title: Women's choice? The impact of private health insurance on episiotomy rates in Australian hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the extent to which variations in episiotomy rates in Australian hospitals are justified by clinical variables and to further explore the relationships between episiotomy, insurance status, perineal trauma and outcomes for babies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of anonymous medical record data using logistic regression models, aimed at identifying factors influencing both episiotomy rates and outcomes for babies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large regional public hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample consisted of 2028 women who delivered vaginally during a 12 month period during 1996-1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for clinical and other factors privately insured women were estimated to be up to twice as likely to experience episiotomy as publicly insured women. This difference most plausibly reflects differences in labour management styles between obstetricians and midwives. Other significant contributors to episiotomy were instrumental delivery, indications of possible fetal distress and lower parity. Severe perineal trauma (third degree tear) was found to be positively associated with episiotomy. Furthermore, the incidence of additional tears requiring suture was also substantially higher among privately insured women, the net effect being that these women had a substantially lower chance of achieving an intact perineum. Neither episiotomy nor insurance status had any significant effect on the well-being of babies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Private health insurance appears to deny many women the opportunity of achieving normal vaginal delivery with intact perineum. Episiotomy rates amongst privately insured women in Australia may be higher than is clinically appropriate, and severe perineal trauma within this study was associated with this practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, Australia 2522.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shorten
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shorten
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D003696:Delivery Rooms / Q000191:economics*; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D016304:Hospitals, Private / Q000191:economics; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007350:Insurance, Hospitalization; D016015:Logistic Models; D008499:Medical Records; D009517:New South Wales; D010298:Parity; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000592:standards; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors