title: Evidence of clinical efficacy of homeopathy. A meta-analysis of clinical trials. HMRAG. Homeopathic Medicines Research Advisory Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish, using a systematic review and meta-analysis, whether there is any evidence from randomised controlled clinical trials of the efficacy of homeopathic treatment in patients with any disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published and unpublished reports of controlled clinical trials available up to June 1998, identified by searching bibliographic databases (Medline, Embase, Biosis, PsychInfo, Cinahl, British Library Stock Alert Service, SIGLE, Amed), references lists of selected papers, hand searching homeopathic journals and conference abstracts, and contacting pharmaceutical companies. TRIALS SELECTION: Trials were selected using an unblinded process by two reviewers. The selection criteria were randomised, controlled trials in which the efficacy of homeopathic treatment was assessed relative to placebo in patients using clinical or surrogate endpoints. Prevention trials or those evaluating only biological effects were excluded. One hundred and eighteen randomised trials were identified and evaluated for inclusion. Sixteen trials, representing 17 comparisons and including a total of 2,617 evaluated patients, fulfilled the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted by two reviewers independently, using a summary form. Disagreements were resolved by a third person.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evidence was synthesised by combining the significance levels (P values) for the primary outcomes from the individual trials. The combined P value for the 17 comparisons was highly significant P = 0.000036. However, sensitivity analysis showed that the P value tended towards a non-significant value (P = 0.08) as trials were excluded in a stepwise manner based on their level of quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is some evidence that homeopathic treatments are more effective than placebo; however, the strength of this evidence is low because of the low methodological quality of the trials. Studies of high methodological quality were more likely to be negative than the lower quality studies. Further high quality studies are needed to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospitals of Lyon and University Claude Bernard, France. mcu@upcl.univ-lyonl.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cucherat
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Haugh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gooch
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boissel
mesh_terms: D006705:Homeopathy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*