title: Photoadaptation to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in vivo: photoproducts in epidermal cells following UVB therapy for psoriasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is mutagenic and induces specific DNA lesions in human skin that are often found at dipyrimidine sites. These photoproducts are likely to be biologically relevant regarding skin carcinogenesis, as p53 mutations in skin tumours are most often found at these UV radiation-specific sites within DNA. Psoriasis patients receiving long-term phototherapy are at an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to quantify DNA photoproducts in human epidermis in vivo following consecutive doses of UVB and to investigate variations in DNA damage according to skin type, UVB dose and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven psoriasis patients receiving UVB phototherapy three times a week were recruited and underwent skin biopsies on a non-sun-exposed site before starting phototherapy and after three, nine and 18 UVB exposures. A biopsy was also taken at least 4 weeks after stopping phototherapy. DNA was extracted from separated epidermis and three types of photoproducts were quantified using a novel 32P high-performance liquid chromatographic technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean level of cyclobutane dipyrimidine dimers (CPDs) after three doses of UVB (dose range 0.03-0.15 J cm-2) was 3.2 (range 0.8-8.9) photoproducts per 106 normal nucleotides for TT=T dimers and 4.5 (range 0-14) per 106 normal nucleotides for TT=C dimers. The mean levels of TT-C 6-4 photoproducts after three doses of UVB were very low (0.2, range 0-1.8). Overall, the levels of TT=T and TT=C reached a plateau at three exposures and were found to decrease for subsequent exposures despite increasing UVB doses. Skin type was negatively associated with mean levels of CPDs. However, significant differences in levels of photoproducts were seen between individuals, even after adjusting for skin type. No association was found between challenge dose of UVB and photoproduct yield in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a great individual variation in the accumulation of DNA photoproducts following exposure to repetitive doses of UVB. Photoadaptive responses of human skin involving DNA repair, tanning and epidermal thickening are likely to explain the overall lack of increase in DNA lesions throughout phototherapy. This in vivo study confirms that psoriasis patients produce a significant amount of DNA photolesions at suberythemal doses of UVB. Further work is needed to investigate which host factors are most likely to predict susceptibility to UV radiation-induced DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Dermatology and ICRF Skin Tumour Laboratory, St Bartholomew's and Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, U.K. v.bataille@icrf.icnet.uk
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bataille
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Bykov
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sasieni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harulow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cuzick
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemminki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers / Q000032:analysis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D014467:Ultraviolet Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D011740:Pyrimidine Dimers