title: Mixed viral infection identified using heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA).
abstract: It is now recognised that mixed viral infection, or infection of an individual with two or more distinct strains of a single viral species, often occurs particularly with RNA viruses. Current methods for detection of mixed infection normally involve genotyping or cloning and DNA sequencing. These methods are not always accurate or sensitive at detecting mixed infection and cannot be used for large numbers of samples. Furthermore subsequent sequence determination of the coinfecting viruses is labour intensive. This paper describes a simple, generic method based upon PCR and heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA) that can be used to rapidly determine mixed infection with two strains of the same virus. The utility of this method is illustrated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and TT virus (TTV) as examples. PCR-HMA detected mixed infection in 3 (8%) of 38 sera from intravenous drug users (IVDU) and 28 (30%) of 70 TTV-positive sera from Australia, China, and Vietnam. HMA can also be used to screen recombinant colonies to identify the sequences of the coinfecting viruses. The methods described here could be applied to analyse any PCR product containing two or more divergent sequences, whether derived from viruses, bacteria, or eukaryotic organisms.
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marinos
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Rawlinson
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018136:Circoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018173:Circoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005838:Genotype; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009692:Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D017421:Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D009692:Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes; D012367:RNA, Viral