title: Impact of diabetes on coronary artery disease in women and men: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women are at a much lower risk of coronary disease mortality than men are. It is widely believed that diabetes "erases" this female advantage, increasing the risk of heart disease much more in women than in men. In reality, the extent of this increased risk is controversial, with studies showing conflicting results and wide confidence intervals. Clarification of this issue has implications for the pathogenesis of coronary disease, and for public health efforts to reduce coronary disease in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a meta-analysis to calculate a summary estimate of the relative risk of coronary death among women with diabetes as compared to those without. For comparison, we also calculated the analogous risk among men. All prospective cohort studies containing both men and women, and both patients with and without diabetes, were examined. Sixteen studies were identified; 10 had sufficient data for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After combining studies that adjusted for other cardiac risk factors, the relative risk of coronary death from diabetes was 2.58 (95% CI 2.05-3.26) for women and 1.85 (1.47-2.33) for men. This difference is statistically significant (P = 0.045). Other sensitivity analyses did not change these estimates appreciably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of diabetes on the risk of coronary death is significantly greater for women than men. Further research is required to explain this clinically meaningful difference between the sexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cape
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zinman
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics