title: Antimicrobial activity and in vitro susceptibility test development for cefditoren against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus species.
abstract: Cefditoren, a third generation orally administered aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, has demonstrated bactericidal activity against many Gram positive and negative bacterial pathogens and stability against clinically important beta-lactamases. Cefditoren was compared to cefaclor, cefixime, and penicillins against 1 435 recently isolated strains of streptococci (312 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 165 viridans group streptococci, 142 beta-haemolytic streptococci), Haemophilus influenzae (521 strains), and Moraxella catarrhalis (295 strains). Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci had penicillin nonsusceptible rates of 37.8 and 35.8%, respectively. Cefditoren (MIC(90) in microg/ml/% susceptible) activity against all tested H. influenzae (0.03/100) and M. catarrhalis (0.06-0.5/100) was comparable to cefixime and significantly greater than cefaclor. Cefditoren (MIC(90), 0.5 microg/ml) was 4- to 128-fold more active than comparison beta-lactams against the pneumoococci and was the most potent beta-lactam (including penicillin) versus beta-haemolytic streptococci. Cefditoren pharmacokinetics demonstrate a T(1/2) of 1.5-2 h and C(max) values of 2.8 and 4.6 microg/ml, respectively with 200 or 400 mg doses of cefditoren pivoxil; plasma concentrations exceed 1 microg/ml for 4 to 6 hours (33-50% of dosing interval). Consequently, a susceptible MIC of </= 1 microg/ml or </= 2 microg/ml was proposed with zone diameter correlates of >/= 18 and >/= 15 mm (5-microg disk) for all cited fastidious species tested. Categorical agreement between MIC and disk tests was 94.6 to 100% with a correlation coefficient (r) range of 0.50 to 0.90 for streptococci. H. influenzae intermethod comparison results using the same interpretive criteria were in complete agreement, but exhibited a low r = 0.39. Cefditoren clearly possesses the most potent activity among currently studied oral cephalosporins or penicillin against commonly isolated bacterial pathogens causing bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, or pharyngitis and was active against nearly all penicillin-resistant streptococci at </= 0.5 microg/ml. Expanded clinical investigations seem warranted.
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology Division, C606 GH, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Biedenbach
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfaller
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D002433:Cefaclor / Q000494:pharmacology; D020682:Cefixime / Q000494:pharmacology; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010406:Penicillins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D010406:Penicillins; D002433:Cefaclor; C073460:cefditoren; D020682:Cefixime