title: Occupational attainment, smoking, alcohol intake, and marijuana use: ethnic-gender differences in the CARDIA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prospective interrelationship of smoking, alcohol intake, marijuana use, and educational and occupational attainment of Black and White young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic or mixed model linear regression were used to evaluate relationships between self-reported substance use, ethnicity, gender, college graduation, and four measures of occupational attainment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  College graduation in the next 10 years was negatively associated with smoking and marijuana use, but not daily alcohol consumption in all ethnic and gender groups. In Whites, marijuana use was associated with less prestigious occupations and lower family income, while smoking was unrelated and moderate daily drinking was positively associated. In Blacks, marijuana use was generally unrelated to occupational measures, while smoking and daily alcohol consumption were negatively associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relationships between smoking, marijuana use, daily drinking, and occupational attainment were not universally negative in this age group. Substance use, particularly smoking, is associated with reduced occupational attainment in Blacks compared with Whites after considering sociodemographic factors potentially limiting educational progression and occupational attainment.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research and Education, Health Research Center, HealthSystem Minnesota, Minneapolis 55416, USA. braunb@hsmnet.com
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jones-Webb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidney
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology*; D002322:Career Mobility; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000208:ethnology*; D009790:Occupations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology