title: Expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines after coronary artery bypass grafting during normothermic and hypothermic cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) results in vascular injury and tissue damage which involves leukocyte-endothelial interactions mediated by cytokines and adhesion molecules. This study was designed to demonstrate the effect of normothermic and hypothermic CPB to cytokine and soluble adhesion molecule levels in adults and to determine whether these levels correlate to the patients postoperative course.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 25 patients after normothermic and in 25 patients after hypothermic coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), blood samples for cytokine and soluble adhesion molecule analysis were taken preoperatively, 24, 36, 48 h, and 6 days postoperatively. Soluble adhesion molecules (sE-selectin, sICAM-1) were measured by ELISA and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8) by chemilumenscent-immunoassay. Clinical data were collected prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperatively, adhesion molecule and cytokine levels were significantly elevated after CPB. Mean plasma levels of sICAM-1 was 2.4-fold higher after 6 days. Mean plasma concentration of sE-selectin peaked after 48 h with a 2-fold increase compared to normothermic conditions. In the hypothermia group sICAM-1, sE-selectin, IL-6, and IL-8 showed significantly higher levels (P<0.0057, P<0.0012, P<0.0419, P<0.0145) after 24 h compared to the normothermia group. No clinical differences were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adhesion molecules and cytokines are elevated after CPB. Patients after hypothermic CPB show significant higher sICAM-1, sE-selectin, IL-6, and IL-8 levels after 24 h compared to normothermic conditions. These results are mainly due to longer CPB and crossclamp times but do not alter the patient's postoperative course.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grünenfelder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zünd
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schoeberlein
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schurr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frisullo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001831:Body Temperature; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1