title: Effects of blast exposure on exercise performance in sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of blast on maximal exercise performance were investigated in sheep that were trained to perform maximal exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sheep were fully instrumented for determination of pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics. Blast exposure was administered by using a compressed air driven shock tube that was positioned to primarily produce cardiopulmonary injury. Four levels of exposure were used that were known to produce sublethal injury ranging from little or no grossly observable cardiopulmonary injury (level 1) to confluent ecchymosis of the heart, lung, or both (level 4). We evaluated maximal exercise performance 1 hour after exposure to level 1, level 2, and level 3 and 24 hours after level 3 and level 4. VO2max was not significantly decreased 1 hour after exposure to level 1 but was decreased after exposure to level 2 (29.9%) and level 3 (49.3%). Significant improvement in exercise performance was observed in 24 hours, as VO2max was not significantly decreased 24 hour after level 3. VO2max was decreased 24 hour after level 4 injury (30.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular data collected during exercise suggested that acute cardiopulmonary injury is responsible for the exercise performance decrement observed 1 hour after exposure and that significant recovery of function is observed 24 hours after blast injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Mundie
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lagutchik
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D055370:Lung Injury; D012756:Sheep