title: Alteration in the choice of DNA repair pathway with increasing sequence selective DNA alkylation in the minor groove.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many conventional DNA alkylating anticancer drugs form adducts in the major groove of DNA. These are known to be chiefly repaired by both nucleotide (NER) and base (BER) excision repair in eukaryotic cells. Much less is known about the repair pathways acting on sequence specific minor groove purine adducts, which result from a promising new class of anti-tumour agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Benzoic acid mustards (BAMs) tethering 1-3 pyrrole units (compounds 1, 2 and 3) show increasing DNA sequence selectivity for alkylation from BAM and 1, alkylating primarily at guanine-N7 in the major groove, to 3 which is selective for alkylation in the minor groove at purine-N3 in the sequence 5'-TTTTGPu (Pu=guanine or adenine). This increasing sequence selectivity is reflected in increased toxicity in human cells. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the repair of untargeted DNA adducts produced by BAM, 1 and 2 depends upon both the NER and BER pathways. In contrast, the repair of the sequence specific minor groove adducts of 3 does not involve known BER or NER activities. In addition, neither recombination nor mismatch repair are involved. Two disruptants from the RAD6 mutagenesis defective epistasis group (rad6 and rad18), however, showed increased sensitivity to 3. In particular, the rad18 mutant was over three orders of magnitude more sensitive to 3 compared to its isogenic parent, and 3 was highly mutagenic in the absence of RAD18. Elimination of the sequence specific DNA adducts formed by 3 was observed in the wild type strain, but these lesions persisted in the rad18 mutant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that the repair of DNA adducts produced by the highly sequence specific minor groove alkylating agent 3 involves an error free adduct elimination pathway dependent on the Rad18 protein. This represents the first systematic analysis of the cellular pathways which modulate sensitivity to this new class of DNA sequence specific drugs, and indicates that the enhanced cytotoxicity of certain sequence specific minor groove adducts in DNA is the result of evasion of the common excision repair pathways.
authors.affiliation: CRC Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, Department of Oncology, RoyalFree and University College Medical School, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hartley
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000478:Alkylation; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D001483:Base Sequence; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002172:Canavanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004260:DNA Repair; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D004214:Distamycins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008025:Ligases / Q000235:genetics; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D001565:Benzoates; D017931:DNA Primers; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004214:Distamycins; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D002172:Canavanine; C471606:RAD6 protein, S cerevisiae; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; D008025:Ligases