title: MR arthrography of the labral capsular ligamentous complex in the shoulder: imaging variations and pitfalls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using MR arthrography, we examined normal anatomy, anatomic variations, and pitfalls of imaging the labral capsular ligamentous complex in the asymptomatic shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained 108 MR arthrograms of the glenohumeral joint in 95 asymptomatic volunteers with axial (108 shoulders) and oblique coronal (56 shoulders) images. We examined labral shape, patterns of capsular insertion, presence or absence of glenohumeral ligaments, and pitfalls of imaging. Our patients were men (auxiliary policemen) between 19 and 24 years old (mean age, 21 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shapes of labra were triangular (anterior part, 64%; posterior part, 47%), round (17%; 33%), flat (2%; 17%), cleaved (11%; 1%), notched (3%; 0%), or absent (2%; 2%). Using the system of Mosely and Overgaard, the anterior capsular insertion was type 1 in 63% of shoulders, type 2 in 20%, and type 3 in 17%; the posterior capsular insertion was type 1 in 60% of shoulders, type 2 in 31%, and type 3 in 9%. The superior and inferior glenohumeral ligaments were present in 99% of shoulders, but the middle glenohumeral ligament was present in only 79%. We also detected many pitfalls of MR imaging in identifying findings such as the undercutting of the labrum by cartilage (32% of shoulders), prominent axillary folds (46%), sublabral holes (7%) or recesses (33%), Buford complexes (2%), and sulci between the biceps tendon and superior labrum (30%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of normal anatomy and anatomic variations of the labral complex is important for the examination of the shoulder with MR arthrography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Police Hospital, 58 Karakbon-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-169, Korea.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001175:Arthrography; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*