title: A new power law for determination of total (125)I seed activity for ultrasound-guided prostate implants: clinical evaluations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intraoperative planning with peripheral loading approach is an important technique for ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate implant. In this paper a sphero-cylindrical dose model is described to generate a new power law or a look-up table for determination of the total (125)I activity required to deliver a prescription dose to a given prostate volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dose calculations were based on the new standards for (125)I seeds (model 6711) implemented by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1999. Using the sphero-cylindrical dose model with peripheral loading approach, a new power law for calculating total activity of radioactive iodine required to deliver a prescribed dose for the target volume was developed. Accounting for random variation of the seed positioning in the prostate and the current air-kerma strength standard of (125)I seeds, this new power law is formulated as follows: A (mCi) = 2.15 d (cm)(2.00) where A is apparent activity in mCi, or A (U) = 1. 69 d (cm)(2.00) where A is air-kerma strength in U, required to deliver a cumulative dose of 145 Gy to a prostate gland with an average dimension, d, in centimeters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The efficacy of using the new power law in prostate implants was demonstrated. For clinical evaluations of this new power law, 40 patients were chosen in 1998. The average D(90) of these 40 patients was 172.0 Gy (SD +/- 29 Gy). This means that on the average, 90% of the target volume received was 172.0 Gy. The average coverage index (CI) in this study was 94.7 (SD +/- 4.7). As a result, 94.7% of the target volume received the prescription dose. The dose homogeneity index (HI) which measured the degree of the dose inhomogeneity was 0.38 (SD +/- 0.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new and simple power law or a new mCi-volume look-up table for (125)I seed prostate implantation has been developed and formulated for clinical use. Clinical evaluations expressed in quantitative parameters such as D(90), CI, and HI in prostate implants have been thoroughly analyzed and clearly demonstrated the efficacy of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Urological Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, West Penn Allegheny Health Systems, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geis
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalnicki
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes