title: Anti-inflammatory actions of 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 and troglitazone: evidence for heat shock-dependent and -independent inhibition of cytokine-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression.
abstract: In this study, the anti-inflammatory actions of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15-d-delta 12,14-PGJ2) and troglitazone have been examined. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells and CD-1 mouse peritoneal macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) results in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) expression, increased production of nitric oxide, and the release of IL-1. In a concentration-dependent manner, 15-d-delta 12,14-PGJ2 inhibits each of these proinflammatory actions of LPS + IFN-gamma, with half-maximal inhibition at approximately 0.5 microg/ml and complete inhibition at 1-5 microg/ml. The inhibitory actions of 15-d-delta 12,14-PGJ2 on LPS + IFN-gamma-induced inflammatory events are not associated with the inhibition of iNOS enzymatic activity or macrophage cell death, but appear to result from an inhibition of iNOS and IL-1 transcription. In addition, the anti-inflammatory actions of 15-d-delta 12,14-PGJ2 are not limited to peritoneal macrophages, as 15-d-delta 12,14-PGJ2 prevents TNF-alpha + LPS-induced resident islet macrophage expression of IL-1beta and beta-cell expression of iNOS stimulated by the local release of IL-1 in rat islets. 15-d-delta 12,14-PGJ2 appears to be approximately 10-fold more effective at inhibiting resident islet macrophage activation (in response to TNF + LPS) than IL-1-induced nitrite production by beta-cells. Two mechanisms appear to be associated with the antiinflammatory actions of both 15-d-delta 12,14-PGJ2 and troglitazone: 1) the direct inhibition of cytokine- and endotoxin-stimulated iNOS and IL-1 transcription; and 2) the inhibition of IL-1 signaling, an event associated with PPAR-gamma agonist-induced activation of the heat shock response (as assayed by heat shock protein 70 expression). These findings indicate that the PPAR-gamma agonists, troglitazone and the J series of prostaglandins, are potent anti-inflammatory agents that prevent cytokine- and endotoxin-stimulated activation of peripheral and resident tissue macrophages and cytokine-induced iNOS expression by beta-cells by the inhibition of transcriptional activation and induction of the heat shock response.
authors.affiliation: Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104, USA.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weigand
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Scarim
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Heitmeier
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Corbett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012769:Shock / Q000201:enzymology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002839:Chromans; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D000077288:Troglitazone; D015230:Prostaglandin D2