title: [Chronic low back pain: exercise therapy, multidisciplinary programs, NSAID's, back schools and behavioral therapy effective; traction not effective; results of systematic reviews].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To inventory the current state of the art regarding the effectiveness of conservative treatment of chronic low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relevant literature from the period January 1966-September 1999 was retrieved via Medline, Embase, PsychLit and the Cochrane Library and via reference lists in the articles found. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using criteria for internal validity. On the basis of the number of examinations, their quality and the consistency of the findings, conclusions were subdivided into four levels of strength of scientific evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was strong evidence that exercise therapy and multidisciplinary treatment programmes were effective in chronic low back pain, and moderate evidence that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), back schools and behavioural therapy were effective in chronic low back pain. There was also strong evidence that traction was not effective in chronic low back pain. Strong evidence for effectiveness of many other commonly used interventions was lacking.
authors.affiliation: Vrije Universiteit, Instituut voor Extramuraal Geneeskundig Onderzoek, BT Amsterdam. mw.van_tulder.emgo@med.vu.nl
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van Tulder
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Koes
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Assendelft
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Maljers
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Driessen
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000075202:Contraindications; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014143:Traction
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal