title: The juice of fresh leaves of Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) markedly reduces pain in mice.
abstract: The decoction or juice of leaves of Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) is used in Martinican folk medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present investigation we studied the acute oral (p.o.) toxicity of a crude extract obtained from a lyophilized decoction (DE) and from the juice (JE) of fresh leaves. We observed no signs of toxicity up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg (p.o.) in mice. At the dose of 1000 mg/kg, neither extract altered sleeping time evoked by the administration of pentobarbital sodium (i.p.). The DE and JE of B. diffusa were assessed in standard rodent models of algesia and inflammation. We investigated the antinociceptive effect of DE and JE in chemical (acetic acid) and thermal (hot plate) models of hyperalgesia in mice. Dipyrone sodium (200 mg/kg), JE (1000 mg/kg) and DE at the same dose (p.o.), produced a significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice (100, 50 and 47% inhibition, respectively) when compared with the negative control (P<0.001). In the hot-plate test in mice, morphine and JE produced a significant increase in latency during the observation time. The DE, however, only raised the pain thresholds during the first period (30 min) of observation (P<0.05). The extracts of B. diffusa were also investigated for their anti-edematogenic effect on carrageenan-induced edema in mice. However, neither extract inhibited the paw edema induced in mice (P>0.05). In the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice, pre-treatment of the animals with naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reversed the analgesic effect of morphine and JE but not that of DE. These data show that the active antinociceptive principle of B. diffusa is present mainly in the juice of fresh leaves and has a significant antinociceptive effect when assessed in these pain models. The mechanism underlying this analgesic effect of fresh leaves of B. diffusa remains unknown, but seems to be related to interaction with the opioid system.
authors.affiliation: Inst. Biologia e Saúde Pública, CUPN, UNITINS, P. Nacional Campinas, TO, Brazil.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hiruma-Lima
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gracioso
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bighetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Germonsén Robineou
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Souza Brito
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D008395:Martinique; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine; D002351:Carrageenan; D010424:Pentobarbital