title: Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus-associated wasting using beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate, glutamine, and arginine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study was designed to examine whether a combination of three nutrients, consisting of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), a metabolite of leucine, L-glutamine (Gln) and L-arginine (Arg), each of which has been previously shown to slow muscle proteolysis, could synergistically alter the course of muscle wasting in patients with established acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with a documented weight loss of at least 5% in the previous 3 months were recruited from the HIV clinic at Nassau County Medical Center. The subjects were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive either placebo containing maltodextrin or the nutrient mixture (HMB/Arg/Gln) containing 3 g HMB, 14 g L-glutamine, and 14 g L-arginine given in two divided doses daily for 8 weeks. Body weights (BW) were recorded weekly and lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by air displacement plethysmography and by a single computerized tomography (CT) slice through the thigh at 0, 4, and 8 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three subjects completed the 8-week protocol, (placebo, n = 21; HMB/Arg/Gln, n = 22). At 8 weeks, the subjects consuming the HMB/Arg/Gln mixture gained 3.0 +/- 0.5 kg of BW while those supplemented with the placebo gained 0.37 +/- 0.84 kg (p = .009). The BW gain in the HMB/Arg/Gln-treated subjects was predominantly LBM (2.55 +/- 0.75 kg) compared with the placebo-supplemented subjects who lost lean mass (-0.70 +/- 0.69 kg, p = .003). No significant change in FM gain was observed (0.43 +/- 0.83 kg for the group receiving HMB/Arg/Gln and 1.07 +/- 0.64 kg for the group receiving the placebo, p > .20). Similar percentage changes in muscle mass and fat mass were observed with CT scans. Immune status was also improved as evident by an increase in CD3 and CD8 cells and a decrease in the HIV viral load with HMB/Arg/Gln supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that the HMB/Arg/Gln mixture can markedly alter the course of lean tissue loss in patients with AIDS-associated wasting.
authors.affiliation: Nassau County Medical Center, East Meadow, New York, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feleke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Din
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasmin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rathmacher
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001823:Body Composition; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019247:HIV Wasting Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010991:Plethysmography; D014631:Valerates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D014631:Valerates; D005973:Glutamine; C004961:beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid; D001120:Arginine