title: Tolerability of large-dose intravenous levobupivacaine in sheep.
abstract: In preclinical pharmacological studies of levobupivacaine (S-bupivacaine), we determined its tolerability, cardiovascular actions, and pharmacokinetics, and we estimated its margin of safety compared with bupivacaine in conscious sheep. Levobupivacaine HCl. H(2)O was infused IV for 3 min into 10 previously instrumented ewes (approximately 50 kg). On subsequent days, the doses were increased by 50 mg from 200 or 250 mg until fatality occurred. All doses produced convulsions, QRS widening, and cardiac arrhythmias. With incremental doses, 4 of 4 animals survived 200 mg, 7 of 10 survived 250 mg, 3 of 7 survived 300 mg, but 0 of 3 survived 350 mg. Death resulted from sudden onset ventricular fibrillation (n = 3, within 2-3 min), electromechanical dissociation-pump failure (n = 5, within 4-5 min), or ventricular tachycardia-induced cardiac insufficiency (n = 2, >10 min). The estimated fatal dose (mean +/- SD) was 277 +/- 51 mg for levobupivacaine (compared with 156 +/- 31 mg found previously for bupivacaine). Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated initial and total distribution volumes = 4.5 (+/-1.6) and 97 (+/-22) L, total clearance = 1.7 (+/-0.4) L/min, and slow half life = 70 (+/-29) min; these values did not differ from those found previously with smaller doses. Heart and brain tissue levobupivacaine concentrations were approximately 3 times those in arterial blood. The doses of levobupivacaine survived were larger than found previously for bupivacaine, indicating its greater margin of safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levobupivacaine produced fatal cardiac toxicity at doses significantly greater than those found in previous studies with bupivacaine. As the two drugs have similar potency for producing clinical nerve blocks, the data imply that levobupivacaine should provide a safer alternative to bupivacaine in practice.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Anaesthesia and Pain Management Research, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ladd
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gelgor
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Mather
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine