title: Diabetes enhances leukocyte accumulation in the coronary microcirculation early in reperfusion following ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic hearts are particularly vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion injury. For leukocytes to participate in ischemia-reperfusion injury, they must first sequester in the microcirculation. The aim of this study was to determine, by direct observation, if early leukocyte deposition was increased in the diabetic coronary microcirculation early in reperfusion following myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-diabetic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat hearts, subjected to 30 min of 37 degrees C, no-flow ischemia, were initially reperfused with blood containing labeled leukocytes. The deposition of fluorescent leukocytes in coronary capillaries and venules was directly visualized and recorded using intravital fluorescence microscopy. In addition, flow cytometry was used to measure CD11b adhesion molecule expression on polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes from non-diabetic and STZ-diabetic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the non-diabetic, control hearts, early in reperfusion, leukocytes trapped in coronary capillaries and adhered to the walls of post-capillary venules. In the diabetic hearts, leukocyte trapping in capillaries and adhesion to venules were both significantly increased (P<0.05). PMN CD11b expression was also significantly increased in the diabetic blood compared to the non-diabetic blood (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early in reperfusion following myocardial ischemia, leukocytes rapidly accumulate in greater numbers in the coronary microcirculation of the diabetic heart by both trapping in coronary capillaries and by adhering to venules. The enhanced retention of leukocytes in the diabetic coronary microcirculation increases the likelihood of inflammation-mediated reperfusion injury and may explain, in part, the poor recovery of diabetic hearts from an ischemic event.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Arizona Heath Sciences Center, Tucson 85724-5071, USA.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hokama
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davis-Gorman
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cimetta
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: McDonagh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen