title: Theophylline pharmacokinetics with concomitant steroid and gold therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Theophylline has been used for several decades in the treatment of asthma. In recent years, however, with the appreciation of the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of asthma, new therapeutic approaches have arisen, including beta2-agonists, steroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as gold salts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present work we studied the kinetic behaviour of theophylline administered concomitantly with methylprednisolone (steroid compound) and auranofin (oral gold) in six adult female patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug concentration data for patients under routine care were collected. The kinetic analysis (Bayesian Approach) was done using two different commercial software packages, PKS (Abbott Diagnostics) and CAPCIL (SIMKIN Inc., courtesy of Dade-Behring). A one-compartment open model with first-order absorption (ka for PKS=0. 5/h; ka for CAPCIL=0.3/h ) and first- order elimination. Default CL, t1/2 and Vd values were used for each program was assumed. The measured and predicted theophylline concentrations were used to calculate percentage prediction errors defined as %PE=[(predicted conc. - measured conc.)/measured conc.] x 100. A linear regression analysis was also carried out for the observed concentrations and those predicted by each method (PKS vs. CAPCIL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predicted concentrations indicating persistently over-predicted the observed theophylline serum levels (results expressed as median and interquartile range; %PE for PKS=58.1 [37.1-126.0]; %PE for CAPCIL=34.0 [12.5-93.8]). The regression analysis confirmed the same tendency, showing an intercept significantly different from zero using both PKS and CAPCIL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest a possible interaction between theophylline and auranofin. Both PKS and CAPCIL failed to predict theophylline serum levels based exclusively on population pharmacokinetic parameters. The lower observed concentrations than expected have obvious implications in practice. Periodic theophylline serum determinations are advisable until further studies provide the necessary clarification about the kinetic profile of theophylline in patients taking concomitant steroids and gold salts.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. acfalcao@ff.uc.pt
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Falcão
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Caramona
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D001310:Auranofin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013806:Theophylline / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D001310:Auranofin; D013806:Theophylline; D008775:Methylprednisolone