title: Microleakage and SEM interfacial micromorphology of amalgam restorations using three adhesive systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the microleakage and interfacial micromorphology of Class V cervical amalgam restorations lined with OptiBond, AElitebond, or Panavia 21.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unlined amalgams served as control. Cavities were treated with each dentin bonding system according to the manufacturers' instructions and restored with Tytin non-gamma 2 spherical amalgam. After one week of storage in tap water at 37 degrees C, the specimens were thermocycled (1000 cycles, 6-60 degrees C, 30s dwell time). Microleakage was assessed by means of basic fuchsin dye penetration and recorded according to an ordinal scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the systems tested in this study completely eliminated microleakage. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test found that on the occlusal wall, Panavia 21 and the control group had the least leakage (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found at dentin margins (P>0.05). Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test found that Panavia 21 and the control group had less leakage at the occlusal than at the dentin margins (P<0.05); when AElitebond and OptiBond groups were evaluated, microleakage at the enamel and at the dentin margins was similar for each group. With the adhesive systems, perhaps the hydrophilic bonding agents incorporated the dye during specimen immersion and/or sectioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of adhesives may not be as worthy as resin cements for sealing and bonding amalgam restorations to enamel and dentin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, University of Granada, Spain. toledano@platon.ugr.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toledano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Godoy
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003736:Dental Cavity Lining; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000145:classification; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; C100741:Aelitebond; D003722:Dental Alloys; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; C092987:Optibond; C093719:Panavia TPN-S; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D014867:Water; C025485:basic fuchsin; C036886:tytin; D003723:Dental Amalgam