title: Sonographic evaluation of digital annular pulley tears.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sonographic (US) appearance of digital annular pulley (DAP) tears in high-level rock climbers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of the US examinations of 16 high-level rock climbers with clinical signs of DAP lesions. MRI and surgical evaluation were performed in five and three patients respectively. The normal US and MRI appearances of DAP were evaluated in 40 and three normal fingers respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of 16 patients presented a DAP tear. In eight subjects (seven with complete tears involving the fourth finger and one the fifth finger), US diagnosis was based on the indirect sign of volar bowstringing of the flexor tendons. Injured pulleys were not appreciated by US. Tears concerned the A2 and A3 in six patients and the A3 and A4 in two patients. A2 pulley thickening and hypoechogenicity compatible with a partial tear was demonstrated in one patient. MRI and surgical data correlated well with the US findings. Four patients had tenosynovitis of the flexor tendons but no evidence of pulley disruption. US examinations of three patients were normal. In the healthy subjects US demonstrated DAP in 16 of 40 digits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US can diagnose DAP tears and correlates with the MRI and surgical data. Because of its low cost and non-invasiveness we suggest US as the first imaging modality in the evaluation of injuries of the digital pulley.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Radiologia, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinoli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nebiolo
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Derchi
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography