title: Astrocytes and blood vessels define the foveal rim during primate retinal development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between development of the perifoveal blood vessels and formation of the foveal depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal sections and flatmounts from monkeys aged between fetal day (Fd)80 and 2 years of age were double labeled using antisera to CD31 or von Willebrand factor to detect vascular endothelial cells and antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein to detect astrocytes. Sections were studied by fluorescence or confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From Fd88 to 115, vessels on the horizontal meridian were found only at the level of the ganglion cell layer (GCL)-inner plexiform layer (IPL) border where they form the ganglion cell layer plexus (GCP). Stellate astrocytes accompany GCP vessels and extend closer to the fovea than vessels. The foveal avascular zone was present within the GCP at Fd101, and at Fd105 a shallow foveal depression encircled by the GCP was present. The GCP foveal margin had the same dimensions as the adult foveal pit. Both blood vessels and astrocytes were excluded from the emerging fovea throughout development. After Fd140, capillary plexuses in the outer retina anastomosed with the GCP on the foveal slope to form a perifoveal plexus, but this plexus did not mature until a month or more after birth. After Fd142, astrocytes rapidly disappeared from the GCP and most of central retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An avascular area is outlined by the GCP before the foveal pit begins to form, suggesting that molecular factors in this region exclude both vessels and astrocytes. These factors may also guide neuronal migration to form the pit. Because the perifoveal plexus is formed during late gestation, both capillary growth and foveal development may be affected adversely by prematurity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Provis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sandercoe
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D005312:Fetal Blood; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000098:blood supply*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000032:analysis; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000737:chemistry; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor