title: The cardiovascular magnetic resonance machine: hardware and software requirements.
abstract: The flexibility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) includes faster imaging for applications such as stress tests, ventricular function, myocardial perfusion and coronary artery imaging. Faster imaging makes greater demands on the hardware and software. Although some cardiac imaging can be performed at 0.5 T, some of the faster techniques demand the higher signal-to-noise ratio of higher main field, and fat suppression in cardiac images is more easily achieved at higher field. Main field inhomogeneity affects rapid imaging and performance in open-access magnets. High gradient performance, low eddy currents and surface receiver coils are essential for fast cardiac imaging and the hardware of these systems including interventional imaging is discussed. The use of ECG signals for prospective and retrospective cardiac synchronization of MRI is examined. Techniques for reducing the major problem of respiratory motion in MRI are surveyed. Flexibility in the computer architecture of the scanner and the electronics generating the pulse sequence and controlling data acquisition is vital in cardiac imaging, for retrospective cardiac gating, respiratory navigator-controlled imaging and "real-time interactive" imaging in a similar manner to ultrasound imaging. Automated measurements from MR images remain under development. The pulse sequences and image display functions a cardiovascular MRI system should support for basic cardiac imaging applications and current clinical research areas are summarized.
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK. p.gatehouse@rbh.nthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gatehouse
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Firmin
mesh_terms: D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003199:Computer Systems; D003201:Computers; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012984:Software