title: Nephrotic-range proteinuria, the major risk factor for early atherosclerosis in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the presence of early carotid atherosclerosis and associated risk factors in patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  The carotid intima-media wall thickness (IMT) was measured by B-mode ultrasound in patients with SLE onset before the age of 16 years and in sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects. Risk factors for atherosclerosis were determined at the time of the ultrasound scan and included traditional cardiovascular and SLE-related risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients with juvenile-onset SLE and 26 healthy controls were studied. The mean (+/- SD) IMT of the SLE patients was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.57+/-0.05 mm and 0.54+/-0.03 mm, respectively; P = 0.006). The results of IMT measurement were not correlated with the patients' age, disease duration, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index (DI) score, laboratory indicators of lupus activity, or cumulative prednisone dose. Patients with nephrotic-range (NR) proteinuria (> or = 3.5 gm/24 hours; n = 6) had a significantly higher IMT than did those without (n = 20) (P = 0.02). Patients with NR proteinuria also had significantly higher SLEDAI scores, SLICC/ACR DI scores, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and fibrinogen. No difference in any of the above variables, including the IMT, was observed when SLE patients without NR proteinuria were compared with healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These patients with juvenile-onset SLE had ultrasonographic evidence of premature atherosclerosis. The risk of early atherosclerosis may be higher in patients with NR proteinuria.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Falaschi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martignoni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Migliavacca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pistorio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000652:urine*; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography