Risk communication in clinical practice: putting cancer in context.
BACKGROUND
Clinicians are increasingly urged-even mandated-to help patients make informed medical decisions by paying more attention to risk counseling. For many, the role of risk counseling is new and unfamiliar. This effort is made more difficult given the practical constraints created by 15-minute visits and competing demands (e.g., patient's chief complaint and institutional needs).


OBJECTIVE
We detail a three-part approach for improving risk communication, acknowledging the role of clinicians, patients, and other communicators (i.e., media or public health agencies).
Office-based tools to help clinicians do more. We suggest two ways to help make up-to-date estimates of disease risk and treatment benefit easily available during office visits. We propose the development of a comprehensive population database about disease risk and treatment benefit to be created and maintained by the federal government. Educating patients. We propose "Understanding Numbers in Health" a tutorial that reviews basic concepts of probability and their application to medical studies to help people become better critical readers of health information. Guidance for communicators. Finally, we propose a writer's guide to risk communication: a set of principles to help health communicators present data to the public clearly and objectively.


CONCLUSIONS
In addition to tools to help clinicians better communicate risk information, serious efforts to improve risk communication must go beyond the clinic. Efforts that help the public to better interpret health risk information and guide communicators to better present such information are a place to start.
Schwartz
L M
LM
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA.
Woloshin
S
S
Welch
H G
HG
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States