title: Changes in HOXB6 homeodomain protein structure and localization during human epidermal development and differentiation.
abstract: HOX homeodomain proteins are master developmental regulators, which are now thought to function as transcription factors by forming cooperative DNA binding complexes with PBX or other protein partners. Although PBX proteins exhibit regulated subcellular localization and function in the nucleus in other tissues, little data exists on HOX and PBX protein localization during skin development. We now show that the HOXB6 protein is expressed in the suprabasal layer of the early developing epidermis and throughout the upper layers of late fetal and adult human skin. HOXB6 signal is cytoplasmic throughout fetal epidermal development, but substantially nuclear in normal adult skin. HOXB6 protein is also partially nuclear in hyperproliferative skin conditions, but appears to be cytoplasmic in basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Although all three PBX genes are expressed in fetal epidermis, none of the three PBX proteins exhibit nuclear co-localization with HOXB6 in either fetal or adult epidermis. RNA and protein data suggest that a truncated HOXB6 protein, lacking the homeodomain, is expressed in undifferentiated keratinocytes and that the full-length protein is induced by differentiation. GFP-fusion proteins were used to demonstrate that the full-length HOXB6 protein is localized to the nucleus while the truncated protein is largely cytoplasmic. Taken together, these data suggest that during epidermal development the truncated HOXB6 isoform may function by a mechanism other than as DNA binding protein, and that most of the nuclear, homeodomain-containing HOXB6 protein does not utilize PBX proteins as DNA binding partners in the skin. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Kömüves
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stelnicki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rozenfeld
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blink
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mauro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Largman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000196:embryology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000075062:Pre-B-Cell Leukemia Transcription Factor 1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C093252:HOXB6 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C090465:PBX2 protein, human; D000075062:Pre-B-Cell Leukemia Transcription Factor 1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C083400:PBX1 protein, human; C090466:proto-oncogene protein Pbx3; D002118:Calcium