Aluminum induced oxidative events and its relation to inflammation: a role for the metal in Alzheimer's disease.
Aluminum (Al) is a simple trivalent cation incapable of redox changes. The toxicity of the metal has been the subject of much controversy in the past few decades. Although it has been generally believed that the metal is innocuous to human health, a causal role for Al has been established in dialysis dementia (Alfrey et al., 1976), osteomalacia (Bushinsky et al., 1995) and microcytic anemia without iron deficiency (Touam et al., 1983). Aluminum has also been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) although a direct causal role has not been determined. The exact mechanism of Al toxicity is not known. However, there are several lines of evidence that show the metal's capacity to exacerbate oxidative events. The present review is intended to propose a coherent pathway linking Al-induced oxidative events to Alzheimer's disease. The preliminary segment is an introduction to reactive oxygen species and their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of AD and the generation of an inflammatory response. Evidence on the relation between AD and inflammatory processes is also presented. The epidemiological and clinical evidence of Al neurotoxicity is summarized in the second section of the review. Finally, a hypothesis indicating that aluminum can exacerbate AD by activating ROS generation and initiation of an inflammatory cascade is presented.
Campbell
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Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92697-1820, USA.
Bondy
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D000535:Aluminum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000535:Aluminum; D010100:Oxygen