title: Effects of ACE inhibition and bradykinin antagonism on cardiovascular changes in uremic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular death continues to be a major problem in renal failure. Structural abnormalities of the heart and the vasculature contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk. They are ameliorated by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, but because of the nonspecifity of ACE inhibition, it is uncertain whether the beneficial effect is mediated by interfering with angiotensin II (Ang II) or by modulating other effector systems, for example, bradykinin.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess a potential role of bradykinin, subtotally nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (SNX) received either the ACE inhibitor Ramipril (Rami, 0.2 mg/kg body weight p.o.), the specific B2 bradykinin receptor antagonist Hoe140 (0.2 mg/kg body weight, s.c.), or a combination of both, and were compared to sham-operated controls. To separately assess the effect of Ramipril on development and reversal of structural abnormalities, animals were either treated from the third day after SNX or from the fourth week after SNX onward (0.01 mg/kg body weight, p.o.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart and aorta were evaluated by morphometric and stereologic techniques. The weight of the perfused left ventricle, as an index of cardiac hypertrophy, was significantly higher in untreated SNX. While it was significantly lower in animals with early and late Ramipril treatment, the beneficial effect was completely antagonized by Hoe140. The wall-to-lumen ratio of intramyocardial arterioles was significantly higher in untreated SNX compared with controls, but failed to be modified by administration of either Ramipril or Hoe140. In the heart, the intercapillary distance was significantly higher in SNX, but it was not lowered by either early or late Ramipril or Hoe140 treatment. Treatment of SNX with Hoe140 alone, however, resulted in a marked further increase in intercapillary distance. The wall thickness of the aorta was significantly higher in SNX than in controls; early and late Ramipril treatment prevented such increase, and this effect was antagonized by Hoe140.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings illustrate that bradykinin plays an important role for the beneficial effect of Ramipril in preventing (and potentially reversing) abnormal cardiovascular structure in uremic hypertensive rats.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Heidelberg, Erlangen, Germany. kerstin.amann@patho.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gassmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buzello
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Orth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Törnig
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magener
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mall
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ritz
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D001160:Arterioles / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D009929:Organ Size; D017257:Ramipril / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014511:Uremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; C065679:icatibant; D003404:Creatinine; D017257:Ramipril; D001920:Bradykinin