title: Maternal program of apoptosis activated shortly after midblastula transition by overexpression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in Xenopus early embryos.
abstract: When we studied polyamine metabolism in Xenopus embryos, we cloned the cDNA for Xenopus S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), which converts SAM (S-adenosylmethionine), the methyl donor, into decarboxylated SAM (dcSAM), the aminopropyl donor, and microinjected its in vitro transcribed mRNA into Xenopus fertilized eggs. We found here that the mRNA injection induces a SAM deficient state in early embryos due to over-function of the overexpressed SAMDC, which in turn induces inhibition of protein synthesis. Such embryos developed quite normally until blastula stage, but stopped development at the early gastrula stage, due to induction of massive cell dissociation and cell autolysis, irrespective of the dosage and stage of the mRNA injection. We found that the dissociated cells were TUNEL-positive, contained fragmented nuclei with ladder-forming DNA, and furthermore, rescued completely by coinjection of Bcl-2 mRNA. Thus, overexpression of SAMDC in Xenopus embryos appeared to switch on apoptotic program, probably via inhibition of protein synthesis. Here, we briefly review our results together with those reported from other laboratories. After discussing the general importance of this newly discovered apoptotic program, we propose that the maternal program of apoptosis serves as a surveillance mechanism to eliminate metabolically severely-damaged cells and functions as a 'fail-safe' mechanism for normal development in Xenopus embryos.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan. xlshioka@biol.s-u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiokawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaito
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yokoska
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasuhiko
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kajita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shinga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukamachi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yaoita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Igarashi
mesh_terms: D012437:Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008845:Microinjections; D008954:Models, Biological; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012437:Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase