title: Apical Na+-Cl- symport in rabbit gallbladder epithelium: a thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (TSC).
abstract: Cl- apically enters the epithelium of rabbit gallbladder by a Na+-Cl- symport, sensitive to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Since HCTZ also activates an apical SITS-sensitive Cl- conductance (G(Cl)), the symport inhibition might be merely due to a short circuit of the symport by G(Cl) rather than to a direct action of HCTZ on the symporter. To examine whether the symport is directly inhibited by HCTZ and whether the symporter belongs to the family of thiazide-sensitive cotransporters (TSC), radiochemical measurements of the apical Cl- uptake, electrophysiological determinations of intracellular Cl- and Na+ activities (a(i,Cl) and a(i,Na)) with selective theta microelectrodes and molecular biology methods were used. The 13Cl- uptake proved to be a measurement of the apical unidirectional Cl- influx (Jmc) and of the symport only (without backflux components), with measuring times of 45 sec under all experiment conditions; its inhibition by HCTZ was unaffected by G(Cl) activation or abolition. After HCTZ treatment the decrease in a(i,Cl) (measured as the initial rate or in 3 min) was larger than the decrease in a(i,Na). The difference was reduced to one third in a group of epithelia in which the elicited G(Cl) was reduced to one third; moreover it was abolished in any case when G(Cl) was abolished with 10(-4) M SITS. The SITS-insensitive rate of a(i,Cl) decrease was equal to that of the a(i,Na) decrease in any case. Thus the a(i,Cl) decrease displays a component dependent on G(Cl) activation and a second component dependent on symport inhibition. Using the RT-PCR technique a cDNA fragment was obtained that was 99% identical to the corresponding region of the rabbit renal TSC isoform. The results indicate that in rabbit gallbladder epithelium HCTZ displays a dual action, namely G(Cl) activation and Na+-Cl- symport inhibition. This Na+-Cl- symporter is the first TSC found to be functionally expressed in a nonrenal or nonrenal-like epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Sezione di Fisiologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cremaschi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bottà
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bazzini
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Baroni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garavaglia
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004232:Diuretics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011817:Rabbits; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D049992:Sodium Chloride Symporters; D064486:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3; D027981:Symporters
chemical_list: D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002712:Chlorides; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004232:Diuretics; D011955:Receptors, Drug; C578874:SLC12A3 protein, human; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D049992:Sodium Chloride Symporters; D064486:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3; D027981:Symporters; C064415:thiazide receptor; D012964:Sodium