title: Nitrous oxide lacks the antinociceptive effect on the tail flick test in newborn rats.
abstract: Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is commonly used for pediatric anesthesia under the assumption that it produces a similar analgesic response to that seen in adults. We examined the antinociceptive effect of 75% N(2)O on tail flick latency response in newborn rats at postnatal Day 1 (PD 1), PD 8, PD 15, PD 22, and PD 29. Up to PD 15, rats showed no analgesic effect to N(2)O. By PD 29, rats exhibited a comparable analgesic effect to that seen in adult animals. These data are consistent with the fact that the descending noradrenergic neurons, which are required for the analgesic action of N(2)O, are not anatomically or functionally developed at birth and take more than three weeks to fully develop in rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that rats below 3 wk old lack an antinociceptive effect to nitrous oxide by using the tail flick test. Because a 3-wk-old rat is comparable in neurological development with the toddler stage in humans, we may anticipate that patients below this age may not experience the usual analgesic effect of nitrous oxide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA. m.fujinaga@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujinaga
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doone
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maze
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D009609:Nitrous Oxide