title: Do functional tests predict low back pain?
abstract: METHODS
  A cohort of 307 nonsymptomatic workers and another cohort of 123 workers with previous episodes of low back pain were followed up for 2 years. The outcomes were measured by symptoms, medical consultations, and sick leaves due to low back disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the predictive value of a set of tests measuring the physical performance of the back in a working population. The hypothesis was that subjects with poor functional capacity are liable to back disorders.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Reduced functional performance has been associated with back pain. There are few data to show whether reduced functional capacity is a cause or a consequence of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mobility of the trunk in forward and side bending, maximal isokinetic trunk extension, flexion and lifting strength, and static endurance of back extension were measured. Standing balance and foot reaction time were recorded with a force plate. Clinical tests for the provocation of back or leg pain were performed. Gender, workload, age, and anthropometrics were managed as potential confounders in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked overlapping was seen in the measures of the subjects with different outcomes. Among the nonsymptomatic subjects, low performance in tests of mobility and standing balance was associated with future back disorders. Among workers with previous episodes of back pain, low isokinetic extension strength, poor standing balance, and positive clinical signs predicted future pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some associations were found between the functional tests and future low back pain. The wide variation in the results questions the value of the tests in health examinations (e.g., in screening or surveillance of low back disorders).
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki. esa-pekka.takala@occuphealth.fi
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Takala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viikari-Juntura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires