title: Effects of diltiazem pretreatment on direct-current cardioversion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: a single-blind, randomized, controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electric conversion of atrial fibrillation is the most widely used and effective treatment for sinus rhythm restoration. However, it has a limited success rate and a high recurrence rate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Pretreatment with calcium channel blocker may improve the efficacy by reversing the so-called "electric remodeling" phenomenon, also related to overload in cytosolic calcium.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy of diltiazem or amiodarone pretreatment (oral, 1 month before and 1 month after conversion) on direct-current conversion of persistent atrial fibrillation was assessed in 120 patients, randomly assigned to 3 matched groups: A (n = 44, diltiazem); B (n = 46, amiodarone), and C (n = 30, digoxin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before electric conversion, all treatments significantly decreased mean heart rate. Spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm was achieved in 6% of patients of group A (3 of 46) versus 25% of group B (11 of 44) and 3% (1 of 30) of group C (A/C vs B, P < .005). Current conversion was more successful in group B (91%) compared with group A (76%) and group C (67%) (B vs A/C, P < .05), with no difference in the electric threshold for effective conversion (P = not significant). At the 24-hour time point, early relapse of atrial fibrillation was similar between groups A and B (A, 2%; B, 3%; P = not significant) and lower than group C (12%) (P < .01), whereas at the 1-month time point the recurrence rate was lower in group B (28%) versus groups A (56%) and C (78%) (B vs A/C, P < .01). No significant side effects were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although diltiazem seems to be as effective as amiodarone in reducing early atrial fibrillation recurrences, diltiazem is less effective in determining spontaneous or electric conversion, with a higher recurrence rate at 2 months. Diltiazem pretreatment could be considered as only a second choice treatment in those patients in whom amiodarone is contraindicated.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Italy.
authors.forename: G Q
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Piepoli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terracciano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capucci
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011292:Premedication; D012008:Recurrence; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004110:Diltiazem; D000638:Amiodarone