title: Clinical efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a newly developed controlled release morphine sulphate suppository in patients with cancer pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a newly developed controlled-release suppository (MSR) with MS Contin tablets (MSC) in cancer patients with pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, randomised, two-way cross-over trial, 25 patients with cancer pain were selected with a morphine (M) demand of 30 mg every 12 h. Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 received active MSC (30 mg) and placebo MSR, followed by placebo MSC and active MSR (30 mg) each for a period of 5 days. Group 2 started with active MSR and placebo MSC, followed by active MSC and placebo MSR, each for a period of 5 days. Blood for determination of plasma concentration of morphine (M) and its 3- and 6-glucuronides (M3G, M6G) was collected, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)0-12 h, peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (tmax), and CO and C12 of M, M6G and M3G were determined on day 5 and day 10. Intensity of pain experienced by each patient was assessed every 2 h on a 0-10 scale, while side effects and rescue medication were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients (ten patients in each group) completed the study. A pronounced inter-patient variability in plasma concentrations of M, M3G and M6G was observed after administration of both forms. Apart from the C0 and C12, no significant differences in AUC0-12 h, tmax and Cmax of morphine between the rectal and oral route of administration were found. In the case of the metabolites, it was found that AUC0-12 h and Cmax of M6G, and AUC0-12 h, Cmax, C0 and C12 of M3G after rectal administration were significantly lower than after oral administration. However, apart from the tmax of M6G, none of the pharmacokinetic parameters of M, M6G or M3G met the criteria for bioequivalence. There were no significant (P = 0.44) differences in pain intensity score between the oral and rectal forms within the two groups, regardless of the treatment sequence. No treatment differences in nausea, sedation or the demand on escape medication (acetaminophen tablets) between the rectal and oral forms were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly developed controlled-release M suppository is safe and effective and may be a useful alternative for oral morphine administration in patients with cancer pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen University Institute of Drug Exploration, The Netherlands. f.moolenaar@farm.rug.nl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moolenaar
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Meijler
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Frijlink
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Proost
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013488:Suppositories
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D013488:Suppositories; C035349:morphine-6-glucuronide; D009020:Morphine; C018108:morphine-3-glucuronide