Use of nude mouse xenograft models in prostate cancer research.
BACKGROUND
Our understanding of the mechanisms of (progressive) growth of prostatic cancer has been largely obtained through the study of experimental animal models. To be able to validate new concepts, representative model systems of human origin that mimic the clinical process of the disease in patients are essential. Unfortunately, the limited number of human prostate tumor models has considerably hampered research.


METHODS
Various research groups have put much effort in the development of human prostate tumor xenograft models, and large numbers of clinical prostate tumors were heterotransplanted in immune-deficient host animals. This huge effort has resulted in a number of tumor lines which are reviewed here.


RESULTS
Up to now, approximately 25 xenograft models of human prostate cancer have been established and reported in the literature. The available xenografts seem to represent the various stages of clinical prostate cancer, such as early progression and transition from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent growth. In addition, recent efforts are concentrating on the establishment of in vitro cell lines from these xenografts as well as on the development of (bone) metastatic variants.


CONCLUSIONS
Xenograft models are important for elucidating regulatory pathways of tumor growth and progression and are indispensible for testing of new treatment modalities.
van Weerden
W M
WM
Department of Experimental Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. vanweerden@uro.fgg.eur.nl
Romijn
J C
JC
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008954:Models, Biological; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured