title: Covariates of cannabis use progression in a representative population sample of adolescents: a prospective examination of vulnerability and risk factors.
abstract: AIMS/DESIGN: This study reports findings concerning risk factors for first, "repeated" and "regular" use of cannabis in respondents (N = 1228) who were aged 14-17 years at the outset (i.e. at "baseline") as part of a longitudinal prospective community study (EDSP). Risk factors were assessed at baseline or by separate interviews with the respondents' parents. Cumulative life-time cannabis use was the main outcome measure in this study--assessed by information from both the baseline and the follow-up investigation at an average of 19.7 months later. A cumulative logistic regression model was used to estimate associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using seven of a total of 25 variables examined, the final model classified 72.1% of respondents correctly. Family history of substance use disorders, self-esteem and competence, unconditional commitment to not using drugs, immediate availability of drugs, peer group drug use and previous history of nicotine dependence and alcohol use disorders all contributed significantly to the final model, predicting the progression to cannabis use from "no use", to "one time only", "repeated use", and "regular use".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to well-documented risk factors such as peer group pressure, availability, low self-esteem and competence, findings suggest that family history and prior experiences with legal drugs play a significant role in the early development of cannabis consumption in teenagers.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höfler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perkonigg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sonntag
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class