title: Sedation during spinal anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central neuraxial anesthesia has been reported to decrease the dose of both intravenous and inhalational anesthetics needed to reach a defined level of sedation. The mechanism behind this phenomenon is speculated to be decreased afferent stimulation of the reticular activating system. The authors performed a two-part study (nonrandomized pilot study and a subsequent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study) using the Bispectral Index (BIS) monitor to quantify the degree of sedation in unmedicated volunteers undergoing spinal anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve volunteers underwent BIS monitoring and observer sedation scoring (Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale [OAA/S]) before and after spinal anesthesia with 50 mg hyperbaric lidocaine, 5%. Subsequently, 16 volunteers blinded to the study were randomized to receive spinal anesthesia with 50 mg hyperbaric lidocaine, 5% (n = 10) or placebo (n = 6) and underwent BIS and OAA/S monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In part I, significant changes in BIS scores of the volunteers occurred progressively (P = 0.003). The greatest variations from baseline BIS measurement occurred at 30 and 70 min. In part II, there were significant decreases in OAA/S and self-sedation scores for patients receiving spinal anesthesia versuscontrol patients (P = 0.04 and 0. 01, respectively). The greatest decrease in OAA/S scores occurred at 60 min. BIS scores were similar between groups (P = 0.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal anesthesia is accompanied by significant sedation progressively when compared with controls as measured by OAA/S and self-sedation scores. This effect was not related to block height. The late sedation observed by OAA/S at 60 min may indicate a second mechanism of sedation, such as delayed rostral spread of local anesthetics. BIS was not a sensitive measure of the sedation associated with spinal anesthesia in the randomized, blinded portion of this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burkhead
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Polissar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D003243:Consciousness; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine