Mild or moderate hypothermia, but not increased oxygen breathing, increases long-term survival after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats.
OBJECTIVE
To test the hypotheses that, for uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS) in rats, mild hypothermia, compared with normothermia, would increase long-term survival as well as moderate hypothermia, oxygen breathing would increase survival further, and hypothermia and oxygen would mitigate visceral ischemia (dysoxia) during UHS.


METHODS
Prospective, randomized study.


METHODS
Animal research laboratory.


METHODS
A total of 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats.


METHODS
Under light anesthesia and spontaneous breathing, rats underwent UHS phase I of 75 mins, with initial withdrawal of 3 mL/100 g of blood over 15 mins, followed by UHS via tail amputation and limited fluid resuscitation to maintain mean arterial pressure at > or =40 mm Hg; resuscitation phase II of 60 mins (from 75 mins to 135 mins) with hemostasis and aggressive fluid resuscitation to normalize hemodynamics; and observation phase III to 72 hrs. Rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 6 each) with three rectal temperature levels (38 degrees C [normothermia] vs. 34 degrees C [mild hypothermia] vs. 30 degrees C [moderate hypothermia]) by surface cooling; each with 3 FIO2 levels (0.25 vs. 0.5 vs. 1.0).


RESULTS
Hypothermia increased blood pressure compared with normothermia. Increased FIO2 had no effect on blood pressure. Additional blood loss from the tail cut was small, with no differences among groups. Hypothermia and FIO2 of 0.5 decreased visceral hypoxia, as measured by the difference between visceral (liver and jejunum) surface Pco2 and PaCO2 during UHS. Compared with normothermia, mild hypothermia increased the survival time and rate as well as moderate hypothermia (p < .01 by life table), without a significant difference between mild and moderate hypothermia. Increased FIO2 had no effect on survival time or rate.


CONCLUSIONS
After severe UHS and resuscitation in rats, mild hypothermia during UHS, compared with normothermia, increases blood pressure, survival time and 72-hr survival rate as well as moderate hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is clinically more feasible and safer than moderate hypothermia. Increased FIO2 seems to have no significant effect on outcome.
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and the Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA.
A
A
Takasu
S W
SW
Stezoski
J
J
Stezoski
P
P
Safar
S A
SA
Tisherman
D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007773:Lactates