title: Sex-related differences in the antinociceptive effects of opioids: importance of rat genotype, nociceptive stimulus intensity, and efficacy at the mu opioid receptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies indicate that morphine is more potent as an antinociceptive agent in male than female rodents and monkeys.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of sex, nociceptive stimulus intensity and an opioid's relative efficacy on opioid-induced antinociception in rat strains (F344 and Lewis) that display differential sensitivity to morphine antinociception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antinociceptive testing was conducted using a rat warm-water (50-56 degrees C) tail-withdrawal procedure. Dose-response and time-course determinations were performed with various opioids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across the nociceptive stimulus intensities tested, the high-efficacy mu opioids morphine, etorphine, and levorphanol were equally effective in males and females, but on average 2.5-fold more potent in males. At moderate stimulus intensities, the low-efficacy mu opioid buprenorphine was approximately 0.4-fold more potent in males, and at higher stimulus intensities more potent and effective (greater maximal effect) in males. At low stimulus intensities, the low-efficacy mu opioid dezocine and the mu/kappa opioid butorphanol were greater than 8.9-fold more potent in males, and at moderate stimulus intensities were more potent and effective in males. At a low stimulus intensity, the mu/kappa opioid nalbuphine was more potent and effective in males. At stimulus intensities in which buprenorphine, dezocine, butorphanol, and nalbuphine produced maximal effects in males but not females, these opioids antagonized the effects of morphine in females. Genotype-related differences were noted as opioids were generally more potent in F344 than Lewis males, whereas no consistent differences were observed between F344 and Lewis females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  That sex differences in the potency and effectiveness of opioids increased with decreases in the opioid's relative efficacy and with increases in the nociceptive stimulus intensity suggests that the relative efficacy of mu opioids as antinociceptive agents is greater in male than female rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3270, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Picker
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D003516:Cycloparaffins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005048:Etorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D007981:Levorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D011930:Reaction Time; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D003516:Cycloparaffins; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D007981:Levorphanol; D002047:Buprenorphine; D005048:Etorphine; D009020:Morphine; D009266:Nalbuphine; D002077:Butorphanol; C010827:dezocine