title: Nasal reconstruction based on aesthetic subunits in Orientals.
abstract: Reconstruction based on the aesthetic subunit principle has yielded good aesthetic outcomes in patients with moderate to severe nasal defects caused by trauma or tumor resection. However, the topographic subunits previously proposed are often unsuitable for Orientals. Compared with the nose in white patients, the nose in Orientals is low, lacks nasal muscle, and has a flat glabella; the structural features of the underlying cartilage and bone are not distinctly reflected in outward appearance. The authors devised aesthetic subunits suitable for Orientals, and they used these units to reconstruct various parts of the nose. The major difference between these units and those presented previously is the lack of soft triangles and the addition of the glabella as an independent unit. The authors divided the nose into the following five topographic units: the glabella, the nasal dorsum, the nasal tip, and the two alae. The border of the nasal dorsum unit was extended to above the maxillonasal suture. The basic reconstruction techniques use a V-Y advancement flap from the forehead to reconstruct the glabella, an island flap from the forehead to reconstruct the nasal dorsum and nasal tip, a nasolabial flap to reconstruct an ala, and a malar flap to reconstruct the cheek. A combination of flaps was used when the defect involved more than one unit. This concept was used for nasal reconstruction in 24 patients. In one patient undergoing reconstruction of the nasal dorsum and in one undergoing reconstruction of the nasal tip, the texture of the forearm flap did not match well, which resulted in a slightly unsatisfactory aesthetic outcome. In one patient in whom the glabella, nasal dorsum, and part of the cheek were reconstructed simultaneously, a web was formed at the medial ocular angle, and a secondary operation was subsequently performed using Z-plasty. In one patient undergoing reconstruction with a forehead flap, defatting was required to reduce the bulk of the subcutaneous flap pedicle at the glabella. However, suture lines were placed in the most inconspicuous sites in all patients, and the use of a trapdoor contraction emphasized the three-dimensional appearance of the nose. The use of these aesthetic subunits for reconstruction offers several advantages, particularly in Oriental patients. Because the nasal dorsum is reconstructed together with the side walls, tenting of the nasal dorsum is avoided, which prevents a flat appearance of the nose. A forehead flap is useful in the repair of complex defects. Defects of the alae should be separately reconstructed with a nasolabial flap to enhance the effect of the trapdoor contraction and to highlight the three-dimensional appearance of the nose. Candidates for reconstruction should be selected on the basis of nasal structure. The results suggest that these units can also be used in some white patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan. yotsu@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yotsuyanagi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urushidate
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000601:surgery; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps