title: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration: the past, the present, and the future.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has created a dilemma for treating patients with known or suspected choledocholithiasis. With rapid technologic growth and experience in laparoscopic skills, many surgeons are now routinely performing laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) and questioning the wisdom of preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) with or without endoscopic sphincterotomy. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on the subject of LCBDE and critically evaluate the clinical results of this emerging technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline and Science Citation Index databases were used to search English language articles published on LCBDE since 1989.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transcystic common bile duct exploration has a better clearance rate, and carries less morbidity and mortality compared with laparoscopic choledochotomy. Compared with two-stage ERCP and LC, one-stage LC and LCBDE seems to be associated with a shorter hospital stay, a quicker recovery, less expense, and less morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LCBDE is a feasible, safe and effective procedure that carries a low morbidity and mortality and will decrease the need for unnecessary ERC in the future for suspected or proved choledocholithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queens Medical Center, Nottingham, England, UK. mmemon@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hassaballa
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Memon
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000601:surgery*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic