title: Family history and symptom levels during treatment for bipolar I affective disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of family history and lithium response in patients with bipolar affective disorder have produced mixed results, but the majority have shown relationships between the presence of affective disorder among relatives and positive responses to lithium in probands. The analysis presented here sought to confirm and to further characterize such relationships.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects described here participated in a long-term, prospective follow-up; had a history of Research Diagnostic Criteria manic disorder or schizoaffective disorder, manic type; and took lithium for periods of 26 weeks or longer. The majority participated in a family study in which first-degree relatives were directly interviewed. Morbidity during lithium and during anticonvulsant trials was quantified in alternative ways, as were the risks among first-degree relatives for bipolar I and nonbipolar affective disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Familial loading for bipolar affective disorder was not associated with better outcomes during lithium treatment. Rather, the presence of major depressive disorder (MDD) among relatives was associated with slower improvement during acute treatment and with higher symptom levels during continuing treatment. Findings for morbidity during anticonvulsant treatment were similar. The patients who experienced symptom persistence with lithium did so as well during periods of anticonvulsant treatment and during periods without thymoleptics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A family history of MDD may have an enduring and negative prognostic significance that manifests across treatment conditions. Though difficult to reconcile with several earlier studies, these findings invite replication and further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1000, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turvey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D008094:Lithium