title: Once-daily dosing of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals: a pharmacokinetic pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a once-daily dosing regimen of saquinavir soft gelatin capsules in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-label, multi-dose, pharmacokinetic pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven HIV-1-infected individuals who were treated with saquinavir hard gelatin capsules 400 mg twice daily + ritonavir liquid formulation 400 mg twice daily were switched to saquinavir soft gelatin formulation 1600 mg once daily in combination with ritonavir liquid formulation 200 mg once daily (day 0). Patients were instructed to ingest saquinavir and ritonavir simultaneously in the morning and with a meal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Steady-state pharmacokinetics of saquinavir and ritonavir were assessed during a 24 h dosing interval after 2 weeks of continued therapy (day 14). Plasma saquinavir and ritonavir concentrations were measured using a validated high performance liquid chromatography assay. In addition, plasma HIV-1 RNA, and fasting total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels were measured on days 0 and 14. A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic method was used to calculate the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC[0-24h]), the maximum and trough plasma concentrations (Cmax and Cmin), the time to reach Cmax (Tmax), the elimination half-life (t1/2), the apparent clearance (Cl/F), and the apparent volume of distribution (V/F).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (range) values of the pharmacokinetic parameters for saquinavir after 2 weeks of treatment were: AUC[0-24h], 19,802h* ng/ml (3720-74,016); Cmax, 2936 ng/ml (573-6848); Cmin, 84 ng/ml (11-854); Tmax, 3.5 h (3.0-4.0), t1/2, 6.8 h (4.6-10.2); Cl/F, 81 l/h (22-430); V/F, 1189 l (215-3086). Ritonavir concentrations were always below the 90% effective concentration of 2100 ng/ml (median Cmax, 1323 ng/ml; range, 692-1528 ng/ml). No significant changes were observed for total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels between days 0 and 14 (P > or = 0.24). In six out of seven patients the fasting serum triglyceride levels were lower 2 weeks after the treatment switch (median decrease was 32%, P = 0.03). No significant changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations were observed between days 0 and 14. The regimen was generally well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pharmacokinetic study indicates that the combination of 1600 mg of saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) and 200 mg of ritonavir (liquid formulation) in a once-daily dosing regimen generally results in therapeutic plasma concentrations of saquinavir. Due to the large interindividual variation in saquinavir exposure, the monitoring of saquinavir concentrations in plasma is warranted. These pharmacokinetic findings rationalize the further clinical evaluation of once-daily dosing of this combination of protease inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: van Heeswijk
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Veldkamp
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Meenhorst
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoetelmans
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019258:Saquinavir; D019438:Ritonavir