title: A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) modulator blocks adipocyte differentiation but stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists such as the thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These compounds induce adipogenesis in cell culture models and increase weight gain in rodents and humans. We have identified a novel PPARgamma ligand, LG100641, that does not activate PPARgamma but selectively and competitively blocks thiazolidinedione-induced PPARgamma activation and adipocyte conversion. It also antagonizes target gene activation as well as repression in agonist-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This novel PPARgamma antagonist does not block adipocyte differentiation induced by a ligand for the retinoid X receptor (RXR), the heterodimeric partner for PPARgamma, or by a differentiation cocktail containing insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine. Surprisingly, LG100641, like the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone, increases glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Such selective PPARgamma antagonists may help determine whether insulin sensitization by thiazolidinediones is mediated solely through PPARgamma activation, and whether there are PPARgamma-ligand-independent pathways for adipocyte differentiation. If selective PPARgamma modulators block adipogenesis in vivo, they may prevent obesity, lower insulin resistance, and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA. ranjan.mukherjee@dupontpharma.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hoener
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bilakovics
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klausing
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Mais
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faulkner
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Croston
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Paterniti
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C417528:LG 100641; D008024:Ligands; D009281:Naphthalenes; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D003907:Dexamethasone; C089946:2,4-thiazolidinedione; D005947:Glucose; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine