title: Tramadol--present and future.
abstract: The atypical opioid, tramadol, has recently been introduced into Australia and New Zealand. Tramadol's efficacy in a wide range of acute and chronic pain states, its multi-formulation availability, and its low serious side-effect potential at high doses and in prolonged therapy, combine to bestow on it a user-friendly profile, for short- and long-term use in hospitals and communities. This paper reviews the following: its formulation and routes of administration; its unique enantiomeric biochemistry and metabolism; its triple mechanisms of action; its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; its analgesic efficacy compared with other opioids; the indications for its clinical use in a variety of acute and chronic (including cancer) painful states; its specific use in the elderly, in paediatric and in obstetric patients; its adverse event (including drug interaction) and safety profile; its advantages in terms of its relative lack of respiratory depression, major organ toxicity and histamine release, and dependence and abuse potential. The review looks at new uses for this drug and what can be expected in this area in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Management, CH Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shipton
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol