title: Continued experience with physical examination alone for evaluation and management of penetrating zone 2 neck injuries: results of 145 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our preliminary experience with physical examination alone in the evaluation of penetrating zone 2 neck injuries for vascular trauma was previously reported in 28 patients over a 2-year period (1991-1993). The purpose of the current study was to examine the results of this approach in a much larger group of patients over an 8-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records for all patients admitted to our level I trauma center (all of them entered into our prospective protocol) between December 1991 and April 1999 with penetrating zone 2 neck trauma were reviewed for their initial presentation and any documented vascular injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 145 patients made up the study group; in 30 of these patients, the penetrating trajectory also traversed zone 1 or 3. Thirty-one patients (21%) had hard signs of vascular injury (active bleeding, expanding hematoma, bruit/thrill, pulse deficit, central neurologic deficit) and were taken immediately to the operating room; 28 (90%) of these 30 patients had either major arterial or venous injuries requiring operative repair (the false-positive rate for physical examination thus being 10%). Of the 114 patients with no hard signs, 23 underwent arteriography because of proximity of the injury to the vertebral arteries or because the trajectory included another zone. Of these 23 arteriograms, three showed abnormalities, but only one required operative repair. This case had no complications relating to the initial delay. The remaining 91 patients with no hard signs were observed without imaging or surgery for a minimum of 23 hours, and none had any evidence of vascular injury during hospitalization or during the initial 2-week follow-up period (1/114; false-negative rate for physical examination, 0.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series confirms the earlier report indicating that patients with zone 2 penetrating neck wounds can be safely and accurately evaluated by physical examination alone to confirm or exclude vascular injury. The missed-injury rate is 0.7% (1/145) with this approach, which is comparable to arteriography in accuracy but less costly and noninvasive. Long-term follow-up is needed to confirm this management option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sekharan
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Veldenz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Frykberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck / Q000098:blood supply*; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014680:Veins / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*