title: A review of cytologic findings in neuroendocrine carcinomas including carcinoid tumors with histologic correlation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nosology of neuroendocrine neoplasia has evolved substantially in recent years. The aim of this study was to review the authors' institutional experience and diagnostic accuracy for cytologic specimens of neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) and to identify features most suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytologic and histologic findings of 29 archival NEC in which cytology preceded biopsy or resection were compared. The study was comprised of 6 carcinoid tumors, 3 atypical carcinoid tumors, 17 high grade NEC (5 small cell, 9 large cell, and 3 mixed small/large cell), and 3 combined NEC/nonneuroendocrine carcinomas. Cytologic material was derived from 21 fine-needle aspirates (FNA), 6 bronchial brushing/washings, and 2 gastrointestinal tract brushings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 29 cases, the correct cytologic diagnosis was rendered in 11. Two cases were identified as NEC but were graded incorrectly. The remaining 16 cases were interpreted as nonsmall cell carcinoma (8 cases); diagnostic or suspicious of carcinoma, not otherwise specified (7 cases); and atypical, indeterminate for malignancy (1 case). On review, neuroendocrine features were identified in 14 of the latter 16 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cytologic diagnosis of NEC, both high and low grade, can be difficult. Because of acinus-like formations and columnar cell shapes, low grade NEC may be mistaken for adenocarcinoma. Small cell carcinomas, especially in bronchial brush and wash preparations, may be difficult to classify beyond malignant. Large cell NEC may be confused with nonneuroendocrine carcinomas because of abundant cytoplasm and nucleoli. Attention to the presence of loose cell aggregates in a background of singly dispersed cells; feathery patterns created by tumor cells clinging to capillaries; rosette formations; delicate, granular cytoplasm; inconspicuous nucleoli; molding in high grade tumors; and, most important, speckled or dusty chromatin patterns are useful in identifying neuroendocrine differentiation in cytologic specimens.
authors.affiliation: Lauren V Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000473:pathology; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000473:pathology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013048:Specimen Handling