title: The effects of substrate and fluid provision on thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in a hot environment.
abstract: A high ambient temperature reduces the capacity to perform prolonged exercise. Total carbohydrate oxidation is less, and thus glycogen depletion is not limiting. Fluid ingestion in the heat should, therefore, focus on maintenance of hydration status rather than on substrate provision. Six healthy males cycled to exhaustion at 60% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) with no drink, ingestion of a 15% carbohydrate-electrolyte drink (1.45+/-0.29 litres) or ingestion of a 2% carbohydrate-electrolyte drink (3.12+/-0.47 litres). The ambient temperature was 30.2+/-0.6 degrees C (mean +/- s), with a relative humidity of 71+/-1% and an air speed of approximately 0.7 m x s(-1) on all trials. Weighted mean skin temperature, rectal temperature and heart rate were recorded and venous samples drawn for determination of plasma volume changes, blood metabolites, serum electrolytes and osmolality. Expired gas was collected to estimate rates of fuel oxidation. Exercise capacity was significantly (P < 0.05) different in all trials. The median (range) time to exhaustion was 70.9 min (39.4-97.4 min) in the no-drink trial, 84.0 min (62.7-145 min) in the 15% carbohydrate trial and 118 min (82.6-168 min) in the 2% carbohydrate trial. The 15% carbohydrate drink resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) elevated blood glucose and total carbohydrate oxidation compared with the no-drink trial. The 2% carbohydrate drink restored plasma volume to pre-exercise values by the end of exercise. No differences were observed in other thermoregulatory or cardiorespiratory responses between trials. These results suggest that fluid replacement with a large volume of a dilute carbohydrate drink is beneficial during exercise in the heat, but the precise mechanisms for the improved exercise capacity are unclear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Foresterhill, UK. s.d.r.galloway@stir.ac.uk
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Maughan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate; D006359:Heat Exhaustion / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010953:Plasma Volume; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002241:Carbohydrates; D004573:Electrolytes; D015532:Rehydration Solutions; D006003:Glycogen