title: Feasibility of mitral flow assessment by echo-contrast ultrasound, part I: determination of the properties of echo-contrast agents.
abstract: Data on the ultrasonic properties of commercially available contrast agents are limited by being instrument-dependent, especially with regard to their backscattering properties. The present work describes methods of measurements that provide instrument-independent estimations of a contrast agent's attenuation coefficient and integrated backscatter index and provide them as functions of its concentration. The two studied commercially available contrast agents were Albunex and Levovist SHU 508-A, both representative of agents in common use for echocardiography. The attenuation coefficients and integrated backscatter indices of both agents were found to be a linear function of their concentrations. Proportionality coefficients +/- their standard deviations are provided. Actually, square root values of the averaged backscatter indices normalized with respect to the rms of the reference signal were determined. The coefficients of proportionality were found to be: C(A) = 3.11+/-0.1813 dB/mm; C(L) = 0.07+/-0.005 dB/mm for attenuation coefficients of the Albunex and Levovist contrast agents, respectively, and the corresponding values for backscattering were: D(A) = 0.07+/-0.0054; D(L) = 0.02+/-0.0012. Being apparatus-independent, the findings of the study are important prerequisites for the use of these echo-contrast agents as an indicator in research for a quantitative assessment of blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Einav
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vered
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; C060687:Albunex; D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508