title: Ascaris suum, an intestinal parasite, produces morphine.
abstract: The parasitic worm Ascaris suum contains the opiate alkaloid morphine as determined by HPLC coupled to electrochemical detection and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The level of this material is 1168 +/- 278 ng/g worm wet weight. Furthermore, Ascaris maintained for 5 days contained a significant amount of morphine, as did their medium, demonstrating their ability to synthesize the opiate alkaloid. To determine whether the morphine was active, we exposed human monocytes to the material, and they immediately released nitric oxide in a naloxone-reversible manner. The anatomic distribution of morphine immunoreactivity reveals that the material is in the subcuticle layers and in the animals' nerve chords. Furthermore, as determined by RT-PCR, Ascaris does not express the transcript of the neuronal mu receptor. Failure to demonstrate the expression of this opioid receptor, as well as the morphine-like tissue localization in Ascaris, suggests that the endogenous morphine is intended for secretion into the microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goumon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casares
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pryor
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brownawell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cadet
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rialas
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Welters
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sonetti
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Stefano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017165:Ascaris suum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000235:genetics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000469:parasitology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009020:Morphine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine