title: Folate status in Italian blood donors: relation to gender and smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Folate deficiency in the general population is associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease and various cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate folate status in Italian blood donors and its relationship with gender and smoking habit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of 201 first visit donors (99 males and 102 females) was undertaken to evaluate folate status by measuring serum folate (SF) and red blood cell folate (RCF) levels and relating those with gender and smoking habit (100 smokers and 101 non-smokers).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of SF level less than 6.8 nmol/L and RCF less than 340 nmol/L were 9.9% and 25.3%, respectively in Italian blood donors. Mean RCF level was significantly lower (p<0.05) in females than in males and in smokers compared to non-smokers (p<0.001). The risk of reduced RCF levels in smokers was related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day, more than nine cigarettes increased the relative risk (RR) of low RCF level to 2.93 (95% C.I.: 1.34-6.41).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that folate deficiency, evaluated by RCF and SF levels, is widespread in Italian blood donors. Moreover, RCF values seem related to gender in non-smokers and modified by smoking habit, according to the cigarettes number smoked per day.
authors.affiliation: Via R. Fucini 204, 00137 Rome, Italy. cafolla@bce.med.uniroma1.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cafolla
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dragoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girelli
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tosti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costante
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pastorelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedogni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid