title: Preoperative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer: A meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer has been extensively studied, but data on survival are still equivocal despite a reduction in the rate of local recurrence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of preoperative radiotherapy followed by surgery in the reduction of overall and cancer-related mortality and in the prevention of local recurrence and distant metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computerized bibliographic searches of MEDLINE and CANCERLIT (1970 to December 1999), including non-English sources, were supplemented with hand searches of reference lists. The medical subject headings used were rectal cancer, radiotherapy, surgery, RCT, randomized, and clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery with surgery alone and if they included patients with resectable histologically proven rectal adenocarcinoma, without metastatic disease. Fourteen RCTs were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on population, intervention, and outcomes were extracted from each RCT according to the intention-to-treat method by 3 independent observers and combined using the DerSimonian and Laird method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiotherapy plus surgery compared with surgery alone significantly reduced the 5-year overall mortality rate (odds ratio [OR] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.98; P =.03), cancer-related mortality rate (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.61-0.82; P<.001), and local recurrence rate (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.38-0.62; P<.001). No reduction was observed in the occurrence of distant metastases (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.73-1.18; P =.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with resectable rectal cancer, preoperative radiotherapy significantly improved overall and cancer-specific survival compared with surgery alone. The magnitude of the benefit is relatively small and criteria are needed to identify patients most likely to benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy. JAMA. 2000;284:1008-1015
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Istituto di Clinica Medica, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cammà
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giunta
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiorica
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pagliaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Craxì
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cottone
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D016019:Survival Analysis