title: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition in and around the atlantoaxial joint: association with type 2 odontoid fractures in nine patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the histopathologic anatomy of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition in and around the atlantoaxial joint and the association between CPPD crystal deposition and subchondral cysts, erosions, and fracture involving the odontoid process of the axis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One adult cadaver demonstrating calcification in the retro-odontoid area at computed tomography (CT) was selected for further radiography, CT, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at the C1-2 level. Anatomic sectioning and histologic evaluations were performed in the specimen. For clinical study, radiographs (n = 5), CT scans (n = 8), and MR images (n = 6) in nine patients (mean age, 74.4 years) with odontoid process fractures and CPPD crystal deposits in and around the atlantoaxial joint were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cadaveric specimen, radiography and CT demonstrated calcifications in the transverse ligament; histologic evaluation confirmed that these calcifications were CPPD crystal deposits. In all nine patients, radiography (n = 5) and CT (n = 8) also showed calcification in areas adjacent to the odontoid process, which included the transverse ligament. T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging showed a retro-odontoid mass of low signal intensity that compressed the cervical cord in six patients. CT, MR imaging, or both demonstrated subchondral cysts, osseous erosions, or a type 2 odontoid fracture in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPPD crystal deposition disease involving the C1-C2 articulation can be a clinically important entity that may place affected patients at increased risk of pathologic fracture of the odontoid process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakitsubata
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Boutin
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Theodorou
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Pathria
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haghighi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002131:Calcium Pyrophosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002131:Calcium Pyrophosphate