A possible role of alanine for ammonia transfer between astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons.
The metabolism of [U-(13)C]lactate (1 mM) in the presence of unlabeled glucose (2.5 mM) was investigated in glutamatergic cerebellar granule cells, cerebellar astrocytes, and corresponding co-cultures. It was evident that lactate is primarily a neuronal substrate and that lactate produced glycolytically from glucose in astrocytes serves as a substrate in neurons. Alanine was highly enriched with (13)C in the neurons, whereas this was not the case in the astrocytes. Moreover, the cellular content and the amount of alanine released into the medium were higher in neurons than astrocytes. On incubation of the different cell types in medium containing alanine (1 mM), the astrocytes exhibited the highest level of accumulation. Altogether, these results indicate a preferential synthesis and release of alanine in glutamatergic neurons and uptake in cerebellar astrocytes. A new functional role of alanine may be suggested as a carrier of nitrogen from glutamatergic neurons to astrocytes, a transport that may operate to provide ammonia for glutamine synthesis in astrocytes and dispose of ammonia generated by the glutaminase reaction in glutamatergic neurons. Hence, a model of a glutamate-glutamine/lactate-alanine shuttle is presented. To elucidate if this hypothesis is compatible with the pattern of alanine metabolism observed in the astrocytes and neurons from cerebellum, the cells were incubated in a medium containing [(15)N]alanine (1 mM) and [5-(15)N]glutamine (0.5 mM), respectively. Additionally, neurons were incubated with [U-(13)C]glutamine to estimate the magnitude of glutamine conversion to glutamate. Alanine was labeled from [5-(15)N]glutamine to 3.3% and [U-(13)C]glutamate generated from [U-(13)C]glutamine was labeled to 16%. In spite of the modest labeling in alanine, it is clear that nitrogen from ammonia is transferred to alanine via transamination with glutamate formed by reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate. With regard to the astrocytic part of the shuttle, glutamine was labeled to 22% in one nitrogen atom whereas 3.2% was labeled in two when astrocytes were incubated in [(15)N]alanine. Moreover, in co-cultures, [U-(13)C]alanine labeled glutamate and glutamine equally, whereas [U-(13)C]lactate preferentially labeled glutamate. Altogether, these results support the role proposed above of alanine as a possible ammonia nitrogen carrier between glutamatergic neurons and surrounding astrocytes and they show that lactate is preferentially metabolized in neurons and alanine in astrocytes.
Waagepetersen
H S
HS
Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience PharmaBiotec Research Center, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sonnewald
U
U
Larsson
O M
OM
Schousboe
A
A
D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D007773:Lactates; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000641:Ammonia; D005947:Glucose; D000409:Alanine