The effect of nicotinamide on spontaneous and induced activity in smooth and skeletal muscle.
OBJECTIVE
Nicotinamide (NA) is currently undergoing clinical trials as a tumour radiosensitizer. The dose that can be administered is currently 80 mg/kg per day, but this may be restricted to 60 mg/kg per day by the high incidence of nausea and vomiting. To investigate some of NA's underlying mechanisms of action, we have used an ex vivo system to study the direct effect of this drug, over a wide range of concentrations, on isolated spontaneously active rat ileum. Effects on the gut were compared with the action of NA on skeletal and vascular smooth muscle.


METHODS
Isolated rat ileum rings were perfused with oxygenated Krebs' solution in an organ bath. NA (1 microM to 10 mM) was introduced to the perfusate and the change in amplitude of spontaneous peristaltic activity recorded. Dissected frog sartorius muscle was bathed in modified oxygenated Ringer's solution in an organ bath. The muscle was electrically stimulated to generate isometric contractions. Tension was then measured before and after the addition of a range of NA concentrations (8.2-24.6 mM) to the organ bath.


RESULTS
NA inhibited peristalsis in the ileum in a dose-dependent manner. At a drug concentration of 1 mM the amplitude of contractions was reduced to <50% of the initial control value. NA had no effect on the electrically induced contractions in the isolated frog sartorius muscle.


CONCLUSIONS
Gut smooth muscle is highly sensitive to the relaxant effect of NA producing 50% relaxation at a concentration approximately 10 fold lower than that required in rat arterial smooth muscle, while having no effect on non-mammalian skeletal smooth muscle. This may provide explanations for the occurrence of emesis in patients undergoing combined nicotinamide therapies and highlight possible alternatives available to counter this unwanted side-effect.
Ruddock
M W
MW
Radiation Science Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, UK.
Burns
D M
DM
Murphy
L E
LE
O'Rourke
M G
MG
Hirst
D G
DG
D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D007082:Ileum; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000187:drug effects; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced*
D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D009536:Niacinamide