title: Visualisation of cell death in vivo in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In-vivo visualisation and quantification of the extent and time-frame of cell death after acute myocardial infarction would be of great interest. We studied in-vivo cell death in the hearts of patients with an acute myocardial infarction using imaging with technetium-99m-labelled annexin-V-a protein that binds to cells undergoing apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients with an acute myocardial infarction and one control were studied. All patients were treated by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (six primary and one rescue), resulting in thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) III flow of the infarct-related artery. 2 h after reperfusion, 1 mg annexin-V labelled with 584 MBq Tc-99m was injected intravenously. Early (mean 3.4 h) and late (mean 20.5 h) single-photon-emission computed tomographic (SPECT) images of the heart were obtained. Routine myocardial resting-perfusion imaging was also done to verify infarct localisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In six of the seven patients, increased uptake of Tc-99m-labelled annexin-V was seen in the infarct area of the heart on early and late SPECT images. No increased uptake was seen in the heart outside the infarct area. All patients with increased Tc-99m-labelled annexin-V uptake in the infarct area showed a matching perfusion defect. In a control individual, no increased uptake in the heart was seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased uptake of Tc-99m-labelled annexin-V is present in the infarct area of patients with an acute myocardial infarction, suggesting that programmed cell death occurs in that area. The annexin-V imaging protocol might allow us to study the dynamics of reperfusion-induced cell death in the area at risk and may help to assess interventions that inhibit cell death in patients with an acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hofstra
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: van Heerde
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Doevendans
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Muinck
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wellens
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kemerink
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Reutelingsperger
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Heidendal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D017304:Annexin A5; D017209:Apoptosis; D016923:Cell Death; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011485:Protein Binding; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C078700:technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m