title: Cytokine gene expression during postnatal small intestinal development: regulation by glucocorticoids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the intestinal mucosa, numerous cytokines produced by the epithelium, fibroblasts, and immune cells were shown to affect epithelial differentiation and proliferation through epithelial-mesenchymal and epithelial-immune cell interactions. To date, the importance of cytokines in postnatal development of the rat small intestine has not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the developmental changes in expression of mucosal cytokines in the postnatal maturation of the rat small intestinal epithelium and their regulation by glucocorticoids (GC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mucosal maturation was assessed by the onset of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) mRNA, analysed by in situ hybridisation. The amount of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), beta2 (TGF-beta2), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and TGF-alpha was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in mucosal extracts from weaning (14-21 days old) and adult rats, or one day after an injection of hydrocortisone (HC) in 11 day old rats. Similarly, expression of cytokines and the regulatory effect of GC were studied on cultured subepithelial myofibroblasts cloned from postnatal jejunum and ileum cultured in the absence or presence of dexamethasone (DX).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and IL-1beta decreased during the third week of life while levels of TNF-alpha increased and TGF-alpha remained constant. In parallel, SI transcripts increased and showed a progressive accumulation in the apical part of the enterocytes first localised at the base of the villi from 18 days onwards. Interestingly, precocious induction of SI mRNA by HC paralleled the decrease in expression of TGF-beta isoforms and of IL-1beta. All cytokines were expressed in the myofibroblast cell lines. In addition, the results showed that TNF-alpha was differentially expressed in basal culture conditions and after DX stimulation in jejunal and ileal myofibroblasts. DX decreased IL-1beta but not the TGF-beta isoforms, similar to that in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that mucosal cytokines are developmentally regulated and that GC are potentially involved in this regulation in parallel with maturation of the gut mucosa at weaning.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U381, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diab-Assef
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plateroti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laurent-Huck
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reimund
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kedinger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foltzer-Jourdainne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000502:physiology*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013394:Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex / Q000235:genetics; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000032:analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013394:Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex