title: Effect of radiographic contrast agents on leukocyte metabolic response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of radiographic contrast media in the setting of possible bowel ischemia and potential perforation is known to carry a risk of morbidity and mortality. However, studies of the effect of available contrast media on host immunological defense mechanisms are lacking. We have examined the effect of barium and of two water-soluble contrast agents of differing iodine concentration and osmolality, Conray 30 and Cysto Conray II, on leukocyte phagocytosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were incubated with the contrast media alone (termed the "resting state"), and in combination with a standard phagocytic challenge (Zymosan polysaccharide extract) and with Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, to determine the effect of contrast media upon leukocyte phagocytic response. Incubation with saline was used as control. In the case of barium, the "resting state" and standard challenge experiments were repeated at nine dilutions, ranging from 1:1 to 1:1000. The leukocyte phagocytic response was measured in two ways: CO2 generation (an index of metabolic activity) and chemiluminescence (an index of generation of reactive oxygen species and bacterial killing).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Barium, at clinical dilutions, causes a significant increase of baseline "resting state" phagocytic activity, which in turn leads to significant blunting of subsequent response to phagocytic challenge and adversely affects the response to all bacteria tested. There is no baseline activation of leukocytes by the water-soluble media, although there was some inhibition (rather than activation) of leukocyte metabolic activity. The effect of the water-soluble media on bacteria was more complex (although inhibition is minor compared to barium).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that barium is a significant activator of phagocytic cells, which results in deactivation of phagocytic response when challenged; these data serve to explain the enhanced adverse effect of barium in cases of fecal peritonitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Radiology, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2675, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernanz-Schulman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Waterloos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulman
mesh_terms: D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007482:Iothalamate Meglumine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D007482:Iothalamate Meglumine