title: Widespread paralytic poliomyelitis in Pakistan: A case-control study to determine risk factors and implications for poliomyelitis eradication.
abstract: Despite substantial efforts to eradicate poliomyelitis by administering oral poliovirus vaccine through routine immunization and annual national immunization days (NIDs), Pakistan reported 22% (1147) of the worldwide cases in 1997. Reasons for continued high poliomyelitis incidence include failure to vaccinate, vaccine failure, or inadequate immunization strategies. A case-control study was conducted to measure vaccination status and reasons for undervaccination among 66 poliomyelitis cases and 130 age- and neighborhood-matched controls. Cases were undervaccinated through routine immunization (matched odds ratio [MOR], 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-0.5); however, NID immunization was similar for cases and controls (MOR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.2). Reasons for undervaccination included not being informed, considering vaccination unimportant, and long distances to vaccination sites. Failure to vaccinate through routine immunization was a major risk factor for poliomyelitis in Pakistan. Successful NIDs alone will not interrupt poliovirus circulation in Pakistan, and children remain at risk unless routine immunization is strengthened or additional supplementary immunization is provided.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine-Preventable Disease Eradication Division (E-nn05), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. keh7@cdc.gov
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hennessey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hafiz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashgar
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hadler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sutter
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral