title: Field evaluation of a slow release pheromone formulation to control the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan.
abstract: Trials to control the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) by the technique of mating disruption were carried out in the Pakistan Province of Punjab during the 1996 cotton season. A slow release PVC resin formulation, Selibate(R) HA, containing a 97:3 mixture of the major (9Z-hexadecenal) and minor (11Z-hexadecenal) components of the female sex pheromone of H. armigera was applied at a rate of 40 g active ingredient ha-1 during August 1996. The formulation was applied around the terminal portion of the cotton plant by hand using local labour at a rate of c. 250 pieces per hectare. The efficacy of the formulation was compared to conventional insecticide regimes to control H. armigera on four farmer practice fields situated at least 1 km to the north, south, east and west of the pheromone treated area. A high degree of trap catch shutdown (indicating mating suppression) was observed throughout the pheromone treated area during the whole of the season compared to non-pheromone treated farmer practice fields. Night observations confirmed that mating disruption occurred in the pheromone treated area as a smaller percentage of mated females were collected from this area compared to farmer practice fields. A majority of mated females collected from the pheromone treated area mated only once, whereas females in farmer practice fields had undergone multiple matings. A greater percentage of tethered female H. armigera moths retrieved from farmer practice fields had successfully mated compared to tethered females retrieved from the pheromone treated area. Release rate data of H. armigera pheromone from the formulation show that c. 70% was released during the two month trial period. However, the highly dispersive pre-oviposition flight behaviour of females meant that the area treated was not sufficient to eliminate the problem of gravid females migrating in from surrounding areas, and ovipositing therein. The implications of using the technique of mating disruption to control large strong flying insects like H. armigera are discussed.
authors.affiliation: AgriSense-BCS Ltd, Pontypridd, Mid Glamorgan, UK. bugmandavid@compuserve.com
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: O T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casagrande
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths; D010058:Oviposition; D010154:Pakistan; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D012724:Sex Attractants
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D012724:Sex Attractants; C061128:11-hexadecenal