title: Transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, using naturally infected aquatic insects and helminth vectors: preliminary report.
abstract: Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever (PHF), has been recently detected in trematode stages found in snail secretions and in aquatic insects. Based on these findings, horses could conceivably be exposed to E. risticii by skin penetration with infected cercariae, by ingestion of infected cercariae in water or via metacercariae in a second intermediate host, such as an aquatic insect. In order to test this hypothesis, horses were challenged with infectious snail secretions and aquatic insects collected from a PHF endemic region in northern California. Two horses stood with their front feet in water harbouring E. risticii-infected cercariae, 2 horses drank water harbouring E. risticii-infected cercariae, and 6 horses were fed pools of different aquatic insects harbouring E. risticii-infected metacercariae. In this preliminary study, only the one horse infected orally with mature caddisflies (Dicosmoecus gilvipes) developed the clinical and haematological disease syndrome of PHF. The agent was isolated from the blood of the infected horse in a continuous cell line and identified as E. risticii by characterisation of the 16S rRNA gene. Therefore, E. risticii is maintained in nature in a complex aquatic ecosystem and transmission to horses can occur through accidental ingestion of insects such as caddisflies containing infected metacercariae. At present, the small number of horses used in this study does not exclude other insects and free trematode stages as potential sources of infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Madigan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pusterla
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pusterla
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Derock
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lawler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004536:Ehrlichia / Q000235:genetics; D016873:Ehrlichiosis / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006736:Horses; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007313:Insecta / Q000382:microbiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000737:chemistry; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D014200:Trematoda / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S