Arc-scanning very high-frequency digital ultrasound for 3D pachymetric mapping of the corneal epithelium and stroma in laser in situ keratomileusis.
OBJECTIVE
To test and demonstrate measurement precision, imaging resolution, 3D thickness mapping, and clinical utility of a new prototype 3D very high-frequency (VHF) (50 MHz) digital ultrasound scanning system for corneal epithelium, flap, and residual stromal thickness after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).


METHODS
VHF ultrasonic 3D data was acquired by arc-motion, meridional scanning within a 10-mm zone. Digital signal processing techniques provided high-resolution B-scan imaging, and I-scan traces for high-precision pachymetry in 4 eyes. Thickness maps of individual corneal layers were constructed. Reproducibility of epithelial, flap, and full corneal pachymetry was assessed for single-point and 3D thickness mapping by repeated measures. Thickness mapping of the epithelium, stroma, flap, and full cornea were determined before and after LASIK. Preoperative to postoperative difference maps for epithelium, flap, and stroma were produced to demonstrate anatomical changes in the thickness profile of each layer.


RESULTS
Surface localization precision was 0.87 microm. Central reproducibility for single-point pachymetry of epithelium was 0.61 microm; flap, 1.14 microm; and full cornea, 0.74 microm. Reproducibility for central pachymetry on 3D thickness mapping was 0.5 microm for epithelium and 1.5-microm for full cornea. B-scans and 3D thickness maps after LASIK demonstrated resolution of epithelial, stromal component of the flap, and residual stromal layers. Large epithelial profile changes were demonstrated after LASIK. Topographic variability of flap thickness and residual stromal thickness were significant.


CONCLUSIONS
VHF digital ultrasound arc-B scanning provides high-resolution imaging and high-precision three-dimensional thickness mapping of corneal layers, enabling accurate anatomical evaluation of the changes induced in the cornea by LASIK.
Reinstein
D Z
DZ
Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. dzr@boodle.med.cornell.edu
Silverman
R H
RH
Raevsky
T
T
Simoni
G J
GJ
Lloyd
H O
HO
Najafi
D J
DJ
Rondeau
M J
MJ
Coleman
D J
DJ
D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D019781:Corneal Topography; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D054140:Refractive Surgical Procedures; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography