title: A prospective PMS study to validate the sensitivity for change of the D-scale in advanced stages of dementia using the NMDA-antagonist memantine.
abstract: The present postmarketing surveillance (PMS) study is the first large scale systematic and prospective clinical trial of pharmacotherapeutic intervention in advanced stages of dementia. Within a validation program this study aimed at demonstrating the sensitivity of the D-Scale of change (DS-C) for measuring ADL-function. Efficacy of treatment with the NMDA-antagonist memantine was investigated in 531 patients with advanced dementia employing a parallel group design that stratified patient cohorts by severity according to GDS stages (Reisberg, 1992). Efficacy was determined on two independent levels: by the assessment of the physicians' Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at the end of a 6-week observation period, and by the assessment of change in elementary ADL-functions by the caregivers using the D-Scale-of-Change. With the D-Scale-of-Change the caregivers can assess a change in broad functional items, i.e. cognitive and motor functions and also elementary functions of daily life. The effect size of this improvement increased constantly during the observation period. Even in patients of GDS stage 7 an improvement could be measured. These results were also seen by the physicians, who recorded an overall clinical improvement in 75.5% of the patients after 6 weeks. Tolerability evaluations resulted in the ratings "very well" by 59.5% or "well" by 35.0% of the patients. No serious adverse drug reactions occurred. A correlation analysis demonstrated a high congruency of both assessments. Furthermore, the observed time course of these improvements paralleled with the time course of symptomatic benefit by effects of memantine that had been repeatedly demonstrated in randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in mild to moderate dementia. Together with the evaluation of the scale-properties of the D-Scale for assessment of severity the D-Scale and the D-Scale-of-Change can be regarded as validated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rüther
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bleich
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Degner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008559:Memantine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D008559:Memantine