title: Antimicrobial effects of novel siderophores linked to beta-lactam antibiotics.
abstract: As a strategy to increase the penetration of antibiotic drugs through the outer membrane of gram-negative pathogens, facilitated transport through siderophore receptors has been frequently exploited. Hydroxamic acids, catechols, or very close isosteres of catechols, which are mimics of naturally occurring siderophores, have been used successfully as covalently linked escorting moieties, but a much wider diversity of iron binding motifs exists. This observation, coupled to the relative lack of specificity of siderophore receptors, prompted us to initiate a program to identify novel, noncatechol siderophoric structures. We screened over 300 compounds for their ability to (1) support growth in low iron medium of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa siderophore biosynthesis deletion mutant, or (2) compete with a bactericidal siderophore-antibiotic conjugate for siderophore receptor access. From these assays we identified a set of small molecules that fulfilled one or both of these criteria. We then synthesized these compounds with functional groups suitable for attachment to both monobactam and cephalosporin core structures. Siderophore-beta-lactam conjugates then were tested against a panel of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus strains. Although several of the resultant chimeric compounds had antimicrobial activity approaching that of ceftazidime, and most compounds demonstrated very potent activity against their cellular targets, only a single compound was obtained that had enhanced, siderophore-mediated antibacterial activity. Results with tonB mutants frequently showed increased rather than decreased susceptibilities. suggesting that multiple factors influenced the intracellular concentration of the drugs.
authors.affiliation: PathoGenesis Corporation, Seattle, WA 98119, USA. tkline@pathogenesis.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fromhold
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: McKennon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treiberg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ihle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Warrener
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goltry
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: S U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shawar
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langhorne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Embuscado
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Naeemi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D017262:Siderophores / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D047090:beta-Lactams
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017262:Siderophores; D047090:beta-Lactams