title: Modulation of daunorubicin cellular resistance by combination of P-glycoprotein blockers acting on drug efflux and intracellular drug sequestration in Golgi vesicles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  S9788 and PSC833 were developped as P-glycoprotein (Pgp) blockers and found to act additionally on daunorubicin subcellular distribution, involving different putative targets. On this basis, combinations of S9788 and PSC833 were evaluated in Pgp-expressing MCF7(DXR) cells in which we recently demonstrated that daunorubicin was sequestered in Golgi vesicles (Bour-Dill et al.: Cytometry, 39: 16-25, 2000).
  
  
  METHODS
  Combinations of S9788 and PSC833 consisted in complementary fractions of iso-effective concentrations (IEC) leading to 90% (IEC90) and median (IEC50) reversion of daunorubicin resistance. Resistance modulation was assessed using cytotoxicity assays, flow cytometry determination of intracellular daunorubicin, and fluorescence microscopy analysis of daunorubicin subcellular distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individually, both S9788 and PSC833 were found to be very potent with IEC90 of 5 and 15 micromol/l, and IEC50 of 0.1 and 0.2 micromol/l, respectively, for S9788 and PSC833. When combined, synergistic cytotoxicity was observed for both IEC90 and IEC50 combinations while intracellular daunorubicin fluorescence was only synergistically increased for IEC90 combinations. For IEC50 combinations, no increase in intracellular fluorescence was observed, and fluorescence microscopy examination of the cells suggested that daunorubicin sequestration in Golgi vesicles could be modulated at concentrations that do not significantly increase daunorubicin cellular concentration. Using immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses, multidrug resistance-associated protein, major vault lung-resistance protein, and anthracycline-resistance associated protein were not found to be implicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synergistic combinations of S9788 and PSC833 might offer alternative ways to decrease the toxicity generated by high-dose Pgp-blockers without altering the efficacy of the resistance modulation.
authors.affiliation: Centre Alexis Vautrin, Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy cedex, France. jl.merlin@nancy.fnclcc.fr
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Merlin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bour-Dill
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramacci
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Poullain
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giroux
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D003524:Cyclosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020394:Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles / Q000235:genetics; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000235:genetics; D000099187:Major Vault Protein
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003524:Cyclosporins; D017931:DNA Primers; D003630:Daunorubicin; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010880:Piperidines; D014227:Triazines; D020394:Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D000099187:Major Vault Protein; C102029:ABCC6 protein, human; C077022:S 9788; C070272:valspodar