title: Stereotaxy, navigation and the temporal concatenation.
abstract: Nautical and cerebral navigation share similar elements of functional need and similar developmental pathways. The need for orientation necessitates the development of appropriate concepts, and such concepts are dependent on technology for practical realization. Occasionally, a concept precedes technology in time and requires periods of delay for appropriate development. A temporal concatenation exists where time allows the additive as need, concept and technology ultimately provide an endpoint of elegant solution. Nautical navigation has proceeded through periods of dead reckoning and celestial navigation to satellite orientation with associated refinements of instrumentation and charts for guidance. Cerebral navigation has progressed from craniometric orientation and burr hole mounted guidance systems to simple rectolinear and arc-centered devices based on radiographs to guidance by complex anatomical and functional maps provided as an amalgam of modern imaging modes. These maps are now augmented by complex frame and frameless systems which allow not only precise orientation, but also point and volumetric action. These complex technical modalities required and developed in part from elements of maritime navigation that have been translated to cerebral navigation in a temporal concatenation.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California School of Medicine, Neurological Surgery, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. apuzzo@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Apuzzo
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000266:history; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007255:Information Services; D008891:Military Science / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D009445:Neuroanatomy / Q000266:history; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation