title: Cost-effectiveness of orthoptic screening in kindergarten: a decision-analytic model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost-effectiveness of orthoptic screening for amblyopia in kindergarten.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision-analytic model was used. In this model all kindergarten children in Germany aged 3 years were examined by an orthoptist. Children with positive screening results were referred to an ophthalmologist for diagnosis. The number of newly diagnosed cases of amblyopia, amblyogenic non-obvious strabismus and amblyogenic refractive errors was used as the measure of effectiveness. Direct costs were measured form a third-party payer perspective. Data for model parameters were obtained from the literature and from own measurements in kindergartens. A base analysis was performed using median parameter values. The influence of uncertain parameters was tested in sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the base analysis, the cost of one orthoptic screening test was 7.87 euro. One ophthalmologic examination cost 36.40 euro. The total cost of the screening program in all kindergartens was 3.1 million euro. A total of 4,261 new cases would be detected. The cost-effectiveness ratio was 727 euro per case detected. Sensitivity analysis showed considerable influence of the prevalence rate of target conditions and of the specificity of the orthopic examination on the cost-effectiveness ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis provides information which is useful for discussion about the implementation of orthoptic screening and for planning a field study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. helmut.koenig@mathematik.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leidl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zrenner
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009988:Orthoptics / Q000191:economics*; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000191:economics*