title: Reduction of cyclophosphamide bioactivation by thioTEPA: critical sequence-dependency in high-dose chemotherapy regimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclophosphamide and thioTEPA are frequently used simultaneously in high-dose chemotherapy regimens. During a pharmacokinetic study of 31 courses in 20 patients of cyclophosphamide and its activated metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide given in the combination cyclophosphamide thioTEPA carboplatin, a sharp decrease in 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide concentration was observed immediately after the start of the thioTEPA infusion. A drug-drug interaction was suspected. This putative interaction was investigated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Possible sequence dependency, due to inhibition of the formation of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide by thioTEPA, was investigated by altering the sequence of infusion in three patients (four courses) receiving high-dose chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (1,000 or 1,500 mg/m2 per day), thioTEPA (80 or 120 mg/m2 per day) and carboplatin (265 or 400 mg/m2 per day) in short infusions for four consecutive days. The pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide were established. Possible inhibition of the metabolism of cyclophosphamide and thioTEPA was investigated in human microsomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A striking sequence dependency of the pharmacokinetics of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide was observed. Administration of thioTEPA 1 h prior to cyclophosphamide resulted in decreased Cmax (-62%) and AUC (-26%) values of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide compared to those of thioTEPA administered 1 h after cyclophosphamide. In human microsomes an inhibition of the conversion of cyclophosphamide to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide by thioTEPA was observed at clinically relevant concentrations with an IC50 of 23 microM. No inhibition of the formation of TEPA by cyclophosphamide was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ThioTEPA strongly inhibits the bioactivation of cyclophosphamide and this may decrease both efficacy and toxicity. Our results seriously question the practice of the simultaneous continuous infusion of cyclophosphamide and thioTEPA and suggest that the sequencing and scheduling of these two agents in high-dose chemotherapy regimens may be of critical importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam. Apahu@slz.nl
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Huitema
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerbusch
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tibben
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodenhuis
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001711:Biotransformation; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008861:Microsomes / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013852:Thiotepa / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C012358:4-hydroxycyclophosphamide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D013852:Thiotepa