title: Pharmacokinetics of argatroban in primates: evidence on endogenous uptake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antithrombin agent, argatroban, is currently undergoing several clinical trials for cardiovascular indications. Because of its solubility, this drug is usually administered via an intravenous bolus followed by infusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of argatroban after intravenous bolus injection in primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parallel in vitro studies in primate whole blood were carried out to simulate a one-compartment system. Argatroban (range 1.0-7.5 mg/kg) was administered to four groups of primates and blood samples were drawn at various time periods. Argatroban measurements were made in plasma using functional (aPTT, Heptest, TT) and HPLC methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, argatroban primarily distributed in the plasma in proportionate amounts. Relative uptake of argatroban to the blood cells (leukocytes and erythrocytes) was minimum. However, in vivo, argatroban followed a complex pharmacokinetics. Within 5 min after the bolus administration, only <20% of argatroban was recovered. The recovered amount was proportionate to the dosage and followed the expected kinetics with a half-life of <20 min. Simultaneous quantitation of M1-metabolite of argatroban revealed only a fraction of recovered argatroban (approximately 25%) converted into M1 in these experimental settings. Results obtained from the functional and absolute methods correlated well. HPLC profile did not reveal the presence of any other metabolite(s).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that argatroban may be endogenously taken up by the vascular or other sites and may exhibit a complex kinetics. In acute settings, the metabolic transformation of argatroban to M1 is relatively low. To further clarify the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of this drug, additional studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola, University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hoppensteadt
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walenga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D013449:Sulfonamides; D001120:Arginine; C031942:argatroban