title: Percutaneous nephrostomy in infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review the authors' experience with percutaneous nephrostomy during an 11-year period, paying special attention to indications and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 71 percutaneous nephrostomy procedures performed on 59 children at the authors' institution from January 1987 through December 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. In these children, ultrasonography was used for puncture and fluoroscopy for catheter insertion. Local anesthesia with sedation was used and later replaced by general anesthesia. Loop-end catheters were employed. The smallest patient weighed 1,200 g, and the mean patient age was 3.4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of drainage was 60 days, and the longest time was 11 months. Indications were mainly obstructions, with congenital obstruction (n = 28) and postoperative obstruction (n = 26) being the most common. Obstructive pyelitis, malignancy, stone, renal cystic disease, trauma, and neurogenic bladder disturbance were also indications. No complications such as loss of the kidney, serious infection, or hemorrhage of clinical importance were observed. Obstruction was successfully relieved in all patients, but 12 kidneys and five hemikidneys did not recover function and were eventually removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percutaneous nephrostomy procedure is a safe technique that can be used successfully for short- and longterm drainage in all children, even in small infants and those with solitary kidneys, and is a valuable adjunct to surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laurin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ivarsson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000628:therapy