Digital hand atlas and web-based bone age assessment: system design and implementation.
Bone age assessment is a procedure frequently performed in pediatric patients to evaluate their growth disorder. A simple method commonly used in bone age assessment is atlas matching by a radiological examination of a left-hand radiograph against a small reference set of Greulich-Pyle atlas patterns of normal standards. The method however can lead to significant deviation in age assessment, due to a variety of observers with different levels of training. The Greulich-Pyle atlas developed in the 1950s based on middle upper class white populations, is also not fully applicable for children of today, especially regarding the standard development in other racial groups. In this paper, we present our system design and initial implementation of a digital hand atlas and computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system for Web-based bone age assessment. The CAD system is built on top of existing picture archiving and communication system (PACS), as well as recent advances in Internet technology. It consists of a hand atlas database, a CAD module and a Java-based Web user interface. The digital atlas is based on a large new set of clinically normal hand images of diverse ethnic groups. A relational image database system is used to organize hand images, their extracted quantitative features and patient data. The digital atlas removes the disadvantages of the currently out-of-date Greulich-Pyle atlas and allows the bone age assessment to be computerized. The Java-based Web user interface allows users to interact with the hand image database from browsers. Users can use a Web browser to push a clinical hand image to the CAD server for a bone age assessment. Quantitative features on the examined image, which reflect the skeletal maturity, are then extracted and compared with patterns from the atlas database to assess the bone age. The digital atlas method based on open system Internet technology provides an alternative to supplement or replace the traditional one for a quantitative, accurate and cost-effective assessment of bone age.
Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0628, USA. fcao@pacbell.net
F
F
Cao
H K
HK
Huang
E
E
Pietka
V
V
Gilsanz
D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005006:Ethnicity; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D006225:Hand / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020407:Internet; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D012016:Reference Values; D014584:User-Computer Interface