title: Protective effect of bradykinin against glutamate neurotoxicity in cultured rat retinal neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the localization and expression of bradykinin (BK)-B2 receptors in rat retina and examine the effects of BK on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity using cultured rat retinal neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  An immunohistochemical study using a specific antibody against BK-B2 receptor was performed with rat retina. Primary cultures were obtained from the retina of fetal rats (gestation day 17-19). Expression of BK-B2 receptor mRNA was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using total RNA obtained from cultured retinal neurons. Cultured cells were exposed to glutamate (1 mM) for 10 minutes and followed by incubation in glutamate-free medium for 1 hour. The effects of BK were assessed by simultaneous application of BK with glutamate. The neurotoxic effects on retinal cultures were quantitatively assessed by the trypan blue exclusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that BK-B2 receptors were expressed in the ganglion cell, inner nuclear layers, and outer nuclear layers. Furthermore, BK-B2 receptor mRNA expression was observed in cultured retinal neurons. Cell viability was markedly reduced by 10-minute exposure to 1 mM glutamate followed by a 1-hour incubation in glutamate-free medium. Simultaneous application of BK at concentrations of 0.001 to 1 microM with glutamate demonstrated dose-dependent protection against glutamate neurotoxicity. The protective action of BK (1 microM) was inhibited by simultaneous application of BK-B2 receptor antagonist, Hoe140 (1 microM). Furthermore, 1 microM BK had protective effects on neurotoxicity induced by 1 microM ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 500 microM), a nitric oxide (NO)-generating agent. However, BK did not inhibit neurotoxicity induced by 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1, 10 microM), an NO and oxygen radical donor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that BK-B2 receptors were distributed in rat retinas and cultured retinal neurons and that BK had a protective action against glutamate neurotoxicity through BK-B2 receptors in cultured retinal neurons. It is suggested that BK-induced protection against glutamate neurotoxicity took place downstream to NO generation and upstream to oxygen radical generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasuyoshi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashii
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akaike
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065168:Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000633:toxicity; D008981:Molsidomine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000633:toxicity; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043782:Receptor, Bradykinin B2; D018002:Receptors, Bradykinin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D065168:Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043782:Receptor, Bradykinin B2; D018002:Receptors, Bradykinin; D009599:Nitroprusside; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D015759:Ionomycin; C002385:linsidomine; C065679:icatibant; D008981:Molsidomine; D001920:Bradykinin