title: Multimodality treatment of nongalenic arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously reported series of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in pediatric patients have primarily used a single-modality treatment approach of either surgery, radiosurgery, or embolization, with significant treatment-related morbidity and mortality. At our institution, we have used a combined multidisciplinary team approach of all three treatment modalities, alone or in combination, to minimize complications and to maximize efficacy in the management of these lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 40 consecutive pediatric patients with AVMs seen at our institution from 1991 to 1999. A multidisciplinary team planned the treatment for each AVM. The treatment modality consisted of the following approaches: surgery alone in 14 patients, a combination of endovascular embolization and surgery in 6 patients, radiosurgery alone in 11 patients, a combination of endovascular embolization and radiosurgery in 2 patients, and a combination of radiosurgery and surgery in 2 patients. Four patients are receiving ongoing multistaged treatment for reduction of the nidus size for eventual surgical resection or radiosurgical obliteration of large, complex lesions. In one patient, no treatment was recommended.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical outcomes for the overall series were 95.0% excellent or good (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 5 or 4), 2.5% fair (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 3), and 2.5% dead. Radiographic efficacy in the patients who have completed treatment was 92.9% complete obliteration of their AVMs and 7.1% incomplete obliteration. Of the 10 patients who had seizures, 9 are seizure-free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combined multimodality approach of surgery, radiosurgery, and embolization in managing AVMs in pediatric patients can improve outcomes and minimize morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hoh
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ogilvy
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Loeffler
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Putman
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome