title: Hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the occurrence of hallucinations and delusions in Alzheimer's disease over a 4 year period and their association with rate of cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 410 persons with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease underwent annual clinical evaluations over a 4 year period. Participation in follow up exceeded 90% in survivors. Evaluations included structured informant interview, from which the presence or absence of hallucinations and delusions was ascertained, and detailed testing of cognitive function. The primary cognitive outcome measure was a composite cognitive score based on 17 individual performance tests. The mini mental state examination (MMSE) and summary measures of memory, visuoconstruction, repetition, and naming were used in secondary analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, hallucinations (present in 41%) and delusions (present in 55%) were common and associated with lower cognitive function. In analyses that controlled for baseline level of cognitive function, demographic variables, parkinsonism, and use of antipsychotic medications, hallucinations, but not delusions, were associated with more rapid cognitive decline on each cognitive measure. In the primary model, there was a 47% increase in the average annual rate of decline on a composite cognitive measure in those with baseline hallucinations compared with those without them. This effect was mainly due to a subgroup with both auditory and visual hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the presence of hallucinations is selectively associated with more rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, 1645 West Jackson Boulevard, Suite 675, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Gilley
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003702:Delusions / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis