title: Lymph-node staining with activated carbon CH40: a new method for axillary lymph-node dissection in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the usefulness of activated carbon particles (CH40) as a vital staining dye for visualizing lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Surgery in Sendai National Hospital, Japan, a 716-bed teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify as many lymph nodes as possible in the axillary fat, by which we might decrease the possibility of the presence of undetected metastatic nodes, an emulsion of activated carbon particles (CH40) was injected into the centre of the mammary gland, close to the tumour site, 3 days before radical surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of lymph nodes found by the traditional method and by the CH40-injection method were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After injection, the CH40 was readily adsorbed into regional lymphatics and streamed along with the lymph flow to blacken regional lymph nodes. The CH40-guided method increased the mean number of nodes per case found in the axilla from 8.4, by the traditional method, to 14.0 nodes per case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the CH40 technique has two technical advantages; one is that it allows surgeons to locate the blackened lymph nodes at the time of surgery and the other is that it allows pathologists to look for the nodes in fatty tissue. Lymph-node dissection with the aid of activated carbon particles is inexpensive, easy to perform and enables the smallest lymph nodes to be easily recognized. CH40 is the technique of choice for the detection of axillary lymph nodes in cases where the number of lymph nodes detected by the traditional method is too small for accurate surgery. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that CH40 could be an appropriate tool for more accurate staging of breast cancer axillary specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sendai National Hospital, Japan. yokoyoko@jun.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Narushima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sawai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kunii
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002606:Charcoal; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D015411:Mastectomy, Modified Radical; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D010316:Particle Size; D018579:Patient Selection; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D002606:Charcoal