title: Complications of fluoroscopically guided transforaminal lumbar epidural injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence of complications of fluoroscopically guided lumbar transforaminal epidural injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort design study. Patients presenting with radiculopathy, caused by either lumbar spinal stenosis or herniated nucleus pulposus confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scanning, received transforaminal epidural steroid injections as part of a conservative care treatment plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary spine care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  All injections were performed consecutively over a 4-month period by five physiatrists. An independent observer reviewed medical charts, which included a 24-hour postprocedure telephone call by an ambulatory surgery center nurse who had asked a standardized questionnaire about complications following the injections. Physician follow-up office notes 1 to 3 weeks after the injection, along with epiduragrams, were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred seven patients who received 322 injections were reviewed. Complications per injection seen included 10 transient nonpositional headaches that resolved within 24 hours (3.1%), 8 increased back pain (2.4%), 2 increased leg pain (0.6%), 4 facial flushing (1.2%), 1 vasovagal reaction (0.3%), 1 increased blood sugar (258 mg/dL) in an insulin-dependent diabetic (0.3%), and 1 intraoperative hypertension (0.3%). No dural punctures occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no major complications. The incidence of minor complications was 9.6% per injection. All reactions resolved without morbidity, and no patient required hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: Florida Spine Institute, Clearwater 33765, USA.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Botwin
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Bouchlas
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Torres-Ramos
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Slaten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000628:therapy*; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000150:complications