title: Chronic phantom sensations, phantom pain, residual limb pain, and other regional pain after lower limb amputation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the characteristics of phantom limb sensation, phantom limb pain, and residual limb pain, and to evaluate pain-related disability associated with phantom limb pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, cross-sectional survey. Six or more months after lower limb amputation, participants (n = 255) completed an amputation pain questionnaire that included several standardized pain measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based survey from clinical databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based sample of persons with lower limb amputations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency, duration, intensity, and quality of phantom limb and residual limb pain, and pain-related disability as measured by the Chronic Pain Grade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the respondents, 79% reported phantom limb sensations, 72% reported phantom limb pain, and 74% reported residual limb pain. Many described their phantom limb and residual limb pain as episodic and not particularly bothersome. Most participants with phantom limb pain were classified into the two low pain-related disability categories: grade I, low disability/low pain intensity (47%) or grade II, low disability/high pain intensity (28%). Many participants reported having pain in other anatomic locations, including the back (52%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phantom limb and residual limb pain are common after a lower limb amputation. For most, the pain is episodic and not particularly disabling. However, for a notable subset, the pain may be quite disabling. Pain after amputation should be viewed from a broad perspective that considers other anatomic sites as well as the impact of pain on functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98104-2499, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ehde
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Czerniecki
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010591:Phantom Limb / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012189:Retrospective Studies