title: The influence of the vehicle on the synthesis of porphyrins after topical application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid. Implications in cutaneous photodynamic sensitization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal vehicle to ensure adequate penetration of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) for its use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of skin lesions has not been determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to study the effects of ALA in various vehicle formulations [saline lotion with and without dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), cream, liposomes and vaseline] after topical application in a murine subcutaneous adenocarcinoma model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of DMSO on porphyrin synthesis and ALA penetration through the skin was studied by measuring the uptake of 14C label from ALA, ALA and porphobilinogen accumulation, and some haem enzyme activities. The tissue distribution and kinetics of porphyrin synthesis after topical application of ALA entrapped in large multilamellar liposomes was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALA in saline lotion, alone or with 10% DMSO, proved to be the most efficient vehicle for tumour porphyrin accumulation (mean +/- SD 1.75 +/- 0.25 and 2.09 +/- 0.39 microg g-1, respectively), whereas cream and liposomes induced lower levels and identical porphyrin accumulation (0.60 microg g-1). Using ALA + DMSO saline lotion, a higher porphyrin accumulation was found in skin overlying the tumour tissue and in the first 2 mm of tumour, probably due to increased ALA penetration, or greater interconversion to porphyrins, or greater retention of ALA and/or porphyrins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings reinforce the importance of the vehicle in topical ALA-based PDT, and explain the mechanism of action of DMSO in enhancing protoporphyrin IX biosynthesis in superficial lesions.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP) FCEyN (University of Buenos Aires and CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 2do piso (1428) Capital Federal, Argentina.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Venosa
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Batlle
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D012997:Solvents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D008081:Liposomes; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; D012997:Solvents; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide