title: Ethanol-induced c-fos expression in catecholamine- and neuropeptide Y-producing neurons in rat brainstem.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have used c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (cFLI) to examine the neuroanatomical location of cells that are activated in response to ethanol administration. However, the use of cFLI alone fails to reveal the phenotypical identity of cells. In the present study we used double-labeling procedures to identify the neurochemical phenotype of neurons that showed ethanol-induced cFLI in the rat brainstem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual groups of rats received intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (1.5 g/kg or 3.5 g/kg) or isotonic saline (23 ml/kg). To assess the specificity of cFLI induced by ethanol, we injected other rats with the drug lithium chloride (LiCl; 76 mg/kg). Two hours after injection, rats were killed and their brains were processed for immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both doses of ethanol promoted cFLI in several brainstem regions, including the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the locus coeruleus (LC), and the ventrolateral medulla (VLM). Although LiCl caused significant cFLI in the NTS, this drug promoted only minimal cFLI in the VLM and no significant activation in the LC. We found that a significant proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons coexpressed ethanol-induced cFLI in the VLM (approximately 75-85%), the NTS (approximately 65-75%), and the LC (approximately 30-65%). Additionally, a significant proportion of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-producing neurons in the VLM coexpressed ethanol-induced cFLI (approximately 60-75%). On the other hand, LiCl promoted activation of TH-positive neurons in the VLM and the NTS but failed to stimulate cFLI in TH-producing neurons in the LC or in NPY-producing neurons of the VLM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurons in the rat brainstem that show ethanol-induced c-Fos expression produce catecholamines and NPY. This research demonstrates the usefulness of double-labeling immunohistochemistry procedures for identifying the neurochemical identity of neurons that are activated after ethanol administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. thiele@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cubero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mediavilla
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D002395:Catecholamines; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D000431:Ethanol; D018021:Lithium Chloride