title: Spinal cord neuromodulation for voiding dysfunction.
abstract: A clear understanding of the pathophysiology and neurophysiologic effect of neuromodulation is lacking. Apparently there is a balance of efferent and afferent negative and positive feedback loops that are augmented by external electrical stimulation. This effect may be dramatic even in patients who have have not benefited from virtually every other form of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1089, USA. josephcosta@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kreder
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*