title: Psychological treatments in cardiac rehabilitation: review of rationales and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this review, the place of psychological interventions in cardiac rehabilitation and differences in underlying rationales are presented. Treatment approaches vary in that some practitioners favor biobehavioral approaches with strong relaxation/breathing components, whereas others offer unstructured support, psychoeducation to maximize compliance, or psychological interventions directed at reducing emotional distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effectiveness of psychosocial rehabilitation for endpoints like mortality, recurrence, emotional distress, and intermediate hard endpoints is reviewed by integrating conclusions from narrative and meta-analytic reviews as well as recent major clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aggregated findings support the use of psychosocial interventions and they also help to explain critical differences in outcome in that studies which fail to reduce distress also fail to lead to reduced mortality or reduced event recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender differences in outcome and recent trends in cardiology are discussed because both have distinct consequences for the effective delivery of psychological services to cardiac patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada. wlinden@cortex.psych.ubc.ca
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Linden
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D016896:Treatment Outcome