title: Priming tissue-specific cellular immunity in a phase I trial of autologous dendritic cells for prostate cancer.
abstract: We attempted to induce therapeutic immunity against prostate-derived tissues in patients suffering from progressive hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. Thirteen patients were treated with two infusions, 1 month apart, of autologous dendritic cells (APC8015) preexposed ex vivo to PA2024, a fusion protein consisting of human granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). The infusions were followed by three s.c. monthly doses of PA2024 without cells. Three groups of patients each received PA2024 at 0.3, 0.6, or 1.0 mg/injection. All Ps were two-sided. Treatment was well tolerated. After infusions of APC8015, patients experienced only mild (grade 1-2) short-lived fever and/or chills, myalgia, pain, and fatigue. One patient developed grade 3 fatigue. Four patients developed mild local reactions to s.c. PA2024. Twelve patients were evaluable for response to treatment. Circulating prostate-specific antigen levels dropped in three patients. T cells, drawn from patients after infusions of APC8015, but not before, could be stimulated in vitro by GM-CSF (P = 0.0004) and PAP (P = 0.0001), demonstrating broken immune tolerance against these two normal proteins. Injections of PA2024 did not influence the reactivity of T cells against PAP and GM-CSF. However, antibodies to GM-CSF and, to a much lesser extent, to PAP reached maximum titers only after two or even three injections of PA2024, showing that directly injected PA2024 was involved in stimulation of humoral immunity. Dendritic cells exposed to antigen ex vivo can induce antigen-specific cellular immunity in prostate cancer patients, warranting further studies of this mode of immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Buckner
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gastineau
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Laus
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Padley
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Peshwa
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pitot
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sopapan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strang
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Valone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vuk-Pavlović
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; C416374:PA2024 fusion protein, human