title: No major association of breast-feeding, vaccinations, and childhood viral diseases with early islet autoimmunity in the German BABYDIAB Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Environmental factors have been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of breast-feeding, vaccinations, and childhood viral diseases on the initiation of islet autoimmunity in early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were prospectively collected from questionnaires obtained at birth, at 9 months of age, and at 2 years of age in 823 offspring from parents with type 1 diabetes. By 2 years of age, 31 offspring had islet antibodies, and 10 developed overt diabetes by the time of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In offspring from mothers with type 1 diabetes, duration of exclusive and total breast-feeding did not differ between islet antibody-positive and -negative children, regardless of HLA genotype, and breast-feeding of 3 months or longer was not associated with protection from antibody development or diabetes onset. In offspring from diabetic fathers, non-statistically significant reductions in exclusive and total breast-feeding times were observed in the antibody-positive cohort. Neither type nor quantity of vaccinations (including Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine; haemophilus influenzae vaccine; diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine; tick-born encephalitis vaccine; or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine) were associated with the development of islet antibodies and diabetes. Measles, mumps, and rubella were not reported in children with islet antibodies or diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed no evidence that proposed environmental factors affect islet antibody development in the first 2 years of life in offspring from parents with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Institute and the Third Medical Department, Hospital München-Schwabing, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Füchtenbusch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schenker
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human; D009679:Nuclear Family; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; C024211:islet cell antibody