title: Pulmonary function, smoking cessation and 30 year mortality in middle aged Finnish men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it is well known that impaired pulmonary function is a strong predictor of mortality and that smoking decreases pulmonary function, little is known about the long term effect of smoking cessation on mortality at different levels of pulmonary function. We have studied the impact of smoking cessation on mortality over the entire range of baseline pulmonary function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study subjects consisted of men aged 40-59 at entry who were the Finnish participants in the Seven Countries Study during 1959-89.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the participants (n = 1582) impaired forced expiratory volume in 0.75 seconds (FEV(0.75)) was significantly associated with increased all cause mortality. When those who gave up smoking during the follow up period were compared with continuous smokers (n = 860) all cause mortality was found to be decreased among those who quit. The relative adjusted hazard (HR) was 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.50 to 1.00). The median survival time in those who stopped smoking compared with those who continued to smoke from 1969 onwards was 7.65, 7.59, and 6.30 years longer in the lowest, middle and highest tertiles of adjusted FEV(0.75) distribution, respectively. In those who gave up smoking, mortality from cardiovascular causes was significantly lower (HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.98)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that smokers across the entire range of pulmonary function may increase their expectation of lifespan by giving up smoking.
authors.affiliation: University of Kuopio, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Kuopio, Finland. Margit.Pelkonen@uku.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pelkonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tukiainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tervahauta
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Notkola
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kivelä
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Salorinne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate