title: Simple and rapid determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their methylenedioxy derivatives in urine by automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
abstract: A simple and rapid method for the determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their 3,4-methylenedioxy derivatives in urine samples was developed using automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). In-tube SPME is an extraction technique for organic compounds in aqueous samples in which analytes are extracted from the sample directly into an open tubular capillary by repeated draw/eject cycles of sample solution. LC-MS analyses of stimulants were initially performed by liquid injection onto an LC column to determine spectra. Five stimulants tested in this study gave very simple ESI mass spectra, and strong signals corresponding to [M+H]+ were observed for all stimulants. The stimulants were well separated with a Supelcosil LC-CN column using acetonitrile/50mM ammonium acetate (15:85) as a mobile phase. In order to optimize the extraction of stimulants, several in-tube SPME parameters were examined. The optimum extraction conditions were 15 draw/eject cycles of 35 microL of sample in 50mM Tris-HCI (pH 8.5) at a flow rate of 100 microL/min using an Omegawax 250 capillary column. The stimulants extracted by the capillary were easily desorbed by mobile phase flow, and carryover of stimulants was not observed. Using in-tube SPME-LC-ESI-MS with selected ion monitoring, the calibration curves of stimulants were linear in the range from 2 to 100 ng/mL with correlation coefficients above 0.9985 (n = 18) and detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.38-0.82 ng/mL. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of human urine samples without interference peaks. The recoveries of stimulants spiked into urine samples were above 81%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawliszyn
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000652:urine*; D002138:Calibration; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000652:urine*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine