title: Damage in systemic lupus erythematosus and its association with corticosteroids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between corticosteroid use and organ damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  The occurrence and date of organ damage, as measured by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index, were determined for 539 patients enrolled in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort Study. The risk of damage associated with the cumulative prednisone dose, high-dose prednisone (> or =60 mg/day for > or =2 months), and pulse methylprednisolone (1,000 mg intravenously for 1-3 days) was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, controlling for age, race, and sex. Risk estimates for the cumulative prednisone dose were based on a reference dose of 36.5 gm (e.g., 10 mg of prednisone daily for 10 years [or equivalent]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative prednisone dose was significantly associated with the development of osteoporotic fractures (relative risk [RR] 2.5, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.7, 3.7), symptomatic coronary artery disease (RR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1, 2.5), and cataracts (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4, 2.5). Each intravenous pulse was associated with a small increase in the risk of osteoporotic fractures (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0, 1.8); however, this result failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.07). Each 2-month exposure to high-dose prednisone was associated with a 1.2-fold increase in the risk of both avascular necrosis (95% CI 1.1, 1.4) and stroke (95% CI 1.0, 1.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLE patients receiving long-term prednisone therapy were at significant risk of morbidity due to permanent organ damage. Additional research is required to determine the relative contributions of SLE disease activity and corticosteroids to the pathogenesis of specific types of organ damage. Furthermore, new steroid-sparing therapies are needed in order to treat disease activity and minimize cumulative and high-dose prednisone exposure.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zonana-Nacach
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Magder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petri
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D002386:Cataract / Q000139:chemically induced; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000187:drug effects; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones