title: Exercise interventions for smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Taking exercise may help people give up smoking by moderating the effects of nicotine withdrawal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether exercise-based interventions combined with a smoking cessation programme are more effective than a smoking cessation intervention alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction group specialised register for studies including the terms 'exercise' or 'physical activity' in February 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised trials comparing an exercise programme as an adjunct to a cessation programme with a cessation programme alone, recruiting smokers or recent quitters, and with a follow-up of 6 months or more.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted data on study characteristics and smoking outcomes. Because of differences in studies we summarised the results narratively, making no attempt at meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified eight trials, six of which had fewer than 25 people in each treatment arm. They varied in the timing and intensity of the smoking cessation and exercise programmes. Only one trial showed a significant benefit from the exercise programme at long term follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only one of the eight trials offered evidence for exercise aiding smoking cessation but the other trials were too small to exclude reliably an effect of intervention. Trials are needed with larger sample sizes, equal contact control conditions, tailored and lifestyle exercise programmes and measures of exercise adherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK, SW17 0RE. m.ussher@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ussher
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McEwen
mesh_terms: D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*