title: Pulmonary complications in patients with staphylococcal sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to determine the pulmonary findings in patients with sepsis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical and laboratory findings of 32 cases (82%) of pulmonary involvement (secondary pneumonia) of 39 patients with sepsis caused by S. aureus were studied retrospectively. The criteria for the diagnosis of sepsis were clinical evidence of infection plus hyperthermia/hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea and white blood cell abnormalities. Secondary pneumonia was diagnosed in patients who presented with staphylococcal disease at one or more non-pulmonary sites and who developed radiologic evidence of pulmonary involvement during the course of illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 32 patients, 23 were male and nine were female; the male to female ratio was 2.5/1. The ages of the patients ranged from 2 months to 14 years (7.87 +/- 4.71 years). Bronchopneumonic infiltration was bilateral in 18 patients and unilateral in 14 patients (20 patients (62.5%) had lobar consolidation). Pleurisy was noted in 12 (37.5%) patients; it was on the right side in five patients, on the left in five patients and bilateral in two patients. In contrast, pneumatocele and pneumothorax were observed in seven (21.9%) and four (12.5%) patients, respectively. Closed chest tubes were placed through a closed thoracotomy in five children who developed dyspnea, orthopnea with imminent respiratory failure and mediastinal shift. As well as the pulmonary involvement, arthritis was noted in 13 patients, osteomyelitis in 11 patients, rash in six patients, pericarditis in five patients and renal failure in one patient. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from blood culture in all except for seven cases. While S. aureus was isolated from blood culture in all of the 12 patients with pleurisy, it was isolated from pleural fluid in only two (16.6%) patients. Six of 32 patients died; the mortality rate was 18.75%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was found that the rate of pulmonary involvement was as high as 82% in sepsis caused by S. aureus, and the pulmonary findings, including bronchopneumonic infiltration and lobar consolidation, were frequently seen in S. aureus pneumonia, causing a mortality rate of 18.75%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yüzüncü Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey. huseyincaksen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Caksen
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Oztürk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uzüm
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Ustünbaş
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000209:etiology; D011023:Pneumonia, Staphylococcal / Q000209:etiology; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins