title: Children of working low-income families in California: does parental work benefit children's insurance status, access, and utilization of primary health care?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine financial and nonfinancial access to care and utilization of primary health care services among children of working low-income families earning below 200 percent of the federal poverty level in California, and to compare them to children in nonworking low-income families and in families earning over 200 percent of poverty.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1994 National Health Interview survey weighted to reflect population estimates for California.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study of 3,831 children under age 19 focuses on financial access, that is, the prevalence and continuity of health insurance coverage; structural access, including the presence of a usual source of care, the predominant care source, its responsiveness to patient's needs, and any indications of delayed or missed care; and utilization of health care measured by the presence of an outpatient doctor's visit and the mean number of visits relative to child health status.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study uses secondary analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to children of nonworking low-income parents and to nonpoor children, children of working low-income parents were more likely to be uninsured (32.1 percent versus 15.6 percent and 10.3 percent, p = .0001) and to experience disruptions in insurance coverage (p = .0009). These differences persisted after controlling for other covariates in multivariate analyses. Children of working low-income parents did not differ significantly from children of nonworking low-income parents on measures of structural access or utilization, after adjusting for other covariates. However, they differed significantly from nonpoor children on structural access and utilization, and these differences mostly persisted after adjusting for other covariates (odds ratios from 1.5 to 2.9). Similar patterns were observed when children of full-time, year-round working parents with low earnings were compared with the two reference populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children in working low-income families in California have some of the worst access problems. Even full attachment to the workforce does not guarantee health insurance benefits, access to care, or improved health care use for children of low-income parents. These children are not better off than other low-income children of nonworking parents and are much worse off than nonpoor children. Expansion of health insurance coverage through Healthy Families and Medi-Cal, and attention to nonfinancial barriers to care for working low-income families may help to reduce these disparities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, 94708, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guendelman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wyn
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007348:Insurance, Health; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors