title: Universal newborn hearing screening in an inner-city, managed care environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Universal neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) programs aim to identify and treat educationally significant hearing loss in the first months of life. Several states have mandated UNHS for all newborns. Such programs have been successful in small, homogeneous populations. As larger states attempt to implement such programs, important obstacles have arisen, particularly in sparsely populated rural environments and in the inner city, where poverty, unstable living situations, and inadequate access to health care make follow-up of infants failing initial testing difficult.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective longitudinal study examining the effects of increasingly complex and expensive interventions designed to ensure that children failing initial hearing screening returned for complete evaluation and habilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A UNHS program based on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions testing was implemented at Temple University Hospital, with 2,000 births per year. At 6 months into the program, efficacy was assessed and modifications in follow-up methodology were made in an attempt to improved rate of return of infants failing newborn screening. The effect of these interventions was reassessed 6 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In its first 12 months, the Temple University Infant and Young Child Hearing Intervention Initiative successfully screened 95% (2,031) of all newborns using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Collecting a complete database profile for each newborn, establishing rapport with the family, and offering immediate follow-up appointments yielded a 61% return rate after discharge. The addition of a dedicated project secretary, free day-care for siblings, and cab vouchers for transportation and the elimination of a requirement for health maintenance organization referrals increased follow-up yield to 75%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given adequate resources and planning, UNHS can be successful, even in economically depressed environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Bronchoesophagology, Temple University School of Medicine, and The Temple University Children's Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isaacson
mesh_terms: D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000379:methods; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data