Dietary intake of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc by children from the German North Sea island Amrum.
The dietary intake of metals was studied in seven male and seven female children at the age of 1.5 to 5.3 years living in a remote area of Germany, the North Sea island Amrum. The dietary intake of lead and cadmium was measured by a seven-day-duplicate study using atomic absorption spectrometry. The dietary intake of copper and zinc were calculated from food diaries. The median lead and cadmium intakes were 2.1 micrograms/(kgbw x week) [range: 0.63-5.1 micrograms/(kgbw x week)] and 2.7 micrograms/(kgbw x week) [range: 1.7-4.4 micrograms/(kgbw x week)]. The median daily intake of copper and zinc were 1.1 mg/d (range: 0.54-2.5 mg/d) and 5.7 mg/d (range: 2.7-14 mg/d). Compared to the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 25 micrograms/(kgbw x week) proposed by the WHO the dietary intake of lead was low. The median amounted to 8.5% and the maximum to 20% of the PTWI. The cadmium intake was comparatively high. The median amounted to 39% and the maximum to 63% of the PTWI [7 micrograms/(kgbw x week)]. The median intake of copper was in the range of the values recommended by the German Society of Nutrition (0.7-1.0 mg/d and 1.0-1.5 mg/d for children at the age of 1-< 4 years and 4-< 7 years). Twenty-three percent of the calculated intakes were below these values. The median intake of zinc however did not reach the recommended dietary intake of 7 and 10 mg/d for children at the age of 1-< 4 years and 4-< 7 years.
Schrey
P
P
Abteilung für Hygiene, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
Wittsiepe
J
J
Budde
U
U
Heinzow
B
B
Idel
H
H
Wilhelm
M
M
D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007854:Lead / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage
D019216:Metals, Heavy; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc