title: Transparahippocampal selective amygdalohippocampectomy in children and adolescents: efficacy of the procedure and cognitive morbidity in patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unilateral resection of the hippocampus and amygdala can be used to treat medically intractable mesial temporal lobe seizures. To date seizure outcome and the extent of cognitive morbidity have been unknown in children following the transparahippocampal variation of selective amygdalohippocampectomy (TSA), which prompted the present prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative examinations and outcomes in 22 consecutive children and adolescents who underwent TSA were studied. Cognitive and psychological morbidity were assessed using standard neuropsychological instruments. The authors evaluated relationships between seizure control and cognitive morbidity and 13 and nine clinical variables, respectively. Seizure control was achieved in 11 (65%) of 17 patients (>2 years follow up). Among 13 clinical variables, the only preoperative finding that had a significant bearing on seizure control was the presence of unilateral hypometabolism, which could be observed on [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scans (p<0.001). Patients with seizure control showed significant improvements in verbal and full scale intelligence quotients (both p = 0.05). Patients with longer preoperative durations of seizures exhibited more cognitive impairment that persisted postoperatively. Cognitive outcome analysis based on nine clinical factors revealed no significant difference in cognitive parameters postoperatively, except that significant improvement occurred in rote verbal memory scores among patients who underwent right-sided TSA (p = 0.01). Individually, 81% of the children achieved significant improvement in at least one of seven cognitive parameters, and 52% had stable or improved scores in all parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that TSA is a safe effective approach for the treatment of medically intractable mesial temporal lobe seizures in children with minimum effect on cognitive morbidity. Given that the literature suggests that children suffer progressive cognitive morbidity from persistent seizures, the results of this study support early surgical intervention for this group of children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Dodson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D017029:Epilepsy, Complex Partial / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome