Nitric oxide production by pre-implantation embryos in response to embryotoxic factors.
In this report, we examined whether nitric oxide (NO) is involved in early embryo death. We have chosen various experimentally defined embryotoxic stimuli in mice and determined their ability to induce NO production by 2-cell stage embryos. The embryotoxic factors used were interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC) and the murine embryotoxic antibody DF4. We showed that in all cases the embryotoxic stimuli induced NO production by early stage embryos that correlated with the induction of the inducible and/or endothelial isoforms of NO synthase. This study was also extended to the human system where sera from women who aborted were tested for their ability to act embryotoxically by inducing NO in early mouse embryos and mature murine placenta. The results obtained confirmed the embryotoxic character of NO found in these particular sera leading to the hypothesis that NO plays a potential role in early embryo death.
Athanassakis
I
I
Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. athan@biology.uch.gr
Aifantis
I
I
Baritakis
S
S
Farmakiotis
V
V
Koumantakis
E
E
Vassiliadis
S
S
D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D000818:Animals; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D013723:Teratogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013723:Teratogens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D001374:Azacitidine