title: Histologic evaluation of retrieved craniofacial implants.
abstract: A retrieval study was performed on implants placed extraorally in the craniofacial region. The study included 19 implants retrieved from 16 patients. The implants were all stable at the time of removal. For various reasons, 5 of the implants were never loaded, whereas 14 of the implants had a known loading period of 3 months to 7 years 7 months. The reasons for removal varied but included the following: death in 1 case; poor results of the bone-anchored hearing aid in 7 cases; host-related reasons, varying from soft tissue irritation to infection or pain, in 6 cases; change of treatment plan in 1 case; and scheduled direct removal at the time of insertion in 1 case. The results of the histologic evaluation were similar to those reported in retrieval studies of a corresponding design used intraorally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials/Handicap Research, Institute for Surgical Sciences, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolind
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Acton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albrektsson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonding
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Granström
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindeman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mühlbauer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjellström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003399:Craniotomy; D020878:Device Removal; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium