title: Basis for nebulized antibiotics: droplet characterization and in vitro antimicrobial activity versus Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: The aims of this study were to (1) quantify the particle size characteristics of several antibiotics considered suitable for aerosol therapy after aerosolization with the PARI IS/2 nebulizer (Pari GmbH, Sarnberg, Germany) and (2) determine the degree to which in vitro antimicrobial activity of these antibiotics is maintained after nebulization. The aerosolized drugs were tobramycin sulfate, streptomycin, and imipenem, with saline solution as the control. Mean mass aerodynamic diameter of the nebulized drugs was 3.25 microns for tobramycin, 2.26 microns for imipenem, and 2.38 microns for streptomycin. In vitro tests showed that tobramycin and imipenem were unaltered in their bacteriostatic activity against strains of Escherichia coli (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) as well as against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values less than 0.3 microgram/mL. Nebulized streptomycin showed significantly higher MIC values against P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). These results suggest that tobramycin and imipenem may be prescribed as an aerosol generated by jet nebulization (PARI IS/2) to treat S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa infections without any risk of altering the drugs minimum bacteriostatic activity by the nebulization process. Aerosolization of streptomycin with this nebulizer may not be as effective against P. aeruginosa because it seems to alter the bacteriostatic activity.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, R. Silvestrini Hospital, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Todisco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baglioni
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sposini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tascini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knoch
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D015378:Imipenem / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013845:Thienamycins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013845:Thienamycins; D015378:Imipenem; D014031:Tobramycin; D013307:Streptomycin