title: Ambulatory blood pressure, microalbuminuria, and autonomic neuropathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between 24-h blood pressure (BP) measurements, urinary albumin excretion rates, and autonomic neuropathy (AN) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 31 patients with microalbuminuria (MA), 20 patients with intermittent MA (I-MA) and 11 patients with persistent MA (P-MA) were identified from the diabetes clinics at two major Australian tertiary care pediatric hospitals. Two control groups were used; one consisted of 19 age-, sex-, and diabetes duration-matched adolescents with normoalbuminuria (NA), and the other consisted of 46 age- and sex-matched nondiabetic control subjects. A medical history and physical examination were followed by a series of noninvasive tests of cardiovascular and pupillary autonomic function and then by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ABPM showed an incremental increase in all BP parameters from nondiabetic control subjects through subjects with NA. A parallel incremental increase in diurnal and nocturnal ambulatory heart rates was also evident. Subjects with MA had significantly reduced pupillary adaptation to darkness compared with nondiabetic subjects and subjects with NA. The above results paralleled an incremental increase in HbAlc levels in adolescents with type 1 diabetes from subjects with NA to subjects with P-MA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher 24-h BP values and evidence of subclinical signs of AN are present before P-MA develops and may have important implications for timing the introduction of treatments designed to prevent or retard the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Hormone Research, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia. laffertap@netscape.net
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lafferty
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Werther
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003971:Diastole; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D013599:Systole; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin