title: Impact of pulmonary tuberculosis on survival of HIV-infected adults: a prospective epidemiologic study in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retrospective cohort studies of tuberculosis suggest that active tuberculosis accelerates the progression of HIV infection. The validity of these findings has been questioned because of their retrospective design, diverse study populations, variable compliance with anti-tuberculous therapy and use of anti-retroviral medication. To assess the impact of tuberculosis on survival in HIV infection we performed a prospective study among HIV-infected Ugandan adults with and without tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort study, 230 patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis and 442 HIV-infected subjects without tuberculosis were followed for a mean duration of 19 months for survival. To assess changes in viral load over 1 year, 20 pairs of tuberculosis cases and controls were selected and matched according to baseline CD4 lymphocyte count, age, sex and tuberculin skin test status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period, 63 out of of 230 tuberculosis cases (28%) died compared with 85 out of 442 controls (19%), with a crude risk ratio of 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.87]. Most deaths occurred in patients with CD4 lymphocyte counts < 200 x 10(6) cells/l at baseline (n = 99) and occurred with similar frequency in the tuberculosis cases (46%) and the controls (44%). When the CD4 lymphocyte count was > 200 x 10(6)/l, however, the relative risk of death in HIV-associated tuberculosis was 2.1 (95% CI, 1.27-3.62) compared with subjects without tuberculosis. For subjects with a CD4 lymphocyte count > 200 x 10(6)/l, the 1-year survival proportion was slightly lower in the cases than in the controls (0.91 versus 0.96), but by 2 years the survival proportion was significantly lower in the cases than in the controls (0.84 versus 0.91; P < 0.02; log-rank test). For subjects with a CD4 lymphocyte count of 200 x 10(6) cells/l or fewer, the survival proportion at 1 year for the controls was lower than cases (0.59 versus 0.64), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.53; logrank test). After adjusting for age, sex, tuberculin skin test status, CD4 lymphocyte count, and history of HIV-related infections, the overall relative hazard for death associated with tuberculosis was 1.81 (95% CI, 1.24-2.65). In a nested Cox regression model, the relative hazard for death was 3.0 (95% CI, 1.62-5.63) for subjects with CD4 lymphocyte counts > 200 x 10(6)/l and 1.5 (95% CI, 0.99-2.40) for subjects with a CD4 lymphocyte count of 200 x 10(6)/l or fewer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this prospective study indicate that active tuberculosis exerts its greatest effect on survival in the early stages of HIV infection, when there is a reserve capacity of the host immune response. These observations provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of latent tuberculous infection in HIV-infected persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4945, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nsubuga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okwera
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hom
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mugerwa
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ellner
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load