title: Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates delayed myocardial protection induced by activation of adenosine A(1) receptors: evidence from gene-knockout mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism of delayed preconditioning induced by activation of adenosine A(1) receptors (A(1)ARs) is not fully understood. We determined the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in mediating adenosine-induced late cardioprotection using pharmacological inhibitors and iNOS gene-knockout mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adult male mice were treated with saline or an A(1)AR agonist, 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA). Twenty-four hours later, the hearts were perfused in Langendorff mode and subjected to 30 minutes of global ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; 0.1 mg/kg IP) and S-methylisothiourea (SMT; 3 mg/kg IP) were used to block A(1)ARs and iNOS, respectively. Infarct size (IS) was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and iNOS expression was measured by Western blots. Myocardial IS was reduced from 24.0+/-3. 2% in the saline group to 12.2+/-2.5% in CCPA-treated mice (P<0.05). The infarct-reducing effect of CCPA was abrogated by DPCPX (29.3+/-3. 4%) and SMT (32.3+/-2.6%) and was absent in mice with targeted ablation of iNOS (23.9+/-1.6%). CCPA produced improvement in postischemic end-diastolic pressure, developed pressure, and rate-pressure product, which was also blocked by DPCPX and SMT. Increased iNOS protein expression observed in CCPA-treated hearts was diminished by DPCPX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective activation of A(1)ARs produces delayed cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the mouse. Increased iNOS expression concomitant with the lack of protective effect of A(1)AR activation in iNOS gene-knockout mice suggests a direct cause-and-effect relationship of iNOS in adenosine-induced late cardioprotection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chelliah
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Levasseur
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kukreja
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D007550:Isothiuronium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D007550:Isothiuronium; C058394:2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C027744:S-methylisothiopseudouronium; D000241:Adenosine