title: Low-dose contraceptive estrogen-progestin and coronary artery atherosclerosis of monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the separate and combined effects of the estrogen and progestin components of a modern triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) formulation on extent of coronary artery atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female cynomolgus monkeys (n = 81) were fed atherogenic diets for 32 months. After the first 7 months, they were randomized to four groups and treated triphasically for 21 of each 28 days with ethinyl estradiol (E2) (monkey equivalent of 30-40 microg), levonorgestrel (monkey equivalent of 50-125 microg), a combination of the two steroids, or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with estrogen alone reduced coronary artery atherosclerosis extent 67% compared with untreated controls (P <.05). Treatment with progestin alone had no effect (P >.20). While atherosclerosis extent in monkeys treated with the combined OC was reduced 28%, this did not differ statistically from the other groups (P >.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In doses used for oral contraception, E2, like all other estrogens studied to date, has a marked inhibitory effect on atherosclerosis progression. Levonorgestrel, at doses used in modern OC formulations, antagonizes this effect. When considered with other experimental evidence, these findings support the concept that progestins used in OCs and hormone replacement therapy can antagonize estrogen's atheroinhibitory effects. Whether this occurs seems to depend on a relative balance between estrogen and progestin with respect to dose, potency, route, and pattern of administration. However, when considered with evidence from previous studies, the findings also indicate a modest atheroinhibitory influence of combination (estrogen-progestin) OCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. madams@wfubms.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Parks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D008074:Lipoproteins; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel