title: Lead-glazed ceramic ware and blood lead levels of children in the city of Oaxaca, Mexico.
abstract: Although Mexico substantially reduced use of leaded gasoline during the 1990s, lead-glazed pottery remains a significant source of population exposure. Most previous studies of lead in nonoccupationally exposed groups in Mexico have been conducted in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Oaxaca, a poor southern state of Mexico, has a centuries-old tradition of use of low temperature lead-glazed ceramic ware manufactured mainly by small family businesses. We measured blood lead levels in 220 8-10-y-old children (i.e., not from pottery-making families) who were students in the innercity of Oaxaca and in the mothers of all children. The geometric mean blood lead level of the children was 10.5 microg/dl (+7.0/-4.3 microg/dl standard deviation; range = 1.3-35.5 microg/dl). The corresponding mean value for the mothers was 13.4 (+9.0/-5.4 microg/dl standard deviation; range = 2.8-45.3 microg/dl). We used cutoffs that were greater than or equal to 10 microg/dl, 20 microg/dl, and 30 microg/dl, and we determined that 54.9%, 10.3%, and 3.0% of the children were at or above the respective criteria. We accounted for 25.2% of the variance in blood lead levels of the children, using maternal responses to a questionnaire that assessed possible lead sources in a linear multiple-regression model. The most important factors related to lead levels were family use of lead-glazed pottery, use of animal fat in cooking, and family income. The addition of maternal blood lead level to the model increased accounted variance in blood lead to 48.0%. In logistic-regression modeling of children's blood lead levels, we used a cutoff of greater than or equal to 10 microg/dl, and we found that use of lead-glazed pottery was the most important of all questionnaire items that were predictive of blood lead levels (odds ratio = 2.98). In Oaxaca, as is the case elsewhere in Mexico, lead-glazed ceramic ware remains a significant risk factor for elevated blood lead levels in children.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Azcona-Cruz
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Rothenberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schnaas
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zamora-Muñoz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romero-Placeres
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008800:Mexico; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D007854:Lead