title: Investigation of dopamine receptor (DRD4) and dopamine transporter (DAT) polymorphisms for genetic linkage or association to panic disorder.
abstract: Clinical and animal studies suggest a role for the neurotransmitter dopamine in anxiety states. In humans, one such condition is panic disorder, which is typified by recurrent panic attacks accompanied by anticipatory anxiety. Family, segregation, and twin studies imply a genetic component to the pathophysiology of panic disorder. In this study, we examined the genes for the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) and the dopamine transporter (DAT) using three common sequence polymorphisms. Two of these polymorphisms were in DRD4, a 12 base-pair insertion/deletion in exon 1 and a 48 base-pair repeat in exon 3, and the third was a 40 base-pair repeat in the 3' untranslated region of DAT. We employed a family-based design, using 622 individuals in 70 families, as well as 82 haplotype relative risk "trios". Subjects were genotyped at the polymorphic loci, and the data were analyzed for genetic association and linkage. There were no significant differences in allele frequencies or occurrence of genotypes within the triads for any of the three polymorphisms. No significant linkage between the DRD4 or DAT polymorphisms and panic disorder was observed in the multiplex families, using a variety of simulations for dominant and recessive models of inheritance. However, LOD scores of approximately 1.1 and 1.05 were observed for the DAT and DRD4 exon 1 loci, respectively. The results reported here provide little support for the role of these polymorphisms in panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haghighi
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Heiman
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fyer
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D004298:Dopamine