title: Victim impact panels: who is sentenced to attend? Does attendance affect recidivism of first-time DWI offenders?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Victim Impact Panels (VIPs) have been implemented widely in the United States by judges as a deterrent to drinking and driving, but there is little evidence of their utility in preventing recidivism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to examine judges' referral patterns to the VIPs among a multiethnic population of convicted first-time driving while impaired (DWI) offenders and to compare 5-year recidivism rates of those mandated and not mandated to attend the VIP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants included 5,238 convicted first-time DWI offenders who were referred to a screening program in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, and who completed a personal interview with a master's-level counselor between April 1989 and October 1995. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate judges' preferences in mandating offenders to attend a VIP. The percent of subjects reoffending in the 5 years following their referral for screening was calculated by standard life-table analyses. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to test the effects of known independent predictors for recidivism. Separate models were developed for the entire population, non-Hispanic offenders, and Hispanic/Mexican national subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female judges who regularly adjudicated DWI offenders were more likely to refer offenders to a VIP. Judges were less likely to refer men and offenders with less than 12 years of education and an unknown arrest blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and of Hispanic/Mexican national or other race/ ethnicity. Judges were more likely to refer unmarried offenders to a VIP. After controlling for multiple risk factors, referral to VIP was not a strong predictor of recidivism in Hispanic and non-Hispanic ethnic groups, with 95% confidence limits ranging from 0.8 to 1.0, compared to those not referred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female judges were more likely than male judges to refer offenders to a VIP, and referral patterns varied by offender characteristics. The VIP referral did not increase rearrest rates but lowered them marginally to not at all. This study should be followed up with a randomized design to control for referral patterns and to further define the impact of mandating offenders to the VIP.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Health Research Center of the Southwest, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109, USA. jcdebaca@bhrcs.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: C'de Baca
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lapham
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Skipper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009516:New Mexico / Q000208:ethnology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012737:Sex Factors; D012926:Social Control, Formal / Q000379:methods*