Bone morphogenetic proteins and skeletal development: the kidney-bone connection.
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of pleiotropic morphogens isolated and cloned from the demineralized extracellular matrix of bone. BMPs and related cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins (CDMPs) initiate, promote and maintain bone and cartilage. The pleiotropic effects of BMPs are based on concentration-dependent thresholds. Targeted disruption of gene action by homologous recombination has demonstrated the role of BMP 7 in kidney, eye and skeletal development. BMP 7 is critical for kidney tubulogenesis, retinal pigmented epithelium differentiation and skeletal pattern. BMP 7 is also synthesized by the kidney and is detectable in serum; hence BMP 7 is both an autocrine and endocrine morphogen. It is likely renal BMP 7 may influence skeletal development and growth in children although there may be sources of other BMPs with skeletogenic actions. In conclusion, we are beginning to unravel the mysteries of kidney-bone connection with special reference to pediatric nephrology.
Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento 95817, USA. ahreddi@ucdavis.edu
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D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D000099176:Noggin Protein
D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5; D006133:Growth Substances; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C090394:cartilage-derived-morphogenetic protein-2