title: Occupational bladder cancer mortality among racial and ethnic minorities in 21 states.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational bladder cancer mortality among minority racial/ethnic groups is not well described compared to occupational bladder cancer mortality among non-minority males in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Race/ethnicity- and sex-specific bladder cancer mortality (1985-1992) of workers employed in 21 states was examined using a proportionate mortality study design. Mortality of specific racial/ethnic/occupational groups was compared separately with workers in the specific occupation and with members of the specific racial/ethnic group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study identified elevated bladder cancer mortality among African American males and females and Latino males in several occupational groups with exposure to suspected bladder carcinogens as well as among Asian males in sales (PMR = 2. 13) and Asian females in the personal services industry (PMR = 5.25; CI: 1.64-16.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surveillance of occupational cancer risks among racial/ethnic minorities using regularly available death certificate data is facilitated when states code both usual occupation/industry and race/ethnicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599,USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loomis
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*