title: Guidelines for the use of do-not-resuscitate orders in Dutch hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and analyze the content of guidelines for the use of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in Dutch hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional descriptive study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A questionnaire was mailed to the directors of patient care at all 143 Dutch hospitals. Directors were asked whether their hospitals had guidelines for the use of DNR orders and to provide copies of the guidelines if they did. The content of the guidelines was analyzed with regard to basic assumptions about nonresuscitation, definitions, persons involved in decision-making, advance directives, starting discussions about nonresuscitation, notation, evaluation, and other aspects. Of the 143 hospital directors surveyed, 95% responded. Sixty percent of the hospitals had guidelines for the use of DNR orders and provided copies. The assumption "always resuscitate, unless" was mentioned in 66% of guidelines. In 93% it was stated that patients should be involved in decision-making about nonfutile resuscitation. In 38% it was stated that in principle, living wills were respected in cases of incompetence. The role of proxies was mainly to discuss decisions (58% of guidelines), not to make them. The most frequently mentioned moment for starting a discussion about nonresuscitation was the onset of clinical deterioration of the patient (41%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is promising that 60% of Dutch hospitals have developed guidelines for the use of DNR orders. However, current guidelines can be improved in many respects.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Haverkate
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Delden
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: van Nijen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Wal
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires