title: Opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels triggers the preconditioned state by generating free radicals.
abstract: The critical time for opening mitochondrial (mito) K(ATP) channels, putative end effectors of ischemic preconditioning (PC), was examined. In isolated rabbit hearts 29+/-3% of risk zone infarcted after 30 minutes of regional ischemia. Ischemic PC or 5-minute exposure to 10 micromol/L diazoxide, a mito K(ATP) channel opener, reduced infarction to 3+/-1% and 8+/-1%, respectively. The mito K(ATP) channel closer 5-hydroxydecanoate (200 micromol/L), bracketing either 5-minute PC ischemia or diazoxide infusion, blocked protection (24+/-3 and 28+/-6% infarction, respectively). However, 5-hydroxydecanoate starting 5 minutes before long ischemia did not affect protection. Glibenclamide (5 micromol/L), another K(ATP) channel closer, blocked the protection by PC only when administered early. These data suggest that K(ATP) channel opening triggers protection but is not the final step. Five minutes of diazoxide followed by a 30-minute washout still reduced infarct size (8+/-3%), implying memory as seen with other PC triggers. The protection by diazoxide was not blocked by 5 micromol/L chelerythrine, a protein kinase C antagonist, given either to bracket diazoxide infusion or just before the index ischemia. Bracketing preischemic exposure to diazoxide with 50 micromol/L genistein, a tyrosine kinase antagonist, did not affect infarction, but genistein blocked the protection by diazoxide when administered shortly before the index ischemia. Thus, although it is not protein kinase C-dependent, the protection by diazoxide involves tyrosine kinase. Bracketing diazoxide perfusion with N:-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (300 micromol/L) or Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (7 micromol/L), each of which is a free radical scavenger, blocked protection, indicating that diazoxide triggers protection through free radicals. Therefore, mito K(ATP) channels are not the end effectors of protection, but rather their opening before ischemia generates free radicals that trigger entrance into a preconditioned state and activation of kinases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pain
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Critz
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heusch
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Downey
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology*; D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006880:Hydroxy Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011817:Rabbits; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D003652:Decanoic Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D006880:Hydroxy Acids; D010617:Phenanthridines; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C052853:5-hydroxydecanoic acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019833:Genistein; C016299:chelerythrine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D003981:Diazoxide; D005905:Glyburide