title: Survey of directors of emergency departments in California on overcrowding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To survey the directors of emergency departments in California on their opinions of the extent and factors associated with overcrowding in emergency departments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were mailed to a random sample of emergency department directors. Questions included estimated magnitude, frequency, causes, and effects of overcrowding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 160 directors surveyed, 113 (71%) responded, and 109 (96%) reported overcrowding as a problem. All (n = 21) university or county hospital directors and most (n = 88 [96%]) private or community hospital directors reported overcrowding. The 4 private or community hospital directors reporting no overcrowding serve smaller communities with populations less than 250,000. Thirty-two directors (28%) reported daily overcrowding. The most cited causes were increasing patient acuity and volume, hospital bed shortage, laboratory delays, and nursing shortage. These putative causes were similar between university or county and private or community hospital directors, except for consultant delays, which were more prevalent in university or county hospital emergency departments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overcrowding is perceived to be a serious problem by emergency department directors. Many factors may contribute to overcrowding, and most are beyond the control of emergency departments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis MedicalCenter, Sacramento 95817, USA. jrrichards@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Derlet
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003441:Crowding; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires