title: Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-12 in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous investigators have relied on administration of pro-inflammatory cytokines or invasive surgical procedures to reproduce the morphologic changes of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in rats. However, these artificial insults do not mimic the human disease. We developed a reproducible model of NEC in rats that more closely resembles human NEC and determined the pattern of inflammatory cytokine expression in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn rats were randomized into four groups. Groups 1 and 2 were breast-fed, while Groups 3 and 4 were gavaged with formula thrice daily. In addition, Groups 2 and 4 were subjected to 3 min of hypoxia thrice daily, prior to each feeding. The rats were killed on day 4 and the distal 2 cm of terminal ileum was harvested for morphological studies and analysis of inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 70% of formula-fed neonatal rats displayed moderate or severe morphological abnormalities resembling human NEC. Breast-fed pups had normal histology. The terminal ileum from rats with abnormal histology demonstrated increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, decreased interleukin-12 (IL-12) mRNA expression, and enterocyte apoptosis. There was a trend toward upregulation of IFN-gamma mRNA, but no difference in expression of TNF-alpha mRNA. Hypoxia did not significantly alter intestinal morphology or mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Formula-fed neonatal rats, with or without hypoxia, exhibit morphological changes in the intestinal epithelium similar to those seen in patients with acute NEC. The mechanism likely involves upregulation of iNOS mRNA, enterocyte apoptosis, and decreased IL-12 production in the intestinal epithelium. This model may offer a simple reproducible method for inducing experimental NEC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Nadler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knisely
authors.forename: X R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beer-Stolz
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D007225:Infant Food; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008892:Milk; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat