title: Dosimetric effects of edema in permanent prostate seed implants: a rigorous solution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To derive a rigorous analytic solution to the dosimetric effects of prostate edema so that its impact on the conventional pre-implant and post-implant dosimetry can be studied for any given radioactive isotope and edema characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The edema characteristics observed by Waterman et al (Int. J. Rad. Onc. Biol. Phys, 41:1069-1077; 1998) was used to model the time evolution of the prostate and the seed locations. The total dose to any part of prostate tissue from a seed implant was calculated analytically by parameterizing the dose fall-off from a radioactive seed as a single inverse power function of distance, with proper account of the edema-induced time evolution. The dosimetric impact of prostate edema was determined by comparing the dose calculated with full consideration of prostate edema to that calculated with the conventional dosimetry approach where the seed locations and the target volume are assumed to be stationary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A rigorous analytic solution on the relative dosimetric effects of prostate edema was obtained. This solution proved explicitly that the relative dosimetric effects of edema, as found in the previous numerical studies by Yue et. al. (Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 43, 447-454, 1999), are independent of the size and the shape of the implant target volume and are independent of the number and the locations of the seeds implanted. It also showed that the magnitude of relative dosimetric effects is independent of the location of dose evaluation point within the edematous target volume. It implies that the relative dosimetric effects of prostate edema are universal with respect to a given isotope and edema characteristic. A set of master tables for the relative dosimetric effects of edema were obtained for a wide range of edema characteristics for both (125)I and (103)Pd prostate seed implants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rigorous analytic solution of the relative dosimetric effects of prostate edema has been derived for a class of edema characterized by Waterman et al. The solution proved that the dosimetric effects caused by the edema are universal functions of edema characteristics for a given isotope. It provides an efficient tool to examine the relative dosimetric effects of edema for any given edema characteristics and for any isotopes that may be considered for prostate implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06504, USA. zhe.chen@yale.edu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peschel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nath
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010165:Palladium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011469:Prostatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D010165:Palladium