title: Distinct mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase gene ROR2 cause brachydactyly type B.
abstract: Brachydactyly type B (BDB) is an autosomal dominant skeletal disorder characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of distal phalanges and nails. Recently, heterozygous mutations of the orphan receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) ROR2, located within a distinct segment directly after the TK domain, have been shown to be responsible for BDB. We report four novel mutations in ROR2 (two frameshifts, one splice mutation, and one nonsense mutation) in five families with BDB. The mutations predict truncation of the protein within two distinct regions immediately before and after the TK domain, resulting in a complete or partial loss of the intracellular portion of the protein. Patients affected with the distal mutations have a more severe phenotype than do those with the proximal mutation. Our analysis includes the first description of homozygous BDB in an individual with a 5-bp deletion proximal to the TK domain. His phenotype resembles an extreme form of brachydactyly, with extensive hypoplasia of the phalanges and metacarpals/metatarsals and absence of nails. In addition, he has vertebral anomalies, brachymelia of the arms, and a ventricular septal defect-features that are reminiscent of Robinow syndrome, which has also been shown to be caused by mutations in ROR2. The BDB phenotype, as well as the location and the nature of the BDB mutations, suggests a specific mutational effect that cannot be explained by simple haploinsufficiency and that is distinct from that in Robinow syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Genetik, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Schwabe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tinschert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buschow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meinecke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gillessen-Kaesbach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oldridge
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kömec
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mundlos
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D018389:Codon, Nonsense / Q000235:genetics; D003241:Consanguinity; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016368:Frameshift Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D022821:RNA Splice Sites / Q000235:genetics; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D057050:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C078717:ROR2 protein, human; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D057050:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors