Breast cancer risk following irradiation for Hodgkin's disease.
Radiation is commonly used to treat early-stage Hodgkin's disease. As the risk of recurrent Hodgkin's disease decreases as time from treatment elapses, the risk of radiation-induced breast cancer rises. Women irradiated between the time of puberty and the age of 30 are at the highest risk. The median time to breast cancer following radiation in this age group is approximately 15 years, usually when women are aged between 30 and 40, and often before regular breast screening is implemented. Risk factors associated with breast cancer development include age at irradiation, time since treatment and the radiation dose received. Current screening for breast cancer after Hodgkin's disease is inconsistent. In this article we review breast development, mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis, and findings from retrospective studies on Hodgkin's disease and breast cancer. We also review future considerations of management, including assessment of risk awareness in these women, guidelines for follow-up and screening, and chemoprevention both during and after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. The literature reviewed was obtained from Medline using the key words: breast cancer, Hodgkin's disease and radiation-induced cancer. The search was limited to English language literature. Other sources include reference lists in books and published papers.
Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto M5G 2M9, Canada.
M
M
Clemons
L
L
Loijens
P
P
Goss
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000254:growth & development; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012308:Risk Management