title: Operative results of the inferior capsular shift procedure for multidirectional instability of the shoulder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neer and Foster previously described the inferior capsular shift procedure for treating multidirectional instability of the shoulder and reported preliminary results that were quite satisfactory. The purpose of our study was to perform a longer-term follow-up evaluation of the efficacy of the inferior capsular shift procedure for treating multidirectional instability of the shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  An inferior capsular shift procedure was used to treat multidirectional instability of the shoulder in forty-nine patients (fifty-two shoulders). All patients had failed to respond to an exercise program. In this series, the operative approach (anterior or posterior) was based on the major direction of the instability, as determined by the preoperative history and physical examination and as verified by examination with the patient under anesthesia. In all of the patients, the inferior capsular shift was the primary attempt at operative stabilization. The repair consisted of a lateral-side (or humeral-side) shift of the capsule to reduce capsular redundancy and, when necessary, a reattachment of the avulsed labrum to the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A redundant capsular pouch was seen in all of the shoulders in this series. In addition, detachment of the anteroinferior aspect of the labrum was found in ten shoulders and an anterior fracture of the glenoid rim was seen in two shoulders. At an average of sixty-one months (range, twenty-four to 132 months), results were available for forty-nine shoulders (forty-six patients). Thirty shoulders (61 percent) had an excellent overall result, sixteen (33 percent) had a good result, one (2 percent) had a fair result, and two (4 percent) had a poor result. Forty-seven (96 percent) of the forty-nine shoulders remained stable at the time of follow-up. Two of the thirty-four shoulders that had been repaired through an anterior approach began to subluxate anteroinferiorly again. None of the fifteen shoulders that had been repaired through a posterior approach had recurrent instability. Full function, including the ability to perform strenuous manual tasks, was restored to forty-five shoulders (92 percent). A return to sports was possible after thirty-one (86 percent) of the thirty-six procedures done in athletes; however, a return to the premorbid level of participation was possible after only twenty-five (69 percent) of the thirty-six procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results in this series demonstrate the efficacy and the durability of the results of the inferior capsular shift procedure for the treatment of shoulders with multidirectional instability. The procedure directly addresses the major pathological feature - a redundant joint capsule. Similar results were seen with either an anterior or a posterior approach, and we continue to approach shoulders with multidirectional instability on the side of greatest instability. A postoperative brace was reserved for patients in whom a posterior approach had been used or in whom an anterior approach had involved extensive posterior capsular dissection (ten of the thirty-four shoulders treated with the anterior approach).
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Flatow
authors.forename: L U
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Bigliani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000601:surgery*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012421:Rupture; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000209:etiology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D013177:Sports; D016896:Treatment Outcome