title: Low concentrations of 17beta-estradiol protect single cardiac cells against metabolic stress-induced Ca2+ loading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of the present study was to determine whether low physiological levels of estrogen directly protect cardiac cells against metabolic stress.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The beneficial effect of estrogens on the cardiovascular system has been traditionally ascribed to decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and to an antiatherogenic action. Whether physiological concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) are also able to protect cardiomyocytes against metabolic insult directly is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes were loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye Fluo-3 and imaged by a digital epifluorescence imaging system. In cardiac cells preincubated with hormones and/or drugs for 8 h, metabolic stress was induced by addition and removal of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cardiomyocytes, a 3-min-long exposure to chemical hypoxia, followed by reoxygenation, produced intracellular Ca2+ loading independently of gender (female: 729 +/- 88 nmol/liter; male: 778 +/- 97 nmol/liter). Pretreatment with E2 (10 nmol/liter) significantly reduced the magnitude of hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Ca2+ loading in female (E2-treated: 298 +/- 39 nmol/liter; untreated: 729 +/- 88 nmol/liter), but not in male (E2-treated: 1029 +/- 177 nmol/liter; untreated: 778 +/- 97 nmol/liter) cardiac cells. The protective action of E2 was not mimicked by the inactive estrogen stereoisomer, 10 nmol/liter 17alpha estradiol (17alpha estradiol-treated: 886 +/- 122 nmol/liter; untreated: 729 +/- 88 nmol/liter), and was abolished by tamoxifen (1 micromol/liter), which acts as an antagonist of E2 on estrogen receptors (E2 plus tamoxifen-treated: 702 +/- 98 nmol/liter; untreated: 729 +/- 88 nmol/liter).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a gender-dependent manner, E2 directly protects cardiac cells against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury through an estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism. Such property of E2 may contribute to cardioprotection in the female gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jovanović
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jovanović
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terzic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D013629:Tamoxifen; D004958:Estradiol; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium