title: Prehospital use of analgesia for suspected extremity fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain and its control have been studied extensively in the emergency department. Numerous studies indicate that inadequate treatment of pain is common, despite the availability of myriad analgesics. It has been suggested that oligoanesthesia is also a common practice in the prehospital setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the use of prehospital analgesia in patients with suspected extremity fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency medical services (EMS) call reports were reviewed for all patients with suspected extremity fractures treated from June 1997 to July 1998 in a midwestern community with a population base of 223,000. Data collected included demographic information, mechanism of injury, medications given, and field treatment. Standing orders for administration of analgesia were available and permitted paramedics to give either morphine sulfate or nitrous oxide per protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EMS call reports were analyzed for 1,073 patients with suspected extremity fractures. The mean patient age was 47 years. Accidental injuries comprised 86.5% of those reviewed. Suspected leg fractures were most common (20%), followed by hips (18%), arms (11%), knees (10%), ankles (9%), shoulders (7.2%), hands (5.5%), and wrists (5.3%). Multiple trauma and assorted broken digits accounted for the remaining 14%. The most common mechanisms of injury were: fall (43%), motor vehicle collision (21%), and human assault (10%). Intravenous lines were placed in 9.4% of patients; 17% received ice packs; 16% received bandage/dressings; 25% received air splints; and 19% were fully immobilized. Analgesia was administered to 18 patients (1.8%): 16 patients received nitrous oxide and two received morphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of analgesics to prehospital patients with suspected fractures was rare. Prehospital identification and treatment of pain for patients with musculoskeletal trauma could be improved.
authors.affiliation: Akron General Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Ohio 44307, USA. lwhite@agmc.org
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gradisek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005121:Extremities / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009020:Morphine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide