title: Ropinirole versus bromocriptine for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease is complicated by the development of motor fluctuations and abnormal involuntary movements. One approach is to add a dopamine agonist at this stage of the disease to reduce the time the patient spends immobile or off and to reduce the dose of levodopa in the hope of reducing such problems in the future.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of adjuvant ropinirole therapy with bromocriptine in patients with Parkinson's disease already established on levodopa therapy and suffering from motor complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Handsearching of the neurology literature as part of the Cochrane Movement Disorders Group's strategy. Examination of the reference lists of identified studies and other reviews. Contact with SmithKline Beecham.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of ropinirole versus bromocriptine in patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and long-term complications of levodopa therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was abstracted independently by the authors and differences settled by discussion. The outcome measures used included Parkinson's disease rating scales, levodopa dosage, 'off' time measurements and the frequency of withdrawals and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences between ropinirole and bromocriptine were found in off time reduction, dyskinesia as an adverse event, motor impairment and disability, or levodopa dose reduction. Withdrawal rates and adverse event frequency were similar with the two agents apart from significantly less nausea with ropinirole (odds ratio 0.50; 0.29, 0. 84 95% CI; p =0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ropinirole is at least as good as bromocriptine in patients with Parkinson's disease with motor complications in terms of improving off time and reducing levodopa dose, without increasing adverse events including dyskinesia. However, these comparitor studies may have been underpowered to detect clinically meaningful differences between the agonists. Further, much larger, phase IV studies are required to examine the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of all of the dopamine agonists as adjuvant therapy in Parkinson's disease.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Deane
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001971:Bromocriptine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D007211:Indoles; C046649:ropinirole; D001971:Bromocriptine; D007980:Levodopa