title: Preirradiation ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide for the treatment of anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme: a phase II study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the second most common pediatric tumors. Astrocytomas represent 35% of all CNS tumors in children. Traditional treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GM) consisting of surgery-radiotherapy-chemotherapy with nitrosoureas has resulted in a survival rate of 26% at 1 year. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has proven good results in the treatment of other solid tumors. Chemotherapy with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) permits synergism among the different drugs and sensitizes the tumor to radiotherapy. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy, security, and survival rate of postoperative chemotherapy with ICE in pediatric patients with AA or GM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase II study. We evaluated 11 children with AA or GM who had received no prior treatment. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) study of the tumor was made after surgery to evaluate residual tumor and routine laboratory analysis. Chemotherapy with carboplatin, ifosfamide and etoposide was given every 3 weeks for four courses. MRI studies were repeated after the second and last courses and laboratory analyses were carried out before each course to evaluate toxicity. Each patient then received hyperfractionated radiotherapy and a final MRI was done at the end of the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty percent of the patients had partial response, 30% complete response after two courses, and 60% of CR after four courses. Supratentorial and infratentorial tumors had a good response to chemotherapy. Brainstem tumors had an initial response after two courses and then increased in size. AA was the tumor with the greatest reduction of residual tumor after treatment. Overall and free survival at 53 months was 70%. To date, three patients have died secondary to tumoral progression. There have been no relapses in the seven patients with a CR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative chemotherapy with ICE reduces the tumor size and increases the survival rate of pediatric patients with malignant astrocytomas with minimal toxicity. Brainstem responded poorly to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Departamentos de Oncología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), México, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: López-Aguilar
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sepúlveda-Vildósola
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rivera-Márquez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cerecedo-Díaz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hernández-Contreras
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramón-García
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diegopérez-Ramírez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santacruz-Castillo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D015080:Mesna / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011292:Premedication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin; D015080:Mesna; D007069:Ifosfamide