title: Effects of the supine and prone position on diaphragm thickness in healthy term infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The physiological basis underlying the decline in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) associated with changing the sleep position from prone to supine remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate diaphragm thickness (t(di)) and shortening in healthy term infants in the prone and supine positions in order to determine whether changes in body position would affect diaphragm resting length and the degree of diaphragm shortening during inspiration.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 16 healthy term infants, diaphragm thickness at the level of the zone of apposition on the right side was measured using ultrasonography. Heart rate (HR), breathing frequency (f), and transcutaneous oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO(2)) were recorded simultaneously during diaphragm imaging with the infants in the supine and prone positions during quiet sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At end expiratory (EEV) and at end inspiratory lung volumes (EIV), t(di) increased significantly in the prone position. The change in t(di) during tidal breathing was also greater when the infant was prone. SaO(2), HR, and f were not significantly different at EEV and at EIV in both positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy term infants, placed in the prone position, the diaphragm is significantly thicker and, therefore, shorter, both at EEV and EIV. Diaphragm shortening during tidal breathing is greater when the infant is prone. In the prone position, the decreased diaphragm resting length would impair diaphragm strength, and the additional diaphragm shortening during tidal breathing represents added work performed by the diaphragm. This may compromise an infant's capacity to respond to stressful situations when placed in the prone position and may contribute to the association of SIDS with prone position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA. vrehan@prl.humc.edu
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Rehan
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutman
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: McCool
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016684:Prone Position; D012119:Respiration; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016683:Supine Position