title: Combination of symptom score, flow rate and prostate volume for predicting bladder outflow obstruction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The severity of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic enlargement correlates poorly with bladder outlet obstruction. Since urodynamic studies are presumed to be relatively complex, invasive and not cost-effective, they are not routinely performed by physicians treating men with lower urinary tract symptoms. As a result, a large number of patients are treated for bladder outlet obstruction when in fact obstruction may not be present. Since other noninvasive methods have not been effective for predicting bladder outlet obstruction, we investigated whether a combination of prostate volume, uroflowmetry and the American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index would be reliable for predicting this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated 204 men with a mean age plus or minus standard deviation of 66.7 +/- 7.5 years who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms. Each patient completed an AUA symptom index questionnaire and underwent uroflowmetry, post-void residual urine volume measurement, pressure flow study and transrectal ultrasound of the prostate to estimate prostatic volume. We constructed receiver operating characteristics curves using various threshold values for maximum urine flow and prostate volume. Threshold values for maximum urine flow and prostate volume were used alone and combined with the AUA symptom index for predicting bladder outlet obstruction. We selected a cutoff value for maximum urine flow of 10 or less ml. per second and prostate volume of 40 gm. or greater, and used these values with an AUA symptom index of greater than 20 to predict bladder outlet obstruction in the group overall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in the mean symptom index score in men with and without bladder outlet obstruction were not statistically significant. There was no obstruction in 19%, 28.9% and 35% of those with severe, moderate and mild symptoms, respectively. The selected cutoff values of maximum urine flow, prostate volume and symptom score combined correctly predicted obstruction in all 39 patients. Therefore, our combination of cutoff values proved to be highly accurate for predicting bladder outlet obstruction. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 26%, 100%, 100% and 32%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that combining the AUA symptom index, maximum urine flow and prostate volume reliably predicted bladder outlet obstruction in a small subset of patients only. Although bladder outlet obstruction was correctly predicted by our threshold values of AUA symptom index, maximum urine flow and prostate volume in only 39 men (26%) with obstruction, these patients represent a substantial group in any large urological practice treating male lower urinary tract symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sleep
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Yalla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014556:Urine / Q000502:physiology*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology