title: Gender and tuberculosis control: perspectives on health seeking behaviour among men and women in Vietnam.
abstract: This study explores the perspectives of tuberculosis patients on which factors influenced their health seeking behaviour, with special reference to gender differentials in terms of delays in health seeking. In 1996, a multi-disciplinary research team carried out 16 focus group discussions. The study was done in four districts in Vietnam, both in the south and north of the country and in urban and rural areas. Qualitative analysis of data was performed following general principles of modified grounded theory technique. Participants in the focus groups described three main factors as contributing to delay in health seeking. These were fear of social isolation, economic constraints and inadequate staff attitudes and poor quality of health services. A model illustrating different factors influencing health seeking was elaborated and served as a basis for discussion of the findings. The main factor contributing to delay among women was described as fear of social isolation from the family or the community. Stigma was described as closely related to contextual factors such as gender-roles, socio-economic status and level of education and seemed to be mediated via denial and concealment of tuberculosis diagnosis and disease, thus causing delay. The main factor contributing to delay among men was described as fear of individual costs of diagnosis and treatment. Staff attitudes and quality of health service facilities were described as not always corresponding to people's expectations of appropriate health services. Women saw themselves and were seen by others as being more sensitive than men to poor service conditions and staff attitudes. A typical feature of the described health seeking behaviour of men was that they neglected symptoms until the disease reached a serious stage, by which time they tended to go directly to public health services without first visiting private health practitioners. Women, on the other hand, were described as having a tendency to seek out private services and practice self-medication before seeking care at public services. In conclusion, there is a need for better understanding of behavioural factors and for developing strategies, that take these into account. Health workers need to better understand gender and social aspects of tuberculosis control, particularly aspects that influence the likelihood for achieving equity in diagnosis and cure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of International Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, S-17176, Stockholm, Sweden. eva.johansson@phs.ki.se
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winkvist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011287:Prejudice; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012737:Sex Factors; D012934:Social Isolation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology