title: Clinical clues to the causes of large pericardial effusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the size of the effusion, the presence of tamponade, and inflammatory signs are useful in determining the causes of moderate or severe pericardial effusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  All echocardiograms performed at a general hospital between January 1990 and April 1996 were screened for pericardial effusion. Patients with moderate (echo-free space of 10 to 20 mm during diastole) or severe (echo-free space >20 mm) effusions were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 322 patients (166 [52%] men, mean [+/- SD] age 56 +/- 17 years [range 15 to 88 years]), 132 (41%) with moderate and 190 (59%) with severe pericardial effusion. The most frequent etiologic diagnoses were acute idiopathic pericarditis (n = 66 [20%]), iatrogenic effusions (n = 50 [16%]), cancer (n = 43 [13%]), and chronic idiopathic pericardial effusion (n = 29 [9%]). In 192 (60%) of the patients, the cause of the effusion was a known medical condition. In the 130 other patients, inflammatory signs were associated with acute idiopathic pericarditis (likelihood ratio = 5. 4, P < 0.001), severe effusions without inflammatory signs or tamponade were associated with chronic idiopathic pericardial effusion (likelihood ratio = 20, P < 0.001), and tamponade without inflammatory signs was associated with malignant effusions (likelihood ratio = 2.9, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In many patients, pericardial effusions are due to a known underlying disease or condition. In patients without underlying diseases, inflammatory signs, the size of effusion, and the presence or absence of cardiac tamponade can be helpful in establishing cause.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital General Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sagristà-Sauleda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mercé
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Permanyer-Miralda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soler-Soler
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D010492:Pericardiectomy; D020519:Pericardiocentesis; D010493:Pericarditis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014381:Tuberculosis, Cardiovascular / Q000150:complications