title: Barriers and benefits of a healthy diet in spain: comparison with other European member states.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to identify the main barriers and benefits perceived by the European citizens in regard to following a healthy diet and to assess the differences in expected benefits and difficulties between Spain and the remaining countries of the European Union.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study in which quota-controlled, nationally representative samples of approximately 1000 adults from each country completed a questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey was carried out between October 1995 and February 1996 in the 15 member states of the European Union.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (aged 15 y and older) were selected and interviewed in their homes about their attitudes towards healthy diets. They were asked to select two options from a list of 22 potential barriers to achieve a healthy diet and the benefits derived from a healthy diet. The associations of the perceived benefits of barriers with the sociodemographic variables within Spain and the rest of the European Union were compared with the Pearson chi-squared test and the chi-squared linear trend test. Two multivariate logistic regression models were also fitted to assess the characteristics independently related to the selection of 'Resistance to change' among the main barriers and to the selection of 'Prevent disease/stay healthy' as the main perceived benefits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The barrier most frequently mentioned in Spain was 'Irregular work hours' (29.7%) in contrast with the rest of the European Union where 'Giving up foods that I like' was the barrier most often chosen (26.2%). In the multivariate logistic regression model studying resistance to change, Spaniards were less resistant to change than the rest of the European Union. The benefit more frequently mentioned across Europe was 'Prevent disease/stay healthy'. In the multivariate logistic regression model women, older individuals, and people with a higher educational level were more likely to choose this benefit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is apparent that there are many barriers to achieve healthy eating, mostly lack of time. For this reason a higher availability of food in line with the nutrition guidelines could be helpful. The population could have a better knowledge of the benefits derived from a healthy diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holgado
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Irala-Estévez
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance