title: Depression and risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Results of two prospective community-based studies in The Netherlands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression may be associated with cognitive decline in elderly people with impaired cognition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether depressed elderly people with normal cognition are at increased risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent samples of older people with normal cognition were selected from the community-based Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL) and the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). In AMSTEL, depression was assessed by means of the Geriatric Mental State Schedule. Clinical diagnoses of incident Alzheimer's disease were made using a two-step procedure. In LASA, depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Cognitive decline was defined as a drop of > or = 3 on the Mini-Mental State Examination at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both in the AMSTEL and the LASA sample, depression was associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline, respectively, but only in subjects with higher levels of education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a subgroup of more highly educated elderly people, depression may be an early manifestation of Alzheimer's disease before cognitive symptoms become apparent.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. geerlings@epib.fgg.eur.nl
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Geerlings
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schoevers
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmand
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Adèr
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Tilburg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors