title: A new allosteric site in glycogen phosphorylase b as a target for drug interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In muscle and liver, glycogen concentrations are regulated by the coordinated activities of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glycogen synthase. GP exists in two forms: the dephosphorylated low-activity form GPb and the phosphorylated high-activity form GPa. In both forms, allosteric effectors can promote equilibrium between a less active T state and a more active R state. GP is a possible target for drugs that aim to prevent unwanted glycogen breakdown and to stimulate glycogen synthesis in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. As a result of a data bank search, 5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethy l)amide, CP320626, was identified as a potent inhibitor of human liver GP. Structural studies have been carried out in order to establish the mechanism of this unusual inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The structure of the cocrystallised GPb-CP320626 complex has been determined to 2.3 A resolution. CP320626 binds at a site located at the subunit interface in the region of the central cavity of the dimeric structure. The site has not previously been observed to bind ligands and is some 15 A from the AMP allosteric site and 33 A from the catalytic site. The contacts between GPb and CP320626 comprise six hydrogen bonds and extensive van der Waals interactions that create a tight binding site in the T-state conformation of GPb. In the R-state conformation of GPa these interactions are significantly diminished.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CP320626 inhibits GPb by binding at a new allosteric site. Although over 30 A from the catalytic site, the inhibitor exerts its effects by stabilising the T state at the expense of the R state and thereby shifting the allosteric equilibrium between the two states. The new allosteric binding site offers a further recognition site in the search for improved GP inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece. nikos@krokees. eie.gr.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Oikonomakos
authors.forename: V T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Skamnaki
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Tsitsanou
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Gavalas
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000495:Allosteric Site; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009132:Muscles / Q000201:enzymology; D010763:Phosphorylase b / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011817:Rabbits; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; C110844:CP 91149; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D010763:Phosphorylase b; C412544:CP 320626