Secondary venous ischemic injury associated with neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation: amelioration of injury by cyclosporin A in a rat inguinal island flap.
Secondary venous ischemia caused by anastomotic failure is one of the major causes of failure after free tissue transfers and replantations. The effects of cyclosporin A (CsA) on secondary ischemic injury associated with neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation were evaluated in a rat inferior epigastric island skin flap model. Primary ischemia was produced by arteriovenous occlusion for 2 hours. Twenty-four hours later, secondary venous ischemia was produced by 5 hours of venous occlusion. Nonischemic (n = 5), primary ischemic (n = 5), and secondary ischemic control groups (n = 10), and four treatment groups (n = 10) were created. Treatment groups received either 15 or 30 mg per kilogram per day oral CsA for 3 days before flap elevation, or 15 or 30 mg per kilogram intravenous CsA at 4 hours of secondary venous ischemia. Flap survival area, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assayed for each group. The mean flap survival area of the high-dose posttreatment group was significantly higher than the secondary ischemic control group (29% +/- 39% vs. 3% +/- 8%; p < 0.05, Student's t-test). The MDA and MPO levels of each treatment group were significantly lower than the secondary ischemic control group at hours 1 and 24 (p < 0.0001, Student's t-test). The lowest MDA and MPO levels were achieved in the high-dose posttreatment group. Results suggest that CsA may improve flap survival after secondary venous ischemia by attenuating neutrophil infiltration and by reducing lipid peroxidation.
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey.
A
A
Yücel
C
C
Senyuva
G
G
Andican
E
E
Benlier
M
M
Bolayirli
O
O
Cetinkale
R
R
Gelişgen
G
G
Burçak
D000818:Animals; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*
D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine