Inhibition of p38 mitogen activate kinase attenuates the severity of pancreatitis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is responsible for a significant portion of the morbidity and mortality during severe acute pancreatitis. Because inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) produced within the lungs have been implicated in sepsis-induced ARDS, we aimed to determine the role of these mediators in pancreatitis-induced ARDS using a model whereby ascites from animals with pancreatitis is transferred to otherwise healthy animals resulting in pulmonary injury.


METHODS
Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.


METHODS
Research laboratory at a university medical school.


METHODS
Pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 225-250 g.


METHODS
Sterile, endotoxin- and cytokine-free pancreatic ascites tested for interleukin (IL)-1beta , TNF-alpha, interferon-gamma, and IL-6 was obtained from rats 18 hrs after the induction of severe, acute pancreatitis. Ascites was subsequently administered intravenously (20 mL/kg) to healthy rats. Sham animals were administered intravenous saline. Healthy animals administered intravenous ascites were randomized to receive a single intraperitoneal injection of the p38 mitogen activated kinase inhibitor CNI-1493 (1 mg/kg) or vehicle.


METHODS
Pulmonary injury was assessed at 24 hrs by histology and leukocyte and protein concentrations via bronchoalveolar lavage. Pulmonary TNF-alpha protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. Serum nitrite, as a measure of NO production, was measured utilizing the Griess reaction.


RESULTS
After the intravenous administration of pancreatic ascites, the number of leukocytes and the protein concentration within the bronchoalveolar fluid were increased and pulmonary histology was worsened consistent with acute lung injury (all p < .001 vs. sham). Each of these variables of pulmonary injury was lessened in animals receiving CNI-1493 and intravenous ascites (p < .05 vs. vehicle). Pulmonary TNF-alpha protein and serum nitrites were decreased with the administration of CNI-1493 (p < .005 vs. vehicle).


CONCLUSIONS
A component of pancreatic ascites other than endotoxin, bacteria, or cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF, interferon-gamma, or IL-6) is capable of inducing ARDS in healthy animals. Inhibition of p38 mitogen activated kinase decreases the pulmonary injury through attenuated production of TNF-alpha and NO suggesting a primary role for these mediators in pancreatitis-induced ARDS.
Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612, USA. edenham@com1.med.usf.edu
W
W
Denham
J
J
Yang
H
H
Wang
G
G
Botchkina
K J
KJ
Tracey
J
J
Norman
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001201:Ascites / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000494:pharmacology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000813:Anilides; D006146:Guanidines
D016207:Cytokines; D006835:Hydrazones; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009573:Nitrites; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C097256:semapimod; D000813:Anilides; D006146:Guanidines