Skin cancer prevention in outdoor recreation settings: effects of the Hawaii SunSmart Program.
BACKGROUND
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States, and it is one of the most preventable. Interventions for young children and their parents can help prevent future cases of skin cancer.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether a skin cancer prevention program implemented at outdoor recreation sites improved children's sun-protection behaviors and site sun-protection policies.


METHODS
Randomized trial of 14 outdoor recreation sites on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The trial had three arms: control, education only, and education/environment.


METHODS
The education arm included staff training, on-site activities, take-home booklets, behavior-monitoring boards, and incentives. The education/environment arm included all education components plus provision of sunscreen and promotion of sun-safe environments.


METHODS
Children 6 to 8 years of age and their parents.


METHODS
Reports from parents of children's sun-protection behaviors and the sun-protection policies of recreation sites. The cohort for analysis from baseline to 6 weeks after testing had 383 participants; the cohort from 6 weeks after testing to 3 months of follow-up had 285 participants.


RESULTS
Program implementation was high in the education only and the education/environment sites. Compared with control sites, children's sun-protection behaviors and, in particular, the use of sunscreen improved significantly at sites where the two interventions were implemented. In addition, sun-protection policies of recreation sites were markedly higher at intervention arm sites. The education/environment intervention was not superior to education alone. Changes were partly maintained at 3 months of follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
A creative, engaging, multicomponent skin cancer prevention program in outdoor recreation settings can lead to modest improvements in children's sun-protection behaviors.
Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA. kglanz@hawaii.edu
K
K
Glanz
R A
RA
Lew
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V
Song
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Murakami-Akatsuka
D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D011998:Recreation; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D013473:Sunscreening Agents