title: Experimental discordant hepatic xenotransplantation in the recipient with liver failure: implications for clinical bridging trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical xenotransplantation might start with bridge-to-bridge trials. Situations where hyperacute rejection is avoided would provide opportunities for the initiation of bridging trials. Patients with liver failure have a diminished capacity to initiate antibody and complement-induced injury of xenogeneic endothelium. Hyperacute rejection of a liver xenograft manifests as a coagulopathy. We examined the ability of a recipient with liver failure to hyperacutely reject a liver xenograft in the dog-to-pig model in the immediate postoperative period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liver failure in pigs was induced with galactosamine. Canine livers were transplanted into pigs with liver failure and into healthy pigs. The postoperative course was monitored for 1 hour for histologic changes in the xenograft, changes in platelet counts, and whole blood clotting with Sonoclot analysis. In vitro assays with pig serum and canine hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were used to assess the effect of liver failure on serum cytotoxicity and xenoreactive antibody levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All untreated pig recipients of liver xenografts died from a coagulopathy. Recipients with liver failure manifested no signs of coagulopathy, and had minimal change in platelet counts or Sonoclot (Sienco Inc., Morrison, CO) tracings. Liver xenograft biopsies from recipients with liver failure showed no evidence of the tissue injury that characterized the biopsies of control recipients. Serum from pigs was less cytotoxic to the canine hepatic sinusoidal endothelium after induction of liver failure. The xenoreactive antibody levels and repertoire were similar in the pig serum before and after liver failure was induced. CH50 (total complement) levels were diminished in pigs after the induction of liver failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver xenotransplantation used in bridging trials in recipients with liver failure might not face the barrier of hyperacute rejection.
authors.affiliation: McGill University Department of Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tector
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fridell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greinke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Metrakos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tchervenkov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D004285:Dogs; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006084:Graft Rejection; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous