Controlled-release, pegylation, liposomal formulations: new mechanisms in the delivery of injectable drugs.
OBJECTIVE
To review recent developments in novel injectable drug delivery mechanisms and outline the advantages and disadvantages of each.


METHODS
A MEDLINE (1995-January 2000) search using the terms polyethylene glycol, liposomes, polymers, polylactic acid, and controlled release was conducted. Additional references were identified by scanning bibliographies.


METHODS
All articles were considered for inclusion. Abstracts were included only if they were judged to add critical information not otherwise available in the medical literature.


RESULTS
A number of systems that alter the delivery of injectable drugs have been developed in attempts to improve pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic agents. New drug delivery systems can be produced either through a change in formulation (e.g., continuous-release products, liposomes) or an addition to the drug molecule (e.g., pegylation). Potential advantages of new delivery mechanisms include an increased or prolonged duration of pharmacologic activity, a decrease in adverse effects, and increased patient compliance and quality of life. Injectable continuous-release systems deliver drugs in a controlled, predetermined fashion and are particularly appropriate when it is important to avoid large fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations. Encapsulating a drug within a liposome can produce a prolonged half-life and a shift of distribution toward tissues with increased capillary permeability (e.g., tumors, infected tissue). Pegylation provides a method for modification of therapeutic proteins to minimize many of the limitations (e.g., poor stability, short half-life, immunogenicity) associated with these agents.


CONCLUSIONS
Pegylation of therapeutic proteins is an established process with new applications. However, not all pegylated proteins are alike, and each requires optimization on a protein-by-protein basis to derive maximum clinical benefit. The language required to describe each pegylated therapeutic protein must be more precise to accurately distinguish each protein's differential pharmacologic properties.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Center for Liver Diseases, FL 33136, USA. RReddy@med.miami.edu
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D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008081:Liposomes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008081:Liposomes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols