Cytokine-inducing macromolecular glycolipids from Enterococcus hirae: improved method for separation and analysis of its effects on cellular activation.
Previously, we showed that several minor macromolecular glycolipids accounting for less than 5% of the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) fraction from Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 possess cytokine-inducing activity, whereas the purified LTA does not. In other words, the immunobiological activity of the LTA fraction reported in the 1980s was not attributable to LTA itself, but to other glycolipids coexisting in the fraction. In the present study, we improved the procedure of separation of the active glycolipids and evaluated their effects on cellular activation. The immunobiologically active glycolipids were separated from the crude glycolipid fraction obtained by hot phenol-water extraction of the cells. The total yield of active glycolipids was about fivefold higher than that separated by the previous method. Interleukin-6-inducing activities of the active glycolipids from 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3)-differentiated human monocytic leukemia cells, THP-1, were inhibited by anti-CD14 mAbs in a dose-dependent manner. Macrophages from Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-deficient or -4-deficient mice completely lacked the ability to produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha on stimulation with active glycolipids. These observations indicated that the cellular activation by the active glycolipids from E. hirae is mediated by CD14 and by both TLR2 and TLR4.
Hashimoto
M
M
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
Imamura
Y
Y
Morichika
T
T
Arimoto
K
K
Takeuchi
O
O
Takeda
K
K
Akira
S
S
Aoyama
K
K
Tamura
T
T
Kotani
S
S
Suda
Y
Y
Kusumoto
S
S
D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016207:Cytokines; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006017:Glycolipids; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002117:Calcitriol