title: Pharmacological preconditioning with the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener pinacidil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) decreases infarct size after global or regional ischemia. Potassium channel openers also precondition but are subject to dose-limiting vasodilation. We compared the mechanical and electrophysiological effects of ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning in an isolated rabbit heart model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbit hearts were preconditioned with either 10 micromol/L pinacidil alone (P-), 10 micromol/L pinacidil with 10 micromol/L phenylephrine (P+), or two cycles of global ischemia and reperfusion (IPC) before 1 hour of LAD occlusion. Left ventricular pressure, epicardial monophasic action potential duration (APD) and coronary flow were monitored throughout. Infarct size was determined at the end of reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regional ischemia uniformly decreased APD (p<0.05). During reperfusion, APDs were prolonged beyond preischemic values in all preconditioned groups (p<0.05). P- and P+ reduced the incidence of fibrillation. P- significantly increased coronary flow (+15%, p = 0.001), whereas IPC and P+ did not. However, IPC and P- significantly decreased systolic function (p<0.05) but P+ did not. In addition, IPC depressed diastolic function (p<0.05) but P- and P+ did not. Infarct size was reduced by all methods (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pinacidil presents a safe and effective alternative to IPC for preserving the heart during regional ischemia. Its coronary vasodilatory effects are safely and effectively reversed by the addition of phenylephrine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital at Stony Brook and the State University of New York, 11794-8191, USA. saltman@surg.som.sunysb.edu
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Saltman
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Krukenkamp
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Gaudette
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horimoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levitsky
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D020110:Pinacidil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D020110:Pinacidil