title: Temporal expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine cytokine and chemokine production during the evolution of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), a model of rheumatoid arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and laboratory assessment of the course of AIA was performed over a 47-day period. Levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor a (TNFalpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6, as well as levels of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and JE, the murine homolog of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the sera and joints of AIA and control rats. Synovia from AIA rats were (immuno)histochemically analyzed. Results of cytokine and chemokine measurements were correlated with clinical and laboratory markers of inflammation and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early (before day 14 post adjuvant injection) and later phases of AIA could be distinguished. Cytokine and chemokine production was increased in AIA versus control rats. The production of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, MIP-1alpha, and, as determined earlier, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78-like protein was abundant prior to and during the course of AIA, while that of IL-6 and JE was elevated in the late phase of AIA. Cytokine and chemokine levels were correlated with the clinical symptoms of arthritis and blood neutrophil counts. Joint levels of IL-1beta showed correlation with synovial lining proliferation and neutrophil ingress into AIA synovium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokines and chemokines are involved in the clinical, laboratory, and histologic changes underlying AIA. The production of these mediators may be temporally and spatially regulated. These findings may be important for the optimal timing of cytokine and chemokine targeting.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szekanecz
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Halloran
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Volin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Strieter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kenneth Haines
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kunkel
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007596:Joints / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012016:Reference Values; D013585:Synovitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators