title: Predictors of behavior and performance in extreme environments: the Antarctic space analogue program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine which, if any, characteristics should be incorporated into a select-in approach to screening personnel for long-duration spaceflight, we examined the influence of crewmember social/ demographic characteristics, personality traits, interpersonal needs, and characteristics of station physical environments on performance measures in 657 American men who spent an austral winter in Antarctica between 1963 and 1974.
  
  
  METHODS
  During screening, subjects completed a Personal History Questionnaire which obtained information on social and demographic characteristics, the Deep Freeze Opinion Survey which assessed 5 different personality traits, and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) Scale which measured 6 dimensions of interpersonal needs. Station environment included measures of crew size and severity of physical environment. Performance was assessed on the basis of combined peer-supervisor evaluations of overall performance, peer nominations of fellow crew-members who made ideal winter-over candidates, and self-reported depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social/demographic characteristics, personality traits, interpersonal needs, and characteristics of station environments collectively accounted for 9-17% of the variance in performance measures. The following characteristics were significant independent predictors of more than one performance measure: military service, low levels of neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness, and a low desire for affection from others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results represent an important first step in the development of select-in criteria for personnel on long-duration missions in space and other extreme environments. These criteria must take into consideration the characteristics of the environment and the limitations they place on meeting needs for interpersonal relations and task performance, as well as the characteristics of the individuals and groups who live and work in these environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0807, USA. lpalinkas@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Palinkas
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Gunderson
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D018480:Astronauts / Q000523:psychology*; D003081:Cold Climate / Q000009:adverse effects; D020378:Confined Spaces; D003242:Conscience; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D010560:Personnel Selection / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012919:Social Behavior; D018531:Spacecraft; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States