title: Gender differences in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that women receive fewer invasive procedures for the treatment of coronary artery disease than men, but gender differences in cerebrovascular disease have not been well studied. Our objective was to explore differences in the treatment of stroke between men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary database analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the use of carotid endarterectomy in a nationally representative sample of Medicare enrollees aged 65 to 84, hospitalized for a principal diagnosis of stroke in 1992, the "all strokes group". We also studied a subgroup of patients, the "carotid disease subgroup", admitted with a principal diagnosis of precerebral arterial occlusion and stenosis or transient cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined rates of carotid endarterectomy for the all strokes group within gender and age groups and calculated corresponding female-to-male relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We also performed similar analyses for the carotid disease subgroup. We then used logistic regression to estimate the relative risk of use of carotid endarterectomy for women, controlling for age and comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The all-strokes group consisted of 3,356 women and 2,927 men, of whom 1,009 women and 990 men were in the carotid disease subgroup. The overall age-adjusted female-to-male relative risk of undergoing carotid endarterectomy for those aged 65 to 84 was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.64-0.74) in the all strokes group and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.72-0.82) in the carotid disease subgroup. In both analyses, the RR became more pronounced with increasing age. In the all strokes group, for example, the RR was 0.80 (0.70-0.92) for those aged 65 to 69 and 0.39 (0.32-0.48) for those aged 80 to 84. The RR for the all strokes group remained similar in magnitude even after controlling for comorbidity (RR, 0.63 and 95% CI, 0.59-0.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that women hospitalized for strokes undergo fewer carotid endarterectomies than men. Further studies are needed to examine the reasons for and implications of this gender difference.
authors.affiliation: Evans Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Byrne-Logan
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014481:United States