title: Design of a new surgical approach for ventricular remodeling to relieve ischemic mitral regurgitation: insights from 3-dimensional echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanistic insights from 3D echocardiography (echo) can guide therapy. In particular, ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is difficult to repair, often persisting despite annular reduction. We hypothesized that (1) in a chronic infarct model of progressive MR, regurgitation parallels 3D changes in the geometry of mitral leaflet attachments, causing increased leaflet tethering and restricting closure; therefore, (2) MR can be reduced by restoring tethering geometry toward normal, using a new ventricular remodeling approach based on 3D echo findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 10 sheep by 3D echo just after circumflex marginal ligation and 8 weeks later. MR, at first absent, became moderate as the left ventricle (LV) dilated and the papillary muscles shifted posteriorly and mediolaterally, increasing the leaflet tethering distance from papillary muscle tips to the anterior mitral annulus (P<0.0001). To counteract these shifts, the LV was remodeled by plication of the infarct region to reduce myocardial bulging, without muscle excision or cardiopulmonary bypass. Immediately and up to 2 months after plication, MR was reduced to trace-to-mild as tethering distance was decreased (P<0.0001). LV ejection fraction, global LV end-systolic volume, and mitral annular area were relatively unchanged. By multiple regression, the only independent predictor of MR was tethering distance (r(2)=0.81).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic MR in this model relates strongly to changes in 3D mitral leaflet attachment geometry. These insights from quantitative 3D echo allowed us to design an effective LV remodeling approach to reduce MR by relieving tethering.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory and Cardiovascular Surgical Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liel-Cohen
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Otsuji
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Handschumacher
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Rudski
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hunziker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherrer-Crosbie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012756:Sheep; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling