title: Adrenergic activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius potentiates amygdala norepinephrine release and enhances retention performance in emotionally arousing and spatial memory tasks.
abstract: It is well documented that noradrenergic systems in the amygdala modulate memory formation, however, less research has examined how sources of limbic norepinephrine contribute to this process. The amygdala receives a dense supply of norepinephrine from neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The present experiments examined whether adrenergic activation of these NTS neurons affects memory in learning tasks that are sensitive to amygdala norepinephrine release. Separate groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in either an emotionally arousing or spatial memory task. They then received vehicle or the adrenergic agonist epinephrine (50, 125, or 250 ng/0.5 microl) into the NTS. Rats given the 125 ng dose had significantly longer retention latencies on a 48 h inhibitory avoidance retention test and made a significantly higher percentage of correct responses on an 18 h delayed radial maze retention test. A third experiment using in vivo microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that intra-NTS infusion of a memory-enhancing dose of epinephrine potentiated amygdala norepinephrine release. Collectively, these results suggest that stimulation of the NTS contributes to memory processing by influencing noradrenergic systems in the amygdala.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 102 Gilmer Hall, PO Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D000679:Amygdala / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008845:Microinjections; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine