title: MR volumetric analysis of the human basal ganglia: normative data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors undertook this study to identify a precise, semiautomated, reproducible magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technique for measuring the basal ganglia, to establish normative volumetric data, and to verify the presence of previously reported asymmetries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight healthy adults underwent cranial MR examination. The volumes of the various components of the basal ganglia were measured by means of a combination of thresholding and manual tracing techniques performed with specialized software. The validity of these measurements was assessed by fashioning, imaging, and measuring a practical basal ganglia phantom. Measurement accuracy was also established by means of inter- and intrarater reliability indexes. Normalized volumes were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance and paired t tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absolute values of the various components of the basal ganglia varied widely even though the volumes were normalized to differences in intracranial volume. The right caudate nucleus volume was significantly (P < .000001) larger than the left in both men and women and in both right-handed and non-right-handed subjects. This asymmetry led to an increase in the overall volume of the basal ganglia on the right.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have defined a precise, reproducible technique for measuring various components of the basal ganglia and have established normative data. The basal ganglia, similar to other brain structures, exhibit hemispheric lateralization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ifthikharuddin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shrier
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Numaguchi
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurlan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values