title: Esophageal candidiasis in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: clinical manifestations and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the epidemiology and clinical features of esophageal candidiasis (EC) in pediatric AIDS. We therefore investigated the clinical presentation and risk factors of EC in a large prospectively monitored population of HIV-infected children at the National Cancer Institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of all HIV-infected children (N = 448) followed between 1987 and 1995 for a history of esophageal candidiasis to characterize the epidemiology, clinical features, therapeutic interventions and outcome of esophageal candidiasis. To understand further the risk factors for EC in pediatric AIDS, we then performed a matched case-control analysis of 25 patients for whom control cases were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 51 episodes of EC documented in 36 patients with 23 male and 13 female patients (0.2 to 17 years; median CD4, count 11/microl), representing a frequency of EC of 8.0%. Concurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) was the most common clinical presentation of EC (94%); other signs and symptoms included odynophagia (80%), retrosternal pain (57%), fever (29%), nausea/vomiting (24%), drooling (12%), dehydration (12%), hoarseness (6%) and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (6%). The causative organism documented in 36 episodes (18 from OPC, 17 from endoscopic biopsy and 1 from autopsy) was Candida albicans in all cases. Patients received treatment for EC with amphotericin B (63%), fluconazole (29%), ketoconazole (4%) or itraconazole (1%). A clinical response was documented in all 45 evaluable episodes. In 6 other cases, EC was a final event without contributing to the cause of death. By a conditional logistic regression model for matched data, the best predictor of EC was the presence of prior OPC (P<0.0001), followed by CD4 count and CD4 percentage (P = 0.0002) and use of antibacterial antibiotics (P = 0.0013). The risks associated with low CD4 count were independent of that of prior OPC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EC in pediatric AIDS is a debilitating infection, which develops in the setting of prior OPC, low CD4 counts and previous antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Groll
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Callender
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Venzon
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pizzo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents