title: Comparing the use of physician time and health care resources among patients speaking English, Spanish, and Russian.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The number of US residents with limited English proficiency (LEP) is 14 million and rising. The goal of this study was to estimate the effects of LEP on physician time and resource use.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 285 Medicaid patients speaking English (n = 112), Spanish (n = 62), or Russian (n = 111) visiting the General Medicine and Family Practice Clinics at the UC Davis Medical Center in 1996-1997 (participation rate, 85%). Bilingual research assistants administered patient questionnaires, abstracted the medical record, and conducted detailed time and motion studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used seemingly unrelated regression models to evaluate the effect of language on visit time, controlling for patient demographics and health status, physician specialty, visit type, and resident involvement in care. We also estimated the effect of LEP on cross-sectional utilization of health care resources and adherence to follow-up with referral and testing appointments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 language groups differed significantly by age, education, and reason for visit but not gender, number of active medical conditions, physical functioning, or mental health. Physician visit time averaged 38+/-20 minutes (mean+/-SD). Compared with English-speaking patients and after multivariate adjustment, Spanish and Russian speakers averaged 9.1 and 5.6 additional minutes of physician time, respectively (P <0.05). The language effect was confined largely to follow-up visits with resident physicians (house staff). Compared with English speakers, Russian speakers had more referrals (P = 0.003) and Spanish speakers were less likely to follow-up with recommended laboratory studies (P = 0.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these academic primary care clinics, some groups of patients using interpreters required more physician time than those proficient in English Additional reimbursement may be needed to ensure continued access and high-quality care for this special population.
authors.affiliation: UC Davis Division of General Medicine and Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Sacramento, California 95817, USA. rlkravitz@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kravitz
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Helms
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azari
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antonius
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melnikow
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics; D013995:Time; D013996:Time and Motion Studies