title: LNCaP progression model of human prostate cancer: androgen-independence and osseous metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinically, the lethal phenotypes of human prostate cancer are characterized by their progression to androgen-independence and their propensity to form osseous metastases. We reported previously on the establishment of androgen-independent (AI) human prostate cancer cell lines derived from androgen-dependent (AD) LNCaP cells, with androgen independence defined as the capability of prostate cancer cells to grow in castrated hosts. One of the sublines, C4-2, was found to be AI, highly tumorigenic, and metastatic, having a proclivity for metastasis to the bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established the AI and bone metastatic cell sublines B2, B3, B4, and B5 from the parental C4-2 subline, using a previously established coinoculating procedure. We determined the biologic behavior of the parental and derivative LNCaP sublines in vivo and in vitro, as well as their molecular and cytogenetic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unlike other human prostate cancer models, the LNCaP progression model shares remarkable similarities with human prostate cancer. We observed a comparable pattern of metastasis from the primary to the lymph node and to the axial skeleton, with a predominant phenotype of osteoblastic reaction; 25-37.5% of the animals developed paraplegia. Cytogenetic and biochemical characterizations of LNCaP sublines also indicate close similarities between human prostate cancer and the LNCaP progression model. Additional chromosomal changes were detected in B2-B5 sublines derived from C4-2 bone metastases. These LNCaP sublines were found to grow faster under anchorage-dependent but not -independent conditions. The in vitro invasion and in vivo metastatic potential of these LNCaP sublines surprisingly correlated with anchorage-dependent and not -independent growth. The derivative LNCaP sublines when cultured in vitro produced a substantially higher (20-30-fold) amount of basal steady-state concentrations of PSA than that of the parental LNCaP cells. PSA production was high initially, but was markedly reduced when the derivative cell lines were inoculated and allowed to grow long-term in vivo for the establishment of tumors and metastasis, suggesting that unknown host factors derived either from the prostate or the bone can effectively downregulate PSA expression by prostate tumor epithelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LNCaP model of human prostate cancer progression will help improve our understanding of the mechanisms of androgen-independence and osseous metastasis, and tumor-host determinants of PSA expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Berne, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Thalmann
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sikes
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degeorges
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D002460:Cell Line; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000737:chemistry; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000556:secondary*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000737:chemistry; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D005840:Gentian Violet