title: Accuracy of three-dimensional echocardiography with unrestricted selection of imaging planes for measurement of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate, reproducible, noninvasive determination of left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF) is important for clinical assessment, risk stratification, selection of therapy, and serial monitoring of patients with cardiovascular disease. Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) approaches have demonstrated significantly greater accuracy than current clinical 2DE, but the clinical utility of 3DE has been limited because of the need for substantial modifications to scanning technique (eg, all image acquisition from a single acoustic window) or cumbersome additional hardware. We describe a novel 3DE system without these limitations and its application to patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients were examined by 3DE, 2DE, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The 3DE system used a magnetic scanhead tracking device, and volumes were computed with a novel deformable shell model. End-diastolic volumes and EF by MRI ranged from 96 to 375 mL and 18% to 73%, respectively. There was excellent correlation, without statistically significant differences, between MRI and 3DE for end-systolic volume (ESV) (r(2) = 0.99) and end-diastolic volume (EDV) (r(2) = 0.98), ventricular stroke volume (SV) (r(2) = 0.93), and EF (r(2) = 0.97), with standard error estimates less than 10 mL for volumes and 3% for EF. Conventional 2DE consistently underestimated volumes (EDV, P <.01; ESV, P <.01; SV, P <.05); correlations with MRI were r(2) = 0.91 for ESV, r(2) = 0.88 for EDV, r(2) = 0.62 for SV, and r(2) = 0.72 for EF. Standard error estimates ranged from 16 to 20 mL for ventricular volumes and 9% for EF. Interobserver variability was reduced 3-fold with use of 3DE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel 3DE system allows unrestricted selection and combination of acoustic windows in a single examination, improves accuracy of estimates of LV volumes and EF 3-fold compared with 2DE, and is practical for routine clinical assessment of LV size and function in patients with a wide range of cardiac pathology.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Charles A. Dana Research Institute and the Harvard-Thorndike Laboratory of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hibberd
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Beaudin
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fearnside
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*