title: Method for determination of xanthene dyes in guava fruits and its application in a field dissipation study.
abstract: Xanthene dyes, i.e., phloxine B and uranine or phloxine B alone, are phototoxic to tephritid fruit flies infesting guava fruits. An analytical method was developed for determination of residues of these dyes used in bait solutions for suppression of the tephritid fruit fly population in guava fruits. The procedure involved solvent extraction, anion-exchange cleanup, and determination by liquid chromatography or capillary zone electrophoresis. The dyes were extracted from 50 g guava fruit at 45 degrees degrees with 400 mL methanol-acetonitrile (1 + 1) and 5 g magnesium oxide added as an alkaline and clarifying agent. The guava extract was adjusted to pH 8.5 and subjected to an amino column cleanup. Average recoveries of xanthene dyes added to guava purees ranged from 77 to 99% for phloxine B and from 79 to 102% for uranine at spiking levels of 0.05-1.00 microg/g. The method was applied to the determination of phloxine B residues in guava fruits collected from a dye-sprayed orchard. After phloxine B was applied at a rate of 62.5 g/ha for 14 weekly sprayings, it was found on guava fruits at an average concentration of 111 +/- 18 ng/g 4 h after the llth spraying. The concentration of phloxine B was 426 +/- 94 ng/g in selected fruits with high deposits of the dye 4 h after spraying. Average concentrations of phloxine B 5 days after the 7th and 14th sprayings were 29 +/- 7 and 19 +/- 8 ng/g, respectively.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Biosystems Engineering, Honolulu 96822, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Alcantara-Licudine
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Q X
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: McQuate
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Peck
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods; D010697:Eosine I Bluish / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012997:Solvents; D014966:Xanthenes; D010697:Eosine I Bluish