title: Developmental arrest and physical entrapment eliminates supernumerary Ganaspis xanthopoda parasitoids in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: Superparasitism is a common condition in which a single host is injected with more than 1 parasitoid egg, but only 1 parasite survives to adulthood, and the remaining animals are eliminated. Here, for the first time, we show that supernumerary Ganaspis xanthopoda, endoparasitoids that invade Drosophila melanogaster, are physiologically suppressed during embryonic development. Whereas the suppressed supernumerary embryos can develop to the first larval instar, their subsequent growth is blocked because they become physically trapped within a novel multicellular envelope that is formed during late embryogenesis. Supernumerary embryos can produce this envelope when cultured in vitro even if they are separated from dominant embryos. Our results suggest that physiological suppression programs supernumerary individuals for developmental arrest, starvation, and necrotic or apoptotic death.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, City College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York 10031, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Govind
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Melk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morales
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange; D000818:Animals; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D014863:Wasps / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D000165:Acridine Orange