Cloning and characterization of human estrogen receptor beta promoter.
Estrogen receptors beta (ERbeta) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that play critical roles in regulating genes involved in a wide array of biological processes. To investigate regulation of tissue-specific expression of ERbeta, we cloned and characterized a 2.1-kilobase 5'-flanking region of the human ERbeta gene. Two major transcription start sites were identified by primer extension and rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA end. The human ERbeta proximal promoter contains both TATA box and initiator element (Inr) and is GC-rich with a GC content of 65%. An Alu repeat sequence containing an ER-dependent transcription enhancer exists between -1416 and -1703. The full-length 5'-flanking sequence of ERbeta fused to a luciferase reporter exhibited functional promoter activity in ERbeta-positive TSUPr1 cell, but not in ERbeta-negative DU145 cells. In addition, DNase I protection assays of the proximal promoter showed unique protection patterns with nuclear extracts from TSUPr1 cells and ERbeta negative HeLa cells, suggesting presence of cell-specific trans-acting factors that mediate tissue/cell-specific ERbeta expression. Serial deletion analysis revealed that a 293-bp region encompassing the TATA box and Inr element possesses basal promoter activity.
Li
L C
LC
Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
Yeh
C C
CC
Nojima
D
D
Dahiya
R
R
D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA