title: Apparent life-threatening events, facial dysmorphia and sleep-disordered breathing.
abstract: A standardized clinical evaluation and questionnaire was, beginning in 1985, applied to infants referred for an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). All children who underwent this "core evaluation protocol" during a 10-year period were reviewed. Documentation of clinical complaints, symptoms and signs of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep/wake evaluation, systematic evaluation of the face and naso-oro-pharynx, nocturnal polygraphic recording, and systematic follow-up was conducted. A total of 346 infants had complete data sets, with a smaller group of 46 age-matched healthy infants as controls. A scorer blind to the clinical data analyzed the polygraphic investigation and divided the 346 referred into two groups. Group A, 42.6% of the population, included infants with no abnormal findings based on nocturnal polygraphic recording. These infants were no different from controls at initial evaluation and during follow-up. Group B, 57.4% of the population, included infants who had obstructive breathing during sleep which became more obvious over time. Two-thirds of these infants not only had clinical symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing but also had mild facial dysmorphia that could be seen clearly at 6 months of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A subgroup of infants with apparent life-threatening events present an indication of a sleep-disordered breathing syndrome which is associated with a mild dysmorphia. This mild facial dysmorphia needs to be recognized early to distinguish these infants from other infants with apparent life-threatening events and to initiate appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Sleep Disorders Center, CA 94305, USA. cguil@leland.stanford.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pelayo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philip
mesh_terms: D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology*