title: Effects of pregnancy and progesterone on the consumption of ethanol by the high ethanol preferring (HEP) rat.
abstract: A significant fraction of women continue to drink heavily during pregnancy, which is associated with the fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, and spontaneous abortion. The objective of this study was to determine whether the selectively bred genetic drinking Myers High Ethanol Preferring (HEP) rat would continue to drink through pregnancy. Rats from the F7 generation were screened by a 10-day 3-30% (v/v) ethanol concentration 'step up' procedure in order to determine the concentration which resulted in maximal drinking with an ethanol solution to total fluid ratio closest to 0.5. After baseline drinking of the preferred concentrations was established, female HEP rats were randomly selected for mating and their ethanol bottles were removed. Upon finding a 'sperm plug', male rats were removed and the ethanol was returned. A second group received injections of progesterone in sesame oil beginning with a 1.0 mg/kg/day dose which was increased to 3.0 mg/kg/day on gravid days (GD) 5-20. Vaginal smears confirmed that progesterone rendered the rats anoestrous. Neither pregnancy nor progesterone changed either the amount or proportion of ethanol consumed compared to the baseline period. The rats drank an average of 8.4 g/kg daily throughout pregnancy. A sharp drop in food intake was noted the day after mating. Beginning on GD 13, it was observed that pregnant rats showed a marked increase in the variance for proportion of ethanol consumed and body weight. Subsequently, only one of the eight impregnated rats successfully delivered a litter. The ethanol solution was removed and these rats mated again: seven of the eight rats delivered litters. These two findings suggest that the pregnant females must have begun to lose their litters on or after GD 13. Further, pregnancy does not affect the consumption of ethanol in the HEP rat. In addition, due to the fact that drinking by HEP rats during pregnancy leads to such a high rate of resorption of the fetus, this hybrid strain may also constitute a useful model for the study of alcohol-induced spontaneous abortion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse Studies, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Means
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McMillen
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D011374:Progesterone