title: Duplicated downstream enhancers control expression of the human apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipose tissue.
abstract: Two distal enhancers that specify apolipoprotein (apo) E gene expression in isolated macrophages and adipose tissue were identified in transgenic mice that were generated with constructs of the human apoE/C-I/C-I'/C-IV/C-II gene cluster. One of these enhancers, multienhancer 1, consists of a 620-nucleotide sequence located 3.3 kilobases (kb) downstream of the apoE gene. The second enhancer, multienhancer 2, is a 619-nucleotide sequence located 15.9 kb downstream of the apoE gene and 5.9 kb downstream of the apoC-I gene. The two enhancers are 95% identical in sequence, and they are likely to have arisen as a consequence of the gene duplication event that yielded the apoC-I gene and the apoC-I' pseudogene. Both enhancer sequences appear to have equivalent activity in directing apoE gene expression in peritoneal macrophages and in adipocytes, suggesting that their activity in specific cell types may be determined by common regulatory elements.
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94141-9100, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grehan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001056:Apolipoproteins C / Q000235:genetics; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020131:Genes, Duplicate / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001056:Apolipoproteins C; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D012333:RNA, Messenger