title: Smoking, lung function and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  the UK Small Aneurysm Trial was established to test the benefit of prophylactic elective surgery for small abdominal aortic aneurysms (4.0-5.5 cm in diameter) and identify prognostic risk factors, including smoking. PATIENTS, METHODS AND OUTCOMES: one thousand and ninety patients (902 men and 188 women, mean age 69.3 years) were randomised to either early elective surgery or ultrasonography surveillance until the aneurysm diameter exceeded 5. 5 cm, mean follow-up was 4.6 years. Baseline assessments included lung function tests and cotinine (a smoking marker). The principal outcome measures were all-cause mortality and aneurysm rupture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  during the course of the trial, aneurysm rupture was diagnosed in 25 patients and 309 patients died. Whereas self-reported smoking status was not significantly associated with survival, patients without any trace of plasma cotinine had a significantly improved long-term (6-year) survival, p=0.02. Current smokers had a lower FEV(1)than past- and never-smokers. FEV(1)was the most powerful predictor of long-term (6-year) survival, the crude death rates per 100 person-years were 9.1, 6.9 and 4.6 for those with FEV(1)<1.9 l, 1.9-2.5 l and >2.5 l respectively, p=0.001. Moreover, the rupture rate was 1.9% per year for patients positive for plasma cotinine compared with 0.5% in those without trace of plasma cotinine, p=0.004.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  self-reported smoking status underestimates the effect of continued smoking on the prognosis of patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysm. Patients with high plasma cotinine concentrations (smokers) have an increased risk of aneurysm rupture and poorer long-term survival.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017542:Aneurysm, Ruptured / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D015996:Survival Rate; D014463:Ultrasonography; D006113:United Kingdom; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003367:Cotinine