title: Correctly identifying the macrosomic fetus: improving ultrasonography-based prediction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to improve the accuracy of estimating fetal weights among macrosomic fetuses with the traditional measurements of abdominal circumference, femur length, and head circumference.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 4831 cases without anomalies from an ultrasonography laboratory database with an estimated fetal weight obtained a maximum of 14 days before delivery. Abdominal circumference, femur length, and head circumference were each regressed on birth weight to obtain estimated fetal weight by abdominal circumference, femur length, and head circumference, respectively. We compared the individual variation for estimated fetal weight by abdominal circumference, femur length, and head circumference by calculating a within-subject standard deviation to quantify the level of disparity. We adjusted the estimated fetal weight to the date of delivery and for dependencies on maternal diabetes mellitus, weight, and height. We then weighted cases with birth weight >4500 g and diabetic cases with birth weight >4000 g 20-fold (weighted estimated fetal weight) for the purpose of creating a favorable bias for classifying these cases. The equation of Hadlock et al, with abdominal circumference, femur length, and head circumference, was applied as a benchmark estimated fetal weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4831 newborns, 308 (6.4%) had a birth weight >4000 g, and 56 (1.2%) had a birth weight >4500 g. There were 154 pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus; 26 (16.9%) of the resulting infants weighed >4000 g, and 5 (3.2%) weighed >4500 g. At 95% specificity, the weighted estimated fetal weight had a sensitivity of 85.7% at a cut point of 3912 g, compared with a sensitivity of 71.4% at 3604 g by use of the estimated fetal weight of Hadlock et al.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were able to improve the accuracy of identifying the macrosomic fetus compared to reliance on the equation by Hadlock et al. A fetus was found to be at significantly increased risk for birth weight >4000 g when the estimated fetal weight based on abdominal circumference is larger than that based on either head circumference or femur length or when there is a large within-subject variance in estimated fetal weight based on abdominal circumference, femur length, and head circumference. We also found that there were significantly different groups of patients whose estimated fetal weights require different equations for better estimates. Even given ultrasonographic measurements, taking into account maternal height, weight, and presence of diabetes mellitus can improve macrosomia detection. Although these findings remain to be optimized and validated, the approach used here appears to yield better predictions than the current "one function fits all" approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hutzel Hospital/ Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chik
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Zador
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008954:Models, Biological; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography