title: The relationship between technical parameters of external beam radiation therapy and complications for localized prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was performed to review retrospectively the clinical course of chronic rectal bleeding as a complication of external beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer and to analyze the relationship between technical parameters of radiation therapy and the complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one patients with stages A2, B and C were treated with local-field radiotherapy (total dose 52.5-66 Gy, daily dose 2.0-3.28 Gy, field area 30-81 cm2, number of fields 3-15 ports, planning simulations X-ray or CT-based) between 1989 and 1998 at three institutions. The protocols were consistent during this same period at these institutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis revealed pretreatment PSA and Gleason sum to be statistically significant predictors of 5 year prostatic specific antigen (PSA) relapse-free rates in a median follow-up period of 42 months (range 12-119 months). The significant risk factors for higher grading of acute morbidity were a biological equivalent dose, alpha/beta = 10(BED10) > or =65 Gy, dose per fraction > or =3.0 Gy, field area > or =42 cm2, fewer ports and X-ray planning simulation. However, no parameter was associated with higher grading of late morbidity. Eleven patients (15.4%) experienced a late GI complication: grade 1 (4.2%), grade 2 (9.8%), grade 3 (1.4%). The median time to occurrence of rectal bleeding was 12 months after radiotherapy and the mean duration of morbidity was 11 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher total dose and dose per fraction, larger field area, fewer ports and X-ray simulation increased the grades of acute morbidity. A majority of chronic rectal bleedings were transient and responded to conservative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. ktmr@radi.med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Demura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harabayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kagei
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyasaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies