title: Fish oil modulates macrophage P44/P42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity induced by lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades represent a major signal system to transduce extracellular signals into cellular responses. Overactivity of MAPK has been implicated in the development of many diseases, including cancer and sepsis. This study investigated the hypothesis that fish oil altered the membrane phospholipid composition and modulated MAPK activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAW 264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage (Mphi) cell line, were grown in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich media (114 micromol/L) for 48 hours. Mphi were washed and exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 microg/mL) for 10 minutes. Both total and activated (phosphorylated) portions of MAPK (P44 and P42) were determined by Western blot assays. AP-1 transcription factor activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays (EMSA). Mphi tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA expression was measured by Northern blot assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS stimulation induced RAW cell phosphorylation of P44/P42. In contrast, RAW cells grown in EPA-rich media had less P44/P42 activation in the presence of LPS. Total P44/P42 were not affected by EPA or LPS. Similarly, EPA also inhibited AP-1 activity. Inhibition of P44/P42 activity with PD98059 reduced both AP-1 activity and TNF mRNA expression of LPS-stimulated Mphi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that fish oil regulates macrophage proinflammatory gene activation, at least in part, by modulating the MAPK activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. clo@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Helton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004586:Electrophoresis; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases