title: Structural interventions in public health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review structural interventions in public health, identify distinct approaches to structural interventions, and assess their implications for HIV-prevention interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE, HealthStar, PsychInfo and Sociofile databases were searched on specific health issues, types of public health interventions, and conceptual topics (e.g. empowerment, social structure, and inequality) to compile a list of public health interventions in the United States. We excluded interventions focused on testing and surveillance unless they specifically facilitated prevention, and educational or media campaigns focused on increasing individuals' level of knowledge about a particular health problem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The term 'structural' is used to refer to interventions that work by altering the context within which health is produced or reproduced. Structural interventions locate the source of public-health problems in factors in the social, economic and political environments that shape and constrain individual, community, and societal health outcomes. We identified two dimensions along which structural interventions can vary. They may locate the source of health problems in factors relating to availability, acceptability, or accessibility; and they may be targeted at the individual, organizational, or environmental levels. All together, this framework suggests nine kinds of structural interventions, and it is possible to identify examples of each kind of intervention across a range of public health issues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relevance of this framework for developing HIV prevention interventions is considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Blankenship
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Merson
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014481:United States