title: Design and current status of the longitudinal study of astronaut health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information has been collected regarding the immediate physiological effects of spaceflight on humans. However, little is yet known regarding long-term effects. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Longitudinal Study of Astronaut Health (LSAH) and report current mortality data.
  
  
  METHODS
  All astronauts selected for the United States Space Program are followed from selection throughout their lifetime or until the end of the study. Comparisons are ground-based Johnson Space Center (JSC) employees matched to the astronauts at a 3:1 ratio by sex-specific age and body mass index. They are followed in the same manner as astronauts. Morbidity and mortality data are obtained from medical records supplemented with study questionnaires. Checks for death certificates are made to ascertain death of participants who miss routine examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current cause-specific mortality rates for astronauts selected from 1959 through 1991 are not statistically different from rates for comparison participants for cardiovascular (p = 0.8112), cancer (p = 0.2382), or other disease (p = 0.5040) mortality. Astronauts have a significantly higher mortality rate due to accidents and injuries (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Astronauts have a similar risk of death due to chronic diseases as ground-based participants, but are at greater risk for occupational-related accidental death.
authors.affiliation: Wyle Life Sciences, Houston, TX 77058-2749, USA.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nicogossian
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pool
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wear
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Billica
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D018480:Astronauts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002423:Cause of Death; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D009017:Morbidity; D009026:Mortality; D012107:Research Design; D013026:Space Flight; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology