title: Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective study in patients who failed to respond to corticosteroids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively examine the role of cyclophosphamide in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that is unresponsive to or intolerant of high-dose steroid treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with biopsy specimen-proven usual interstitial pneumonia who failed to respond (n = 16) or experienced adverse effects (n = 3) from corticosteroid treatment (1 mg/kg/d for 3 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  Steroid therapy was tapered quickly, and oral cyclophosphamide, 2 mg/kg/d, was prescribed (mean duration of treatment, 6.0 +/- 0.9 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 10 patients, response to therapy was determined by pretreatment and posttreatment clinical (dyspnea), radiographic (chest radiograph), and physiologic (pulmonary function, including exercise saturation) scores (CRP). Response was defined as a > 10-point drop in CRP; stable as +/- 10-point change in CRP; and nonresponders as > 10-point rise in CRP. In nine patients, physiologic criteria were used to assess response; significant changes in pulmonary function were defined as follows: total lung capacity, +/- 10% of baseline value; FVC, +/- 10% of baseline value, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, +/- 20% of baseline value; and resting pulse oximetry, +/- 4% of baseline value. Patients who died while receiving or shortly after discontinuing cyclophosphamide were classified as nonresponders (n = 2). Among 19 patients treated with cyclophosphamide, only 1 patient demonstrated sustained response; 7 patients remained stable and 11 deteriorated while receiving the drug. Toxicity associated with cyclophosphamide was substantial; more than two thirds of the patients developed drug-related adverse effects, and almost half discontinued the drug prematurely due to side effects. In the remaining patients, cyclophosphamide therapy was discontinued due to lack of improvement or progressive deterioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclophosphamide therapy is of limited efficacy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who fail to respond or who experience adverse effects from corticosteroid treatment, and adverse effects often complicate its use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0360, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zisman
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Toews
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kazerooni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide