title: Amphetamine abuse during pregnancy: environmental factors and outcome after 14-15 years.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of social environmental factors on school performance and behavioural problems among 14-year-old children who had been exposed to amphetamine during foetal life. The study group comprised a cohort of 65 children who had suffered intrauterine exposure to amphetamine due to maternal drug abuse. This group has been followed since birth and examined at regular intervals. Information regarding the academic performance of the children was gathered from the school authorities. The psychosocial environment of the children was determined through interviews and through information obtained from the social authorities. Of the 64 children who attended a school within the state school system, 10 (15%) were a year behind for their age. The mean grades were significantly lower than those of their classmates. Behavioural problems were mentioned in the social authority documentation of one-third of the children, regardless of whether the child was placed in a foster home or was residing with the biological mother. A positive significant correlation was found between maternal age and the outcome of the children, as well as between therapy during pregnancy and outcome, whilst several environmental factors, particularly during the child's first four years, correlate negatively to outcome. Psychosocial factors early in life influence the outcome at 14 years. The positive effect of intervention during pregnancy illustrates the importance of early identification preferable during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Margareta.Eriksson@kbh.ki.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steneroth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zetterström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005581:Foster Home Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D011247:Pregnancy; D012574:Schools; D012940:Social Problems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012947:Social Work; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine