title: Variability and validity of polymorphism association studies in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, interest in gene-environment interactions has spurred a great number of association studies on polymorphism of different genes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review case-control studies of genetic polymorphisms in PD, and perform meta-analysis of individual gene polymorphism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors searched the Medline database (PubMed) for publications (English language) from January 1966 to November 1999 for association studies in PD. The key words used were "PD" and "polymorphism." The authors supplemented the search with relevant references quoted in these published articles. Those with four or more independent studies of a specific gene polymorphism were subjected to meta-analysis, with the exception of cytochrome-P450 enzyme polymorphisms, for which meta-analyses results were already available in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors identified 84 studies on 14 genes, including dopamine receptors (DRD2 and DRD4), dopamine transporter (DAT), monoamine oxidase (MAOA and MAOB), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), APOE, glutathione transferase (GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTZ1), and mitochondrial genes (tRNAGlu and ND2). Four polymorphisms showed significant association with PD: slow acetylator genotypes of NAT2 (PD:control OR = 1.36), allele >188bp of the MAOB (GT)n polymorphism (OR = 2.58), the deletion allele of GSTT1 (OR = 1.34), and A4336G of tRNAGlu (OR = 3.0). No significant differences were found for the other genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant associations with PD were found in polymorphisms of NAT2, MAOB, GSTT1, and tRNAGlu. Although significant association does not imply a causal relationship between the presence of the polymorphisms and PD pathogenesis, their pathophysiologic significance should be studied further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khajavi
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Thornby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagamitsu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankovic
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ashizawa
mesh_terms: D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012352:RNA, Transfer, Glu / Q000235:genetics; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012352:RNA, Transfer, Glu; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; C478900:NAT2 protein, human; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase