title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in acute facial nerve injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Available electrodiagnostic tests that are used to evaluate facial nerve injury examine the nerve distal to the stylomastoid foramen; because most facial nerve injuries are within the temporal bone, the tests cannot evaluate the nerve at or across the injury site. The interpretation of these tests depends on the predictability (or unpredictability) of distal degenerative process. Transcranial magnetic stimulation may be able to stimulate the nerve proximal to the injury site. The hypothesis of the present study is that in cases of mild traumatic facial nerve injury where axonal integrity is maintained, proximal stimulation of the nerve using higher than normal stimulus intensities to "overcome" the block at the injury site result in recordable facial nerve activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective controlled animal study comparing response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve in the following groups: mild injury, severe injury/transection, and control.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 44 facial nerves in 22 cats. Fifteen nerves were subjected to mild trauma. Five nerves were severely crushed, 2 nerves were completely transected, and 22 nerves were not traumatized. All nerves were examined with the transcranial magnetic stimulation system before the trauma, immediately after the trauma, and at 3, 8, and 12 weeks after trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All nerves in the mild and severe trauma groups showed complete clinical paralysis immediately after trauma. The nerves in the mild trauma group showed significant increase in threshold as well as significant increase in latency for recordable facial muscle response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Thresholds and latencies decreased gradually within 3 to 12 weeks and returned almost to preinjury levels. This paralleled the return of clinical facial muscle movement. In the severe trauma/transection group, the nerves had no facial muscle response to transcranial magnetic stimulation after trauma. Neither facial muscle response to transcranial magnetic stimulation nor facial muscle movements recovered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cats transcranial magnetic stimulation can assess the integrity of the facial nerve after trauma and predict its potential for regeneration. This technique can excite the nerve proximal to the injury site and may play a role in the clinical evaluation of the acute traumatic facial nerve paralysis. It can be used immediately after trauma, because it does not depend on wallerian degeneration to occur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 11203, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Har-El
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McPhee
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012886:Skull; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome