title: Reference values of ductus venosus flow velocities and calculated waveform indices.
abstract: In recent years, investigations of the venous vascular system have become increasingly important in the assessment of fetal myocardial function. The aim of the present Doppler ultrasound study was to establish both new reference ranges for blood flow velocity during the different phases of the cardiac cycle (S, SD, D, a) and various calculated indices ((S-a)/S, (S-a)/V(mean), (S-a)D, S/D, a/S, S/a) for the ductus venosus. Pulsed-wave colour Doppler was used in this prospective cross-sectional study to examine 696 women with low-risk pregnancies during the period from 14 to 41 weeks' gestation. Reference curves were constructed for the individual measuring parameters based on a growth function from a four-parameter class of monotonic continuous functions according to the smallest square principle. A significant increase in blood flow velocity from 48 cm/s to 65.8 cm/s was observed during ventricular systole (=S) from 14 to 41 week's gestation. Similarly, increases in blood flow velocity were recorded during the endsystolic phase (=SD) (35.5 cm/s to 50.7 cm/s during early ventricular diastole (=D) (41.7 cm/s to 58 cm/s, p=0.0001) and atrial contraction (=a) (11.2 cm/s to 35 cm/s, p=0.0001), as well as for intensity-weighted mean velocity (30 cm/s to 48.3 cm/s). The venous indices were associated with significant decreases in the individual parameters with increasing gestational age: (S-a)/S from 0.77 to 0.47, (S-a)/V(mean) from 1.21 to 0.67, (S-a)/D from 0.89 to 0.54, S/a from 4.5 to 1.99. A significant increase from 0.23 to 0.53 was observed only for the quotient a/S. There were no changes in the S/D quotient (from 1.15 to 1.13). Regarding intra-observer reliability, more favourable results were obtained for calculated indices than for measurements of absolute blood flow velocities. At constant measuring conditions, the reference ranges established by this study for blood flow velocities and calculated indices in the ductus venosus may serve as the basis for Doppler ultrasound follow-up in a normal patient population as well as for the diagnosis of fetal myocardial insufficiency of hypoxic and congestive origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Mainz, Germany. bahlmann@mail.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bahlmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wellek
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Welter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013599:Systole; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology