title: Connective tissue growth factor in human liver cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) belongs to a family of factors that regulate fibrogenesis and wound healing. While the significance of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in liver fibrosis is well established, the role of CTGF in fibrosing hepatopathy is still unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  CTGF was analyzed in 10 normal and in 16 cirrhotic liver tissue samples. Northern blot analysis was used to examine the concomitant expression of CTGF and TGF-beta1 mRNAs, and the cellular localization of CTGF mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization. For identification of myofibroblasts and activated hepatic stellate cells, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) immunohistochemistry was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Northern blot analysis showed 6.5-fold enhanced expression of CTGF mRNA and 7.8-fold enhanced expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA in liver cirrhosis in comparison with normal controls (p<0.01). By in situ hybridization, CTGF mRNA was detectable in only a few spindle cells in the portal tracts in normal liver samples. In contrast, there was strong expression of CTGF mRNA in fibroblasts and myofibroblast-like cells present in fibrous septa surrounding the cirrhotic nodules, in stellate cells, in endothelial cells and in mesenchymal cells around ductular proliferations, and in ductular epithelial cells. There was a strong correlation between CTGF mRNA and TGF-beta1 mRNA as well as the degree of fibrosis (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression of CTGF in liver cirrhosis, especially in fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and stellate cells, suggests that this novel factor may play an important role in hepatic fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abou-Shady
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: di Mola
authors.forename: X Z
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Büchler
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D006133:Growth Substances; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor