title: Apoptosis is present in the primate macula at all ages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has become increasingly clear that apoptosis is a main event in photoreceptor cell death in a variety of retinal degenerations. We investigated the role of apoptosis in the physiologically aging primate macula.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty maculae of rhesus monkeys, aged 6-34 years, were investigated. Apoptosis was determined in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded eyes using the TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) method and quantitatively analyzed. Morphology of TUNEL-positive cells was studied by confocal laser microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was determined by image analysis. Furthermore, expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins Bcl-x, Fas and Fas Ligand was studied by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TUNEL-positive nuclei showed apoptotic features on confocal laser microscopy. They were scattered and sparsely found in the macula, most frequently in the ONL. The thickness of the ONL decreased with increasing age. Apoptosis was found equally distributed at all ages, although in the two oldest maculae up to 13 times more apoptosis was found. Expression of Bcl-x, Fas and Fas Ligand was equal at all ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that apoptosis in the primate macula occurs at all ages at similar rates, possibly increasing in the oldest age group, and may account for the decreasing thickness of the primate macula with age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. lambooij@gen.fgg.eur.nl
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lambooij
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kliffen
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kuijpers
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Houtsmuller
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Broerse
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mooy
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor