title: Geographic variation in patient surveillance after radical prostatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is often diagnosed early enough in its clinical course to permit radical prostatectomy to be done with curative intent, yet many patients experience tumor recurrence. Most patients receive postoperative surveillance, but the intensity of testing varies appreciably. We sought to evaluate the influence of geographic location on the variability of surveillance intensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires pertaining to postoperative surveillance were mailed to 4467 members of the American Urological Association (AUA). Practice pattern variation was assessed among 24 large metropolitan statistical areas, among nine United States census regions, and by health maintenance organization penetration rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4467 urologists surveyed, 1416 (32%) responded and 1050 (24%) responses were evaluable. Correlation analysis showed that mean follow-up intensity across modalities surveyed was highly correlated across tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stages and years postsurgery. We found no significant main effects attributable to metropolitan statistical area, United States (US) census region, or health maintenance organization (HMO) penetration rate for commonly used surveillance modalities: serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), office visit, and urinalysis. For infrequently used modalities, there were minimal effects on testing intensity of US census region, metropolitan statistical area, and HMO penetration rate. Few two-way and three-way interactions were significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The utilization of commonly used surveillance modalities by urologists caring for patients after radical prostatectomy is not affected by metropolitan statistical area, US census region, or HMO penetration rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery at Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, MO 63110-0250, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thompsen
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Virgo
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Colberg
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ornstein
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005843:Geography; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen