title: Sleep apnoea in children with diabetes mellitus: effect of glycaemic control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with diabetes mellitus commonly have cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and an abnormal ventilatory pattern during sleep. Few data are available on these changes in childhood diabetes. We investigated whether young diabetic children with or without diabetic neuropathy have ventilatory dysfunction during sleep and if so, whether these autonomic changes are related to the duration of diabetes and glycaemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 25 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (19 boys, mean age 7.72 +/- 1.99 years). All patients were insulin-dependent at diagnosis; blood samples for HbA1c assay were collected on the morning before testing and at 3-month intervals during the preceding year. Patients and control subjects (20 age-matched healthy children, 15 boys) underwent overnight polysomnography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More diabetic patients than control subjects had sleep apnoeas (p = 0.006); apnoeas in patients also lasted longer (p = 0.07). Patients with poorly controlled diabetes had more apnoeas than patients with well-controlled diabetes and than healthy control subjects (p < 0.0001). Respiratory events during sleep correlated significantly with glycaemic control (r = 0.360; p = 0.09) and with the duration of diabetes (r = 0.430; p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that respiratory control is compromised very early in children with diabetes. These anomalies are closely related to the duration of diabetes and to glycaemic control. In young children with diabetes, screening of ventilatory control using recording techniques that are simpler than polysomnography could provide an early indication that an adverse cardiopulmonary reaction has begun.
authors.affiliation: II Paediatric Clinic, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Multari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montesano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cervoni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Midulla
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cerone
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ronchetti
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012016:Reference Values; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin