title: Patient support and education for promoting adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with improved health outcomes for people living with HIV/AIDS. Unfortunately, full therapeutic benefit from HAART may require near-perfect adherence to prescribed regimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of patient support and education interventions for improving adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in people living with HIV and AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified using AIDSLINE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, HEALTHSTAR, PSYCHLIT, SOCIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL ABSTRACTS, SCIENCE CITATION INDEX, EMBASE, and abstracts from global AIDS meetings, ICAAC, and other major meetings from January 1996 to April 1999. Further information was sought through contact with authors, reference lists, and Collaborative Review Group databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  To be included, studies had to describe a supportive or educational intervention to improve adherence to a HAART regimen in HIV positive patients, and include a comparison group. Eligible HAART regimens were defined as consisting of at least three anti-HIV drugs one of which must be a protease inhibitor or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. At least one measure of adherence was also required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on study design, participants, interventions, and outcomes were extracted from the reports onto specifically designed data collection forms by at least two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One study satisfied the eligibility criteria. It compared a pharmacist-led intervention consisting of educational counseling and availability of follow-up telephone support with conventional dispensing of HAART pills. This intervention significantly improved adherence to HAART, and adherence to HAART significantly predicted undetectable viral load at 24 weeks. However, participating in the intervention did not significantly predict a subsequently undetectable viral load at 24 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implications for practice Currently a pharmacist-led program of educational and supportive counseling is the only available intervention which has been shown in a controlled study to improve adherence to HAART, with less evidence that viral load is subsequently reduced. Implications for research Controlled trials are urgently needed to determine which interventions can significantly improve adherence to HAART. Whether interventions that improve adherence also suppress viral load and improve clinical outcomes should also be considered.
authors.affiliation: C610 University Avenue, Room 16-741, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2M9. glazier@whri.on.ca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Inch
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Glazier
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Urbshott
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bayoumi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rourke
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010594:Pharmacies