title: [Tissue harmonic imaging in comparison with conventional sonography: effect on image quality and observer variability in the measurement of the intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine if tissue harmonic imaging (THI) produced a higher image quality than conventional sonography and if THI reduced the observer availability in the intima media thickness (IMT) measurements of the common carotid artery (ACC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was performed on 26 healthy volunteers and IMT was assessed by three experienced sonographers in 52 carotid arteries. A 7.5 MHz transducer was used to measure carotid IMT in both harmonic and fundamental modes. Three measurements of IMT were carried out on the far wall of the ACC along a 1 cm-long section proximal to the bifurcation. Image quality was graded from 1-3 (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = poor). IMT measurements using harmonic and fundamental modes were compared and intra- and inter-observer variability were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using a kappa analysis, ANOVA and the McNemar/Wilcoxon Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 52 cases image quality was excellent in 51% using THI in comparison to 32% using conventional sonography. Image quality was graded significantly more frequent as excellent using harmonic sonography as compared to conventional sonography (p = 0.001). A significant difference in IMT was found between the measurements obtained by harmonic imaging in comparison to those obtained by conventional imaging (p < 0.0001). Using the harmonic mode inter-observer variability of the IMT measurements was significantly reduced from 8.1% to 5.2% (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  THI produced a higher image quality with a better visualisation of carotid IMT and reduced significantly the intra- and inter-observer variability in the IMT measurements.
authors.affiliation: Radiologische Universitätsklinik Bonn. willinek@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Willinek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Falkenhausen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Strunk
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schild
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*