title: Interleukin-12 gene therapy of a weakly immunogenic mouse mammary carcinoma results in reduction of spontaneous lung metastases via a T-cell-independent mechanism.
abstract: In our previous studies using gene gun-mediated delivery of interleukin 12 (IL-12) cDNA in vivo, we observed T-cell-mediated regression of established murine tumors and demonstrated the induction of systemic immunity in test animals. In this study, we further characterized the antitumoral and anti-metastatic effect of this gene therapy approach by employing two murine metastatic mammary tumor models: the immunogenic TS/A adenocarcinoma and the weakly immunogenic 4T1 adenocarcinoma. In the TS/A model, gene transfer into the skin overlying an established intradermal tumor with an IL-12 cDNA expression vector resulted in complete tumor regression in 50% of mice followed by the development of immunological memory. In contrast, the growth of the intradermal 4T1 tumors was not affected by the IL-12 gene therapy protocol. However, this treatment resulted in a substantial reduction of spontaneous metastases in the lungs of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice and significantly prolonged their survival time. T cells were not required for this anti-metastatic effect, because it was also observed in nude mice and in mice depleted of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Tumor-draining lymph node cells obtained from 4T1 tumor-bearing mice treated with IL-12 cDNA exhibited increased natural killer (NK) activity and produced enhanced levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) compared with similar mice treated with luciferase cDNA. In addition, in vivo depletion of NK cells or neutralization of IFN-gamma resulted in partial suppression of the anti-metastatic effect of IL-12 gene therapy, suggesting the involvement of both NK cells and IFN-gamma in this effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792 USA. rakhmil@mail.humonc.wisc.edu
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rakhmilevich
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sondel
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D015996:Survival Rate; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma