title: Pathophysiologic interactions in skeletal metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review summarizes evidence that the formation of bone metastases is the result of multiple synergistic cellular and molecular interactions between metastatic cells and the unique microenvironment in bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular technologies have been used to detect cancer cells in bone and to define their genotypic and phenotypic properties. Bone organ cultures have been employed to analyze the ability of tumor cells to modulate bone resorption and to study the effects of resorption products on the phenotypic properties of cancer cells. Experimental models of bone metastasis provide the ability to examine the effects of modulating specific host or tumor properties in vivo by quantifying their effects on the formation of bone tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By means of the blood stream, cells from many common neoplasms seed bone marrow as an early clinical event. The subsequent growth of these cells into clinically significant metastatic lesions is associated with their ability to stimulate bone resorption through osteoclasts and macrophages or through a direct action on bone. In turn, the products of bone resorption, which include matrix-derived growth factors, act on the tumor cells to stimulate the expression of properties that promote their metastatic competence. These include the induction of integrin adhesion molecules, the stimulation of cell motility and chemotaxis, the enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinases, and the stimulation of tumor cell growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interdependency of tumor cells and bone was recognized by Steven Paget over 100 years ago, and it provides a rational basis for the development of current therapeutic strategies against bone metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Duivenvoorden
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000556:secondary*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002455:Cell Division; D002465:Cell Movement; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D010014:Osteolysis / Q000209:etiology