title: Genetic analysis in the diagnosis of familial paragangliomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the management of two related patients with multicentric glomus jugulare tumors, given the incidence of 1:30,000 with approximately 20% familial cases, our objective was to review the genetic characteristics and inheritance patterns of these tumors and to determine what molecular genetic screening possibilities exist for the phenotypically normal family members. In addition, our aim was to review the incidence of various multicentric paraganglioma (PGL) tumor location combinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular genetic linkage analysis testing was performed on the 2 patients and 14 other unaffected family members. We report the results of this screening and review the literature on the incidence and genetics of paragangliomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inheritance pattern in the literature demonstrates autosomal dominant transmission with maternal imprinting (inactivation). The proclivity for multicentric origin increases to 26% in familial cases, as reflected in our patients. In addition to the two patients, four unaffected family members demonstrated the presence of the disease haplotype at chromosome band 11q23, which indicates a very high likelihood of developing a paraganglioma, given the highly penetrant nature of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is clear that the familial PGL gene locus is situated at chromosome 11q23. The gene itself and its exact degree of penetrance, however, still await identification. Since early detection of paragangliomas reduces the incidence of morbidity and mortality, genotypic analysis as a screening tool in families of affected patients should play a front-line diagnostic role, leading to more timely and cost-effective patient management.
authors.affiliation: Otologic Center and Midwest Ear Institute, Kansas City, Missouri 64111, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Petropoulos
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Luetje
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Camarata
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Baysal
mesh_terms: D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005925:Glomus Jugulare Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*