title: Oral estradiol administration modulates continuous intravenous growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-2-driven GH secretion in postmenopausal women.
abstract: Exactly how estradiol (E2) regulates the human GH-insulin-like growth factor I axis is not known. Here, we explore the impact of oral E2 supplementation on the stimulatory actions of a potent and specific synthetic GH-releasing peptide (GHRP), GHRP-2. To this end, we studied 10 healthy postmenopausal women following the administration of placebo or 17beta-estradiol (1 mg twice daily orally) for 7-12 days in a prospectively randomized, double-blind, within-subject crossover design. To drive GH secretion via the GHRP-receptor/ effector pathway, we infused GHRP-2 (1 microg/kg x h) or saline continuously iv for 24 h. Deconvolution analysis was used to quantitate the separate basal and pulsatile modes of GH secretion based on 24-h serum GH concentrations profiles collected at 10-min intervals and assayed by chemiluminescence. As complementary (nonpulsatile) measures, we used the approximate entropy (ApEn) statistic and cosine regression to define feedback-dependent and circadian-related changes, respectively. E2 administration amplified the mass of GH secreted per burst by 1.9-fold over placebo, 24-h GHRP-2 infusion by 7.0-fold, and, the two agonists together by 8.8-fold (P < 10(-14)). Intravenous GHRP-2 infusion augmented the basal (nonpulsatile) rate of GH secretion by 4.4-fold (P < 10(-4)). E2 treatment had no effect alone, but doubled the stimulatory effect of GHRP-2, on basal GH secretion. Neither E2 nor GHRP-2 influenced 24-h GH pulse frequency, interburst interval, half-life or pulse duration. Combined E2 and GHRP-2 elevated the ApEn of GH secretory profiles significantly above control, thereby indicating a marked alteration of within-axis feedback control (P = 0.00033). Dual stimulation with E2 and GHRP-2 also synergistically increased the amplitude (by 11-fold, P < 10(-11)) and the mesor (by 10-fold, P < 10(-10)) of the 24-h GH rhythm. Infusion of GHRP-2 advanced the GH acrophase (time of daily maximum of GH release) by 8.75 h, whereas combined treatment with E2 and GHRP-2 normalized the acrophase. Cross-correlation analysis showed that GHRP-2 infusion (but not E2 administration) significantly synchronized paired 24-h serum GH concentration profiles (P < 10(-3)). In summary, short-term oral E2 replacement in post-menopausal women strongly modulates the actions of a synthetic hexapeptide GH secretagogue on three quantifiable modes of GH secretion [i.e. 1) basal (nonpulsatile) GH release; 2) feedback-dependent ApEn; and 3) the mesor, amplitude and timing of the 24-h GH rhythm]. Moreover, a continuous GHRP-2 stimulus also synchronizes inter diem GH secretory patterns. The present pharmacological study, thus, offers a further framework for exploring the nature of the interactions of E2 with the GHRP-receptor/effector pathway in the aging and/or gonadoprival human.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, General Clinical Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908-0202, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Veldhuis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006728:Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D009842:Oligopeptides; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D004958:Estradiol; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; C091874:growth hormone-releasing peptide-2; D006854:Hydrocortisone