title: Evidence for a function of CtBP in epithelial gene regulation and anoikis.
abstract: Previously, we reported that adenovirus E1a protein behaves as a tumor suppressor in human cells. It apparently functions by transcriptionally inducing an array of epithelial cell adhesion genes, while repressing other cell-type specific genes, thus producing an epithelial phenotype. Concomitantly, the cells become sensitive to anoikis (apoptosis of epithelial cells detached from extracellular matrix), potentially causing tumor suppression. E1a protein interacts with the nuclear acetylases p300, CBP and P/CAF, and also with the co-repressor protein CtBP. In this study, we have determined the role of these interactions in E1a's phenotypic effects on human tumor cells. The results indicate that E1a's interaction with CtBP activates at least three epithelial cell adhesion gene promoters. The E-cadherin repressor appeared to be the CtBP-interacting protein delta EF1/ZEB, which bound the ras-repressible E-boxes of the E-cadherin promoter. The E1a-CtBP interaction also contributed to anoikis-sensitization. E1a's interactions with the nuclear acetylases conferred epithelial morphologies but did not activate epithelial genes. These latter interactions did not sensitize tumor cells to anoikis but nevertheless conferred tumor suppression. These results implicate CtBP as an antagonist of the epithelial phenotype and anoikis. They also indicate a new but undefined role for nuclear acetylases in maintaining the transformed phenotype.
authors.affiliation: The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Grooteclaes
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Frisch
mesh_terms: D017500:Adenovirus E1A Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; D017209:Apoptosis; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051180:Desmoplakins; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000071799:Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D017500:Adenovirus E1A Proteins; D015820:Cadherins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051180:Desmoplakins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C486307:ZEB1 protein, human; C000630720:ZEB1 protein, rat; D000071799:Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C096794:C-terminal binding protein