title: Human papillomavirus genotype 16 vaccines for cervical cancer prophylaxis and treatment.
abstract: More than 11% of the global cancer incidence in females is due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, with HPV genotype 16 the most prevalent viral type to infect the cervix. Vaccine strategies currently target HPV 16 genes E6 and E7, constitutively expressed in cervical cancer cells, and L1 and L2, HPV surface antigens. Recent developments in HPV vaccine research are reviewed. Most studies focus on vaccine models showing improved immunogenicity or dual induction of both humeral and cellular systems. Preclinical studies show that (1) L1 /E7 chimeric viral-like proteins induce both neutralizing L1 antibodies and E7-specific T cells; (2) rerouting a cytosolic tumor antigen into the endosomal/lysosomal compartment can improve the therapeutic potency of DNA vaccines; and (3) accelerated E7 protein degradation leads to enhanced antigen presentation in the context of major histocompatability complex class I. Clinical studies show that (1) HPV 16 E7 peptide vaccination can be safely delivered to patients with terminal disease; and (2) HPV-16 capsid proteins harbor at least one HLA-A*201 restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7340, USA. t_cornelison@nih.gov
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cornelison
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: C068651:E6 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C059731:oncogene protein E7, Human papillomavirus type 16