Protein tyrosine kinase structure and function.
Tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the key covalent modifications that occurs in multicellular organisms as a result of intercellular communication during embryogenesis and maintenance of adult tissues. The enzymes that carry out this modification are the protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), which catalyze the transfer of the phosphate of ATP to tyrosine residues on protein substrates. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues modulates enzymatic activity and creates binding sites for the recruitment of downstream signaling proteins. Two classes of PTKs are present in cells: the transmembrane receptor PTKs and the nonreceptor PTKs. Because PTKs are critical components of cellular signaling pathways, their catalytic activity is strictly regulated. Over the past several years, high-resolution structural studies of PTKs have provided a molecular basis for understanding the mechanisms by which receptor and nonreceptor PTKs are regulated. This review will highlight the important results that have emerged from these structural studies.
Hubbard
S R
SR
Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. hubbard@tallis.med.nyu.edu
Till
J H
JH
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D019281:Dimerization; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases