title: Targeting of a hydrophilic photosensitizer by use of internalizing monoclonal antibodies: A new possibility for use in photodynamic therapy.
abstract: Coupling of photosensitizers to tumor-selective monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) is an attractive option for improving the selectivity of photodynamic therapy (PDT). For this purpose, hydrophilic sensitizers would be most suitable because of their solubility in water. However, such sensitizers are known to be ineffective in PDT, probably because they cannot readily pass the cell membrane and reach the critical intracellular target. We used the model compound TrisMPyP-PhiCO(2)H, a hydrophilic porphyrin derivative, to test the hypothesis that hydrophilic photosensitizers might become of therapeutic value when directed into the tumor cell by use of internalizing MAbs. TrisMPyP-PhiCO(2)H was conjugated using a labile ester. Conjugates showed no impairment of integrity on SDS-PAGE, full stability in serum in vitro, and optimal immunoreactivity when the sensitizer:MAb ratio was </=3. At higher molar ratios, the solubility of the conjugates decreased. In vitro internalization experiments showed that TrisMPyP-PhiCONH-(125)I-cMAb U36 and TrisMPyPPhiCONH-(125)I-mMAb 425 conjugates were internalized by A431 cells, in contrast to TrisMPyP-PhiCONH-(125)I-mMAb E48 conjugates. Data on the in vitro efficacy of PDT with MAb-conjugated TrisMPyP-PhiCO(2)H showed that the internalizing cMAb U36 and mMAb 425 conjugates were phototoxic to A431 cells, while the non-internalizing E48 conjugate and the unconjugated sensitizer were not. Biodistribution data of conjugates with sensitizer:(125)I-cMAb U36 ratios varying from 1:1 to 3:1 in tumor-bearing nude mice revealed selective accumulation in the tumor. Conjugates with higher molar ratios were cleared more rapidly from the blood than the unconjugated (125)I-cMAb U36, resulting in lower tumor uptake but similar tumor-to-blood ratios. Our data suggest that hydrophilic photosensitizers might have therapeutic value when targeted to tumors by internalizing MAbs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Vrouenraets
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loup
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meunier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stigter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oppelaar
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van Dongen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; C021096:tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine