title: The influence of maternal drinking and drug use on the quality of the home environment of school-aged children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many studies have examined the development of children of male alcoholics, few studies have considered substance use by the female caregiver. This study evaluated the relationship between substance use by female caregivers and factors that affect the child-rearing environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 480 inner-city African-American women were recruited during pregnancy for a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal alcohol use and substance use by caregivers on the development of their children. All women were screened for alcohol consumption at their first prenatal visit to a large urban maternity hospital. Those who averaged seven or more drinks per week (0.5 oz absolute alcohol per day) at the time of conception were invited to participate in the study, as was a 5% random sample of lighter drinkers and abstainers. At the 7.5-year follow-up assessment, the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption and drug use, as well as several measures of the child-rearing environment, were assessed for 231 of the caregivers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current alcohol use was uncorrelated with standard demographic factors, such as socioeconomic status, but was related to poorer family functioning, lower quality of parental intellectual stimulation, and higher levels of domestic violence. There were independent effects of illicit drug use on family environment, domestic violence, and caregiver depression. History of drinking during pregnancy, however, was not related to the current child-rearing environment. Poorer parental functioning generally was found only among the caregivers who currently drank both heavily (six or more drinks/occasion) and frequently (three or more days/week). After controlling for lifetime alcohol problems, current drinking still predicted a less cohesive and organized family environment and higher levels of domestic violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current heavy, frequent drinking in this relatively homogenous, economically disadvantaged sample was unrelated to demographics and seemed to have an important negative impact on the quality of the child-rearing environment, whereas drinking during pregnancy was unrelated to the current child-rearing environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA. jjester@umich.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jester
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Tuttle
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing; D003863:Depression; D017579:Domestic Violence; D004522:Educational Status; D004777:Environment; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders