Evidence for the effectiveness of techniques To change physician behavior.
OBJECTIVE
To understand the theory and results of how to improve physician performance, as part of overall health-care quality improvement. In particular, to study whether and how guideline production and dissemination affects physician performance.


METHODS
Review of meta-analyses and structured reviews; review of behavior change theories implicit in interventions to change physician performance.


METHODS
Primarily the United States.


METHODS
Various patients and physicians, determined by reviews.


METHODS
None.


RESULTS
There is no unifying theory of physician behavior change tested among physicians in practice. Attempts to affect individual physicians' performance have often met with failure. Mixed results are found for almost all interventions reviewed. Multiple interventions yield better results.


CONCLUSIONS
The answer to the question of what works to improve an individual physician's clinical performance is not simple. Emerging theory and evidence suggests that applications of behavior-change methods should not be focused on which tools (don't) always work. Instead, guideline development and implementation methods should be theory driven and evidence based (supported by evidence that proves the theory correct). In particular, the framework of evidence-based quality assessment offers some insight into past failures and offers hope for organizing attempts at guideline implementation.
Division of Quality Health Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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D001519:Behavior; D002983:Clinical Competence; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010819:Physician's Role; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care