title: [Guideline for the diagnosis of postmenopausal bleeding. PMPB Working Group of the SGGG].
abstract: 2.1. History and clinical-gynecological investigation including a Pap smear are the first step in the clarification. The history should make sure if there is in fact bleeding from the genital and not from the urological or the intestinal region. Drug intake should be recorded, and risk factors for the development of endometrial carcinoma should be considered. This will not affect further investigation. The clinical-gynecological investigation should prove the source of postmenopausal bleeding according to the anatomical site--uterine, infra-, or suprauterine. The causes of infrauterine bleeding may easily be diagnosed by means of inspection of the external genitalia and further by using a speculum. The causes of uterine bleeding are of major importance. Cytology and colposcopy, supported by bimanual investigation, exclude cervical carcinoma as a cause of bleeding. Atypical endometrial cells on the cytological smear arouse suspicion of endometrial carcinoma. 2.2. Transvaginal sonography (TVS) is the next step if the above-mentioned investigations are negative. Both adnexa should always be investigated and the findings sonographically documented, so that solid cystic masses in the adnexal area can be better identified as suprauterine causes of postmenopausal bleeding. Then the uterus should be investigated. Further procedures are decided from the results of measurement of the longitudinal section of the endometrium at the level of maximum endometrial thickness. If the endometrial thickness is _<4 mm, an observant attitude can be assumed. After 3 months the patient should be controlled against using TVS. If bleeding recurs or the endometrial thickness is >4 mm on TVS, the procedure given in subparagraph 2.3 should be followed. In case the endometrial thickness is >4mm or not measurable, a histomorphological investigation according to subparagraph 2.3 should be performed. In such cases, saline infusion sonohysterography(SIS) is useful as a simple method to supplement TVS. It can aid in the decision making as to which further, more invasive measures should be taken (endometrial biopsy/hysteroscopic resection). Computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are, as a rule, not indicated in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. 2.3. A definite diagnosis is possible only on the basis of a histological investigation. If TVS or SS show evidence of a polypoid state, removal under hysteroscopic control is the diagnostic method of choice. In cases of symmetrical or asymmetrical thickening of the endometrium on SIS, a less invasive biopsy may be sufficient. If the biopsy specimen does not yield representative diagnostic material, one should proceed as described above. A fractionated curettage should as a rule not be performed solely, but in combination with hysteroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Arbeitsgruppe PMPB der SGGG (Präsident: Dr. Lucio Bronz), Ospedale Regionale Bellinzona e Valli, CH-6500 Bellinzona (Schweiz).
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bronz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dreher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almendral
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003127:Colposcopy; D003475:Curettage; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000150:complications; D008593:Menopause; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D014626:Vaginal Smears