title: Structure-based design of an osteoclast-selective, nonpeptide src homology 2 inhibitor with in vivo antiresorptive activity.
abstract: Targeted disruption of the pp60(src) (Src) gene has implicated this tyrosine kinase in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and as a therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone-related diseases. Herein we describe the discovery of a nonpeptide inhibitor (AP22408) of Src that demonstrates in vivo antiresorptive activity. Based on a cocrystal structure of the noncatalytic Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Src complexed with citrate [in the phosphotyrosine (pTyr) binding pocket], we designed 3',4'-diphosphonophenylalanine (Dpp) as a pTyr mimic. In addition to its design to bind Src SH2, the Dpp moiety exhibits bone-targeting properties that confer osteoclast selectivity, hence minimizing possible undesired effects on other cells that have Src-dependent activities. The chemical structure AP22408 also illustrates a bicyclic template to replace the post-pTyr sequence of cognate Src SH2 phosphopeptides such as Ac-pTyr-Glu-Glu-Ile (1). An x-ray structure of AP22408 complexed with Lck (S164C) SH2 confirmed molecular interactions of both the Dpp and bicyclic template of AP22408 as predicted from molecular modeling. Relative to the cognate phosphopeptide, AP22408 exhibits significantly increased Src SH2 binding affinity (IC(50) = 0.30 microM for AP22408 and 5.5 microM for 1). Furthermore, AP22408 inhibits rabbit osteoclast-mediated resorption of dentine in a cellular assay, exhibits bone-targeting properties based on a hydroxyapatite adsorption assay, and demonstrates in vivo antiresorptive activity in a parathyroid hormone-induced rat model.
authors.affiliation: ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. shakespw@ariad.com
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shakespeare
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bohacek
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cerasoli
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stebbins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundaramoorthi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azimioara
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradeepan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haraldson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Merry
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalgarno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narula
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatada
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: van Schravendijk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Violette
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iuliucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weigele
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015195:Drug Design; D005260:Female; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D019860:Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck) / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D016105:Parathyroidectomy; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D016392:Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src) / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D018909:src Homology Domains / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C413184:AP22408; D004164:Diphosphonates; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D019343:Citric Acid; D019860:Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck); D016392:Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)