title: Characterization of neuronal migration disorders in neocortical structures: loss or preservation of inhibitory interneurons?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuronal migration disorders (NMD) are often associated with therapy-resistant epilepsy. In human cerebral cortex, this hyperexcitability has been correlated with a loss of inhibitory interneurons. We used a rat model of focal cortical NMD (microgyria) to determine whether the expression of epileptiform activity in this model coincides with a decrease in inhibitory interneurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2-to 4-month-old rats, the density of interneurons immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), calbindin, and parvalbumin was determined in fronto-parietal cortex in nine 200-microm-wide sectors located up to 2.5 mm lateral and 2.0 mm medial from the lesion center in primary parietal cortex (Par1). Quantitative measurements in homotopic areas of age-matched sham-operated rats served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The freeze lesion performed in newborn rat cortex resulted in adult rats with a microgyrus extending in a rostro-caudal direction from frontal to occipital cortex. The density of GABA-and parvalbumin-positive neurons in fronto-parietal cortex was not significantly different between lesioned and control animals. Only the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons located 1.0 mm lateral and 0.5 mm medial from the lesion was significantly (Student t test, p < 0.05) larger in freeze-lesioned rats (5,817 +/- 562 and 6,400 +/- 795 cells per mm3, respectively; n = 12) compared with measurements in homotopic regions in Par1 cortex of controls (4,507 +/- 281 and 4, 061 +/- 319 cells per mm3, respectively; n = 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The previously reported widespread functional changes in this model of cortical NMD are not related to a general loss of inhibitory interneurons. Other factors, such as a decrease in GABA receptor density, modifications in GABAA receptor subunit composition, or alterations in the excitatory network, e.g., an increase in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive pyramidal cells, more likely contribute to the global disinhibition and widespread expression of pathophysiological activity in this model of cortical NMD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Stichel
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Luhmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D064026:Calbindins; D002452:Cell Count; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005615:Freezing; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007395:Interneurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D019579:Neocortex / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000503:physiopathology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D010320:Parvalbumins / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000502:physiology; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D064026:Calbindins; D010320:Parvalbumins; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid