Ambulatory care pharmacy services: has the agenda changed?
OBJECTIVE
To provide an extensive review of ambulatory care clinical pharmacy services and evaluate the services and research data in the field.


METHODS
MEDLINE was searched from January 1992 through July 1999. Search terms included pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, and pharmaceutical care, cross-referenced with ambulatory care, primary care, family medicine, and managed care.


METHODS
Relevant peer-reviewed studies and reports since our previous article in 1992 were selected and described. Literature prior to 1992 was briefly reviewed.


RESULTS
The relevant literature was reviewed and some examples from the authors' institutions are provided. Much research has continued to be published documenting the value of clinical pharmacy services in ambulatory care, including in community pharmacy, anticoagulation services, family medicine, primary care clinics, Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, and managed care. However, these innovative services are underrepresented in the community at large. The vast majority of the public does not have access to these types of services.


CONCLUSIONS
There will be continued and dramatic expansion of ambulatory care pharmacy services in the new decade beginning in the year 2000. It will be critical that standards of practice be very high. We believe there is a critical need for visible demonstration projects and large multicenter research projects that demonstrate the value of these services.
Carter
B L
BL
Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA. barry.carter@uchsc.edu
Helling
D K
DK
D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000191:economics; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*