title: Advanced glycation and lipidoxidation of the peritoneal membrane: respective roles of serum and peritoneal fluid reactive carbonyl compounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced glycation of proteins has been incriminated in the progressive alteration of the peritoneal membrane during chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) result from a modification of proteins by reactive carbonyl compounds (RCOs). RCOs resulting from glucose breakdown are present in commercial PD fluid. They also accumulate in uremic plasma. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the respective contribution of these two sources of RCOs in the genesis of peritoneal AGEs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three major RCOs formed during heat sterilization of PD fluid, that is, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone, and total RCOs were measured in commercial PD fluid and in PD effluent. The generation of pentosidine, used as a surrogate marker for AGEs, during one-week incubations of PD fluid and effluent samples fortified with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Peritoneal samples were stained with antibodies specific for two AGEs derived from carbohydrate-dependent RCOs, Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and pentosidine, or for two advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) derived from lipid-dependent RCOs, malondialdehyde (MDA)-lysine and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-protein adduct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone were identified in commercial PD fluid. Their levels in PD effluents decreased with dwell time probably by diffusion into blood circulation. In contrast, the levels of total RCOs were initially low in commercial PD fluid, increased in PD effluent with dwell time probably by diffusion from circulation into the peritoneal cavity, and after 12 hours, reached values observed in uremic serum. The relevance of the rise in total RCOs for AGE formation is demonstrated by a parallel increase in the generation of pentosidine during incubations of PD effluents. In contrast with RCOs present in glucose-rich PD fluid, RCOs diffusing from uremic circulation originate from both carbohydrates and lipids. Their role in the modification of peritoneal proteins is demonstrated by the immunohistochemical study of peritoneal tissue. Two AGEs and two ALEs increase in parallel in the mesothelial layers and in vascular wall of small arteries in the peritoneum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein modification of the peritoneum is determined not only by RCOs originating in PD fluid, but also by RCOs originating from the uremic circulation. The present data might be relevant to current attempts to improve PD fluid toxicity by lowering its glucose content.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izuhara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Ypersele de Strihou
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000097:blood; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D005374:Filtration; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism*; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D001120:Arginine; C062187:pentosidine; D005947:Glucose; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; D008239:Lysine