title: Clinical versus actual outcome in cardiac surgery: a post-mortem study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical attribution of the cause of death can be misleading, with the only true outcome measure being post-mortem analysis. Despite this there is very little published data on post-mortems following cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective consecutive post-mortem data were collected on 167 patients (84.4% of all in-hospital cardiac surgical deaths) in a single institution. Clinical diagnoses were compared with post-mortem findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at death was 69.8 with 67.6% male. The proportion undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) alone was 52.1%, valve surgery 18.6%, valve+CABG 19.2% and other procedures 10.1%. The mean time to death was 7.9 days (range 0-87). The causes of death were cardiac 67.7%, gastrointestinal 9.6%, respiratory 8.4%, haemorrhage/technical failure 4.8%, stroke (cerebrovascular accident) 3.6%, multiorgan failure 3.0%, sepsis 1.8%, malignancy 0. 6% and trauma 0.6%. Post-mortem revealed an unsuspected cause of death in 19 (11.4%). These were gastrointestinal (infarction nine, perforation two), cardiac three, adult respiratory distress syndrome two, technical two and pulmonary embolus one. In addition, an unsuspected lung cancer was found in 1 patient who died of cardiac causes. When cardiac deaths were compared with non-cardiac causes the Parsonnet score was higher 20.0 (+/-1.4) vs. 15.3 (+/-1.6), P=0. 07; and a greater proportion tended to have poor ejection fractions (34 vs. 15%), P=0.12. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, sex, operation, hypertension, diabetes, creatinine and body mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-mortem can determine unsuspected diagnoses in a significant proportion of cases. Pre-operative risk factors do not correlate with eventual cause of death. Post-mortem still has an important role to play in cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, CB3 8RE, Cambridge, UK. goodwinat@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001344:Autopsy; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology