title: Interventions associated with minimal fontan mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The operative mortality rate for the first 400 Fontan procedures at this institution was 15% but declined to 4% for the next 100 procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cases of 100 consecutive patients receiving the Fontan procedure and associated with this change in mortality rate were reviewed to determine associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mortality rate in the first and second 50 patients was 16% and 0%, respectively. There were no differences in age, number of risk factors, diagnosis, or operating surgeon between the two groups. Patients in the lower-mortality era were significantly more likely to have had a cavopulmonary anastomosis before a Fontan procedure (90% versus 70%) and to have an extracardiac Fontan procedure (38% versus 8%), shorter cross-clamp (45+/-24 minutes versus 58+/-22 minutes) and cardiopulmonary bypass times (121+/-42 minutes versus 141+/-45 minutes), magnesium-rich cardioplegia (100% versus 39%), hemoconcentration after bypass (67% versus 4%), and institution of pharmacologic support in the operating room.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient characteristics and risk factors were similar in the two groups. However, several interventions that were increasingly utilized in the lower-mortality era, including the extracardiac Fontan procedure and modified ultrafiltration after bypass, are associated with lower mortality. Each one had the potential to improve postoperative myocardial function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. glen.vanarsdell@sickkids.on.ca
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Van Arsdell
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: McCrindle
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Einarson
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oag
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Caldarone
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000401:mortality*; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D009864:Ontario; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014462:Ultrafiltration