title: Hysterectomy and urinary incontinence: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serious complications after hysterectomy are estimated to occur in around six women per 10,000 hysterectomies in the USA. We did a systematic review of evidence that hysterectomy is associated with urinary incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified English-language and non-English-language articles registered on MEDLINE from January, 1966, to December, 1997, did manual review of references, and consulted specialists. We identified 45 articles reporting on the association of urinary incontinence and hysterectomy. We selected reports that presented original data on development of incontinence in women who underwent hysterectomy compared with those who did not. Results were abstracted by two independent reviewers and summarised with a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  12 papers met our selection criteria--eight cross-sectional studies, two prospective cohort studies, one case-control study, and one randomised controlled trial. The summary estimate was consistent with increased odds for incontinence in women with hysterectomy. Because incontinence might not develop for many years after hysterectomy, we stratified the findings by age at assessment of incontinence. Among women who were 60 years or older, the summary odds ratio for urinary incontinence was increased by 60% (1.6 [95% CI 1.4-1.8]) but odds were not increased for women younger than 60 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When women are counselled about sequelae of hysterectomy, practitioners should discuss the possibility of an increased likelihood of incontinence in later life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA. brownj@obgyn.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sawaya
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grady
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology*