title: Relationship between efficacy, tolerance, and plasma drug concentration of ritonavir in children with advanced HIV infection.
abstract: The relationship between ritonavir plasma concentration, efficacy, and tolerance was evaluated in 31 children with advanced HIV infection who were receiving a triple therapy with ritonavir as protease inhibitor. Median CD4+ lymphocyte count and median viral load before the initiation of ritonavir-containing combination therapy were 1320 cells/mL and 5 log10 copies/mL, respectively. Ritonavir was given at a dose ranging from 300 to 450 mg/m2 twice daily. The median follow-up of triple therapy was 19 months. Response was defined as a drop of viremia of more than 1 log. Plasma drug levels were determined twice during the observation period: after at least 4 weeks and after 3 months of combined treatment. Samples were collected before (residual) and 2 hours (T2) after drug intake. Cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were assessed at the same time. The median values of ritonavir residual and T2 levels were 1.64 mg/L and 5.9 mg/L at observation 1 and 3.35 mg/L and 6.29 mg/L at observation 2, respectively. According to virologic response, median residual concentrations of ritonavir were 3.17, 2.52, and 1.04 mg/L for the complete, the partial, and the no-response groups. The authors observed a wide intersubject variability of ritonavir concentrations with an increase in residual levels between the two observation periods. Residual levels were correlated with virologic response whereas there was no direct association between T2 levels and long-term response. Patients with complete or partial response displayed statistically significantly higher residual concentrations than the no-response group. No correlation could be demonstrated between elevated plasma drug concentrations and abnormal cholesterol or triglycerides values. These results emphasize the importance of a sustained high ritonavir concentration to achieve optimal treatment efficacy. Furthermore, these results prove the clinical benefit of therapeutic drug monitoring and could potentially improve patient evaluation in terms of treatment efficacy, compliance, and viral resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacokinetic Hematology, Timone Hospital and EA2194, University of Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solas
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thuret
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chambost
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lacarelle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000502:physiology; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D014280:Triglycerides; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D002784:Cholesterol; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D019438:Ritonavir