title: Pentosan polysulfate decreases proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition by vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from failed hemodialysis access grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular access failure is a major cause of morbidity, and increased costs in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Stenosis, the most common underlying cause of loss of patency in failed grafts, appears to be caused by an obstructing mass of tissue containing proliferating smooth muscle cells and their associated extracellular matrix.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether this process was amenable to pharmacologic intervention and/or prevention, we obtained samples of the material occluding vascular accesses from 7 patients undergoing revision surgery in order to characterize the cells contributing to the stenosis. In all 7 patients the outgrowth contained predominantly smooth muscle-like cells admixed with fibroblasts, which produced a large amount of type IV and type I collagen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with pentosan polysulfate inhibited cell proliferation and significantly reduced the accumulation of types I and type IV collagens. This was associated with increase in metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and a shift of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) from the cell layer into the medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that pentosan polysulfate (PPS) may have a favorable effect in patients with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PFTE) graft by decreasing cell proliferation and collagen deposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Miami, School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Elliot
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Striker
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stetler-Stevenson
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McQuinn
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Blagg
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Striker
mesh_terms: D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects*; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012086:Reoperation; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D003094:Collagen; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9