title: Spermine differentially regulates the production of interleukin-12 p40 and interleukin-10 and suppresses the release of the T helper 1 cytokine interferon-gamma.
abstract: Polyamines are endogenous immunomodulatory molecules. Recent studies revealed that polyamines suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine on the production of interleukin (IL)-12 p40, IL-10, and interferon (IFN-gamma) in mouse peritoneal macrophages and spleen cell suspensions. Spermine, but not spermidine or putrescine, suppressed, in a concentration-dependent manner, the production of IL-12 p40 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The effect of spermine was post-transcriptional, because steady-state levels of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNAs) for IL-12 (p35 and p40) were not affected. In contrast to its inhibitory effect on IL-12 p40, spermine (0.3-3 microM) augmented IL-10 production. The down-regulation of IL-12 p40 by spermine was independent of enhancement of IL-10 by this agent, for spermine retained its ability to suppress IL-12 production in peritoneal macrophages obtained from IL-10-deficient mice. The alterations in cytokine production by spermine did not involve an effect on early intracellular pathways of LPS signal transduction, including the p38 or p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases, or the c-jun terminal kinase. In spleen cell suspensions, spermine suppressed the release of IFN-gamma induced either by LPS or anti-CD3 antibody. In summary, spermine exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing IL-12 and IFN-gamma and by augmenting the production of IL-10.
authors.affiliation: Inotek Corporation, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haskó
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kuhel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marton
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Nemeth
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Deitch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szabó
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007249:Inflammation; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011700:Putrescine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013095:Spermidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013096:Spermine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D021122:Protein Subunits; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D013096:Spermine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D013095:Spermidine; D011700:Putrescine