title: Behavioral interactions caused by combined administration of morphine and MK-801 in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The NMDA antagonist MK-801 reportedly blocks experience-dependent changes in sensitivity to morphine, including tolerance to its analgesic actions and sensitization to its locomotor-stimulating effects. However, evidence in the existing literature suggests that some of MK-801's effects are additive (or synergistic) with those of morphine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Experiments were conducted to characterize the effects of acute and repeated administration of the combination of MK-801 and morphine on analgesia, locomotor activity, and drug discrimination in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In each experiment, rats were first tested repeatedly after treatment with the combination of MK-801 and morphine, and then after treatment with either drug alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analgesic effects of MK-801 combined with morphine were greater than those of morphine alone, but tolerance to the combination of drugs developed at a similar rate as to morphine alone. The locomotor-stimulating effects of MK-801 combined with morphine were also greater than those of either drug alone, and locomotor sensitization developed to the combination of drugs but not to either drug alone at the low doses used. Rats learned to discriminate a combination of MK-801 and morphine from vehicle as quickly as they learned to discriminate morphine alone from vehicle, but those trained with the combination of MK-801 and morphine responded primarily at the vehicle-appropriate lever when given either drug alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since behavioral adaptations readily occur in the presence of MK-801, it appears that NMDA antagonists fail to invariably block the cellular plasticity that underlies such adaptations. Rather, the expression of adaptations in drug sensitivity appears related, at least in part, to the continued presence of the discriminative stimulus cues that are present during conditioning. Although NMDA receptors are important for some forms of cellular plasticity, the present studies illustrate the difficulty in interpreting behavioral studies in which MK-801 is given with morphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. carlezon@mclean.harvard.edu
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Carlezon
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kosten
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nestler
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001971:Bromocriptine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003463:Cues; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012201:Reward
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D001971:Bromocriptine; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D009020:Morphine