title: Economic aspects of different muscle relaxant regimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At a time of cost reduction in medical care efforts to manage the ever-increasing costs of new pharmaceutical drugs become increasingly important. Costs of four different muscle relaxant regimens including the new intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBD) cisatracurium and rocuronium will be analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were prospectively studied. All patients received standardized general anaesthesia with desflurane/fentanyl. Muscle relaxation was achieved with atracurium, cisatracurium, vecuronium, or rocuronium with 20 patients in each group. Intraoperatively muscle relaxants were added to maintain two twitches of the train-of-four (TOF) assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences among the four groups regarding biometric data, duration of surgery and anesthesia, number of patients with reversal of neuromuscular blockade, and time of extubation. Length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and the incidence of side effects were similar in all groups. Total costs of used drugs were significantly lowest in the atracurium-treated patients (per patient: 18.27 Euro) and significantly highest in the cisatracurium group (26.71 Euro) compared with the other groups (vecuronium: 22.61 Euro; rocuronium: 22.63 Euro).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is summarized that the use of cisatracurium was associated with higher costs compared to a standard muscle relaxant regimen using atracurium, whereas patient outcome was the same in all study groups. The routine use of the newer NMBDs can only be justified economically, if considerable improvements to clinical practice can be demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Universität Mainz.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suttner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boldt
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kumle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000732:Androstanols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D001279:Atracurium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000191:economics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077123:Rocuronium; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D001279:Atracurium; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide; D000077123:Rocuronium