title: Cineradiographic motion analysis of normal lumbar spine during forward and backward flexion.
abstract: METHODS
  Motion characteristics of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane were investigated in vivo using cineradiography.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the differences in motion characteristics of the normal lumbar spine between forward and backward flexion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite previous lumbar kinematic studies, differences in motion characteristics of the lumbar spine between forward and backward flexion remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cineradiographic motion analysis was performed in 10 asymptomatic healthy male volunteers for two different lumbar motions. The motions consisted of active forward flexion (from maximum extension to maximum flexion) and active backward flexion (from maximum flexion to maximum extension). Displacements of the anterior and posterior vertebral corners from L3/L4 to L5/S1 were measured continuously in reference to the local coordinate system. Parameters investigated were onset of segmental motion, velocity of segmental motion, and continuous motion profiles of the vertebral corners during the two different motions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During forward flexion, initial lumbar motion started stepwise from the upper level (L3/L4) to the lower levels with phase lags. Angular velocity at the onset of motion increased as the level descended. On the contrary, during backward flexion, initial motion started from the lower level (L5/S1) to the upper levels. There was no relation between velocity and spinal levels during backward flexion. Motion profiles of both anterior and posterior vertebral corners at L3/L4 and L4/L5 segments during forward flexion were similar to those during backward flexion. However, the motion profiles at L5/S1 segment during forward flexion were different from those during backward flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During forward flexion of the lumbar spine, initial motion started from upper segments to the lower segments with phase lags. During backward flexion, initial motion started from the lower segments to the upper segments. Motion profiles of the vertebral corners during forward flexion were similar to those during backward flexion at L3/L4 and L4/L5. The motion profiles at L5/S1 were different between both flexions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abumi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002933:Cineradiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results