title: Mutans streptococci prevalence in Puerto Rican babies with cariogenic feeding behaviors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have demonstrated that babies are at higher risk for mutans streptococci (ms) colonization if their mothers have dense salivary ms reservoirs relative to babies who have mothers with negligible salivary reservoirs. This communication provides data that identifies another potential risk factor (use of a nursing bottle at bedtime and/or naptime that contains a substrate other than water) for baby infection by ms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 60 babies (28 males/32 females; mean age 15 mos; age range 12-18 mos) who were all healthy, caries free, and slept with a nursing bottle that contained a substrate other than water (NB+). Pooled maxillary incisor plaque and saliva samples were obtained and immediately placed in Reduced Transparent Fluid (RTF); they were serially diluted and plated onto Mitis Salivarius Agar plus Bacitracin (MSB) and blood agar plates within 4 hours of collection; the plates were incubated in an anaerobic environment for 48 h at 37 C and then placed for 24 h under aerobiosis prior to examination; representative ms colonies were isolated and subjected to mannitol and sorbitol fermentation tests for taxonomic verification. Plates with colony counts between 20 and 300 were utilized to determine the % of ms in each sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty one of the 60(85%) babies harbored ms in at least 1 of the 2 samples. The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of subjects with detectable levels of ms was 73%-93%. Fisher's exact test showed that babies 16-18 mos age were more likely to have detectable levels of ms than babies 12-15 mos age (p = 0.01). Levels of ms in plaque and saliva were as follows: < 0.1% (plaque 27/51, mean age 15 mos, sd 1.77; saliva 28/51, mean age 15 mos, sd 1.76); 0.1%-1.0% (plaque 4/51, mean age 14 mos, sd 1.5; saliva 6/51, mean age 15 mos, sd 1.46); > 1.0% (plaque 14/51, mean age 16 mos, sd 2.1; saliva 11/51, mean age 16 mos, sd 1.91). The density of infection did not vary by age for plaque (P = 0.32) or saliva (P = 0.64).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the concept that NB+ is a strong indicator for ms infection in Puerto Rican babies; that prevalence of infection increases with age; and that density of infection does not vary with age in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgical Science, School of Dentistry, University of Puerto Rico, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D004037:Diet, Cariogenic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification*