title: Education and the risk for Alzheimer's disease: sex makes a difference. EURODEM pooled analyses. EURODEM Incidence Research Group.
abstract: The hypothesis that a low educational level increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease remains controversial. The authors studied the association of years of schooling with the risk for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease by using pooled data from four European population-based follow-up studies. Dementia cases were identified in a two-stage procedure that included a detailed diagnostic assessment of screen-positive subjects. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease were diagnosed by using international research criteria. Educational level was categorized by years of schooling as low (< or =7), middle (8-11), or high (> or =12). Relative risks (95% confidence intervals) were estimated by using Poisson regression, adjusting for age, sex, study center, smoking status, and self-reported myocardial infarction and stroke. There were 493 (328) incident cases of dementia (Alzheimer's disease) and 28,061 (27,839) person-years of follow-up. Compared with women with a high level of education, those with low and middle levels of education had 4.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.5, 11.9) and 2.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.0, 7.1) times increased risks, respectively, for Alzheimer's disease. The risk estimates for men were close to 1.0. Finding an association of education with Alzheimer's disease for women only raises the possibility that unmeasured confounding explains the previously reported increased risk for Alzheimer's disease for persons with low levels of education.
authors.affiliation: INSERM Unit 330, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Letenneur
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dartigues
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kragh-Sorensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baldereschi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martinez-Lage
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stijnen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors