title: RT-PCR identification and typing of astroviruses and Norwalk-like viruses in hospitalized patients with gastroenteritis: evidence of nosocomial infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Astroviruses (HAstVs) and 'Norwalk-like viruses' (NLV) are frequent causes of gastroenteritis worldwide, though no data on the strains in circulation or their prevalence is available for France.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We applied molecular methods to detect HAstVs and NLVs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in fecal samples collected during a 2-year period from children and adults hospitalized with gastroenteritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All samples negative for rotavirus and adenovirus by latex agglutination which contained small (25-40 nm) viral particles observed by electron microscopy (EM) were examined by RT-PCR. RT-PCR products were sequenced to characterize the HAstV and NLV strains present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 75 samples were analyzed by RT-PCR, of which 15 were positive for HAstV and 24 for NLV. Several distinct strains of serotype 1 HAstV, the predominant serotype, circulated during the period. Nineteen of the 24 NLVs were of the G2 genogroup including Mexico-like (n=10), Bristol-like (n=8), and Hawaii-like viruses (n=1); two were genogroup 1. Overall, seven (47%) of the 15 HAstV infections and nine (37.5%) of the 24 NLV infections appeared to be nosocomially acquired based on the date of admission in hospital and the date of illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides additional evidence of the importance of nosocomial infections caused by NLV and HAstV.
authors.affiliation: Service and Hygiene Hospitalière, Faculté de Médecine, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Fd Cedex, Clermont, France. ousmane.traore@u-clermont1.fr
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Traoré
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Belliot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mollat
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Piloquet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chamoux
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laveran
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Monroe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Billaudel
mesh_terms: D019350:Astroviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000821:virology*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D001257:Mamastrovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009663:Norwalk virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014771:Virion / Q000302:isolation & purification