title: Caricaturing facial expressions.
abstract: The physical differences between facial expressions (e.g. fear) and a reference norm (e.g. a neutral expression) were altered to produce photographic-quality caricatures. In Experiment 1, participants rated caricatures of fear, happiness and sadness for their intensity of these three emotions; a second group of participants rated how 'face-like' the caricatures appeared. With increasing levels of exaggeration the caricatures were rated as more emotionally intense, but less 'face-like'. Experiment 2 demonstrated a similar relationship between emotional intensity and level of caricature for six different facial expressions. Experiments 3 and 4 compared intensity ratings of facial expression caricatures prepared relative to a selection of reference norms - a neutral expression, an average expression, or a different facial expression (e.g. anger caricatured relative to fear). Each norm produced a linear relationship between caricature and rated intensity of emotion; this finding is inconsistent with two-dimensional models of the perceptual representation of facial expression. An exemplar-based multidimensional model is proposed as an alternative account.
authors.affiliation: MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, CB2 2EF, Cambridge, UK. andy.calder@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nimmo-Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Perrett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002325:Caricatures as Topic; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D012938:Social Perception