title: dCtBP-dependent and -independent repression activities of the Drosophila Knirps protein.
abstract: Transcriptional repressor proteins play essential roles in controlling the correct temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis. Repressors such as Knirps, Krüppel, and Snail mediate short-range repression and interact with the dCtBP corepressor. The mechanism by which short-range repressors block transcription is not well understood; therefore, we have undertaken a detailed structure-function analysis of the Knirps protein. To provide a physiological setting for measurement of repression, the activities of endogenous or chimeric Knirps repressor proteins were assayed on integrated reporter genes in transgenic embryos. Two distinct repression functions were identified in Knirps. One repression activity depends on dCtBP binding, and this function maps to a C-terminal region of Knirps that contains a dCtBP binding motif. In addition, an N-terminal region was identified that represses in a CtBP mutant background and does not bind to the dCtBP protein in vitro. Although the dCtBP protein is important for Knirps activity on some genes, one endogenous target of the Knirps protein, the even-skipped stripe 3 enhancer, is not derepressed in a CtBP mutant. These results indicate that Knirps can utilize two different pathways to mediate transcriptional repression and suggest that the phenomenon of short-range repression may be a combination of independent activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Struffi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Margulies
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Yurk
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Amey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ebels
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corado
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Arnosti
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C074089:kni protein, Drosophila; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C096794:C-terminal binding protein