title: Iatrogenic pharyngoesophageal perforation in premature infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Premature infants are particularly at risk of iatrogenic pharyngoesophageal perforation. It is a rare occurrence but when it does occur it often mimics esophageal atresia. In the light of 10 patients treated in our service and those reported in the literature we have highlighted the diagnostic difficulties and discussed the appropriate management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1980 and 1995, we treated 10 premature neonates for pharyngoesophageal perforation. Six of these neonates weighed less than 1500 g. Esophageal atresia was the primary diagnosis in 4 cases. The pharyngoesophageal perforation was caused by repeated airway intubation in 3 cases and by overenthusiastic routine postpartum suctioning or nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion in 7 others. Severe respiratory distress occurred in 7 neonates. A plain chest x-ray revealed a large right pneumothorax in 3 cases and an aberrant NGT in 3 other cases. Four neonates had a contrast esophagography and 4 neonates underwent endoscopy. Five cases were treated surgically. In 3 of these, esophageal atresia was the presumptive diagnosis and the perforation was only diagnosed intraoperatively via a right thoracotomy. One neonate required suturing of the perforation and another had a gastrostomy. In all 5 cases a mediastinal drain was left in situ. The 5 remaining neonates were treated conservatively with broad spectrum antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition, a silastic NGT and pharyngeal aspiration. One of these neonates had previously had a laparotomy for a colonic perforation. There was a good outcome in 4 neonates, one of whom required instrumental dilatation for an esophageal stricture. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia developed in 3 cases and necrotizing enterocolitis in 1 other case. Two neonates died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An iatrogenic perforation is often difficult to diagnose and can easily be confused with esophageal atresia. Clinical findings, a plain chest x-ray, an esophagography and endoscopy are helpful. Surgery can be avoided in most instances. The outcome is not always favorable especially as premature neonates are at risk of severe concomitant pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, University School of Medicine René Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sapin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gumpert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonnard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carricaburu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sava
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Contencin
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Helardot
mesh_terms: D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007440:Intubation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*