A cross-over evaluation of different methods and devices to measure blood pressure in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
BACKGROUND
In type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy, tight blood pressure control has been shown to prevent the progression of the disease. Up until now, self-monitoring, ambulatory and office blood pressure values have not been compared in these patients. Thus, we have evaluated blood pressure values obtained in the office by a physician and at home by self-monitoring with those measured under ambulatory conditions in these patients. Additionally, for blood pressure self-monitoring, three different devices (the sphygmomanometer, upper-arm oscillometer and wrist oscillometer) were compared.


METHODS
Twenty-one treated hypertensive type 1 diabetic patients [age 45+/-9 years, duration of diabetes 33+/-12 years (mean+/-SD)] with overt diabetic nephropathy participated in this study. At both baseline and the end of the study, daytime ambulatory blood pressure measurement was performed. Office blood pressure was measured at baseline. Additionally, all the patients measured their blood pressure over a 3-week period using each of the three different devices, in random order, for 1 week.


RESULTS
The mean office blood pressure values (135+/-21/85+/-12mmHg) were higher than both the ambulatory (131+/-23/80+/-12, P<0.05) and self-monitoring values (130+/-14/78+/-10; P<0.05 for systolic and P<0.02 for diastolic values). The difference between the ambulatory and self-monitoring values were not statistically significant. Diastolic blood pressure values measured with the oscillometric wrist device showed a trend towards higher values when compared to those measured with the sphygmomanometer and with the oscillometric upper-arm device (P=0.065 for diastolic values).


CONCLUSIONS
Office blood pressure measurements may over-estimate blood pressure in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Because the oscillometric wrist device tends to over-estimate diastolic values, upper-arm devices should be preferred for blood pressure self-monitoring in these patients.
Department of Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany. tim.heise@profil-research.de
T
T
Heise
K
K
Magnusson
B
B
Gröbel
L
L
Heinemann
K
K
Rave
R
R
Bender
P T
PT
Sawicki
D001132:Arm; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D015924:Blood Pressure Monitors; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003971:Diastole; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009991:Oscillometry; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012648:Self Care; D019722:Sphygmomanometers; D013599:Systole; D014953:Wrist