title: Alcoholism and depression in a Swedish female population: co-morbidity and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aims were to study associations between depressive disorders and alcohol dependence/abuse (ADA) in a female population-based sample, and to identify risk indicators common to both depressive disorders and ADA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and sixteen women in a stratified randomized sample were interviewed face to face. They were asked about their childhood/adolescence and alcohol habits. Clinical lifetime diagnoses according to DSM-III-R were made. Depressive disorders includes different mood disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Half the women with ADA also had a depressive disorder, and 25% of the women with depressive disorders also had ADA. Alcohol intoxication before the age of 15 and psychological and/or psychiatric problems before the age of 18 years increased the risk for ADA and depressive disorders in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support previous findings of an association between depressive disorders and ADA, beginning early in life.
authors.affiliation: Göteborg University, Department of Social Medicine, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spak
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allebeck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology