title: Whisker-reinforced heat-cured dental resin composites: effects of filler level and heat-cure temperature and time.
abstract: Currently available dental resin composites are inadequate for use in large stress-bearing crown and multiple-unit restorations. The aim of this study was to reinforce heat-cured composites with ceramic whiskers. It was hypothesized that whiskers substantially strengthen heat-cured composites. It was further hypothesized that whisker filler level and heat-cure temperature and time significantly influence composite properties. Silica particles were fused onto the whiskers to facilitate silanization and to roughen the whiskers for improved retention in the matrix. The whisker filler mass fraction was varied from 0% to 79%, the heat-cure temperature from 80 degrees C to 180 degrees C, and cure time from 10 min to 24 hrs. Flexural strength, work-of-fracture, and fracture toughness of the composites were measured, and specimen fracture surfaces were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Filler level had a significant effect on composite properties. The whisker composite with 70% filler level had a flexural strength in MPa (mean +/- SD; n = 6) of 248 +/- 23, significantly higher than 120 +/- 16 of an inlay/onlay composite control and 123 +/- 21 of a prosthetic composite control (Tukey's multiple comparison test; family confidence coefficient = 0.95). Heat-cure time also played a significant role. At 120 degrees C, the strength of composite cured for 10 min was 178 +/- 17, lower than 236 +/- 14 of composite cured for 3 hrs. The strength of whisker composite did not degrade after water-aging for 100 d. In conclusion, heat-cured composites were substantially reinforced with whiskers. The reinforcement mechanisms appeared to be whiskers bridging and resisting cracks. The strength and fracture toughness of whisker composite were nearly twice those of currently available inlay/onlay and prosthetic composites.
authors.affiliation: Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Health Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA. hockin.xu@nist.gov
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D001840:Dental Bonding; D017266:Dental Prosthesis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007284:Inlays; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018583:Pliability; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D012821:Silanes; D017655:Silicon Compounds; D014867:Water; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C032734:silicon nitride