title: The economics of employing a counsellor in general practice: analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Counselling is currently adopted in many general practices, despite limited evidence of clinical and cost effectiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare direct and indirect costs of counsellors and general practitioners (GPs) in providing care to people with emotional problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a prospective, randomized controlled trial of non-directive counselling and routine general practice care in 14 general practices in north London. Counsellors adhered to a Rogerian model of counselling. The counselling sessions ranged from one to 12 sessions over 12 weeks. As reported elsewhere, there were no differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups. Therefore, we conducted a cost minimisation analysis. We present only the economic outcomes in this paper. Main outcome measures were cost data (service utilisation, travel, and work absence) at baseline, three months, and nine months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty-six patients with emotional problems, mainly depression, took part. Seventy patients were randomised to the counsellors and 66 to the GPs. The average direct and indirect costs for the counsellor was 162.09 Pounds more per patient after three months compared with costs for the GP group; however, over the following six months the counsellor group was 87.00 Pounds less per patient than the GP group. Over the total nine-month period, the counsellor group remained more expensive per patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Referral to counselling is no more clinically effective or expensive than GP care over a nine-month period in terms of direct plus indirect costs. However, further research is needed to establish indirect costs of introducing a counsellor into general practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friedli
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000191:economics*