title: Objective evaluation of liver consistency to estimate hepatic fibrosis and functional reserve for hepatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The empiric evaluation of liver consistency is currently used to plan the surgical strategy. The aim of this study was to verify the feasibility of the objective measurement of liver consistency and to check its correlation with liver fibrosis and liver functional reserve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two consecutive patients who underwent hepatic resections in our department were enrolled. The indications for liver resection were hepatocellular carcinoma in 36 patients, metastatic liver tumors in 12 patients, and other conditions in 4 patients. Liver consistency was measured with a new tactile sensor. A fibrosis index was calculated as an expression of the percentage of fibrotic tissue. Liver consistency was compared with the degree of liver fibrosis observed in histologic specimens (fibrosis index) and with liver function parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Liver stiffness showed a significant positive correlation with fibrosis index (r = 0.887, p < 0.0001). Liver stiffness also showed significant positive correlation with the indocyanine green test (r = 0.631, p < 0.0001) by a univariate analysis. The indocyanine green test and platelet count were independently and significantly associated with liver stiffness by a multiple regression analysis. In five patients, the liver stiffness values measured intraoperatively differed markedly from those expected from the indocyanine green test values. In these patients, the operative procedures were finally selected based on the liver stiffness measured with the tactile sensor and good clinical outcomes were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show for the first time that liver stiffness can be clinically assessed quantitatively by means of the tactile sensor. The tactile sensor adequately estimates liver stiffness and this estimation is well correlated with liver fibrosis and functional reserve. Liver consistency determined objectively in this manner may be useful for optimizing surgical decision making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kusaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harihara
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torzilli
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makuuchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis