title: The impact of the ovulatory cycle on cytokine production: evaluation of systemic, cervicovaginal, and salivary compartments.
abstract: To understand the impact of the menstrual cycle on immunologic parameters, we measured the level of cytokines and chemokines from plasma, cervicovaginal lavage (CVL), and saliva samples of 6 premenopausal women during the follicular and luteal phases of the ovulatory cycle. We demonstrate that the level of plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) was 4-fold higher during the follicular phase than the luteal phase (p = 0.004), whereas plasma IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and TNF receptor II (TNFR II) were not altered during the ovulatory cycle. In the vaginal compartment, as measured from CVL samples, the levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta were both 5-fold higher in the follicular than the luteal phase (p = 0.0002 and 0.03, respectively). Salivary cytokine and chemokine samples were similar when measured during the luteal and the follicular phases. Additional analysis of lymphocyte subsets for phenotypic and functional markers indicated that they were not influenced by the ovulatory cycle. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1beta are differentially regulated during the ovulatory cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. lalharth@rush.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Al-Harthi
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matity Ahu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cu-Unvin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reichelderfer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Landay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000276:immunology; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D014621:Vagina / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II