title: Comparing thyroid ultrasonography to thyroid function in long-term survivors of childhood lymphoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the value of thyroid ultrasonography as a follow-up tool in survivors of childhood lymphomas and correlated morphologic abnormalities with thyroid function tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective follow-up study of 45 long-term survivors of histology-proved childhood lymphomas was performed. Mean age at diagnosis was 9.1 years (range 2.1-16.4 years) and mean follow-up duration 10.9 years (range 3.9-22.2 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 26 survivors of Hodgkin disease (HD) who received mantle field irradiation, 14 (54%) had abnormal ultrasonograms. Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were found in 14 (54%), and 6 of them (42%) had normal thyroid functions. Six of twelve patients with normal ultrasonograms had abnormal thyroid function, and 5 of 11 patients with normal function had abnormal sonograms. Among the 19 non-HD survivors who did not receive radiotherapy, 18 (95%) had both normal sonograms and normal function. Thus thyroid gland abnormalities were detected in 54% of HD survivors after mantle field irradiation. No correlation between the abnormalities detected on ultrasonography and serum levels of TSH and thyroid hormones were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both ultrasound and thyroid function tests independently provide clinically useful information; the former examines gland morphologogy and the latter evaluates hormonal changes associated with thyroid disease. The high frequency of thyroid abnormalities detected by ultrasonography suggests that periodic thyroid ultrasonography is advisable in the follow-up of patients treated with mantle irradiation to screen for morphologic changes that may presage malignant transformation.
authors.affiliation: The Miri Shitrit Pediatric Department of Hematology-Oncology, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Solt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaitini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pery
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Arush
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography