title: Navigation-guided opening of the internal auditory canal via the retrosigmoid route for acoustic neuroma surgery: cadaveric, radiological, and preliminary clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the usefulness of a microscope-based navigational system (Multi Koordinaten Manipulator; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) for removal of the posterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC) via the retrosigmoid route.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cadaveric study was performed to assess the navigational localization error for the retrosigmoid approach to the IAC. Computed tomographic findings for 47 acoustic neuroma cases were divided into three groups, on the basis of the relationship between the labyrinth and the sigmoid-fundus line (medial, on the line, or lateral). Furthermore, the shortest distances between the most medial labyrinthine extension and the resection line were measured. In 20 acoustic neuroma operations, the different features and the practicality of the microscope-based navigational system for opening of the IAC were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean anatomic localization errors were 0.67 +/- 0.2 mm (95th percentile, 1.32 mm) for navigation to the IAC and 0.71 +/- 0.37 mm (95th percentile, 1.68 mm) for navigation to the posterior semicircular canal. The average distances between the most medial labyrinthine extension and the resection line were 3.65, 3.36, and 2.0 mm for the lateral, on-the-line, and medial groups, respectively. Direct contouring of structures at risk does not take into account the localization error, nor does it provide reliable navigational information. A novel indirect contouring concept that takes into account the localization error (the safety corridor method) was therefore introduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The value of navigational assistance for opening of the IAC is promising but still limited. Further development is required before the clinical effects of this navigational approach can be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Humboldt University at Berlin, Germany. amir@samii.org
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samii
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaminsky
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lanksch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samii
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009464:Neuroma, Acoustic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed