title: Skeletal-specific expression of Fgd1 during bone formation and skeletal defects in faciogenital dysplasia (FGDY; Aarskog syndrome).
abstract: FGD1 encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that specifically activates the Rho GTPase Cdc42; FGD1 mutations result in Faciogenital Dysplasia (FGDY, Aarskog syndrome), an X-linked developmental disorder that adversely affects the formation of multiple skeletal structures. To further define the role of FGD1 in skeletal development, we examined its expression in developing mouse embryos and correlated this pattern with FGDY skeletal defects. In this study, we show that Fgd1, the mouse FGD1 ortholog, is initially expressed during the onset of ossification during embryogenesis. Fgd1 is expressed in regions of active bone formation in the trabeculae and diaphyseal cortices of developing long bones. The onset of Fgd1 expression correlates with the expression of bone sialo-protein, a protein specifically expressed in osteoblasts at the onset of matrix mineralization; an analysis of serial sections shows that Fgd1 is expressed in tissues containing calcified and mineralized extracellular matrix. Fgd1 protein is specifically expressed in cultured osteoblast and osteoblast-like cells including MC3T3-E1 cells and human osteosarcoma cells but not in other mesodermal cells; immunohistochemical studies confirm the presence of Fgd1 protein in mouse calvarial cells. Postnatally, Fgd1 is expressed more broadly in skeletal tissue with expression in the perichondrium, resting chondrocytes, and joint capsule fibroblasts. The data indicate that Fgd1 is expressed in a variety of regions of incipient and active endochondral and intramembranous ossification including the craniofacial bones, vertebrae, ribs, long bones and phalanges. The observed pattern of Fgd1 expression correlates with FGDY skeletal manifestations and provides an embryologic basis for the prevalence of observed skeletal defects. The observation that the induction of Fgd1 expression coincides with the initiation of ossification strongly suggests that FGD1 signaling plays a role in ossification and bone formation; it also suggests that FGD1 signaling does not play a role in the earlier phases of skeletogenesis. With the observation that FGD1 mutations result in the skeletal dysplasia FGDY, accumulated data indicate that FGD1 signaling plays a critical role in ossification and skeletal development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0688, USA. jlgorski@umich.edu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gorski
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005835:Genitalia / Q000002:abnormalities*; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013577:Syndrome; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C490796:FGD1 protein, human; C097489:Fgd1 protein, mouse; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D011506:Proteins; D012313:RNA