title: Summation of behavioral and immunological stress: metabolic consequences to the growing mouse.
abstract: To address the hypothesis that multiple stressors can have cumulative effects on the individual, we determined the effects of restraint (R) stress (4 h/day for 7 days), immunological (L) stress [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, 0.45 microg/g body wt on days 6 and 7], and R + L (RL) on the growth and energetics of C57Bl/6 male mice. R and L each repeatedly increased (P<0.05) circulating corticosterone (>8 times), but RL caused even greater (>250%, P<0. 05) concentrations of circulating corticosterone than did either stressor alone. Only L and RL increased (P<0.05) circulating interleukin-1beta. Although R, L, and RL impaired growth (>75% below controls, P<0.05), RL reduced growth to a greater extent. All stressors inhibited (P<0.05) lean (>33% below controls) and fat (>120% below controls) energy deposition, and like the effects on growth, combined RL stress inhibited lean and fat energy deposition to a greater extent than did either stressor acting alone. These results demonstrated that the summation of multiple stress results in a cumulative cost to the growing animal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Stress Research Unit, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. laugero@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Laugero
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Moberg
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D007107:Immune System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D003345:Corticosterone