title: Ophthalmic involvement in cranio-facial trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is a retrospective descriptive case study which will look into the spectrum of ophthalmic involvement in cases with orbital and eye injuries after cranio-facial trauma and to analyse the visual and motility outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and four cases with ophthalmic involvement after cranio-facial trauma that were referred to and seen in the eye department of a tertiary teaching hospital in Singapore between 1991-97 were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case records of 104 such patients were traced. The demographic data, the mode of injury, the type of fracture sustained and presence of serious eye injury were noted. The details about visual acuity, significant diplopia and enophthalmos at the first and last visits were charted. Presence of traumatic optic neuropathy including the type of treatment given was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a male preponderance (82%). The industrial accidents were 21%, only next to road traffic accidents, which constituted approximately 36.5%. The predominant types of fractures seen were blow-out orbital fractures, complex fractures comprising of Le-Fort II, III, panfacial and fronto-basilar skull fractures. Diplopia was the most common presenting feature (40%) with visual acuity disturbance (23% having <6/60) as the next most common finding. Traumatic optic neuropathy was seen in 20% of patients and serious eye injury was present in 9% of patients. The incidence of traumatic optic neuropathy was significantly higher (p<0.001) in patients with complex fractures and fronto-basilar fractures, as compared to the blow-out and zygomatico-maxillary fractures. Analysis of final results indicated 15% as having significant diplopia in one or more gazes and 12.5% as having a vision of <6/60.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diplopia and visual acuity disturbances seem to be the most common ophthalmic presentations in cranio-facial trauma. A significant number of patients suffer from poor vision and significant diplopia despite treatment.
authors.affiliation: Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore. ophvI4@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amrith
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000209:etiology; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology*