title: Inhibition of different pathways influencing Na(+) homeostasis protects organotypic hippocampal slice cultures from hypoxic/hypoglycemic injury.
abstract: A prominent feature of cerebral ischemia is the excessive intracellular accumulation of both Na(+) and Ca(2+), which results in subsequent cell death. A large number of studies have focused on pathways involved in the increase of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration [Ca(2+)](i), whereas the elevation of intracellular Na(+) has received less attention. In the present study we investigated the effects of inhibitors of different Na(+) channels and of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, which couples the Na(+) to the Ca(2+) gradient, on ischemic damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. The synaptically evoked population spike in the CA1 region was taken as a functional measure of neuronal integrity. Neuronal cell death was assessed by propidium iodide staining. The Na(+) channel blocker tetrodotoxin, and the NMDA receptor blocker MK 801, but not the AMPA/kainate receptor blocker NBQX prevented ischemic cell death. The novel Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange inhibitor 2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea methanesulfonate (KB-R7943), which preferentially acts on the reverse mode of the exchanger, leading to Ca(2+) accumulation, also reduced neuronal damage. At higher concentrations, KB-R7943 also inhibits Ca(2+) extrusion by the forward mode of the exchanger and exaggerates neuronal cell death. Neuroprotection by KB-R7943 may be due to reducing the [Ca(2+)](i) increase caused by the exchanger.
authors.affiliation: Project Group Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, POB 1860, D-39008, Magdeburg, Germany. breder@ifn-magdeburg.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Breder
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sabelhaus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Opitz
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Reymann
authors.forename: U H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D016923:Cell Death; D046508:Culture Techniques; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006706:Homeostasis; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D011810:Quinoxalines; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D012964:Sodium; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D013890:Thiourea; C101670:2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate; C062865:2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline