title: Characterization of venom (Duvernoy's secretion) from twelve species of colubrid snakes and partial sequence of four venom proteins.
abstract: R.E. Hill and S.P. Mackessy. Characterization of venom (Duvernoy's secretion) from twelve species of colubrid snakes and partial sequence of four venom proteins. Toxicon XX, xx-yy, 2000. - Venomous colubrids, which include more than 700 snake species worldwide, represent a vast potential source of novel biological compounds. The present study characterized venom (Duvernoy's gland secretion) collected from twelve species of opisthoglyphous (rear-fanged) colubrid snakes, an extremely diverse assemblage of non-venomous to highly venomous snakes. Most venoms displayed proteolytic activity (casein), though activity levels varied considerably. Low phosphodiesterase activity was detected in several venoms (Amphiesma stolata, Diadophis punctatus, Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi, H. n. nasicus and Thamnophis elegans vagrans), and acetylcholinesterase was found in Boiga irregularis saliva and venom, but no venoms displayed hyaluronidase, thrombin-like or kallikrein-like activities. High phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity was found in Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda venom, and moderate levels were detected in Boiga dendrophila and D. p. regalis venoms as well as B. dendrophila and H. n. nasicus salivas. Non-reducing SDS-PAGE revealed 7-20 protein bands (3.5 to over 200 kD, depending on species) for all venoms analyzed, and electrophoretic profiles of venoms were typically quite distinct from saliva profiles. Components from A. stolata, Hydrodynastes gigas, Tantilla nigriceps and T. e. vagrans venoms showed protease activity when run on gelatin zymogram gels. N-terminal protein sequences for three 26 kD venom components of three species (H. gigas, H. torquata, T. biscutatus) and one 3.5 kD component (T. nigriceps) were also obtained, and the 3.5 kD peptide showed apparent sequence homology with human vascular endothelial growth factor; these data represent the first sequences of colubrid venom components. Protease, phosphodiesterase and PLA(2) activities are also common to elapid and viperid snake venoms, but it is apparent that numerous other (as yet undescribed) components make up the majority of colubrid venom proteins. The complex nature of venoms produced by most species surveyed, and the high levels of protease or phospholipase A(2) activity of some venoms, suggest that many colubrids could become an important source of human health concern as encounters with these snakes increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, 501 20th St., University of Northern Colorado, Greeley 80639-0017, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mackessy
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000032:analysis; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017812:Colubridae; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000737:chemistry; D004586:Electrophoresis; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000032:analysis; D005088:Exocrine Glands / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000032:analysis; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000473:pathology; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000737:chemistry*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004546:Elapid Venoms; D012910:Snake Venoms; D014757:Viper Venoms; D010741:Phospholipases A; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D010450:Endopeptidases