title: A polymerase chain reaction-based protocol for the detection of transmission of pig endogenous retroviruses in pig to human xenotransplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xenotransplantation of pig organs and tissues to humans bears the risk of infection of immunosuppressed recipients by porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) released from the transplanted tissue. However, when diagnosing potential PERV transmission, it is essential to exclude microchimerism, i.e., persisting pig cells in analyzed bioptic material of xenotransplanted patients, which give rise to false positive PERV signals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is so far the only suitable method to diagnose a cross-species transfer of PERV, but the exclusion of microchimerism might be a serious problem because most of the presently employed primer pairs detect PERV sequences with higher sensitivity than primers used for the detection of contaminating pig sequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed and evaluated a novel and improved primer set for detection of pig sequences as well as complementing positive control primers on the basis of mitochondrial cytochrome B, an approved marker for phylogenetic studies. We further established primer pairs derived from the long terminal repeat/leader region of PERV isolated from a Duroc German Landrace cross-bred pig and tested their sensitivity in comparison with known PERV- and pig-specific PCR markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In standard PCR assays, the new cytochrome B-derived primers are at least 10 times more sensitive than the presently used PERV retroviral polymerase gene and mammalian beta-actin primers. When tested in a tissue culture infection model, PERV transmission to human 293 cells can be unambiguously demonstrated, even in the presence of up to 10% pig cells. One of the primer combinations derived from the PERV DuxDL3791 long terminal repeat/leader region amplifies with even lower sensitivity than primers detecting porcine beta-globin, thus permitting the exclusion of microchimerism also via chromosomal loci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The availability of the new PCR markers allows the proposal of a rigorous setup for the routine detection of PERV transmission after xenotransplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Grosshadern Medical Center, Munich, Germany. blusch@lmb.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Blusch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nitschko
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003573:Cytochrome b Group / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010215:Papio; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011323:Primates; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D018183:Transplantation Chimera; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D003573:Cytochrome b Group; D017931:DNA Primers