title: The power-velocity integral at the vena contracta: A new method for direct quantification of regurgitant volume flow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Noninvasive quantification of regurgitation is limited because Doppler measures velocity, not flow. Because backscattered Doppler power is proportional to sonified blood volume, power times velocity should be proportional to flow rate. Early studies, however, suggested that this held only for laminar flow, not for regurgitant jets, in which turbulence and fluid entrainment augment scatter. We therefore hypothesized that this Doppler power principle can be applied at the proximal vena contracta, where flow is laminar before entrainment, so that the power-times-velocity integral should vary linearly with flow rate and its time integral with stroke volume (SV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  This was tested in vitro with steady and pulsatile flow through 0.07- to 0.8-cm(2) orifices and in 36 hemodynamic stages in vivo, replacing the left atrium with a rigid chamber and column for direct visual recording of mitral regurgitant SV (MRSV). In 12 patients, MRSV was compared with MRI mitral inflow minus aortic outflow and in 11 patients with 3D echo left ventricular ejection volume-Doppler aortic forward SV. Vena contracta power in the narrow high-velocity spectrum from a broad measuring beam was calibrated against that from a narrow reference beam of known area. Calculated and actual flow rates and SV correlated well in vitro (r=0.99, 0.99; error=-1.6+/-2.5 mL/s, -2. 4+/-2.9 mL), in vivo (MRSV: r=0.98, error=0.04+/-0.87 mL), and in patients (MRSV: r=0.98, error=-2.8+/-4.5 mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The power-velocity integral at the vena contracta provides an accurate direct measurement of regurgitant flow, overcoming the limitations of existing Doppler techniques.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mucci
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holmvang
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Handschumacher
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004285:Dogs; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008954:Models, Biological; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014159:Transducers; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging