title: Cytotoxicity of dental alloys, metals, and ceramics assessed by millipore filter, agar overlay, and MTT tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biocompatibility of dental materials is dependent on the release of elements from the materials. In addition, the composition, pretreatment, and handling of the materials influence the element release.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of dental alloys, metals, and ceramics, with specific emphasis on the effects of altering the composition and the pretreatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using cells from a mouse fibroblast cell line and the agar overlay test, Millipore filter test, and MTT test, cytotoxicity of various metals, metal alloys, and ceramics for dental restoration were studied. Effects of altering the composition of a high noble gold alloy and of pretreatment of a ceramic-bonding alloy were also studied. In addition, the release of elements into the cell culture medium by the materials studied was measured using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer. The results of the MTT test were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Scheffé test at a significance level of P <.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specimens manufactured from materials intended for dental restorations and handled in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions were ranked from "noncytotoxic" to "mildly cytotoxic" according to the agar overlay and Millipore filter tests. For the MTT test, no significant differences were observed between these materials and controls, with the exception of JS C-gold and unalloyed titanium. The modified materials were ranked from "mildly cytotoxic" to "moderately cytotoxic" in the agar overlay and Millipore filter tests and from "noncytotoxic" to "moderately cytotoxic" in the MTT test. Thus, cytotoxicity was related to the alloy composition and treatment. The release of Cu and Zn seemed to be important for the cytotoxic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in the composition and the pretreatment can greatly influence the cytotoxicity, and the results stress the importance of carefully following the manufacturers' instructions when handling dental materials.
authors.affiliation: NIOM-Scandinavian Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum, Norway. Goran.Sjogren@odont.umu.se
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sletten
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dahl
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008851:Micropore Filters; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003722:Dental Alloys; D008670:Metals; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003300:Copper; D000362:Agar; D015032:Zinc