title: Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies suggest that folate deficiency may occur in up to one third of patients with severe depression, and that treatment with the vitamin may enhance recovery of the mental state. There are, however, difficulties in interpreting serum and red cell folate assays in some patients, and it has been suggested that total plasma homocysteine is a more sensitive measure of functional folate (and vitamin B12) deficiency. Other studies suggest a link between folate deficiency and impaired metabolism of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which have been implicated in mood disorders. A study of homocysteine, folate, and monoamine metabolism has, therefore, been undertaken in patients with severe depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 46 inpatients with severe DSM III depression, blood counts, serum and red cell folate, serum vitamin B12, total plasma homocysteine, and, in 28 patients, CSF folate, S-adenosylmethionine, and the monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites 5HIAA, HVA, and MHPG were examined. Two control groups comprised 18 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with neurological disorders, the second group undergoing CSF examination for diagnostic purposes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty four depressed patients (52%) had raised total plasma homocysteine. Depressed patients with raised total plasma homocysteine had significant lowering of serum, red cell, and CSF folate, CSF S-adenosylmethionine and all three CSF monoamine metabolites. Total plasma homocysteine was significantly negatively correlated with red cell folate in depressed patients, but not controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Utilising total plasma homocysteine as a sensitive measure of functional folate deficiency, a biological subgroup of depression with folate deficiency, impaired methylation, and monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism has been identified. Detection of this subgroup, which will not be achieved by routine blood counts, is important in view of the potential benefit of vitamin replacement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bottiglieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laundy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crellin
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Toone
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001835:Body Weight; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006801:Humans; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008745:Methylation; D008875:Middle Aged; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D006710:Homocysteine; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D006719:Homovanillic Acid