title: [A case of amoxapine-induced tardive dystonia successfully treated with a low dose anti-cholinergic agent].
abstract: We report a 63-year-old man who presented with amoxapine-induced tardive dystonia. At 49 years of age, he developed depression and was administrated 50 mg amoxapine, 4 mg cloxazoram and 3 mg biperiden per day. The daily dose of amoxapine was gradually increased up to 150 mg at 58 years of age. At 61 years of age and after having been taking amoxapine for twelve years, he noticed a rotating left arm and muscle pain in his left shoulder and arm while walking. At 62 years of age, he stopped taking these three drugs. However, the dystonic movements and pain both continued to get worse. Neurological findings revealed no abnormality except for a dystonic posture and movements in the neck and bilateral arms while sitting, standing and walking. Positron emission tomography with C-11 raclopride revealed a mild decrease in the dopamine D 2 receptor numbers in the bilateral striatum. However, two dopamine agonists, pergolide and bromocriptine, worsened his dystonia. In contrast, the daily administration of 2 mg of trihexyphenidyl, an anti-cholinergic agent, markedly ameliorated the dystonia symptoms. As a result, the long-term co-administration of biperiden, an anti-cholinergic agent, may mask the toxicity of amoxapine, which may induce tardive dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohyagi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taniwaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuwabara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kira
mesh_terms: D000657:Amoxapine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001712:Biperiden / Q000009:adverse effects; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004421:Dystonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D001712:Biperiden; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl; D000657:Amoxapine