title: A quantitative study of water diffusion in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal-appearing white matter using echo-planar imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used an optimized echo-planar pulse sequence for isotropically weighted diffusion imaging (1) to measure mean diffusivity (D) in lesions and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in the entire brain from patients with mildly disabling relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), (2) to compare the D of NAWM from patients with that of white matter from normal controls, (3) to evaluate whether lesions classified on the basis of their appearance on enhanced T1-weighted scans have different D, and (4) to investigate the relationship between diffusion changes in lesions and NAWM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dual-echo and diffusion-weighted scans were obtained from 35 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 24 sex- and age-matched normal controls. Postcontrast T1-weighted images were also obtained from the patients. After creating D maps and image coregistration, D values were measured for MS lesions larger than 5 mm and for 22 NAWM areas from each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All NAWM areas studied had significantly higher D in patients than in controls. A total of 173 lesions were identified on the dual-echo scans from patients. The average D for these lesions was significantly higher than that of NAWM. Twenty-two lesions were enhancing and 60 were classified as T1-hypointense. No significant difference in D values was found between enhancing and nonenhancing lesions, while the average D of T1-hypointense lesions was significantly higher than the average D of T1-isointense lesions. There was no significant correlation between the average D in lesions and NAWM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that diffusion-weighted imaging is able to identify MS lesions with severe tissue disruption. It also shows that widespread increased diffusion can be measured in the NAWM from patients with MS, and suggests that such changes are, at least partially, independent of larger abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy. filippi.massimo@hsr.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iannucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cercignani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Assunta Rocca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pratesi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004058:Diffusion; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index