Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in HD patients: role in electronegative LDL formation.
High cardiovascular mortality in patients on hemodialysis (HD) is largely attributed to oxidative stress and altered lipoprotein profiles. Markedly increased levels of mildly modified LDL subfractions, such as dense LDL and electronegatively charged LDL (LDL(-)), are present in the blood of HD patients and may be markers of atherosclerosis risk. LDL(-), characterized by modified protein content and elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products, is representative of multiple oxidative processes acting on plasma lipoproteins that prevail during HD. In this review, we discussed known mechanisms leading to that may account for oxidative protein modification and/or LDL(-) formation in the context of specific conditions associated with HD.
Ziouzenkova
O
O
Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. oziouzenkova@bics.bwh.harvard.edu
Sevanian
A
A
D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*
D000838:Anions; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL