title: Long term follow up of premature infants: detection of strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish recommendations for long term ophthalmological follow up of prematurely born infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  130 infants with a gestational age (GA) <37 weeks and born between 1 November 1989 and 31 October 1990 were enrolled in a prospective study about the development of strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors. Infants were subdivided in three groups according to GA: A <28 weeks (n=32), B >/=28-</=32 weeks (n=64), C >32-<37 weeks (n=34). Ophthalmological assessment took place at the postconceptional age of 32 weeks, at term and at 3, 6, 12, and 30 months post term. At the age of 5 years parents received a questionnaire and a majority of the children was examined again (n=99).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the age of 5 years 46 infants were known to have strabismus (n=29) and/or amblyopia (n=22) and/or refractive errors (n=22). Statistical analysis showed that gestational age, duration of supplementary oxygen, and duration of hospitalisation were important predictive variables for the development of strabismus, amblyopia, or refractive errors (SAR) at the age of 5 years (p<0.05). Infants with a GA </=32 weeks had a significantly higher risk of developing SAR than infants with a GA >32 weeks, who developed an incidence comparable with the normal population. Strabismus developed mainly in the first year of life and at the age of 5 years. Most infants with amblyopia were detected at the age of 2-3 years. Refractive errors were found in the first year of life and at the age of 2.5 and 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants with a GA <32 weeks should be selected for long term ophthalmological follow up. These infants should be screened at the age of 1 year, in the third year of life (preferably at 30 months), and just before school age (including testing of visual acuity with optotypes).
authors.affiliation: FC Donders Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands. N.Schalijdelfos@oogh.azu.nl
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Schalij-Delfos
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Treffers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Cats
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors