title: Photomechanical drug delivery into bacterial biofilms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether photomechanical waves generated by lasers can increase the permeability of a biofilm of the oral pathogen Actinomyces viscosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofilms of Actinomyces viscosus were formed on bovine enamel surfaces. The photomechanical wave was generated by ablation of a target with a Q-switched ruby laser and launched into the biofilm in the presence of 50 microg/ml methylene blue. The penetration depth of methylene blue was measured by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Also, the exposed biofilms were irradiated with light at 666 nm. After illumination, adherent bacteria were scraped and spread over the surfaces of blood agar plates. Survival fractions were calculated by counting bacterial colonies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed that a single photomechanical wave was sufficient to induce a 75% increase in the penetration depth of methylene blue into the biofilm. This significantly increased the concentration of methylene blue in the biofilm enabling its photodestruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photomechanical waves provide a potentially powerful tool for drug delivery that might be utilized for treatment of microbial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114-2698, USA. soukos@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Soukos
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Socransky
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Doukas
mesh_terms: D016924:Actinomyces viscosus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018441:Biofilms; D002417:Cattle; D008027:Light; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents