title: Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XXV. Evidence-based medicine: principles for applying the Users' Guides to patient care. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.
abstract: This series provides clinicians with strategies and tools to interpret and integrate evidence from published research in their care of patients. The 2 key principles for applying all the articles in this series to patient care relate to the value-laden nature of clinical decisions and to the hierarchy of evidence postulated by evidence-based medicine. Clinicians need to be able to distinguish high from low quality in primary studies, systematic reviews, practice guidelines, and other integrative research focused on management recommendations. An evidence-based practitioner must also understand the patient's circumstances or predicament; identify knowledge gaps and frame questions to fill those gaps; conduct an efficient literature search; critically appraise the research evidence; and apply that evidence to patient care. However, treatment judgments often reflect clinician or societal values concerning whether intervention benefits are worth the cost. Many unanswered questions concerning how to elicit preferences and how to incorporate them in clinical encounters constitute an enormously challenging frontier for evidence-based medicine. Time limitation remains the biggest obstacle to evidence-based practice but clinicians should seek evidence from as high in the appropriate hierarchy of evidence as possible, and every clinical decision should be geared toward the particular circumstances of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Room 2C12, 1200 Main St W, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Guyatt
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: R Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Jaeschke
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003657:Decision Making; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D005791:Patient Care; D011642:Publications