title: Correlation of in vivo and in vitro functions of fresh and stored human platelets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term storage of human platelets has been hindered by the loss of function of the platelets stored under current protocols. Novel preservation methods have encouraged examination of platelet function of cells preserved by cooling and freezing. The function of the platelets was assessed by using both in vitro assays and an in vivo rabbit bleeding model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human platelets were stored in the presence or absence of 2 microM: cytochalasin B and 80 microM: EGTA/AM at 4 degrees C for 14 days or by freezing in the presence or absence of 5 percent DMSO. After the storage period, the platelets were resuspended in normal saline and infused into rabbits. Platelet function was assessed in vivo in a kidney bleeding model and in vitro by platelet-induced clot retraction and by platelet aggregation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Platelets stored at either 4 degrees C or -145 degrees C exhibited shorter survival times in the rabbit circulation than did fresh platelets. Platelets cooled to 4 degrees C, in both the presence or absence of cytochalasin B and EGTA/AM treatment, or frozen in the absence of DMSO were not effective in halting bleeding. However, frozen DMSO-treated platelets were as effective as fresh platelets in stopping bleeding. In vitro assays showed that cooled platelets treated with cytochalasin B and egtazic acid/AM and frozen DMSO-treated platelets retained 30 to 40 percent platelet function, while the cooled and frozen control samples exhibited no platelet-induced clot retraction. With thrombin as the agonist, only frozen DMSO-treated platelets exhibited a tendency to aggregate, although at only 22 percent of the aggregation function of fresh platelets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to freeze platelets and retain in vivo efficacy if the cryopreservative DMSO is included in the preparation. In vitro responses were greatly reduced by all of the storage protocols, but it may not be necessary to retain 100 percent in vitro function to have a platelet substitute or storage product that functions satisfactorily in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Resuscitative Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA. stephen.rothwell@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maglasang
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorogias
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krishnamurti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D001793:Blood Preservation; D002470:Cell Survival; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D019007:P-Selectin