title: Incidence and significance of pneumomediastinum after laparoscopic esophageal surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumomediastinum can be a sign of esophageal perforation. During laparoscopic esophageal surgery, the mediastinum is exposed to carbon dioxide gas under pressure that can cause pneumomediastinum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients undergoing laparoscopic esophageal procedures had erect, inspiratory, single-view chest radiographs (CXR) performed in the recovery room (RR). Patients with extraabdominal gas underwent daily erect, inspiratory, single-view CXR until resorption of the gas or discharge from the hospital. Insufflation time and pressure were recorded, and morbidity was evaluated. Results are expressed as mean +/- SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five men (56%)and 20 women (44%) aged 33.0 +/- 2.9 years underwent 10 Heller myotomies (22.2%), 27 Nissen fundoplications (60.0%), six Toupet fundoplications (13.3%), and two paraesophageal hernia repairs (4.4%). Twenty-four patients (53.3%) had normal CXR in RR, and 21 (46.7%) had extraabdominal gas. Eighteen (85.7%) of the 21 had pneumomediastinum, three (14.3%) had pneumothorax, and 12 (57.1%) had subcutaneous emphysema in RR. Sixteen of these 21 remained hospitalized and had repeat CXR on postoperative day 1. Of these 16, five (31.3%) had normal CXR, 11 (68.8%) had pneumomediastinum, and seven (43.8%) had subcutaneous emphysema. There were no esophageal perforations and no chest tube insertions, and there was no morbidity related to pneumomediastinum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pneumomediastinum is observed frequently following laparoscopic esophageal operations and often persists past 24 h. After these operations, pneumomediastinum is not necessarily indicative of esophageal perforation. In this group, it caused no clinically significant events that altered the course of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Room D5203MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2577, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Holzman
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Holcomb
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008478:Mediastinal Emphysema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology