title: Intravesical administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Safety and pharmacokinetics of 5-ALA and its metabolite protoporphyrin IX.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an open study, the local and systemic side effects and pharmacokinetics of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and the fluorescent metabolite protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) were investigated after intravesical administration for the fluorescent photodetection of superficial bladder carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 20 patients with confirmed bladder carcinoma, 5-ALA was introduced into the bladder 2 h (15 patients) and 4 h (5 patients) before an elective endoscopic resection. The 5-ALA and PPIX levels in the plasma were determined before and up to 10 h after application, and in the urine 2 h or 4 h after application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plasma level of 5-ALA rose rapidly, the maximal concentration (340 ng/ml) being reached in 0.55 h (2 h) or 0.62 h (4 h). The elimination half-life of 5-ALA amounted to 0.74 h (2 h) or 0.79 h (4 h). In five of the patients, there was a measurable plasma concentration which ranged from the detection limit of 4.3 ng/ml to 14 ng/ml between 2 h and 5 h after application, and then fell below the detection limit after 9 h. Absorption of 5-ALA by the bladder was low, i.e. less than 1% of the total amount applied. During a period of observation of 96 h, no 5-ALA-specific side effects appeared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the small quantity of 5-ALA resorbed following its intravesical administration, only minimal concentrations of PPIX that are responsible for producing side effects can be metabolised in the plasma. Therefore, no systemic side effects are to be expected after the intravesical administration of 5-ALA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Freiburg, Germany. popk@ch11.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Popken
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schultze-Seemann
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birkel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wetterauer
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000097:blood*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C028025:protoporphyrin IX