title: Ultrastructural localization of advanced glycation end products and beta2-microglobulin in dialysis amyloidosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) is considered to be the amyloidogenic precursor in dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA, Abeta2M amyloidosis). beta2m modified with advanced glycation end products (AGE) may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of DRA. The presence of AGE in beta2m-positive amyloid deposits and surrounding macrophages has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical techniques in light microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to better define the localization of beta2m and AGE in amyloid deposits and in cells, carpal tunnel connective tissues obtained from surgical specimens in six patients with DRA were studied by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, using the avidine-biotine complex and immunogold staining procedures, respectively. A polyclonal rabbit anti-human beta2m and two monoclonal mouse anti-AGE antibodies [AG-1 anti-imidazolone and AG-10 anti-N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-lysine] enabled us to label their respective antigens at the optical and ultrastructural level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  with both techniques, extracellular amyloid deposits strongly reacted with anti-beta2m and anti-AGE antibodies, although the immunoreactivity of beta2m was more intense. Macrophage-like synovial cells (CD-68 positive) surrounding amyloid deposits were also immunoreactive for beta2m and AGE, which were detected in lysosomes and in intracellular fibrillar material. Anti-AGE reactivity was also evident in collagenous structures in the absence of beta2m or amyloid deposits, supporting the proposal that AGE modification of collagen might have pathogenic relevance in the development of DRA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The co-localization of AGE and beta2m, both intra- and extra-cellularly, in amyloid fibrils was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy; however, the positivity of collagen to anti-AGE antibodies and a different pattern of intracellular localization suggest that molecules other than beta2m may also be modified by AGE and may be involved in the pathogenesis of DRA.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy. gallieni@iol.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brancaccio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallieni
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braidotti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coggi
mesh_terms: D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011817:Rabbits; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013710:Tendons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin