title: Phorboid 20-homovanillates induce apoptosis through a VR1-independent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vanilloids, such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin (RTX), are recognized at the cell surface by vanilloid receptor type 1 (VR1), which has recently been cloned. VR1 mediates the effects of capsaicin and RTX in VR1-expressing cells, but vanilloids can induce apoptosis through a pathway not mediated by VR1. Phorboid 20-homovanillates can be used to investigate cell death induced by vanilloids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  12,13-Diacylphorbol-20 homovanillates were prepared by the sequential esterification of the natural polyol. Phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate (PPAHV) induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells to the same extent as RTX. Apoptosis was preceded by an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and by the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. PPAHV-induced apoptosis was mediated by a pathway involving caspase-3 activation and was initiated at the S phase of the cell cycle. The cell-death pathway triggered by VR1 activation was studied in 293T cells transfected with the cloned rat vanilloid receptor. In this system, capsaicin and PPAHV induced cell death by an apparent necrotic mechanism, which was selectively inhibited by the competitive vanilloid receptor antagonist capsazepine. Interestingly, phorbol-12, 13-bisnonanoate-20-homovanillate, an analogue of PPAHV, induced cell death in VR1-transfected cells but could not trigger apoptosis in the Jurkat cell line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vanilloids can induce cell death through different signalling pathways. The cell death induced in a VR1-independent manner has the hallmark of apoptosis, whereas the cell death mediated by vanilloids binding to VR1 is seemingly necrotic. Phorboid homovanillates that have antitumour and anti-inflammatory activities but lack the undesirable side effects of the natural vanilloids could be developed as potential drugs.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Córdoba, E-14071, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macho
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lucena
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Calzado
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Donnay
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Appendino
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muñoz
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C494484:TRPV1 receptor; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C100823:phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate; D004247:DNA; C024353:resiniferatoxin; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D002211:Capsaicin