title: Bench to bedside: tumor necrosis factor-alpha: from inflammation to resuscitation.
abstract: Proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) have been implicated in the pathophysiology in a number of acute disease states. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha can contribute to cell death, apoptosis, and organ dysfunction. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha can be generated with sepsis or ischemia-reperfusion by activation of cell mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B, leading to TNF production. A number of strategies to modulate TNF have been recently explored, including factors directed toward mitogen-activated protein kinases, TNF transcription, anti-inflammatory ligands, heat shock proteins, and TNF-binding proteins. However, TNF may also play an important role in the adaptive response to injury and inflammation. Control of the deleterious effects of TNF and other proinflammatory cytokines represents a realistic goal for clinical emergency medicine. The purpose of this article is to provide a background of relevance to emergency medicine academicians on the production and regulation of TNF, the acute effects of TNF on pathophysiology, and the rationale for therapeutic interventions directed toward TNF and the clinical experience with these strategies.
authors.affiliation: Colorado Emergency Medicine Research Center and Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA. charles.cairns@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Panacek
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Harken
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha