title: Methotrexate as a preferential cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor in whole blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the regulation of whole-blood cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-2 and COX-1) activities by methotrexate (MTX) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood was withdrawn from nine healthy volunteers, 12 RA patients treated with MTX (RA/MTX) and six RA patients treated with chloroquine (RA/CQ). COX-1 activity was quantified as platelet thromboxane B(2) production in unstimulated blood and COX-2 activity was measured as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in whole blood stimulated with LPS. Thromboxane B(2) and PGE(2) were measured by radioimmunoassay. We studied the drug effect in vitro by direct incubation of MTX with blood obtained from normal donors. Ex vivo assays were performed with blood collected from RA/MTX and RA/CQ patients. The influence of serum factors on enzyme activities was analysed in blood collected from normal donors and incubated with RA/MTX, autologous or heterologous serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro assays showed no direct action of MTX on the activity of either enzyme. Assays performed with blood from RA/MTX patients showed preferential inhibition of COX-2 activity (PGE(2) = 10.11 +/- 2.42 ng/ml) when compared with blood of normal donors (PGE(2) = 37.7 +/- 4.36 ng/ml; P = 0.001). Inhibition of COX-2 activity was also observed when blood of normal donors was co-incubated with RA/MTX serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results clearly show that the anti-inflammatory action of low-dose MTX is partly mediated by a serum factor induced by MTX or a MTX metabolite that preferentially inhibits the activity of COX-2.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Laurindo
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Novaes
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D008727:Methotrexate