title: Retroperitoneal laparoscopy for renal biopsy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our experience with the retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach for treating pediatric patients and when the percutaneous needle approach is not possible due to uncontrolled hypertension, bleeding disorders, anti-clotting medications and anatomical abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy was performed in 20 patients 2 to 18 years old (mean age 9.7) during a 16-month period. At the same time 53 percutaneous needle biopsies and 1 open biopsy were performed. The child is in a flank position, and 2 trocars are used via a direct vision approach. The first trocar is 12 mm. in diameter and positioned on the posterior axillary line, and the second trocar is 5 mm. in diameter and is entered 4 cm. anteriorly. Gentle dissection is done to free the lower pole of the selected kidney, biopsy forceps are used to grasp the specimen under direct vision and the biopsy site is fulgurated using bipolar electrocautery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biopsy was performed successfully in all cases except 1, which was converted to an open procedure. Mean operative time was 40 minutes, blood loss was minimal and mean hospital stay was 1.2 days postoperatively. No pain medication was required postoperatively, and all patients returned to their usual activities within 3 to 5 days. A minor intraoperative complication, which was a peritoneal tear with no postoperative sequelae, occurred in 1 case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The retroperitoneal laparoscopic technique is simple and safe, and does not require extensive laparoscopic experience. We believe that this approach is reliable, and has less morbidity and several advantages compared to open surgery. It should be selected as the first choice for treating pediatric patients when percutaneous needle renal biopsy is contraindicated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, "Bambino Gesù" Children Hospital, Tor Vergata" University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caione
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Micali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Capozza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lais
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matarazzo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maturo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Micali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male