title: Reducing premature death and renal failure in Australian aboriginals. A community-based cardiovascular and renal protective program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe results of a systematic treatment program to modify renal and cardiovascular disease in an Aboriginal community whose rates of renal failure and cardiovascular deaths are among the highest in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal survey of people during treatment, and comparison of rates of natural death and renal failure with those in a historical control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tiwi Islands (population, about 1800), November 1995 to December 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adults with blood pressure > or = 140/90, with diabetes and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) > or = 3.4 g/mol (microalbuminuria threshold), or with progressive overt albuminuria (ACR > or = 34 g/mol) were eligible for treatment. The historical control group comprised 229 people who satisfied these criteria in the pretreatment period 1992-1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perindopril, combined with calcium-channel blockers and diuretics if needed to achieve blood pressure goals; attempts to improve control of blood glucose and lipid levels; health education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood pressure, ACR, serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) over two years of treatment; rates of renal failure and natural death compared with control group (analysed on intention-to-treat basis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  258 people enrolled in the program, and 118 had complete data for two years of treatment. In these 118, blood pressures fell significantly, while ACR and GFR stabilised. Rates of the combined endpoints of renal failure and natural death per 100 person-years were 2.9 for the treatment group (95% CI, 1.7-4.6) and 4.8 for the control group (95% CI, 3.3-7.0). After adjustment for baseline ACR category, the relative risk of the treatment group versus the control group for these combined endpoints was 0.47 (95% CI, 0.25-0.86; P = 0.013). Treatment benefit was especially marked in people with overt albuminuria or hypertension and in non-diabetic people. The estimates of benefit were supported by a fall in community rates of death and renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aboriginal people can participate enthusiastically in chronic disease management, with rapid, dramatic improvement in clinical profiles and mortality. Similar programs should be introduced urgently into other Aboriginal communities nationwide.
authors.affiliation: Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT. wendy@menzies.su.edu.au
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002423:Cause of Death; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015876:Northern Territory; D020913:Perindopril / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015996:Survival Rate; D000095283:Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D020913:Perindopril