title: Fracture toughness (KIc) of a dental porcelain determined by fractographic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fractographic analysis of indentation cracks is performed following flexure testing as part of the ASTM (1999) standard for fracture toughness, KIc, determination in advanced ceramics. This method depends on the conduciveness of the material towards fractographic interpretation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of fractography in fracture toughness methods with a feldspathic dental porcelain, in which KIc was measured fractographically as well as numerically using two controlled-flaw beam bending techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following methods for KIc determination were applied to a dental porcelain containing a leucite volume fraction of 15-20%: (1) surface crack in flexure (SCF) (dependent upon fractographic analysis); and (2) indentation strength (IS) at indentation loads of 9.8 and 19.6 N (applying both standard numeric calculations and fractographic analysis). The testing environments were (1) ambient air (IS and SCF) and (2) flowing dry nitrogen (SCF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between numeric and fractographic KIc values for the IS technique at both indentation loads (9.8 and 19.6 N) in ambient air, although KIc values were sensitive to indentation load. Due to the presence of residual stresses, stable crack extension was observed fractographically in all IS specimens, as evidenced by differences between initial (ainitial) and critical (acritical) crack dimensions. For the SCF method, there was a significant difference in toughness between specimens tested in air versus dry nitrogen, however no fractographic evidence for chemically assisted slow crack growth (SCG) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SCF method as described by the ASTM standard was applicable to the feldspathic porcelain and produced very comparable results with the numeric toughness calculations of the IS procedure. However, fractographic analysis of the surface crack was somewhat difficult for this glassy ceramic compared with polycrystalline ceramics. Knowledge about stable crack extension or slow crack growth and its fractographic appearance is essential when estimating the toughness from examination of flaw dimensions on fractured surfaces since large calculation errors may occur if these effects are not taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland. susanne.scherrer@medecine.unige.ch
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Scherrer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods; D004548:Elasticity; D017709:Fractals; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D018583:Pliability; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; D003776:Dental Porcelain