title: Effect of macrophage depletion on immune effector mechanisms during corneal allograft rejection in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In rats, corneal allograft rejection is delayed for at least 100 days by clodronate liposomes. These liposomes selectively deplete macrophages. To investigate the immunologic basis for absence of graft rejection in treated rats, the effect of these liposomes on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and antibody production after orthotopic corneal allotransplantation was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transplantations of corneal buttons from PVG rats were performed in AO rats. After surgery, one group received clodronate liposomes subconjunctivally at five time points, and the other group remained untreated. On postoperative day (POD) 3, 7, 12, or 17, rats were killed, the presence of CTLs was investigated at three different anatomic locations, and antibodies against donor antigens were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between the groups tested 3 and 7 days after surgery. But on POD 12 (the time of onset of rejection in the untreated group) and on POD 17, the CTL activities detected in the submandibular lymph nodes (P < or = 0.008) and the spleen (P < or = 0.009) were significantly less in the treated groups compared with the untreated groups. In the untreated groups complement-independent antibodies were present only on POD 17, whereas no antibodies were found in the treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local treatment with clodronate liposomes was shown to downregulate local and systemic CTL responses and to prevent the generation of antibodies. Local depletion of macrophages in the initiation phase of the immune response appears to lead to a less vigorous attack on the grafted tissue and therefore to promote graft survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmo-Immunology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam. t.slegers@ohk.azg.nl
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Slegers
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Broersma
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Rooijen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Rij
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016039:Corneal Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D003601:Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D008081:Liposomes; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D007518:Isoantibodies; D008081:Liposomes; D004002:Clodronic Acid