title: Flexible bronchoscopic diagnosis of airway injuries after intubation in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Airway intubation injuries occur frequently but are often neglected because of spontaneous regression. Although most airway injuries that result from intubation resolve without sequelae, severe complications can develop even when initial symptoms of upper airway obstruction are absent. This retrospective study assessed the clinical features, flexible bronchoscopic findings, and clinical outcomes in children with airway intubation injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 1998 to February 1999, 90 children underwent flexible bronchoscopic examination in our hospital. Fifteen of these patients (6 girls, 9 boys; age range, 1 mo to 5 yr; mean, 21.1 +/- 24.4 mo) were noted to have intubation injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average time for symptoms to emerge after extubation was 1.8 days (range, 0-14 days). The airway intubation injuries diagnosed by flexible bronchoscopy were subglottic stenosis in seven patients, vocal cord granulation in four, supraglottic granulation in two, subglottic web in two, bronchial granulation in two, glottic stenosis in one, and tracheal stenosis in one; two cases were discovered incidentally during postoperative follow-up. Four patients had undergone repeated intubation and eventually required tracheostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that flexible bronchoscopy is a simple, safe, and useful technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of airway intubation injury. It should be performed on all patients who have symptoms of upper airway obstruction after extubation as well as those who have undergone long-term or emergency intubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007830:Larynx / Q000293:injuries*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014132:Trachea / Q000293:injuries*