Neuroimaging: do we really need new contrast agents for MRI?
The use of exogenous contrast media in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain has brought dramatic improvement in the sensitivity of detection and delineation of pathological structures, such as primary and metastatic brain tumors, inflammation and ischemia. Disruption of the blood brain barrier leads to accumulation of the intravenously injected contrast material in the extravascular space, leading to signal enhancement. Magnetic resonance angiography benefits from T(1)-shortening effects of contrast agent, improving small vessel depiction and providing vascular visualization even in situations of slow flow. High speed dynamic MRI after bolus injection of contrast media allows tracer kinetic modeling of cerebral perfusion. Progressive enhancement over serial post-contrast imaging allows modeling of vascular permeability and thus quantitative estimation of the severity of blood brain barrier disruption. With such an array of capabilities and ever improving technical abilities, it seems that the role of contrast agents in MR neuroimaging is established and the development of new agents may be superfluous. However, new agents are being developed with prolonged intravascular residence times, and with in-vivo binding of ever-increasing specificity. Intravascular, or blood pool, agents are likely to benefit magnetic resonance angiography of the carotid and cerebral vessels; future agents may allow the visualization of therapeutic drug delivery, the monitoring of, for example, gene expression, and the imaging evaluation of treatment efficacy. So while there is a substantial body of work that can be performed with currently available contrast agents, especially in conjunction with optimized image acquisition strategies, post processing, and mathematical analysis, there are still unrealized opportunities for novel contrast agent introduction, particularly those exploiting biological specificity. This article reviews the current use of contrast media in magnetic resonance neuroimaging, discusses some of the developing strategies for new applications of imaging with these agents and finally offers some views and indications for contrast agents currently under development, as well as some speculation on unsolved problems in neuroimaging, and opportunities for novel contrast agents.
Roberts
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Department of Radiology, University of California, Box 0628, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. tim.roberts@radiology.ucsf.edu
Chuang
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Roberts
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D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000502:physiology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D003287:Contrast Media; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
D003287:Contrast Media