title: Risk factors for early-onset, ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical care patients: selected multiresistant versus nonresistant bacteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the leading nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. The frequency of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria has increased in recent years, and these pathogens cause most of the deaths attributable to pneumonia. The authors, therefore, evaluated factors associated with selected multidrug-resistant ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical care patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors prospectively recorded potential risk factors at the time of intensive care unit admission. An endotracheal aspirate was obtained in all patients who met clinical criteria for pneumonia. Patients were considered to have ventilator-associated pneumonia only when they met the clinical criteria and aspirate culture was positive for bacteria 48 h or more after initiation of mechanical ventilation. Pediatric patients were excluded. Adult patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia were first grouped as "early-onset" (< 5 days) and "late-onset," determined by episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia, and then, assigned to four groups based on the bacteria cultured from their tracheal aspirates: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and all others. The first three bacteria were considered to be multidrug resistant, whereas the others were considered to be antibiotic susceptible. Potential risk factors were evaluated with use of univariate statistics and multivariate regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 486 consecutive patients admitted during the study, 260 adults underwent mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h. Eighty-one patients (31%) experienced 99 episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia, including Pseudomonas(33 episodes), methicillin-resistant staphylococci (17 episodes), Acinetobacter(9 episodes), and nonresistant bacteria (40 episodes). Sixty-six of these episodes were early onset and 33 episodes were late onset. Logistic regression analysis identified three factors significantly associated with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by any one of the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains: emergency intubation (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-20.2), aspiration (odds ratio, 12.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-64.6), and Glasgow coma score of 9 or less (odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-11.3). A. baumanii-related pneumonia cases were found to be significantly associated with two of these factors: aspiration (odds ratio, 14.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-133.8) and Glasgow coma score (odds ratio, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-32.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors recommend that patients undergoing emergency intubation or aspiration or who have a Glasgow coma score of 9 or less be monitored especially closely for early-onset multidrug-resistant pneumonia. The occurrence of aspiration and a Glasgow coma score of 9 or less are especially associated with pneumonia caused by A. baumanii.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akça
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koltka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uzel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cakar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pembeci
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sayan
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tütüncü
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Karakas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calangu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Telci
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akpir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors