title: Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy for pain control in patients with unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intractable pain is the most distressing symptom in patients suffering from unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Palliative interventions are justified to relieve the clinical symptoms with as little interference as possible in the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy for pain control in patients with unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1995 and April 1998, 24 patients (14 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 65 years (range, 30-85) suffering from intractable pain due to unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas underwent 35 thoracoscopic splanchnicectomies. All patients were opiate-dependent and unable to perform normal daily activities. Subjective evaluation of pain was measured before and after the procedure by a visual analogue score. The following parameters were also evaluated: procedure-related morbidity and mortality, operative time, and length of hospital stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All procedures were completed thoracoscopically, and no intraoperative complications occurred. The mean operative time was 58+/-22 min for unilateral left splanchnicectomy and 93.5+/-15.6 min for bilateral splanchnicectomies. The median value of preoperative pain intensity reported by patients on a visual analogue score was 8.5 (range, 8-10). Postoperatively, pain was totally relieved in all patients, as measured by reduced analgesic use. However, four patients experienced intercostal pain after bilateral procedures, even though their abdominal pain had disappeared. Complete pain relief until death was achieved in 20 patients (84%). Morbidity consisted of persistent pleural effusion in one patient and residual pneumothorax in another. The mean hospital stay was 3 days (range, 2-5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy to be a safe and effective procedure of treating malignant intractable pancreatic pain. It eliminates the need for progressive doses of analgesics, with their side effects, and allows recovery of daily activity. The efficacy of this procedure is of major importance since life expectancy in these patients is very short.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saenz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuriansky
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Astudillo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabtai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Cruz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010166:Palliative Care; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D011788:Quality of Life; D013153:Splanchnic Nerves / Q000601:surgery*; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods