title: An improved clinically relevant sepsis model in the conscious rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an improved small animal experimental paradigm that more closely mimics human sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical school research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats (280-320 g).
  
  
  METHODS
  We monitored the hemodynamic, hematologic, and biochemical consequences of abdominal sepsis produced by intraperitoneal implantation of a fibrin clot containing Escherichia coli in conscious, antibiotic-treated, rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar to human sepsis, the implanted, infected clot (LD50 = 5-7 x 10(8) colony forming units/mL, n = 6) elevated cardiac index (>7% vs. sterile clot, p < .05, at 4 hrs), whereas mean arterial pressure and heart rate remained unaffected. The total peripheral resistance index and stroke volume index tended to decrease and increase, respectively. In contrast, an intravenous bolus injection of endotoxin (LD50 of E. coli lipopolysaccharide = 5.6 mg/kg, n = 7), the most commonly used sepsis model, induced profound hypodynamic responses manifested by a 27% decrease (vs. endotoxin vehicle, p < .01) in cardiac index, a 28% increase in the total peripheral resistance index (p < .01), and a 33% decrease in the stroke volume index (P < .01). The infectious peritonitis model also displayed dose-dependent thrombocytopenia (<61%, p < .05), leukopenia (<60%, p < .05), and mortality rate (50% at 5-7 x 10(8) colony forming units/mL, p < .05) with a minimally elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha level (145 vs. 12 +/- 6 pg/mL in controls, p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This rodent model of antibiotic-treated, intra-abdominal infection features key characteristics of clinical sepsis. Although the hyperdynamic response observed in septic patients undergoing resuscitation was not clearly elicited, this paradigm better mimics clinical sepsis compared with the commonly used endotoxin model. Thus, utilization of this paradigm may provide additional opportunities to explore mechanisms of sepsis and to examine novel therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mathiak
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Szewczyk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ovadia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabinovici
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003243:Consciousness; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*