title: The human brain has distinct regional expression patterns of estrogen receptor alpha mRNA isoforms derived from alternative promoters.
abstract: The human estrogen receptor (ER) alpha gene is transcribed from multiple promoters, generating mRNA isoforms with unique 5' ends in the untranslated region. In the present study, alternative promoters were shown to regulate the ERalpha gene expression in different neuronal populations of the human brain. By using in situ hybridization histochemistry, the A and B promoters, but not the C promoter, in the ERalpha gene were found to be active in the human forebrain. The mRNA isoform transcribed from the A promoter was expressed in low levels in most of the brain areas where ERalpha mRNA was present. In contrast, the B promoter mRNA isoform was more restricted, localized predominantly in high-expressing ERalpha mRNA regions. The gross anatomical distribution of the different mRNA isoforms analyzed with RT-PCR generally supported the results obtained by the in situ hybridization. Estrogen is known to modulate many different brain functions, such as neuroendocrine events associated with reproduction, mood, and cognition, likely to be mediated by different neuronal populations. Thus, the current findings of alternative ERalpha promoter expression in distinct neuronal populations suggest that multiple promoter usage is a possible mechanism to achieve differentiated regulation of the ERalpha expression, dependent on the cell phenotype and consequently the functions mediated by the specific neuron.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Osterlund
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grandien
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hurd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D018387:Codon, Initiator / Q000235:genetics; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D018387:Codon, Initiator; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen