title: Influence of monopoly privatization and market liberalization on smoking prevalence in Japan: trends of smoking prevalence in Japan in 1975-1995.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Japan, smoking prevalence in males has been among the highest among industrialized countries, while the prevalence in females has remained relatively low. There have been long-term declining trends since the early 1970s. In the mid-1980s, the public tobacco monopoly was privatized and the tobacco market was liberalized in Japan. This study examines whether the trends in smoking prevalence changed at the time of these market changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking prevalence data, tabulated by age group and sex, were plotted over the period 1975-95. Trends of smoking prevalence were then analyzed by using linear regressions, and their changes at the time of monopoly privatization and market liberalization were examined by Chow tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trends in smoking prevalence changed at the time of the monopoly privatization and trade liberalization in both males and females, except for the males in their twenties and thirties. Rates of decline in smoking prevalence diminished in many age groups and prevalence for younger females started to increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Market changes, that result from the privatization of a public tobacco monopoly and trade liberalization, may adversely affect smoking prevalence in many age groups and in both sexes, unless effective countermeasures are taken.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. hsato@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D017149:Private Sector; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000639:trends*; D019460:Tobacco Industry