title: Reduction of cardiac volume in left-breast treatment fields by respiratory maneuvers: a CT study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A previous study of healthy female volunteers suggested that deep inspiratory breath holding can reduce the cardiac volume in the treatment portals for left-breast cancer treatment. The reduction of irradiated cardiac volume may be important considering the reported late cardiac morbidity and mortality and the frequent coexistent use of potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. In the present study, we evaluated the heart volume in the fields and, thus, the true benefit of this respiratory maneuver in breast cancer patients undergoing CT simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients (median age, 53) were studied. For each patient, CT scans were performed both when the patient breathed normally (quiet respiration) and when the patient held her breath after a deep inspiration. Tangential fields were planned using the same medial, lateral, superior, and inferior borders on skin for the normal breathing and the breath-holding configurations. The cardiac and left-lung volumes within the tangential fields were calculated for both breathing configurations. Multiple scan series were performed for the breath-holding configuration to provide a more accurate delineation of the cardiac tissue and to study the reproducibility of the patient's position between different cycles of deep inspiration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the patients had difficulty holding her breath for 20 s. The cardiac volume in the field was reduced (-86 +/- 24%; p < 0.001) when patients held their breath after a deep inspiration compared to when breathing normally. For 7 patients (47%), deep inspiration moved the heart completely out of the radiation fields. The expansion of the lung tissue due to deep inspiration also increased the absolute lung volume in the tangential fields (183 cm(3) vs 97 cm(3), p < 0.001). However, the fractional volume of the left lung in the field was essentially unchanged. For all but 1 patient, the maximum difference between the external body contours from different breath holding cycles was 5 mm and occurred at the lateral aspect of the breast. At the medial aspect, as indicated by the position of the midline marker, the variations were well within the currently accepted tolerance for patient positioning during tangential treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deep-inspiration breath holding substantially reduces cardiac volume in the tangential fields for left-sided breast cancer treatment. The variation between patient positions at different cycles of breath holding was found to be reasonably small. Therefore, it appears feasible to reduce cardiac radiation by treating patients with intratreatment minifractions lasting 10-15 s while patients hold their breath.
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. hsiao@jcrt.harvard.edu
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cash
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bornstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed