title: Influence of amrinone on tissue oxygenation of jejunal mucosa during endotoxemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intestinal mucosa is the portion of the gut most susceptible to impaired perfusion and oxygen delivery. The phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor amrinone has been proposed to improve oxygen delivery and tissue perfusion during sepsis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amrinone on arterial oxygenation (Pao(2)) and tissue oxygenation (Ptio(2)) of jejunal mucosa during endotoxemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty anesthetized and ventilated rats were laparotomized and a jejunal portion was exteriorized and fixed on a plexiglass stage. The jejunum was punctured and a Clark-type microcatheter Po(2) probe and a microthermocouple were placed on the mucosa to measure Ptio(2). The animals were randomly assigned to receive one of the four treatments: infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 2 mg/kg/h) without amrinone pretreatment (LPS group); infusion of LPS with amrinone pretreatment (40 microg/kg/min, start 30 min before LPS infusion, amrinone + LPS group); no treatment with either amrinone or LPS (control group); treatment with amrinone without LPS infusion (amrinone group). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), Pao(2), and Ptio(2) were measured 30 min before and 0, 60, and 120 min after induction of endotoxemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAP remained stable in the control and LPS groups. In the amrinone + LPS group MAP decreased within the first 30 min of amrinone infusion and decreased further during endotoxemia. Pao(2) remained stable in the control group and decreased in the LPS group. This endotoxin-induced decrease in Pao(2) was attenuated in the amrinone + LPS group. The mucosal Ptio(2) decreased in the LPS group but remained stable in both the control and amrinone + LPS groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with amrinone was able to diminish a decrease in Pao(2) during endotoxemia, indicating that pulmonary dysfunction was attenuated. Endotoxin-induced tissue hypoxia of the intestinal mucosa, however, could be fully prevented, indicating that an additional improvement in compromised tissue perfusion had occurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany. werner.schmidt@urz.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tinelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000676:Amrinone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D000676:Amrinone; D010100:Oxygen