title: The pattern of dyslipidemia among urban African-Americans with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze lipid profiles from a large sample of African-American patients with type 2 diabetes who receive care at an urban outpatient diabetes clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting serum lipid profiles of 4,014 African-Americans and 328 Caucasians with type 2 diabetes were retrieved from a computerized registry. American Diabetes Association criteria were applied to classify LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels into risk categories. The proportion of patients who had none, one, two, and three lipoprotein concentrations outside of recommended clinical targets was examined. Multiple logistical regression analyses were performed to determine the influence of sex and race on the probability of having a lipid level outside of the recommended target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of African-Americans with high-, borderline-, and low-risk LDL cholesterol concentrations were 58, 26, and 16%, respectively, and the percentages for Caucasians were 54, 29, and 16%, respectively (P = 0.51). For HDL cholesterol, 41, 33, and 26% of African-Americans were in the high-, borderline-, and low-risk categories, respectively, compared with 73, 18, and 9% of Caucasians, respectively (P < 0.0001). Nearly 81% of African-Americans had TG concentrations that were in the low-risk category compared with only 50% of Caucasians. More women than men had high-risk LDL and HDL cholesterol profiles. The most common pattern of dyslipidemia was an LDL cholesterol level above target combined with an HDL cholesterol level below target, which was detected in nearly 50% of African-Americans and 42% of Caucasians. African-Americans had lower odds of having an HDL cholesterol or TG level outside of target. African-American women, compared to men, had greater probabilities of having abnormal levels of LDL and HDL, but a lower likelihood of having a TG level above goal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large sample of urban type 2 diabetic patients receiving care at a diabetes treatment program, race and sex differences in serum lipid profiles were present. Because hypertriglyceridemia was rare among African-American subjects, interventions will need to focus primarily on improving their LDL and HDL cholesterol levels. Further studies are required regarding how to best adapt these observed differences into more effective strategies to optimize lipid levels for this population of diabetic patients and to determine whether similar patterns of dyslipidemia occur in other clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. cbcook@emory.edu
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Greenlund
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gallina
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: El-Kebbi
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ziemer
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides