title: Cyclobutane carboxamide inhibitors of fungal melanin: biosynthesis and their evaluation as fungicides.
abstract: A new fungicide lead has been identified by enzyme screening of a focused combinatorial library. The lead compound 4, a potent inhibitor of scytalone dehydratase (SD), exhibits fungicidal activity upon foliar application but does not show systemic activity. The X-ray crystal structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex and an appreciation for the relationship between physical properties and systemic activity enabled us to rapidly improve upon this initial lead. The geminal halogen-methyl group combination was found to be optimal for interaction with the bounding serine and asparagine side-chain residues. Replacement of CF3 with methyl was a key discovery, giving inhibitors with slightly diminished enzyme inhibition potency while significantly increasing systemic activity. Amides prepared from amines with 2,4-dichloro substitution on the phenyl ring gave the most potent enzyme inhibitors. Two compounds from this series showed systemic activity comparable to the commercial standard and were selected for outdoor testing in flooded plots which simulate rice paddies.
authors.affiliation: DuPont Agricultural Products, Stine Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE 19714, USA.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Okonya
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Basarab
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Amorose
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Anaclerio
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Whitmore
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003503:Cyclobutanes / Q000737:chemistry; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006836:Hydro-Lyases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008543:Melanins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015394:Molecular Structure; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D003503:Cyclobutanes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008543:Melanins; D006836:Hydro-Lyases; C082741:scytalone dehydratase