title: The benefits and risks of ECT for patients with primary dementia who also suffer from depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depression afflicts 20-25% of patients with dementia. Of these, about a third do not improve with antidepressant therapy and may be suitable candidates for electronconvulsive treatment (ECT). However, the use of ECT is dementia patients is concerning due to possible adverse effects on memory and cognition. Outcome studies of ECT in patients with primary dementia and depression are very rare.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness and complications of ECT treatment for depression in dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review was conducted of all 31 patients wit ha discharge diagnosis of 'Dementia with depression' treated with ECT at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, over a five-year period. Admission and discharge ratings were made on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) as part of the clinical routine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients suffered from dementia: 55% had vascular dementia, 13% Alzheimer's disease, and 32% degenerative dementia of uncertain etiology. The admission MADRS mean score was 27.5 (SD 8.1) and the MMSE mean score was 18.8 (SD 5. 5). The patients received between 1 and 23 ECT treatments (mean 9, SD 5.7). At discharge, there was a statistically significant mean decline on the MADRS of 12.28 points (p<0.01). Forty percent had scores less than 10 (normal) on the MADRS. While 49% of patients developed delirium, by discharge there was also a significant mean increase (improvement) in MMSE of 1.62 points (p<0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECT is an effective treatment for depression in dementia, leading to improvements in both mood and cognition. Multiple ECT treatments may be necessary before a significant improvement in mode is achieved.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry and Memory Group, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lyketsos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications*; D003863:Depression; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome