title: Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MRI of atherosclerotic plaques in Watanabe hereditable hyperlipidemic rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by increased endothelial permeability and multiple macrophages. Blood-pool MRI contrast agents like superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) have an affinity for the monocyte-macrophage system and thus, may label inflammatory plaques. The objective was to demonstrate SPIO uptake in plaques of atherosclerotic rabbits by MRI and histology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aortas of anesthetized Watanabe hereditable hyperlipidemic rabbits were studied with a moderately T2*-weighted gradient-echo sequence at 1.5 T. Four groups of five animals each were studied: (1) without ultrasmall SPIO (carboxydextran coating; particle size, 25 nm; estimated plasma half-life, 6 hours) or with imaging after intravenous injection of SPIO at a dose (micromol Fe/kg) and postcontrast time delay (hours) of 50/8 (2), 50/24 (3), or 200/48 (4). In vivo MRI was compared with corresponding ex vivo histological iron stains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals receiving 200 micromol Fe/kg demonstrated areas of focal signal loss clearly confined to the aortic wall on a mean of 24 +/- 9 (31% +/- 11%) of 76 +/- 5 images compared with 0 +/- 0 of 76 +/- 5 images in controls (P = 0.009). The number of images with this finding in groups 2 and 3 was not significantly different compared with controls. By microscopy, SPIO-iron was seen in the endothelial cells and subendothelial intimal macrophages of atherosclerosis-prone aortic wall segments. Atherosclerotic lesions demonstrating iron uptake also showed a high macrophage content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPIO accumulates in aortic plaques of atherosclerotic rabbits, producing a characteristic MRI finding. As SPIO accumulates in plaques with increased endothelial permeability and a high macrophage content, two established features of plaque inflammation, it may have a potential for noninvasive assessment of inflammatory atherosclerotic plaques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. s.schmitz@medizin.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Coupland
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gust
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Winterhalter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kresse
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Semmler
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D007501:Iron; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010087:Oxides; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010087:Oxides; D007501:Iron