title: Role of mechanical and psychosocial factors in the onset of forearm pain: prospective population based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the aetiology of forearm pain. In particular to determine the relative contribution of (a) psychological factors, features of somatisation, and health anxiety and behaviour, (b) work related mechanical factors, and (c) work related psychosocial factors in the onset of forearm pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 year prospective population based cohort study, with retrospective assessment of exposures at work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altrincham, Greater Manchester.
  
  
  METHODS
  1953 individuals aged 18-65 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forearm pain of new onset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow up, 105 (8.3%) participants reported forearm pain of new onset lasting at least one day in the past month. Among these, 67% also reported shoulder pain, 65% back pain, and 45% chronic widespread pain. Increased risks of onset were associated with high levels of psychological distress (relative risk 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 3.8), reporting at least two other somatic symptoms (1.7, 0.95 to 3.0), and high scores on the illness behaviour subscale of the illness attitude scales. The two work related mechanical exposures associated with the highest risk of forearm pain in the future were repetitive movements of the arm (4.1, 1.7 to 10) or wrists (3.4, 1.3 to 8.7), whereas the strongest work related psychosocial risk was dissatisfaction with support from colleagues or supervisors (4.7, 2. 2 to 10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological distress, aspects of illness behaviour, and other somatic symptoms are important predictors of onset of forearm pain in addition to work related psychosocial and mechanical factors. Misleading terms such as "cumulative trauma disorder" or "repetitive strain injury," implying a single uniform aetiology, should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. G.Macfarlane@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Silman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001416:Back Pain / Q000150:complications; D002908:Chronic Disease; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000150:complications; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk