title: Energy metabolism in human retinal Müller cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure selected parameters of energy metabolism and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in passaged monolayer cultures of human retinal glial (Müller) cells to assess the effects of varying substrate and oxygen availability on the biochemistry and histologic integrity of these cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confluent Müller cell cultures were incubated for up to 4 hours at 37 degrees C in a modified minimal essential medium (no serum) under aerobic or mitochondrial-inhibited conditions in the presence and absence of 5 mM glucose or in the presence of lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, or glutamine. Cellular ATP levels, lactic acid production, and (14)CO(2) production from labeled glucose or glutamate were measured along with an examination of cellular morphology. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies to glial cell-specific proteins was also performed. Cells were positive for vimentin, but negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human Müller cells maintained ATP content aerobically at the same level for 4 hours in the presence and absence of glucose. ATP content was also maintained anaerobically at a value equal to that found aerobically, but only in the presence of glucose. ATP content in human Müller cells declined to a very low level when glycolysis was blocked by iodoacetate, and inclusion of lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, or glutamine did not restore the level of ATP. Aerobically, lactic acid production accounted for 99% of the total glucose used, whereas the oxidation of glucose by the mitochondria accounted for only 1%. When mitochondria were inhibited with antimycin A, there was only a modest (1.3-fold) increase in the rate of lactic acid production. No significant differences were found in the histologic appearance of the cells after mitochondrial blockade, but there was massive death of cells after inhibition of glycolysis with iodoacetate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that, in the presence of glucose and oxygen, cultured Müller cells obtain their ATP principally from glycolysis and have a low rate of oxygen consumption. This metabolic pattern may spare oxygen for retinal neurons, particularly in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers under normal physiological conditions. Furthermore, retinal Müller cells in culture are resistant to anoxia or absence of glucose, which provides a basis for understanding why Müller cells are less susceptible than neurons to ischemia or hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA. winkler@oakland.edu
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brassell
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Puro
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005947:Glucose