title: Postmenopausal hormone replacement improves proteinuria and impaired creatinine clearance in type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether hormone replacement therapy can reverse established renal microvascular damage in type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, single centre clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen diabetic and hypertensive postmenopausal women (age 47-57 years)
  
  
  METHODS
  Administration of a cyclic combination of oestradiol and norgestrel orally for 3.5 monthly cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the baseline values, mean (SD) 24-hour urine protein excretion was reduced from 0.452 g (0039) to 0.370 g (0.047) (P < 0.01) and creatinine clearance was increased from 1.68 mL/sec (0.11) to 1.77 mL/sec (0.08) (P < 0.05). Fasting plasma glucose also improved from 6.92 mmol/L (0.47) to 6.51 mmol/L (0.28) (P < 0.05), as did serum total cholesterol from 7.26 mmol/L (0.28) to 6.65 mmol/L (0.14) (P < 0.05). Blood pressure did not change significantly. Univariate linear regression analysis showed no significant correlation between the individual changes in blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose or serum cholesterol and the individual changes in proteinuria or creatinine clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that hormone replacement therapy may reduce proteinuria, and even improve creatinine clearance, in diabetic and hypertensive postmenopausal women. These effects are additive to nephroprotective therapy, and the mechanisms appear unrelated to conventional risk factors for vascular complications, such as high blood pressure, elevated plasma glucose or serum cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Szekacs
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vajo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varbiro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kakucs
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vaslaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Acs
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mucsi
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Brinton
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine