title: Recombinant hirudin as an alternative for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II: a 1-year experience in 57 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the possible use of recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) as an alternative to heparin for anticoagulation during cardiovascular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT II) in whom r-hirudin was used during cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The r-hirudin concentration was monitored on-line, at the point of the patient's care using the ecarin clotting time and maintained in the range of 3 to 4 microg/mL. The r-hirudin elimination at the conclusion of CPB was augmented through modified zero-balanced ultrafiltration and forced diuresis. The duration of CPB was 63 to 246 minutes. The r-hirudin requirement per minute of CPB was 0.016 to 0.035 microg/kg/min, and the 24-hour blood drainage was 50 to 2,200 mL. Of the 57 patients, 54 fully recovered, including 9 patients who did not require any allogenic products. Four patients, all with impaired renal function, showed prolonged r-hirudin elimination and excessive bleeding and required surgical reexploration. Three patients died as a result of complications unrelated to the perioperative management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that r-hirudin can be used safely and effectively for routine anticoagulation during CPB in patients diagnosed with HIT II. Almost 95% of the patients in whom it was used were discharged uneventfully. Patients with perioperative renal failure, however, showed increased bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, German Heart Center, Charité, Berlin.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuppe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hetzer
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Crystal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mertzlufft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D024764:Hirudin Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin