title: Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at increased risk for bone loss, the risk of hip fracture in this population is not known. We compared the risk of hip fracture among dialysis patients with the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) to identify all new Caucasian dialysis patients who began dialysis between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1996. All hip fractures occurring during this time period were ascertained. The observed number of hip fractures was compared with the expected number based on the experience of residents of Olmstead County (MN, USA). Standardized incidence ratios were calculated as the ratio between observed and expected. The risk attributable to ESRD was calculated as the difference between the observed and expected rate of hip fracture per 1000 person-years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of dialysis patients was 326,464 (55.9% male and 44.1% female). There were 6542 hip fractures observed during the follow-up period of 643, 831 patient years. The overall incidence of hip fracture was 7.45 per 1000 person years for males and 13.63 per 1000 person years for females. The overall relative risk for hip fracture was 4.44 (95% CI, 4.16 to 4.75) for male dialysis patients and 4.40 (95% CI, 4.17 to 4.64) for female dialysis patients compared with people of the same sex in the general population. While the age-specific relative risk of hip fracture was highest in the youngest age groups, the added risks of fracture associated with dialysis rose steadily with increasing age. The relative risk of hip fracture increased as time since first dialysis increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall risk of hip fracture among Caucasian patients with ESRD is considerably higher than in the general population, independent of age and gender.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Division of Nephrology, Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle 98108, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alem
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sherrard
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Beresford
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Heckbert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stehman-Breen
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People