title: Electrically stimulated detrusor myoplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many children with spina bifida and other causes of neurogenic bladder rely on clean intermittent catheterization to empty the hyporeflexic or areflexic bladder. Direct bladder and sacral nerve root stimulation have been met with limited success. We studied the electrical stimulation of a rectus abdominis muscle flap wrapped around the bladder to achieve bladder contractility and emptying.
  
  
  METHODS
  The feasibility of performing rectus detrusor myoplasty in humans was first studied in 8 cadavers. In male and female cadavers it was possible to wrap the distended bladder completely with the rectus abdominis muscle. The rectus abdominis muscle was surgically dissected with preservation of its insertion on the pubis bone and rotation of its mid section behind the bladder to effect a complete bladder wrap. The deep inferior epigastric artery and veins, and 2 most caudal intercostal nerves were preserved. This unilateral rectus abdominis muscle flap was then electrically stimulated with 2 pairs of bipolar electrodes inserted into the muscle near the nerve entrance. Stimulation frequencies of 40, 60 and 80 Hz. were used in each of the 8 dogs. The increase in intravesical pressure over baseline, compliance and post-void residual were measured. Paired Student's t tests were used for statistical comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increase in intravesical pressure ranged 35 +/- 5 to 45 +/- 7 cm. H2O at stimulation frequency 40 and 80 Hz., respectively. Post-void residual was 27 +/- 4%, 22 +/- 3% and 26 +/- 3% at stimulation frequencies 40, 60 and 80 Hz., respectively. Intravesical pressure was significantly increased over baseline bladder pressure (p <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrically stimulated detrusor myoplasty results in uniform increases in intravesical pressure and reasonable bladder emptying in an animal model. We are currently investigating detrusor myoplasty in a chronic study to determine whether it can be used for enhanced bladder emptying in children with poor detrusor contractility.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Urology, and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Van Savage
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Perez-Abadia
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Palanca
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bardoel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harralson
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Slaughenhoupt
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Palacio
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics