title: Minimally invasive surgical exposure of the extreme high cervical internal carotid artery: anatomical study.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate a minimally invasive access to a high cervical lesion involving the internal carotid artery. Using 13 fixed cadaveric preparations, we sought to design a surgical approach that would cause minimal involvement of the surrounding structures and maximal exposure to the extreme high cervical area. This technique preserves the function and integrity of the mandible, sternocleidomastoid, posterior belly of digastric and styloid process muscles. The method uses retraction and mobilisation of those muscles, as well as decompression of the facial from the stylomastoid foramen. The internal carotid artery is exposed up to the entry point into the carotid canal. The cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII are kept in sight up to the jugular foramen. This approach creates a wide corridor into the deep high cervical and inferior cranial base area and can be utilised for high cervical carotid lesions and tumours related to the artery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawamura
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dureza
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukushima
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*