title: Cadmium blocks hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-mediated response to hypoxia by stimulating the proteasome-dependent degradation of HIF-1alpha.
abstract: Cadmium is a substantial industrial and environmental pollutant which seriously impairs erythropoiesis. Cd has been demonstrated to aggravate anemia by suppressing erythropoietin gene expression in anemic patients. As hypoxic induction of erythropoietin mRNA depends on a transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), we hypothesized that Cd suppresses the hypoxic activation of HIF-1. In hypoxic Hep3B cells, all mRNAs of various genes, which are known to be upregulated by HIF-1 activation under hypoxia, were suppressed by Cd in a dose-dependent manner. Cd inhibited the hypoxia-induced activity of luciferase in 293 cells which was transfected with a reporter plasmid carrying a hypoxia response element. By electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay, Cd inhibited the DNA-binding activity of HIF-1 in hypoxic Hep3B cells. Cd reduced the amount of HIF-1alpha protein in hypoxia, whereas it didn't affect HIF-1 alpha mRNA levels. Moreover, Cd inhibited HIF-1alpha accumulation induced by cobalt and desferrioxamine. Antioxidants and a proteasome inhibitor prevented the HIF-1alpha degradation caused by Cd. The possibility that oxidative stress mediates this action of Cd was examined. Cd didn't affect protein oxidation and reduced glutathione levels in hypoxic cells. These results indicate that Cd triggers a redox/proteasome-dependent degradation of HIF-1alpha protein, reducing HIF-1 activity and in turn suppressing the hypoxic induction of hypoxia-inducible genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Heart Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002104:Cadmium; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex