Three-dimensional sonography in prenatal diagnosis: a luxury or a necessity?
Three-dimensional sonography revolutionized ultrasound imaging with its capacity to depict an unlimited number of planes in which the object of interest can be displayed. The addition of numerous modalities of image rendering promotes three-dimensional sonography to the top of the spectrum of diagnostic imaging in obstetrics and gynecology. The aim of this article is to present our experience in 3-D sonography during the second and third trimester of pregnancy and to give a comparative review of literature. 247 patients in gestational age ranging from 12 to 40 weeks of gestation were examined over a three year period. The majority of patients entered the study because fetal anomaly was suspected at two-dimensional sonography. Some patients were sent on to three-dimensional sonography because it was not possible to depict clearly normal fetal anatomy by two dimensional sonography. Out of 170 fetal anomalies three-dimensional sonographic analysis failed in only three cases. In all three anomaly was accompanied with severe oligohydramnios. Main advantages of three-dimensional ultrasound in perinatal medicine and antenatal diagnosis include scanning in the coronal plane, improved assessment of complex anatomic structures, surface analysis of minor defects, volumetric measuring of organs, "plastic" transparent imaging of fetal skeleton, spatial presentation of blood flow arborization and, finally, storage of scanned volumes and images. It is our decided opinion that three-dimensional sonography has gained a valuable place in prenatal diagnosis, becoming a necessity for every modern perinatal unit.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital, Croatia.
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Kurjak
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Hafner
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Kos
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Kupesic
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Stanojevic
D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016104:Oligohydramnios; D011247:Pregnancy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*