title: Analysis of risk factors for myocardial infarction and cardiac mortality after major vascular surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients undergoing vascular surgical procedures are at high risk for perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI). This study was undertaken to identify predictors of PMI and in-hospital death in major vascular surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Vascular Surgery Registry (6,948 operations from January 1989 through June 1997) the authors identified 107 patients in whom PMI developed during the same hospital stay. Case-control patients (patients without PMI) were matched at a 1x:x1 ratio with index cases according to the type of surgery, gender, patient age, and year of surgery. The authors analyzed data regarding preoperative cardiac disease and surgical and anesthetic factors to study association with PMI and cardiac death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using univariable analysis the authors identified the following predictors of PMI: valvular disease (P = 0.007), previous congestive heart failure (P = 0.04), emergency surgery (P = 0.02), general anesthesia (P = 0.03), preoperative history of coronary artery disease (P = 0.001), preoperative treatment with beta-blockers (P = 0.003), lower preoperative (P = 0.03) and postoperative (P = 0.002) hemoglobin concentrations, increased bleeding rate (as assessed from increased cell salvage; P = 0.025), and lower ejection fraction (P = 0.02). Of the 107 patients with PMI, 20.6% died of cardiac cause during the same hospital stay. The following factors increased the odds ratios for cardiac death: age (P = 0.001), recent congestive heart failure (P = 0.01), type of surgery (P = 0.04), emergency surgery (P = 0.02), lower intraoperative diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.001), new intraoperative ST-T changes (P = 0.01), and increased intraoperative use of blood (P = 0.005). Patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, even more than 12 months before index surgery, had a 79% reduction in risk of death if they had PMI (P = 0.01). Multivariable analysis revealed preoperative definitive diagnosis of coronary artery disease (P = 0.001) and significant valvular disease (P = 0.03) were associated with increased risk of PMI. Congestive heart failure less than 1 yr before index vascular surgery (P = 0. 0002) and increased intraoperative use of blood (P = 0.007) were associated with cardiac death. The history of coronary artery bypass grafting reduced the risk of cardiac death (P = 0.04) in patients with PMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in-hospital cardiac mortality rate is high for patients who undergo vascular surgery and experience clinically significant PMI. Stress of surgery (increased intraoperative bleeding and aortic, peripheral vascular, and emergency surgery), poor preoperative cardiac functional status (congestive heart failure, lower ejection fraction, diagnosis of coronary artery disease), and preoperative history of coronary artery bypass grafting are the factors that determine perioperative cardiac morbidity and mortality rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Anesthesiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA. sprungj@ccf.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sprung
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abdelmalak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mayhew
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammel
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hertzer
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D016015:Logistic Models; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D009820:Ohio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000601:surgery*