title: Genioglossal but not palatal muscle activity relates closely to pharyngeal pressure.
abstract: The stimuli controlling pharyngeal dilator muscles are poorly defined. Local mechanoreceptors are a leading possibility. To address this, we assessed the relationship between two dilator muscle electromyograms (EMGs, i.e., genioglossus [GG-an inspiratory phasic muscle], tensor palatini [TP-a tonically active muscle]) and potential stimuli (i.e., epiglottic pressure [Pepi], airflow [V], and pharyngeal resistance [Rpha]). Fifteen normal subjects were studied, during wakefulness and stable non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The GGEMG and TPEMG were assessed during basal breathing and during inspiratory resistive loading (four loads, done in triplicate), while quantifying Pepi and choanal pressures (Pcho, Millar catheters) plus V. There was a strong correlation between Pepi and GGEMG during wakefulness in most subjects (9 of 15 had absolute R > 0.7 [p < 0.05], group mean R = -0.62, p < 0.05). These correlations were less robust during NREM sleep (8 of 15 absolute R > 0.6 [p < 0.05], group mean R = -0.39, ns). The slope of the Pepi versus GGEMG relationship was greater during wakefulness than sleep (-0.67 versus -0.39% max/ cm H(2)O, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were observed between TPEMG and any of the measured potential stimuli. We conclude that intrapharyngeal pressure may modulate genioglossus activity during wakefulness, with a fall in muscle responsiveness during sleep. The activity of the TP was not clearly influenced by any measured local stimulus either awake or asleep.
authors.affiliation: Circadian, Neuroendocrine and Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pillar
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beauregard
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Slamowitz
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology