title: The effects of nitroxide radicals on oxidative DNA damage.
abstract: The indolinonic and quinolinic aromatic nitroxides synthesized by us are a novel class of biological antioxidants, which afford a good degree of protection against free radical-induced oxidation in different lipid and protein systems. To further our understanding of their antioxidant behavior, we thought it essential to have more information on their effects on DNA exposed to free radicals. Here, we report on the results obtained after exposure of plasmid DNA and calf thymus DNA to peroxyl radicals generated by the water-soluble radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH), and the protective effects of the aromatic nitroxides and their hydroxylamines, using a simple in vitro assay for DNA damage. In addition, we also tested for the potential of these nitroxides to inhibit hydroxyl radical-mediated DNA damage inflicted by Fenton-type reactions using copper and iron ions. The commercial aliphatic nitroxides 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), and bis(2,2, 6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxyl-piperidin-4-yl)sebacate (TINUVIN 770) were included for comparison. The results show that the majority of compounds tested protect: (i) both plasmid DNA and calf thymus DNA against AAPH-mediated oxidative damage in a concentration-dependent fashion (1-0.1 mM), (ii) both Fe(II) and Cu(I) induced DNA oxidative damage. However, all compounds failed to protect DNA against damage inflicted by the presence of the transition metals in combination with H(2)O(2). The differences in protection between the compounds are discussed in relation to their molecular structure and chemical reactivity.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali e della Terra, Via Brecce Bianche, Università, I-60131, Ancona, Italy. liz@popcsi.unian.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Damiani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalinska
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canapa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canestrari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wozniak
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olmo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greci
mesh_terms: D000578:Amidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000633:toxicity; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D004274:DNA, Recombinant / Q000187:drug effects; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D006574:Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring / Q000633:toxicity*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006898:Hydroxylamines / Q000633:toxicity; D007501:Iron / Q000633:toxicity; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010880:Piperidines / Q000633:toxicity; D015363:Quinolones / Q000633:toxicity*; D013113:Spin Labels; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D006574:Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring; D006898:Hydroxylamines; D016877:Oxidants; D010880:Piperidines; D015363:Quinolones; D013113:Spin Labels; D014230:Triazoles; C016151:tinuvin; C046728:2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane); D003300:Copper; D004247:DNA; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron; C001803:tempol; C003959:TEMPO