title: Delay of influenza hemagglutinin refolding into a fusion-competent conformation by receptor binding: a hypothesis.
abstract: Two subunits of influenza hemagglutinin (HA), HA1 and HA2, represent one of the best-characterized membrane fusion machines. While a low pH conformation of HA2 mediates the actual fusion, HA1 establishes a specific connection between the viral and cell membranes via binding to the sialic acid-containing receptors. Here we propose that HA1 may also be involved in modulating the kinetics of HA refolding. We hypothesized that binding of the HA1 subunit to its receptor restricts the major refolding of the low pH-activated HA to a fusion-competent conformation and, in the absence of fusion, to an HA-inactivated state. Dissociation of the HA1-receptor connection was considered to be a slow kinetic step. To verify this hypothesis, we first analyzed a simple kinetic scheme accounting for the stages of dissociation of the HA1/receptor bonds, inactivation and fusion, and formulated experimentally testable predictions. Second, we verified these predictions by measuring the extent of fusion between HA-expressing cells and red blood cells. Three experimental approaches based on 1) the temporal inhibition of fusion by lysophosphatidylcholine, 2) rapid dissociation of the HA1-receptor connections by neuraminidase treatment, and 3) substitution of membrane-anchored receptors by a water-soluble sialyllactose all provided support for the proposed role of the release of HA1-receptor connections. Possible biological implications of this stage in HA refolding and membrane fusion are being discussed.
authors.affiliation: Section on Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leikina
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Chernomordik
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kozlov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000502:physiology; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines