title: Endoscopic management of impacted ureteral stones using a small caliber ureteroscope and a laser lithotriptor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed our experience with retrograde endoscopy using a small caliber ureteroscope and a laser lithotriptor in 104 consecutive patients with impacted ureteral stones and also analyzed the associated endoscopic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 1993 to October 1999 we performed retrograde endoscopic treatment in 104 patients with impacted ureteral stones. Average maximum stone diameter was 15.2 mm. (range 2 to 110), and 9 patients had stones larger than 3 cm. Mean duration of impaction was more than 14 months and the longest was 10 years. We used 6.9Fr rigid or 6.9 to 7.5Fr flexible ureteroscopes and a pulsed dye laser or holmium:YAG laser lithotriptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 104 ureteral stones 100 (96.2%) were completely fragmented by a single endoscopic procedure. Although 1 uric acid stone could not be disintegrated by either the pulsed dye laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy early in this series, it was discharged spontaneously 2 weeks after the procedure. Additional extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) was required in 3 patients who initially had stones larger than 3 cm. A month after treatment no patient had evidence of residual stones. Using adjuvant ESWL a 100% success rate was attained with minimal morbidity. Endoscopic observation revealed inflammatory polyps of the ureter in 22 patients (21.2%), and stricture adjacent to the stone in 16 (15. 4%). There were no significant complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a small caliber ureteroscope and a laser lithotriptor we could treat the target stone in all 104 patients with adjuvant ESWL in 3 cases. Endoscopic lithotripsy seems to be effective first line therapy for chronically impacted stones which are frequently associated with chronic inflammation, polyps and strictures, and avoids the futile repetition of ESWL and problems related to the prolonged passage of stone fragments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mugiya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Un-No
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000473:pathology; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D020709:Ureteroscopes; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods