title: Effects of various adjuvants on efficacy of a vaccine against Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus spp in cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine efficacy of vaccines incorporating QuilA, alum, dextran combined with mineral oil, or Freund adjuvant for immunization of feedlot cattle against Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus spp.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 steers housed under feedlot conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Steers were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups and a control group. Animals in experimental groups were inoculated on days 0 and 26 with vaccines containing Freund adjuvant (FCA), QuilA, dextran combined with mineral oil (Dex), or alum as adjuvant. Serum anti-S bovis and anti-Lactobacillus IgG concentrations were measured, along with fecal pH, ruminal fluid pH, and number of S bovis and Lactobacillus spp in ruminal fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Throughout the study, serum anti-S bovis and anti-Lactobacillus IgG concentrations for animals in the Dex, QuilA, and alum groups were similar to or significantly higher than concentrations for animals in the FCA group. Serum anti-S bovis and anti-Lactobacillus IgG concentrations were significantly increased on days 26 through 75 in all 4 experimental groups, and there was a linear relationship between anti-S bovis and anti-Lactobacillus IgG concentrations. For animals in the QuilA and Dex groups, mean pH of feces throughout the period of experiment were significantly higher and numbers of S bovis and Lactobacillus spp in ruminal fluid on day 47 were significantly lower than values for control cattle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that immunization of feedlot steers against S bovis and Lactobacillus spp with vaccines incorporating Freund adjuvant, QuilA, dextran, or alum as an adjuvant effectively induced high, long-lasting serum anti-S bovis and anti-Lactobacillus IgG concentrations. Of the adjuvants tested, dextran may be the most effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and the Cooperative Research Centre for Cattle and Beef Industry, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hillard
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bindon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Oddy
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards*; D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards*; D001835:Body Weight; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000276:immunology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D062605:Quillaja Saponins; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology; D012503:Saponins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D022541:Streptococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000592:standards; D016985:Streptococcus bovis / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000534:Alum Compounds; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000925:Anticoagulants; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D003911:Dextrans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D062605:Quillaja Saponins; D012503:Saponins; D022541:Streptococcal Vaccines; C041524:aluminum sulfate; C046386:Quil A; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant