Increased prevalence of thyroglobulin antibodies in Sri Lankan schoolgirls--is iodine the cause?
OBJECTIVE
Iodine deficiency was the likely cause of a high prevalence of goitre previously in Sri Lankan schoolchildren. Salt iodination was made compulsory in 1993 but there has been no recent study, using modern techniques, of its benefits or harmful effects.


METHODS
Three hundred and sixty-seven schoolgirls between the ages of 11 and 16 years had ultrasound thyroid volume, free thyroxine (T4), free tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyrotrophin (TSH), anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) and thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) antibodies, and urine iodine concentrations measured.


RESULTS
Median ultrasound thyroid volume ranged from 4.8 ml (11-year-old girls) to 8.6 ml (16-year-old girls) with an age-related increase. Median urine iodine concentrations ranged from 105 to 152 microg/l. Free T4 and free T3 were normal in all, but TSH was elevated in four subjects (5. 53-41.29 mU/l). However, the prevalence of TgAb was markedly raised, ranging between 14.3% (11-year-old girls) and 69.7% (16-year-old girls) (P<0.03). In contrast, the prevalence of TPOAb was 10% or less in all age groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Normal median thyroid volumes, iodine concentrations and thyroid function would indicate that iodine deficiency is not a major problem in this group. The high prevalence of TgAb, hitherto unreported, most likely reflects excessive iodination of Tg resulting in increased immunogenicity. There is an urgent need to continuously monitor the adequacy and risks of iodination in this population.
Premawardhana
L D
LD
Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. ldkep@msn.com
Parkes
A B
AB
Smyth
P P
PP
Wijeyaratne
C N
CN
Jayasinghe
A
A
de Silva
D G
DG
Lazarus
J H
JH
D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D007455:Iodine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013188:Sri Lanka; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
D001323:Autoantibodies; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013954:Thyroglobulin; D007455:Iodine; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013974:Thyroxine