title: Validity of residents' self-reported cardiovascular disease prevention activities: the Preventive Medicine Attitudes and Activities Questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article describes the development, reliability, and validity of three cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention subscales-CVD prevention behaviors, perceived importance, and perceived effectiveness-of the Preventive Medicine Attitudes and Activities Questionnaire (PMAAQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  The PMAAQ was administered three times to University of Minnesota family practice residents (178) over 2 years (91% response rate). Stability measures were calculated, and validity was demonstrated in four ways: content validity through an expert panel; calculation of internal consistency reliabilities; demonstration of divergent validity; and external validation via a separate chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High internal consistency reliabilities among the subscales were seen (Cronbach's alpha = 0.77 to 0.92). Divergent validity was verified by low intercorrelations among the subscales (r = -0.23 to 0.27). Two-month test-retest scores ranged from Cronbach's alpha = 0.47 to 0.64. Significant correlations were seen between the chart review scale and both the CVD behaviors subscale and the PMAAQ smoking scale (r = 0.25 and 0.36, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that the PMAAQ can validly and reliably measure residents' CVD prevention behaviors and provide insight into their preventive health care attitudes. Further, the independence among the subscales suggests that importance and effectiveness by themselves do not affect behavior and that other factors are likely to be important in influencing physician behavior change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeazel
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Center
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008019:Life Style; D008485:Medical Audit; D008910:Minnesota; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D010819:Physician's Role; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*