title: The polysaccharide fucoidan inhibits microvascular thrombus formation independently from P- and L-selectin function in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adhesion molecules of the selectin family (mainly P- and L-selectin) have been suggested to mediate interactions between platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells in thrombus formation. The polysaccharide fucoidan has anticoagulative properties, but is also able to bind and block the function of the selectins. Here, we investigated in vivo (i) if fucoidan can prevent microvascular thrombus formation, and (ii) whether this is potentially mediated by the inhibition of P-and/or L-selectin.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose, we used intravital microscopy in the mouse cremaster microcirculation in which thrombosis was induced photochemically by light exposure to individual arterioles and venules after intravenous (i.v.) injection of FITC-dextran.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that intravenous administration of fucoidan significantly prolonged the time required for complete occlusion in arterioles and venules by almost seven- and nine-fold, respectively. In contrast, treatment with monoclonal antibodies against P- and L-selectin had no effect on the development of microvascular thrombosis. Fucoidan and also the anti-P-selectin antibody completely inhibited baseline venular leukocyte rolling in the cremaster muscle, indicating that these treatment regimes abolished P-selectin function. Importantly, fucoidan and the anti-P-selectin antibody had no effect on systemic platelet and leukocyte counts. On the other hand, we found that fucoidan treatment significantly altered coagulation parameters, including prothrombin time (Quick percentage), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin clotting time (TCT), which may explain the potent in vivo anticoagulative effect of fucoidan observed here.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our novel findings suggest that fucoidan effectively prevents microvascular thrombus formation induced by endothelial damage in arterioles and venules in vivo. This protective effect of fucoidan is not attributable to inhibition of P- and L-selectin function but may instead be related to the anticoagulative capacity of fucoidan.
authors.affiliation: Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. henrikthorlacius@hotmail.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thorlacius
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
authors.forename: U T
authors.initials: UT
authors.lastname: Seyfert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vestweber
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Menger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000502:physiology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D019007:P-Selectin; D011134:Polysaccharides; D019041:L-Selectin; C007789:fucoidan