title: Violence and reproductive health: current knowledge and future research directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the scope of violence against women and its importance for reproductive health, very few scientific data about the relationship between violence and reproductive health issues are available.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current knowledge base for several issues specific to violence and reproductive health, including association of violence with pregnancy, pregnancy intention, contraception use, pregnancy terminations, and pregnancy outcomes, are reviewed and suggestions are provided for future research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the limitations of current research and some inconclusive results, the existing research base clearly documents several important points: (1) violence occurs commonly during pregnancy (an estimated 4%-8% of pregnancies): (2) violence is associated with unintended pregnancies and may be related to inconsistent contraceptive use; and (3) the research is inconclusive about the relationship between violence and pregnancy outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved knowledge of the risk factors for violence is critical for effective intervention design and implementation. Four areas that need improvement for development of new research studies examining violence and reproductive-related issues include (1) broadening of study populations, (2) refining data collection methodologies, (3) obtaining additional information about violence and other factors, and (4) developing and evaluating screening and intervention programs. The research and health care communities should act collaboratively to improve our understanding of why violence against women occurs, how it specifically affects reproductive health status, and what prevention strategies may be effective.
authors.affiliation: USQA Center for Health Care Research, Atlanta, Georgia 30339, USA. julie.gazmararian@phc.aetna.com
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gazmararian
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D018585:Battered Women; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D017579:Domestic Violence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral