title: Evaluation of the effects of a pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide or helium in a porcine model of endotoxemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expansion of the laparoscopic techniques to the critically ill patient is currently under debate. In order to evaluate the potential risks of performing laparoscopy in a body with signs of sepsis, the effects of the pneumoperitoneum were studied in a porcine model of mild endotoxemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight pigs were separated into four groups of seven animals: untreated control (C), 2 microg/kg/h endotoxin (E), endotoxin and a pneumoperitoneum (3 h, 15 mmHg) with CO2 (EC) or with helium (EH). Hemodynamic and homeostatic variables were studied for a period of 5.5 h. Primary endpoints were arterial and mucosal pH and the ATP content of the bowel wall. Statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endotoxin infusion induced characteristic symptoms of early sepsis: increase of arterial CO2, pulmonary arterial, portal venous, and pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and decrease of arterial pressure, cardiac output, arterial and mucosal pH. An additional pneumoperitoneum led to aggravation of all criteria with significant alterations in arterial and mucosal pH, arterial CO2, wedge and portal venous pressure. The most striking derangement of mean values was observed for mucosal pH (EC: 7.40, EH: 7.54) and arterial pH (EC: 7.15, EH: 7.18). In group EC, two animals died in septic shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Applying a pneumoperitoneum during an ongoing sepsis significantly deteriorates hemodynamic and homeostatic variables, thus enhancing the risk of severe complications.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagelschmidt
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holthausen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goost
authors.forename: Z X
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minor
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Troidl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000150:complications*; D006371:Helium; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000209:etiology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006371:Helium; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate