Provision of enabling technology in professional sports.
Multiple-round golf tournaments are designed intentionally to separate individuals' scores as play proceeds. Variance analyses and consideration of individual differences (vs group mean effects) for a sample of professional events confirm that 3-, 4-, and 5-round tournaments show significantly increased variability (though stable means) from first to last rounds. It is argued here that the dispersion of scores increases as play proceeds because the more physically or mentally fit players emerge and continue to perform best. Furthermore, a marginal income analysis indicates that the average gain in earnings from a one-shot improvement in score is approximately $8,000. An interpretation based on fatigue, competition, and stress supports the Professional Golf Association's claim that provision of enabling devices, like a golf cart for disabled players, is also an enhancement and is thus unfair.
Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826-0544, USA.
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McBride
D000124:Achievement; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006055:Golf / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000502:physiology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D009938:Organizations / Q000592:standards; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D013177:Sports / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000502:physiology / Q000592:standards*; D019876:Sports Equipment / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D013672:Technology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D014186:Transportation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence