title: Evolution proposes and ontogeny disposes.
abstract: Genes, the basic building blocks of evolution, are highly conserved. For example, the mouse and human have approximately the same number of genes, and around 94% are identical in the two species. Since species differ on multiple dimensions (e.g., anatomy, physiology, and behavior), it follows that identical genes may subserve different functions in different species. Two reasons for this are gene-gene interaction and gene-environment interaction (and it is the presence of these interactions which prevents one from making deterministic statements about genetics, thus rendering obsolete the nature-nurture controversy). Behavioral examples of both types of interactions are presented, including studies showing that (1) the uterine environment enhances later cognitive competence, (2) early postnatal experiences affect learning and emotionality and can extend into future generations, (3) maternal behavior changes the offspring's later behavior and physiology, and (4) knocking out one gene results in an animal less competent in one learning process but more competent in a complementary learning process.
authors.affiliation: Biobehavioral Sciences Graduate Degree Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-4154, USA. dberg@uconnvm.uconn.edu
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Denenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004777:Environment; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D051381:Rats; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003345:Corticosterone