title: Considerations in choosing a primary endpoint that measures durability of virological suppression in an antiretroviral trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At present, many clinical trials of anti-HIV-1 therapies compare treatments by a primary endpoint that measures the durability of suppression of HIV-1 replication. Several durability endpoints are compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endpoints are compared by their implicit assumptions regarding surrogacy for clinical outcomes, sample size requirements, and accommodations for inter-patient differences in baseline plasma HIV-1-RNA levels and in initial treatment response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Virological failure is defined by the non-suppression of virus levels at a prespecified follow-up time T(early virological failure), or by relapse. A binary virological failure endpoint is compared with three time-to-virological failure endpoints: time from (i) randomization that assigns early failures a failure time of T weeks; (ii) randomization that extends the early failure time T for slowly responding subjects; and (iii) virological response that assigns non-responders a failure time of 0 weeks. Endpoint differences are illustrated with Agouron's trial 511.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparing high with low-dose nelfinavir (NFV) regimens in Agouron 511, the difference in Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportion not failing by 24 weeks is 16.7% (P = 0.048), 6.5% (P = 0.29) and 22.9% (P = 0.0030) for endpoints (i), (ii) and (iii), respectively. The results differ because NFV suppresses virus more quickly at the higher dose, and the endpoints weigh this treatment difference differently. This illustrates that careful consideration needs to be given to choosing a primary endpoint that will detect treatment differences of interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A time from randomization endpoint is usually recommended because of its advantages in flexibility and sample size, especially at interim analyses, and for its interpretation for patient management.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. pgilbert@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ribaudo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kuritzkes
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral