title: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is responsible for an increase in plasma norepinephrine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reason for increasing norepinephrine (NE) levels reported in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Norepinephrine was measured in the plasma and peritoneal dialysate of CAPD patients (n = 22) and in the plasma and the urine of healthy subjects (n = 20). It was also measured in the plasma of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) (n = 15) and patients on hemodialysis (HD) (n = 15).
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that NE was increased in CAPD patients compared with healthy individuals (687+/-221 pg/mL vs 199+/-25 pg/mL, p < 0.01). The daily removal of NE from the peritoneum of CAPD patients was lower compared with the amount of NE excreted in the urine of healthy subjects. Plasma NE increased after infusion of peritoneal dialysate. In 15 new patients on CAPD, it was found that NE plasma levels increased from 329+/-67 pg/mL before initiation of dialysis, to 584+/-173 pg/mL after 12 months of treatment (p < 0.01). Finally, plasma NE in CAPD patients (687+/-221 pg/mL) was significantly higher compared with the already increased levels in patients on HD or with CRF (406+/-143 pg/mL and 378+/-142 pg/mL, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that CAPD in patients with end-stage renal disease is responsible for a progressive increase of plasma norepinephrine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University Hospital, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Vlachojannis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsakas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alexandri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petropoulou
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goumenos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D009638:Norepinephrine