Early risk factors for increased adiposity: a cohort study of African American subjects followed from birth to young adulthood.
BACKGROUND
Obesity is an increasing concern in the United States. Effective prevention of obesity requires the risk factors to be well defined. African Americans have a high risk of obesity.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to identify risk factors, present at birth, for increased adiposity in adulthood in an African American population.


METHODS
In this retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study, anthropometric and socioeconomic variables were collected at birth. A representative sample of 447 African American subjects was followed up until young adulthood, when skinfold thickness was measured. Associations between the independent variables and increased adiposity (skinfold thickness above the 85th percentile) were explored by using unadjusted and adjusted analyses.


RESULTS
Three variables measured at birth were independently associated with adiposity in young adulthood, explaining 12% of the variance. The odds ratios (with 95% CIs) of these variables for increased adiposity were 2.7 (1.2, 6.2) for female sex, 4.0 (1.4, 11. 2) for first-born status, and 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) for each unit increment in maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)). After adjustment for these variables, birth weight for gestational age and socioeconomic variables were not associated with adiposity.


CONCLUSIONS
This cohort study of African American subjects was the first to identify first-born status as an independent risk factor for increased adiposity in adulthood in a US population. The results of the study strengthen previous reports of the effect of female sex and maternal BMI on adulthood obesity. Identification of risk factors early in life may help target prevention toward high-risk children and allow healthy lifestyles to be established before the onset of obesity.
Divisions of Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania 19104-4399, USA. nstettle@cceb.med.upenn.edu
N
N
Stettler
A M
AM
Tershakovec
B S
BS
Zemel
M B
MB
Leonard
R C
RC
Boston
S H
SH
Katz
V A
VA
Stallings
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D000886:Anthropometry; D001722:Birth Order; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D001741:Black or African American