title: Atopy, lung function, and obstructive airways disease after prenatal exposure to famine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations have been found between a large head size at birth and atopy, and between low birth weight and obstructive airways disease. A study was undertaken of people born around the time of the Dutch famine in 1944-5 to determine the effects of maternal malnutrition during specific periods of gestation on the prevalence of obstructive airways disease and atopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred and twelve people aged about 50, born at term between November 1943 and February 1947 in Amsterdam, were asked about their medical history. Lung function was measured in 733 and serum concentrations of total IgE and specific IgE against mite, pollen and cat were measured in 726. Those exposed in late, mid, and early gestation (exposed participants) were compared with those born before or conceived after the famine (non-exposed participants).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to famine during gestation affected neither the concentrations of total or specific IgE nor lung function values. The prevalence of obstructive airways disease was increased in people exposed to famine in mid gestation (odds ratio adjusted for sex 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 2.6) and tended to be higher in those exposed in early gestation (odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 0. 9 to 2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed increase in the prevalence of obstructive airways disease in people exposed to famine in mid and early gestation was not parallelled by effects on IgE concentrations or lung function. The link between exposure to famine in mid and early gestation and obstructive airways disease in adulthood suggests that fetal lungs can be permanently affected by nutritional challenges during periods of rapid growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lopuhaä
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Roseboom
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ravelli
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Bleker
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Meulen
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015995:Prevalence; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007073:Immunoglobulin E