title: Assessment of morphometric measurements of prostate carcinoma volume.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors have shown that the primary determinants of prostate carcinoma progression are tumor volume and the percent of the tumor comprised of Gleason Grade 4/5 cells. In the current study the authors evaluated six different techniques for the morphometric measurements of prostate carcinoma volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-assisted image analysis (NIH Image, developed and maintained by the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) was used to analyze all 108 step-sectioned prostate specimens obtained between January 1 and December 31, 1997. The authors used the Stanford technique of 0.3-cm step-sections, measuring the volume of the tumor at both 0.3-cm and 0.6-cm intervals. The other 4 methods included the authors' previous method based on an earlier image program, the ellipsoidal method (pi / 6 x width x height x length), an estimation of the square area of the largest tumor, and the maximum tumor dimension (MTD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors first checked the accuracy of NIH Image analysis by measuring 24 circles of widely different sizes. The mean coefficient of variation was 1.7% and the correlation between the mean circle areas measured by the NIH Image software and true circle area essentially was perfect (correlation coefficient [r] = 1 and r(2) = 0.999; P < 0.0001). In comparison with the authors' original computer image program using 0.3-cm step-sections measured by a different observer, r(2) with the NIH Image analysis was 0.93. Using NIH Image only, the 0.6-cm step-section method missed measurable cancers in 16.7% of 108 radical prostatectomies in comparison with the 0.3-cm step-method. The mean tumor volume with the 0.6-cm section method (P < 0.0001) and the ellipsoidal method (P < 0.05) were significantly higher than with the 0.3-cm section method. r(2) from linear regressions using the 0.3-cm step section method as the standard versus the ellipsoidal method was 0.594, and was 0.89 versus the 0.6-cm step-section method, 0.652 versus the square area estimation, and 0. 527 versus the MTD method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study support NIH Image as a powerful software program for the morphometric measurement of prostate carcinoma volume. Pathologic processing with 0.3-cm section slices was found to be more accurate for tumor volume than the 0.6-cm section slices. The ellipsoidal method, the square area of the largest tumor, and the MTD all were found to be inferior to computer-assisted image analysis measurements. In certain clinical situations in which only estimates of tumor volume are required, the square area of the largest tumor appears to be the best choice (r(2) 0.652).
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stamey
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McNeal
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Yemoto
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011786:Quality Control; D012984:Software; D014481:United States