title: Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to use echocardiography to assess the presentation and potential for recovery of left ventricular (LV) function of patients with fulminant myocarditis compared with those with acute myocarditis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The clinical course of patients with myocarditis remains poorly defined. We have previously proposed a classification that provides prognostic information in myocarditis patients. Fulminant myocarditis causes a distinct onset of illness and severe hemodynamic compromise, whereas acute myocarditis has an indistinct presentation, less severe hemodynamic compromise and a greater likelihood of progression to dilated cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography was performed at presentation and at six months to test the hypothesis that fulminant (n = 11) or acute (n = 43) myocarditis could be distinguished morphologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with both fulminant (fractional shortening 19 +/- 4%) and acute myocarditis (17 +/- 7%) had LV systolic dysfunction. Patients with fulminant myocarditis had near normal LV diastolic dimensions (5.3 +/- 0.9 cm) but increased septal thickness (1.2 +/- 0.2 cm) at presentation, while those with acute myocarditis had increased diastolic dimensions (6.1 +/- 0.8 cm, p < 0.01 vs. fulminant) but normal septal thickness (1.0 +/- 0.1 cm, p = 0.01 vs. fulminant). At six months, patients with fulminant myocarditis had dramatic improvement in fractional shortening (30 +/- 8%) compared with no improvement in patients with acute myocarditis (19 +/- 7%, p < 0.01 for interaction between time and type of myocarditis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fulminant myocarditis is distinguishable from acute myocarditis by echocardiography. Patients with fulminant myocarditis exhibit a substantial improvement in ventricular function at six months compared with those with acute myocarditis. Echocardiography has value in classifying patients with myocarditis and may provide prognostic information.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Felker
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boehmer
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hruban
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Baughman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hare
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001706:Biopsy; D018450:Disease Progression; D004452:Echocardiography; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology