title: Determination of intermediate biomarker expression levels by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in oral mucosa of cancer patients treated with liarozole.
abstract: Liarozole is a 1-substituted imidazole derivative that inhibits cytochrome P450 activity and increases endogenous plasma concentrations of retinoid acid (RA). We have previously demonstrated that RA down-modulates transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by decreasing the transcription rate of these two genes. Previous reports suggest that RA receptor (RAR)-beta levels are down-modulated in head and neck cancer and are restored by RA therapy. Cellular RA-binding protein (CRABP)-II is up-regulated by RA and appears to modulate intracellular RA metabolism. In conjunction with a Phase I clinical trial, total intact RNA was extracted from oral cavity mucosa biopsied from 17 patients with advanced malignancies, before and after treatment with a 4-week course of liarozole. To analyze these limited quantities of total RNA (as little as 0.6 microg/sample), a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay was developed using delayed dropping of the 5' beta-actin primer to amplify the highly abundant beta-actin gene as an internal control. We used this method to determine the expression levels of TGF-alpha, EGFR, RAR-beta, and CRABP-II before and after treatment. There was a trend toward elevation of RAR-beta levels in oral mucosa after liarozole therapy (P = 0.107), whereas TGF-alpha, EGFR, and CRABP-II were not modulated by systemic liarozole treatment. These results suggest that liarozole may up-regulate RAR-beta in tissues from cancer patients and that expression levels of potential intermediate biomarkers may be determined in small tissue biopsies using a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Suscovich
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Grandis
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D015415:Biomarkers; D017931:DNA Primers; D007093:Imidazoles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; C082928:retinoic acid binding protein II, cellular; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D014212:Tretinoin; D066246:ErbB Receptors; C061121:liarozole