Predictors of blood lead levels in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in Central Mexico.
To investigate whether the agricultural use of untreated wastewater (i.e. crop irrigation) was associated with elevated blood lead levels in a farming population in the Mezquital Valley and which risk factors, other than exposure to untreated wastewater, were associated with elevated blood lead levels, lead levels were measured in venous blood obtained from 735 individuals. Blood samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Food habits and dietary intake were gathered by interview, using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The average blood lead level was 7.8 microg/dL (SD 4.66 microg/dL; range 1.2-36.7 microg/dL). 23% of the study population had blood lead levels exceeding 10 microg/dL. The use of lead-glazed ceramics (LGC) was significantly associated with elevated lead levels (p = < 0.001). Other significant variables included age, gender (males), and non-farming-related occupations (e.g., technicians, factory workers). p = 0.005, 0.08, and 0.001, respectively. When the analysis was stratified by the use of LGC for food preparation, an inverse relationship between higher daily calcium intake and blood lead level was detected (beta = - 0.040, p = < 0.05). Thus, blood lead levels were positively associated with the use of LGC. Calcium intake showed a protective effect, maybe by decreasing absorption of lead in the gastrointestinal tract. No association between occupational exposure to untreated wastewater or crop consumption and blood lead levels was detected. Further environmental and health surveillance is recommended.
Cifuentes
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E
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, CISP, Head, Department of Environmental Health, Av Universidad 655, Sta Maria Ahuacatitlan, Morelos CP 62508, Cuernavaca, México. ecifuent@insp3.insp.mx
Villanueva
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J
Sanin
L H
LH
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D000383:Agriculture; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000032:analysis; D002516:Ceramics; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D007854:Lead