title: In vitro effects of growth factors on lung hypoplasia in a model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulmonary hypoplasia, a leading contributor to the lethality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), precedes diaphragmatic malformation in the nitrofen model and persists to allow experimental manipulations in organ culture. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are crucial to early lung development. Acidic FGF (FGF-1) binds to all FGF receptors and enhances in vitro branching morphogenesis. Basic FGF (FGF-2) is localized to developing airway epithelium, basement membrane, and extracellular matrix. Heparin (HEP) modulates FGF kinetics and inhibits smooth muscle proliferation in lung primordia. The aim of this study was to examine the morphological effects of fibroblast growth factors and heparin on lung hypoplasia in an organ culture model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were fed nitrofen on day 9.5 of pregnancy to induce lung hypoplasia and CDH in newborns. Control rats received olive oil. Normal and hypoplastic lung primordia were microdissected on day 13.5 of gestation and cultured up to 78 hours in plain media with or without FGF-1 or FGF-2, with or without HEP. In vitro morphological development was studied by serial measurements of terminal bud count, lung area, and lung perimeter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 120 fetal lung specimens were studied (n > or = 4 per group). Significant increases in area, perimeter, and bud count were seen in normal lungs cultured with FGF-1 plus HEP compared with control media (P < .05). In the nitrofen lungs, FGF1 plus HEP yielded reductions in all parameters compared with those in control media (P < .05), whereas FGF-2 produced significant expansion in lung area but marked reductions in bud count and lung perimeter divided by square root of area (P < .05). Heparin did not produce substantial or sustained alteration of morphology in normal or hypoplastic lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations may indicate an intrinsic abnormality of FGF processing in the hypoplastic nitrofen lung before diaphragmatic malformation. Heparin did not rescue abnormal lung development. Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of these agents now need to be explored to target fetal lung growth and improve the dismal prognosis of human CDH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health, Alder Hey Children's Hospital and The School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Jesudason
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Fernig
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Losty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000473:pathology; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D008168:Lung / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; D006493:Heparin; C007350:nitrofen