title: Bone loss in adolescent and adult pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the amount of change in bone ultrasound measures among pregnant adolescent girls and women and whether that change was associated with adolescence, maternal growth during pregnancy, limited weight gain during pregnancy, hypertension in pregnancy, or poor diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used bone ultrasound measurements of attenuation and sound velocity to assess changes in quantitative ultrasound indices of 252 pregnant adolescent girls and women age 12-34 years. Bone ultrasound measurement of the os calcis was performed at 16 +/- 7 weeks' gestation (mean +/- standard deviation and 6 +/- 1 weeks postpartum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, the bone quantitative ultrasound index was 3.6% lower 6 weeks postpartum than at entry into care (P <.001). Nulliparous patients had significantly greater bone loss than did parous subjects. Still-growing adolescents had greater quantitative ultrasound index decreases than did grown women (-5.5% versus -1.9%, P <.02). Patients in the upper tertile of baseline quantitative ultrasound index lost more bone than did patients in the lower tertile (-5% versus 0.5%, P <.02). Pregravid weight, weight change during pregnancy, gynecologic age, and age at menarche predicted bone change in subgroups defined by parity or age; however, none of the differences in those variables were statistically significant. Greater dietary calcium intake, less physical activity, and pregnancy hypertension and preeclampsia were not associated with bone change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been inconsistent evidence of maternal bone loss during pregnancy. The findings of this study challenge the assumption that because of increased calcium absorption from the maternal intestine, no transitory bone loss occurs in pregnancy. The amount of bone loss among growing adolescents and nulliparous patients was consistent with the demands of fetal mineralization and the continued demands of the maternal skeleton during growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, USA. mfsowers@umich.edu
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jannausch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010298:Parity; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography