title: Pressure pain thresholds and electromyographically defined muscular fatigue induced by a muscular endurance test in normal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to examine the relation between muscular tenderness measured as pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and electromyographic (EMG) signs of fatigue before and after a local standardized static muscle contraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressure pain thresholds were measured in the shoulder region before, immediately after, and 10 minutes after a standardized static endurance test while monitoring the EMG signs of local muscular fatigue and its recovery. The study did not address local biochemical issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the Department of Rehabilitation, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five healthy female volunteers without musculoskeletal problems participated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A static endurance test was performed, which consisted of a submaximal unilateral activation of the right trapezius and deltoid muscles for as long as possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral PPTs over the trapezius and deltoid muscles were measured with an electronic pressure algometer. Established surface EMG parameters of local muscular fatigue were assessed. The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average endurance time was 330 seconds. Immediately after the test, significant bilateral increases in the normalized PPTs over both muscles were found, although the increase was more pronounced on the test side: over the right trapezius muscle by 13% (p <0.001), over the right deltoid muscle by 23% (p <0.001), and over the left trapezius and deltoid muscles by 6% (p = 0.04) and (p = 0.009), respectively. These increases persisted 10 minutes after the end of the test. The subjects developed significant signs of fatigue as defined by EMG criteria in both muscles on the right side during the test. The recovery from fatigue was approximately half complete 15 seconds after the end of the test and complete or almost complete 10 minutes thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pressure pain thresholds over shoulder muscles remained elevated up to 10 minutes after a unilateral static endurance test. This time course was completely different from that of EMG-defined muscle fatigue, which showed a fast recovery. These findings indicate that the mechanisms of recovery from fatigue and nociception are independent of each other. The bilateral PPT increases might be explained by central antinociceptive mechanisms activated by static muscle work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Lund University Hospital, Sweden. ann.persson@skane.se
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalliomäki
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Sjölund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013997:Time Factors