title: Medical treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in mature horses: 9 cases (1991-1998).
abstract: The medical approach to treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in 9 horses is described. Seven horses were treated successfully and returned to normal use, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Long-term antimicrobial therapy was believed to be critical in those cases that survived, with a median treatment duration of 51 days (range 17-124 days). Treatment failure was associated with severe periportal and bridging hepatic fibrosis from biopsy material obtained at admission in 2 horses, one of whom also presented with hyperammonaemic hepatic encephalopathy. Transabdominal ultrasound was used diagnostically in each case to obtain hepatic biopsy material for histopathology and bacterial culture, to evaluate hepatic size and echogenicity and to identify and monitor the dissolution of hepatoliths. Histologically, all horses had evidence of suppurative cholangiohepatitis with varying degrees of periportal and bridging fibrosis. Discrete hyperechoic calculi were identified in 4 cases, but all horses had ultrasonographic evidence of biliary obstruction with numerous dilated bile ducts. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures of liver biopsy material were negative from 7 horses, but 2 different species of Escherichia coli were obtained from one horse, and Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli were isolated from another. In all 7 horses that survived, clinical recovery was seen before normalisation of biochemical indices of hepatobiliary function including gammaglutamyl transaminopeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), bile acids and serum bilirubin. Serum GGT levels were monitored extensively as a marker of hepatobiliary disease and actually increased during the initial period of clinical improvement in horses that recovered. Supportive medical therapy with i.v. fluids was also a critical part of the therapy of several cases in this report, both acutely and in the management of chronic cases that deteriorated clinically during treatment. Previous therapeutic failures may well be related to treatment periods of inadequate duration, and the authors recommend that antimicrobial therapy should be continued until GGT values are normal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Peek
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Divers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006520:Hepatitis, Animal / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D015363:Quinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013411:Sulfadiazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015363:Quinolones; D013411:Sulfadiazine; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate; D014295:Trimethoprim; C023445:altrenogest; C024873:sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C053503:ceftiofur