed atrial closure after stapling, and no puckering of tissue as seen with the purse-string approach. (2) Safety of human appendectomy was demonstrated in 437 patients (1995-1997). Routine appendectomy was performed during open-heart surgery. Forty-three appendages were stapled, 391 sutured off. (3) Thorascopic appendectomy in seven patients with chronic atrial fibrillation has been successfully accomplished as an isolated surgical procedure. Stapling or suture closure provides a much cleaner, non-puckered suture line than a purse string.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In prophylactic removal, no acute bleeding occurred. No late problems have been identified. Endoscopic removal of the appendage has been successful in seven atrial fibrillation patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The left atrial appendage is a lethal source of emboli in atrial fibrillation patients. As patients age and often develop atrial fibrillation, prophylactic appendage removal whenever the chest is open is suggested as a method to prevent future strokes. In chronic atrial fibrillation patients, appendectomy can be done with a mini-thorascopic approach. Further studies are planned to demonstrate the effectiveness of appendectomy in preventing strokes in the chronic fibrillating patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, St. Francis Hospital, 3300 South 16th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA. life@johnsonheartcare.com
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ganjoo
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Srivyas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*