title: Testicular position in the androgen insensitivity syndrome: implications for the role of androgens in testicular descent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared testicular position with genital phenotype in a clinical series and a literature review of androgen receptor mutations to assess the role of androgens in testicular descent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our clinical reports, the androgen receptor mutations database and selected literature were reviewed. Subjects with a proved androgen receptor mutation were included in our study when a female or ambiguous phenotype was present (Quigley grade 3 to 7) and testicular position was documented. Comparison among groups was done by Fisher's exact or chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 7 patients with detailed clinical records 5 had abdominal (bilateral in 4) and 2 had bilateral inguinal testes. Four patients with abdominal testes also had aberrant pelvic ligaments extending medially from the gonads. Including an additional 102 cases identified in the literature, abdominal testes were present in 52% and 3% of those with complete and partial androgen insensitivity, respectively. The incidence of abdominal testes was highest (86%) in patients with a complete female phenotype and no pubic hair (grade 7). It decreased significantly with increasing masculinization and was higher in phenotypic females diagnosed at or after (67%) than in those identified before (22%) puberty. Hernia was associated with inguinal and abdominal testes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testicular position correlates with genital phenotype in patients with androgen receptor mutations, supporting a major role for androgens in testicular descent. Inguinal hernia and abnormal pelvic ligaments in these individuals may partially determine testicular position but to our knowledge the role of androgen receptors, if any, in their development is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Michigan and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barthold
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumasi-Rivers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shekarriz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Imperato-Mcginley
mesh_terms: D013734:Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology*; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D011944:Receptors, Androgen