title: Consistent production of a higher TH1:TH2 cytokine ratio by stimulated T cells in men compared with women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the T helper 1 (T(H)1)/T helper 2 (T(H)2) lymphocyte cytokine profiles in women and men and to study the in vitro effects of sex hormones on lymphocyte secretion of cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of serum concentration and lymphocyte synthesis of T(H)1 (gamma interferon (INF-gamma) and interleukin 2 (IL-2)) and T(H)2 (interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 10 (IL-10)) cytokines was performed in 20 women and 15 men. Analysis of modifications in cytokine secretion induced by supplementation of lymphocyte culture with increasing concentrations of sex hormones was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of INF-gamma and IL-2 and lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were detected in the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte culture supernatants of men compared with women; the INF-gamma:IL-4 ratio was significantly higher in men. In women, similar concentrations of all the cytokines were detected in culture supernatants obtained during the follicular and the luteal phases. The addition of sex hormones did not modify the concentration of cytokines in supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T-cell cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women present a predominant T(H)2 cytokine profile, which could be involved in immune responses characterized principally by the secretion of antibodies. This could be a factor implicated in the higher concentration of immunoglobulins or the increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases detected in females.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Medicina Interna and Sección de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Cádiz, Spain. lhh@hpm.sas.cica.es
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Girón-González
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Moral
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elvira
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: García-Gil
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gavilán
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Escobar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D007376:Interleukin-2; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007371:Interferon-gamma