title: Modulation of opioidergic system on mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several lines of evidence indicate that central opioid systems may be involved in the behavioral effects of nicotine. We previously reported that mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion can be evaluated using the conditioned place preference paradigm.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, modulation of opioidergic systems in mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically treated s.c. with 10 mg/kg/day (-)-nicotine tartrate using an osmotic minipump. After nicotine treatment for 7 days, conditioning sessions were performed. In the morning, the rats were treated with mecamylamine (0.3-3.0 mg/kg, s.c.), hexamethonium (1.0-3.0 mg/kg, s.c.), naloxone (0.1-1.7 mg/kg), or saline (1.0 ml/kg, s.c.) in one compartment for 60 min. In the evening of the same day, rats were treated with the other treatments and confined to the other compartment for 60 min. Rats were treated with morphine (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or TAN-67 (56.0 mg/kg, s.c.) 30 min prior to mecamylamine injection in the conditioning session. On the next day of conditioning, tests were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mecamylamine, which is known to pass the blood-brain barrier, produced a dose-dependent place aversion. However, hexamethonium, which fails to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, failed to produce a place aversion. Mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine and the highly selective delta-opioid receptor agonist TAN-67, which was administered 30 min before mecamylamine injection in the conditioning session. Moreover, naloxone at doses (0.1-1.7 mg/kg) that alone failed to show a place aversion in non-treated rats, produced a dose-dependent place aversion in rats that had been chronically treated with nicotine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that central opioid systems may be involved in nicotine-withdrawal aversion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ise
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D011804:Quinolines; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; C094142:TAN 67; D009270:Naloxone; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine