title: Treatment planning for prostate implants using magnetic-resonance spectroscopy imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have demonstrated that magnetic-resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the prostate may effectively distinguish between regions of cancer and normal prostatic epithelium. This diagnostic imaging tool takes advantage of the increased choline plus creatine versus citrate ratio found in malignant compared to normal prostate tissue. The purpose of this study is to describe a novel brachytherapy treatment-planning optimization module using an integer programming technique that will utilize biologic-based optimization. A method is described that registers MRSI to intraoperative-obtained ultrasound images and incorporates this information into a treatment-planning system to achieve dose escalation to intraprostatic tumor deposits.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRSI was obtained for a patient with Gleason 7 clinically localized prostate cancer. The ratios of choline plus creatine to citrate for the prostate were analyzed, and regions of high risk for malignant cells were identified. The ratios representing peaks on the MR spectrum were calculated on a spatial grid covering the prostate tissue. A procedure for mapping points of interest from the MRSI to the ultrasound images is described. An integer-programming technique is described as an optimization module to determine optimal seed distribution for permanent interstitial implantation. MRSI data are incorporated into the treatment-planning system to test the feasibility of dose escalation to positive voxels with relative sparing of surrounding normal tissues. The resultant tumor control probability (TCP) is estimated and compared to TCP for standard brachytherapy-planned implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed brachytherapy treatment-planning system is able to achieve a minimum dose of 120% of the 144 Gy prescription to the MRS positive voxels using (125)I seeds. The preset dose bounds of 100-150% to the prostate and 100-120% to the urethra were maintained. When compared to a standard plan without MRS-guided optimization, the estimated TCP for the MRS-optimized plan is superior. The enhanced TCP was more pronounced for smaller volumes of intraprostatic tumor deposits compared to estimated TCP values for larger lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this brachytherapy-optimization system, we could demonstrate the feasibility of MRS-optimized dose distributions for (125)I permanent prostate implants. Based on probability estimates of anticipated improved TCP, this approach may have an impact on the ability to safely escalate dose and potentially improve outcome for patients with organ-confined but aggressive prostatic cancers. The magnitude of the TCP enhancement, and therefore the risks of ignoring the MR data, appear to be more substantial when the tumor is well localized; however, the gain achievable in TCP may depend quite considerably on the MRS tumor-detection efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. zaiderm@mskcc.org
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaider
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Zakian
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Amols
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dyke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Endi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Koutcher
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D011853:Radiobiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional