Comparison of observer performance in determining the position of endodontic files with physical measures in the evaluation of dental X-ray imaging systems.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the feasibility of substituting observers determining the accuracy of endodontic measurements for measurements of physical qualities in comparison of digital imaging systems.


METHODS
Sensors from six digital imaging systems were compared for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), modulation transfer function (MTF) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). A total of 45 canals in teeth from human cadavers were instrumented to their apical foramina. Endodontic files, ranging in size from size 8 to size 20, were glued in place at random distances from the apical foramina spanning a range of +/- 3 mm. The teeth were imaged with the six digital systems and dental X-ray film. Fifteen dentists independently measured the distance from the end of the file to the apical foramen. Results were expressed as the measurement error. Measurement error was compared to SNR, MTF and DQE for each digital system.


RESULTS
CDR (Schick, New York, NY, USA), Digora (Sordex, Helsinki, Finland) and Dexis (Provision Dental Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA) produced the highest SNR values followed closely by RVG-4 (Trophy, Croissy-Beavborg, France). Sens-A-Ray (Dent-X/Regam Medical Systems, Sundsvall, Sweden), Dexis and the RVG-4 produced the best MTF results. Dexis had the greatest DQE. The mean measurement errors (in mm) were: Film 0.65, Dexis 0.69, CDR 0.71, RVG-4 0.74, Digora 0.89, Sens-A-Ray 0.97, and Visualix-2 (Gendex, Monza, Italy) 0.98.


CONCLUSIONS
Digital systems closely approximate film in their accuracy when used for endodontic measurement providing that the assessment instruments have similar resolving power. DQE was the best physical predictor of system accuracy when compared with endodontic length measurements. MTF and SNR alone did not accurately predict observer precision.
US Army Medical Research & Material Command, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, USA.
R H
RH
Vandre
J C
JC
Pajak
H
H
Abdel-Nabi
T T
TT
Farman
A G
AG
Farman
D002102:Cadaver; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015588:Observer Variation; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014962:X-Ray Film