title: A c-fos/Estrogen receptor fusion protein promotes cell cycle progression and proliferation of human cancer cell lines.
abstract: c-fos is the prototypic member of a family of transcription factors that regulate many cellular processes, including proliferation. c-fos heterodimerizes with jun family members to form the AP-1 transcription factor complex which binds specific DNA recognition elements in the promoters of many genes. Following rapid induction in response to serum or growth factors, c-fos regulates expression of downstream target genes involved in cellular proliferation. Although much work has focused on activation of cell cycle regulatory genes by c-fos, less is known about negative regulation of gene expression by this transcription factor. The cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p21(Cip1/WAF1) is a negative regulator of cdk activity, thereby impeding cell cycle progression. By sequence analysis, we identified a putative AP-1 element in the p21(Cip1/WAF1) promoter. To investigate how this site regulated p21(Cip1/WAF1) expression and mitigate external effects on c-fos expression, we used a c-fos/estrogen receptor (c-fosER) fusion construct in which this transcription factor is conditionally activated by estradiol. In the presence of estradiol, c-fosER downregulated p21(Cip1/WAF1) promoter activity. This inhibition was dependent on the putative AP-1 site. Activation of c-fosER induced cell cycle progression and proliferation in a manner similar to serum stimulation. We concluded that activation of c-fosER mediated transcriptional inhibition of p21(Cip1/WAF1) through a previously uncharacterized AP-1 site, revealing an important role for c-fos in negative control of cell cycle regulatory genes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000502:physiology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D004958:Estradiol; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases