Investigation of the prevalence of Legionella species in domestic hot water systems.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence of Legionella spp. in the hot water systems of a representative sample of Wellington domestic residences with electrically heated hot water systems, and to investigate risk factors (eg water temperature, plumbing materials) for such contamination.


METHODS
100 households with electrically heated hot water systems in the Wellington area were investigated. Samples of hot water from several hot water outlets were collected, and characteristics of the plumbing system were recorded. Water samples and swabs were cultured and further examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct fluorescence antibody (DFA) testing to identify Legionella spp. and serogroups.


RESULTS
No Legionella spp. were isolated by culture. PCR tested positive for Legionella in specimens from twelve residences. Six of these were also positive by DFA testing. The only environmental factor found to be associated with the presence of Legionella was recent plumbing work on the hot water system. Five of the twelve PCR-positive residences, and four of the six DFA-confirmed residences had hot water delivery temperatures in excess of 60 degrees C.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that either Legionellae colonise domestic hot water reticulation systems and/or that the organisms are killed during passage through the hot water tank. Both possibilities may be correct. Further work to characterise the microbial ecology of Legionella-positive hot water distribution systems would be useful, as would the development of improved methods for culturing the organisms from potable water.
Bates
M N
MN
Epidemiology and Environmental Microbiology Groups, ESR, Kenepuru Science Centre, Porirua. michael.bates@esr.cri.nz
Maas
E
E
Martin
T
T
Harte
D
D
Grubner
M
M
Margolin
T
T
D006801:Humans; D007875:Legionella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009520:New Zealand; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply