title: High-dose S(+)-ketamine improves neurological outcome following incomplete cerebral ischemia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of the non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonist S(+)-ketamine on neurological outcome in a rat model of incomplete cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty rats were anesthetized, intubated and mechanically ventilated with isoflurane, O2 30% and nitrous oxide 70%. Following surgery animals were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: Rats in group 1 (n = 10,OFF control) received fentanyl (bolus: 10 microg x kg(-1) i.v.; infusion 25 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and N2O 70% / O2. Rats in group 2 (n = 10) received O2 30% in air and low-dose S(+)-ketamine (infusion: 0.25 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Rats in group 3 (n = 10) received O2 30% in air and high-dose S(+)-ketamine (infusion: 1.0 mg x kg(-1) min(-1)). Following 30 min equilibration period ischemia was induced by combined unilateral common carotid artery ligation and hemorrhagic hypotension to 35 mm Hg for 30 min. Plasma catecholamines were assayed before and at the end of ischemia. Neurological deficit was evaluated for three postischemic days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurological outcome was improved with high-dose S(+)-ketamine when compared to fentanyl / N2O -anesthetized controls (9 vs. 1 stroke related deaths, P<0.05). Increases in plasma catecholamine concentrations were higher in fentanyl / N2O -anesthetized (adrenaline baseline 105.5+/-92.1 pg x ml(-1), during ischemia 948+/-602.8 pg x ml(-1), P<0.05; noradrenaline baseline 407+/-120.2 pg x ml(-1), ischemia 1267+/-422.2 pg x ml(-1), P <0.05) than in high-dose S(+)-ketamine-treated animals (adrenaline baseline 71+/-79.5 pg x ml(-1), ischemia 237 +/-131.9; noradrenaline baseline 317.9+/-310.5 pg x ml(-1), ischemia 310.5+/-85.7 pg x ml(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurological outcome is improved following incomplete cerebral ischemia with S(+)-ketamine. Decreases in neuronal injury may be related to suppression of sympathetic discharge.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anaesthesiologie der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany. Wolfram.Reeker@lrz.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reeker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Möllenberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kochs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D007649:Ketamine