title: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in the chemoprevention of squamous metaplasia and dysplasia of the bronchial epithelium.
abstract: Lung cancer remains the number one cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. To reduce the mortality associated with this disease, individuals at risk must be identified prior to the development of lung cancer, and effective prevention strategies must be developed. One such strategy is to use retinoids like N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), which has been found to possess chemopreventive activities in preclinical studies. In this study, 139 smokers were registered and 82 were randomized onto a double-blinded, placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial of 4-HPR administered p.o. (200 mg once daily). Of these, 70 participants were eligible for response evaluation. Biopsies were obtained at six predetermined sites in the bronchial tree from participants before and at the completion of 6 months of treatment. 4-HPR treatment had no measurable effect on histopathology (squamous metaplasia and dysplasia) in the bronchial epithelium of current smokers. 4-HPR was detected (104.5+/-64.0 ng/ml, mean +/- SD) in the serum of participants, supporting its potential bioavailability. Serum retinol levels decreased markedly (44% of placebo-treated patients) as a consequence of 4-HPR treatment. Notably, the mRNA level of retinoic acid receptor beta, which is typically increased by retinoid treatment, did not change in the bronchial epithelium of 4-HPR-treated participants. Clonal populations of bronchial epithelial cells were detected by analysis of loss of heterozygosity at putative tumor suppressor loci on chromosomes 3p, 9p, and 17p, and these changes were not altered by 4-HPR treatment. In conclusion, at this dose and schedule, 4-HPR was not effective in reversing squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, or genetic and phenotypic abnormalities in the bronchial epithelium of smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030,
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kurie
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Khuri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Morice
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broxson
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001706:Biopsy; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D017313:Fenretinide