title: Effect of endotoxin on opossum gallbladder motility: a model of acalculous cholecystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether endotoxin causes histologic changes in the gallbladder consistent with acalculous cholecystitis, and to determine the effects of endotoxin on gallbladder motility.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Acute acalculous cholecystitis is frequently seen in critically ill, septic patients, after prolonged fasting and gallbladder stasis. The pathogenesis of acalculous cholecystitis is unknown; however, previous studies have suggested that ischemia may play a role.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult opossums received Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The gallbladder was removed for histologic examination or for physiologic studies 4 hours to 2 weeks later. For histologic examination, gallbladder strips underwent standard hematoxylin-and-eosin processing. For physiologic studies, they were mounted in a tissue bath to determine responses to cholecystokinin octapeptide or electrical field stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravenous endotoxin at a dose of 0.005 mg/kg resulted in disrupted mucosal surfaces and areas of hemorrhage; higher doses of endotoxin resulted in coagulation necrosis, hemorrhage, areas of fibrin deposition, and extensive mucosal loss, consistent with an acute ischemic insult. Endotoxin abolished the contractile response to cholecystokinin octapeptide in gallbladder strips 4 hours after endotoxin administration. The 0.005-mg/kg dose of endotoxin decreased the contractile response to cholecystokinin octapeptide for up to 96 hours after endotoxin administration and decreased the contractile response to electrical field stimulation for 48 hours after administration. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase reversed the decreased contractile response to cholecystokinin octapeptide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endotoxin causes an ischemic insult to the gallbladder similar to that seen in acalculous cholecystitis. Also, endotoxin may lead to gallbladder stasis by decreasing gallbladder contractile responses to hormonal and neural stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aggrawal
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Conklin
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ephgrave
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Mitros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000209:etiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D009893:Opossums
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins