title: Short tandem repeat methodology for genotypic identification of single-person versus multi-person use of syringes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop laboratory methods to differentiate between single- versus multi-person use of syringes by injection drug users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forensic short tandem repeat (STR) genetic analysis was undertaken to cross-validate a test panel of trace blood contents from syringes representing single- versus multi-person syringe use. Laboratory-simulated scenarios of needle sharing generated 34 syringe washes that were blinded for evaluation. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the polymorphic STR locus D6S502 from blood trace contents in used syringes. Alleles were sized and quantified using a commercial gene sequencer. A statistical algorithm was developed to determine the number of alleles present in the amplified DNA fragments. Syringes with more than two expected alleles were considered to represent multi-person syringe use. Sensitivity, specificity and the kappa coefficient were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allelic matrix-based analysis of alleles from the single STR successfully characterized single-use (n = 12) and multiple-use (n = 22) syringes with 68% sensitivity and 100% specificity upon re-analysis. The extent of agreement over and above chance (kappa = 0.6; P < 0.0001) indicated good agreement for differentiating single- versus multi-person syringe use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that improved genotypic STR analysis of syringe material could be an adjunct to methods for validating self-reported needle sharing, conducting behavioral surveillance of needle-sharing behaviors, and evaluating interventions such as needle-exchange programs. Assays based on multiple STR loci will undoubtedly improve upon the promising results obtained from laboratory simulations of needle sharing.
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Support Program, Science Applications International Corp. Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strathdee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brahmbhatt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farzadegan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D005838:Genotype; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral