title: Are the current bioequivalence standards sufficient for the acceptance of narrow therapeutic index drugs? Utilization of a computer simulated warfarin bioequivalence model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this computer simulation was to determine the likelihood of two bioequivalent (vs. reference) generic warfarin formulations (with varying bioavailability) passing current bioequivalence criteria against each other at varying bioavailability. Methods. A bioequivalence simulation program generated 100 warfarin bioequivalence (BE) studies with 24 patients/study. The reference formulation (R) was assigned a bioavailability of 90%. In these simulations the first generic (G(1)) had a bioavailability that was incrementally decreased from 90%. The second generic (G(2)) had a bioavailability that was incrementally increased from 90%. The bioequivalence testing was performed initially as G(1 )vs. R, then G(2) vs. R, and finally G(2) vs. G(1). The tests were performed according to current criteria for therapeutic index drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  5400 BE studies with a total of 129,600 subjects and 2,462,400 sampling times were simulated. When G(1) vs. R was compared, fewer than 80% of studies passed when the relative AUC(0-t )ratios were 88% or less. When G(2) vs. R were compared, fewer than 80% of studies passed when the relative AUC(0-t )ratios were 113% or greater. When Generic 2 and Generic 1 were compared fewer than 80% of studies passed when the relative AUC(0-t) ratios deviated from the reference by 7% or more. DISCUSSION Despite limitations this simulation indicates that two bioequivalent (vs. reference) generic warfarin products may not be bioequivalent to each other. Alternative methods of assessing bioequivalence are needed when more than one generic of narrow therapeutic index drug exists on the market.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Canada. scott.walker@sunnybrook.on.ca
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Friesen
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014859:Warfarin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin