title: Long-term prognosis of acute pulmonary oedema--an ominous outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute pulmonary oedema (APOE) is a major health problem, leading to poor hospital and long-term outcomes. There is a relative paucity of studies describing prognosis of consecutive unsolicited patients diagnosed with APOE and hospitalized in internal medicine departments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical profile and outcome (in hospital and 1-year prognosis) of successive unselected patients with APOE, in a prospective observational study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population included 150 consecutive unsolicited patients (90 men, 60 women; median age 75 years) with APOE all hospitalized in an internal medicine department, in a 900-bed care centre. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), hypertension and diabetes were present in 85%, 70% and 52% of patients, respectively. The most common precipitating factors for APOE included high blood pressure (29%), rapid atrial fibrillation (29%), unstable angina pectoris (25%), infection (18%) and acute myocardial infarction (MI; 15%). Eighteen patients (12%) died in hospital, with 82% of these deaths attributed to cardiac pump failure. Predictors for an increased in-hospital mortality included: diabetes (P<0.05), orthopnoea (P<0. 05), echocardiographic finding of depressed global left ventricular systolic function (P<0.001), acute MI during hospital stay (P<0.001), hypotension/shock (P<0.05), and the need for mechanical ventilation (P<0.001). After a median hospital stay of 10 days, 132 patients were discharged home. The 1-year mortality was 40%. Only the presence of pleural effusion was found as a predictor for 1-year mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with APOE in this study are elderly, and have IHD, hypertension, diabetes and a previous history of APOE. The overall mortality is high (in-hospital, 12%: 1-year, 40%). Left ventricular dysfunction was associated with high in-hospital mortality, but not with long-term prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine C, Rambam Medical Centre and The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. aroguin@rambam.health.gov.il
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roguin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Behar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ben Ami
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reisner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Linn
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Edoute
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis