title: The role of trans-acting factors and DNA-bending in the silencing of human beta-globin gene expression.
abstract: The molecular mechanisms which govern the develop-mental specificity of human beta-globin gene transcription have been studied in K562 cells, a human eyrthroleukemia line that expresses minimal beta-globin. Protein-binding analysis reveals that the 5' region contains three elements bound by trans-acting factors, beta-protein 1 (BP1) and beta-protein 2 (BP2). In vitro mutagenesis of each individual element in a beta-globin vector containing chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (pCAT) followed by transient transfection into K562 cells increased levels of CAT activity 5. 5-fold higher than wild-type (wt) betaCAT, consistent with their silencing role. Mutagenesis of all three elements, however, resulted in activity significantly lower than wt betaCAT. BP1 and BP2 motifs have overlapping binding sites for high mobility group proteins (HMG1+2), DNA-bending factors, shown here to extrinsically bend the beta-globin promoter. Theoretically, mutations in all beta-protein binding sites could affect the binding of HMG1+2 sufficiently to impede DNA-protein and/or protein-protein interactions needed to facilitate constitutive gene expression. Placing two turns of DNA between BP1 and BP2 motifs also increased expression 3-fold, indicative of spatial constraints required for optimal silencing. However, insertion of the HMG1+2 DNA-bending motif (also equivalent to two turns) facilitates beta-silencing by re-establishment of BP1-BP2 proximity. Thus a combination of general DNA-bending and specific transcriptional factors appear to be involved in beta-globin silencing in the embryonic/fetal erythroid stage.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 9N115, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009154:Mutation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D005914:Globins; D004247:DNA; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase