title: Broad-spectrum sunscreens offer protection against urocanic acid photoisomerization by artificial ultraviolet radiation in human skin.
abstract: Cis-urocanic acid (UCA) has been indicated as an important mediator of ultraviolet (UV)-induced immunosuppression. In this study we describe a rapid, noninvasive method for the determination of the protective capacity of various sunscreens against the UV-induced isomerization of trans-UCA into its cis form. For this purpose we applied sunscreens prior to in vivo exposure of human volunteers with single or repeated broadband UVB irradiations of 100 mJ per cm2. We found significant but different levels of protection against UCA photoisomerization by all sunscreens that correlated with the sun protection factor. A comparison of various sunscreens with a sun protection factor of 10, showed that the best protection was offered by the sunscreens (containing organic UV filters or TiO2) with broad absorption spectra. The ability to inhibit cis-UCA formation was not influenced by the penetration characteristics of sunscreens, as determined by application of the sunscreen on quartz glass that was placed on the skin, preventing penetration of sunscreen in the skin. In addition ex vivo UV exposure of human skin was employed to permit other tests of immunomodulation, in this case the mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction. The advantage of this ex vivo method is that there is no need to take biopsies from volunteers. Ex vivo irradiation of human skin with a single dose of 200 mJ per cm2 resulted in similar protection by the sunscreens against cis-UCA formation as in the in vivo system. Furthermore, the mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction data correlated with the cis-UCA findings. We conclude that UCA isomerization is an excellent method to determine sunscreen efficacy and that broad-spectrum sunscreens offer good immunoprotection.
authors.affiliation: Center for Electron Microscopy, Departments of Dermatology and Immunohaematology and Bloodbank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. R.G.van_der_Molen@lumc.nl
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: van der Molen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Out-Luiting
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Driller
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Claas
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Koerten
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mommaas
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007536:Isomerism; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014560:Urocanic Acid / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D014560:Urocanic Acid