title: Effect of saline iontophoresis on skin barrier function and cutaneous irritation in four ethnic groups.
abstract: The effect of saline iontophoresis on skin barrier function and irritation was investigated in four ethnic groups (Caucasians, Hispanics, Blacks and Asians). Forty healthy human volunteers were recruited according to specific entry criteria. Ten subjects, five males and five females, were assigned to each ethnic group. Skin barrier function was examined after 4 hours of saline iontophoresis at a current density of 0.2 mA/cm(2) on a 6.5 cm(2) area in terms of the measured responses: transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin capacitance, skin temperature and visual scores. There were significant differences in TEWL among the ethnic groups prior to patch application. TEWL at baseline in ethnic groups was in the rank order: Caucasian>Asian>Hispanic>Black. Iontophoresis was generally well tolerated, and skin barrier function was not irreversibly affected by iontophoresis in any group. There was no significant skin temperature change, compared to baseline, in any ethnic groups at any observation point. Edema was not observed. At patch removal, the erythema score was elevated in comparison to baseline in all ethnic groups; erythema resolved within 24 hours. Thus, saline iontophoresis produced reversible changes in skin barrier function and irritation in healthy human subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, North Dakota, Fargo, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sage
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004890:Erythema / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010328:Patch Tests; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000235:genetics*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D012881:Skin Temperature; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride