title: Causes and prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors of school children aged 12 years in Jaragua do Sul, Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the causes and the prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Jaragua do Sul, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Public and private primary schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  476 children of both sexes, selected by multistage sampling technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical examination of upper and lower permanent incisors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incisal overjet, lip coverage, traumatised anterior teeth, cause of trauma. Parents' levels of education and employment status and family income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boys experienced double the percentage of injuries compared to girls. Children with incisal overjet greater than 5 mm (P = 0.077) and inadequate lip coverage (P = 0.667) were not more likely to have experienced dental injuries. The main causes of injuries to the permanent incisors were falls (26 per cent), traffic accidents (20.5 per cent), sports (19.2 per cent), violence (16.4 per cent) and collisions with people or inanimate objects (6.8 per cent). Socio-economic measures had no significant effect on prevalence of trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policy makers must take the causes of trauma into account when developing a strategy for the prevention of dental injuries. The role of violence in causing traumatic dental injuries has been underestimated.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Marcenes
authors.forename: O N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Traebert
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data