title: Significance of the CAG repeat polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene in prostate cancer progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The CAG repeat polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene has been associated with an increased prostate cancer risk, and the repeat length correlated with cancer stage and grade at presentation. Men with an allele length of </= 18 CAG repeats have a 2-fold increase in risk for high-stage or high-grade prostate cancer, compared with patients with a longer CAG repeat. We examined the significance of the CAG repeat polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene for predicting prostate cancer progression among 318 patients treated by radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1987 and 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leukocyte DNA was collected and genotyping of the CAG repeat polymorphism was performed using a PCR-based direct sequencing method. Risk ratios were calculated for developing biochemical recurrence for patients associated with an allele length of </= 18 CAG repeats, compared with patients with an allele length of >18 CAG repeats, controlling for grade, stage and serum PSA level at diagnosis using Cox proportional hazard modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the CAG repeat allele was not predictive of recurrence; tumor grade, stage and PSA level at diagnosis were the only predictors of recurrence in a multivariate analysis. However, for patients at low risk for recurrence (Gleason score 2 to 6, stage pT2, and PSA </= 10 ng./ml.), the relative risk of recurrence associated with an allele of </= 18 CAG repeats was 8.07 (95% C.I., 2.02 to 32.2, p = 0.004), compared with patients with an allele length of >18 CAG repeats. In contrast, for patients at high risk of recurrence (Gleason score >/= 7, stage pT3/4, or PSA >10 ng./ml.), the relative risk associated with the </= 18 CAG repeat allele was 0.72 (95% C.I., 0.33 to 1.57, p = 0.41), compared with patients with the >18 CAG repeat allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The length of the CAG repeat polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene may be important for prostate cancer recurrence among patients who are otherwise at low risk for recurrence after radical prostatectomy. These findings have potential implications for patient selection for adjuvant treatment, and for the development of novel treatments.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Urology, Pathology, and Medicine and the Clinical Epidemiology Health Services Research Unit, Toronto General Hospital/Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Elhaji
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hakimi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trachtenberg
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jewett
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Narod
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen