title: The nitinol vascular occlusion plug: preliminary experimental evaluation in peripheral veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the nitinol occlusion plug with standard stainless steel coils for the occlusion of moderate-size peripheral veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nitinol plug is a braided multilayered vascular occlusion device filled with thrombogenic polyester fibers. It is self-expanding and can be recaptured into its 6-F introducing sheath for repositioning prior to detachment. Ten occlusion procedures were performed in five dogs from a retrograde transjugular venous approach. Five nitinol plugs (diameter: 7.4 mm +/- 0.5) were deployed in five femoropopliteal veins (diameter: 6.5 mm +/- 0.7; mean oversizing 14.6%). Two sequential Gianturco coils (diameter: 7.4 mm +/- 0.9) were deployed in the corresponding contralateral veins (diameter: 6.2 mm +/- 0.8; mean oversizing 19.6%). Follow-up venography was performed at 1 month, following which the animals were killed and the vessels were explanted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time-to-occlusion was significantly shorter with the nitinol plug as compared to two Gianturco coils (4.2 minutes +/- 3.4 vs 25.6 minutes +/- 14.1, respectively [P < .03]). At 1 month all but one coil-doublet (80%) had recanalized or migrated, compared to only one nitinol occluder (20%, P < .04). Histopathologic examination of plug-occluded veins showed a uniform organized matrix and underlying intimal proliferative response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single nitinol occluder resulted in significantly faster occlusion time and significantly lower recanalization or migration rate than two Gianturco coils, in moderate-size peripheral veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sharafuddin
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urness
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amplatz
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D004285:Dogs; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005355:Fibrosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D010690:Phlebography; D011091:Polyesters; D011152:Popliteal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D011091:Polyesters; D013193:Stainless Steel; C013616:nitinol