title: The three point vernier alignment or acuity test (3Pt VA test): an analysis of variance.
abstract: A very useful clinical vernier acuity or vernier alignment test has been developed in this and associated laboratories over a span of two decades. We seek to refine further this test, to seek internal inconsistencies and to optimize parameters used in a variety of devices and environments. Vernier testing, and many aspects of this work have been considered by numerous able scientists over a long time period (not reviewed here), but none have encountered conditions faced by this group, particularly in the developing world. The three point vernier alignment (acuity) threshold test (3Pt VeA test) employed here has broad applications; it can be used as a clinical test of vision status, for triage, and as a reference standard for vision testing (in general). As one example, if sufficient luminance is employed, the test is applicable in the presence of truly dense media disorders, even advanced leucomas, mature cataracts, intraocular bleeds, as well as combinations of these disorders, with or without a window to the retina. Only retinal and centrally-based neural disorders, eccentricity from fixation, and about 50% of hypermature cataracts affect outcomes. With minor alterations, this test can be employed to assess the visual field. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on a defined set of parameters, to enable us to understand better the special properties and requirements associated with this test. Results are not significantly altered between ages 10-94 years (not assessed here). Employing settings well above threshold for test spot detection and well separated individual test spots, changes in test spot luminance, or background luminance (or adaptation level), contrast, veiling glare, test spot size, clear and variously degraded images, seem not to affect meaningfully measured outcomes. If an observer can define well a center of gravity for each test spot viewed, he can align the three points with remarkable precision.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley 94720-2020, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Enoch
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lakshminarayanan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Strada
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*