title: The immediate early gene product hCYR61 localizes to the secretory pathway in human osteoblasts.
abstract: The human cysteine-rich protein 61 (hCYR61) belongs to the growing CCN (CYR61/CTGF/NOV) family of immediate early genes, which modulate cell growth and differentiation. hCYR61 is regulated by 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) and growth factors in fetal human osteoblasts (hFOB cells). The murine homologue CYR61 was characterized as an extracellular matrix-associated protein that modulates basic fibroblast growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, and binds to integrin alpha(v)beta(3). Here we report the intracellular localization of the human CYR61 gene product by overexpressing fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in primary osteoblasts and the hFOB cell line. Full-length hCYR61-GFP localizes to the Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmatic granules, indicating targeting to the secretory pathway. Secretion of hCYR61 from osteoblasts is verified by Western blot detection from cellular supernatants. A truncated hCYR61-GFP fusion protein containing only the 34 N-terminal amino acids of hCYR61 also localizes to the Golgi apparatus mainly in the perinuclear region, which suggests that the N-terminus of hCYR61 is sufficient to target the protein to the secretory pathway. In summary, our results present the first evidence that human CYR61 localizes to the secretory pathway in primary osteoblasts and hFOB cells, and that it is secreted from these cells. The N-terminal 34 amino acids of hCYR61 provide a sufficient Golgi targeting sequence. Together with the immediate early regulation of hCYR61 mRNA by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), this suggests that hCYR61 might function as an extracellular signaling molecule in human bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Medizinische Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schütze
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siggelkow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seufert
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jakob
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055515:Cysteine-Rich Protein 61; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: C501848:CCN1 protein, human; D055515:Cysteine-Rich Protein 61; D006133:Growth Substances; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins