title: Abnormal head posture: an ophthalmological approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An abnormal head posture (AHP) is an important clinical sign; it may be due to non-ocular or ocular causes. The literature on the subject is disperse, however.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present a comprehensive discussion on the subject.
  AHP due to an ocular cause can be observed in conditions both not related or related to the extraocular motility. In the latter group, comitant deviations, incomitant deviations, supranuclear palsies, A and V pattern, nystagmus, and central nervous system disorders are included. Facial asymmetry can be a feature of a long-standing congenital or acquired AHP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Caldeira
mesh_terms: D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011187:Posture