title: Cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens that increase dose per cycle (dose intensity) by extending daily dosing from 5 consecutive days to 28 consecutive days and beyond.
abstract: Dose intensity, defined as dose administered per unit time, has emerged as a potentially important measurement of anticancer drug exposure and determinant of efficacy. There are several strategies for increasing dose intensity, one being a protracted daily dosing strategy without major dose reduction for toxicity. This strategy involves continued therapy during periods of recovery from reversible toxicity, and it inherently challenges our understanding that renewing tissues cannot repopulate (recover) in the continued presence of cytotoxic drug. We have tested this idea directly in a murine preclinical trial. Specifically, we have tested whether acutely myelotoxic doses of gemcitabine (i.p. injection, 6.0 mg/m2/day), acetyldinaline [CI-994; GOE 5549; PD 123 654; 4-acetylamino-N-(2'-aminophenyl)-benzamide, 150 mg/m2/day p.o.], and/or melphalan (i.p. injection, 7.2 mg/m2/day) can be tolerated for 28 consecutive days and whether suppressed bone marrow function recovers despite this protracted daily therapy. The three drugs all caused acute neutropenia and suppression of medullary hematopoiesis. Damage to progenitor populations exposed to acetyldinaline and gemcitabine was not as severe as that caused by melphalan, in which case absolute neutrophil count, mature progenitors (colony-forming unit granulocyte/macrophage), and immature progenitors (colony-forming unit-S) progressively declined to severely depressed levels. Marrow recovery was observed during continued daily treatment with acetyldinaline and gemcitabine but not melphalan, and marrow function completely recovered after finishing the 28-day course. Pharmacology studies proved that protracted therapy causes little, if any, change in cellular drug tolerance or systemic exposure.
authors.affiliation: Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. kkeyes@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albella
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: LoRusso
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bueren
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Parchment
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001549:Benzamides; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D001549:Benzamides; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D008558:Melphalan; C081895:tacedinaline; D000093542:Gemcitabine