title: S-100 after correction of congenital heart defects in neonates: is it a reliable marker for cerebral damage?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Newborns undergoing cardiac operation may acquire some extent of neuronal damage. An early diagnosis is especially hard regarding neonates. In the past years, S-100 has been widely discussed as a marker revealing perioperative damage to the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential blood samples from 33 neonates undergoing repair of congenital heart disease were taken perioperatively. Samples of 12 healthy neonates were taken at birth as a control group. The newborns were divided into four groups: cyanotic and acyanotic disease operated on in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, operation without deep hypothermic cardiac arrest, and operation without extracorporeal circulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even in healthy neonates, serum S-100 levels were at 10-fold values compared with adults. On admission, S-100 values in the operative groups were similar. During extracorporeal circulation, levels rose to a certain degree. Cyanotic newborns operated on in deep hypothermic cardiac arrest had significantly higher S-100 levels compared with acyanotic newborns also operated on in deep hypothermic cardiac arrest (p < 0.001). Two newborns who experienced seizures postoperatively had the highest absolute S-100 levels. One child with a poor neurologic outcome but no seizures did not have different values when compared with her group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, S-100 seemed to be a possible marker for a certain degree of neurologic deficit after cardiac operation in neonates, especially regarding postoperative seizures. The missing peaks of this protein in one newborn with poor neurologic outcome show that it is not possible to exclude damage to the brain with normal postoperative values. These results suggest that the mechanism of cerebral damage and S-100 release into the blood in neonates with a developing central nervous system and blood-brain barrier is not fully understood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tübingen University Hospital, Germany. mike.erb@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Erb
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Häberle
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sieverding
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Speer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziemer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000097:blood*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009418:S100 Proteins