title: Identification of Mycobacterium avium DNA sequences that encode exported proteins by using phoA gene fusions.
abstract: METHODS
  Mycobacterium avium is the major cause of disseminated infection in patients with late stage AIDS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In order to identify M. avium genes that may be involved in bacterial uptake and intracellular survival, a phoA -based reporter system was used to identify genes that encoded surface-expressed or exported proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  PhoA (alkaline phosphatase) is only active if the protein is exported across the cell membrane into the periplasm. Consequently, detectable PhoA activity requires the fusion of a promoterless phoA gene with a DNA fragment containing a functional promoter and export leader sequence. A M. avium promoter library was constructed in the phoA reporter plasmid pJEM11 and screened in M. smegmatis for expression of active PhoA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 100 independent PhoA(+)recombinants were isolated, of which 15 were sequenced. Most of these exhibited varying degrees of homology with published M. avium, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. leprae sequences. Based on sequence homology, one M. avium sequence was identified as a homologue of the M. tuberculosis phosphate transport gene phoS2 (Ag88). Another M. avium sequence was homolog with a putative M. tuberculosis cutinase gene. Both of these M. avium genes were cloned and sequenced. Several other M. avium sequences were homologous with, as yet, unidentified M. tuberculosis genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PhoA fusion technology is applicable to the study of atypical slow growing mycobacteria. Most of the M. avium exported proteins identified in this study are highly homologous with genes from M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. In addition, parallels in gene organization were identified between M. avium and members of the M. tuberculosis complex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA. carrolld@acs.bu.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Remold
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Arbeit
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009162:Mycobacterium avium / Q000235:genetics*; D009166:Mycobacterium leprae / Q000235:genetics; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase