title: Pulmonary vascular-bronchial interactions: acute reduction in pulmonary blood flow alters lung mechanics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative pulmonary hypertension in children after congenital heart surgery is a risk factor for death and is associated with severe acute changes in both pulmonary vascular resistance and lung mechanics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of changes in pulmonary blood flow on lung mechanics in preoperative children with congenital heart disease, in order to assess the cause-effect relation of pulmonary vascular-bronchial interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac catheterisation laboratory, general anaesthesia with mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variation of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) by either balloon occlusion of an atrial septal defect before interventional closure, or by complete occlusion of the pulmonary artery during balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty for pulmonary valve stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ventilatory tidal volume (Vt), dynamic respiratory system compliance (Cdyn), respiratory system resistance (Rrs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  28 occlusions were examined in nine patients with atrial septal defect (median age 9.5 years) and 22 in eight patients with pulmonary stenosis (median age 1.2 years). Normalisation of Qp during balloon occlusion of atrial septal defect caused no significant change in airway pressures and Rrs, but there was a small decrease in Vt (mean (SD): 9.61 (0.85) to 9.52 (0.97) ml/kg; p < 0.05) and Cdyn (0.64 (0.11) to 0.59 (0.10) ml/cm H(2)O*kg; p < 0.01). These changes were more pronounced when there was complete cessation of Qp during balloon valvuloplasty in pulmonary stenosis, with a fall in Vt (9.71 (2.95) to 9.32 (2.84) ml/kg; p < 0.05) and Cdyn (0.72 (0.29) to 0.64 (0.26) ml/cm H(2)O*kg; p < 0.001), and there was also an increase in Rrs (25.1 (1. 7) to 28.8 (1.6) cm H(2)O/litre*s; p < 0.01). All these changes exceeded the variability of the baseline measurements more than threefold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute changes in pulmonary blood flow are associated with simultaneous changes in lung mechanics. While these changes are small they may represent a valid model to explain the pathophysiological impact of spontaneous changes in pulmonary blood flow in clinically more critical situations in children with congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London WC1 3JN, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schulze-Neick
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Penny
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Derrick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rigby
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Redington
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted