Optic disk and retinal nerve fiber layer damage after transient central retinal artery occlusion: an experimental study in rhesus monkeys.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the retinal tolerance time to acute ischemic insult in middle-aged or elderly rhesus monkeys with pre-existing atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension.


METHODS
In 39 eyes of 39 middle-aged and elderly rhesus monkeys with a mean age of 19.5 +/- 2. 8 years, occlusion of the central retinal artery was produced by temporary clamping of the central retinal artery at its site of entry into the dural sheath of the optic nerve for 97 to 300 minutes. Stereoscopic color fundus photography and fluorescein fundus angiography were performed before central retinal artery occlusion and serially thereafter. Retinal nerve fiber layer damage and optic disk changes were assessed by comparing morphometric evaluation of the color fundus photographs taken before central retinal artery occlusion and color fundus photographs taken at the end of the study.


RESULTS
There was a significant correlation between duration of central retinal artery occlusion and decreased visibility of retinal nerve fiber layer (P =.018) and increasing optic disk pallor (P =. 014), and a trend between residual retinal circulation and decreased visibility of retinal nerve fiber layer (P =.085) and optic disk pallor (P =.162). However, there was a marked interindividual variation between the length of central retinal artery occlusion and degree of increased optic disk pallor and decreased visibility of the retinal nerve fiber layer, even among eyes with similar duration of central retinal artery occlusion. Complete or almost total optic nerve atrophy and nerve fiber damage were present in all eyes in which the duration of central retinal artery occlusion was 240 minutes or more.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study, compared with our previous study in young healthy rhesus monkeys, indicate that in middle-aged or elderly atherosclerotic and arterial hypertensive rhesus monkeys, central retinal artery occlusion for less than 100 minutes produced no apparent morphometric evidence of optic nerve damage; however, central retinal artery occlusion of 105 minutes but less than 240 minutes produced a variable degree of damage; central retinal artery occlusion for 240 minutes or more produced total or almost total optic nerve atrophy and nerve fiber damage.
Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. sohan-hayreh@uiowa.edu
S S
SS
Hayreh
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JB
Jonas
D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D009896:Optic Atrophy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D010781:Photography; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors