title: How effective is syndromic management of STDs?: A review of current studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of the accuracy of syndromic management have demonstrated widely varying results depending upon gender, location of infection, risk group, organisms, among other factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review current knowledge about syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and to make recommendations about the strengths and weaknesses of different syndromic management algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors identified articles and abstracts about the syndromic management of STDs. Evaluation of the effectiveness of algorithms for urethral discharge, genital ulcer disease, and vaginal discharge was based primarily on published sensitivity and specificity data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease in men had high sensitivities or cure rates (urethral discharge, 87-99%; genital ulcer disease, 68-98%). The sensitivities for the algorithms for vaginal discharge ranged from 73% to 93% among women presenting with symptoms of vaginal discharge, and from 29% to 86% among women not presenting with symptoms. Vaginal discharge was not found to be an effective indicator of cervical infection and, therefore, is not an independently effective screening tool to detect women with cervical infection, especially in low-risk or asymptomatic populations. Incorporating risk scores can improve the accuracy of algorithms to detect cervical infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Algorithms for urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease can be effective in STDs. The current algorithms for vaginal discharge are not highly effective in detecting gonorrhea and chlamydia in women; risk scores can improve their efficacy, but must be tailored to reflect community risks. Without attention to the qualitative aspects of STD syndromic management, these methods will likely have even less accuracy than the studies reviewed above. There remains an urgent need for the development of an affordable, rapid, and effective diagnostic technique that will improve STD detection in resource-poor settings.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94729-7360, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pettifor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raghunathan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000175:diagnosis; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D013577:Syndrome; D014456:Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis; D019522:Vaginal Discharge / Q000175:diagnosis