title: The small GTPases Ras, Rac, and Cdc42 transcriptionally regulate expression of human fibroblast growth factor 1.
abstract: Four distinct promoters (1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D) of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), spaced up to 70 kilobase pairs apart, direct the expression of alternatively spliced transcript variants (FGF1.A, -1. B, -1.C, and -1.D) that encode FGF1. These FGF1 transcripts can be detected in cultured cells as well as in normal and diseased tissues. These transcripts are differentially regulated in a cell-specific manner. To further delineate the biological function of multiple promoter usage by a single gene, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of these promoters by defined signaling pathways associated with cell proliferation and cell survival. Here we show a specific association of two of the FGF1 promoters, 1C and 1D, with signaling cascades of the Ras superfamily of GTPases. A serum-response element, comprised of the Ets and CArG motifs, present in promoter 1D was shown to be the target of distinct signaling cascades; the Ets motif target of Ras, Rac1, and Cdc42 regulation; and the CArG motif target of de novo protein synthesis-independent cascade. Ras and Rac1 also activated the FGF2 promoter. Further, the transcription factor Ets2 synergistically activated FGF1 gene, but not FGF2, in a Ras- and Rac1-dependent signaling pathway. In support of these conclusions high levels of intracellular FGF1 were detected in cells undergoing cytokinesis. Altogether, our results suggest that FGF1 may play a fundamental role in cell division, spreading, and migration, in addition to cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1228, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chotani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Touhalisky
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D050787:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D020218:Response Elements; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C107465:ERF protein, human; C494069:ETS2 protein, human; D050787:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins