title: Influence of socioeconomic circumstances in early and later life on stroke risk among men in a Scottish cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to investigate stroke risk by socioeconomic measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis was based on a large cohort study of 5765 working men, from 27 workplaces in Scotland, who were screened between 1970 and 1973. Stroke was defined as having a hospital admission with a main diagnosis of stroke or dying of stroke in the 25-year follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 416 men who had a stroke. Men with manual occupations when screened, on first entering the workforce, men with manual occupations, and men whose fathers had manual occupations had significantly higher rates of stroke than men in the nonmanual categories. Men who left full-time education at age 16 years or under also had significantly higher rates of stroke. Men living in more deprived areas had higher rates of stroke, but the rates were not statistically significant. The most marked difference was in relation to father's social class, and although adjusting for risk factors for stroke attenuated the relative rates, men whose fathers were in manual social classes had higher relative rates of stroke than men whose fathers were in nonmanual classes (adjusted relative rate for father's social class III manual was 1.37 [95% CI 1.03 to 1.81] and for father's social class IV or V was 1.46 [1.09 to 1.96]). Men who were upwardly mobile (father's social class manual, own social class nonmanual) had a rate of stroke similar to that of stable manual men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poorer socioeconomic circumstance was associated with greater stroke risk, with adverse early-life circumstances of particular importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. c.l.hart@udcf.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hole
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004493:Education; D005220:Fathers; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D012937:Social Mobility; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis