title: Expression of flavour preferences conditioned by caffeine is dependent on caffeine deprivation state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The acquisition of a caffeine conditioned flavour preference depends on the caffeine deprivation status of subjects during conditioning. It is not known if the expression of an established flavour preference is also state-dependent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the expression of a flavour preference conditioned by caffeine is dependent on the level of deprivation at the time of testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind placebo controlled study, 44 subjects were given 4 days exposure to a novel flavoured drink following overnight abstinence from caffeine. Half the subjects received caffeine (100 mg) in the drink, while the remainder had placebo (maltodextrin, 100 mg). Subjects rated the pleasantness of the drink each time. On a fifth (test) day, the subjects were given additional caffeine (100 mg) or placebo 2 h before consuming and rating the pleasantness of the drink.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pleasantness ratings for the novel drink increased over the 4 conditioning days in subjects receiving caffeine, but decreased in those given placebo. On day 5, subjects who were trained and tested in the same caffeine deprivation state expressed pleasantness ratings similar to those for the final training day. In contrast, subjects who were trained and tested in different states expressed pleasantness ratings that were significantly different from those of the final training day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the expression of caffeine conditioned flavour preferences are acutely sensitive to current motivational state, and a number of possible explanations are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. martin@biols.sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Yeomans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nesic
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Durlach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001628:Beverages; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002957:Citrus; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D019685:Rosales; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D002110:Caffeine