title: DNA damage formation, DNA repair, and survival after exposure of DNA repair-proficient and nucleotide excision repair-deficient human lymphoblasts to UVA1 and UVB.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The comet assay has been used to visualize DNA damage in single cells after exposure to UV light. These comets are commonly thought to reflect transient, repair-induced DNA breaks. The goal of the work presented here was to further characterize the nature of UV-induced comets and to further elucidate DNA damage formation by different wavelengths of ultraviolet light.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed dose-response and time-course experiments with comet formation were carried out with normal and nucleotide excision repair (NER)-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) lymphoblasts. Irradiation was carried out with low, intermediate, or high doses of UVA1 or UVB, comet formation was observed, cell survival and viability were determined, and UV-induced apoptosis was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All responses were dose-dependent. With the intermediate dose of UVA1, a pronounced comet formation was observed without subsequent growth inhibition. Raising levels of porphyrins, which act as photosensitizers, by preincubation with 5-amino-levulinic acid increased comet formation with UVA1, but not with UVB. UVA1-sensitivity and comet formation in XP cells was not significantly different from the normal cells. With UVB no comet formation was seen without subsequent apoptotic cell death. XP cells exhibited the known UVB-hypersensitivity, but their comet formation was not significantly different from that of normal cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that UV-induced comets represent transient repair-induced DNA breaks. Both, the NER of dimers and the base excision repair of oxidative DNA modifications are thought to contribute to comet formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany. truenger@bu.edu
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rünger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dekant
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000528:radiation effects; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014983:Xeroderma Pigmentosum / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004247:DNA