title: Bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myelomatosis is associated with considerable skeletal morbidity, particularly bone pain and fractures. Hypercalcaemia is a common presenting feature but less common after adequate chemotherapy. These complications are caused by progressive focal and generalized osteolysis due, in turn, to increased activation of osteoclasts by osteoclast activating factors. These include tumor necrosis factor-beta, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6. The knowledge that disturbed bone remodeling is due to the activation of authentic osteoclasts provides the rationale for the use of bisphosphonates in myelomatosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the place of bisphosphonates in the management of myeloma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is good evidence that hypercalcaemia can be corrected with intravenous or oral bisphosphonates, and they are now the specific treatment of choice. Several studies have shown that their intravenous administration is beneficial in the acute management of bone pain due to malignancy, but studies in myelomatosis are lacking. In contrast, a number of well designed controlled studies have shown significant effects of long term treatment with clodronate and pamidronate to decrease the incidence of skeletal complications in myelomatosis. Benefits reported are a decreased incidence of bone pain, hypercalcaemia, vertebral and long-bone fractures, and the extension of osteolytic lesions. There may be a beneficial effect on survival, but this is much less certain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These agents provide a valuable adjunct to the management of myelomatosis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases at Sheffield (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre), University of Sheffield Medical School, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kanis
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: McCloskey
mesh_terms: D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012968:Etidronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077268:Pamidronate
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D004002:Clodronic Acid; D012968:Etidronic Acid; D000077268:Pamidronate