title: Precursor genes of future pandemic influenza viruses are perpetuated in ducks nesting in Siberia.
abstract: Influenza A viruses of different subtypes were isolated from fecal samples of ducks in their nesting areas in Siberia in summer from 1996 to 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the NP genes of the isolates in Siberia and those in Hokkaido, Japan on their flyway of migration from Siberia to the south in autumn revealed that they belong to the Eurasian lineage of avian influenza viruses. It is noted that the genes of the isolates in Siberia are closely related to those of H5N1 influenza virus strains isolated from chickens and humans in Hong Kong in 1997 as well as to those of isolates from domestic birds in southern China. The results indicate that influenza viruses perpetuated in ducks nesting in Siberia should have contributed genes in the emergence of the H5N1 virus in Hong Kong. Vaccine prepared from avirulent A/duck/Hokkaido/4/96 (H5N3) influenza virus was potent enough to protect mice from challenge with lethal dose of the pathogenic H5N1 virus [19]. Intensive surveillance study of aquatic birds especially in Siberia is, therefore, stressed to provide information on the future pandemic influenza virus strains and for vaccine preparation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takakuwa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanizaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Demenev
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tyaptirganov
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Karatayeva
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yamnikova
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lvov
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004372:Ducks / Q000821:virology*; D005814:Genes, Viral; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007564:Japan; D051379:Mice; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011200:Poultry; D012800:Siberia; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D014764:Viral Proteins