title: Intestinal absorption of octreotide: N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) ameliorates the permeability and absorption properties of the somatostatin analogue in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Octreotide acetate is a somatostatin analogue used for the control of endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the treatment of acromegaly. The oral absorption of octreotide is limited because of the limited permeation across the intestinal epithelium. Both chitosan hydrochloride and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC), a quaternized chitosan derivative, are nonabsorbable and nontoxic polymers that have been proven to effectively increase the permeation of hydrophilic macromolecules across mucosal epithelia by opening the tight junctions. This study investigates the intestinal absorption of octreotide when it is coadministered with the polycationic absorption enhancer TMC. Caco-2 cell monolayers were used as an in vitro intestinal epithelium model, and male Wistar rats were used for in vivo studies. Octreotide with or without polymers (TMC; chitosan hydrochloride) was administered intrajejunally in rats, and serum peptide levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. All applications and administrations were performed at neutral pH values (i.e., pH = 7.4). In vitro transport studies with Caco-2 cells revealed an increased permeation of octreotide in the presence of TMC. Enhancement ratios ranged from 34 to 121 with increasing concentrations of the polymer (0.25-1.5%, w/v). In rats, 1.0% (w/v) TMC solution significantly increased the absorption of the peptide analogue, resulting in a 5-fold increase of octreotide bioavailability compared with the controls (octreotide alone). Coadministration of 1.0% (w/v) chitosan hydrochloride did not enhance octreotide bioavailability. These results in combination with the nontoxic character of TMC suggest that this polymer is a promising excipient in the development of solid dosage forms for the peroral delivery and intestinal absorption of octreotide.
authors.affiliation: Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thanou
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marbach
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Junginger
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D048271:Chitosan; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005079:Excipients; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D007583:Jejunum; D008297:Male; D015282:Octreotide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005079:Excipients; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; C118071:N-trimethyl chitosan chloride; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan; D015282:Octreotide