title: Remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxants or with different doses of rocuronium for tracheal intubation in outpatient anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of muscle relaxants in outpatient anaesthesia is controversial; some authors recommend an induction regimen including propofol and opioids without muscle relaxants. This study evaluated the requirements for rocuronium after remifentanil/propofol.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined in four groups of ASA I-II patients (n= 30 for each) the intubating conditions three minutes after induction of anaesthesia with remifentanil 0.5 microg kg(-1) min(-1), propofol 2 mg kg(-1) without muscle relaxants or with different doses of rocuronium (0.6 mg kg(-1), 0.45 mg kg(-1), 0.3 mg kg(-1)) applying the criteria proposed by the Copenhagen Consensus Conference. In the second part of the study the time course of neuromuscular block was determined by electromyography using train-of-four (TOF) stimulation. To this end, another 60 ASA I-II patients were randomly assigned to receive remifentanil 0.5 microg kg(-1) min(-1), propofol 2 mg kg(-1) and either rocuronium 0.6 mg kg(-1), 0.45 mg kg(-1), 0.3 mg kg(-1), or 0.3 mg kg(-1) followed by neostigmine 40 microg kg(-1) and atropine 20 microg kg(-1) at a T1 recovery of 10% (n=15 for each).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intubating conditions were good or excellent in 30 patients after rocuronium 0.6 mg kg(-1) and in 18 patients when rocuronium was omitted (P<0.01). After 0.45 mg kg(-1) and 0.3 mg kg(-1) rocuronium the numbers were 29 and 30 patients, respectively. Reducing rocuronium from 0.6 mg kg(-1) to 0.45 mg kg(-1) or 0.3 mg kg(-1) increased the onset time from 136 (35) s to 199 (34) s and 249 (52) s (mean (SD)), (P<0.01); the clinical duration decreased from 38 (10) min to 24 (8) min and 16 (5) min, respectively (P<0.01); and the duration to a TOF-ratio of 0.8 decreased from 60 (11) min to 45 (9) min and 34 (7) min (P<0.01). After rocuronium 0.3 mg kg(-1) this time interval further decreased to 22 (3) min when neostigmine was given at a T1 of 10% (P<0.01 compared with spontaneous recovery after rocuronium 0.3 mg kg(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After remifentanil/propofol intubation conditions were poor in 40% of patients without muscle relaxants; adding reduced doses of rocuronium to this regimen improved the intubation conditions significantly. In addition, reducing the initial dose of rocuronium markedly shortened its time course of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schlaich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mertzlufft
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soltész
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fuchs-Buder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000732:Androstanols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077123:Rocuronium; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077123:Rocuronium; D015742:Propofol