title: Ferulic acid excretion as a marker of consumption of a French maritime pine (Pinus maritima) bark extract.
abstract: French maritime pine (Pinus maritima) bark extract (PBE) is a polyphenol-rich food supplement patented under the name of Pycnogenol and known to have strong antioxidant activity and different beneficial effects on human health. Although its biological properties have begun to be extensively studied both in vitro, in laboratory animals and more recently in humans, little is known about its bioavailability. The present study investigated the urinary excretion of free and conjugated ferulic acid, present in quantitatively detectable amounts in PBE, after oral PBE administration to human subjects. Eleven healthy adult subjects (4 women and 7men) consumed either a single dose (200 mg PBE) or two doses of PBE (100 and 200 mg, respectively) within a 48-h interval. Two days before the oral administration of PBE and during the urine sample collection period volunteers adhered to a diet low in polyphenols. Aliquots of all urine production were collected over 24 h. Free and conjugated ferulic acid was assessed in urine by HPLC using diode array detection. A close association between the dietary intake of PBE and the urinary excretion of ferulic acid was detected. Moreover, the results indicate that a considerable proportion of ferulic acid is excreted as glucuronide or sulfate after PBE consumption, varying over the range 2 to 20% between individuals. The kinetics of excretion associated with the administration of 100 mg PBE was quite similar to that obtained after 200 mg PBE. A a biphasic trend was evident in a number of subjects. All subjects studied here displayed a significant, although variable level of excretion of ferulic acid after supplementation with PBE, Thus, the data provide evidence that at least a part of the phenolic components of PBE are absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated by humans.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Virgili
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagana
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bourne
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rimbach
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Natella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rice-Evans
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D015415:Biomarkers; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005602:France; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; C024070:pycnogenols; C004999:ferulic acid