title: Pressurized fluid extraction of nonpolar pesticides and polar herbicides using in situ derivatization
abstract: Analysis of polar acidic herbicides has traditionally presented a challenge because of their strong adsorption to and ionic interactions with soil. One approach which has been successful for extraction of these polar compounds from soil is supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) coupled with in situ derivatization. This technique involves the addition of common derivatization reagents directly into the extraction chamber, where the acid herbicides are derivitized to extractable esters or ethers. This study describes the application of an in situ derivatization technique to pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) for the herbicides 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, dicamba, silvex, trichlopyr, and bentazone. The efficiency of in situ derivatization PFE for these analytes is compared with a conventional basic extraction method followed by ex situ derivatization. The variables of temperature, pressure, static extraction time, and derivatization-reagent amount were optimized for recovery of these analytes from soil. Average recovery for these six analytes was 107% for in situ derivatization PFE from spiked sand, 93% for the same method from a high-concentration spiked soil (50 mg/kg), and 68% for the optimized in situ derivatization PFE method from low-concentration soil (0.5 mg/kg). The in situ derivatization PFE method has substantial advantages of simplicity of methodology and reduction in extraction time compared with the conventional technique. A second in situ derivatization PFE strategy was investigated using sodium EDTA in the extraction chamber for the extraction of 2,4-D from soil. Preliminary results demonstrate improved recovery with the use of Na4EDTA. Extraction efficiency of PFE for nonpolar organochlorine insecticides and slightly polar triazine herbicides from soil is also presented and compared with that of Soxhlet extraction.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Biosystems Engineering, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: David
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Li