title: Proximal insertion of gubernaculum testis in normal human fetuses and in boys with cryptorchidism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determine how the proximal gubernaculum testis is attached to the testis and epididymis in human fetuses, and compare these data with findings in boys who had undergone surgery for cryptorchidism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 280 testes and epididymides with the gubernacula of 140 well preserved, fresh human fetuses ranging from 10 to 35 weeks after conception with no detectable congenital malformations and 36 undescended testes of 28 boys 2 to 15 years old (mean age 6.8) who had undergone surgery for cryptorchidism. In both groups the different conformations of the relationship among the proximal gubernaculum, testis and epididymis were classified according to a system used for patients with cryptorchidism. In group A the gubernaculum is attached to the testis and epididymis, in group B the gubernaculum is attached only to the testis with a tail disjunction epididymal anomaly, in group C the gubernaculum is attached only to the testis with total disjunction of the epididymis, in group D the gubernaculum is attached only to the epididymal tail and in group E there are no attachments among gubernaculum, testis and epididymis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 280 fetal testes studied 194 (69.2%) were in the abdomen, 38 (13. 57%) in the inguinal canal and 48 (17.14%) in the scrotum. There were 277 cases (98.9%) in group A and 3 (1.1%) in group B. Of the 36 undescended testes analyzed 2 (5.6%) were abdominal and 34 (94.4%) were inguinal. There were 26 cases (72.2%) in group A, 8 (22.2%) in group B and 2 in group D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In fetuses without congenital malformations or epididymal alterations, such as tail disjunction or elongated epididymis, the proximal portion of the gubernaculum was attached to the testis and epididymis in all cases. In undescended testes there was an increased incidence of paratesticular structure malformations accompanied by gubernacular attachment anomalies compared to the testes in normal fetuses.
authors.affiliation: Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Favorito
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Javaroni
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000196:embryology; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D004822:Epididymis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D005333:Fetus; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000196:embryology; D008297:Male; D012611:Scrotum / Q000196:embryology; D013737:Testis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology