title: Quantitative assessment of cell adhesion molecule gene expression in endomyocardial biopsy specimens from cardiac transplant recipients using competitive polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium is an early step in cardiac allograft rejection leading to migration of lymphocytes into parenchymal tissues. Cell adhesion molecule (CAM) protein expression appears to increase as a result of rejection. The relationship of CAM gene expression to rejection is less well defined. The goal of this study was to define cell adhesion molecule gene expression in relation to the presence of acute cellular rejection in endomyocardial biopsies from cardiac transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  To quantitatively assess intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin gene expression, we developed a competitive PCR system using nonhomologous DNA fragments (MIMICs) with complementary sequences to CAM gene-specific primers as internal standards. MIMIC fragments with known concentrations were mixed in serial dilutions with constant amounts of cDNA from the biopsy specimens and amplified with common primers under the same polymerase chain reaction conditions. The relative CAM cDNA concentrations were determined by comparing the density of MIMIC to target cDNA bands on agarose gel. ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin mRNA concentrations were analyzed from 38 cardiac transplant biopsies divided into 3 groups according to ISHLT rejection grade: group 1-grade 0 (n=13); group 2-grade 1A or 1B (n=13); group 3-grade 3A (n=12). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (a constitutive gene) was quantified in the same way as CAMs to normalize the relative levels of CAMs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results expressed as mean (1x10(-3) pM) (+/-SEM) in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were: ICAM-1; 5+/-1; 57+/-4*; 64+/-13*, VCAM-1; 0.8+/-0.1; 6+/-1**; 9+/-1*, E-selectin; 0.4+/-0.2; 0.8+/-0.2; 0.4+/-0.1 (*P<0.001 versus group 1; **P<0.01 versus group 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression was increased during rejection in endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Competitive polymerase chain reaction can be used to quantitatively assess gene expression in biopsy specimens from patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kelemen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001483:Base Sequence; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000235:genetics; D004699:Endocardium / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics; D009206:Myocardium / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D017931:DNA Primers; D019040:E-Selectin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1