title: Intima-media thickness of peripheral arteries in asymptomatic cigarette smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although it is known that smoking is associated with an increase in arterial wall thickness, most studies have been performed in heterogeneous groups of older age, already suffering from atherosclerotic diseases or having additional cardiovascular risk factors. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect on arterial wall thickness of the carotid and femoral artery in cigarette smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, intima-media thickness of the common and internal carotid artery, carotid bulb and common femoral artery was determined with the use of a B-mode ultrasound device, in 184 (44.3+/-9.0 years) cigarette smokers for whom smoking is the single cardiovascular risk factor. Comparisons were made with 56 non-smokers, matching in age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The posterior walls of both carotid bulbs (right: P=0.0005; left: P=0.02) and of the internal carotid arteries (right: P=0.004; left: P=0.003) as well as the posterior wall of the right common carotid artery (P=0.02) and of the right common femoral artery (P<0.0001) were thicker in smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking as the single cardiovascular risk factor causes wall thickening of the carotid and femoral arteries, which indicates that early atherosclerosis is already present in smokers entering middle age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine 541, University Hospital Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. f.vandenberkmortel@aig.azn.nl
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: van den Berkmortel
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smilde
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wollersheim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Langen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Boo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography