title: Testing of SHIRPA, a mouse phenotypic assessment protocol, on Dmd(mdx) and Dmd(mdx3cv) dystrophin-deficient mice.
abstract: The SHIRPA protocol was proposed as a rapid, comprehensive screening method for qualitatively abnormal phenotypes in the mouse (Rogers et al., Mamm Genome 8, 711, 1997). This screening technique is currently being used to identify mutants induced by N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis (Brown and Nolan, Hum Mol Genet 7, 1627, 1998). SHIRPA can be used to identify mutants with neuromuscular abnormalities, but the sensitivity of the protocol is unknown. We tested two dystrophin-deficient mutants Dmd(mdx) and Dmd(mdx3cv), both of which are indistinguishable from wild-type by a simple visual assessment, at different ages, using the primary screen of the SHIRPA protocol. The most dramatic observation was that both Dmd(mdx) and Dmd(mdx3cv) mice showed extreme fatigue after testing, while mice from the same C57BL strains appeared unaffected. Each strain of dystrophin-deficient mice showed a different profile in locomotor activity and deficiencies in the wire maneuver, righting reflex, and negative geotaxis tests. Furthermore, the wire maneuver test indicated an earlier onset of muscular impairment in Dmd(mdx) than Dmd(mdx3cv) mice. These data suggest that the SHIRPA primary screen is effective not only in identifying subtle neuromuscular mutants, but also in distinguishing qualitative differences between mutants with neuromuscular abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rafael
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000172:deficiency*; D005260:Female; D005824:Genetics, Behavioral / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D016189:Dystrophin