title: The T-cell receptor regulates Akt (protein kinase B) via a pathway involving Rac1 and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase.
abstract: The serine/threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B) (Akt/PKB) is activated upon T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement or upon expression of an active form of phosphatidylinositide (PI) 3-kinase in T lymphocytes. Here we report that the small GTPase Rac1 is implicated in this pathway, connecting the receptor with the lipid kinase. We show that in Jurkat cells, activated forms of Rac1 or Cdc42, but not Rho, stimulate an increase in Akt/PKB activity. TCR-induced Akt/PKB activation is inhibited either by PI 3-kinase inhibitors (LY294002 and wortmannin) or by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Rac1 but not Cdc42. Accordingly, triggering of the TCR rapidly stimulates a transient increase in GTP-Rac content in these cells. Similar to TCR stimulation, L61Rac-induced Akt/PKB kinase activity is also LY294002 and wortmannin sensitive. However, induction of Akt/PKB activity by constitutive active PI 3-kinase is unaffected when dominant negative Rac1 is coexpressed, placing Rac1 upstream of PI 3-kinase in the signaling pathway. When analyzing the signaling hierarchy in the pathway leading to cytoskeleton rearrangements, we found that Rac1 acts downstream of PI 3-kinase, a finding that is in accordance with numerous studies in fibroblasts. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized role of the GTPase Rac1, acting upstream of PI 3-kinase in linking the TCR to Akt/PKB. This is the first report of a membrane receptor employing Rac1 as a downstream transducer for Akt/PKB activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom. e.genot@croissance.u-bordeaux.fr
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Genot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arrieumerlou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Burgering
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013912:Threonine / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D013912:Threonine; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C494918:AKT1 protein, human