title: Clinical cerebral microdialysis: a methodological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical microdialysis enables monitoring of the cerebral extracellular chemistry of neurosurgical patients. Introduction of the technique into different hospitals' neurosurgical units has resulted in variations in the method of application. There are several variables to be considered, including length of the catheter membrane, type of perfusion fluid, flow rate of perfusion fluid, and on-line compared with delayed analysis of samples. The objects of this study were as follows: 1) to determine the effects of varying catheter characteristics on substance concentration; 2) to determine the relative recovery and true extracellular concentration by varying the flow rate and extrapolating to zero flow; and 3) to compare substance concentration obtained using a bedside enzyme analyzer with that of off-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A specially designed bolt was used to conduct two adjacent microdialysis catheters into the frontal cortex of patients with head injury or poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage who were receiving ventilation. One reference catheter (10-mm membrane, perfused with Ringer's solution at 0.3 microl/minute) was constant for all studies. The other catheter was varied in terms of membrane length (10 mm or 30 mm), perfusion fluid (Ringer's solution or normal saline), and flow rate (0.1-1.5 microl/minute). The effect of freezing the samples on substance concentration was established by on-line analysis and then repeated analysis after storage at -70 degrees C for 3 months. Samples assayed with the bedside enzyme analyzer were reassessed using HPLC for the determination of glutamate concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two adjacent microdialysis catheters that were identical in membrane length, perfusion fluid, and flow rate showed equivalent results. Variations in perfusion fluid and freezing and thawing of samples did not result in differences in substance concentration. Catheter length had a significant impact on substance recovery. Variations in flow rate enabled the relative recovery to be calculated using a modification of the extrapolation-to-zero-flow method. The recovery was approximately 70% at 0.3 microl/minute and 30% at 1 microl/minute (10-mm membrane) for all analytes. Glutamate results obtained with the enzyme analyzer showed good correlation with those from HPLC.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Neurosurgery and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Peter.Hutchinson@dial.pipex.com
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Al-Rawi
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Maskell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kett-White
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pickard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation; D003422:Critical Care; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000737:chemistry / Q000503:physiopathology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009862:Online Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid