title: Regulatable expression of p21-activated kinase-1 promotes anchorage-independent growth and abnormal organization of mitotic spindles in human epithelial breast cancer cells.
abstract: Stimulation of growth factor signaling has been implicated in the development of invasive phenotypes and the activation of p21-activated kinase (Pak1) in human breast cancer cells (Adam, L., Vadlamudi, R., Kondapaka, S. B., Chernoff, J., Mendelsohn, J., and Kumar, R. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28238-28246; Adam, L., Vadlamudi, R., Mandal, M., Chernoff, J., and Kumar, R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12041-12050). To study the role of Pak1 in the regulation of motility and growth of breast epithelial cells, we developed human epithelial MCF-7 clones that overexpressed the kinase-active T423E Pak1 mutant under an inducible tetracycline promoter or that stably expressed the kinase-active H83L,H86L Pak1 mutant, which is deficient in small GTPase binding sites. The expression of both T423E and H83L,H86L Pak1 mutants in breast epithelial cells was accompanied by increased cell motility without any apparent effect on the growth rate of cells. The T423E Pak1 mutant was primarily localized to filopodia, and the H83L,H86L Pak1 mutant was primarily localized to ruffles. Cells expressing T423E Pak1 exhibited a regulatable stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase activities. The expression of kinase-active Pak1 mutants significantly stimulated anchorage-independent growth of cells in soft agar in a preferential mitogen-activated protein kinase-sensitive manner. In addition, regulatable expression of kinase-active Pak1 resulted in an abnormal organization of mitotic spindles characterized by appearance of multiple spindle orientations. We also provide evidence to suggest a close correlation between the status of Pak1 kinase activity and base-line invasiveness of human breast cancer cells and breast tumor grades. This study is the first demonstration of Pak1 regulation of anchorage-independent growth, potential Pak1 regulation of invasiveness, and abnormal organization of mitotic spindles of human epithelial breast cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Vadlamudi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chernoff
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000473:pathology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; C515903:PAK1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one