title: [Neutralization of lidocaine-adrenaline. A simple method for less painful application of local anesthesia].
abstract: The amount of sodium bicarbonate necessary to neutralise commercially available lignocaine-epinephrine (pH 4.7) to physiologically neutral pH (7.4) was established. The analysis showed that neutral pH could be accomplished by adding 1.0 ml sodium bicarbonate (8.4 g/l) to 10 ml lignocaine-epinephrine (1%, 5 microgram/ml). Chemical analysis also established that the neutralised lignocaine-epinephrine was stable for 24 hours after adding sodium bicarbonate. A double-blinded randomised clinical trial with crossover design done on volunteers from hospital staff proved that injection of neutralised lignocaine-epinephrine is less painful than commercially available lignocaine-epinephrine (p < 0.001).
authors.affiliation: Odense Universitetshospital, Plastikkirurgisk afdeling.
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Momsen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002021:Buffers; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002021:Buffers; D004338:Drug Combinations; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine