title: Evaluation of border sprays for managing the codling moth (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) and the apple maggot (Tephritidae: Diptera) in Ontario apple orchards.
abstract: The efficacy of two insecticide control programs for managing the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were compared in the Georgian Bay, London, Niagara, and Quinte apple production areas of Ontario during 1995, 1996, and 1997. In the border spray program, an initial cover spray of organophosphorus insecticide was applied to eradicate codling moths that may have colonized a test plot during the previous growing season. Subsequent sprays were applied only to a four-tree-wide zone (approximately 20 wide) around the perimeter of the plot to control immigrating codling moths or apple maggots. In the cover spray program, all sprays of organophosphorus insecticide were applied to the entire plot. Apple maggot injury was significantly greater in border spray program plots than in cover spray program plots only during 1995 in the London production area. There was no significant difference in codling moth injury between border spray and cover spray plots in the four production areas during the three-year study. The elimination of cover sprays from border spray plots during July and August may have left the apple crop more susceptible to damage by second generation larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), in the London production area during 1995. There was a trend of increasing codling moth injury from 1995 to 1997 in two border spray plots, and apple maggot injury was detected in these plots during the third year of the study.
authors.affiliation: Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Trimble
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vickers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D004175:Diptera; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D019685:Rosales
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds