title: Are we inhibited? Renal insufficiency should not preclude the use of ACE inhibitors for patients with myocardial infarction and depressed left ventricular function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to decrease mortality in patients with myocardial infarction and depressed left ventricular function, but physicians may be reluctant to prescribe ACE inhibitors to patients with concomitant renal insufficiency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction following acute myocardial infarction have a similar reduction in mortality from ACE inhibitors regardless of their renal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study using medical record data.
  
  
  METHODS
  All nonfederal acute care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 20,902 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older directly admitted to the hospital from February 1, 1994, through July 30, 1995, and with a documented left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40% measured by echocardiography, radionuclide scintigraphy, or angiography following a confirmed acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-year survival for patients who received or who did not receive an ACE inhibitor at hospital discharge, stratified by the patient's level of renal function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire cohort, the receipt of an ACE inhibitor on hospital discharge was associated with greater 1-year survival (hazards ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.91) after adjusting for patient demographic characteristics, comorbidity, severity of illness (including left ventricular ejection fraction), and the receipt of other therapies. In stratified models, the receipt of an ACE inhibitor was associated with a 37% (16%-52%) lower mortality for patients who had poor renal function (serum creatinine level,<265 micromol/L [<3 mg/dL]) and a 16% (8%-23%) lower mortality for patients who had better renal function. Use of aspirin therapy attenuated the benefit of ACE inhibitors in patients with poor renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate renal insufficiency should not be considered a contraindication to the use of ACE inhibitors in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction following myocardial infarction. Use of aspirin therapy may attenuate the benefit of ACE inhibitors in patients with high serum creatinine levels; therefore, further studies are needed to determine whether treatment with aspirin, alternative antiplatelet agents, or anticoagulation is indicated for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111A1), 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. craigf@mail.com
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Frances
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Massie
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Browner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McClellan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000075202:Contraindications; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D003404:Creatinine