title: Does private religious activity prolong survival? A six-year follow-up study of 3,851 older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have linked higher religious attendance and longer survival. In this study, we examine the relationship between survival and private religious activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A probability sample of elderly community-dwelling adults in North Carolina was assembled in 1986 and followed for 6 years. Level of participation in private religious activities such as prayer, meditation, or Bible study was assessed by self-report at baseline, along with a wide variety of sociodemographic and health variables. The main outcome was time (days) to death or censoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median 6.3-year follow-up period, 1,137 subjects (29.5%) died. Those reporting rarely to never participating in private religious activity had an increased relative hazard of dying over more frequent participants, but this hazard did not remain significant for the sample as a whole after adjustment for demographic and health variables. When the sample was divided into activity of daily living (ADL) impaired and unimpaired, the effect did not remain significant for the ADL impaired group after controlling for demographic variables (hazard ratio [RH] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-1.35). However, the increased hazard remained significant for the ADL unimpaired group even after controlling for demographic and health variables (RH 1.63, 95% CI 1.20-2.21), and this effect persisted despite controlling for numerous explanatory variables including health practices, social support, and other religious practices (RH 1.47, 95% CI 1.07-2.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older adults who participate in private religious activity before the onset of ADL impairment appear to have a survival advantage over those who do not.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. hmh1@acpub.duke.edu
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Blazer
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012067:Religion