title: Pulmonary vein stenosis complicating catheter ablation of focal atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recently described focal origin of atrial fibrillation, mainly inside pulmonary veins, is creating new perspectives for radiofrequency catheter ablation. However, pulmonary venous stenosis may occur with uncertain clinical consequences. This report describes a veno-occlusive syndrome secondary to left pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency catheter ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 36-year-old man who experienced daily episodes of atrial fibrillation that was refractory to antiarrhythmic medication, including amiodarone, was enrolled in our focal atrial fibrillation radiofrequency catheter ablation protocol. The left superior pulmonary vein was the earliest site mapped, and radiofrequency ablation was performed. Atrial fibrillation was interrupted and sinus rhythm restored after one radiofrequency pulse inside the left superior pulmonary vein. Atrial fibrillation recurred and a new procedure was performed in an attempt to isolate (26 radiofrequency pulses around the ostium) the left superior pulmonary vein. Ten days later, the patient developed chest pain and hemoptysis related to severe left superior and inferior pulmonary veins stenosis. Balloon angioplasty of both veins was followed by complete relief of symptoms after 2 months of recurrent pulmonary symptoms. The patient has been asymptomatic for 12 months, without antiarrhythmic drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple radiofrequency pulses applied inside the pulmonary veins ostia can induce severe pulmonary venous stenosis and veno-occlusive pulmonary syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil. arrscan@incor.usp.br
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Scanavacca
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kajita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sosa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017130:Angioplasty; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011668:Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012008:Recurrence; D014692:Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio