title: Effects of pyridinium chlorochromate adulterant (urine luck) on testing for drugs of abuse and a method for quantitative detection of chromium (VI) in urine.
abstract: Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) as an adulterant is popular for concealing drug-positive results. When 11-nor-delta9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-acid) in urine was treated with 2 mmol/L of PCC (Cr6+ 104 microg/mL), 58-100% of the THC-acid was lost. The loss increased with decreasing pH and increasing reaction time (0-3 days). Free codeine and free morphine remained unaffected by PCC at pH within the physiological range of the urine (pH 5-7). At lower pH, the loss of free morphine varied from 0 to 100%. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, and PCP remained unaffected by PCC when exposed to the oxidant for three days in urine pH of 3-7. Chromium (VI) from PCC in a urine solution was detected by a color reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). When the reagent was added to the urine, an immediate red-violet color appeared. The chromium-DPC complex showed a characteristic absorption peak at wavelength 544 nm with a shoulder at wavelength 575 nm. The ratio of absorption was used to identify the chromium compound. The concentration of chromium (VI) was determined by measuring absorption at wavelength 544 nm and was linear over 0.5-20 microg/mL. The limit of detection of the procedure was 0.37 microg/mL.
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maguilo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002857:Chromium / Q000652:urine*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009294:Narcotics / Q000652:urine*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D009294:Narcotics; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D002857:Chromium; C111019:pyridinium chlorochromate