title: Stereomammography: evaluation of depth perception using a virtual 3D cursor.
abstract: We are evaluating the usefulness of stereomammography in improving breast cancer diagnosis. One area that we are investigating is whether the improved depth perception associated with stereomammography might be significantly enhanced with the use of a virtual 3D cursor. A study was performed to evaluate the accuracy of absolute depth measurements made in stereomammograms with such a cursor. A biopsy unit was used to produce digital stereo images of a phantom containing 50 low contrast fibrils (0.5 mm diam monofilaments) at depths ranging from 1 to 11 mm, with a minimum spacing of 2 mm. Half of the fibrils were oriented perpendicular (vertical) and half parallel (horizontal) to the stereo shift direction. The depth and orientation of each fibril were randomized, and the horizontal and vertical fibrils crossed, simulating overlapping structures in a breast image. Left and right eye images were generated by shifting the x-ray tube from +2.5 degrees to -2.5 degrees relative to the image receptor. Three observers viewed these images on a computer display with stereo glasses and adjusted the position of a cross-shaped virtual cursor to best match the perceived location of each fibril. The x, y, and z positions of the cursor were indicated on the display. The z (depth) coordinate was separately calibrated using known positions of fibrils in the phantom. The observers analyzed images of two configurations of the phantom. Thus, each observer made 50 vertical filament depth measurements and 50 horizontal filament depth measurements. These measurements were compared with the true depths. The correlation coefficients between the measured and true depths of the vertically oriented fibrils for the three observers were 0.99, 0.97, and 0.89 with standard errors of the estimates of 0.39 mm, 0.83 mm, and 1.33 mm, respectively. Corresponding values for the horizontally oriented fibrils were 0.91, 0.28, and 0.08, and 1.87 mm, 4.19 mm, and 3.13 mm. All observers could estimate the absolute depths of vertically oriented objects fairly accurately in digital stereomammograms; however, only one observer was able to accurately estimate the depths of horizontally oriented objects. This may relate to different aptitudes for stereoscopic visualization. The orientations of most objects in actual mammograms are combinations of horizontal and vertical. Further studies are planned to evaluate absolute depth measurements of fibrils oriented at various intermediate angles and of objects of different shapes. The effects of the shape and contrast of the virtual cursor and the stereo shift angle on the accuracy of the depth measurements will also be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0030, USA. goodsitt@umich.edu
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goodsitt
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hadjiiski
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003867:Depth Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface