title: Intervertebral disc structure: observation by a novel use of ultrasound imaging.
abstract: The internal structure of intervertebral discs is clinically important in the management of back pain. No current routine imaging modality is able to image disc structure satisfactorily. The aim of this work was to investigate and validate ultrasound imaging so that it might be applied to assessment of structural integrity and degree of degeneration. The optimum imaging technique was determined using a 3.5 MHz probe in one female subject. The applicability of this technique to investigate disc structure in the entire thoracolumbar spine was further investigated in 13 subjects. The optimum disc imaging technique was found to be a posterolateral approach, 1 to 2 cm lateral of the dorsal midline, that revealed structure within the disc not apparent using other approaches. It was demonstrated that posterolateral imaging introduces a smaller reproducibility error in measurements of linear dimensions close to the disc. It is possible to observe internal structure within the disc between T11 and L3 in at least 54% of individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naish
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halliwell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards*