title: Retinal degeneration 6 (rd6): a new mouse model for human retinitis punctata albescens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the genetics and phenotype of a new mouse mutant with retinal degeneration, rd6, that is associated with extensive, scattered, small white retinal dots seen ophthalmoscopically.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phenotype was characterized using ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, electroretinography, light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy. Genetic characterization and linkage analysis studies were performed using standard methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inheritance pattern of rd6 is autosomal recessive. Linkage analysis mapped rd6 to mouse Chromosome 9 approximately 24 cM from the centromere, suggesting that the human homolog may be on chromosome 11q23. Ophthalmoscopic examination of mice homozygous for rd6 revealed discrete subretinal spots oriented in a regular pattern across the retina. The retinal spots appeared by 8 to 10 weeks of age and persisted through advanced stages of retinal degeneration. Histologic examination revealed large cells in the subretinal space, typically juxtaposed to the retinal pigment epithelium. The white dots seen on fundus examination corresponded both in distribution and size to these large cells. By 3 months of age, the cells were filled with membranous profiles, lipofuscin-like material, and pigment. These cells reacted strongly with an antibody directed against a mouse macrophage-associated antigen. Photoreceptor cells progressively degenerated with age, and an abnormal electroretinogram was initially detected between 1 and 2 months of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fundi of mice homozygous for rd6 exhibit phenotypic similarities to the human flecked retinal disorder retinitis punctata albescens. Thus, rd6/rd6 mice may be a model for understanding the etiology of this or similar disorders. The relationship between the aberrant subretinal cells and the concomitant photoreceptor degeneration remains to be established.
authors.affiliation: The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hageman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nusinowitz
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Roderick
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Davisson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Heckenlively
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009755:Night Blindness / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010641:Phenotype; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology