title: Performance of a group B streptococcal prophylaxis protocol combining high-risk treatment and low-risk screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate a group B streptococcal protocol in a large community hospital that combined treatment of high-risk patients with rapid screening of low-risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort study from 1994 through 1996 laboring patients in a level III community hospital were considered to be at high risk for neonatal group B streptococcal transmission if they were at <37 weeks' gestation, if they had rupture of membranes >12 hours, if they were known carriers of group B streptococci, if they had a temperature > or =100 degrees F, if the gestation was complicated by fetal growth restriction or was a multiple gestation, or if they had a previous neonate infected with group B streptococci. High-risk patients were treated intravenously with antibiotics during labor. Low-risk patients were screened for group B streptococcal antigen by means of a rapid optical immunoassay. Patients with positive screening results were treated. Neonatal morbidity and mortality were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of 9932 infants delivered had group B streptococcal sepsis diagnosed. In the 2 previous years without a protocol 9 cases of neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis had been diagnosed in 8188 deliveries (P =.0287 by Fisher exact test). The 2 cases of group B streptococcal sepsis during the protocol were as follows: 1 infant born to a high-risk mother with delay in treatment and 1 infant born to a low-risk mother with negative results of both culture and rapid screen during labor. During the previous period 7 infected infants had been born to high-risk mothers and 2 had been born to low-risk mothers. The maternal group B streptococcal carriage rate during the study was 18%. Group B streptococcal rapid optical immunoassay sensitivity was 81%. Elapsed time from screening to treatment was < or =2(1/2) hours for 93% of patients. No maternal anaphylaxis, no increase in bacterial neonatal sepsis caused by organisms other than group B streptococci, and no protocol-related group B streptococcal antibiotic resistance were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful implementation and maintenance of a protocol combining treatment of high-risk patients with rapid screening of low-risk patients during labor reduced neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Reisner
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Zingheim
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Luthy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002353:Carrier State; D002437:Cefazolin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D002437:Cefazolin