title: A hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia family with pulmonary involvement is unlinked to the known HHT genes, endoglin and ALK-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) occur in over 25% of patients with the autosomal dominant disorder hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Mutations in two genes, endoglin and ALK-1, are known to cause HHT. Each encodes a protein expressed on vascular endothelial cells and involved in signalling by members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily. To date, PAVMs have not been detected in ALK-1 families. There is evidence from a single HHT family without pulmonary involvement that a third HHT gene may exist. To establish the existence of a further HHT gene responsible for PAVMs, linkage analyses were performed on an expanded PAVM-HHT family in which HHT did not result from endoglin mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family members were assessed clinically to assign HHT disease status and were screened for PAVMs. DNA was extracted from blood obtained from 20 individuals of known disease status. Short tandem repeat polymorphic markers spanning the intervals containing the endoglin and ALK-1 genes were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using (33)P-labelled oligonucleotide primers, separated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and the resultant autoradiographs were examined for allele sizes. Linkage analyses were performed using MLINK and GENEHUNTER.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve members spanning four generations were affected with HHT. Two had proven PAVMs, one with a classical appearance, the other exhibiting microscopic PAVMs exacerbated by pregnancy. Two point lod and multipoint lod scores significantly excluded linkage to endoglin and ALK-1 in this pedigree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the existence of a third HHT locus that accounts for disease in some HHT patients with pulmonary involvement.
authors.affiliation: Rayne Laboratories, Respiratory Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shovlin
mesh_terms: D029404:Activin Receptors; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015703:Antigens, CD; D002648:Child; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D000071063:Endoglin; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D013683:Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic / Q000235:genetics*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C064206:ENG protein, human; D000071063:Endoglin; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D029404:Activin Receptors