title: Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, although rare (1 per 2-4,000 births), is associated with high mortality and cost. Opinion regarding the timing of surgical repair has gradually shifted from emergent repair to a policy of stabilization using a variety of ventilatory strategies prior to operation. Whether delayed surgery is beneficial remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the available data regarding whether surgical repair in the first 24 hours after birth rather than later than 24 hours of age improves survival to hospital discharge in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia who are symptomatic at or immediately after birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Search of Medline (1966-1999), Embase (1978-1999) and the Cochrane databases using the terms "congenital diaphragmatic hernia" and "surg*"; citations search, and contact with experts in the field to locate other published and unpublished studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were randomized or quasi-randomized trials that addressed infants with CDH who were symptomatic at or shortly after birth, comparing early (<24 hours) vs late (>24 hours) surgical intervention, and evaluated mortality as the primary outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected regarding study methods and outcomes including mortality, need for ECMO and duration of ventilation, both from the study reports and from personal communication with investigators. Analysis was performed in accordance with the standards of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two trials met the pre-specified inclusion criteria for this review. Both were small trials (total n<90) and neither showed any significant difference between groups in mortality. Meta-analysis was not performed because of significant clinical heterogeneity between the trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no clear support for either immediate (within 24 hours of birth) or delayed (until stabilized) repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, but a substantial advantage to either one cannot be ruled out. A large, multicenter randomized trial would be needed to answer this question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. Suite 3.226, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. virginia.a.moyer@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moyer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moya
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tibboel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Losty
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagaya
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lally
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors