title: Blunt splenic injury in adults: Multi-institutional Study of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonoperative management of blunt injury to the spleen in adults has been applied with increasing frequency. However, the criteria for nonoperative management are controversial. The purpose of this multi-institutional study was to determine which factors predict successful observation of blunt splenic injury in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,488 adults (>15 years of age) with blunt splenic injury from 27 trauma centers in 1997 were studied through the Multi-institutional Trials Committee of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and extended chi2 test. Data are expressed as mean +/- SD; a value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 38.5 % of patients went directly to the operating room (group I); 61.5% of patients were admitted with planned nonoperative management. Of the patients admitted with planned observation, 10.8% failed and required laparotomy; 82.1% of patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) < 15 and 46.6% of patients with ISS > 15 were successfully observed. Frequency of immediate operation correlated with American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grades of splenic injury: I (23.9%), II (22.4%), III (38.1%), IV (73.7%), and V (94.9%) (p < 0.05). Of patients initially managed nonoperatively, the failure rate increased significantly by AAST grade of splenic injury: I (4.8%), II (9.5%), III (19.6%), IV (33.3%), and V (75.0%) (p < 0.05). A total of 60.9% of the patients failed nonoperative management within 24 hours of admission; 8% failed 9 days or later after injury. Laparotomy was ultimately performed in 19.9% of patients with small hemoperitoneum, 49.4% of patients with moderate hemoperitoneum, and 72.6% of patients with large hemoperitoneum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this multicenter study, 38.5% of adults with blunt splenic injury went directly to laparotomy. Ultimately, 54.8% of patients were successfully managed nonoperatively; the failure rate of planned observation was 10.8%, with 60.9% of failures occurring in the first 24 hours. Successful nonoperative management was associated with higher blood pressure and hematocrit, and less severe injury based on ISS, Glasgow Coma Scale, grade of splenic injury, and quantity of hemoperitoneum.
authors.affiliation: The Multi-Institutional Trials Committee of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Peitzman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heil
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Federle
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Harbrecht
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Croce
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Enderson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shatz
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ochoa
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fakhry
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Minei
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Luchette
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tinkoff
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Frykberg
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weireter
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013154:Spleen / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D013156:Splenectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*