title: Cost-threshold analyses of the National AIDS Demonstration Research HIV prevention interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the multisite National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) program was to reduce the sexual and drug injection-related HIV risks of out-of-treatment injection drug users and their sex partners. Previous analyses have established that the NADR interventions were effective at changing participants' risky behaviors. This study was to determine whether the NADR program also was cost-effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from eight NADR study sites were included in the analysis. A mathematical model was used to translate reported sexual and injection-related behavior changes into an estimate of the number of infections prevented by the NADR interventions and then to calculate the corresponding savings in averted HIV/AIDS medical care costs and quality-adjusted years of life, assuming United States values for these parameters. Because cost data were not collected in the original NADR evaluation, the savings in averted medical care costs were compared with the cost of implementing a similar intervention program for injection drug users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eight NADR interventions prevented approximately 129 infections among 6629 participants and their partners. Overall, the NADR program would be cost saving (i.e. provide net economic savings) if it cost less than US$2107 per person and would be cost-effective if it cost less than US$10,264 per person. Both of these estimates are considerably larger than the US$273 per person cost of the comparison intervention. There was substantial cross-site variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this analysis strongly suggest that the NADR interventions were cost-saving overall and were, at the very least, cost-effective at all eight sites. In the United States and other developed counties, investments in HIV-prevention interventions such as these have the potential to save substantial economic resources by averting HIV-related medical care expenses among injection drug users.
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53202, USA.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pinkerton
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holtgrave
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: DiFranceisco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semaan
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Coyle
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Johnson-Masotti
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States