title: Albuminuria in nondiabetic relatives of IDDM patients with and without diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), there is a clustering of an elevated urinary albumin excretion rate (U-AER) in nondiabetic relatives of albuminuric patients. Whether this is also the case in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overnight U-AER was measured in 186 nondiabetic first-degree relatives of 80 IDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy (U-AER > 200 microg/min or 300 mg/24 hours; DN+) and in 52 relatives of 25 IDDM patients without nephropathy (U-AER < 20 microg/min; DN-). The two groups of relatives were comparable regarding gender distribution, age, obesity, blood pressure, prevalence of antihypertensive therapy, and smoking habits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was found in overnight U-AER between relatives of patients with DN+ and DN- [median (range), 3.4 (0.1 to 372) vs. 4.0 (0.2 to 62) microg/min, respectively, P = NS]. The proportion of relatives with a U-AER = 10 microg/min was 12% in DN+ compared with 8% in DN- (P = NS). Among relatives of DN+, those with antihypertensive treatment (AHT+) had higher U-AER compared with those without [AHT+ vs. AHT-, 5.0 (0.5 to 372) vs. 3.4 (0.1 to 26.5) microg/min, P < 0.01], a phenomenon that was not seen among relatives of DN-[AHT + vs. AHT-, 3.6 (2.1 to 24.3) vs. 4.0 (0. 2 to 61.5) microg/min, P = NS]. However, this analysis was impaired by the small number of relatives of DN- with hypertension (N = 7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In IDDM, we found no clustering of elevated U-AER in nondiabetic relatives of patients with nephropathy. This is different from what has been reported in NIDDM, and suggests heterogeneity in the genesis of albuminuria in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fagerudd
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pettersson-Fernholm
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Riska
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grönhagen-Riska
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male