title: Solubility, absorption, and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of bismuth subnitrate and colloidal bismuth subcitrate: In vitro data Do not predict In vivo efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the dissolution, bioavailability, and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of bismuth subnitrate and colloidal bismuth subcitrate. This could, first, provide insights into the mechanism of action of bismuth and, second, help to develop optimal therapeutic strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solubility and aquated size of bismuth species were determined in human gastric juice, while absorption into blood and urinary excretion of bismuth was determined in volunteers. Activity against H. pylori was determined in vitro in the presence and absence of antibiotics, while H. pylori eradication was compared in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bismuth from colloidal bismuth subcitrate was at least 10% soluble and ultrafilterable and was absorbed in volunteers (>0.5%), whereas that from bismuth subnitrate was insoluble and not absorbed (<0.01%). Colloidal bismuth subcitrate was active against H. pylori (mean inhibitory concentration, </=12.5 microg/ml), while bismuth subnitrate was inactive (>400 microg/ml); neither was synergistic with antibiotics. With in vivo triple therapy, bismuth subnitrate was as effective as colloidal bismuth subcitrate in eradicating H. pylori (74% and 70% eradicated, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colloidal bismuth subcitrate, unlike bismuth subnitrate, is partially soluble, absorbed in humans, and directly toxic to H. pylori in vitro. Surprisingly, however, these preparations had similar efficacy in vivo against H. pylori within triple therapy, suggesting that bismuth compounds may also exhibit indirect antimicrobial effects. We propose that this is an effect on the gastric mucus layer. Nonabsorbable bismuth compounds should be preferentially considered in bismuth-based therapies against H. pylori, as they would minimize toxicity while maintaining efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Laboratory, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Champion
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D001729:Bismuth / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C010804:bismuth subnitrate; C002791:bismuth tripotassium dicitrate; D001729:Bismuth