title: Impact of NHS direct on demand for immediate care: observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the impact of NHS Direct on the use of accident and emergency, ambulance, and general practitioner cooperative services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study of trends in use of NHS Direct and other immediate care services over 24 months spanning introduction of NHS Direct.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three areas in England in first wave of introduction of NHS Direct, and six nearby general practitioner cooperatives as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  All contacts with these immediate care services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in trends in use after introduction of NHS Direct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NHS Direct received about 68 500 calls from a population of 1.3 million in its first year of operation, of which 72% were out of hours and 22% about a child aged under 5 years. Changes in trends in use of accident and emergency departments and ambulance services after introduction of NHS Direct were small and non-significant. Changes in trends in use of general practitioner cooperatives were also small but significant, from an increase of 2.0% a month before introduction of NHS Direct to -0.8% afterwards (relative change -2. 9% (95% confidence interval -4.2% to -1.5%)). This reduction in trend was significant both for calls handled by telephone advice alone and for those resulting in direct contact with a doctor. In contrast, the six control cooperatives showed no evidence of change in trend; an increase of 0.8% a month before NHS Direct and 0.9% after (relative change 0.1% (-0.9% to 1.1%)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In its first year NHS Direct did not reduce the pressure on NHS immediate care services, although it may have restrained increasing demand on one important part-general practitioners' out of hours services.
authors.affiliation: Medical Care Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield S1 4DA. j.f.munro@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Cathain
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D015277:Hotlines / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013222:State Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom