title: Sampling methods for ventilator-associated pneumonia: validation using different histologic and microbiological references.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate sampling techniques (tracheobronchial aspirates, protected specimen brush, and bronchoalveolar lavage, both conventional and protected) for the detection of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and causative microorganisms according to different histologic and microbiological references.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immediate, multiple bilateral lung biopsy, postmortem study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory intensive care unit of a 1,000-bed teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five mechanically ventilated patients (>72 hrs) who died in our intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung tissue histologic examination and quantitative cultures (16 specimens/patient). The following four references for the diagnostic techniques were used: histology of guided lung biopsy, histology of blind lung biopsy, combined guided and blind lung biopsy histology and microbiology of lung tissue, and microbiology of lung tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivities when histologic reference tests were used ranged from 16% to almost 40%, whereas specificity rates were always <80%. When we combined both lung histology of guided or blind specimens and microbiology of lung tissue, all diagnostic techniques achieved considerably higher but still limited diagnostic yields (sensitivity range 43% to 83%; specificity range 67% to 91%). Causative organisms were missed in a significant number of cases by all techniques (17% to 83%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnostic performances of different diagnostic techniques strongly depend on the reference used. All techniques for detecting VAP are of limited value. Finding a balance between clinical judgment and microbiological results is crucial to appropriately manage patients with VAP.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Institut Clínic de Pneumologia i Cirurgia Toràcica, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fàbregas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ewig
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: de la Bellacasa
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramirez
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*