title: MRI measurements of normal extraocular muscles and other orbital structures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of extraocular muscle (EOM) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) need to be extended to normal subjects of different ages to obtain data on the muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, and the volume of EOM and other orbital tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two orbits of 21 normal subjects in three age groups with an age range of 19-70 years were examined with surface-coil MRI. The transverse and sagittal images were used to measure the thickness of the four rectus muscles during fixation in different gaze positions. The coronal images with eyes in the primary position were used to calculate the cross-sectional areas. The volumes of all six EOM, orbital fatty tissue, the optic nerve and the eyeball were measured in the coronal plane and in either the transverse or the sagittal plane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The horizontal muscles were thinner than vertical muscles. Muscle volume was larger in SR (superior rectus) than in IR (inferior rectus), larger in SO (superior oblique) than in IO (inferior oblique), and the same in LR (lateral rectus) as in MR (medial rectus). No significant differences were found in the values of the cross-sectional area in any image plane between the three age groups. There were no significant differences in muscle thickness and size and fatty tissue volume between age groups. The muscle thickness was linearly correlated to the angle of the eye deviation for all four rectus muscles, both in the "on" and "off" directions of the muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provides quantitative data, in normal subjects of different ages, on the thickness and size of EOM and the volume of other orbital tissues by MRI, to serve as a basis for further studies on the morphological changes of EOM in various orbital diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden. suna.tian@eyeclin.hs.sll.se
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lennerstrand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values