title: Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage: the OSCAR study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the dose-response relation between cadmium dose and renal tubular damage in a population of workers and people environmentally or occupationally exposed to low concentrations of cadmium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early kidney damage in 1021 people, occupationally or environmentally exposed to cadmium, was assessed from cadmium in urine to estimate dose, and protein HC (alpha(1)-microglobulin) in urine to assess tubular proteinuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an age and sex adjusted correlation between cadmium in urine and urinary protein HC. The prevalence of tubular proteinuria ranged from 5% among unexposed people to 50% in the most exposed group. The corresponding prevalence odds ratio was 6.0 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.6 to 22) for the highest exposure group, adjusted for age and sex. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an increasing prevalence of tubular proteinuria with urinary cadmium as well as with age. After adjustment to the mean age of the study population (53 years), the results show an increased prevalence of 10% tubular proteinuria (taking into account a background prevalence of 5%) at a urinary cadmium concentration of 1.0 nmol/mmol creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal tubular damage due to exposure to cadmium develops at lower levels of cadmium body burden than previously anticipated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Stockholm, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. l.jarup@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Järup
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alfvén
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grubb
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spång
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Elinder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium