title: Autoantibodies to the flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase: analysis of specificity in autoimmune thyroid disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is a progressive eye disorder affecting the extraocular muscle and orbital connective tissue and is considered to have an autoimmune aetiology. A recent study reported a close relationship between serum antibodies against the flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehyhdrogenase (SDHFp) and active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy involving eye muscle damage. The aim of the present study was to develop a sensitive and quantitative radiobinding assay for the detection of antibodies to the flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase and to use this to determine the distribution of antibodies in different patient groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples from the following patient groups were analysed: 20 systemic lupus erythematosus; 20 Addison's disease; 26 autoimmune hypothyroidism; 28 Graves' hyperthyroidism; 12 pretibial myxoedema; 25 thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Sera from 20 healthy subjects were used as controls. [35S]-labelled succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein was produced in an in vitro transcription-translation system and subsequently used in immunoprecipitation experiments with sera from patient and control groups to test for the presence of antibodies to the flavoprotein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein antibodies were detected in five of the 20 (25%) patients with Addison's disease, six of the 20 (30%) with systemic lupus erythematosus, five of the 26 (19%) with autoimmune hypothyroidsm, six of the 28 (21%) with Graves' hyperthyroidism, two of the 12 (17%) with pretibial myxoedema and three of the 25 (12%) with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. The frequencies of flavoprotein antibodies were significantly greater than controls (P-value < 0.05) for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (P = 0.02), but not for patients with either Addison's disease (P = 0.05), pretibial myxoedema (P = 0.13), Graves' hyperthyroidism (P = 0.07), autoimmune hypothyroidism (P = 0.06) or thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (P = 0.24). For the patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, the frequency of SDHFp antibodies did not appear to be related to the length of time from diagnosis: the group containing samples taken less than one year from diagnosis showed no increased frequency of SDHFp antibodies when compared to controls (P = 0.10), with three of the 18 (17%) patients being positive. With respect to seven patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy diagnosed for more than a year, SDHFp antibodies were not detected in any of their serum samples. In addition, the clinical severity of the disease, as recorded by the NOSPECS classification, did not correlate with the frequency of SDHFp antibodies: P = 0.13, 0.33 and 0.38, respectively, for patients with Grade II, III and IV ophthalmopathy. Similar results were also found in the case of patients with pretibial myxoedema and eye disease: P = 0.06 for patients with Grade III ophthalmopathy and, SDHFp antibodies were not detected in any of the sera taken from patients with Grade IV ophthalmopathy. In addition, no association was found between disease duration and the frequency of antibodies to the flavoprotein in this patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein antibodies are not a suitable marker for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, at least with the assay system used, as they can be found in patients who do not have eye disease and therefore lack the disease specificity required of a diagnostic tool.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern General Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. e.h.kemp@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ridgway
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Weetman
mesh_terms: D000224:Addison Disease / Q000276:immunology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000276:immunology; D007868:Leg Dermatoses / Q000276:immunology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009230:Myxedema / Q000276:immunology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D005420:Flavoproteins; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase