title: Modulation of morphine sensitization in the rat by contextual stimuli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The repeated administration of addictive drugs, such as amphetamine, cocaine, and morphine, produces a progressive enhancement (sensitization) of their psychomotor activating effects. We have previously shown that administration of amphetamine or cocaine in a distinct test environment promotes more robust psychomotor sensitization than if they are given at home. No information is available, however, on whether this environmental manipulation has a similar effect on sensitization to morphine, a drug that enhances dopamine (DA) release in the striatum indirectly by disinhibiting midbrain DA neurons.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main goal of present study was to determine whether exposure to a distinct environmental context facilitates morphine sensitization.
  
  
  METHODS
  As an index of psychomotor activation, we used rotational behavior in rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the mesostriatal DA system. There are inconsistencies in the literature regarding the ability of morphine to elicit rotational behavior. Therefore, in experiment 1 we determined the effect of 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 mg/kg, IP, of morphine on rotational behavior. In experiment 2, we studied the effect of five consecutive IV infusions of saline or morphine (2.0 mg/kg) in rats treated either in their home cage or in a distinct and relatively novel test environment. After 5 days of withdrawal, all rats received an IV infusion of 2.0 mg/kg morphine (Morphine challenge). The following day all rats received an IV infusion of saline (Saline challenge).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine produced a dose-dependent increase in rotational behavior. Environmental novelty enhanced both the acute psychomotor response to morphine and its ability to induce psychomotor sensitization. Furthermore, a conditioned rotational response was seen only in animals treated in the novel environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental novelty can facilitate the development of sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects of major addictive drugs, such as amphetamine, cocaine, and morphine.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Biopsychology Programs, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. badiani@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badiani
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016627:Oxidopamine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D013563:Sympathectomy, Chemical
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D016627:Oxidopamine