title: Experimental hyperprolactinemia in a rat model: alteration in centrally mediated neuroerectile mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to induce hyperprolactinemia in adult male rats and determine its effect on the central and peripheral mediated neurogenic as well as myogenic mechanisms of erectile function/dysfunction in a rat model. The use of penile reflexes in awake animals was used to test the effect of both central and peripheral mechanisms. Electrical stimulation of the cavernous nervous was used to test peripheral neural function and intracorporal injection of papaverine was used to test the intactness of the corporal smooth muscles. These mechanisms were further explored by administration of testosterone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen Fisher-344 200-250 g rats aged 10 weeks were used in this study. Group 1 (n = 6) hyperprolactinemia was induced with subcutaneous (SQ) injection of 5 mg rat prolactin (NIDDK-r-PRL-B-7, biopotency 25 IU/mg) in two divided doses daily for 1 week. Testosterone propionate 100 mg/kg dissolved in sesame oil was given intramuscularly on day 1 (weekly dose). Group 2 (n = 6) control animals received SQ injection of vehicle twice daily and sesame oil I/M on day 1. Group 3 (n = 6) received testosterone propionate. Penile reflexes (erections, cups, flips and clusters) were assessed prior to induction (x 3) of and following one-week state of hyperprolactinemia (day 5, 6 and 7). All animals were trained three times before recording the penile reflexes. The penile reflexes being averaged to give a single composite score for each animal. All animals underwent dissections that isolated the cavernosal bodies and cavernosal nerves. Cavernous nerves were activated and intracorporal pressures were recorded at increasing current magnitude (range 0.5-10 mA). Following that corporal smooth muscle reactivity was determined by increasing injection of papaverine (100-3000 microg). Concentration response curves (CRCs) were then generated by plotting percent change (fractional change to make standardized comparison) to increasing neurostimulation or papaverine concentrations at half-log increments. Serum prolactin was determined by rPRL radioimmunoassay Kit-Amersham while serum testosterone was determined Testosterone ELISA Kit-Neogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Penile reflexes were normal in all groups at the start of experiment but after 1 week of hyperprolactinemia, reflexes were totally abolished in hyperprolactinemia rats (Group 1) and unchanged in Groups 2 and 3. Response to cavernous nerve activation and resulting rise in intracorporal pressure to increasing current (range 0.5-10 mA) were statistically non-significant in any groups. Similarly the intracorporal pressure response to pharmacologic erection induced by papaverine (100-3000 microg) were also non-statistically significant in any groups. Serum prolactin level in all rats receiving prolactin were > 500 ng/ml and the rat group receiving testosterone, serum level were > 20 x higher than the control rat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This approach allowed more clear separation of central and peripheral mechanism of erection. This study shows a central neurological effect of hyperprolactinemia on erectile function. Hypogonadism does not seem to contribute to the impaired penile reflexes as documented by replacement of testosterone did not recover the centrally mediated penile reflexes. Lowered serum testosterone is secondary phenomenon. These observations may have important implications for the understanding, the mechanism and treatment of men with hyperprolactinemia as well as future research in this field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467-2940, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alyskewycz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010208:Papaverine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000502:physiology*; D010413:Penis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013739:Testosterone; D011388:Prolactin; D010208:Papaverine