title: Test and evaluation of exercise-enhanced preoxygenation in U-2 operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoxygenation to prevent decompression sickness (DCS) during U-2 reconnaissance flights requires considerable time and occasionally does not provide adequate protection. Increasing preoxygenation within a practical period of time provides marginally increased protection and is not always operationally feasible. Including exercise during preoxygenation to increase muscle tissue perfusion, cardiac output, and ventilation can improve the quality of the denitrogenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot, who reported two cases of DCS during his first 25 U-2 high flights involving cabin altitudes of 29,000-30,000 ft, volunteered to test exercise-enhanced preoxygenation. He performed 10 min of strenuous upper and lower body exercise at the beginning of preoxygenation prior to subsequent high flights without increasing total preoxygenation time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exercise was performed at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake based on the estimated maximal oxygen uptake determined during an Air Force aerobic fitness test and heart rate. The pilot's next 36 high flights, using exercise-enhanced preoxygenation, were completed with no reports of DCS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This statistically significant operational test reinforced the laboratory studies. Implementation of this procedure for reducing DCS in susceptible U-2 pilots and collecting additional data from the U-2 pilot population is recommended.
authors.affiliation: 9th Medical Operations Squadron, Beale AFB, CA 95903, USA. thomas.hankins@beale.af.mil
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Neddo
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pilmanis
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mehm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology