title: Prediction of short term mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus with time dependent measures of disease activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify predictors of short term mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in terms of time dependent clinical indicators of disease activity from the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied data collected on patients followed at the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic. Clinical and laboratory indicators of disease activity are recorded at each clinic visit and a SLEDAI summary score is calculated. Survival analyses were conducted in which the prognostic value of the time dependent indicators of disease activity was examined on 6-month mortality through a multivariate Cox regression model. Relative risks, confidence intervals, and significance levels were obtained for each indicator to reflect their clinical importance and statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample consisted of 806 patients followed for a median of 6.6 years; 702 (87%) were female, 671 (83%) were Caucasian, and the mean age at first clinic visit was 36 years. Seventy-two patients died within 6 months of their last clinic visit. In a univariate regression model, a categorical variable reflecting total SLEDAI score was highly prognostic for mortality (p < 0.001) and yielded increasing relative risks of 1.28 for SLEDAI 1-5 vs 0, 2.34 for SLEDAI 6-10 vs 0, 4.74 for SLEDAI 11-19 vs 0, and 14.11 for SLEDAI > 20 vs 0. In a separate multivariate Cox model examining the individual components of SLEDAI, presence of organic brain syndrome, retinal changes, cranial nerve involvement, proteinuria, pyuria, pleurisy, fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia each significantly increased the risk of death, while new rash and anti-DNA antibodies conferred protective effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This time dependent Cox regression analysis identified the extent to which SLE disease activity, revealed by SLEDAI, is prognostic for short term mortality. Further, important individual components were identified and their prognostic value for death was estimated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gladman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pericak
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Urowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors