title: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase ameliorates cellular injury in sickle cell mouse kidneys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In previous studies of transgenic sickle cell mice, increased renal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial cell isoform of NOS (EcNOS) was found by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. In addition, putative evidence of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) formation was found in the form of positive immunostaining and immunoblot for nitrotyrosine. Apoptosis was also detected by DNA strand breakage and TUNEL assay. The present study was carried out to examine the role of NO/ONOO- in mediating renal tubular cell apoptosis in sickle cell mouse kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG), a compound that selectively inhibits iNOS and also is a scavenger of ONOO-, was administered intraperitoneally over a five-day period to control and betas mice. Immunohistochemistry of iNOS and nitrotyrosine, DNA electrophoresis, ApoTACS assay for apoptosis, and Western blot of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MEG administration virtually eliminated renal immunostaining of iNOS and nitrotyrosine and prevented DNA strand breakage. In addition, Western blot analysis of PARP, a nuclear DNA-reparative enzyme activated in response to DNA strand breakage, was found to be cleavaged in hypoxic betas mice, but was partially protected in MEG-treated betas hypoxic mice. Finally, apoptosis was markedly reduced by MEG in betas hypoxic mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations provide evidence that NO and/or ONOO- are responsible for initiating cell damage, which leads to apoptosis in sickle cell mouse kidneys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bank
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiroycheva
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Southan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szabo
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D009566:Nitrates; C039642:peroxynitric acid; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; C100078:2-mercaptoethylguanidine