title: A method for monitoring the health of US Navy submarine crewmembers during periods of isolation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the expansion of the manned space program, an essential consideration in planning is the medical support necessary for long-term missions. Information on analogous populations serving in isolated and/or contained environments may be useful in predicting health risks for astronauts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study evaluates rates of health events that occur in a highly screened, healthy military population during periods of isolation. A centralized database was designed to collect medical encounter data from U.S. Navy submarines and contains demographic information, crew rosters for each patrol, medical encounter notes, accident reports, medical evacuation reports, vital signs and laboratory data. The population included in the present analysis is composed of crewmembers aboard 136 submarine patrols between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,044 initial visits to medical staff and 973 re-visits for the same condition were recorded during these patrols. Potentially mission-impacting medical events reported among crewmembers were rare (i.e., among a crew of 10 individuals, only 1-2 medical events would be expected to occur during a 100 d-mission). The most common category of medical events was injury, followed by respiratory illnesses (URIs), skin problems (minor infections, ingrown toenail), symptoms and ill-defined conditions, digestive disorders, infectious conditions, sensory organ problems (ear and eye), and musculoskeletal conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. thomast@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camarca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molé
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Spiro
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Garland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020378:Confined Spaces; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009017:Morbidity; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D044469:Racial Groups; D012934:Social Isolation; D013366:Submarine Medicine; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology