title: Epidural electric stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbar spinal cord: 1. muscle twitches - a functional method to define the site of stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe an electrophysiological method for determining the relation between lumbar cord dorsal roots and cathode of epidural electrode for spinal cord stimulation (SCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data has been collected from 13 subjects who have been under evaluation of effectiveness of SCS for control of spasticity. Induced muscle twitches from both quadriceps (Q), adductors (A), hamstrings (H), tibial anterior muscles (TA) and triceps surae muscles (TS) were simultaneously recorded with surface-electrode polyelectromyography (pEMG) and analyzed for amplitudes, latency times and recruitment order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation of dorsal lumbar cord structures evoked characteristic EMG events during muscle twitch responses. Their amplitudes varied with stimulus strength. Latency times were rather invariable regardless of stimulus strength. Two distinct recruitment orders were demonstrated depending on whether the stimulating cathode was placed over the upper (=response from quadriceps and/or adductor muscles) or the lower (=response from tibialis anterior and triceps surae) lumbar cord segments. The chances to stimulate upper lumbar cord segments are best around the 12th thoracic vertebra.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  pEMG recording of muscle twitches enables us to accurately differentiate between upper and lower lumbar cord segments. Furthermore, our findings regarding amplitude, latency and recruitment order strongly suggest that we stimulate posterior roots not posterior columns of the lumbar spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Maria-Theresien-Schloessel Neurological Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dimitrijevic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*