title: Linguistic development in cleft palate patients with and without compensatory articulation disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cleft palate patients frequently show compensatory articulation disorder (CAD). CAD severely affects speech intelligibility and requires a prolonged period of speech intervention. CAD has been considered a phonologic disorder. Thus, it seems necessary to explore the relationship between CAD and language development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship between language development and the presence of CAD in cleft palate patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cleft palate children with residual velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) after palatal closure, with and without CAD were studied. Only patients with an age ranging from 3 to 8 years were included in the study group. Twenty-nine cleft palate patients with residual VPI and CAD were included in the first group (active). The second group was assembled with 29 cleft palate patients with residual VPI without CAD, matched by age and sex (control). For evaluating language development, all patients were analyzed using the Situational-Discourse-Semantic (SDS) Model [13]. This Model is a valuable tool for conducting naturalistic observation and descriptive assessment of language development. The SDS Model provides a detailed description of three contexts (situational, discourse, and semantic) in ten levels of cognitive and linguistic organization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all contexts considered by the model of cognitive and linguistic organization used for this study, i.e. SDS, a Fischer exact test demonstrated that patients with CAD showed a significantly higher frequency of language delay as compared with patients without CAD. None of the patients present with CAD showed an adequate level of language development. The degree of language delay was greater in the situational context as compared to the semantic and discourse contexts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cleft palate patients present with CAD, demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of delay in language development as compared with cleft palate patients present with VPI without CAD. From the results of this paper, it seems that a detailed evaluation of all aspects of cognitive and linguistic organization should be performed in cleft palate patients, especially in patients present with CAD. Moreover, it seems that speech intervention in cleft palate patients with CAD should address not only the articulation process, but also specific aspects of language development.
authors.affiliation: Phoniatrics Department, Hospital Gea González, 4800 Calzada de Tlalpan, 14000 D.F., Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pamplona
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ysunza
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patiño
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000379:methods*