title: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging identifies the "clinically relevant" small-penetrator infarcts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients initially seen with a clinical syndrome consistent with a small-penetrator infarct (SPI) also harbor multiple, chronic, hyperintense, white matter lesions on conventional magentic resonance imaging (ie, T2-weighted image [T2WI] and fluid-attenuation inversion recovery [FLAIR] imaging). Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can identify the clinically relevant "index infarction" in such circumstances, since it differentiates between acute and chronic lesions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical and radiological predictors associated with misidentification of an SPI as acute using T2WI and FLAIR images in patients with an acute SPI seen on DWI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven consecutive patients who had an SPI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent examiners, provided with brief clinical information, but blinded to DWI findings, sought a clinically appropriate lesion on T2WI and FLAIR imaging in 67 consecutive patients found to have an SPI seen on DWI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The index infarction based on evaluation of T2WI or FLAIR images was in a different location than the acute lesion as identified by DWI in 9 (13%) and 11 (16%) of 67 patients, respectively. Both T2WI and FLAIR imaging were rated normal in another 9% of the patients. Multivariate analysis showed that small lesion size (<10 mm) was the only predictor of misidentifying the clinically appropriate lesion on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (P<.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T2-weighted imaging and FLAIR imaging fail to identify the clinically relevant SPI in almost one quarter of the patients found to have a lesion on DWI. The characteristics of DWI make it well suited for the detection of acute small infarcts. Diffusion-weighted imaging is necessary to consistently define the clinical-anatomical relations in patients initially seen with SPIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology-Stroke Service, Blake 1291B, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA. joliveirafilho@partners.org.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Filho
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Buonanno
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Koroshetz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015588:Observer Variation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors