title: Endothelin receptor blockade in severe acute pancreatitis leads to systemic enhancement of microcirculation, stabilization of capillary permeability, and improved survival rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously demonstrated that therapy with a new endothelin A receptor antagonist (ET-RA) significantly reduced mortality rates in severe acute pancreatitis (AP) in the rat without attenuating local signs of disease severity (intrapancreatic protease activation, acinar cell necrosis). This raised the question as to why ET-RA was so effective. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of ET-RA on microcirculation (particularly capillary permeability) within and outside of the pancreas on intravascular fluid loss and extravascular fluid sequestration and on distant organ function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severe AP was induced in rats by standardized intraductal bile acid infusion and cerulein hyper-stimulation. Starting 6 hours (n = 24 rats) and 12 hours (n = 30 rats) after the onset of AP, animals randomly received either the ET-RA (LU-135252) or saline solution with fluid resuscitation (6 mL/kg/h Ringer's lactate). At 24 hours, animals were relaparotomized for intravital microscopic determination of capillary blood flow, leukocyte rolling, and capillary permeability in the pancreas and colon. Further monitoring included cardiorespiratory and renal parameters, hematocrit levels and quantification of ascites and pleural effusions, and acinar cell necrosis at autopsy. Groups of sham-operated healthy animals (n = 6 animals each) that had been treated according to the same protocol served as control animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ET-RA treatment that was started 6 hours after AP-induction significantly decreased hematocrit levels (38% +/- 1% vs 45% +/- 2% with saline solution treatment), reduced ascites and pleural effusions (6.7 +/- 1.3 mL vs 11.9 +/- 1.3 mL), and improved urine production (4.8 +/- 0.5 mL vs 2.9 +/- 0.6 mL) and respiratory parameters. Moreover, all microcirculatory parameters were improved; in particular, capillary permeability was stabilized (158% +/- 9% vs 248% +/- 8% in the colon). These beneficial effects were also seen when therapy was delayed until 12 hours after AP induction. Pancreatic necrosis was not significantly reduced. The overall mortality rate was 12% in ET-RA-treated animals and 42% in saline solution-treated control animals (P <.05). In healthy animals ET-RA did not significantly alter the target parameters, except for a reduction of capillary permeability in the pancreas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved microcirculation and stabilized capillary permeability in ET-RA-treated animals together with reduced intravascular fluid loss and extravascular fluid sequestration and improved renal and pulmonary function (1) may explain improved survival in this model, (2) support the hypothesis that systemic disease sequelae significantly contribute to outcome in AP, and (3) suggest that ET-RA may be a promising therapeutic tool in AP because it counteracts microcirculatory disorders that contribute to pancreatitis-associated organ dysfunction even when therapy is delayed to a point at which pancreatic injury may no longer be influenced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Benjamin Franklin Medical Center, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foitzik
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eibl
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hotz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faulhaber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirchengast
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Buhr
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D006400:Hematocrit; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010179:Pancreas / Q000098:blood supply*; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011743:Pyrimidines; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; C107831:darusentan; D010100:Oxygen