title: Increased repair and cell survival in cells treated with DIR1 antisense oligonucleotides: implications for induced radioresistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether repression of a recently isolated, X-ray-responsive gene, DIR1, using antisense oligonucleotides could affect clonogenic cell survival and repair of DNA strand breaks and have a possible role in the mechanism underlying the phenomenon of 'induced radioresistance' (IRR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cell lines, V79, RT112 and UM-UC-3, which are known to exhibit low-dose hypersensitivity (HRS) and induced radioresistance (IRR), and the radiosensitive cell line ATBIVA, were transfected with antisense oligonucleotides directed towards the DIR1 gene. Scrambled oligonucleotides were used as controls. DNA single-strand break (ssb) repair, using the alkaline comet assay, and cell survival using a standard clonogenic assay was measured after exposure to X-rays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following treatment with 4Gy X-rays, the V79, RT112 and UM-UC-3 cell lines all exhibited significantly increased rates of ssb repair after transfection with DIR1 antisense oligonucleotides compared with cells transfected with scrambled oligonucleotides. They also demonstrated significantly enhanced survival after exposure to 2 Gy X-rays; the radiosensitive ATBIVA cells did not show these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repression of the DIR1 gene product leads to an increase in the rate of repair and cell survival in three radioresistant cells lines but not in the radiosensitive ATBIVA cell line. Because DIR1 is repressed by X-rays in the dose range where IRR is observed, it may represent a candidate gene involved in the IRR phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Science Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, N Ireland, UK. T.Robson@Ulst.ac.uk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Joiner
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: McKelvey-Martin
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hirst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D006224:Cricetinae; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D020104:Immunophilins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C400101:FKBPL protein, human; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; D020104:Immunophilins