title: GABA(A) receptor modulation in rat cerebellum granule cells.
abstract: The inhibitory GABA(A) receptor is a key element in determining the pattern of nerve cell electrical activity. Thus, modulation of its function is of paramount impact in shaping neuronal functional activity under physiological and pathological conditions. This applies to cerebellar granule neurons as to all the other neurons in the brain. The culture of cerebellar granules from newborn rats is a convenient means by which to approach these cells for electrophysiological studies provided that they maintain, as far as GABA(A) receptors are concerned, the same characteristics as in situ. Thus, the regulation of GABA(A) receptor activity in these neurons has been studied by the patch-clamp technique, both in the whole-cell and outside-out configuration. An obvious first level of control of such receptors' activity is their desensitization under continued agonist application, with biphasic kinetics. The data do not allow one to conclude whether one is dealing with two different populations of receptors or with a single population with two desensitization phases; although the presence of two GABA(A) receptor populations is suggested by a host of observations. The granule cell GABA(A) receptors are modulated by changes in extracellular pH with lower pH resulting in an enhanced receptor activity. They display, under the conditions of whole-cell recording, a run-down phenomenon which is most probably due to a tyrosine phosphatase activity which is in turn under control by a protein serine kinase. Thus, in situ tyrosine phosphorylation is a key element in determining the efficiency of GABA mediated inhibition. Activation of protein kinase A or protein kinase G (PKG) down-regulates GABA(A) receptors' activity. This last event is involved in the depression of those receptors' activity by L-arginine via the production of nitric oxide. In addition, the activity of calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclase I is controlled by GABA(B) receptors. Dendritic GABA(A) receptor activity is partially blocked by previous activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors via calcineurin mediated dephosphorylation/activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase and concomitant production of nitric oxide and PKG activation. The site phosphorylated by PKG is evidently not available for calcineurin-mediated serine dephosphorylation, due to calcineurin-specific membrane localization in respect of the GABA(A) receptor. Overall, a complex network of biochemical signals appear to keep granule cells GABA(A) receptors under a fine balance between up- and down-regulatory mechanisms. The overall data appear also to indicate the presence of two GABA(A) receptor populations: a dendritic one which can be modulated by Ca++ entering via NMDA receptors and a cell body one. The two populations are probably different in terms of desensitization kinetics and benzodiazepine sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Centro di Neurofisiologia Cerebrale, CNR, Genova, Italy. dcupel@neurologia.unige.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cupello
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002525:Cerebellar Cortex / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008959:Models, Neurological; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D011494:Protein Kinases