title: Orientation specificity of the Lactococcus lactis Chi site.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Escherichia coli, the Chi sequence modulates the activity of RecBCD, a powerful double-stranded (ds) DNA exonuclease/helicase. Chi attenuates RecBCD exonuclease activity and stimulates homologous recombination in an orientation-dependent manner. ChiEc is frequent and over-represented on its genome, which is thought to be related to its role in dsDNA break repair. We previously identified a Chi-like sequence (referred to as ChiLl) and an exonuclease/helicase in the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis. ChiLl and RexAB are functional analogues of ChiEc and RecBCD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that ChiLl attenuates RexAB exonuclease activity and stimulates homologous recombination in an orientation-dependent manner. Analysis of ChiLl distribution on the L. lactis chromosome reveals that ChiLl is frequent, highly over-represented, and oriented with respect to the direction of replication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that a single orientation of ChiLl interacts with RexAB. The active orientation is preferentially found on the replication leading strand of the L. lactis genome, consistent with a primary role of ChiLl in repair of dsDNA breaks at the replication fork. We propose that orientation-dependence of Chi activity and over-representation of Chi sequences on bacterial genomes may be conserved properties of exonuclease/helicase-Chi couples. Other properties of the Chi sequence distribution on the genomes might reflect more specific characteristics of each couple and of the host.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Génétique Appliquée-URLGA, and; Laboratoire de Génétique Microbienne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Karoui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Biaudet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolotin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sorokin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruss
mesh_terms: D007446:Chromosome Inversion; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004261:DNA Replication; D043211:Exodeoxyribonuclease V; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases; D043211:Exodeoxyribonuclease V