title: Water-enhanced crystallization of leucite in dental porcelain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether long-term exposure of dental porcelain to saliva during temporary cementation of a porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) restoration could enhance leucite crystallization if the restoration is refired. Such water-enhanced leucite crystallization in dental porcelains could lead to porcelain-metal thermal incompatibility problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six commercial dental body porcelains and the Component No. 1 (leucite-containing) frit of the Weinstein et al. [13] patent were studied. For each porcelain, 30 coupon specimens were randomly assigned to a treatment group. Ten specimens were placed in artificial saliva, 10 in distilled water, and 10 in a desiccator and were stored for six months. At the end of the six months, an additional 10 coupons of each porcelain were prepared to serve as a control. All 40 specimens of each porcelain were randomized and subjected to one additional firing. Leucite weight fraction was determined by quantitative X-ray powder diffraction analysis via an internal standard technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparisons among the treatments via the least-squares-means test-adjusting for porcelain showed that the saliva group mean leucite weight fraction was significantly higher than that of the other groups. The change in porcelain thermal expansion that would be associated with a leucite change in this range would be between 0.2 x 10(-6) K-1 and 0.3 x 10(-6) K-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this work constitute the first demonstration that moisture absorbed by a porcelain can act as a glass modifier and enhance the crystallization of the glass during subsequent firing. The effect was sufficiently large to generate thermal expansion changes that would exceed the maximum safe mismatch between porcelain and metal.
authors.affiliation: Section of Dental Materials, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. rmackert@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mackert
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ergle
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C078519:leucite