title: Pads and flexion creases on the plantar surface of hammertoe mutant mouse (Hm).
abstract: The purpose of the present work was to determine the effects of the hereditary malformation of Hammertoe mutant mice (gene symbol Hm) on the surrounding morphological structures and, specifically, on the volar pads, i.e., the sites of the epidermal ridge patterns (dermatoglyphics). The hindlimbs of the wild-type (+/+) Hammertoe mice show no anomalies and their major pad and flexion crease configurations correspond to those of normal mice. The heterozygous (Hm/+) and homozygous (Hm/Hm) mice display a fusion of the interdigital tissues involving all digits with the exception of digit I. In Hm/Hm mice, this webbing extends to the distal phalanx and the markedly flexed digits form a shape resembling a hammer. In Hm/+ mice, the interdigital webbing does not extend as far and the digits show moderate flexion compared to those of Hm/Hm mice. Both Hm/Hm and Hm/+ have a rudimentary extra digit in the postaxial area of the hindlimbs. The ventral volar skin of the flexed digits is incompletely developed. The more posterior digits show the more severe camptodactyly. These aberrant configurations are related to the abnormal occurrence of the programmed cell death (PCD) in the interdigital zones II-IV and the proximal part of the postaxial margin during hindlimb development. They are limited to the pads on the plantar surface of the postaxial area; the preaxial area is not affected. As a result of a severe camptodactyly of digit V, its volar skin is shifted into the distal portion of the hypothenar area. This shifting affects the number, size, and location of the pads, especially of the hypothenar pad, resulting in varying pad configurations, such as a displacement of the distal and proximal components of the hypothenar pad, or a fusion of the two components of the hypothenar pad, leading to a reduced final pad number. These pad modifications are induced by the postaxial plantar surface shifting proximally and are not affected by the presence of an extra rudimentary digit. The pad modifications in Hammertoe mice with webbed digits and postaxial polydactyly resemble closely those of the previously studied mice with genetic preaxial polydactyly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. kimura@anat1.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terashima
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schaumann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D005530:Foot Deformities / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006579:Heterozygote; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000473:pathology*; D006720:Homozygote; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology