title: Neuroprotective agent chlomethiazole attenuates c-fos, c-jun, and AP-1 activation through inhibition of p38 MAP kinase.
abstract: Recent evidence suggests that stress-activated protein kinases expressed in glial cells have very important roles during cerebral ischemia. The neuroprotective agent chlomethiazole, which is known to enhance the conductance at the GABA(A) receptor complex, is presently in clinical trials for the treatment of severe stroke. Here the authors suggested that chlormethiazole has anti-inflammatory properties because it potently and selectively inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in primary cortical glial cultures. The inhibition of p38 MAP kinase resulted in the attenuation of the induction of c-fos and c-jun mRNA and AP-1 DNA binding by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, chlomethiazole inhibited the activation of an AP-1-dependent luciferase reporter plasmid in SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells in response to glutamate. Chlomethiazole inhibited the p38 MAP kinase activity as revealed by the decrease in the LPS-induced phosphorylation of the substrates ATF-2 and hsp27, whereas the phosphorylation status of the p38 MAP kinase itself was unaffected. Interestingly, chlomethiazole exhibited an IC(50) of approximately 2 micromol/L for inhibition of c-fos mRNA expression, indicating 25 to 75 times higher potency than reported EC(50) values for enhancing GABA(A) chloride currents. The results indicated a novel mechanism of action of chlomethiazole, and provided support for a distinctive role of p38 MAP kinase in cerebral ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute for Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingelman-Sundberg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tindberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002719:Chlormethiazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002719:Chlormethiazole; D004247:DNA; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases