title: Gender differences in the functional organization of the brain for working memory.
abstract: Gender differences in brain activation during working memory tasks were examined with fMRI. Seventeen right-handed subjects (nine males, eight females) were studied with four different verbal working memory tasks of varying difficulty using whole brain echo-planar fMRI. Consistent with prior studies, we observed activation of the lateral prefrontal cortices (LPFC), the parietal cortices (PC), and additionally, caudate activation in both sexes. The volume of activated brain tissue increased with increasing task difficulty. For all four tasks, the male subjects showed bilateral activation or right-sided dominance (LPFC, PC and caudate), whereas females showed activation predominantly in the left hemisphere. The task performance data demonstrated higher accuracy and slightly slower reaction times for the female subjects. Our results show a highly significant (p < 0.001) gender differences in the functional organization of the brain for working memory. These gender-specific differences in functional organization of the brain may be due to gender-differences in problem solving strategies or the neurodevelopment. Therefore, gender matching or stratification is required for studies of brain function using imaging techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Speck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors