title: Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium containing interleukin-2 decreases MC-38 hepatic metastases: a novel anti-tumor agent.
abstract: Currently, there is no long-term effective treatment for unresectable hepatic malignancies. Salmonella sp. are known to naturally track to the liver during active infection. To develop a biological vector for delivery of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) to the liver for anti-tumor purposes, the avirulent and highly immunogenic chi 4550 strain of Salmonella typhimurium was used as a vector for IL-2. The gene for human IL-2 was cloned into plasmid pYA292 (renamed pIL-2) and inserted into the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium and renamed [chi 4550 (pIL-2)]. This transformant was found to produced biologically active IL-2 demonstrated by NK cell activation in a 4 hour chromium release cytotoxicity assay. To determine anti-tumor potential, MCA-38 murine adenocarcinoma cells were injected intrasplenically into C57BL/6 mice to produce hepatic metastases and metastases were subsequently enumerated after 12 days. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA with Fisher's test for significance. Hepatic metastases enumerated by blinded observers revealed that the mean number of metastases was 106.4 in control mice, 103.7 in mice gavage fed attenuated salmonella without IL-2 [chi 4550(pYA292)], and 44.3 in mice fed the chi 4550(pIL2); (ANOVA: p < 0.01). Culture of livers and spleens in mice administered a single gavage dose of salmonella demonstrated persistent colonization for up to 4 weeks. No observable toxicity was seen to either IL-2 or salmonella. These studies demonstrate that the chi 4550(pIL2) is a novel form of in vivo biotherapy which produces biologically active IL-2 and employs the oral route of administration to stimulate an immune response against malignancy in the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455-0392, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Heise
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hasz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zebede
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Curtiss
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D013154:Spleen / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2