title: Improvement in physician's office laboratory practices, 1989-1994.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1986 and 1989, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored institutes on Critical Issues in Health Laboratory Practice. It was noted during the institutes that physician's office laboratories were a rapidly emerging site for clinical laboratory testing, yet no comprehensive data were available regarding the practice of clinical laboratory medicine in physician's office laboratories. As a mechanism to begin addressing this void, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention added questions on clinical laboratory practice to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a national probability sample of ambulatory care provided by office-based physicians. Data were collected for survey years 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each survey was conducted among a nationally representative, random sample of office-based physicians who provide ambulatory patient care. Sample physicians were enlisted using both mail and telephone contacts. Clinical laboratory data were obtained via telephone by trained field representatives. Weighted univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on responses from each of the 4 survey years. Analyses were repeated after combining survey responses from years 1989 and 1991 and 1993 and 1994 as representative of physician's office laboratory practices before and after implementation of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA '88) final rule in 1992.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quality laboratory practice indicators showed significant increases during the study interval, with implementation of the CLIA '88 final rule in 1992 playing a pivotal role. Relative to 1992, enrollment in proficiency testing programs increased from 32.4% to 52.7% (P<.001), use of daily quality control samples increased from 79.2% to 89.0% (P<.001), and use of daily quality control with written instructions for action following a questionable quality control result (quality control with action step documentation) increased from 62.6% to 77.2% (P<.001). The presence of a medical technologist or technician in the office laboratory was also significantly and independently associated with each of the quality indicators. Although the percentage of physician's offices performing on-site testing decreased from 56% to 45% during the survey interval, overall testing volume appeared unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quality of clinical laboratory practice in physician's office laboratories improved during the study interval (1989-1994) as measured by the quality indicators used in the study. The association of this improvement with implementation of the CLIA '88 final rule and the presence of a trained laboratory professional in the testing site indicate the importance of minimum practice standards and professional expertise in ensuring use of quality laboratory practices. Overall test volume appeared to be stable despite a decreased proportion of physician's offices at which on-site testing was performed.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Practice Program Office, Division of Laboratory Systems, Atlanta, GA, USA. tmstjohn@mmmincorp.com
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: St John
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Lipman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Krolak
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hearn
mesh_terms: D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D010338:Pathology, Clinical / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011786:Quality Control; D014481:United States