title: Vascular endothelial growth factor-A-induced chemotaxis of monocytes is attenuated in patients with diabetes mellitus: A potential predictor for the individual capacity to develop collaterals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) acts on endothelial cells and monocytes, 2 cell types that participate in the angiogenic and arteriogenic process in vivo. Thus far, it has not been possible to identify differences in individual responses to VEGF-A stimulation because of the lack of an ex vivo assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report a chemotaxis assay using isolated monocytes from individual diabetic patients and from healthy, age-matched volunteers. The chemotactic response of individual monocyte preparations to VEGF-A, as mediated via Flt-1, was quantitatively assessed using a modified Boyden chamber. Although the migration of monocytes from healthy volunteers could be stimulated with VEGF-A (1 ng/mL) to a median of 148.4% of the control value (25th and 75th percentiles, 136% and 170%), monocytes from diabetic patients could not be stimulated with VEGF-A (median, 91.1% of unstimulated controls; 25th and 75th percentiles, 83% and 98%; P<0.0001). In contrast, the response of monocytes to the chemoattractant formylMetLeuPhe remained intact in diabetic patients. The VEGF-A-inducible kinase activity of Flt-1, as assessed by in vitro kinase assays, remained intact in monocytes from diabetic patients. Moreover, the serum level of VEGF-A, as assessed by immunoradiometric assay, was significantly elevated in diabetic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cellular response of monocytes to VEGF-A is attenuated in diabetic patients because of a downstream signal transduction defect. These data suggest that monocytes are important in arteriogenesis and that their ability to migrate might be critical to the arteriogenic response. Thus, we resolved a fundamental mechanism involved in the problem of impaired collateral formation in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany. johannes.waltenberger@medizin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waltenberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kranz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000032:analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D019000:Phosphotyrosine