title: Gender differences in labetalol kinetics: importance of determining stereoisomer kinetics for racemic drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of gender on labetalol kinetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Part of a randomized, crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen hypertensive patients (14 men, 5 women; 6 blacks, 13 whites).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants had labetalol dosages titrated to a specific antihypertensive response, then underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and a pharmacokinetic study. Labetalol plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and labetalol stereoisomer ratios were determined in a single plasma sample by chiral HPLC, both with fluorescence detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Labetalol concentrations were 80% higher in women (area under the concentration-time curve [AUC]/dose x 1000: 6.79 +/- 2.11 in women vs 3.82 +/- 1.37 hr/L in men, p<0.05), yet both genders had a similar antihypertensive response by 24-hour ABPM. Dose-corrected AUC (AUC/dose x 1000) for labetalol's stereoisomers in women and men, respectively, were S,R-labetalol 7.55 +/- 1.47 and 4.83 +/- 1.54 hr/L (p<0.05), S,S-labetalol 8.23 +/- 2.93 and 4.65 +/- 1.78 hr/L (p<0.05), R,S-labetalol 6.99 +/- 3.30 and 4.25 +/- 2.35 hr/L (p=0.11), and R,R-labetalol 3.91 +/- 2.57 and 3.55 +/- 3.08 hr/L (NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher labetalol concentration in women than in men was explained largely by differences in inactive and alpha1-blocking stereoisomers. However, concentrations were similar between genders for the beta-blocking stereoisomer (R,R-labetalol), possibly explaining the similarity in antihypertensive response to the drug. This study highlights the importance of determining stereoisomer kinetics for agents administered as racemates, particularly when relating concentrations to pharmacologic response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Akers
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007741:Labetalol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007741:Labetalol