An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists.
Instrumental-variable (IV) methods were invented over 70 years ago, but remain uncommon in epidemiology. Over the past decade or so, non-parametric versions of IV methods have appeared that connect IV methods to causal and measurement-error models important in epidemiological applications. This paper provides an introduction to those developments, illustrated by an application of IV methods to non-parametric adjustment for non-compliance in randomized trials.
Greenland
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Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
D015982:Bias; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000627:therapeutic use
D014801:Vitamin A