title: Transcriptional activation by LR1 at the Emu enhancer and switch region sites.
abstract: LR1 is a B cell-specific, sequence-specific duplex DNA binding activity which is induced in B cells carrying out class switch recombination. Here we identify several properties of LR1 which enable it to function in transcriptional regulation. We show that LR1 contributes to transcriptional activation by the Emu immunoglobulin heavy chain intron enhancer by binding to a site within the enhancer core. We further show that LR1 bends DNA upon binding. In addition, we show that LR1 is itself a bona fide transcriptional activator, as multimerized LR1 sites produce an element which can enhance transcription from a minimal promoter. In order for class switch recombination to occur, an activating signal must be transmitted via the Emu core, and both S regions targeted for recombination must be actively transcribed. The properties of LR1 that we have identified suggest distinct potential functions of LR1 duplex DNA binding activity in class switch recombination. First, LR1 may contribute to recombinational activation by the Emu core. Second, there are multiple potential LR1 duplex binding sites in each of the G-rich switch regions, and LR1 bound at contiguous sites may enhance recombination by stimulating transcription of the S regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hanakahi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maizels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D007134:Immunoglobulin Switch Region / Q000235:genetics*; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D000097796:Nucleolin
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097796:Nucleolin; C087378:LR1 protein, mouse