title: Uncertainty of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. A comparison of Fieller and bootstrap confidence intervals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare different methods to estimate the confidence interval of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).
  
  
  METHODS
  The adequacy of Fieller intervals and three methods for calculating bootstrap intervals are compared based on a simulation of 10,000 trials, using data from one trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Fieller and bootstrap methods lead to unsatisfactory results when the difference in effectiveness is approximately zero. Where this difference is significant, the four methods for calculating confidence intervals for ICER do not give very different results, but Fieller's interval performs best.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since Fieller's confidence limits are relatively easy to compute compared with bootstrap simulations, we recommend using this method.
authors.affiliation: University of Nijmegen.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Severens
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: De Boo
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Konst
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000191:economics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000191:economics; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000191:economics