title: The spectrum of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis beyond infancy: a clinical series of 30 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eosinophilic esophagitis, previously confused with esophageal inflammation due to gastroesophageal reflux, has recently begun to be distinguished from it. We undertook this analysis of our large series of children with the condition to clarify its spectrum: its presenting symptoms; its relation to allergy, respiratory disease, and reflux; its endoscopic and histological findings; and its diagnosis and therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the details of our clinical series of 30 children with eosinophilic esophagitis, defining it as > or =5 eosinophils per high power field in the distal esophageal epithelium. Retrospective chart review was supplemented by prospective, blinded, duplicate quantitative evaluation of histology specimens, and by telephone contact with some families to clarify subsequent course. Presentation and analysis of the series as a whole is preceded by a case illustrating a typical presentation with dysphagia and recurrent esophageal food impactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presenting symptoms encompass vomiting, pain, and dysphagia (some with impactions or strictures). Allergy, particularly food allergy, is an associated finding in most patients, and many have concomitant asthma or other chronic respiratory disease. A subtle granularity with furrows or rings is newly identified as the endoscopic herald of histological eosinophilic esophagitis. Histological characteristics include peripapillary or juxtaluminal eosinophil clustering in certain cases. Association with eosinophilic gastroenteritis occurs, but is not common. Differentiation from gastroesophageal reflux disease is approached by analyzing eosinophil density and response to therapeutic trials. Therapy encompasses dietary elimination and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awareness of the spectrum of eosinophilic esophagitis should promote optimal diagnosis and treatment of this elusive entity, both in children and in adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Orenstein
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Shalaby
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Putnam
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mousa
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kocoshis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004802:Eosinophilia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000150:complications; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies