title: Risk analysis for thoracoscopic lung volume reduction: a multi-institutional experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most reports of thoracoscopic lung volume reduction (TLVR) are relatively small and early experiences from a single institution, factors which limit both the statistical validity and the applicability to the population at large. In order to address these shortcomings we undertook an analysis of the TLVR experience at five separate institutions to assess operative morbidity and identify predictors of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were sent to four groups of surgical investigators at five institutions actively performing TLVR. Data was requested regarding preoperative, operative and postoperative parameters. Twenty-five potential predictors of mortality were analyzed and seven proved to be at least marginally significant (P<0.10). These parameters were entered into a stepwise logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 682 patients (415 males, 267 females, mean age 64.0 years) underwent unilateral (410) or bilateral (272) TLVRs. Overall, operative mortality was 6% with half of the deaths resulting from respiratory causes. The remaining patients were discharged to home (88%), a rehabilitation facility (4%) or a ventilator facility (2%). There were 25 perioperative factors chosen representing clinically important indices such as spirometry, oxygenation, functional status, clinical and demographic variables. Univariate analysis identified seven variables as predictors of mortality (P<0.10) and these were entered into a stepwise logistic regression analysis. Only age, 6-min walk, gender (male 8%, female 3% mortality) and the procedure performed (unilateral 4.6%, bilateral 8%) were independent predictors while preoperative steroid therapy, preoperative oxygen administration, and time since smoking cessation dropped out of the model. The specific institution, learning curve (early vs. late experience), type of lung disease, spirometric indices and predicted maximum VO(2) were not significant predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience suggests that unilateral and bilateral lung volume reduction procedure can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Although age, gender, exercise capacity and the procedure performed are all independent predictors of mortality, the risk of operative death did not appear excessive in this fragile patient subset.
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis University, Cardio-thoracic Surgery and Pulmonology Divisions, St. Louis, MO 63110-0250, USA. naunheim@slu.edu
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Naunheim
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hazelrigg
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bavaria
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Landreneau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osterloh
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome