title: Outbreak of typhoid fever on the French Riviera.
abstract: A case-control study was conducted to establish the source of a community outbreak of typhoid fever in Utelle, France, a village located in the Alpes-Maritimes district of the French Riviera. Thirteen confirmed cases of typhoid fever and 41 confirmed community controls were included in the study. Cases and controls did not differ regarding ingestion of water. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified consumption of pork meats during a village festival as the only statistically significant risk factor for typhoid fever after adjusting for age and sex (odds ratio, 76.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.5-1660). Assessment of food-handling procedures at the inn where the food had been prepared showed that the refrigeration and cooking facilities were inadequate to maintain a proper sanitary environment during the preparation of a meal for 350 people. Although the exact cause of the epidemic could not be confirmed, food contaminated by a chronic typhi carrier is the most plausible hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Fédération des Maladies Transmissibles, Hôpital l'Archet, Nice, France. episud@mail.azur.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pradier
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Keita-Perse
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gisbert
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vezolles
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armengaud
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carles
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grimont
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Desenclos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dellamonica
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission