title: [Natural-focus infections: the key questions and new vantage points].
abstract: A short history of the concept of natural focal infections is presented: the idea put forward by D. K. Zabolotnyĭ, E. I. Pavlovskiĭ's teaching, 3 stages of its development. A number of fundamental questions and the modern content of the concept are considered. The natural foci of infections are a combination of surface, soil and/or water ecosystems, including the population of the causative agent of infection. In contrast to surface ecosystems, in soil and water ecosystems the hosts of the causative agents of sapronotic infections ae soil invertebrates and hydrobios, in which these agents may circulate in biocenotic trophic chains. The circulation of the causative agents in natural foci is a discrete process; the mechanisms and forms of the existence of pathogenic bacteria during seasonal and prolonged periods between epidemics is considered. Special attention is given to latent (nonculturable) forms of bacteria. The complex character of the status of the causative agents of natural focal infections is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V Iu
authors.initials: VIu
authors.lastname: Litvin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004199:Disease Vectors; D017753:Ecosystem; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D012621:Seasons
vernacular_title: Prirodnoochagovye infektsii: kliuchevye voprosy i novye pozitsii.