title: Target volume definition in conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: quality assurance in the MRC RT-01 trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior to randomization of patients into the UK Medical Research Council multicentre randomized trial (RT-01) of conformal radiotherapy (CFRT) in prostate cancer, clinicians at participating centres were required to complete a quality assurance (QA) clinical planning exercise to enable an investigation of inter-observer variability in gross target volume (GTV) and normal structure outlining.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen participating centres and two investigators completed the clinical planning exercise of three practice planning cases. Clinicians were asked to draw outlines of the GTV, rectum and bladder on hard-copy computerized tomography (CT) films of the pelvis, which were transferred onto the Cadplan computer planning system by a single investigator. Centre, inferior and superior CT levels of GTV, rectum and bladder were noted, and volume calculations performed. Planning target volumes (PTV) were generated using automatic volume expansion of GTVs by a 1 cm margin. Anterior, right and left lateral beam eye views (BEV) of the PTVs were generated. Using a common central point, the BEV PTVs were superimposed for each beam direction of each case. Radial PTV variation was investigated by measurement of a novel parameter, termed the radial line measurement variation (RLMV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  GTV central slice and length were defined with reasonable consistency. The RLMV analysis showed that the main part of the prostate gland, bladder and inferior rectum were outlined with good consistency among clinicians. However, the outlining of the prostatic apex, superior aspect of the prostate projecting into the bladder, seminal vesicles, the base of seminal vesicles and superior rectum were more variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This exercise has demonstrated adequate consistency of GTV definition. The RLMV method of analysis indicates particular regions of clinician uncertainty. Appropriate feedback has been given to all participating clinicians, and the final RT-01 trial protocol has been modified to accommodate these findings.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Surrey SM2 5PT, Sutton, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bidmead
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dearnaley
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000592:standards; D015588:Observer Variation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011786:Quality Control; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000592:standards*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards