title: Acquisition of oral phencyclidine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effect of sex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are increasing reports of sex differences in the etiology of drug abuse in humans. A nonhuman primate model is useful for examining sex as a variable in drug abuse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there are sex differences in the acquisition of oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration and to compare the effect of altered feeding conditions on drug self-administration in male and female monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acquisition of orally delivered PCP was studied using 7 female and 11 male adult rhesus monkeys. Initially, the monkeys were not food restricted, and they were given access to water under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedules during daily 3-h sessions. Each lip-contact response on a drinking spout resulted in a 0.3 ml liquid delivery. After baseline levels of water intake were obtained for 5 days, water was replaced with PCP (0.125 mg/ml) at both drinking spouts. Body weights were then reduced to 85% of free-feeding weights, and the monkeys were fed 30 min before the session began. The FR value was increased from 1 to 2, 4, and 8, at both drinking spouts. As a final step in the procedure, water and PCP were concurrently available at the two spouts under FR 8 schedules. Acquisition of PCP-reinforced behavior was considered to have occurred if PCP intake was consistently greater than water intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lip-contact responses and liquid deliveries were not significantly different between the females and males throughout the acquisition period, but there was a significant increase in responding and decrease in liquid intake as FR increased, and a significant increase in PCP consumption due to food restriction that did not differ in males and females. On a milligram per kilogram basis, female monkeys consumed nearly twice as much PCP as the males; however, this effect was not significant. The females showed significantly higher PCP than water intake while the males consumed approximately equal amounts of PCP and water. Of the seven females, 100% met the acquisition criterion of significantly greater PCP than water intake, while only 36.4% of the males met the criterion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results concur with previous rat studies and indicate that female monkeys are more likely than males to acquire drug-reinforced behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455-0392, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Voeller
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004326:Drinking / Q000187:drug effects; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D010622:Phencyclidine