title: Testicular sperm extraction combined with cryopreservation of testicular tissue in the treatment of azoospermia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to verify the feasibility of cryopreserving testicular tissue during the first diagnostic biopsy and then using thawed sperm to inseminate the partner's oocytes. The expected advantages are: (i) minimal risk of not having spermatozoa available at the time of intracytoplasmic sperm injection; (ii) no repeated surgical interventions, and (iii) programming the treatment cycle at the couple's convenience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1996 and May 1998, 64 azoospermic patients underwent investigative testicular biopsy combined with cryopreservation of spermatozoa which were retrieved in a simultaneously examined fresh sample. Testicular tissue cryopreservation was carried out in 43 cases (67%) for later intracytoplasmic sperm injection attempts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 23 couples underwent 26 assisted conception cycles; the fertilization rate was 64% with spermatozoa (139/218, 24 cycles), 40% with round spermatids (2/5, 1 cycle), and 69% with elongated spermatids (9/13, 1 cycle). The embryo cleavage rate was 84%. The mean number of embryos replaced in 24 patients was 2.7 +/- 0.7. In 2 cases, embryo quality was very poor, and they were not transferred to the patients. Eight clinical pregnancies resulted (35%/patient and 33%/transferred cycle) with an implantation rate of 14.1%; 2 patients have already delivered and 6 pregnancies are ongoing normally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testicular tissue cryopreservation during the first diagnostic biopsy is an alternative to repeated surgical interventions. Patients can initiate an ovarian stimulation cycle, confident of having spermatozoa available. Moreover, since only one straw is routinely used for each intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle, the frozen tissue remains as a sperm source for multiple attempts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Trieste, Italy. trombcar@univ.trieste.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trombetta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liguori
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianaroli
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Magli
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Selman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colpi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Belgrano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vitali
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ferraretti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013094:Spermatozoa; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology