title: Role of different dialysis membranes in the release of interleukin-6-soluble receptor in uremic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-6 (IL-6) exerts its actions through a cell-surface receptor system that consists of two transmembrane subunits: the IL-6 binding glycoprotein gp 80 (IL-6R) and the signal-transducing component (gp 130). Soluble forms of the IL-6R (sIL-6R) are generated by shedding of the membrane-associated proteins. The sIL-6R binds the ligand IL-6 with comparable affinity as the membrane-associated IL-6R and enhances the actions of IL-6.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our aim was to evaluate the role of both uremia and different dialysis membranes on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) release (either in absence or in presence of mitogen stimulation) and plasma levels of sIL-6R. Ten patients chronically dialyzed with cuprophan membranes (CU), eight patients on regular dialysis treatment with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) membranes, 11 uremic nondialyzed patients (UR), and 12 healthy subjects (CON) were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PBMCs harvested from CU spontaneously released significantly (P < 0.01) greater amounts of sIL-6R (881.8 +/- 80.1 pg/mL), as compared with CON (267.5 +/- 26.5 pg/mL), UR (258.4 +/- 38.1 pg/mL), and PMMA (288.4 +/- 24.6 pg/mL). Under mitogenic stimulation, the sIL-6R release was significantly (P < 0.01) increased in all groups. The greater PBMC production of sIL-6R in CU was followed by significantly (P < 0.01) higher levels of circulating soluble receptors (48.7 +/- 2.5 ng/mL, 60%), as compared with CON (30.5 +/- 1.9 ng/mL). UR also showed high circulating levels of sIL-6R (53.3 +/- 5.9 ng/mL), probably secondary to an impaired urinary excretion. Circulating levels of sIL-6R in PMMA were comparable to CON (30.3 +/- 3.3 ng/mL). Either the absence of monocyte activation or the adsorption of sIL-6R on the hydrophobic PMMA surface could explain this finding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest an important role for poor dialysis biocompatibility of CU on the release of sIL-6R, which increases sIL-6R plasma levels, thereby enhancing the inflammatory effects of IL-6.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nephrology, Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy. memoli@unina.it
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Memoli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Postiglione
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cianciaruso
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bisesti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cimmaruta
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marzano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minutolo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cuomo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreucci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012995:Solubility; D014511:Uremia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D002482:Cellulose; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; C009865:cuprammonium cellulose