title: Optimising the performance of intermittent pneumatic compression devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  this study was designed to determine whether an intermittent pneumatic compression device (IPC) with an increased maximal inflation pressure, a decreased time to maximal pressure and a longer duration of compression would improve venous return compared to a standard IPC device.
  
  
  METHODS
  thirty limbs in 15 volunteers without evidence of venous disease were studied using duplex scanning at rest and during the application of two different IPC devices with different compression parameters. The first device IPC-1 (SCD 5325, Kendall) has a six-chambered cuff applying 45 mmHg after 12 s, sequentially from ankle to thigh followed by 60 s of non-compression. The second device IPC-2 (Vena-Assist(R), ACI Medical) has a foot, ankle and calf cuff, applies a pressure of 80 mmHg, has a pressure rise time of 0.3 s, maintains inflation for 5.5 s, and has a cycling time of 1 min. Peak venous velocity and acceleration time were measured at rest and during the IPC application. Measurements were obtained in supine position from the common femoral vein 1 cm above the saphenofemoral junction to include the entire venous outflow from the limb.
  
  
  RESULTS
  peak venous velocity at rest was significantly higher in the right limb than in the left limb (26+/-7.2 vs. 22+/-5.7 cm/s, p<0.01). Peak venous velocity was significantly increased by both IPC devices (p <0.0001). IPC-2 achieved significantly higher peak venous velocity than IPC-1 (55.1+/-17.8 vs. 37.4+/-6.9 cm/s, p<0.0001). Acceleration time was also found to be significantly shorter (370+/-93.4 vs. 560+/-83.5 ms, p<0.0001) in IPC-2 than in IPC-1, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  we have demonstrated that progressive inflation at the foot, ankle and calf, increasing maximal inflation pressure and decreasing time to maximal pressure result in increased venous return. These changes may improve the efficacy of IPC devices in the prevention of deep-venous thrombosis (DVT) formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153-3304, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values; D019722:Sphygmomanometers; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014690:Venous Pressure / Q000502:physiology*