title: Shiga toxin-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha expression: requirement for toxin enzymatic activity and monocyte protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinases.
abstract: Infections with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing bacteria cause bloody diarrhea which may progress to life-threatening complications, including acute renal failure and neurological abnormalities. The precise mechanism of disease progression is unclear, although evidence suggests that the localized production of the host proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 may exacerbate toxin-mediated vascular damage. Purified Stxs have been demonstrated to elicit proinflammatory cytokine synthesis from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytic cell lines in vitro. To understand toxin-monocyte interactions required for cytokine synthesis, we have treated differentiated THP-1 cells with purified wild-type toxins, enzymatic mutants, or B subunits and measured TNF-alpha production. Our data suggest that A subunit enzymatic activity is essential for cytokine production. THP-1 cells were treated with a series of protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors to examine the role of intracellular signaling molecules in Stx-mediated cytokine production. Treatment of cells with PKC and tyrosine kinase inhibitors blocked TNF-alpha secretion by Stx-stimulated THP-1 cells. Stx treatment directly activated PKC, which occurred at a point upstream of transcriptional activation of the gene encoding TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakiri
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Tesh
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000201:enzymology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D022603:Shiga Toxins; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D022603:Shiga Toxins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C