title: Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy (also called the complex regional pain syndrome) is a painful, disabling disorder for which there is no proven treatment. In observational studies, spinal cord stimulation has reduced the pain associated with the disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomized trial involving patients who had had reflex sympathetic dystrophy for at least six months. Thirty-six patients were assigned to receive treatment with spinal cord stimulation plus physical therapy, and 18 were assigned to receive physical therapy alone. The spinal cord stimulator was implanted only if a test stimulation was successful. We assessed the intensity of pain (on a visual-analogue scale from 0 cm [no pain] to 10 cm [very severe pain]), the global perceived effect (on a scale from 1 [worst ever] to 7 [best ever]), functional status, and the health-related quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test stimulation of the spinal cord was successful in 24 patients; the other 12 patients did not receive implanted stimulators. In an intention-to-treat analysis, the group assigned to receive spinal cord stimulation plus physical therapy had a mean reduction of 2.4 cm in the intensity of pain at six months, as compared with an increase of 0.2 cm in the group assigned to receive physical therapy alone (P<0.001 for the comparison between the two groups). In addition, the proportion of patients with a score of 6 ("much improved") for the global perceived effect was much higher in the spinal cord stimulation group than in the control group (39 percent vs. 6 percent, P=0.01). There was no clinically important improvement in functional status. The health-related quality of life improved only in the 24 patients who actually underwent implantation of a spinal cord stimulator. Six of the 24 patients had complications that required additional procedures, including removal of the device in 1 patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In carefully selected patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy, electrical stimulation of the spinal cord can reduce pain and improve the health-related quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Hospital, The Netherlands. mkeml@shee.azm.nl
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kemler
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Barendse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Kleef
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: de Vet
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Rijks
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Furnée
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: van den Wildenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000628:therapy*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013116:Spinal Cord