title: Effect of anesthetics on pathogenesis of experimentally induced murine pneumococcal pneumonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the effects of three commonly used anesthetic agents--sodium pentobarbital given intraperitoneally, and inhaled halothane and methoxyflurane--on the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia in an experimental murine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swiss outbred mice were anesthetized with either sodium pentobarbital, halothane, or methoxyflurane before intranasal infection with Streptococcus pneumonia. At defined times after infection, bacterial numbers in lungs and blood, markers of acute lung injury, and lung cytokine levels were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice anesthetized with inhaled halothane or methoxyflurane prior to intranasal inoculation with type-2 Streptococcus pneumoniae developed pneumonia and bacteremia distinctly different from that in mice anesthetized by intraperitoneal (IP) administration of sodium pentobarbital. Mice having brief exposure to inhaled halothane or methoxyflurane had significantly greater numbers of bacteria in lungs and blood 48 hours after inoculation, compared with mice anesthetized by IP administration of pentobarbital. Also, mice inhaling halothane had significantly decreased activities of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lung homogenates at 24 hours after inoculation, compared with those given pentobarbital IP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effects of anesthesia on murine models of pneumonia should be considered in the design and interpretation of studies of pneumococcal pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rubins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charboneau
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D008733:Methoxyflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000382:microbiology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008733:Methoxyflurane; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006221:Halothane