title: Orthostatic tolerance and hormonal changes in women during 120 days of head-down bed rest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women will be included as mission specialists in the upcoming International Space Station program. This paper describes the changes in volume-regulating hormones and determines the degree of degradation in orthostatic tolerance in a group of women after 120 d of bed rest. The aim of this study was to test a countermeasure program to be used by women during long-duration spaceflights.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 120 d of -6 degrees head-down bed rest (HDBR), eight healthy women were assigned either to a no-countermeasure (No-CM, n = 4), or to a countermeasure (CM, n = 4) group. In the countermeasure group, exercise began after 2 wk, pharmacological agents were given during the 1st and 3rd mo, and the "Centaur" suit was worn on the last day of bed rest and during the day time for several days after bed rest. Diet supplements were taken during the 1st and 4th mo of HDBR. Tilt tests were run before and after HDBR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the HDBR, none of the CM subjects, had pre-syncopal or syncopal symptoms during tilt tests: BP was well maintained in the CM group, while heart rate and BP changed in the No-CM group. In plasma, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increased in both groups and remained high throughout HDBR, while aldosterone increased and remained elevated in the No-CM group. Natriuresis was decreased during HDBR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CM protocols used during this study were efficient and prevented orthostatic intolerance for the four CM subjects. It would be necessary to obtain more data regarding this set of CM protocols on female subjects to lead to statistical and formal conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Environnement, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Grange-Blanche, France. Alain.Maillet@medes.cnes.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maillet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaouali-Ajina
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vorobiev
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pastouchkova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reushkina
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morukov
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Grigoriev
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gharib
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gauquelin-Koch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood*; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000097:blood*; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D001510:Bed Rest / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018493:Cardiovascular Deconditioning; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013026:Space Flight; D013997:Time Factors; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D000450:Aldosterone; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor