title: Genetic and environmental factors in age-related nuclear cataracts in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related cataracts are a major public health problem. The relative importance of genes and environment in the causation of nuclear cataracts, the most common form of age-related cataracts, is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 506 pairs of female twins (226 monozygotic and 280 dizygotic) who were 50 to 79 years old (mean, 62). The amount of nuclear cataract in the right and left eyes was determined objectively by analysis of Scheimpflug lens photographs (yielding three measures) and subjectively with use of the Oxford Clinical Cataract Classification and Grading System (yielding one measure). All eight measures (four in each eye) were subsequently combined in one summary measure of nuclear cataract for each woman. A univariate maximum-likelihood model was used to estimate the variance of the genetic and environmental contributions to each of the measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The different measures of cataract formation were highly correlated (correlation coefficients, 0.71 to 0.94). The mean scores were similar for the right and left eyes and for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Quantitative genetic modeling of each of the nuclear-cataract scores invariably resulted in a best-fitting model that involved additive genetic effects, unique environmental effects, and age. The common environmental and dominant genetic effects could be removed from the models without significant loss of fit. The overall heritability in the combined nuclear-cataract score (the proportion of the variance explained by genetic factors) was 48 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 42 to 54 percent); age accounted for 38 percent of the variance (95 percent confidence interval, 31 to 44 percent) and unique environmental effects for 14 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 12 to 18 percent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic effects are important even in such a clearly age-related disease as nuclear cataract, explaining almost 50 percent of the variation in the severity of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St. Thomas' Hospital, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom. ch@twin-research.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snieder
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007907:Lens Nucleus, Crystalline; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic