Overweight and obesity in preschool children from developing countries.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate levels and trends in overweight and obesity in preschool children from developing countries; to study how overweight varies by the educational level of the mother, by urban or rural residence, and by gender; to investigate how these relationships are related to the gross national product (GNP).


METHODS
71 national nutrition surveys since 1986 from 50 countries were used.


METHODS
150,482 children 12 to 60 months from the most recent survey from each country were the primary sample.


METHODS
Overweight and obesity were defined as weight-for-height (>1 or >2 s.d., respectively) of the WHO/NCHS reference curves. Stunting was <-2 s.d. of the same reference. Urban was as defined in each of the surveys and higher education was defined as at least one year of secondary schooling or higher.


RESULTS
32 of 50 countries had a prevalence of obesity below 2.3%, the value in the reference population. The prevalences of overweight and obesity were lowest in Asia and in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 17 countries with serial data, no consistent regional trends could be detected. Overweight was more common in urban areas, in children of mothers with higher education, and in girls; these relationships did not differ by GNP but GNP was related negatively to stunting and positively to overweight.


CONCLUSIONS
Obesity does not appear to be a public health problem among preschool children in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In a number of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and the region of Central Eastern Europe/Commonwealth of Independent States, levels are as high as in the United States.
Martorell
R
R
Department of International Health, The Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. rmart77@sph.emory.edu
Kettel Khan
L
L
Hughes
M L
ML
Grummer-Strawn
L M
LM
D002669:Child Welfare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors