title: Aircraft control forces and EMG activity: comparison of novice and experienced pilots during simulated rolls, loops and turns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flying an aircraft requires a considerable degree of coordination, particularly during aerobatic activities such as rolls, loops and turns. Only one previous study has examined the magnitude of muscle activity required to fly an aircraft, and that was restricted to takeoff and landing maneuvers. The aim of this study was to examine the phasing of muscle activation and control forces of novice and experienced pilots during more complex simulated flight maneuvers.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 12 experienced and 9 novice pilots who were tested on an Aermacchi flight simulator while performing a randomized set of rolling, looping, and turning maneuvers. Four different runaway trim settings were used to increase the difficulty of the turns (elevator-up, elevator-down, aileron-left, and aileron-right). Variables recorded included aircraft attitude, pilot applied forces, and electromyographic (EMG) activity. Discriminant function analysis was used to distinguish between novice and experienced pilots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over all maneuvers, 70% of pilots were correctly classified as novice or experienced. Better levels of classification were achieved when maneuvers were analyzed individually (67-91%), although the maneuvers that required the greatest force application, elevator-up turns, were unable to discriminate between novice and experienced pilots. There were no differences in the phasing of muscle activity between experienced and novice pilots. The only consistent difference in EMG activity between novice and experienced pilots was the reduced EMG activity in the wrist extensors of experienced pilots (p < 0.05). The increased wrist extensor activity of the novice pilots is indicative of a distal control strategy, whereby distal muscles with smaller motor units are used to perform a task that requires precise control. Muscle activity sensors could be used to detect the onset of high G maneuvers prior to any change in aircraft attitude and control G-suit inflation accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Aviation Medicine Unit, Royal New Zealand Air Force, Auckland.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hewson
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McNair
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D004576:Electromyography; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis