title: Anesthesia practice and clinical trends in interventional radiology: a European survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine current European practice in interventional radiology regarding nursing care, anesthesia, and clinical care trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was sent to 977 European interventional radiologists to assess the use of sedoanalgesia, nursing care, monitoring equipment, pre- and postprocedural care, and clinical trends in interventional radiology. Patterns of sedoanalgesia were recorded for both vascular and visceral interventional procedures. Responders rated their preferred level of sedoanalgesia for each procedure as follows: (a) awake/alert, (b) drowsy/arousable, (c) asleep/arousable, (d) deep sedation, and (e) general anesthesia. Sedoanalgesic drugs and patient care trends were also recorded. A comparison was performed with data derived from a similar survey of interventional practice in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and forty-three of 977 radiologists responded (25%). The total number of procedures analyzed was 210,194. The majority (56%) of diagnostic and therapeutic vascular procedures were performed at the awake/alert level of sedation, 32% were performed at the drowsy/arousable level, and 12% at deeper levels of sedation. The majority of visceral interventional procedures were performed at the drowsy/arousable level of sedation (41%), 29% were performed at deeper levels of sedation, and 30% at the awake/alert level. In general, more sedoanalgesia is used in the United States. Eighty-three percent of respondents reported the use of a full-time radiology nurse, 67% used routine blood pressure/pulse oximetry monitoring, and 46% reported the presence of a dedicated recovery area. Forty-nine percent reported daily patient rounds, 30% had inpatient hospital beds, and 51% had day case beds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey shows clear differences in the use of sedation for vascular and visceral interventional procedures. Many, often complex, procedures are performed at the awake/alert level of sedation in Europe, whereas deeper levels of sedation are used in the United States. Trends toward making interventional radiology a clinical specialty are evident, with 51% of respondents having day case beds, and 30% having inpatient beds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical School, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Haslam
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000451:nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000451:nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000451:nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000639:trends*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires