title: A hormone response element in the human apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) enhancer is essential for intestinal expression of the ApoA-I and ApoCIII genes and contributes to the hepatic expression of the two linked genes in transgenic mice.
abstract: We have generated transgenic mice carrying wild-type promoters of the human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-apoCIII gene cluster or promoters mutated in their hormone response elements. The wild-type cluster directed high levels of apoA-I gene expression in liver and intestine, moderate expression in kidney, and low to minimal expression in other tissues. It also directed high levels of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression (used as a reporter for the apoCIII gene) in liver, low levels in intestine and kidney, and no expression in other tissues. Mutations in the apoCIII promoter and enhancer abolished the intestinal and renal expression of the apoA-I gene, reduced hepatic apoA-I expression by 80%, and abolished CAT expression in all tissues. A similar pattern of expression was obtained by mutations in the apoCIII enhancer alone. Mutations in the proximal apoA-I promoter reduced by 85% hepatic and intestinal apoA-I expression and did not affect CAT expression. The findings suggest that a hormone response element within the apoCIII enhancer is essential for intestinal and renal expression of apoA-I and apoCIII genes and also enhances hepatic expression. The hormone response elements of the proximal apoA-I promoter or the apoCIII enhancer can promote independently low levels of hepatic and intestinal expression of the apoA-I gene in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Genetics, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute of the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zannis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001056:Apolipoproteins C / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D015870:Gene Expression; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008957:Models, Genetic; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D020218:Response Elements; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001056:Apolipoproteins C; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; C403128:MLX protein, human; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C501970:Tcfl4 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase