title: Mycobacterial infection of the upper extremities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mycobacterial infection of the upper extremities is extremely rare. To make an early accurate diagnosis is often difficult, and the treatment is, therefore, frequently delayed in clinical practice. This paper describes the diagnosis and treatment of mycoabacterial infection of the upper extremities in a series of patients treated at National Taiwan University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 15 patients with mycobacterial infection of the upper extremities treated between 1985 and 1998 were retrospectively analyzed. The diagnosis of mycobacterial infection was established by positive culture results, the presence of acid-fast bacilli, or characteristic histopathologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mycobacterial infection was suspected on initial examination in only two patients. The duration between the onset of symptoms and correct diagnosis averaged 37.5 months (range, 3 wk to 209 mo). The involved sites of mycobacterial infection included the wrist in nine patients, the elbow in two, the hand in two, the humerus in two, the forearm in one, and the shoulder in one. Three patients suffered from multifocal musculoskeletal mycobacterial infection. Microbiologic studies identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis in four patients and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in four. Characteristic histopathologic findings of mycobacterial infection including caseation, granulomatous inflammation, eosinophilic epithelioid cells, Langhan's giant cells, and lymphocytic aggregates were noted in all 15 patients. All patients received chemotherapy and 14 patients underwent surgical treatment. The mean duration of follow-up was 46 months (range, 15-97 months). Treatment failed in two of the patients with multifocal NTM infection and in one patient whose mycobacterial infection was identified by histopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mycobacterial infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of infection of the upper extremities. Treatment failures are more frequent in patients with multifocal NTM infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014953:Wrist