title: [S-(+)-ketamine versus ketamine racemic mixture: hemodynamic studies].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of hemodynamic effects of S-(+)-ketamine versus ketamine-racemic mixture during induction of anesthesia, during steady-state of a fentanyl-midazolam-anesthesia and in the period of aortic cross-clamping during extracorporeal circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  80 patients scheduled for coronary revascularization.
  
  
  METHODS
  double-blind, randomized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Induction of anesthesia with ketamine-racemic mixture (3 mg/kg) or S-(+)-ketamine (1.5 mg/kg) plus midazolam 0.15 mg/kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  invasive hemodynamic monitoring including right ventricular volumes and pressure. STUDY 2: Bolus of ketamine-racemic mixture (3 mg/kg), S-(+)-ketamine (1.5 mg/kg) or placebo during steady-state anesthesia with fentanyl and midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  see study 1, additionally left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressure and maximum speed of left ventricular pressure increase (dp/dt). STUDY 3: Bolus of ketamine-racemic mixture (3 mg/kg), S-(+)-ketamine (1.5 mg/kg) or placebo in the period of aortic cross clamping during ECC.
  
  
  METHODS
  mean systemic pressure, central venous pressure, reservoir volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate and systemic blond pressure remained unchanged until intubation, which caused significant increases of these parameters. Stroke volume Index and cardiac index decreased in the S-(+)-group compared with racemic mixture, right- and left ventricular filling parameters remained unchanged throughout the study. STUDY 2: There were no significant hemodynamic changes with time or between the groups. STUDY 3: Significant arterial vasodilation was observed in the racemic mixture group, venous parameters remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no major differences in the hemodynamic profiles of S-(+)-ketamine and the racemic mixture. S(+)-ketamine did not provide hemodynamic advantages. The use of both preparations should be limited to selected clinical situations in patients with reduced coronary reserve.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Herzzentrum und Krankenhaus Siegburg GmbH.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zickmann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007649:Ketamine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine
vernacular_title: S-(+)-Ketamin versus Ketamin-Razemat: Hämodynamische Untersuchungen.