title: Risk assessment and standardized nosocomial infection rate in critically ill children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a pediatric nosocomial infection risk (PNIR) assessment model, and to compare the daily trends in risk factors between patients with nosocomial infection (cases) and without nosocomial infection (controls) in the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 16-bed pediatric ICU in an urban, university-affiliated, multidisciplinary, regional referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients available for study included consecutive admissions to the unit between May 1, 1992, and April 30, 1993, and between May 9, 1995, and December 11, 1995. Patients from both data collection periods were pooled and randomly divided into training (70%) and validation (30%) samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the logistic regression analysis using admission day data, three factors were shown to remain as independent risk factors. Invasive device use, parenteral nutrition, and the interaction between severity of illness-modified Pediatric Risk of Mortality III-24 score and postoperative care were associated with 2, 6, and 1.5 times the risk of developing nosocomial infection, respectively. This PNIR model performed well in both the training and validation samples as indicated by the goodness-of-fit test, which evaluated standardized nosocomial infection rates (observed vs. predicted nosocomial infection rates). The internal validity of the PNIR model was good. In trend analysis, severity of illness and invasive device use appear to have similar trend patterns, during the first week of pediatric ICU stay. There was no difference in any of these risk factors between cases and controls after 7 days of pediatric ICU stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PNIR assessment model incorporates intrinsic factors, such as patient severity of illness, and extrinsic factors contributing to the development of nosocomial infection in this high-risk population. The methodology using intrinsic and extrinsic factors to adjust for nosocomial infections should be taken into consideration when evaluating interhospital comparison of nosocomial infection rates, quality assessment, intervention strategies, and use of treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the Center for Health Services and Clinical Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA. nsingh@cnmc.org
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh-Naz
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity