Intravascular plasma disposition and salivary secretion of closantel and rafoxanide in sheep.
The plasma and salivary disposition of closantel and rafoxanide were examined following intravenous administration in adult sheep. Two studies were conducted with rafoxanide at 7.5 mg/kg and 1 with closantel using 2 doses (5 and 15 mg/kg). The pharmacokinetic profile of both drugs in plasma were best described by a 2-compartmental model with 1st-order rate constants. Plasma disposition of closantel and rafoxanide were characterised by a rapid distribution (t1/2(alpha)) of <30 min), long elimination half-life (t1/2(beta)) of 17.0 +/- 4.0 days for closantel and 7.2 +/- 0.6 days for rafoxanide), small apparent volume of distribution (V(SS) of <0.15 l/kg) and a slow rate of total body clearance (Cl of <0.01 ml/min/kg). The area under the drug plasma concentration curve (AUC) of closantel at 5 mg/kg was nearly twice as large as that of rafoxanide at 7.5 mg/kg resulting from the slower t1/2(beta) observed with closantel compared to rafoxanide. Large individual differences were observed in the rate measurements of distribution (k12, k21 and t1/2(alpha)), whereas the parameters of elimination (k10, t1/2(beta) and Cl), were more consistent between animals. A dose proportional increase in AUC was observed for closantel administered at 5 and 15 mg/kg. A low, constant salivary concentration of closantel (mean of 0.04 +/- 0.05 microg/mL) and rafoxanide (mean of 0.07 +/- 0.04 microg/mL) was observed during the 24-h examination period after dosing.
Swan
G E
GE
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Koeleman
H A
HA
Steyn
H S
HS
Mülders
M S
MS
D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011888:Rafoxanide / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012458:Salicylanilides / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000662:veterinary; D013997:Time Factors
D000871:Anthelmintics; D012458:Salicylanilides; D011888:Rafoxanide; C023342:closantel