title: Transarterial coil embolization of the internal and external carotid and maxillary arteries for prevention of hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a transarterial coil embolization technique for occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), and maxillary arteries (MA) in normal horses and to evaluate this technique for prevention of hemorrhage in horses affected with guttural pouch mycosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adult, normal horses and 4 horses with guttural pouch mycosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All horses had transarterial coil embolization of the rostral and caudal ICA, caudal MA, and rostral ECA. In 1 affected horse, an aberrant actively bleeding branch of the ECA was also occluded. Normal horses had a premortem angiogram, and were killed either at 1 or 2 weeks or 1, 2, or 3 months after the procedure. Specimens from the ICA, ECA and MA were evaluated by light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No surgical complications were observed, except 1 horse that developed laryngeal hemiplegia and 1 pilot horse that had embolization of the cerebral arterial circle. In normal horses, premortem angiography confirmed complete occlusion of all vessels, and coils were positioned as intended. All normal horses had partially maturing to mature, continuous thrombi occluding at the coils. In affected horses, no further episodes of epistaxis were observed. By day 60, all mycotic plaques had resolved without further treatment. Ophthalmic complications were not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transarterial embolization provided a safe, rapid, and effective method for ICA, ECA, and MA occlusion in normal and affected horses. In affected horses, the technique was possible despite active bleeding, allowing adequate identification and occlusion of all sources of hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lévéille
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Weisbrode
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lepage
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D002342:Carotid Artery, External; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D008438:Maxillary Artery; D009181:Mycoses / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*