title: Effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and C-reactive protein levels.
abstract: Infection and inflammation have been suggested to play roles in coronary artery disease (CAD). We hypothesized that: (1) CAD risk is associated with the aggregate number of pathogens (pathogen burden), and (2) increased pathogen burden is associated with elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation. We evaluated 233 patients for CAD. Blood samples from each patient were tested for immunoglobulin-G (IgG) antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), Chlamydia pneumoniae, hepatitis A virus (HAV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2), and for the CRP levels. Of the 233 study subjects, 68% had evidence of CAD by coronary angiography. Although the prevalence of seropositivity for each pathogen tended to be higher in the patients with CAD than those without, only the association between CAD and seropositivity to HAV was significant in multivariate analysis. Over 75% of study subjects had been exposed to > or =3 of the 5 pathogens tested, and analysis determined that increasing pathogen burden was significantly associated with increasing CAD risk, even after adjustment for traditional CAD risk factors. The prevalence of CAD was 48%, 69%, and 85% in individuals with antibodies to < or =2 pathogens, to 3 or 4 pathogens, and to 5 pathogens, respectively. A similar association between increasing pathogen burden and CRP levels was also found. The pathogen burden remained a significant predictor of CRP levels after multivariate analysis. Our data suggest that infection does play a role in the genesis of atherosclerosis. However, the risk posed by infection is related to the pathogen burden that may contribute to CAD through inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Quyyumi
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Csako
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Waclawiw
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D002097:C-Reactive Protein