title: Pregnancy and diabetes--a hermeneutic phenomenological study of women's experiences.
abstract: The aim of this article is to describe women's experiences of being pregnant and having insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), particularly regarding what the crucial elements of the experience are during pregnancy. A qualitative method with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used. The subjects were 14 pregnant women with IDDM, of whom eight were primiparous and six multiparous. They were interviewed during pregnancy concerning their experience of 'being controlled by blood glucose levels for the child's sake'. The child makes demands, with consequences which are divided into two main themes: objectification, including loss of control and an awareness of having an unwell 'risky body'; and exaggerated responsibility, including constant worry, constant pressure and constant self-blame. The results present a challenge to every midwife, physician or other health professional involved in the care of pregnant women with diabetes. They have an important role in mediating understanding of how risks to such women during pregnancy and childbirth can be minimized by normalizing the blood glucose level. At the same time, they should point out the fact that most women with IDDM today have healthy babies. This could reduce negative feelings. The women should also be supported and encouraged in the normal transition to motherhood.
authors.affiliation: Antenatal Care Unit, Sahlgrenska, University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Honkasalo
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001828:Body Image; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009341:Negativism; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose