title: Intravenous morphine for emergency treatment of cancer pain.
abstract: Despite the wide use of the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder for the relief of cancer pain, it is not uncommon to find patients presenting with severe pain to palliative care centres. This is more so in the developing world, where facilities for pain relief are few and the health care system is not well organized. It has been the practice in a pain and palliative care clinic in south India to give repeated boluses of 1.5 mg of morphine intravenously every 10 min to patients presenting with severe pain. An audit of the procedure was undertaken by a retrospective study of 793 case notes. Seventy-nine per cent of patients had total relief of their pain with intravenous morphine. Three per cent of patients experienced side-effects during the procedure. These included nausea and vomiting, itching, giddiness, restlessness, dyspnoea, chest pain, disorientation and a feeling of uneasiness. Thirty-two per cent of patients had drowsiness, which was one of the end-points of the procedure. It is concluded that intravenous morphine in repeated boluses of 1.5 mg every 10 min is a safe and effective method of managing cancer pain emergencies in a clinical setting in a developing country.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Palliative Care Clinic, Medical College, Calicut, India. pain@vsnl.com
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Naseema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003906:Developing Countries; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010166:Palliative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine