title: An evaluation of botulinum-A toxin injections to improve upper extremity function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial, to test the hypothesis that botulinum-A toxin (BTA) injections into the upper extremity of children with spastic hemiplegia improve upper extremity function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty children with hemiplegia, aged 2.5 to 10 years, were randomly assigned to receive: (1) a BTA injection into 1 or more of 3 muscle groups (biceps, volar forearm muscles, adductor pollicis) plus occupational therapy or (2) occupational therapy alone. Blinded outcomes obtained at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months included the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST), goniometry measurements, grip strength, and Ashworth scores. The caregiver completed the self-care domain of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine subjects completed the study. The QUEST demonstrated a significant improvement favoring the treatment group on a 2-way analysis of variance (F = 4.69, df = 1,83; P =.039). BTA treatment was also associated with an improvement in score on the self-care domain of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (F = 4.68, df = 1,82; P =.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the effectiveness of BTA injections to improve upper extremity function of children with hemiplegia who have at least moderate spasticity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Bloorview MacMillan Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fehlings
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glazier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steele
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A