Clinical relevance of sentinel lymph nodes outside the axilla in patients with breast cancer.
BACKGROUND
Lymphatic mapping in patients with breast cancer can reveal sentinel lymph nodes that are not located at level I-II of the axilla. Little is known about the clinical relevance of these nodes.


METHODS
Some 113 consecutive patients with clinical stage T1-3 N0 M0 breast cancer were studied. Based on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, sentinel node biopsy was performed guided by a gamma probe and patent blue dye. All sentinel nodes that were visible on lymphoscintigraphy were sought. Pathological examination of the sentinel nodes included step-sections and staining with CAM 5. 2. Axillary node dissection was performed regardless of sentinel lymph node status.


RESULTS
Twenty-one (19 per cent) of 113 patients had sentinel lymph nodes outside level I-II of the axilla, mostly in the internal mammary chain. Twenty-two of the 30 sentinel nodes at these sites were harvested. Three patients had sentinel nodes only outside the axilla. Four other patients had metastases outside the axilla. This changed postoperative treatment in three patients. No postoperative complication occurred.


CONCLUSIONS
Sentinel lymph nodes outside level I-II of the axilla were present in 19 per cent of patients with breast cancer in this series. Biopsy of these nodes was technically demanding but was performed without additional morbidity. The clinical impact was limited; treatment changed in only 3 per cent. Presented to the 52nd annual meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology in Orlando, Florida, USA, March 1999 and the First International Congress on the Sentinel Node in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 1999, and published in abstract form as Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26(Suppl): S71
Jansen
L
L
Departments of Surgery and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Doting
M H
MH
Rutgers
E J
EJ
de Vries
J
J
Olmos
R A
RA
Nieweg
O E
OE
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging