title: Urethral carcinoma in women: results of treatment with primary radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urethral carcinoma in women is uncommon. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of these tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hospital records of 34 women with primary urethral carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. There were 15 squamous cell carcinomas, 13 transitional cell carcinomas, and six adenocarcinomas. The primary tumor was >4cm in size in eight patients, involved the proximal urethra in 19 and extended to adjacent organs in 22. Inguinal or iliac lymphadenopathy was present in nine patients. There were eight TNM stage I/II tumors, 11 stage III tumors and 15 stage IV tumors. Radiotherapy was administered only to the primary tumor in 15 patients, and to the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes in the remaining 19 patients. Brachytherapy with or without external radiation was used to treat the primary tumor in 20 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor recurred in 21 patients. The 7-year actuarial overall and cause-specific survivals were 41 and 45%, respectively. Large primary tumor bulk and treatment with external beam radiation alone (no brachytherapy) were independent adverse prognostic factors for local tumor recurrence. Brachytherapy reduced the risk of local recurrence by a factor of 4.2. The beneficial effect of brachytherapy was most prominently seen in patients with bulky primary disease. Large tumor size was the only independent adverse predictor of overall disease recurrence and death from cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for carcinoma of the female urethra and preserves normal anatomy and function. Brachytherapy improves local tumor control, possibly as a result of the higher radiation dose that can safely be delivered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Ave., Ontario M5G 2M9, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Milosevic
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Warde
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gospodarowicz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Catton
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Catton
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014523:Urethral Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*