title: DNA cleavage by 111In-labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
abstract: We studied the fine structure of DNA damage produced by the decay of 111In incorporated into duplex and triplex DNA strands to evaluate the usefulness of this radionuclide for sequence-specific DNA cleavage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) were prepared with 111In attached by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) at the 5' end or 3' end through a long chemical linker or to an internal nucleotide position through a short linker. Subsequent formation of DNA duplexes and triplexes was confirmed by gel electrophoresis. The 111In-induced breaks were assayed in denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a single-nucleotide resolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  111In-labeled oligonucleotides of high specific activity (740-1554 TBq/mmol) were synthesized. The presence of the bulky 111In-DTPA group did not impede duplex or triplex formation. Localized DNA breaks were observed in all duplexes and triplexes formed. The majority of DNA breaks in duplex formations were located within +/- 10 nucleotides from the site of attachment of the 111In-bearing linker. The yield of DNA breaks per decay was 0.38 in a duplex with internally modified ODNs. This is nearly 2 times less than the yield of DNA breaks in the same duplex with 1251 attached through the same linker. The yield of DNA breaks in the pyrimidine and purine strands of DNA triplexes with 111In attached to the triplex-forming ODNs through the linkers of different length varied from 0.05 to 0.10. The distribution of DNA breaks was wider in comparison with the duplex experiment. The lower yields of breaks per 111In decay compared with 125I may be not only the result of lower deposited energy but also of the ionic repulsion of the negatively charged 111In-DTPA group from the DNA strands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that decay of 111In produces highly localized DNA breaks. 111In introduced into triplex- and duplex-forming ODNs through hydrocarbon linkers produces sequence-specific DNA strand breaks with an efficiency nearly comparable with that of 1251. These findings are supportive of our proposed use of 111In-ODNs for gene-specific radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1180, USA.
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Karamychev
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Panyutin
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carrasquillo
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D004247:DNA