title: Human cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in three socioeconomically different urban areas during the first trimester: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To re-evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) seroprevalence during pregnancy, we carried out a population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  IgG and IgM antibodies to HCMV and IgG avidity were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in three different socioeconomic areas (SEA) in the 9-12th week of pregnancy of 1088 consecutive mothers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall IgG seropositivity was 70.7%, ranging from 60.9 to 76.4% in 'upper' to 'lower' SEA (P = 0.0004). The HCMV IgM seropositivity was 4.0%, ranging from 3.8% in the 'upper' and 'intermediate' SEA to 4.6% in the 'lower' SEA. Serologically acute cases, defined by low avidity of IgG, represented 1.7% of the pregnancies in the 'upper' SEA compared with 1.0 and 1.1% in the other two areas. In the 'lower' SEA there were twice as many recurrent infections as in the others, 3.6 versus 1.7%. The low impact of age did not increase after elimination of the effects of SEA and parity. Miscarriages were associated neither with IgG nor with IgM positivity, although the percentage of >/=2 miscarriages was 8.8% in seronegative women compared with 11.2% and 13.6% in IgG- and IgM-positive women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social environment seems to be the most powerful factor, predicting both IgG seroprevalence and recurrences during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Public Health Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mustakangas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ammälä
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muttilainen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koskela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskiniemi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M