title: Efficacy of computed tomographic image--guided endoscopic sinus surgery in residency training programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of computed tomographic image-guided endoscopic surgery in the hands of inexperienced surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four second-year otolaryngology residents, with no prior experience performing ethmoidectomies, performed endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on formalin-fixed human cadaveric specimens with and without the aid of computer-assisted surgery (CAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each resident was asked to identify critical sinus, orbital, and skull base structures while performing a total ethmoidectomy and multiple sinusotomies. Their surgical accuracy (percentage of correctly identified structures), total operative time, and incidence of major complications were recorded for each side. A total of 16 sides were evaluated (8 with and 8 without CAS). Statistical significance between groups was determined by means of Pearson's chi2 analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P = .001) in the mean accuracy of identifying critical anatomical landmarks between the CAS (97%) and non-CAS (76.8%) groups. Although not statistically significant, operative time appeared to be longer in the group using CAS (average of 67 vs. 80 min). Three major intracranial complications were documented only in the group not using CAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although, unquestionably, a thorough knowledge of the anatomy remains essential for performing ESS, CAS improves surgical accuracy and reduces the risk of major intracranial or intraorbital complications for residents. In additional, our data suggest that this technology may enhance surgical efficiency and improve the learning curve by reducing operative time (below one's normal baseline) while maintaining a greater than 90% accuracy in identifying critical anatomical landmarks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Casiano
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Numa
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004724:Endoscopy; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed