title: Feasibility and utility of respiratory-gated, gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance urography in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and utility of respiratory-gated, gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) urography in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, 30 consecutive children, aged 3 weeks to 13.8 years, underwent MR urography. After intravenous injection of low-dose furosemide and gadopentetate dimeglumine, respiratory-gated, coronal, T1-weighted 3D-gradient-echo sequences were obtained at 1.5 T 5 to 30 minutes after contrast administration. Postprocessing of the data was performed using a maximum-intensity projection algorithm. In addition, precontrast half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement MR urograms were obtained in 29 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory-gated, T1-weighted MR urography was successfully performed in all children without the need for sedation. Compared with the final diagnosis, prospective analysis of MR urography images revealed the correct diagnosis in 56 of 58 pelvicaliceal systems (96%). The ureteral morphology was correctly evaluated in 59 of 64 ureters (92%). The method showed limited efficiency for evaluating nonfunctioning renal units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory-gated, gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR urography is a feasible and effective diagnostic tool in the assessment of upper urinary tract morphology in children. It is especially useful in depicting nondilated collecting systems and ureters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany. staatz@rad.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Staatz
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Nolte-Ernsting
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stollbrink
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Günther
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014567:Urography
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium