title: A randomized prospective trial of low-dose OKT3 induction therapy to prevent rejection and minimize side effects in recipients of kidney transplants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We attempted to minimize the undesired side effects and maximize the benefit of OKT3 induction therapy in renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and one recipients of kidney-only transplants were randomized to three groups. Each received low-dose 2.5-mg OKT3 induction for 7-14 days, but different premedication on days 0, 1, and 2. Group I was given 250 mg i.v. methylprednisolone at 1 and 6 hr, and group II received another 500 mg at 1 hr before initial OKT3. Group III received Atgam 15 mg/kg on day 0 and began OKT3 on day 1. A CD3+ T-cell cut-off of 50/mm3 was used to guide therapy. Maintenance therapy included cyclosporine and steroids for each patient. However, groups I and II were also given mycophenolate mofetil, and group III received azathioprine as a third agent. All rejections were biopsy confirmed and Banff scored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in demographic or transplant characteristics were noted between groups I, II, and III, and mean follow-up was 25.7 (1-38) months. There was no significant difference in actuarial patient (90%, 91%, 94%) or graft survival (83%, 88%, 84%) at 3 years between the respective groups. Mean creatinine values and infectious complications were similar for each group. No patient experienced acute rejection during induction, and eight patients required dose escalation to sustain suppression of CD3 counts. The incidence of acute rejection at 6 and 12 months was significantly (P=0.004) greater in group III (38.2, 44.1%) than in either group I (15.1, 18.1%) or group II (14.7, 17.6%); relative risk 1.988 (95% CI 1.012-3.906). Formation of anti-OKT3 antibody was significantly (P=0.006) greater in group III (26.5%) than in group I (6%) or group II (2.9%). Group I recipients enjoyed significantly (P=0.001) fewer (2.17) OKT3 side effects on days 0, 1, and 2 than group II (3.03) or group III (2.49), and contained the largest number (61%) of recipients who experienced no side effects. Group I also exhibited the most suppressed profile of OKT3-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P=0.006), interferon-gamma (P=NS), and interleukin-6 (P=0.01) on days 0 and 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose 2.5-mg OKT3 with pretreatment of split-dose steroids on days 0, 1, and 2 provides the most effective method for OKT3 induction, which minimizes side effects for most patients. Subsequent maintenance therapy with cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids provides effective rejection prophylaxis without increased complications for up to 3 years. Predepletion of T cells before exposure to OKT3 does not prevent cytokine release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Flechner
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fairchild
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Modlin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mastroianni
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boparai
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Novick
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016853:Muromonab-CD3