title: Effect of dietary formates on growth performance, carcass traits, sensory quality, intestinal microflora, and stomach alterations in growing-finishing pigs.
abstract: Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of adding salts of formic acid to diets for growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 72 pigs (23.1 kg and 104.5 kg initial and final BW) were used to evaluate the effect of Ca/Na-formate and K-diformate on performance and carcass traits. Treatments were organized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement with two feeding regimens (limit and semi-ad libitum feeding) and three diets (control, .85% Ca/Na-formate, and .8% K-diformate). No significant feeding regime x diet interaction was found. The K-diformate diet increased overall ADG of pigs compared with the control and Ca/Na-formate diets, but had no effect on ADFI or gain/feed (G/F) ratio. Neither K-diformate nor Ca/Na-formate had any effect on carcass lean or fat content. In Exp. 2, 10 limit-fed pigs (24.3 kg and 85.1 kg initial and final BW) were used to study the effect of K-diformate on performance and sensory quality of pork. Adding .8% K-diformate to diets increased ADG (P < .13) and G/F (P < .04), but had no effect on sensory quality of the pork or content of formate in liver, kidney, or muscle tissue of pigs. In Exp. 3, 96 limit-fed pigs (27.1 kg and 105 kg initial and final BW) were used to determine the effect of adding K-diformate to diets on performance, carcass traits, and stomach keratinization and(or) lesions. Adding K-diformate (0, .6, or 1.2%) to diets increased ADG and ADFI (linear P < .01). The K-diformate reduced the percentage of carcass fat (linear P < .03) and fat area in the cutlet (linear P < .09) and increased percentage lean in the ham (linear P < .01), flank (linear P < .02), loin (linear P < .09), and neck and shoulder (linear P < .09). The K-diformate had no negative effect on stomach alterations. In Exp. 3, the concentration of coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated in eight control and eight 1.2% K-diformate-fed pigs. The K-diformate reduced the number of coliforms in the duodenum (P < .03), jejunum (P < .02), and rectum (P < .10) of pigs. In conclusion, K-diformate improved growth performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs, whereas Ca/Na-formate had no effect. K-diformate had no adverse effect on sensory quality of pork or on stomach alteration scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, As. margareth.overland@hydro.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Overland
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Granli
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Kjos
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fjetland
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Steien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stokstad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium; D004032:Diet; D005561:Formates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards*; D011188:Potassium; D012677:Sensation; D013270:Stomach / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005561:Formates; C030544:formic acid; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium