title: Glutamine synthetase and marker enzymes of the blood-retina barrier in fetal bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamine synthetase is involved in the recycling of synaptically released glutamate and GABA and in the detoxification of ammonia. It is present in the Müller cells of the neural retina but not in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of adult mammals. In human retinal pathological conditions glutamine synthetase has also been detected in RPE cells. In this case glutamine synthetase may provide the cells with glutamine needed for proliferation. Proliferation is also intense during retinal development.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the distribution of glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity in fetal bovine retinae, especially in the RPE. The maturity of the RPE was demonstrated by histochemical detection of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and Na/K-ATPase as marker enzymes for the blood-retina barrier and by electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that in the first 3 months of gestation glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity is located exclusively in the RPE. During the 3rd month the marker enzymes of the blood-retina barrier begin to appear. From the 4th month on, RPE cells are glutamine synthetase immunonegative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamine in RPE cells in early development may supply glutamine for the intensely proliferating cells in the retina. Glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity in human retinal pathological conditions may indicate reinduction of an enzyme used in earlier development.
authors.affiliation: Anatomisches Institut, Tübingen, Germany. eleonore.froehlich@anatu.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fröhlich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klessen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase