title: Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2-dependent prostacyclin formation in patients with atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The formation of prostacyclin (PGI(2)), thromboxane (TX) A(2), and isoprostanes is markedly enhanced in atherosclerosis. We examined the relative contribution of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 to the generation of these eicosanoids in patients with atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population consisted of 42 patients with atherosclerosis who were undergoing surgical revascularization. COX-2 mRNA was detected in areas of atherosclerosis but not in normal blood vessel walls, and there was evidence of COX-1 induction. The use of immunohistochemical studies localized the COX-2 to proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Twenty-four patients who did not previously receive aspirin were randomized to receive either no treatment or nimesulide at 24 hours before surgery and then for 3 days. Eighteen patients who were receiving aspirin were continued on a protocol of either aspirin alone or a combination of aspirin and nimesulide. Urinary levels of 11-dehydro-TXB(2) and 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF(1alpha), metabolites of TXA(2) and PGI(2), respectively, were elevated in patients with atherosclerosis compared with normal subjects (3211+/-533 versus 679+/-63 pg/mg creatinine, P<0.001; 594+/-156 versus 130+/-22 pg/mg creatinine, P<0.05, respectively), as was the level of the isoprostane 8-iso-PGF(2alpha). Nimesulide reduced 2, 3-dinor-6-keto-PGF(1alpha) excretion by 46+/-5% (378.3+/-103 to 167+/-37 pg/mg creatinine, P<0.01) preoperatively and blunted the increase after surgery. Nimesulide had no significant effect on 11-dehydro-TXB(2) before (2678+/-694 to 2110+/-282 pg/mg creatinine) or after surgery. The levels of both products were lower in patients who were taking aspirin, and no further reduction was seen with the addition of nimesulide. None of the treatments influenced urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) excretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both COX-1 and -2 are expressed and contribute to the increase in PGI(2) in patients with atherosclerosis, whereas TXA(2) is generated by COX-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St Stephens Green, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Belton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leahy
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000601:surgery; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013928:Thromboxane A2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D013928:Thromboxane A2; D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; C028290:2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha; C049235:11-dehydro-thromboxane B2; D015237:Dinoprost; D011464:Epoprostenol; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D001241:Aspirin; C012655:nimesulide