title: Failed vasectomy reversal: is a further attempt using microsurgery worthwhile?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, in failed vasectomy reversal, the usefulness of a revised anastomosis using microsurgery in achieving sperm in the ejaculate and fertility, and to relate the outcome to the site of the anastomosis, length of time from vasectomy, and presence or absence of sperm in the vas at surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a series of 28 patients with confirmed anastomotic obstruction undergoing vasectomy reversal (over a 10-year period), a microsurgical technique using an oblique end-to-end two-layer interrupted anastomosis with 10/0 Nylon was used to establish vasal continuity. Subsequent seminal analysis at 3-6 months and ensuing paternity were related to several variables. The results were compared with those obtained after 137 cases of primary microsurgical vasovasostomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sperm was restored to the ejaculate in 16 (57%) of the patients and successful fertilization was reported in nine (32%). The interval between vasectomy and reversal surgery was relevant to the outcome, with four out of four men having sperm in the ejaculate within 5 years and three achieving paternity. However, the fertility rate was still moderate after an interval of 6-10 years (two of six) and at > 10 years (four of 18). The presence of sperm in the ejaculate was related to whether or not sperm were found in the testicular end of the vas at operation, but absence did not preclude a successful outcome. The overall results were not significantly different from those after primary microsurgical reversal surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microscopic vasovasostomy after previous obstructive failure provides the patient with a further reasonable chance of becoming fertile; although diminishing with time from vasectomy, even after a prolonged period there can be success. The absence of sperm at the time of vasovasostomy does not necessarily indicate failure, but in these cases the presence of thick creamy fluid in the vas predicts a poor outcome, and alternative methods of management should be considered. A microsurgical technique extending, if necessary, well into the convoluted part of the vas, is recommended. Microsurgical skills, relevant equipment and adequate time are required.
authors.affiliation: Claremont Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014669:Vasovasostomy / Q000379:methods*