Prenatal alcohol exposure and depressive features in children.
BACKGROUND
This study examined the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and self-report of depressive symptoms in 5- to 6-year-old children. Higher levels of prenatal alcohol exposure were hypothesized to be associated with endorsement of a greater number of depressive symptoms in children. It was also hypothesized that maternal depression, although associated with drinking behavior, would contribute independently to outcome. Finally, the mother's behavior toward the child, as well as current drinking practices, were postulated to mediate the relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and child depressive symptoms.


METHODS
Participants were 41 mother-child dyads who had been followed longitudinally since the children were 1 year of age. Self-report questionnaires for maternal and child depression were used.


RESULTS
Results revealed that prenatal alcohol exposure, maternal depression, and child gender seemed to be highly associated with child depressive symptoms. Girls who had higher levels of prenatal alcohol exposure and whose mothers acknowledged higher levels of depression endorsed the highest number of depressive symptoms. Neither the mother's behavior in interaction with the child nor her current level of alcohol consumption mediated the relationship.


CONCLUSIONS
The importance of considering prenatal alcohol exposure as a risk variable in the prediction of childhood-onset depression and the possible neurological mechanisms underlying depression in children with alcohol exposure in utero are discussed.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles, and Neuropsychiatric Institute, 90024, USA. moconnor@mednet.ucla.edu
M J
MJ
O'Connor
C
C
Kasari
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D020751:Alcohol-Induced Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors