title: Pharmacologic treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of pharmacologic agents for the irritable bowel syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic literature search of MEDLINE (1966 to 1999), EMBASE (1980 to 1999), PsycINFO (1967 to 1999), and the Cochrane controlled trials registry and a manual search of references from bibliographies of identified articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, or crossover trials of a pharmacologic intervention for adult patients that reported outcomes of improvement in global or irritable bowel-specific symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative and quantitative data reported on study groups, interventions, treatment outcomes, and trial methodologic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  70 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most common medication classes were smooth-muscle relaxants (16 trials), bulking agents (13 trials), prokinetic agents (6 trials), psychotropic agents (7 trials), and loperamide (4 trials). The strongest evidence for efficacy was shown for smooth-muscle relaxants in patients with abdominal pain as the predominant symptom. Loperamide seems to reduce diarrhea but does not relieve abdominal pain. Although psychotropic agents were shown to produce global improvement, the evidence is based on a small number of studies of suboptimal quality. Psychotropic drugs, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-receptor antagonists, peppermint oil, and Chinese herbal medicine require further study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smooth-muscle relaxants are beneficial when abdominal pain is the predominant symptom. In contrast, the efficacy of bulking agents has not been established. Loperamide is effective for diarrhea. Evidence for use of psychotropic agents is inconclusive; more high-quality trials of longer duration are needed. Evidence for the efficacy of 5-HT-receptor antagonists seems favorable, although more studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: The Regenstrief Institute for Health Care, Indiana University School of Medicine, and the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jailwala
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Imperiale
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
mesh_terms: D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003109:Colonic Diseases, Functional / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008139:Loperamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000930:Antidiarrheals; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D008139:Loperamide