Smoking behavior, dysphoric states and the menstrual cycle: results from single smoking sessions and the natural environment.
A 2-way factorial repeated measures design examined the effects of menstrual cycle phase and smoking on: 1) smoking behavior, 2) mood state, 3) nicotine withdrawal symptomatology, and 4) menstrual symptomatology. Female smokers, aged 20-39, were followed for two consecutive menstrual cycles with two data collection sessions per cycle, which were conducted in the University's General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). Participants were randomly assigned to order of smoking condition, which included: 1) smoking ad libitum, and 2) 24-hour abstinence prior to data collection. Data were collected in the mid-to-late follicular (MLF) phase (between days 6 through to 11) and the four days prior to menses in late luteal (LL) phase. Participants completed the Profile of Mood States and Menstrual Symptom Severity List and recorded daily cigarette smoking rate in the natural environment during MLF and LL phases. Nicotine boost and carbon monoxide (CO) boost were measured and the Shiffman-Jarvick Tobacco Withdrawal Questionnaire was administered during GCRC data collection sessions. Results indicated that subjects smoked more cigarettes per day during the LL phase and CO boost was greater during MLF. No difference was noted in nicotine boost by condition or phase. No difference in mood state was noted by either condition or phase. Withdrawal symptomatology and craving for cigarettes were increased after 24 hours of abstinence. No difference was noted in menstrual symptoms by condition or phase. Further investigations are still needed to characterize the importance of cycle phase in the design of smoking cessation interventions for women of reproductive age.
The Ohio State University, College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1289, USA.
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Snively
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Ahijevych
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Bernhard
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Wewers
D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D012931:Social Environment; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology
D002248:Carbon Monoxide