title: Medical hypnosis for temporomandibular disorders: treatment efficacy and medical utilization outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a particular behavioral medicine treatment modality, medical hypnosis, on reducing the pain symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients who were recalcitrant to conservative treatment for TMD participated in a medical hypnosis treatment program and completed measures of their pain symptoms on 4 separate occasions: during wait list, before treatment, after treatment, and at a 6-month follow-up. In addition, pretreatment and posttreatment medical use were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis of this open trial suggests that medical hypnosis is a potentially valuable treatment modality for TMD. Patients reported a significant decrease in pain frequency (F [3, 87] = 14.79, P<.001), pain duration (F [3, 87] = 9.56, P<.001), and pain intensity (F [3, 87] = 15.08, P<. 001), and an increase in daily functioning. Analysis suggests that their symptoms did not simply spontaneously improve, and that their treatment gains were maintained for 6 months after hypnosis treatment. Further, after hypnosis treatment, patients exhibited a significant reduction in medical use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical hypnosis appears to be an effective treatment modality for TMD, in terms of reducing both symptoms and medical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Multi-Disciplinary Pain Clinic., Tripler Regional Medical Center, University of Hawaii, USA. EricSimon@yahoo.com
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*