title: Time-resolved polarization imaging by pump-probe (stimulated emission) fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: We report the application of pump-probe fluorescence microscopy in time-resolved polarization imaging. We derived the equations governing the pump-probe stimulated emission process and characterized the pump and probe laser power levels for signal saturation. Our emphasis is to use this novel methodology to image polarization properties of fluorophores across entire cells. As a feasibility study, we imaged a 15-microm orange latex sphere and found that there is depolarization that is possibly due to energy transfer among fluorescent molecules inside the sphere. We also imaged a mouse fibroblast labeled with CellTracker Orange CMTMR (5-(and-6)-(((4-chloromethyl)benzoyl)amino)tetramethyl-rhodamine). We observed that Orange CMTMR complexed with gluthathione rotates fast, indicating the relatively low fluid-phase viscosity of the cytoplasmic microenvironment as seen by Orange CMTMR. The measured rotational correlation time ranged from approximately 30 to approximately 150 ps. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of stimulated emission measurements in acquiring high-resolution, time-resolved polarization information across the entire cell.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, Pharma Research, CTA, LFU/NAT S-360.4.16, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buehler
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gratton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005454:Fluorescence Polarization / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D007834:Lasers; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008863:Microspheres; D008954:Models, Biological; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D012399:Rotation; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: C116572:(((4-chloromethyl)benzoyl)amino)-tetramethylrhodamine; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012235:Rhodamines; D005978:Glutathione; C029773:rhodamine B