title: Stereospecific interaction of ketamine with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human sympathetic ganglion-like SH-SY5Y cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surprising clinical evidence suggests a block of sympathetic transmission by ketamine. The action of ketamine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in human ganglions is unknown. Because ganglionic transmission depends on nAChRs, such information may help to clarify whether ketamine impairs ganglionic transmission in men. Because racemic ketamine as well as S(+)-ketamine are used clinically, the authors investigated stereospecific effects on human ganglionic nAChRs. Stereospecific psychomimetic effects have been attributed to voltage-dependent Kv channel inhibition; therefore the effects on nAChRs were compared with those on Kv channels present in the same cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-cell currents through nAChRs and K channels were measured in SH-SY5Y cells with the patch-clamp technique by application of acetylcholine (1 mm, nAChRs) or by a step depolarization from a holding potential of -80 mV to +40 mV (K channels). Electrolyte conditions were identical for both currents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Racemic ketamine and the isomers inhibited nAChRs and K channels in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner. Racemic ketamine inhibited nAChRs and K channels, with the anesthetic concentration inducing the half-maximal effect being 1.4 and 300 micrometer, respectively. Only inhibition of the nAChRs was stereoselective. The half-maximal concentrations were 0.8 and 3.6 micrometer for S(+)- and R(-)-ketamine. The K channels were 350 and 70 times less sensitive to the effects of S(+)- and R(-)-ketamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine at concentrations found during clinical anesthesia exerts stereospecific effects on human ganglionic nAChRs but not on voltage-dependent K channels. Our results support the view that ketamine impairs sympathetic ganglionic transmission. Nonspecific effects on voltage-dependent K channels may underlie psychomimetic side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friederich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dybek
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Urban
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D015221:Potassium Channels; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D007649:Ketamine