title: Quantitative analysis of levamisole in porcine tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
abstract: This work presents the development and the validation of an LC-MS-MS method with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for the quantitative determination of levamisole, an anthelmintic for veterinary use, in porcine tissue samples. A liquid-liquid back extraction procedure using hexane-isoamylalcohol (95:5, v/v) as extraction solvent was followed by a solid-phase extraction procedure using an SCX column to clean up the tissue samples. Methyllevamisole was used as the internal standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a LiChrospher 60 RP-select B (5 microm) column using a mixture of 0.1 M ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The mass spectrometer was operated in MS-MS full scanning mode. The method was validated for the analysis of various porcine tissues: muscle, kidney, liver, fat and skin plus fat, according to the requirements defined by the European Community. Calibration graphs were prepared for all tissues and good linearity was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (r>0.99 and goodness of fit <10%). Limits of quantification of 5.0 ng/g were obtained for the analysis of levamisole in muscle, kidney, fat and skin plus fat tissues, and of 50.0 ng/g for liver analysis, which correspond in all cases to half the MRLs (maximum residue limits). Limits of detection ranged between 2 and 4 ng/g tissue. The within-day and between-day precisions (RSD, %) and the results for accuracy fell within the ranges specified. The method has been successfully used for the quantitative determination of levamisole in tissue samples from pigs medicated via drinking water. Moreover the product ion spectra of the levamisole peak in spiked and incurred tissue samples were in close agreement (based on ion ratio measurements) with those of standard solutions, indicating the worthiness of the described method for pure qualitative purposes.
authors.affiliation: University of Gent, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cherlet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Baere
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Croubels
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Backer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D007978:Levamisole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D007978:Levamisole