title: A portable x-ray fluorescence instrument for analyzing dust wipe samples for lead: evaluation with field samples.
abstract: Dust wipe samples collected in the field were tested by nondestructive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) followed by laboratory analysis with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Data were analyzed for precision and accuracy of measurement. Replicate samples with the XRF show high precision with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.97 (P<0.0001) and an overall coefficient of variation of 11.6%. Paired comparison indicates no statistical difference (P=0.272) between XRF and FAAS analysis. Paired samples are highly correlated with an R(2) ranging between 0.89 for samples that contain paint chips and 0.93 for samples that do not contain paint chips. The ICC for absolute agreement between XRF and laboratory results was 0.95 (P<0.0001). The relative error over the concentration range of 25 to 14,200 microgram Pb is -12% (95% CI, -18 to -5). The XRF appears to be an excellent method for rapid on-site evaluation of dust wipes for clearance and risk assessment purposes, although there are indications of some confounding when paint chips are present.
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis University School of Public Health, 3663 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sterling
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Shadel
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004391:Dust; D004867:Equipment Design; D006798:Housing; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D010150:Paint; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D007854:Lead