title: Optical and thermal properties of nasal septal cartilage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to measure the spectral dependence of optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients and thermal conductivity and diffusivity of porcine nasal septal cartilage. Values of optical and thermal properties determined in this study may aid in determining laser dosimetry and allow selection of an optical source wavelength for noninvasive diagnostics for laser-assisted reshaping of cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diffuse reflectance and transmittance of ex vivo porcine nasal septal cartilage were measured in the 400- to 1,400-nm spectral range by using a spectrophotometer. The reflectance and transmittance data were analyzed by using an inverse adding-doubling algorithm to obtain the absorption (mu(a)) and reduced scattering (mu(a)') coefficients. A multichannel thermal probe controller system and infrared imaging radiometer methods were applied to measure the thermal properties of cartilage. The multichannel thermal probe controller system was used as an invasive technique to measure thermal conductivity and diffusivity of cartilage at three temperatures (27, 37, 50 degrees C). An infrared imaging radiometer was used as a noninvasive method to measure the thermal diffusivity of cartilage by using a CO(2) laser source (lambda = 10.6 microm) and an infrared focal plane array (IR-FPA) camera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optical absorption peaks at 980 nm and 1,180 nm in cartilage were observed and corresponded to known absorption bands of water. The determined reduced scattering coefficient gradually decreased at longer wavelengths. The thermal conductivity values of cartilage measured by using an invasive probe at 27, 37, and 50 degrees C were 4.78, 5.18, and 5.76 mW/cm degrees C, respectively. The corresponding thermal diffusivity values were 1.28, 1.31, and 1.40x 10(-3) cm(2)/sec. Because no statistically significant difference in thermal diffusivity values with increasing temperature is found, the average thermal diffusivity is 1.32 x 10(-3) cm(2)/sec. The numerical estimate for thermal diffusivity obtained from infrared radiometry measurements was 1.38 x 10(-3) cm(2)/sec.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Values of the spectral dependence of the optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients, and thermal conductivity and diffusivity of cartilage were measured. The invasive and noninvasive diffusivity measurements were consistent and concluded that the infrared imaging radiometric technique has an advantage to determine thermal properties, because damage to the cartilage sample may be avoided. The measured values of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients can be used for predicting the optical fluence distribution in cartilage and determining optical source wavelengths for the laser-assisted cartilage reshaping studies. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity values can play role in understanding thermal-dependent phenomenon in cartilage during laser irradiation and determining laser dosimetry for the laser-assisted cartilage reshaping studies.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. yji97@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Telenkov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bhavaraju
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Valvano
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Milner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D013552:Swine; D013814:Thermal Conductivity