title: Clinical pharmacokinetics of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC), a deoxycytidine analogue antineoplastic agent.
abstract: This article reviews the clinical pharmacokinetics of a deoxycytidine analogue of cytarabine, 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC). DMDC belongs to the antimetabolite class of anticancer drugs and is phosphorylated into its active, triphosphate, form within the tumour cell. Cancer cell death appears to be a result of the impairment of DNA synthesis by the triphosphate form. DMDC undergoes deamination to the inactive 2'-deoxy-2'-methylideneuridine (DMDU), its main plasma metabolite. Following intravenous administration at 30 to 450 mg/m2, DMDC has low systemic clearance (10 to 15 L/h/m2), moderate volume of distribution (nominally similar to total body water) and a short elimination half-life of between 2 and 6 hours. Renal clearance of DMDC accounts for approximately 30 to 50% of total clearance. Following oral administration of DMDC at 12 to 50 mg/m2, mean maximum DMDC plasma concentrations are within the 100 to 400 microg/L range and are generally reached within 2 hours. Oral bioavailability of DMDC is in the order of 40%, largely as a result of first-pass metabolism in the gut and liver. This first-pass effect results in considerable interpatient variability in systemic exposure to DMDC after oral administration. The systemic availability of DMDC is proportional to the administered dose and, although there was evidence that systemic exposure to DMDC decreased on repeated administration, there are no excessive time-dependent changes in systemic exposure to DMDC. Following oral administration, DMDC is metabolised in the gut wall and liver by deamination to DMDU. The kidneys eliminate DMDC and DMDU, with up to 50% of the administered dose recovered in urine, on average, as parent drug and metabolite. Dose escalation to the maximum tolerated dose was facilitated by a pharmacokinetically guided dose escalation strategy. DMDC has shown activity in non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancers following oral administration. Several tumour responses are observed at the highest doses of DMDC, indicating a possible dose-response relationship with this drug. The main clinical adverse event of DMDC therapy is myelotoxicity. The haematological toxicity of DMDC was schedule dependent; twice daily administration was associated with greater toxic effects than a once daily regimen. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model characterised the relationship between plasma DMDC concentrations and the time-dissociated toxicity. This model-dependent approach may be used to predict the consequences of as-yet-untested therapy as well as relating acceptable risks of haematological toxicity to target drug exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Quintiles Scotland Limited, Edinburgh. charlie.brindley@quintiles.com
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Brindley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Gaast
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003841:Deoxycytidine; C056034:2'-deoxy-2'-methylenecytidine