title: Protein phosphatase inhibitors alter cellular microtubules and reduce carbachol-dependent protein secretion in lacrimal acini.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further understand the regulation of microtubules and their function in the lacrimal gland, we investigated the effects of two serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors, okadaic acid (300 nM-1 microM) and calyculin A (20-100 nM), on microtubules and stimulated secretion in lacrimal acini.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary rabbit lacrimal acini cultured for two days were utilized. Microtubule structure was probed using biochemical analysis and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Carbachol-stimulated and basal protein secretion were determined by measurement of released protein or, for pulse-chase studies, [(35)S]-protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biochemical analysis and confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that both inhibitors caused a major loss of cellular microtubules and also of acetylated (stable) microtubules. However, calyculin A was more potent than okadaic acid in causing microtubule loss. Because changes in microtubules can partially impair stimulated protein secretion in lacrimal acini, the effects of inhibitors on protein secretion were also evaluated. Both inhibitors caused a comparable dose-dependent and significant (p </= 0.05) inhibition of carbachol-stimulated (1 mM) but not basal protein secretion. These agents also significantly inhibited protein synthesis, although pulse-chase experiments suggested that the effects on secretion were elicited post-synthetically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interference with normal cycles of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in lacrimal acini impairs the stimulated secretory response. Although microtubules were clearly affected by protein phosphatase inhibition, changes in this array were not directly correlated with the reduced secretory response, suggesting that the inhibitory effects on secretion may proceed through microtubule-independent as well as microtubule-dependent mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Yarber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Runnegar
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Hamm-Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003599:Cytoskeleton; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008387:Marine Toxins; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005136:Eye Proteins; D008387:Marine Toxins; D010080:Oxazoles; C042434:tear proteins; D019319:Okadaic Acid; C059041:calyculin A; D002217:Carbachol; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases