title: In vivo genomic footprinting of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) long terminal repeat enhancer sequences in HTLV-1-infected human T-cell lines with different levels of Tax I activity.
abstract: The Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) enhances viral gene expression through sequences in the U3 region of the viral long terminal repeat. These sequences consist of three imperfect 21-bp repeats (TRE-1s) and a region between the promoter-central and promoter-proximal 21-bp repeats (TRE-2). The TRE-1s contain a core cyclic AMP response element (CRE) motif and can be bound by CREB, ATF-1, ATF-2, and other members of the CREB-ATF superfamily of transcription factors. Tax enhances CREB binding to TRE-1 in vitro, and it promotes dimerization of CREB as well as other bZIP proteins. Using ligation-mediated PCR on in vivo dimethyl sulfate-treated HTLV-1-infected cell lines MT-2 and MT-4, we have compiled a profile of protein occupancy in the HTLV-1 enhancer sequences in the presence of high (MT-2) and low (MT-4) levels of biologically active Tax I. The in vivo footprinting showed that all three TRE-1s were bound by protein(s), but only in MT-2 cells. In MT-2 cells, all TRE-1s showed strong protection of the G residues in the central CRE, and the footprints extended to differing degrees into the GC-rich flanking sequences. This indicated Tax I-dependent loading of transcription factors onto the HTLV-1 TRE-1s in vivo. In vivo footprinting on TRE-2 indicated that this region was bound by proteins regardless of the Tax I status of the cell line. However, the presence of Tax I increased the extent and altered the profile of proteins binding TRE-2 in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D016356:Gene Products, tax / Q000378:metabolism*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology*; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: D016356:Gene Products, tax; D012367:RNA, Viral; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C007482:dimethyl sulfate