title: ICD therapy in the new millennium.
abstract: Remarkable progress has been made in the 15 years since ICD therapy was approved for human use. The early "shock boxes" had almost no diagnostic capabilities and required thoracotomy for epicardial patch implantation with typical duration of hospitalization of about a week. Pulse-generator longevity was less than 2 years. Modern devices provide detailed information about the morphology and rate of electrocardiographic signals before, during, and after arrhythmia therapy. The down-sizing of pulse generators and improvements in lead design and shock waveforms allow the simplicity of defibrillator implantation to approach that of pacemakers, with defibrillation thresholds comparable with those initially observed with epicardial patches. Despite the marked reduction in size and increase in diagnostic capabilities, device longevity is now longer than 6 years. Routine outpatient ICD implantation is presently feasible and will increase in frequency if ongoing primary prevention trials prove beneficial. Further advances in lead technology and arrhythmia discrimination should increase the efficacy and reliability of therapy. Finally, devices have the capabilities to treat multiple problems in addition to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias including atrial arrhythmias and congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA. Mgold@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000639:trends; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000639:trends; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome