title: A milestone for normal development of the infantile brain detected by functional MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between cerebral cortical function and white matter myelination in the visual pathway in the evaluation of normal brain development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed quantitative analysis of white matter myelination detected with conventional T1-weighted spin echo (SE) MRI and brain functional MRI (fMRI) using echoplanar imaging with photic stimulation in 27 neurologically normal infants (age range, 0 to 22 weeks).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An age-dependent gradual increase in signal intensity was observed in optic radiation on the T1-weighted SE images, indicating progression of white matter myelination. A rapid age-dependent reverse in signal response was observed on fMRI. Infants older than 8 weeks showed a stimulus-induced signal decrease in the visual cortex, whereas infants younger than 7 weeks showed a signal increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rapid inversion of response revealed by fMRI with photic stimulation in infants suggests a change in oxygen consumption during neuronal activation, which is related to rapid synapse formation and accompanying increased metabolism. fMRI can detect dynamic metabolic changes during brain maturation, which is a different developmental process from white matter myelination. The metabolic changes detected by fMRI provide a milestone for the evaluation of normal brain development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Fukui Medical University, Fukui, Japan. yamadahi@fmsrsa.fukui-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sadato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muramoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yonekura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000254:growth & development; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000254:growth & development