title: Deletions in the beta3-beta4 hairpin loop of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase are observed in HIV-1 isolated from subjects during long-term antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of in-frame deletions in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) on plasma viremia and phenotypic resistance to antiretroviral drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma HIV-1 RNA was isolated from 168 antiretroviral therapy-experienced subjects for quantification of plasma viremia, RT sequence analysis, and phenotypic resistance assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients were found to harbor HIV-1 strains possessing in-frame, 3-nucleotide deletions at RT codons 67, 69, and 70. In these subjects, phenotypic resistance and high plasma viremia were observed only in a background of multiple resistance mutations. A recombinant virus engineered with an in-frame deletion of RT codon 67 did not have increased resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection for deletions within the beta3-beta4 hairpin loop of the HIV-1 RT is an uncommon event most likely to occur in subjects with long-term antiretroviral experience. The codon 67 deletion does not appear to cause increased phenotypic resistance or increased viremia in the absence of concomitant RT mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. llr8156@glaxowellcome.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Melby
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shaefer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: St Clair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018119:Stavudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019562:Viral Load; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine; D018119:Stavudine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase