title: Leaks in the epithelial barrier caused by spontaneous and TNF-alpha-induced single-cell apoptosis.
abstract: Current opinion assumes epithelial integrity during spontaneous apoptotic cell death. We measured, for the first time, the local conductances associated with apoptoses and show leaks of up to 280 nS (mean 48 +/- 19 nS) in human intestinal epithelium. The results disprove the dogma that isolated cell apoptosis occurs without affecting the epithelial cell permeability barrier. After induction by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) the apoptotic leaks were dramatically enhanced: not only was the frequency increased by threefold, but the mean conductance also increased by 12-fold (597+/-98 nS). Thus, apoptosis accounted for about half (56%) of the TNF-alpha-induced permeability increase whereas the other half was caused by degradation of tight junctions in nonapoptotic areas. Hence, spontaneous and induced apoptosis hollow out the intestinal barrier and may facilitate loss of solutes and uptake of noxious agents.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Physiology, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. gitter@medizin.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gitter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bendfeldt
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schulzke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fromm
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology; D010539:Permeability; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha