title: Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: a multicenter randomized trial. Fenoldopam Study Group.
abstract: Despite successful therapies for chronic hypertension, hospital admissions for hypertensive emergency more than tripled between 1983 and 1992.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the safety and efficacy of fenoldopam, the first antihypertensive with selective and specific action on vascular dopamine (DA1) receptors, in a clinical trial involving emergency department patients with true hypertensive emergencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a sustained diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of > or =120 mm Hg and evidence of target organ compromise were randomized in a double-blinded manner to one of four fixed doses of intravenous fenoldopam (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 microg/kg/min) for 24 hours. The primary endpoint was the magnitude of DBP reduction in each of the three higher-dose groups after four hours of fenoldopam treatment compared with the lowest-dose group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seven participants from 21 centers were enrolled, and 94 patients received fenoldopam. Evidence of acute target-organ damage included new renal dysfunction or hematuria (50%), acute congestive heart failure or myocardial ischemia (48%), and papilledema or grade III-IV hypertensive retinopathy (34%). The DBP decreased in a dose-dependent fashion, with significant differences between the 0.1- and 0.3-microg/kg/min groups compared with the lowest-dose group. Treatment was well tolerated, and there were no deaths or serious adverse events during follow-up, up to 48 hours. All patients were successfully transitioned to oral or transdermal antihypertensives with maintenance of blood pressure control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fenoldopam safely and effectively lowers blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner in patients with hypertensive emergencies. Observations supporting potential risk factors for hypertensive emergency are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA. jtumlin@emory.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tumlin
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oparil
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Buckalew
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fellmann
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Luther
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D018818:Fenoldopam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006974:Hypertension, Malignant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018818:Fenoldopam