title: Influence of insertion/deletion polymorphism in the ACE-I gene on the progression of diabetic glomerulopathy in type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene on the progression of early diabetic glomerulopathy in patients with and without antihypertensive treatment (AHT).
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 30 microalbuminuric patients with >5 years of type 1 diabetes who had renal biopsies taken at baseline and after 26-48 months of follow-up. Of the 30 patients, 13 (4 with II genotype and 9 with ID and DD genotypes) were randomized to AHT (enalapril or metoprolol) during the study. The ACE genotype was determined by a polymerase chain reaction. Glomerular structural changes were measured by stereological methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients, 8 had the II genotype, 19 had ID genotype, and 3 had DD genotype. During the study, basement membrane thickness, matrix star volume, and the overall diabetic glomerulopathy index were increased in patients with ID and DD genotypes only (P < 0.001, P = 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively). Among those with ID and DD genotypes, progression of basement membrane thickening and diabetic glomerulopathy index were increased in those without AHT, as compared with the antihypertensive treated patients (P < 0.001, P = 0.02, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the ACE genotype had an independent influence on the progression of basement membrane thickening (P = 0.01), when AHT (P < 0.001) and the mean HbAlc during the study (P < 0.001) were also taken into account. ACE genotype tended to be independently associated with the diabetic glomerulopathy index (P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients carrying the D-allele have an increased progression of diabetic glomerulopathy. Presence of this allele and no AHT seems to enhance this process. Larger studies are needed to confirm the clinical significance of our findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. sus.rud@stockholm.mail.telia.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudberg
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bangstad
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osterby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A