title: Minimally invasive coronary artery revascularization on the beating heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quality of surgical beating heart revascularization is frequently questioned, especially when the surgical access is limited. Nevertheless, the number of off-pump coronary procedures is expanding worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since getting started with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass to anterior myocardial vessels in June 1996, 306 patients received left internal mammary artery grafting through an anterior minithoracotomy. Risk increasing comorbidities were present in 168 of them. Particular attention was paid to early postoperative angiographic results and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30-day mortality summed up at 1.0% and was limited to patients with additional risks for conventional bypass grafting. Early postoperative control angiographies in 232 patients confirmed a global patency rate of 97.8%, revealing in addition four unexpected malinsertions to diagonal branches. In surviving patients major complications like myocardial infarction, stroke, or multiorgan failure were completely absent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting appears to allow for a safe and effective revascularization of the left anterior descending artery by use of the left internal mammary artery. Especially patients with risk increasing comorbidities should benefit from this approach, provided the surgical indication based on a dominating left anterior descending artery lesion. Angiographic minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass results seem to fulfill the expectations generated by results obtained in conventional left internal mammary artery grafting and appear to be superior to interventional means.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Germany. jcremer@kielheart.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wittwer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Böning
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Anssar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kofidis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mügge
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate