title: Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in children with Type I diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with Type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is premature and extensive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and predictors of hypercholesterolemia and to examine the distribution and interrelationship of risk factors for CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational (mixed-longitudinal) study, guided by an epidemiologic framework, assessed a sample of 140 children with IDDM. Total cholesterol (TC) and diabetes control were measured in the total sample. Standard CVD risk factors were measured in a subsample of 67 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Observed frequency of TC greater than the 75th percentile and greater than the 95th percentile was significantly more than expected (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively). In the total sample, TC-CVD risk factor associations were not observed. However, diabetes control and physical activity were correlated with TC in the risk sample of children at highest risk, as demonstrated by hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate the importance of assessing the lipid profile in children with IDDM and monitoring CVD risk factors in hyperlipidemic children with IDDM. Future research should focus on prospective longitudinal studies in population-based multiethnic samples of children with IDDM.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lipman
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hayman
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: DiFazio
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Piascik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol