title: Client empowerment in psychiatry and the professional abuse of clients: where do we stand?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a considerable imbalance of power in psychiatry that sits in favor of professionals. The abuse and discrimination of the mentally ill are not just restricted to the mental health system but may also exist in the primary care sector. This article aims to evaluate the effects of power imbalance on discrimination and abuse of people with mental illness by professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was carried out on MEDLINE using the key words consumerism, client empowerment, abuse, and mental illness. Publications of two leading British consumer organizations: MIND and the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health were hand searched. Relevant cross-references from the papers reviewed were consulted. Studies with information on the reasons for power imbalance and prevalence of discrimination and abuse of clients were critically reviewed. Explanations are offered as to why abuse and discrimination of clients by professionals may still occur despite the onset of the client empowerment movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence suggests that reasons for abuse of mental health clients fall under two broad categories: 1) direction from the imbalance of power and 2) those pertinent to the nature of physical or sexual abuse. Different grades of client empowerment and ways of strengthening it are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be a link between power imbalance and abuse of clients with mental illness by professionals in all health care sectors. Client empowerment may help rectify the power imbalance. Prospective studies are required to establish whether client empowerment can reduce discrimination and abuse of clients and whether abuse is a consequence of power imbalance. Recommendations for future studies are made.
authors.affiliation: Lakeland Health Ltd., New Zealand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000592:standards; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011570:Psychiatry