title: The role of hypercalciuria in a subgroup of dysfunctional voiding syndromes of childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Idiopathic hypercalciuria is believed to be the cause of a variety of urinary tract complaints in clinical pediatrics, including urinary frequency, urgency, and/or dysuria, often associated with gross or microscopic hematuria. In children noncalculous manifestations of idiopathic hypercalciuria are reportedly more common than urolithiasis. We determine the use of the calcium-to-creatinine ratio for the evaluation of different subsets of functional voiding disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated 288 patients with functional voiding disorders during the last 8 years. Patients presenting with isolated urinary tract infection were not included in the study. A thorough history with emphasis on voiding patterns was elicited and a routine urinalysis was performed in all patients. Patients were divided into 5 groups of 22 with total gross hematuria and dysfunctional voiding pattern, 102 with microhematuria and dysfunctional voiding pattern, 66 with isolated childhood daytime frequency, 45 with the isolated dysuria syndrome and 53 with combined childhood frequency-urgency-dysuria syndrome. The season at presentation was noted to determine a seasonal pattern. In 149 patients urine was evaluated for a spot calcium-to-creatinine ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of the 95 (33%) males and 193 (67%) females was 6.1 years (range 2 to 14) and mean duration of symptoms was 10 months (1 week to 10 years). The incidence of idiopathic hypercalciuria was 28% in cases with gross hematuria and dysfunctional voiding, 30% with microscopic hematuria and dysfunctional voiding, 21% with pure childhood daytime frequency, 22% with pure dysuria, and 28% with frequency, urgency and dysuria. The patients were treated predominantly with behavioral therapy, correction of faulty voiding habits, anticholinergics and minor diet modification in some. Mean followup of 6.5 months (range 1 month to 10 years) was available for 153 patients (53%). Resolution of symptoms along with marked improvement in voiding habits was noted in 136 (89%) patients, moderate improvement in 10 (6.5%) and persistent symptoms with minimal improvement in 7 (4.5%). Treatment with thiazides was used in only 6 (2%) patients who had intractable symptoms and a markedly elevated urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio of whom 5 responded favorably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Idiopathic hypercalciuria may have a significant role in cases of functional voiding disorders. It affects the different subsets of voiding disorders with remarkable consistency but the exact mechanism remains unknown. Although a significant number of patients with voiding dysfunction have an elevated calcium-to-creatinine ratio, the majority respond to standard behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy in the form of anticholinergics, and treatment directed toward hypercalciuria is not required in most cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Pope JC
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004232:Diuretics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium