title: Test and treat strategies for Helicobacter pylori in uninvestigated dyspepsia: a Canadian economic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recognition of the pivotal role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease has revolutionized primary care approaches to dyspepsia. Decision analysis was used to compare the cost effectiveness of empirical ranitidine with a test and treat strategy using either H pylori serology or the 13carbon-urea breath test (13C-UBT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of patients under age 50 years presenting with uninvestigated dyspepsia was evaluated. Three initial strategies were compared with respect to direct medical costs and effectiveness in curing H pylori-related ulcers - empirical ranitidine, H pylori serology and UBT. A one-year time horizon and third-party payer perspective were adopted in a Canadian health care setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UBT was more costly than either serology or ranitidine but was the most effective strategy and required the fewest endoscopies. No strategy demonstrated dominance over another in the base case. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of serology versus ranitidine was $118/cure, and sensitivity analysis induced dominance of serology in several plausible scenarios. The baseline ICER of UBT versus serology was $885/cure but showed substantial variation in sensitivity analysis. Each ICER was highly sensitive to variation in the cost of the tests themselves. At a serology cost of $25, UBT became dominant when its cost fell to $39.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In low risk patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia, testing for H pylori using serology appears to be economically attractive. 13C-UBT may be a cost effective alternative to serology if local conditions closely approximate the model parameters. Future changes in the costs of serology and 13C-UBT may determine the optimal approach.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. marshllj@fhs.mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001944:Breath Tests; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000382:microbiology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D009864:Ontario; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D011899:Ranitidine