title: Assessment of non-response bias in a probability household survey of male same-gender sexual behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess non-participation bias in a survey of male sexual behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A household survey was carried out in 1992-1993 using a probability sampling frame in Mexico City. Demographic variables were available for all eligible men. The extent of non-participation bias was estimated using a version of the Heckman method, which utilizes two equations, one to predict participation and the other to predict reports of same-gender sexual behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 8,068 of the 13,713 eligible men completed a face-to-face questionnaire (response rate 59%); 173 men (2.1%) reported bisexual behavior in their lifetime, and 37 (0.4%) reported only male partners. Survey participation was predicted using demographic variables: 67% of the observations were correctly predicted by a probit regression model: 82% of participants and 53% of non-participants (pseudo-r2 = 0.13). Same-gender sexual behavior was predicted by variables indicating attachment to gay/bisexual social networks, history of sexually transmitted diseases, positive attitudes towards gay and bisexual males, and lack of support from male relatives. Ninety-seven per cent of the cases was correctly predicted by the probit model (pseudo-r2 = 0.14). The correlation between these two equations was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that prevalence estimates of same-gender sexual behavior among Mexico City men were not biased by selective survey participation. Careful selection and training of household interviewers may have assisted in minimizing potential bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. jizazola@funsalud.org.mx
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Izazola-Licea
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gortmaker
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Gruttola
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tolbert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D015983:Selection Bias