title: Child psychological maltreatment in Palestinian families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to identify predictors of child psychological maltreatment (CPM) in Palestinian families. It examined the relative contributions of child characteristics, parents' sociodemographics, and economic hardship, in addition to family's characteristics such as family values, family ambiance, gender inequities, parental support, harsh discipline, and other forms of maltreatment, to psychological maltreatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 1000 school age children who ranged in age from 12 to 16 years. Two school counselors carried the interviews with children at school, and with the available parent at home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Child school performance was specifically associated with CPM. The two-parent families and parents from refugee camps appeared to employ more psychological maltreatment of their children than single-parent families and parents from urban and rural areas. Parents who perceived that the family did not have enough money to meet the child's needs were more likely to abuse their children psychologically. Gender inequities, harsh discipline, family ambiance, and lack of parental support were the most salient predictors of CPM. Child psychological maltreatment occurred concurrently with other forms of maltreatment such as physical abuse and child's labor. Parental psychological maltreatment proved to be weakened with high traditional family values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant proportion of the sample could be considered psychologically maltreated. Intervention and prevention efforts should be focused on child welfare, educational programs aimed at high-risk parents, and mobilization of the community and social services agencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Sciences, Bethlehem University, West Bank, Palestine.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khamis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018912:Arabs; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000208:ethnology*; D002669:Child Welfare; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East / Q000208:ethnology; D011203:Poverty; D011678:Punishment; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class