title: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha- and interleukin-1beta-stimulated cell proliferation through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in canine tracheal smooth muscle cells.
abstract: The elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) have been found in the fluid of airways in symptomatic asthmatics. These cytokines have been considered as mitogens to stimulate cell proliferation in tracheal smooth muscle cells (TSMCs). We therefore investigated the effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta on cell proliferation and activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in these cells. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta induced [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The maximal stimulation of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation induced by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was seen 12 h after incubation with these cytokines. In response to TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, p42/p44 MAPK was activated with a concentration-dependent manner in TSMCs. Pretreatment of TSMCs with pertussis toxin did not change DNA synthesis and phosphorylation of MAPK induced by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. These responses were attenuated by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin, a phosphatidyl choline (PC)-phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor D609, a phosphatidyl inositide (PI)-PLC inhibitor U73122, a protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine, and removal of Ca(2+) by addition of BAPTA/AM plus EGTA. TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-induced [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK was completely inhibited by PD98059 (an inhibitor of MEK1/2), indicating that activation of MEK1/2 was required for these responses. These results suggest that the mitogenic effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were mediated through the activation of MEK1/2 and p42/p44 MAPK pathway. TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-mediated responses were modulated by PLC, Ca(2+), PKC, and tyrosine kinase associated with cell proliferation in TSMCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. chuenmao@mail.cgu.edu.tw
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hsiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016227:Benzoquinones; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004963:Estrenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009636:Norbornanes; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D011809:Quinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017828:Rifabutin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D013871:Thiones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology; D014316:Tritium; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016227:Benzoquinones; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds; D002614:Chelating Agents; D004963:Estrenes; D005419:Flavonoids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D009636:Norbornanes; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D011809:Quinones; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D013871:Thiones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; D014316:Tritium; C060229:1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione; D017828:Rifabutin; D004533:Egtazic Acid; C046498:tricyclodecane-9-yl-xanthogenate; C020754:herbimycin; D004247:DNA; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D002118:Calcium; D013936:Thymidine