title: Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the safety and efficacy of midazolam given intranasally with diazepam given intravenously in the treatment of children with prolonged febrile seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomised study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paediatric emergency department in a general hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  47 children aged six months to five years with prolonged febrile seizure (at least 10 minutes) during a 12 month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intranasal midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and intravenous diazepam (0.3 mg/kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Time from arrival at hospital to starting treatment and cessation of seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intranasal midazolam and intravenous diazepam were equally effective. Overall, 23 of 26 seizures were controlled with midazolam and 24 out of 26 with diazepam. The mean time from arrival at hospital to starting treatment was significantly shorter in the midazolam group (3.5 (SD 1.8) minutes, 95% confidence interval 3.3 to 3.7) than the diazepam group (5.5 (2.0), 5.3 to 5.7). The mean time to control of seizures was significantly sooner (6.1 (3.6), 6.3 to 6.7) in the midazolam group than the diazepam group (8.0 (0.5), 7. 9 to 8.3). No significant side effects were observed in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seizures were controlled more quickly with intravenous diazepam than with intranasal midazolam, although midazolam was as safe and effective as diazepam. The overall time to cessation of seizures after arrival at hospital was faster with intranasal midazolam than with intravenous diazepam. The intranasal route can possibly be used not only in medical centres but in general practice and, with appropriate instructions, by families of children with recurrent febrile seizures at home.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel. shiri@gezernet.co.il
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bistritzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berkovitch
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D003294:Seizures, Febrile / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam