title: Effects of norepinephrine on apoptosis in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Norepinephrine (NE) is elevated in heart failure and can induce apoptosis in adult cardiac myocytes. However, it is not known whether NE can induce apoptosis in neonatal cardiac myocytes. This study examined the ability of NE to stimulate apoptosis in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were exposed to NE alone, NE + propranolol, or NE + prazosin for 24 hours. Apoptosis was assayed by DNA laddering with agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescent terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of Mcl-1. Creatine kinase activity in the cultured medium was used as a measure of the toxicity of NE on myocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NE increased DNA laddering on agarose gel electrophoresis and increased the number of apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent manner. No increase in apoptosis was found in response to NE doses between 1 and 50 mumol/L. NE at concentrations of 100 to 400 mumol/L increased apoptosis from 10% to 31% of cells. The ability of NE to stimulate apoptosis in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes was completely blocked by propranolol, but not prazosin. NE treatment at high concentrations sharply reduced the level of Mcl-1 mRNA, coincident with the increase in the number of apoptotic cells. Creatine kinase activity in the cultured medium was similar among the controls and NE-treated myocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that NE at high concentrations stimulated apoptosis in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes in vitro. Apoptosis induced by NE was associated with down-regulation of Mcl-1. However, NE at the same concentration was not toxic to rat neonatal cardiac myocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuan
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D009638:Norepinephrine