title: Effects of halothane and isoflurane on the intracellular Ca2+ transient in ferret cardiac muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Halothane and isoflurane depress myocardial contractility by decreasing transsarcolemmal Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Decreases in Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile proteins have been shown in skinned cardiac fibers, but the relative importance of this effect in intact living myocardium is unknown. The aims of this study were to assess whether halothane and isoflurane decrease myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity in intact, living cardiac fibers and to quantify the relative importance of changes in myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity versus changes in myoplasmic Ca2+ availability caused by these anesthetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of halothane and isoflurane (0-1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in three equal increments) on isometric and isotonic variables of contractility and on the intracellular calcium transient were assessed in isolated ferret right ventricular papillary muscle microinjected with the Ca2+-regulated photoprotein aequorin. The intracellular calcium transient was analyzed in the context of a multicompartment model of intracellular Ca2+ buffers in mammalian ventricular myocardium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Halothane and isoflurane decreased contractility, time-to-peak force, time to half-isometric relaxation, and intracellular Ca2+ transient in a reversible, concentration-dependent manner. Halothane, but not isoflurane, slowed the increase and the decrease of the intracellular Ca2+ transient. Increasing extracellular Ca2+ in the presence of anesthetic to produce peak force equal to control values increased intracellular Ca2+ to values higher than control values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Halothane decreases myoplasmic Ca2+ availability more than isoflurane; halothane and isoflurane decrease myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity to the same extent; in halothane at 0.5 MAC and isoflurane at 1.0 MAC, the decrease in Ca2+ sensitivity is already fully apparent; halothane decreases intracellular Ca2+ availability more than myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity; and isoflurane decreases myoplasmic Ca2+ availability and Ca2+ sensitivity to the same extent, except at 1.5 times the MAC, which decreases Ca2+ availability more.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. housmans.philippe@mayo.edu
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Housmans
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wanek
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Carton
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bartunek
mesh_terms: D000331:Aequorin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005289:Ferrets; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000331:Aequorin; D007530:Isoflurane; D002118:Calcium; D006221:Halothane