title: Optimal sagittal motion axis for trunk extension and flexion tests in chronic low back trouble.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find the optimal height for sagittal motion axis for trunk strength test in chronic low back trouble.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The strength of trunk muscles of low back pain patients is decreased. The measured strength depends on the height of the sagittal motion axis but the differences between patients and controls are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  114 (67 female) patients with chronic low back trouble are classified according to Quebec Task Force, 50 (31 female) patients with rheumatic disorder, but without low back trouble, and 33 (22 female) healthy controls, no appreciable physical differences but clear differences in Oswestry score. Isometric trunk extension-flexion test with different heights for the pelvic fulcrum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Force decreased in extension, increased in flexion, and torque increased both in flexion and extension in every group (P<0.001) as the fulcrum was moved caudally. The male controls were stronger than patients with low back trouble (P<0.01). The female controls were stronger only if the fulcrum was set at the hip joint level (P<0.05). There were no differences between patients with rheumatic disorder and low back trouble, except in extension if the fulcrum was at the hip joint level (P<0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rotation axis in trunk extension-flexion strength test should be set at the level of the hip joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trunk muscle weakness is a common sign of different rheumatic disorders. Proper setting of sagittal motion axis and concomitant measurement of trunk and hip extensor or flexor muscles increases the specificity of the strength test for low back trouble.
authors.affiliation: The Orthopaedic Hospital of The Invalid Foundation, Tenholantie 10, FIN-00280, Helsinki, Finland. loke@pp.inet.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rantanen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nykvist
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D019415:Torque