title: Jugular vein temperature reflects brain temperature during hypothermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The neuroprotective properties of mild to moderate hypothermia are well recognized but may not be employed correctly because brain temperature cannot usually be measured directly. This study investigated the jugular vein as a more accessible site that accurately reflects the actual brain temperature during mild, induced hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected ten mongrel dogs (mean weight 12 +/- 2 kg) and measured temperatures of the brain, jugular vein, cisterna magna, pulmonary artery and rectum during hypothermia, including cooling and rewarming. The brain temperature needle probe was inserted 2.0 cm into the parenchyma. A temperature probe was placed in the cisterna magna with an epidural needle. Swan-Ganz thermistor probes measured the jugular venous and pulmonary artery blood temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The brain temperature decreased from 37.5 +/- 0.3 to 33.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C over an average 150 +/- 45 min cooling period. Stable cool was maintained for 245 +/- 32 min, followed by 165 +/- 50 min for rewarming from 33.5 +/- 0.3 to 37.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C. Jugular, cisterna magna and pulmonary arterial blood (PAB), but not rectal temperature, were close to brain temperature during stable cool. The mean jugular and cisterna magna temperatures were near the brain temperature at 0.1 degrees C higher and 0.1 degrees C lower, respectively. No significant effects of hypothermia were noted on hemodynamics in any phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Jugular vein temperature, along with cisterna magna and pulmonary artery blood and rectal temperature, reflected brain temperature during hypothermia. The jugular vein and cisterna magna sites more sensitively reflected brain temperature than other sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo, Japan. aohushan@kaiju.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ao
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakanashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001790:Blood Physiological Phenomena; D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002946:Cisterna Magna / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D012007:Rectum / Q000503:physiopathology