title: Tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-exposed children in New York City. The New York City Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Consortium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis disease incidence increased sharply in New York City (NYC) in the late 1980s in children and adults. The relationship of tuberculosis disease in adults with the coincident epidemic of immunosuppression caused by HIV disease has been well-documented. This paper examines the relationship of tuberculosis and HIV in children in NYC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on tuberculosis was collected by retrospective chart abstraction in a cohort of HIV-exposed and infected children enrolled in a longitudinal study of HIV. Tuberculosis cases were ascertained by chart review or by matching HIV-infected and -exposed children to NYC Tuberculosis Registry cases. NYC Tuberculosis Registry data on children reported from 1989 to 1995, and not reported as HIV-infected, were used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tuberculosis disease was found in 45 (3%) of 1426 HIV-infected children (0.61 per 100 child years of observation) and in 5 (0.5%) of 1085 HIV-exposed uninfected children (0.2 per 100 child years). 30% of children were evaluated for HIV only after presenting with tuberculosis. Children with tuberculosis and HIV were more likely than other age-matched HIV-infected children to have decreased CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (66% vs. 37%, P = 0.02) and more likely than other NYC children with tuberculosis to have culture-confirmed and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In this series 8 of 21 deaths in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis appeared to be related to tuberculosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During a period of high tuberculosis incidence in NYC, 3% of HIV-infected children in our cohort had tuberculosis, higher than the rate in uninfected children born to HIV-positive mothers in the same cohort. Because of this association, HIV-infected children with pulmonary illness should be tested for tuberculosis; and all children with tuberculosis should be tested for HIV.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric HIV/AIDS Surveillance, New York City Department of Health, NY 10013, USA. pthomas@dohlan.cn.ci.nyc.ny.us
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bornschlegel
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cervia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fikrig
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bertolli
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*