title: Comparing the agreement among alternative models in evaluating HMO efficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the efficiency of HMOs and to test the robustness of these findings across alternative models of efficiency. This study examines whether these models, when constructed in parallel to use the same information, provide researchers with the same insights and identify the same trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  A data set containing 585 HMOs operating from 1985 through 1994. Variables include enrollment, utilization, and financial information compiled primarily from Health Care Investment Analysts, InterStudy HMO Census, and Group Health Association of America.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compute three estimates of efficiency for each HMO and compare the results in terms of individual performance and industry-wide trends. The estimates are then regressed against measures of case mix, quality, and other factors that may be related to the model estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three models identify similar trends for the HMO industry as a whole; however, they assess the relative technical efficiency of individual firms differently. Thus, these techniques are limited for either benchmarking or setting rates because the firms identified as efficient may be a consequence of model selection rather than actual performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estimation technique to evaluate efficient firms can affect the findings themselves. The implications are relevant not only for HMOs, but for efficiency analyses in general. Concurrence among techniques is no guarantee of accuracy, but it is reassuring; conversely, radically distinct inferences across models can be a warning to temper research conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bryce
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wholey
mesh_terms: D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013269:Stochastic Processes