title: Ophthalmoscopic appearance of the normal optic nerve head in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ophthalmoscopic appearance of the normal optic disc, parapapillary region, and retinal nerve fiber layer in rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Color stereo fundus photographs of 17 normal eyes of 17 rhesus monkeys aged between 13 and 23 years were morphometrically evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neuroretinal rim was significantly (P: < 0.008) broadest in the inferior disc region followed by the superior disc region, the nasal region, and the temporal region. Retinal nerve fiber layer visibility was significantly highest in the inferior temporal fundus region followed by the superior temporal fundus region, the superior nasal fundus region, and the inferior nasal fundus region. It decreased significantly (P: < 0.001) with increasing age. The retinal arterioles were significantly (P: < 0.01) wider in the inferior temporal and superior temporal fundus regions than in the superior nasal and inferior nasal fundus regions. The alpha zone of parapapillary atrophy (14/17 or 82.4%) occurred significantly (P: < 0.001) more often than the beta zone (2/17 or 11.8%). In 15 eyes (88. 2%), the foveola was located inferior to a horizontal line drawn through the center of the optic disc. Neuroretinal rim shape and area and size of alpha and beta zones of parapapillary atrophy were independent of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in humans, in normal rhesus monkeys the neuroretinal rim has a typical physiologic configuration that spatially correlates with the retinal arteriole diameter, retinal nerve fiber layer visibility, and position of the foveola inferior to the center of the optic disc. Neuroretinal rim shape is independent of age. Retinal nerve fiber layer visibility decreases significantly with increasing age. These findings may be useful for the early detection and differentiation of experimental optic nerve damage in rhesus monkeys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hayreh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009412:Nerve Fibers; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010781:Photography; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology