title: Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibition with HOE642 improves postischemic recovery due to attenuation of Ca(2+) overload and prolonged acidosis on reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibition with HOE642 (cariporide) improves postischemic recovery of cardiac function, but the mechanisms of action remain speculative. Because Na(+)/H(+) exchange is activated on reperfusion, it was hypothesized that its inhibition delays realkalinization and decreases intracellular Na(+) and, via Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange, Ca(2+) overload. Attenuated Ca(2+) overload and prolonged acidosis are known to be cardioprotective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left ventricular developed and end-diastolic pressures were measured in isolated buffer-perfused rat hearts subjected to 30 minutes of no-flow ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion (37 degrees C) with or without 1 micromol/L HOE642 added to the perfusate 15 minutes before ischemia. Intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and pH(i) were measured with aequorin (n=10 per group) and (31)P NMR spectroscopy (n=6 per group), respectively. HOE642 did not affect preischemic mechanical function, [Ca(2+)](i), or pH(i). Mechanical recovery after 30 minutes of reperfusion was substantially improved with HOE642: left ventricular developed pressure (in percent of preischemic values) was 92+/-3 versus 49+/-7 and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 16+/-3 versus 46+/-5 mm Hg (P<0.05 for HOE642-treated versus untreated hearts). End-ischemic [Ca(2+)](i) was significantly lower in HOE642-treated than in untreated hearts (1.04+/-0.06 versus 1.84+/-0. 02 micromol/L, P<0.05). Maximal intracellular Ca(2+) overload during the first 60 seconds of reperfusion was attenuated with HOE642 compared with untreated hearts: 2.0+/-0.3 versus 3.2+/-0.3 micromol/L (P<0.05). pH(i) was not different at end ischemia ( approximately 5.9+/-0.05). Realkalinization was similar in the first 90 seconds of reperfusion and significantly delayed in the next 3 minutes (eg, 6.8+/-0.07 in HOE642-treated hearts compared with 7. 2+/-0.07 in untreated hearts; P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HOE642 improves postischemic recovery by reducing Ca(2+) overload during ischemia and early reperfusion and by prolonging postischemic acidosis.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Würzburg, Germany. stromer@mail.uni-wuerzberg.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Strömer
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faul
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leupold
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neubauer
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000331:Aequorin; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D006146:Guanidines; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D013450:Sulfones; D000331:Aequorin; C093373:cariporide; D002118:Calcium