title: Systematic overview of lithium treatment in acute mania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of lithium in the treatment of acute mania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic overview of the literature and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Estimation of (i) the differences in the reduction in mania severity scores, and (ii) the ratio and difference in improvement response rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 658 patients from 12 trials were included. Treatment periods ranged from 3 to 4 weeks. The response rate ratio for lithium against placebo was 1.95 (95%CI 1.17-3.23). The mean number needed to treat was five (95%CI 3-20). Patients were twice as likely to obtain remission with lithium than with chlorpromazine (rate ratio = 1.96, 95%CI 1.02-3.77). The mean number needed to treat was four (95%CI 3-9). Neither carbamazepine nor valproate was more effective than lithium. The response rate ratios were 1.01 (95%CI 0.54-1.88) for lithium compared to carbamazepine and 1.22 (95%CI 0.91-1.64) for lithium against valproate. Haloperidol was no better than lithium on the basis of improvement based on assessment of global severity. The differences in effects between lithium and risperidone were -2.79 (95%CI -4.22 to -1.36) in favour of risperidone with respect to symptom severity improvement and -0.76 (95%CI -1.11 to -0.41) on the basis of reduction in global severity of disease. Symptom and global severity was as well controlled with lithium as with verapamil. Lithium caused more side-effects than placebo and verapamil, but no more than carbamazepine or valproate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical trial evidence suggests that lithium should remain the first line treatment for acute mania.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Poolsup
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li Wan Po
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018021:Lithium Chloride