title: A double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare oral misoprostol 400 microg with intramuscular oxytocin 10 IU in the routine management of the third stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind placebo controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Main referral hospital and its associated polyclinics in Accra, Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and one low risk women, in the second stage of labour with anticipated vaginal delivery, who entered labour spontaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  After delivery of the anterior shoulder of the baby, the women were randomised to receive either: 1. misoprostol 400 microg powder in water orally and 1 mL normal saline intramuscular injection (placebo); or 2. powdered cellulose in water orally (placebo) and 1 mL oxytocin 10 IU intramuscular injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Change in haemoglobin concentration from before delivery to 12 hours postpartum. Secondary outcomes included need for additional oxytocics, blood loss > 500 mL and > 1,000 mL, operative intervention for postpartum haemorrhage, and side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, shivering and elevated temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic characteristics were similar. There was no significant difference in change in haemoglobin concentration between the two groups (0.60 g/dL for misoprostol and 0.55 g/dL for oxytocin; relative difference 9.6%; 95% CI 20.5-39.6%; P = 0.54). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes with the exception of shivering, which occurred more frequently in the misoprostol group (22.2% vs 5.7%; relative risk 4.73; 95% CI 2.31-9.68; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In low risk women oral misoprostol appears to be as effective in minimising blood loss in the third stage of labour as intramuscular oxytocin. Shivering was noted more frequently with misoprostol use, but no other side effects were noted. Misoprostol has great potential for use in the third stage of labour especially in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Walley
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hutchens
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D003906:Developing Countries; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007749:Labor Stage, Third; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010120:Oxytocics; D016595:Misoprostol; D010121:Oxytocin; D006441:Hemoglobin A