title: Response of engineered cartilage tissue to biochemical agents as studied by proton magnetic resonance microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results correlate with the biochemical composition of cartilage matrix and can therefore be used to evaluate natural tissue development and the effects of biologic interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chondrocytes harvested from day-16 chick embryo sterna were inoculated into an MRI-compatible hollow-fiber bioreactor. The tissue that formed over a period of 2-4 weeks was studied biochemically, histologically, and with MRI. Besides natural development, the response of the tissue to administration of retinoic acid, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and daily dosing with ascorbic acid was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue wet and dry weight, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and collagen content all increased with development time, while tissue hydration decreased. The administration of retinoic acid resulted in a significant reduction in tissue wet weight, proteoglycan content, and cell number and an increase in hydration as compared with controls. Daily dosing with ascorbic acid increased tissue collagen content significantly compared with controls, while the administration of IL-1beta resulted in increased proteoglycan content. The water proton longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates correlated well with GAG and collagen concentrations of the matrix as well as with tissue hydration. In contrast, the magnetization transfer value for the tissue correlated only with total collagen. Finally, the self-diffusion coefficient of water correlated with tissue hydration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parameters derived from MR images obtained noninvasively can be used to quantitatively assess the composition of cartilage tissue generated in a bioreactor. We conclude that MRI is a promising modality for the assessment of certain biochemical properties of cartilage in a wide variety of settings.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019149:Bioreactors; D002356:Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D046508:Culture Techniques; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013249:Sternum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014212:Tretinoin; D003094:Collagen; D001205:Ascorbic Acid