title: Osteoporosis and osteopenia in adults and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: prevalence and associated factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have many risk factors for reduced bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in a large cross section of patients and to identify risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients attending the regional centre were invited to participate in the study. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and for total body with a Lunar DPX-L densitometer. Multiple indices of disease severity were investigated, and liver and thyroid function, blood calcium, phosphate, 25-OH vitamin D, follicle stimulating and luteinising hormone, oestradiol, and testosterone levels were measured. Patients completed a four day prospective dietary diary. Exercise was assessed by a seven day activity recall questionnaire. Sexual development and treatment histories were obtained. The relationship between all these variables and BMD measurements was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty six percent of 114 patients assessed had osteopenia or osteoporosis. The Shwachman-Kulczycki (SK) clinical score (higher score = less severe disease) correlated significantly with BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, and with total body BMD (p<0.001). There was a predicted increase of 0.0032 g/cm(2) in lumbar spine BMD for every unit increase in the SK score. Oral steroid use was significantly associated with reduced BMD at the lumbar spine (p = 0.017) and femoral neck (p = 0.027).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common findings in a heterogeneous population of adults with CF. Patients at most risk are those with severe disease and those who have used corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Seacroft Hospital, Leeds LS14 6UH, UK. steven.conway@gw.sjsuh.northy.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oldroyd
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Truscott
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Haigh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology