title: Nitric oxide regulates MIP-1alpha expression in primary macrophages and T lymphocytes: implications for anti-HIV-1 response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokines and chemokine receptors have been shown to play a critical role in HIV infection. Chemokine receptors have been identified as coreceptors for viral entry into susceptible target cells, and several members of the beta chemokine subfamily of cytokines, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES, have been identified as the major human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-suppressive factors produced by activated CD8+ T lymphocytes. In macrophages, HIV-1 infection itself was shown to upregulate the production of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta. In the present study, we address the mechanisms by which HIV-1 infection regulates beta chemokine responses in macrophages and lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address whether nitric oxide (NO), generated as a consequence of HIV-1 infection, regulates beta chemokine responses in monocyte/macrophages and/or macrophage-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) these two cell populations were isolated from HIV seronegative donors, placed in culture, and infected with HIV-1 in either the presence or absence of exogenous activators (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, phytohemagglutinin), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), or chemical donors of NO. Cultures were analyzed for beta chemokine responses by ELISA and RNase protection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS-induced MIP-1alpha release is enhanced in HIV-1-infected, as compared to uninfected, monocyte/macrophage cultures, and this enhancing effect is partially blocked by the addition of inhibitors of NOS, and can be reproduced by chemical generators of NO even in the absence of HIV-1 infection. A similar strategy was used to demonstrate a role for NO in HIV-1-mediated induction of MIP-1alpha in unstimulated macrophage cultures. NOS inhibitors also decreased MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta production by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated monocyte-depleted PBMC cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that NO amplifies MIP-1alpha responses in activated macrophages and lymphocytes, and suggests that this pleiotropic molecule might function as an enhancing signal that regulates secretion of beta chemokines during HIV-1 infection. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which NO might regulate the anti-HIV activity of immune cells.
authors.affiliation: The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidtmayerova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zybarth
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dubrovsky
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raabe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bukrinsky
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D017931:DNA Primers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II