title: Neonatal repair of Ebstein's anomaly: indications, surgical technique, and medium-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ebstein's anomaly in the severely symptomatic neonate is usually fatal. Because the mortality for various surgical interventions has been prohibitively high, the indications for operation in these critically ill neonates are unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our results with biventricular repair of three consecutive severely symptomatic neonates (2.8 to 3.2 kg) at our institution since 1994. Each had associated complex cardiac pathology, including multiple muscular ventricular septal defects (n = 1), pulmonary stenosis with functional pulmonary atresia (n = 1), and anatomic pulmonary atresia (n = 1). Preoperatively, all infants had severe tricuspid regurgitation, Great Ormond Street Ebstein echocardiogram scores greater than 1.3:1 (grade 3 or 4) and cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.85. Two patients were severely cyanotic. Hepatic and renal insufficiency with diffuse coagulopathy was present preoperatively in two patients. Surgical repair consisted of (1) reconstruction of a competent monocuspid tricuspid valve, (2) right ventriculorrhaphy, (3) subtotal closure of atrial septal defect (ASD), (4) aggressive reduction atrioplasty, and (5) repair of all associated cardiac defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no early or late deaths. All patients are currently asymptomatic, without medications, and in sinus rhythm. At 5-year follow-up, trivial tricuspid regurgitation is present in 1 and mild regurgitation in 2 patients. On the basis of these results and review of the current literature, we propose new indications for surgical repair in the neonate with Ebstein's anomaly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biventricular repair of Ebstein's anomaly in the critically ill neonate is feasible and medium-term durability of the repair is excellent. Therefore, conventional management of these patients should be revised and early surgical repair encouraged.
authors.affiliation: Section of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA. ckc@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Knott-Craig
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Overholt
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Razook
mesh_terms: D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000150:complications; D004437:Ebstein Anomaly / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000601:surgery; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008722:Methods; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000150:complications; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000601:surgery