title: Is myocardial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger transcription a marker for different stages of myocardial dysfunction? Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the messenger RNA in endomyocardial biopsies of patients with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine the stage of myocardial dysfunction at which an upregulation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (EXCH) transcription takes place.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Because EXCH is an important regulator of intracellular calcium homeostasis, alterations in EXCH expression may occur before the onset of end-stage heart failure (HF) to maintain normal intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. We analyzed whether the EXCH transcription level is correlated to the degree of myocardial dysfunction and whether it can be a suitable molecular marker to define the transition to myocardial decompensation early on.
  
  
  METHODS
  By quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique, the level of EXCH transcription was analyzed in myocardial biopsies from 40 patients with various degrees of myocardial dysfunction due to valvular heart disease (VHD; n = 22) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM; n = 18). Additionally, biopsies from 7 individuals with excluded heart disease and explanted heart tissue from 13 patients with end-stage HF were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of EXCH transcription of controls (2.6 +/- 1.2 attomoles [amol]/ng total RNA) did not differ from that of patients with DCM (2.3 +/- 1.5 amol/ng) or VHD (2.1 +/- 1.5 amol/ng). No alteration in the EXCH transcription was found in VHD and DCM patients with respect to the severity of myocardial dysfunction. However, patients with end-stage HF showed a four-fold increase in EXCH transcription, amounting to 8.9 +/- 1.9 amol/ng (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The upregulation in EXCH transcription either occurs very late in human heart failure or is a phenomenon of heart transplantation in end-stage HF. Consequently, myocardial EXCH transcription cannot be used as a marker for early myocardial decompensation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Heart Center North Rhine-Westphalia, University Hospital of the Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bilger
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Henrichs
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horstkotte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doerner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000150:complications; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004699:Endocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005819:Genetic Markers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D002118:Calcium