title: Validity of self-reported stroke : The Tromso Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to validate the diagnosis of self-reported stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1994-1995, 27 159 people attended a population health survey in the community of Tromso, Norway, a response rate of 77%. A total of 418 attenders reported a history of stroke. In 1997, all individuals with a self-reported stroke who were still living in the community (n=362) were invited to a clinical reexamination. For each of the 269 people who were reexamined, a person who reported no history of stroke was selected and was reexamined in the same way.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of the reexamination, 213 (79.2%) of the self-reported strokes were confirmed. Thirteen individuals (4.8%) had a possible stroke. The remaining 43 individuals had either transient ischemic attack (TIA; n=18), traumatic head injuries (n=16), or perinatal cerebral damage, complicated migraine, syncope, possible TIA, or cerebral aneurysm without bleeding (n=9). Among the confirmed strokes, 30 (14.1%) were hemorrhagic and 118 (55.4%) were thromboembolic. Of the 30 hemorrhages, 16 were subarachnoidal bleedings, 10 due to ruptured aneurysms. The histories of stroke, including both the symptoms and the signs, often had a paucity of details and precision, making it impossible to classify 65 stroke victims (30.5%) into stroke subtypes. The positive predictive value (PPV) of a self-reported stroke was 0.79. The PPV was significantly (P=0.016) greater in men (0.88) than in women (0.73). Individuals older than 60 years had a significantly greater PPV than those younger than 60 years (PPV 0.83 and 0.73, respectively; P=0.05). Hypertension was associated with a greater PPV, whereas a history of either ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, or depression had no impact on the PPV. The estimated sensitivity of self-reported stroke in the survey population was approximately 80% and the specificity was 99%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that a self-administered questionnaire can be used to assess the prevalence of stroke in epidemiological research.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Engstad
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bonaa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D017741:Survivors