Veratridine induces apoptotic death in bovine chromaffin cells through superoxide production.
The molecular mechanisms involved in veratridine-induced chromaffin cell death have been explored. We have found that exposure to veratridine (30 microM, 1 h) produces a delayed cellular death that reaches 55% of the cells 24 h after veratridine exposure. This death has the features of apoptosis as DNA fragmentation can be observed. Calcium ions play an important role in veratridine-induced chromaffin cell death because the cell permeant Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM and extracellular Ca(2+) removal completely prevented veratridine-induced toxicity. Following veratridine treatment, there is a decrease in mitochondrial function and an increase in superoxide anion production. Veratridine-induced increase in superoxide production was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX; 10 microM), extracellular Ca(2+) removal and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore blocker cyclosporine A (10 microM). Veratridine-induced death was prevented by different antioxidant treatments including catalase (100 IU ml(-1)), N-acetyl cysteine (100 microM), allopurinol (100 microM) or vitamin E (50 microM). Veratridine-induced DNA fragmentation was prevented by TTX (10 microM). Veratridine produced a time-dependent increase in caspase activity that was prevented by Ca(2+) removal and TTX (10 microM). In addition, calpain and caspases inhibitors partially prevented veratridine-induced death. These results indicate that chromaffin cells share with neurons the molecular machinery involved in apoptotic death and might be considered a good model to study neuronal death during neurodegeneration.
Jordán
J
J
Institute for Neurosciences University, Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.
Galindo
M F
MF
Calvo
S
S
González-García
C
C
Ceña
V
V
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019439:Chromaffin Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014701:Veratridine / Q000494:pharmacology*
D013481:Superoxides; D014701:Veratridine; D020169:Caspases; D002118:Calcium