title: Patterning of the "distal esophagus" in esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula: is thyroid transcription factor 1 a player?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have recently proposed that the "distal esophagus" in esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is actually embryologically derived from the middle branch of a trifurcation of the embryonic lung bud, which subsequently grows caudally in the foregut to connect with the developing stomach. We hypothesized that differential mRNA expression of the lung-specific patterning transcription factor, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), in the developing fistula tract in TEF relative to the bronchi (the other branches of the lung bud trifurcation) might explain the unique nonbranching pattern of growth of the fistula tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  EA/TEF was induced in Sprague-Dawley rat embryos via intraperitoneal injection of 2.2 mg/kg adriamycin into pregnant dams on Days 6-9 of gestation. The foregut from embryos developing EA/TEF and from control embryos (no adriamycin) were isolated on Gestational Days 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5 (term = 21 days). Some were processed for whole-mount in situ hybridization for TTF-1, while others were embedded and sectioned for histologic analysis via in situ hybridization for TTF-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of the respiratory-specific transcription factor TTF-1 is conserved in the epithelium of the developing fistula tract in TEF. The pattern of expression of TTF-1 in the fistula tract mirrors the expression in the large airways of the developing lungs, despite the fact that the fistula tract does not form secondary branches to give rise to a lung.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fistula tract in TEF is a respiratory-derived structure that expresses the lung-specific transcription factor TTF-1 throughout its development in the foregut. Contrary to the patterning role that it normally plays in the developing lung, TTF-1 does not induce branching morphogenesis in the fistula tract. Thus, the nonbranching pattern of growth of the fistula tract may be attributable to local mesenchymal-epithelial interactions that override TTF-1 patterning activity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Repair, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Crisera
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kadison
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Longaker
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Gittes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004317:Doxorubicin; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000196:embryology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000196:embryology; D000074482:Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; D014132:Trachea / Q000196:embryology; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000196:embryology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C000614416:Nkx2-1 protein, rat; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000074482:Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004317:Doxorubicin