title: Passive energy return after repeated stretches of the hamstring muscle-tendon unit.
abstract: It has been shown that five repetitive static stretches of human hamstring muscle, each lasting 90 s and separated by 30 s, altered the passive properties on a short-term basis. However, a total of 7.5 min (5 x 90 s) of stretching for a single muscle group may be an unrealistic stretching program.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation examined whether three repeated 45-s static stretches had a measurable effect on the passive properties of the hamstring muscle-tendon unit, in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resistance to stretch was defined as the passive moment (Nm) offered by the hamstring muscle group during passive knee extension using a KinCom dynamometer as previously described (Kinetic Communicator, Chattecx Corp., Chattanooga, TN). The static stretch exercise was administered to the left lower extremity of all subjects and consisted of a dynamic phase of passive knee extension to a predetermined final joint angle followed by a 45-s static phase. The procedure was repeated for a total of three 45-s static stretches with 30-s rest period between stretches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant decline in resistance over the 45-s the static phase in stretch 1 (20 +/- 3%) and stretch 3 (18 +/- 3%), P < 0.001. Further, the absolute or relative decline in resistance over time stretch 1 and 3 were equivalent. The mean resistance in stretch 1 and 3, expressed as the log(e) of time, yielded an equal and highly linear relationship (r2 = 0.96 +/- 0.01); the slope and intercept did not differ. In the dynamic phase of the stretch, the energy of stretch 1 and 3 were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the static stretching protocol used in the present study had no short-term effect on the viscoelastic properties of human hamstring muscle group.
authors.affiliation: Team Danmark Test Center/Sports Medicine Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. P.Magnusson@mfi.ku.dk
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aagaard
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nielson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018583:Pliability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*