title: The biosynthesis of A2E, a fluorophore of aging retina, involves the formation of the precursor, A2-PE, in the photoreceptor outer segment membrane.
abstract: The autofluorescent lipofuscin that accumulates in retinal pigment epithelial cells with age may contribute to an age-related decline in cell function. The major lipofuscin fluorophore, A2E, is a pyridinium bisretinoid. We previously proposed that the biogenesis of A2E involves the following: (i) formation of the Schiff base, N-retinylidene phosphatidylethanolamine from all-trans-retinal and phosphatidylethanolamine in the photoreceptor outer segment membrane; (ii) further reaction of N-retinylidene phosphatidylethanolamine with retinal to yield phosphatidylethanolamine-bisretinoid, A2-PE; (iii) hydrolysis of A2-PE to generate A2E. To provide evidence for this biogenic scheme, all-trans-retinal was reacted with dipalmitoyl-l-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine to yield DP-A2-PE (A2-PE), as confirmed by UV, with mass spectrometry revealing the molecular ion at m/z 1222.9 (C(77)H(124)O(8)PN) accompanied by product ion at m/z 672.8, representing the phosphoryl-A2E fragment of A2-PE. In reaction mixtures of retinal and outer segments and in samples of Royal College of Surgeons rat retina containing outer segment membranous debris, A2-PE was detected as a series of high performance liquid chromatography peaks, each with UV similar to reference A2-PE. By mass spectrometry, A2-PE consisted of multiple peaks, representing fatty acids with different chain lengths, and the phosphoryl-A2E moiety, m/z 673. Incubation of the retinal/outer segment reaction mixture with phospholipase D generated A2E, as detected by high performance liquid chromatography, thus confirming A2-PE as the A2E precursor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itagaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Shabat
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sparrow
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D008062:Lipofuscin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008062:Lipofuscin; D012176:Retinoids