title: Effects of management practices prior to and during ensiling and concentrate type on nitrogen utilization in dairy cows.
abstract: Three experiments with a total of 18 multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in early to mid lactation were used in incomplete changeover designs with four periods consisting of 4 wk each. The objectives of the experiments were to investigate the effects of 1) grass management practices prior to ensiling and 2) concentrate energy sources on animal performance and N utilization and suggest ways in which the annual N excretion can be reduced. In the first experiment, four silages were prepared as early-cut material from grass that was fertilized with either 75 or 150 kg of N/ha. Two other silages were prepared from the latter but harvested 2 wk later. Within each silage type, both direct cut and wilted silages were produced. In the second experiment, starch-based and fiber-based concentrates were offered with the three wilted silages used in the previous experiment. In the third experiment, barley-based and corn-based concentrates were offered with three silages that had been treated with different additives at the time of ensiling. Neither dry matter intake nor milk yield were significantly affected by either silage or concentrate type. Milk protein content and yield, however, were higher in silages made from medium fertilized grass and also increased with increased starch content of the concentrate. Grass management and diet affected the amount and form of N excreted. Use of nitrogen fertilizer at lower than 75 kg of N/ha and feeding less degradable starch concentrate is recommended for mitigation of N pollution, especially in the form of urine N by dairy cows in intensive farming.
authors.affiliation: CEDAR, The University of Reading, Department of Agriculture, Earley Gate, United Kingdom. E.Kebreab@reading.ac.uk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kebreab
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Beever
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: France
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005308:Fertilizers; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D012820:Silage; D013213:Starch / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006113:United Kingdom; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D013213:Starch; D009584:Nitrogen