title: Course of renal allograft histopathology after transplantation in early childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report a long-term prospective follow-up of renal allograft histology in children <5 years of age at transplantation (Tx).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one kidney allograft recipients were prospectively followed for renal allograft histology and function up to 7 years after Tx. Twenty patients were recipients of kidneys from living related donors, and 31 were cadaveric kidney recipients. All patients received triple immunosuppression. Biopsies were analyzed according to the Banff classification and scored semiquantitatively. The "chronic allograft damage index" (CADI) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of seven grafts were lost because of nephrosis in patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type. Most of the biopsies (52-69%) were considered normal (Banff classification), and the proportion with chronic allograft nephropathy did not increase with time. The median CADI score was 2.5 (scale: 0-36) at 1.5 years and 3.5 at 7 years. Recipients with an acute rejection episode had higher CADI scores than recipients without acute rejection episode. Patients with a high CADI score at 3 years had inferior graft function at 5 years. Recipients <2 years of age had CADI scores and numbers of acute rejection episode similar to recipients between 2 and 5 years of age. However, in contrast to the older recipients, the younger recipients did not improve their absolute glomerular filtration rate with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term histopathological findings were mostly mild and stable with time. Acute rejection episode had an impact on these changes and CADI predicted later graft function. Nonimmunological risk factors seem to be more important in the youngest recipients.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, University of Helsinki, Finland. erik.qvist@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Qvist
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krogerus
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rönnholm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jalanko
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors