title: Macrolide esterase-producing Escherichia coli clinically isolated in Japan.
abstract: Current Japanese clinical practice involves the usage of large amounts of new macrolides such as clarithromycin and roxithromycin for the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis, Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium avium complex infections. In this study, the phenotypes, genotypes, and macrolide resistance mechanisms of macrolide-inactivating Escherichia coli recovered in Japan from 1996 to 1997, were investigated. The isolation rate of erythromycin A highly-resistant E. coli (MIC > or = 1,600 microg/ml) in Japan slightly increased from 0.5% in 1986 to 1.2% in 1997. In six macrolide-resistant strains, recovered from the strains collected for this study during 1996 to 1997, the inactivation of macrolide could be detected with or without added ATP in the assay system. The appearance of erythromycin A-inactivating enzyme independent of ATP was novel from Japanese isolates, and the 1H NMR spectra of oleandomycin hydrolyzed by the three ATP-independent isolates were examined. It was clearly shown that the lactone ring at the position of C-13 was cleaved as 13-H signal in aglycon of oleandomycin upper shifted. These results suggested the first detection of macrolide-lactone ring-hydrolase from clinical isolates in Japan. These results suggested the first detection of an ATP-independent macrolide-hydrolyzing enzyme from Japanese clinical isolates. Substrate specificity of the macrolide-hydrolyzing enzyme was determined with twelve macrolides including the newer members of this group and it was found that not only erythromycin A but also the new macrolides, such as clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin were inactivated. The NMR data, broad spectrum of activity, and independence of co-enzyme supported our naming of the enzyme as a macrolide esterase. PCR methodology was employed to detect an ereB-like gene from the 3 isolates producing macrolide esterase, and one of these was subsequently shown to contain both ereB-like and ermB-like genes. It was also clearly shown that the other three isolates, which inactivated macrolide in the presence of ATP, had an mphA-like gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miyakozawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizukoshi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsurubuchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawai
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D004950:Esterases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018942:Macrolides; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D018942:Macrolides; D004950:Esterases