title: Synthesis and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of novel oral N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkyl-carbamate esters of entacapone.
abstract: Entacapone has a relatively low oral bioavailability which may, in part, be due to its low aqueous solubility at low pH and/or its hydrophilic character at neutral pH. Various novel N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl carbamate esters of entacapone were synthesized as possible prodrugs of entacapone in order to increase its aqueous solubility at an acidic pH and to increase its lipophilicity at neutral pH. Oral bioavailability of entacapone and selected carbamate esters were investigated in rats. Both N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl carbamate esters were relatively stable against chemical hydrolysis at pH 7.4 (t1/2 = 14.9-20.7 h), but hydrolyzed rapidly (t1/2 = 0.8-2.7 h) in human serum. However, in contrast to N-alkyl carbamates, N,N-dialkyl carbamates did not release entacapone in in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis (human serum) studies. N-Alkyl carbamates, 2a-c, showed increased aqueous solubility at pH 7.4, of which 2a and 2c also show increased aqueous solubility at pH 5.0, compared to entacapone. In addition to increased aqueous solubility, 2c showed increased lipophilicity at pH 7.4. However, two N-alkyl carbamates of entacapone did not increase the oral bioavailability of the parent drug in rats. Thus, it can be concluded that the relatively low lipophilicity of entacapone is not the cause of its low bioavailability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, Finland. jouko.savolainen@uku.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leppanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taipale
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gynther
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Mannisto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jarvinen
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002219:Carbamates / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D065098:Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; D002396:Catechols / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004952:Esters / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D065098:Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; D002396:Catechols; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004952:Esters; D009570:Nitriles; D011355:Prodrugs; D014867:Water; C071192:entacapone