title: Changes in liver copper concentration of thoroughbred foals from birth to 160 days of age and the effect of prenatal copper supplementation of their dams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor the change in liver copper concentration of Thoroughbred foals from birth to 160 days of age and to determine the effects of supplementation by two injections of copper edetate given to dams in late gestation on the liver copper concentration of their foals at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten mares pregnant to the same stallion were randomised into two groups on the basis of age, liver copper concentration and expected foaling date. The treatment group mares were given 100 mg and 250 mg copper edetate intramuscularly during the ninth and tenth months of gestation respectively. Foals had liver biopsies taken weekly in the first month of life, then monthly for four months. Foals were euthanased at 160 days of age; liver samples were taken and the copper concentrations were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two distinct patterns of age dependent decline in liver copper concentration were evident. The mean (+/- SD) liver copper concentration of the foals was high at birth (374 +/- 130 mg/kg DM), and for seven it declined to adult values by 160 days of age (21 +/- 6 mg/kg DM). In three foals the decline was at a slower rate than in the other seven and at 160 days of age the mean concentration was 162 +/- 32 mg/kg DM. Repeated measures analysis showed significant differences between each biopsy (P < 0.01) and between 'normal' and 'accumulator' foals (P < 0.002). Copper injections given to mares in late pregnancy had no effect on the liver copper concentration of foals at birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significance of the two patterns of age dependant decline in liver copper concentration is unknown. Parenteral copper supplementation of the dam in late gestation had no effect on the liver copper concentration of the foal at birth.
authors.affiliation: Equine Research New Zealand, IVABS, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Firth
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Fennessy
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D001706:Biopsy / Q000662:veterinary; D001947:Breeding; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D004492:Edetic Acid