title: Ceramide 2 (N-acetyl sphingosine) is associated with reduction in Bcl-2 protein levels by Western blotting and with apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ceramides produced by sphingomyelin hydrolysis activate a cycle that is followed by three different major cellular responses: downregulation of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation and apoptosis. In the skin, the generation of intracellular ceramide may also provide a link between an extracellular signal and the induction of the apoptosis programme for the elimination of damaged cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of ceramides capable of entering cells on cultured keratinocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human keratinocytes from neonatal skin were cultured in serum-free medium with or without increasing concentrations of ceramide 2 (CER-2; N-acetyl sphingosine) (5, 10, 20 and 40 micromol L-1). Proliferative effects were studied either by cell counts or by 3H-thymidine incorporation and flow cytometric analysis. Apoptosis was studied by TUNEL staining and Western blot analysis of Bcl-2 protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell counts and DNA synthesis were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following CER-2 treatment. TUNEL staining showed CER-2-induced apoptosis at 48, 72 and 96 h. Western blot analysis showed that CER-2 induces downregulation of Bcl-2 at 24-96 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that CER-2 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, possibly via a Bcl-2-dependent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy. anndinar@tin.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Nardo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benassi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magnoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cossarizza
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seidenari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannetti
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; C064769:N-acetylsphingosine; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013110:Sphingosine