Are medical ethicists out of touch? Practitioner attitudes in the US and UK towards decisions at the end of life.
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether UK and US health care professionals share the views of medical ethicists about medical futility, withdrawing/withholding treatment, ordinary/extraordinary interventions, and the doctrine of double effect.


METHODS
A 138-item attitudinal questionnaire completed by 469 UK nurses studying the Open University course on "Death and Dying" was compared with a similar questionnaire administered to 759 US nurses and 687 US doctors taking the Hastings Center course on "Decisions near the End of Life".


RESULTS
Practitioners accept the relevance of concepts widely disparaged by bioethicists: double effect, medical futility, and the distinctions between heroic/ordinary interventions and withholding/withdrawing treatment. Within the UK nurses' group a "rationalist" axis of respondents who describe themselves as having "no religion" are closer to the bioethics consensus on withholding and withdrawing treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Professionals' beliefs differ substantially from the recommendations of their professional bodies and from majority opinion in bioethics. Bioethicists should be cautious about assuming that their opinions will be readily accepted by practitioners.
Dickenson
D L
DL
Imperial College School of Medicine, London.
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003657:Decision Making; D034723:Double Effect Principle; D026822:Ethicists; D004989:Ethics; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005065:Euthanasia; D028601:Euthanasia, Active; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D038622:Internationality; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018447:Medical Futility; D009014:Morals; D009042:Motivation; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012945:Social Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000592:standards*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D028761:Withholding Treatment