title: Cerebral hyperthermia in children after cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral hyperthermia after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass has been poorly documented for adults and never in children. This study was designed to monitor brain temperature during and up to 6 h after cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen infants and children, between 3 months and 6 yr of age, were studied. A right retrograde jugular bulb catheter was used to measure the jugular venous bulb temperature (JVBT) during the procedure and the first 6 h in the critical care unit. The temperature of the blood from the bypass machine was measured at the aorta through the cannula using an indwelling temperature probe. All data were acquired every minute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 71 months (median, 15 months). The mean weight was 11.5 +/- 8.4 kg. The mean JVBT recorded at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass was 36.9 +/- 1.4 degrees C but reached 39.6 +/- 0.8 degrees C after six h (P < 0.01). The kinetics of brain rewarming was determined by the slope of the mean JVBT and corresponded to y +/- 0.006x + 37.21 (r2 = 0.97). The JVBT differed from the tympanic temperature after 200 min (P < 0.01) and the lower esophageal (P < 0.05) and rectal (P < 0.001) temperatures after 300 min. After 6 h, the tympanic, rectal, and lower esophageal temperatures were 37.8 +/- 0.9, 37.7 +/- 0.6, and 38.4 +/- 0.7 degrees C, respectively, whereas the JVBT was 39.6 +/- 0.8 degrees C (P < 0.001). However, the correlation coefficients between the JVBT and the tympanic, rectal, and esophageal temperatures were 0.98, 0. 85, and 0.97, respectively. No complications were recorded with placement of the jugular bulb catheter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean JVBT was significantly increased over the mean core temperature at all times from rewarming by cardiopulmonary bypass onward. Although the lower esophageal, rectal, and tympanic temperatures correlated well with JVBT, all three failed to reflect JVBT during recovery. This observation might help to elucidate factors involved in the functional and structural neurologic injury known to occur in pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Hospital for Sick Children, and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bruno@anaes.sickkids.on.ca
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bissonnette
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Holtby
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pua
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gilder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008297:Male