title: HIV testing among tuberculosis patients in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a population-based study in Brazil.
abstract: METHODS
  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a city with 29862 cases of tuberculosis (TB) reported between January 1995 and June 1998.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the counseling and testing practices for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among TB patients, and to identify the patient characteristics associated with HIV screening as antiretroviral therapy was introduced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of patients with TB who were reported to the health department and who initiated anti-TB treatment. The main outcome measure was screened versus not screened for HIV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of TB patients who received HIV screening increased from January 1995 through June 1998 (P < 0.001). Among young adults aged 20-49 years with TB, the independent predictors of HIV screening were a diagnosis of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-2.8); TB meningitis (OR = 13.5, 95%CI 6.5-31.5); disseminated TB (OR = 8.2, 95%CI 5.3-12.9); lymphatic TB (OR = 5.6, 95%CI 4.7-6.6); and male sex (OR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.3-1.6). Patients with newly diagnosed TB who were women, lived in a low income neighborhood (OR = 0.7, 95%CI, 0.6-0.7), and sought TB treatment in their own residential neighborhood (OR = 0.3, 95%CI 0.3-0.4) were less likely to receive HIV counseling and testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health care providers in Rio de Janeiro selectively offered HIV counseling and testing to persons they perceived to be at risk for HIV and those with advanced stages of TB. HIV counseling and testing should be expanded and offered to all TB patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: DeRiemer
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents