title: Immunological evidence that non-carboxymethyllysine advanced glycation end-products are produced from short chain sugars and dicarbonyl compounds in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Maillard reaction that leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of angiopathy in diabetic patients and in the aging process. Recently, it was proposed that AGE were not only created by glucose, but also by dicarbonyl compounds derived from the Maillard reaction, autoxidation of sugars and other metabolic pathways of glucose. In this study, we developed four types of non-carboxymethyllysine (CML) anti-AGE antibodies that recognized proteins modified by incubation with short chain sugars and dicarbonyl compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  AGE-modified serum albumins were prepared by incubation of rabbit serum albumin with glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde, methylglyoxal or glyoxal. After immunization of rabbits, four types of AGE-specific antisera were obtained that were specific for the AGE modification. To separate non-CML AGE antibodies (Ab) (non-CML AGE-Ab-2, -3, -4, and -5), these anti-AGE antisera were subjected to affinity chromatography on a matrix coupled with four kinds of AGE bovine serum albumin (BSA) or CML-BSA. These non-CML AGE antibodies were used to investigate the AGE content of serum obtained from diabetic patients on hemodialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Characterization of the four types of non-CML AGE antibodies obtained by immunoaffinity chromatography was performed by competitive ELISA and immunoblot analysis. Non-CML AGE-Ab-2 crossreacted with the protein modified by glyceraldehyde or glycolaldehyde. Non-CML AGE-Ab-3 and -Ab-4 specifically cross-reacted with protein modified by glycolaldehyde and methylglyoxal, respectively. NonCML AGE-Ab-5 cross-reacted with protein modified with glyoxal as well as methylglyoxal and glycolaldehyde. Three kinds of non-CML AGE (AGE-2, -4, and -5) were detected in diabetic serum as three peaks with apparent molecular weights of 200, 1.15, and 0.85 kD; whereas, AGE-3 was detected as two peaks with apparent molecular weights of 200 and 0.85 kD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that various types of non-CML AGE are formed by the Maillard reaction, sugar autoxidation and sugar metabolism. These antibodies enable us to identify such compounds created by the Maillard reaction in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Makita
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bucala
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kameda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D003429:Cross Reactions; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D005985:Glyceraldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D006037:Glyoxal / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D005985:Glyceraldehyde; D006037:Glyoxal; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D008239:Lysine