title: Sexually transmitted diseases in a family planning and an antenatal clinic in Peru: limitations of current practices and analysis of the use of potential markers, pH testing, and Whiff testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little data exist on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV, in family planning and antenatal clinics in Peru.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate (1) the prevalence of infection, (2) associated factors, (3) current clinical practices, and (4) the sensitivity of whiff and pH testing for STDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of 363 women from an antenatal (n = 259) and a family planning (n = 104) clinic in central Lima, Peru that included oral histories and physical examinations. Samples were collected for laboratory diagnosis of common STDs, including HIV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 10.8% of antenatal clinic patients and 15.4% of family planning clinic patients had an STD, but no HIV infection was found. The diagnostic sensitivity of health providers was low, especially for cervical infections (sensitivity, 0%). In addition, few factors were associated with cervical infections or trichomoniasis. In the family planning clinic, pH testing was 100% sensitive for trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. In both clinics, whiff testing was 84% sensitive and 47% specific for trichomoniasis and 88% sensitive and 53% specific for bacterial vaginosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of STDs was high and the sensitivity of current diagnostic practices was low. These results point to the need for simple diagnostic tools. Whiff and pH testing was found potentially useful for the diagnosis of vaginal infections. These simple tests should be implemented as screening tools.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vivar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calderon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006878:Hydroxides; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D006878:Hydroxides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C029943:potassium hydroxide