title: Measurements and calculations of thermal neutron fluence rate and neutron energy spectra resulting from moderation of 252Cf fast neutrons: applications for neutron capture therapy.
abstract: 252Cf is a neutron emitting radioisotope which has promise for both standard brachytherapy and neutron capture enhanced brachytherapy. In this study, experimental measurements and calculations were used to determine the thermal neutron fluence rate, phi(th) [n cm(-2) s(-1) mg(-1)], in the vicinity of 252Cf applicator tube (AT) type sources. Results of these measurements were confirmed with Monte Carlo calculations performed in a distributed manner on multiple workstations using MCNP. Three studies were executed: (1) relative phi(th) as a function of distance from a 252Cf AT source in an A-150 tissue equivalent plastic phantom using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) of varying 6Li/Li enrichment, (2) phi(th) measured with gold foils in a 114 liter water phantom 5 cm from two 252Cf AT sources, and (3) calculations of the impact of phantom material composition (e.g., A-150, water, brain, muscle) on phi(th) from moderated 252Cf fast neutrons. TLD results and Monte Carlo calculations in A-150 of relative phi(th) typically agreed within 1% and at most differed by 3% for distances from 1 to 6 cm. Foil measurements followed the ASTM E 262-86e protocol, and the ratio of activated plain and Cd encased gold foils (7.31) agreed well with the calculated ratio (7.26). Measured phi(th) at 5 cm (1.70+/-0.10 x 10(7) n cm(-2) s(-1) mg(-1)) was 10% greater than that determined using MCNP (1.55+/-0.12 x 10(7) n cm(-2) s(-1) mg(-1)), but was within the combined uncertainties. Compared with A-150 at a distance of 1 cm, phi(th) was 20%, 22%, and 32% less for water, brain, and muscle, respectively; these ratios decreased to 16%, 16%, and 24% less, respectively, at a distance of 5 cm from the source in a 15 cm diameter phantom. Comparisons of these results generally agreed with those in the literature for a value of 2 x 10(7) n cm(-2) s(-1) mg(-1) in water at 3 cm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. mrivard@lifespan.org
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rivard
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D002142:Californium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009132:Muscles / Q000528:radiation effects; D017247:Neutron Capture Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009502:Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010969:Plastics; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011874:Radiometry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D011868:Radioisotopes; D014867:Water; D002142:Californium