Transvenous pacing lead-induced thrombosis: a series of cases with a review of the literature.
Although transvenous pacing is a safe treatment modality for bradyarrhythmias, serious thrombotic and embolic complications are reported to occur in 0.6-3.5% of cases. We describe 5 cases of pacemaker-associated thrombosis, 3 with a superior vena cava syndrome (SVC), 1 with an axillary vein thrombosis and 1 with a thrombus attached to the pacing lead in the right atrium. All of the patients were initially treated with intravenous heparin which proved successful as the sole treatment in only the least severe case (axillary vein thrombosis). One of the patients with SVC obstruction was successfully treated with intravenous heparin followed by thrombolytic therapy. The remaining 3 cases (2 SVC syndromes and 1 right atrial thrombus) required surgical removal of thrombus and pacing leads. Both of the patients with evidence of infection were in the group for whom failure of medical therapy necessitated surgery.
Barakat
K
K
Department of Cardiology, The Royal Hospitals Trust, The London Chest Hospital, London, UK.K.barakat@mds.qmw.ac.uk
Robinson
N M
NM
Spurrell
R A
RA
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020878:Device Removal; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010690:Phlebography; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy