title: Emergency department discharge of patients with a negative cranial computed tomography scan after minimal head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the negative predictive value of cranial computed tomography (CT) scanning in a prospective series of patients and whether hospital admission for observation is mandatory after a negative diagnostic evaluation after minimal head injury (MHI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hospital admission for observation is a current standard of practice for patients who have sustained MHI, despite having undergone diagnostic studies that exclude the presence of an intracranial injury. The reasons for this practice are multifactorial and include the perceived false-negative rate of all standard diagnostic tests, the belief that admission will allow prompt diagnosis of occult injuries, and medicolegal considerations about the risk of early discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, multiinstitutional study during a 22-month period at four level I trauma centers, all patients with MHI were evaluated using the following protocol: a standardized physical and neurologic examination in the emergency department, cranial CT scanning, and then admission for observation. MHI was defined as either a documented loss of consciousness or evidence of posttraumatic amnesia and an emergency department Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 or 15. Outcomes were measured at 20 hours and at discharge and included clinical deterioration, need for craniotomy, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two thousand one hundred fifty-two consecutive patients fulfilled the study protocol. The CT was interpreted as negative for intracranial injury in 1,788, positive in 217, and equivocal in 119. Five patients with CT scans initially interpreted as negative required intervention. There was one craniotomy in a patient whose CT scan was initially interpreted as negative. This patient had facial fractures that required surgical intervention and elevation of depressed intracranial fracture fragments. The negative predictive power of a cranial CT scan based on the preliminary reading of the CT scan and defined by the subsequent need for neurosurgical intervention in the population fully satisfying the protocol was 99.70%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with a cranial CT scan, obtained on a helical CT scanner, that shows no intracerebral injury and who do not have other body system injuries or a persistence of any neurologic finding can be safely discharged from the emergency department without a period of either inpatient or outpatient observation. Implementation of this practice could result in a potential decrease of more than 500,000 hospital admissions annually.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Preventive Medicine and Community Health, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. livingst@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lavery
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Passannante
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Skurnick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Malangoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009515:New Jersey; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography