title: Vascular endothelial growth factor(165) gene transfer augments circulating endothelial progenitor cells in human subjects.
abstract: Preclinical studies in animal models and early results of clinical trials in patients suggest that intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can promote neovascularization of ischemic tissues. Such neovascularization has been attributed exclusively to sprout formation of endothelial cells derived from preexisting vessels. We investigated the hypothesis that VEGF gene transfer may also augment the population of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In patients with critical limb ischemia receiving VEGF gene transfer, gene expression was documented by a transient increase in plasma levels of VEGF. A culture assay documented a significant increase in EPCs (219%, P<0.001), whereas patients who received an empty vector had no change in circulating EPCs, as was the case for volunteers who received saline injections (VEGF versus empty vector, P<0.001; VEGF versus saline, P<0.005). Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis disclosed an overall increase of up to 30-fold in endothelial lineage markers KDR (VEGF receptor-2), VE-cadherin, CD34, alpha(v)beta(3), and E-selectin after VEGF gene transfer. Constitutive overexpression of VEGF in patients with limb ischemia augments the population of circulating EPCs. These findings support the notion that neovascularization of human ischemic tissues after angiogenic growth factor therapy is not limited to angiogenesis but involves circulating endothelial precursors that may home to ischemic foci and differentiate in situ through a process of vasculogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biomedical Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tepper
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gravereaux
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pieczek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwaguro
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Isner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asahara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D019076:Transgenes / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors