title: Differentiation of spasmodic and psychogenic dysphonias with phonoscopic evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identify laryngeal behaviors that differentiate patients with spasmodic dysphonia and patients with psychogenic dysphonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of patients evaluated over a 3-year period with a diagnosis of either spasmodic or psychogenic dysphonia. Videotaped phonoscopic (laryngeal imaging) examinations of all noted aberrant behaviors were examined. Tally behaviors according to each subject group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three examiners unfamiliar with patients' previous diagnoses reviewed videotaped studies. Aberrant behaviors were noted and each patient was assigned to spasmodic or psychogenic dysphonia group. Agreement among examiners and agreement with previous diagnoses was established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six abnormal behaviors were noted, including tremor, hyperadduction, false fold constriction, sphincteric constriction, hyperabduction and paradoxical movements of the true and false folds. Percentage of patients in each group with each behavior was determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual behaviors did not generally appear to differentiate the two groups; however, patterns of behaviors did, and may be of considerable value in differentiating spasmodic and psychogenic dysphonias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento 95817, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002933:Cineradiography / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010700:Phonetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy