Social phobia: diagnosis and epidemiology, neurobiology and pharmacology, comorbidity and treatment.
Social phobia is a common disorder associated with significant psychosocial impairment, representing a substantial public health problem largely determined by the high prevalence, and the lifelong chronicity. Social phobia starts in early childhood or adolescence and is often comorbid with depression, other anxiety disorders, alcohol and substance abuse or eating disorders. This cascade of comorbidity, usually secondary to social phobia, increases the disability associated with the condition. The possibility that social phobia may be a trigger for later developing comorbid disorders directs attention to the need for early effective treatment as a preventive measure. The most recent drug class to be investigated for the psychopharmacological treatment of social phobia is the SSRI group for which there is growing support. The other drug classes that have been evaluated are monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), benzodiazepines, and beta-blockers. The SSRIs represent a new and attractive therapeutic choice for patients with generalized social phobia. Recently the first, large scale, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy of drug treatment in generalized social phobia has been completed with paroxetine. Paroxetine was more effective in reducing the symptoms than placebo and was well tolerated. Many now regard SSRIs as the drugs of choice in social phobia because of their effectiveness and because they avoid the problems of treatment with benzodiazepines or classical MAOIs.
Brunello
N
N
Centre of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy. brunello@mailserver.unimi.it
den Boer
J A
JA
Judd
L L
LL
Kasper
S
S
Kelsey
J E
JE
Lader
M
M
Lecrubier
Y
Y
Lepine
J P
JP
Lydiard
R B
RB
Mendlewicz
J
J
Montgomery
S A
SA
Racagni
G
G
Stein
M B
MB
Wittchen
H U
HU
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors