title: Leukocyte-independent plasma extravasation during endotoxemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the meaning of leukocyte-endothelial interactions for the development of endotoxin-induced vascular leakage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, blinded, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four male Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  After application of fucoidin to prevent leukocyte rolling and adherence (25 mg/kg; n = 8; fucoidin/LPS group) or saline 0.9% (n = 8; LPS group), animals were given an intravenous infusion of endotoxin (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide 026:B6; 2 mg/kg/hr) over 120 mins. Animals in the control group (n = 8) received an equivalent volume of saline 0.9%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leukocyte rolling and leukocyte adherence, red cell velocity, vessel diameters, venular wall shear rate, volumetric blood flow, and macromolecular leakage were determined in mesenteric postcapillary venules using in vivo videomicroscopy at baseline, 60 mins, and 120 mins after start of a continuous endotoxin infusion. Fucoidin prevented leukocyte rolling (baseline, 3+/-2 rollers; 120 mins, 3+/-1 rollers; not significant vs. baseline; p < .01 vs. LPS group) and reduced the adherence of leukocytes at baseline and during endotoxemia and showed only a slight increase in adherent leukocytes (baseline, 100+/-38 cells/mm2; 120 mins, 244+/-68 cells/mm2; p < .05 vs. baseline; p < .01 vs. LPS group). In the LPS group, endotoxin exposure induced a marked increase in adherent leukocytes (baseline, 248+/-24 cells/mm2; 120 mins, 560+/-57 cells/mm2; p < .01). Leukocyte adherence in control animals (control group) did not increase significantly. Macromolecular leakage, expressed as the ratio of perivenular to intravenular fluorescence intensity after injection of fluorescence-labeled albumin, increased from 0.16+/-0.03 to 0.49+/-0.04 (p < .01 vs. baseline; p < .05 vs. control) during the infusion of endotoxin in the LPS group. Fucoidin application did not diminish the extravasation of albumin (baseline, 0.09+/-0.03; 120 mins, 0.61+/-0.10; p < .01 vs. baseline; p < .01 vs. control).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that despite a significant reduction of adherent leukocytes to the endothelium by fucoidin, there is no reduction in macromolecular leakage, indicating that leukocyte-endothelial interactions only play a minor role for the development of macromolecular leakage and microvascular damage in the early phase of endotoxemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weihrauch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007962:Leukocytes; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D014699:Venules