title: Reliability of the sentinel node procedure in melanoma patients: analysis of failures after long-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sentinel node (SN) concept assumes that early lymphatic metastases, if present, always are found first in the SN. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of this procedure by establishing the success rate and number of failed procedures during a follow-up period of at least 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 1993 to November 1996, 204 consecutive patients with stage I and II cutaneous melanoma underwent SN biopsy by a triple technique. Preoperatively, all patients underwent (dynamic) lymphoscintigraphy. A gamma probe and blue dye helped localize the SN(s) during surgery, and these nodes subsequently were excised. These lymph nodes were step-sectioned and examined by routine and immunohistochemical staining. If the SN contained tumor cells, a lymphadenectomy was performed at a later date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up time was 42 months. The success rate was 99%. Three patients developed a recurrence in the negative SN basin during follow-up, without simultaneous appearance of (locoregional) metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a 99% success rate and a 1.5% rate of failed SN procedures (7% false-negative rate) after a median follow-up of 3.5 years, we concluded that the combined triple technique approach of detecting the SN was a reliable method to accurately identify and retrieve the SN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Statius Muller
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Borgstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pijpers
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van Diest
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery