title: Influence of retrieval conditions on renal medulla injury: evaluation by proton NMR spectroscopy in an isolated perfused pig kidney model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed graft function (DGF) has remained an important complication after renal transplantation. The exact causes of DGF remain to be clarified, particularly the impact of retrieval conditions and preservation factors. In the present investigation, (1)HNMR spectroscopy of urine was assessed in order to detect the influence of retrieval condition on renal medulla damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The isolated perfused pig kidney (IPK) was used to assess initial renal function from multiorgan donors (MOD) or single organ donors (SOD) after in situ cold flush and 24-h cold storage (CS) preservation with two standard preservation solutions: Euro-Collins (EC) and University of Wisconsin (UW) solutions. Kidneys flushed with cold heparinized saline and immediately perfused were used as the control group. Kidneys were perfused for 90 min at 37.5 degrees C for functional evaluation. During reperfusion, renal perfusion flow rate (PF) was measured. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tubular reabsorption of Na(+), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretions were determined. Ischemia-reperfusion impairment was also determined by histological techniques and (1)HNMR spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PF, GFR, and tubular reabsorption of Na(+) were significantly decreased in experimental groups when compared to the control group but there was no significant difference between experimental SOD groups. GFR was significantly greater in UW-MOD than in EC-MOD and tubular reabsorption of Na(+) was significantly greater in UW-MOD than in EC-MOD after 45 min of reperfusion. The release of LDH in the effluent and the urinary excretion of NAG were not significantly different after 24-h CS in the various experimental groups. The most relevant resonances determined by (1)HNMR spectroscopy were citrate, trimethylamine-N-oxide, lactate, acetate, and amino acids. Excretion of these markers was significantly different when compared to biochemical markers. A resonance (P) detected particularly in EC-MOD after 24-h CS was identified and well correlated to renal dysfunction. Histological study showed that ultrastructural damage and mitochondrial injury were more pronounced in the EC-MOD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that retrieval condition influences renal medullary damage. NMR spectroscopy, which is a noninvasive and nondestructive technique, is more efficient in assessing renal damage than conventional histology and biochemical analysis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Transplantation Expérimentale, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Domaine du Magneraud, Surgères, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hauet
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gibelin
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Richer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eugene
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carretier
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007679:Kidney Medulla / Q000473:pathology*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009926:Organ Preservation; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D010477:Perfusion; D011887:Raffinose / Q000494:pharmacology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology; D013552:Swine; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; D000493:Allopurinol; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase; D005978:Glutathione; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose