title: A comparative study with oral nifedipine, intravenous nimodipine, and magnesium sulfate in postoperative analgesia.
abstract: We tested the ability of two L-type calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and nimodipine) and the N-methyl D-aspartate natural antagonist magnesium to decrease morphine requirements and pain in the postoperative period in 92 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. In a randomized, double-blinded study, patients were assigned to one of four groups. The control group received placebo. The nifedipine group received 60 mg of oral nifedipine. The magnesium group received an initial dose of 30 mg/kg followed by 10 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) of magnesium sulfate over 20 h. The nimodipine group received 30 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) of nimodipine over 20 h. Postoperative morphine consumption was assessed for 48 h. Pain at rest and pain on movement were assessed up to the fifth day postsurgery. There were no differences among groups in postoperative morphine consumption at 12 and 24 h. The nifedipine group consumed more morphine than the control and nimodipine groups during 24-48 h. Pain at rest scores were higher at 16 and 24 h in the nifedipine group than in the other three groups. Pain on movement scores were lower at 72 h in the nimodipine group than in the control and nifedipine groups. In conclusion, the perioperative application of oral nifedipine, IV nimodipine, or IV magnesium sulfate failed to decrease postoperative morphine requirements after colorectal surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase of intracellular calcium plays a key role in spinal transmission of pain and in the establishment of central sensitization. We examined the effects of nifedipine, nimodipine, and magnesium sulfate in postoperative analgesia after colorectal surgery. We found no differences in morphine consumption with the administration of each drug alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. rzarauza@unav.es
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zarauza
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Sáez-Fernández
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carrascosa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adame
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fidalgo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monedero
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003106:Colon / Q000601:surgery; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010919:Placebos; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012007:Rectum / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D010919:Placebos; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009553:Nimodipine; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D009020:Morphine; D009543:Nifedipine