title: Influenza vaccination does not promote cellular or humoral activation among heart transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of influenza vaccination on in vitro parameters of cellular and humoral immunity, anti-viral titers, and clinical outcome was evaluated among cardiac transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was collected from 29 patients before and 3-4 weeks after influenza vaccination and tested for phenotypic changes in lymphoid subpopulations and generation of antibodies against the allograft and vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaccination did not change the percentage of lymphoid subpopulations and did not induce generation of anti-HLA alloantibodies. Anti-vaccine response was detected in 12 of 29 patients and did not correlate with rejection history, length of graft survival, or immunosuppressive therapy. Vaccination did not change the frequency of rejection. Flu-like symptoms were reported in one patient but not confirmed microbiologically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the small number of patients in the study, influenza vaccination did not induce undesirable side effects, such as graft rejection or allo-sensitization. Generation of a positive anti-vaccine response was lower among the transplant recipients than healthy volunteers (41% vs. 80%). Clinical efficacy of the vaccine among the responders was not evaluated.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia at the Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA. pkimball@gems.vcu.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verbeke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flattery
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tolman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D007518:Isoantibodies