title: Collateral variations in circle of willis in atherosclerotic population assessed by means of transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography combined with common carotid artery (CCA) compression can be used to assess the collateral function of the circle of Willis. The aim of this study was to assess the unknown fraction of hemodynamic functional anterior and posterior communicating arteries (AcoA and PcoA, respectively) in an atherosclerotic population with no cerebrovascular symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 76 patients with a mean age of 61 (35 to 89) years, the blood flow velocity changes in the precommunicating parts (A1 and P1, respectively) of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries were measured during CCA compression. The AcoA was defined as functional if blood flow was reversed in the ipsilateral A1 and enhanced in the contralateral A1 during CCA compression. The PcoA was defined as functional if the flow velocity in the P1 was enhanced >20% during ipsilateral CCA compression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was possible to assess cross flow through the anterior part of the circle of Willis in 95% of the subjects. Failure of this collateral pathway was caused by a hypofunctional AcoA in 4% and a hypofunctional A1 in 1% of the subjects. Anomalies in the posterior part of the circle of Willis hampering collateral flow from the basilar to the internal carotid artery were found in 45% of the hemispheres. Thirty-eight percent of PcoAs were hypofunctional, and 7% of the posterior cerebral arteries had a persistent fetal anatomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that in subjects with no cerebrovascular symptoms, the anterior collateral pathway of the circle of Willis was nearly always functional. In contrast, the posterior collateral pathway was nonfunctional in almost half of the total number of hemispheres. Comparing these basic data with data from patients with cerebral ischemic disease might further help to elucidate the importance of the collateral capacity of the circle of Willis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hoksbergen
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Legemate
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ubbink
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002941:Circle of Willis / Q000473:pathology*; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial