title: Reconstruction and navigation system for intraoperative brachytherapy using the flab technique for colorectal tumor bed irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the development of a new navigation and reconstruction system based on an electromagnetic free-hand tracker and on CT imaging for treatment planning of intraoperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy (IORT-HDRB) in the sacral region. Our aim is to improve accuracy and to enable individualized treatment planning and dose documentation to be performed for IORT-HDRB using a flab technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  The material consists of an electromagnetic 3D tracker system, a PC workstation with Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 operating system, and a recognition program for continuous speech. In addition, we designed an external reference system constructed of titanium and Perspex, which is positioned in the pelvis, and a special digitizer pen for reconstruction of the flab geometry. The flab design incorporates a series of silicon 10-mm-diameter spherical pellets. Measurements were made with a pelvic phantom in order to study the accuracy of the system. The reconstruction results are stored and can be exported via network or floppy to our different treatment planning systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results for the reconstruction of a flab with six catheters and a total of 100 spherical pellets give mean errors in the range (2.5 +/- 0.6) mm to (3.5 +/- 0.8) mm depending on the positions of the pelvic phantom and transmitter relative to the operation table. These errors are calculated by comparing the reconstruction results of our system with those using a CT-based reconstruction of the flab geometry. For the accuracy of the navigation system for the pelvic phantom, we obtained mean errors in the range (2.2 +/- 0.7) mm to (3. 1 +/- 1.0) mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new system we have developed enables navigation and reconstruction within the surgical environment with a clinically acceptable level of accuracy. It offers the possibility of individualized treatment planning and effective documentation of the 3D dose distribution in IORT-HDRB using a flab technique.
authors.affiliation: Städtische Kliniken Offenbach, Strahlenklinik, Germany. gstrassmann@compuserve.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strassmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kolotas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heyd
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baltas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Debertshäuser
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tonus
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sakas
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zamboglou
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed