Attention-deficit disorder and conduct disorder in girls: evidence for a familial subtype.
BACKGROUND
The frequent comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) raises the possibility that ADHD+CD is a distinct and separate condition.


METHODS
We tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Using family study methodology in a sample of girls, we found 11 children with diagnoses of ADHD+ CD, 39 with ADHD+ODD, and 90 with ADHD only. These were compared with 122 non-ADHD, non-CD control probands. Familial risk analysis was utilized.


RESULTS
Relatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater risk for ADHD, and the relatives of ADHD-only subjects were at a greater risk of ODD than relatives of control subjects. Also, rates of CD were elevated among relatives of ADHD+CD probands only, and the coaggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could not be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses. Both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same relatives more often than expected by chance.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that ADHD with and without antisocial disorders may be etiologically distinct disorders and provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic conduct disorder.
Psychopharmacology Unit, Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
S V
SV
Faraone
J
J
Biederman
M C
MC
Monuteaux
D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000150:complications; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk