Structures of active and latent PAI-1: a possible stabilizing role for chloride ions.
Serpins exhibit a range of physiological roles and can contribute to certain disease states dependent on their various conformations. Understanding the mechanisms of the large-scale conformational reorganizations of serpins may lead to a better understanding of their roles in various cardiovascular diseases. We have studied the serpin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), in both the active and the latent state and found that anionic halide ions may play a role in the active-to-latent structural transition. Crystallographic analysis of a stable mutant form of active PAI-1 identified an anion-binding site between the central beta-sheet and a small surface domain. A chloride ion was modeled in this site, and its identity was confirmed by soaking crystals in a bromide-containing solution and calculating a crystallographic difference map. The anion thus located forms a 4-fold ligated linchpin that tethers the surface domain to the central beta-sheet into which the reactive center loop must insert during the active-to-latent transition. Timecourse experiments measuring active PAI-1 stability in the presence of various halide ions showed a clear trend for stabilization of the active form with F(-) > Cl(-) > Br(-) >> I(-). We propose that the "stickiness" of this pin (i.e., the electronegativity of the anion) contributes to the energetics of the active-to-latent transition in the PAI-1 serpin.
Stout
T J
TJ
MetaXen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. matthews@exelixis.com
Graham
H
H
Buckley
D I
DI
Matthews
D J
DJ
D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004274:DNA, Recombinant / Q000235:genetics; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D002712:Chlorides; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011994:Recombinant Proteins