title: Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because clinicians fear missing occult cervical-spine injuries, they obtain cervical radiographs for nearly all patients who present with blunt trauma. Previous research suggests that a set of clinical criteria (decision instrument) can identify patients who have an extremely low probability of injury and who consequently have no need for imaging studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, observational study of such a decision instrument at 21 centers across the United States. The decision instrument required patients to meet five criteria in order to be classified as having a low probability of injury: no midline cervical tenderness, no focal neurologic deficit, normal alertness, no intoxication, and no painful, distracting injury. We examined the performance of the decision rule in 34,069 patients who underwent radiography of the cervical spine after blunt trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The decision instrument identified all but 8 of the 818 patients who had cervical-spine injury (sensitivity, 99.0 percent [95 percent confidence interval, 98.0 to 99.6 percent]). The negative predictive value was 99.8 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 99.6 to 100 percent), the specificity was 12.9 percent, and the positive predictive value was 2.7 percent. Only two of the patients classified as unlikely to have an injury according to the decision instrument met the preset definition of a clinically significant injury (sensitivity, 99.6 percent [95 percent confidence interval, 98.6 to 100 percent]; negative predictive value, 99.9 percent [95 percent confidence interval, 99.8 to 100 percent]; specificity, 12.9 percent; positive predictive value, 1.9 percent), and only one of these two patients received surgical treatment. According to the results of assessment with the decision instrument, radiographic imaging could have been avoided in the cases of 4309 (12.6 percent) of the 34,069 evaluated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple decision instrument based on clinical criteria can help physicians to identify reliably the patients who need radiography of the cervical spine after blunt trauma. Application of this instrument could reduce the use of imaging in such patients.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mower
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Zucker
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000592:standards; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*