title: Colorectal cancer screening.
abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world, and mortality has remained the same for the past 50 years, despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. Because significant numbers of patients present with advanced or incurable stages, patients with pre-malignant lesions (adenomatous polyps) that occur as result of genetic inheritance or age should be screened, and patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease should undergo surveillance. There are different risk groups for CRC, as well as different screening strategies. It remains to be determined which screening protocol is the most cost-effective for each risk catagory. The objective of screening is to reduce morbidity and mortality in a target population. The purpose of this review is to analyze the results of the published CRC screening studies, with regard to the measured reduction of morbidity and mortality, due to CRC in the studied populations, following various screening procedures. The main screening techniques, used in combination or alone, include fecal occult blood tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. Evidence from the published literature on screening methods for specific risk groups is scanty and frequently does not arise from controlled studies. Nevertheless, data from these studies, combined with recent advances in molecular genetics, certainly lead the way to greater efficacy and lower cost of CRC screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nahas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habr-Gama
mesh_terms: D003113:Colonoscopy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy