title: [Caldesmon inhibits formation of strongly bound myosin cross-bridges and activates an ability of weakly bound cross-bridges to transform actin monomers to the off-conformation].
abstract: The effect of caldesmon and its actin-binding C-terminal 35 kDa fragment on conformational alterations of actin in a muscle fiber at relaxation, rigor and at simulation of strong and weak binding of myosin heads to actin was studied by polarizational fluorimetry technique. The strong and weak binding forms were mimicked during binding of F-actin of ghost muscle fibers to myosin subfragment-1 modified with NEM (NEM-S1) or pPDM (pPDM-S1), respectively. As a test for alterations in actin conformation, changes in orientation and mobility of a fluorescent probe, TRITC-phalloidin, bound specifically to F-actin were used. The results obtained have shown that during transition of the muscle fiber from the relaxed state into the rigor and during binding of actin filaments to NEM-S1, changes of polarization parameters take place, which are characteristic of formation between actin and myosin of the strong binding and of transformation of actin subunits from the "turned-off" (inactive) to the "turned-on" (active) conformation. Binding of pPDM-S1 to actin and relaxation of the muscle fiber are accompanied, on the contrary, by the changes of orientation and of the fluorescent probe mobility, which are typical of formation of the weak ("non-force-producing") form of actin-myosin binding and of transformation of actin subunits from the active conformation into the inactive one. Caldesmon and its C-terminal fragment markedly inhibit formation of the strong binding at rigor and activate transition of actin monomers to the switched off conformation at relaxation of muscle fiber. In parallel experiments, these regulatory proteins have been shown to inhibit an active force developed at the transition of a muscle fiber from relaxation to rigor. Besides, caldesmon and its fragment decrease the rate of actin filament sliding over myosin in an in vitro motility assay. Caldesmon is suggested to regulate the smooth muscle contraction in an allosterical manner. The alterations in actin conformation inhibit formation of strong binding of myosin cross bridges to actin and activate the ability of weakly bound cross bridges to switch actin monomers from the "on" to the "off" conformation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Vikhorev
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Vikhoreva
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rosliakova
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chacko
authors.forename: Iu S
authors.initials: IuS
authors.lastname: Borovikov
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D009218:Myosins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011817:Rabbits; D012235:Rhodamines
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012235:Rhodamines; C009434:tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate; D009218:Myosins