title: Inactivation of human normal and tumour cells irradiated with low energy protons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the cell inactivation frequencies induced by low energy protons in human cells with different sensitivity to photon radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four human cell lines with various sensitivities to photon irradiation were used: the SCC25 and SQ20B derived from human epithelium tumours of the tongue and larynx, respectively, and the normal lines M/10, derived from human mammary epithelium, and HF19 derived from a lung fibroblast. The cells were irradiated with y-rays and proton beams with linear energy transfer (LET) from 7 to 33 keV/microm. Clonogenic survival was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival curves are reported for each cell line following irradiation with gamma-rays and with various proton LETs. The surviving fraction after 2 Gy of gamma-rays was 0.72 for SQ20B cells, and 0.28-0.35 for the other cell lines. The maximum LET proton effectiveness was generally greater than that of gamma-rays. In particular there was a marked increase in beam effectiveness with increasing LET for the most resistant cells (SQ20B) whose 2 Gy-survival varied from 0.72 with gamma-radiation down to 0.37 with 30 keV/microm protons. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE(2 Gy gamma)) with the 30 keV/microm beam, evaluated as the ratio of 2 Gy to the proton dose producing the same inactivation level as that given by 2 Gy of gamma-rays, was 3.2, 1.8, 1.3 and 0.8 for SQ20B, M/10, SCC25, and HF19, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RBE for inactivation with high-LET protons increased with the cellular radioresistance to gamma-rays. The cell line with the greatest resistance to gamma-rays was the most responsive to the highest LET proton beam. A similar trend has also been found in studies reported in the literature with He, C, N ions with LET in the range 20-125 keV/microm on human tumour cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità and INFN-Gr coll. Sanità, Roma.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bettega
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calzolari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cera
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cherubini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalla Vecchia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durante
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Favaretto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gialanella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marchesini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moschini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piazzola
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sapora
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scampoli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sorrentino
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tabocchini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tallone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tiveron
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011522:Protons; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D011522:Protons