title: Signaling by fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)-activating mutations blocks mineralization and induces apoptosis in osteoblasts.
abstract: Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) play a critical role in bone growth and development affecting both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. During the process of intramembranous ossification, which leads to the formation of the flat bones of the skull, unregulated FGF signaling can produce premature suture closure or craniosynostosis and other craniofacial deformities. Indeed, many human craniosynostosis disorders have been linked to activating mutations in FGF receptors (FGFR) 1 and 2, but the precise effects of FGF on the proliferation, maturation and differentiation of the target osteoblastic cells are still unclear. In this report, we studied the effects of FGF treatment on primary murine calvarial osteoblast, and on OB1, a newly established osteoblastic cell line. We show that FGF signaling has a dual effect on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. FGFs activate the endogenous FGFRs leading to the formation of a Grb2/FRS2/Shp2 complex and activation of MAP kinase. However, immature osteoblasts respond to FGF treatment with increased proliferation, whereas in differentiating cells FGF does not induce DNA synthesis but causes apoptosis. When either primary or OB1 osteoblasts are induced to differentiate, FGF signaling inhibits expression of alkaline phosphatase, and blocks mineralization. To study the effect of craniosynostosis-linked mutations in osteoblasts, we introduced FGFR2 carrying either the C342Y (Crouzon syndrome) or the S252W (Apert syndrome) mutation in OB1 cells. Both mutations inhibited differentiation, while dramatically inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, we could also show that overexpression of FGF2 in transgenic mice leads to increased apoptosis in their calvaria. These data provide the first biochemical analysis of FGF signaling in osteoblasts, and show that FGF can act as a cell death inducer with distinct effects in proliferating and differentiating osteoblasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. mansu01@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansukhani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellosta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Basilico
mesh_terms: D000168:Acrocephalosyndactylia / Q000235:genetics; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000235:genetics; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000235:genetics; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D017354:Point Mutation; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; C496354:Fgfr2 protein, mouse; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine