title: Insulin-like growth factor-I is an autocrine regulator of chromogranin A secretion and growth in human neuroendocrine tumor cells.
abstract: Carcinoid tumors are predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract and are characterized by hypersecretion of various substances, including bioamines and neuropeptides, leading to functional tumor disease. Here, we demonstrate that human BON carcinoid tumor cells express functionally active insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors and secrete IGF-I, suggesting an autocrine action of this growth factor. The IGF-I receptor was functionally active. IGF-I stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), p70 S6 kinase (p70s6k), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activity in BON cells. Furthermore, immunoneutralization of endogenously released IGF-I markedly reduced the high basal activity of p70s6k and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 in serum-starved BON cells. Exogenously added IGF-I induced a marked increase in chromogranin A secretion, a marker protein for neuroendocrine secretion, by a process that was largely dependent on PI3-kinase activity. In addition, immunoneutralization of endogenously released IGF-I markedly reduced basal chromogranin A release by BON cells. Thus, the autocrine IGF-I loop regulates basal neuroendocrine secretion in BON cells. Next, we investigated the role of IGF-I as a growth promoting agent for BON cells. Our data demonstrate that IGF-I stimulates anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of BON cells by a pathway that involves PI3-kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin/p70s6k, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 activity. Interestingly, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 activity was less important for anchorage-independent growth of BON cells. Endogenously released IGF-I was found to be largely responsible for autonomous growth of BON cells in serum-free medium and for the constitutive expression of cyclin D1 in these cells. In conclusion, IGF-I is a major autocrine regulator of neuroendocrine secretion and growth of human BON neuroendocrine tumor cells. Because our data also demonstrate that a significant proportion of neuroendocrine tumors express the IGF-I receptor and its ligand, interference with this pathway could be useful in the treatment of hypersecretion syndromes and growth of human neuroendocrine tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: von Wichert
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Jehle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoeflich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koschnick
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dralle
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiedenmann
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seufferlein
mesh_terms: D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053379:Chromogranin A; D002864:Chromogranins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D053379:Chromogranin A; D002864:Chromogranins; D019938:Cyclin D1; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; C506150:CHGA protein, human; C482125:MAP2K1 protein, human