Alveolar dead space as a predictor of severity of pulmonary embolism.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the alveolar dead space volume (V(D)alv), expressed as a percentage of the alveolar tidal volume (V(D)alv/V(T)alv), can predict the degree of vascular occlusion caused by pulmonary embolism (PE).


METHODS
Fifty-three subjects with suspected PE were prospectively studied. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in 33 by high-probability ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan (n = 19) or by pulmonary arteriography (PAG, n = 14). Pulmonary embolism was excluded by PAG in 20 subjects. The V(D)alv/V(T)alv was determined from volumetric capnography and arterial blood gas analysis, which permits measurement of the physiologic dead space, V(D)phys (mL) = [(PaCO2 - PeCO2)/PaCO2]. tidal volume. Airway dead space (V(D)aw) was subtracted to yield the alveolar dead space [(V(D)phys - V(D)aw) = V(D)alv (mL)]; the percentage of alveolar volume occupied by alveolar dead space per breath = V(D)alv/V(T)alv x 100%. Percentage perfusion defect was determined from V/Q scans by a radiologist blinded to other data. Regression analysis was performed to show correlation between V(D)alv/V(T)alv and defect on V/Q scan or systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP).


RESULTS
For subjects with PE, the mean perfusion defect on lung scan was 38 +/- 22%; the mean V(D)alv = 208 +/- 115 mL, V(T)alv = 452 +/- 251 mL, and V(D)alv/V(T)alv = 43 +/- 18%. Regression of V(D)alv/V(T)alv vs perfusion defect yielded r2 = 0.41. Regression of V(D)alv/V(T)alv vs pulmonary artery pressures yielded r2 = 0.59. For subjects without PE, V(D)alv/V(T)alv = 27 +/- 14% and V(D)alv = 89 +/- 66 mL.


CONCLUSIONS
The V(D)alv/V(T)alv correlates with the lung perfusion defect and the pulmonary artery pressures in subjects with PE. These findings show the potential for V(D)alv/V(T)alv to quantify the embolic burden of PE.
Kline
J A
JA
Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA. jkline@carolinas.org
Kubin
A K
AK
Patel
M M
MM
Easton
E J
EJ
Seupal
R A
RA
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000503:physiopathology; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012126:Respiratory Dead Space; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D014692:Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio