title: Timing of the hepatic arterial phase during contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the liver: assessment of normal values in 25 volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define normal values of the beginning and duration of the hepatic arterial phase (HAP) during contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five volunteers (16 men, 9 women; mean age, 60.0 years) without history or suspicion of liver disease were examined with dynamic single-section CT. Scanning was performed at a single level that included the liver, aorta, and portal vein. A series of 25 scans was obtained over a period of 88 seconds (1 baseline scan followed by 16 scans every 2 seconds and 8 scans every 7 seconds) beginning with the injection of a bolus of contrast agent (40 mL, 10 mL/s) and a 40-mL NaCl bolus chaser. Contrast enhancement in the liver, aorta, and portal vein was measured with regions of interest, and time-density curves were obtained. These data were processed with a pharmacodynamic fitting program and the duration of the HAP was calculated. The onsets of the HAP and the portal venous phase were assessed as lag times, referring to the beginning of enhancement in the abdominal aorta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean lag time of the HAP was 5.4 seconds after the aorta and the mean duration was 8.6 seconds. The mean lag time of the portal venous phase was 13.9 seconds after the aorta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data can be used to optimize protocols for routine CT. Because of the short duration of the HAP, imaging of the entire liver during this phase is possible only with multidetector CT scanners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Vienna, Austria. till.bader@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Prokesch
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grabenwöger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008102:Liver Circulation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media