title: Proteasome inhibitor PS519 reduces infarction and attenuates leukocyte infiltration in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reperfusion brain injury after cerebral ischemia is associated with a developing inflammatory response at the site of infarction. Proteasome inhibitors block nuclear factor-kappaB activation and provide anti-inflammatory effects in several animal models of peripheral inflammation. We tested the novel proteasome inhibitor PS519 in a rat model of transient focal ischemia to establish its pharmacodynamics as a neuroprotection treatment and related effects on leukocyte infiltration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subjected to 2 hours of focal cerebral ischemia by means of the filament method of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). After either 22 or 70 hours of reperfusion, infarct size was measured and neurological function, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and/or neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was quantified. PS519 was administered in a single intravenous bolus at 2 hours after MCAo. In addition, the therapeutic window for PS519 was estimated by delaying treatment for 4 or 6 hours after MCAo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose-response analysis of infarct volume at 24 hours revealed that PS519 neuroprotection approached 60%, and clinical evaluations showed significant improvements in neurological function and EEG activity. Neutrophil infiltration at 24 hours was also significantly decreased in cortical and striatal infarcted tissue of PS519-treated rats. Delaying the PS519 treatment up to 4 hours continued to result in significant neuroprotection. In the 72-hour injury model, infarction was reduced 40% by PS519, and significant improvements in neurological function and EEG recovery were again measured. Considerable reductions in both neutrophil and macrophage infiltration were evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS519 mitigates infarction and improves neurological recovery in brain-injured rats, an effect in part caused by a reduction in the leukocyte inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Neurosciences, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tortella
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C411422:PS519; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D000111:Acetylcysteine