title: Relationships between body mass, motor output and flight variables during free flight of juvenile and mature adult locusts, Schistocerca gregaria.
abstract: Little information is available about how the adult locust flight system manages to match the aerodynamic demands that result from an increase in body mass during postmoult maturation. In Schistocerca gregaria of both sexes, flight variables, including flight speed, ascent angle and body angle, were investigated under closed-loop conditions (i.e. during free flight) as a function of adult maturation. Motor patterns were examined by telemetric electromyography in juvenile and adult mature animals of both sexes. Functional relationships between particular flight variables were investigated by additional loading of the animals and by reductions in wing area. The results indicate that an increase in flight speed as the flight system matures enables it to match the aerodynamic demands resulting from increases in body mass. Furthermore, the data suggest that this postmoult increase in flight speed is not simply a consequence of the increase in wingbeat frequency observed during maturation. The instantaneous body angle during flight is controlled mainly by aerodynamic output from the wings. In addition, the mean body angle decreases during maturation in both sexes, and this may play an important part in the directional control of the resultant flight force vector.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Bute Medical Building, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, Scotland. hf4@st-andrews.ac.uk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kutsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D006110:Grasshoppers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology