title: Phosphorylation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr regulates cell cycle arrest.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr regulates nuclear transport of the viral preintegration complex, G(2) cell cycle arrest, and transcriptional transactivation. We asked whether phosphorylation could affect Vpr activity. Vpr was found to be phosphorylated on serine residues in transiently transfected and infected cells. Residues 79, 94, and 96 were all found to be phosphorylated, as assessed by alanine mutations. Mutation of Ser-79 to Ala abrogated effects of Vpr on cell cycle progression, whereas mutation of Ser-94 and Ser-96 had no effect. Simultaneous mutation of all three Vpr serine residues attenuated HIV-1 replication in macrophages, whereas single and double Ser mutations had no effect.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ratner
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D016336:Gene Products, vpr / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017354:Point Mutation; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012694:Serine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D016336:Gene Products, vpr; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D012694:Serine