title: Lymphatic mapping with intralesional tracer administration in breast carcinoma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of the study were to determine how often a sentinel lymph node is visualized by lymphoscintigraphy in breast carcinoma patients, how often the sentinel lymph node is identified during surgery, and the sensitivity of these procedures to identify the presence of axillary lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 136 patients were enrolled in 2 hospitals. Preoperative dynamic and static lymphoscintigraphy were performed; in addition, both a vital dye and a gamma detection probe were used intraoperatively. The tracers were injected into the primary lesion. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was followed by completion axillary lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph nodes and other axillary lymph nodes were examined routinely and by immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A sentinel lymph node was visualized by lymphoscintigraphy in 118 patients (87%). During the operation a sentinel lymph node was localized in 126 patients (93%). A total of 224 sentinel lymph nodes were harvested (average of 1.7 and range of 1-4 sentinel lymph nodes per patient). Of all the sentinel lymph nodes, 37 were blue (17%), 68 were radioactive (30%), and 119 were both blue and radioactive (53%). The sentinel lymph nodes contained metastatic disease in 56 patients (44%). Three sentinel lymph node biopsies were false-negative (sensitivity 95%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sentinel lymph node biopsy with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy after intralesional tracer administration and intraoperative use of both a gamma detection probe and a vital dye is a reliable technique for staging the axilla of breast carcinoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology,Groningen University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Doting
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Nieweg
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Piers
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Tiebosch
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Koops
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rutgers
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peterse
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Olmos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity