title: Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A community-based, longitudinal prospective study was conducted to investigate whether personality disorders during adolescence are associated with elevated risk for violent behavior during adolescence and early adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based sample of 717 youths from upstate New York and their mothers were interviewed in 1983, 1985-1986, and 1991-1993. Axis I and II disorders were assessed in 1983 and 1985-1986. Antisocial personality disorder was not assessed because most participants were less than 18 years of age in 1983 and 1985-1986. Violent behavior was assessed in 1985-1986 and 1991-1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with a greater number of DSM-IV cluster A or cluster B personality disorder symptoms were more likely than other adolescents in the community to commit violent acts during adolescence and early adulthood, including arson, assault, breaking and entering, initiating physical fights, robbery, and threats to injure others. These associations remained significant after controlling for the youths' age and sex, for parental psychopathology and socioeconomic status, and for co-occurring psychiatric disorders during adolescence. Paranoid, narcissistic, and passive-aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence were independently associated with risk for violent acts and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood after the covariates were controlled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cluster A and cluster B personality disorders and paranoid, narcissistic, and passive-aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence may increase risk for violent behavior that persists into early adulthood.
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smailes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oldham
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Skodol
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012307:Risk Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*