title: Histological studies of pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet in red deer (Cervus elaphus).
abstract: Deer antlers and their antecedent pedicles are made up of two components, interior osseocartilage and exterior integument. In a previous study, we described that histogenesis of the interior osseocartilage proceeds through four ossification stages. These are intramembranous (IMO), transition (OPC), pedicle endochondral (pECO), and antler endochondral (aECO). In the present study, we used histological techniques to examine pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet. The results showed that pedicle skin initiated from the apex of a frontal lateral crest and was formed through three distinctive stages. These stages are 1) compression of the subcutaneous loose connective tissue at the OPC stage, 2) stretching of the undulated epidermis at the early pECO stage, and 3) neogenesis of the skin and its associated appendages at the mid pECO stage. Transformation into antler velvet, which occurs at the late pECO stage, is mainly associated with alteration in the skin appendages. This alteration includes the loss of arrector pili muscle and sweat glands, and the gain of the large bi- or multi-lobed sebaceous glands. These results suggest that pedicle skin expansion occurs to release the mechanical tension created by underlying forming antlerogenic tissue, initially in response to it by mechanical stretch, and then by neogenesis of skin. In turn, the stretched pedicle skin may exert mechanical pressure on the underlying antlerogenic tissue causing it to change in ossification type. Antler velvet generation may be accomplished by both mechanical stimulation and chemical induction from the underlying pECO stage antlerogenic tissue. If this hypothesis is correct it is likely that mechanical stimulation would drive skin formation and chemical induction then determine skin type. Furthermore, asynchronous transformation of the interior and exterior components during pedicle formation and antler generation may result from the delayed chemical induction and the way antler velvet initially generates. The results from both mitotic cell labelling of the basal layer and ultrastructure of the basement membrane of the apical skin in the study support these hypotheses.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand. lic@agresearch.cri.nz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Suttie
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000999:Antlers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D003670:Deer / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010012:Osteogenesis; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena