title: Testicular microlithiasis in a UK population: its incidence, associations and follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of testicular microlithiasis in men presenting for testicular ultrasonography, to identify any associated pathology (with particular reference to testicular neoplasia) and to report the follow-up of those patients in whom testicular microlithiasis was identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, the results of all testicular ultrasonography undertaken between July 1995 and March 1998 in a district general hospital were reviewed. The records of all patients diagnosed ultrasonographically to have testicular microlithiasis were retrieved and the pathology database was accessed for all testicular tumours diagnosed in the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period 2215 scans were taken; 34 cases of testicular microlithiasis were identified, giving an incidence of 1.4%. Thirty-one testicular tumours were removed during the same period. Of the 34 cases with testicular microlithiasis, five had histologically confirmed testicular tumours (15%). The incidence of testicular tumours in the scans showing no microlithiasis was 26 in 2181 (1.1%). The differential incidence of tumours in the two groups is statistically significant (P < 0.001, chi-square analysis). Patients with testicular microlithiasis but no tumour were followed up for a median (range) of 41 (19-54) months; no interval tumours have developed to date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms an incidence of testicular microlithiasis comparable with that in other reported series, albeit in a selected population. There was a strong association between testicular microlithiasis and testicular tumours. Whether this is a causal relationship has yet to be determined. Careful clinical and ultrasonographic follow-up of these patients is therefore recommended until the significance of testicular microlithiasis is clear.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Skyrme
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fenn
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Bowsher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002137:Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology