title: Transurethral surgery and the adductor spasm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transurethral surgery has become the dominant treatment for bladder and prostatic tumours. Regional anaesthesia is the favoured anaesthetic technique but adductor spasm leading to bladder wall perforation and increased morbidity is not uncommon. This review seeks to outline the cause, risk factors predisposing to this complication and the various techniques that have been adopted to eradicate it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search was performed from PubMed (1965 onwards). All studies related to obturator nerve stimulation or adductor spasm in transurethral surgery were short-listed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various methods have been attempted. These ranged from local blockade of the obturator nerve, periprostatic and subvesical lignocaine infiltration, changing the site of the inactive electrode, reduction of the electrocoagulation voltage and general anaesthesia with muscle relaxants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hitherto, local blockade of the obturator nerve, either by the direct method or "3-in-1" method is the most effective in preventing this complication. With the aid of a nerve stimulator, greater accuracy and use of smaller volumes of local anaesthetic will improve the safety of this block.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Surgical Intensive Care, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009776:Obturator Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013035:Spasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014521:Urethra; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods