title: Photoactivated gamma-secretase inhibitors directed to the active site covalently label presenilin 1.
abstract: Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the beta- and gamma-secretases generates the amino and carboxy termini, respectively, of the A beta amyloidogenic peptides A beta40 and A beta42--the major constituents of the amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma of Alzheimer's disease patients. There is evidence that the polytopic membrane-spanning proteins, presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2), are important determinants of gamma-secretase activity: mutations in PS1 and PS2 that are associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease increase the production of A beta42 (refs 4-6), the more amyloidogenic peptide; gamma-secretase activity is reduced in neuronal cultures derived from PS1-deficient mouse embryos; and directed mutagenesis of two conserved aspartates in transmembrane segments of PS1 inactivates the ability of gamma-secretase to catalyse processing of APP within its transmembrane domain. It is unknown, however, whether PS1 (which has little or no homology to any known aspartyl protease) is itself a transmembrane aspartyl protease or a gamma-secretase cofactor, or helps to colocalize gamma-secretase and APP. Here we report photoaffinity labelling of PS1 (and PS2) by potent gamma-secretase inhibitors that were designed to function as transition state analogue inhibitors directed to the active site of an aspartyl protease. This observation indicates that PS1 (and PS2) may contain the active site of gamma-secretase. Interestingly, the intact, single-chain form of wild-type PS1 is not labelled by an active-site-directed photoaffinity probe, suggesting that intact wild-type PS1 may be an aspartyl protease zymogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA. yueming_li@merck.com
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DiMuzio-Mower
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lellis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadin
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Neduvelil
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Register
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sardana
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shearman
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gardell
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000378:metabolism; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; D001665:Binding Sites; D001710:Biotin; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D010777:Photochemistry; D053764:Presenilin-1; D053766:Presenilin-2
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C508853:PSEN1 protein, human; C508861:PSEN2 protein, human; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D053764:Presenilin-1; D053766:Presenilin-2; D001710:Biotin; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D010450:Endopeptidases; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C509280:BACE1 protein, human; C509282:Bace1 protein, mouse