title: Evidence of a T(H) 1 type response associated with recurrent miscarriage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the T(H) 1 cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma is associated with miscarriage whereas the T(H) 2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 is associated with successful pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers in an academic setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1 comprised 10 nonpregnant women; group 2, 10 first-trimester primigravid women; group 3, 10 first-trimester primigravid women suffering spontaneous abortion; and group 4, 10 first-trimester pregnant women with a history of miscarriage. All women were pregnant at the time of sampling, but 5 miscarried later in the first trimester.
  
  
  METHODS
  None of the patients received any medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum levels of IL-10 and IFN-gamma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of IL-10 were significantly raised in normal pregnancy. Levels of IFN-gamma were raised in the recurrent-miscarriage group as compared with normal pregnancy. When patients in group 4 were divided into those whose pregnancies went to term and those who miscarried, we found that successful pregnancy was associated with a statistically significant increase in IL-10, whereas miscarriage was associated with significantly increased levels of IFN-gamma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the view that miscarriage is associated with a T(H) 1 type response.
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shilito
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma