title: Complications related to the high lithotomy position during urethral reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We identified risk factors for complications of the lower extremities related to high lithotomy positioning during specific urethral reconstruction procedures in male patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records from 185 open urethroplasties were evaluated for position related complications of the lower extremities (the compartmental syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, neurapraxia). Morphometric data (patient height, weight) and surgical details (duration of surgery and lithotomy positioning, types of repair and stirrups, stricture length and location) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 185 patients 18 position related complications (10%) were identified, 4 of which were severe. Univariate analysis showed length of stricture, and duration of surgery and lithotomy positioning to be statistically significant risk factors (p <0.05). Height, weight, body mass index and type of stirrups did not increase risk. Anterior end-to-end anastomosis and straightforward buccal mucosa patch grafts entailed negligible risk. Longer procedures (prostatomembranous and penile skin flap repairs) had higher complication rates (12% and 22%, respectively). Beginning penile skin flap procedures with patients in the supine position during flap harvesting followed by repositioning into high lithotomy for perineal flap transfer virtually eliminated the risk of severe complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of position related complications during urethral reconstruction is directly proportional to the duration of high lithotomy positioning. Procedures of less than 5 hours in duration had minimal risk. For complex flap procedures, we perform penile flap dissection with the patient supine and reposition for perineal flap transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Anema
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McAninch
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mario
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wessells
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010413:Penis / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011187:Posture; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012307:Risk Factors; D016683:Supine Position; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery*