title: Long-term results of pulsed irradiation of skin metastases from breast cancer. Effectiveness and sequelae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The concept of pulsed brachytherapy suggested by Brenner and Hall requires an unusual fractionation scheme. Effectiveness and sequelae of this new irradiation method were observed in patients with disseminated cutaneous metastases of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A flexible, reusable skin mold (weight 110 g) was developed for use with a pulsed dose rate (PDR) afterloader. An array of 18 parallel catheters (2 mm diameter) at equal distances of 10 or 12 mm was constructed by fixation of the catheters in a plastic wire mesh. The array is sewn between 2 foam rubber slabs of 5 mm thickness to provide a defined constant distance to the skin. Irradiations are possible up to a maximum field size of 20 x 23.5 cm using a nominal 37 GBq Ir-192 source. Pulses of 1 Gy reference dose at the skin surface are applied at a rate of 1 pulse every 1.2 hours (0.8 Gy per hour). The dose distribution is geometrically optimized to provide a homogeneous skin dose (100% +/- 10%). The 80% dose level lies at 5 mm below the skin surface. Between April 1994 and December 1997, 52 patients suffering from cutaneous metastases at the thoracic wall were treated with 54 fields and total doses of 38 to 50 Gy (median 42 Gy) applying 2 PDR courses with a pause of 4 to 5 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients (48 fields) were eligible for evaluation in June 1998. The median follow-up was 16 months (range 7.1 to 46.2 months). Local control was achieved in 40 out of 48 fields (83%) or 41 of 46 patients (89%), respectively. Moist desquamation occurred in 52% of the patients. Late reactions were judged after a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Thirty-two fields had been previously irradiated with external beam therapy to doses of 40 to 60 Gy. Regardless of whether the skin was preirradiated or not all patients surviving long enough developed telangiectasia within 2 years after PDR irradiation. In preirradiated patients (n = 32) skin contractures and/or skin necrosis occurred in 12% each. In newly irradiated patients (n = 14) no contractures or skin necrosis were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulsed brachytherapy is an effective and time-sparing method for the treatment of cutaneous metastases from breast cancer. Skin reactions are comparable to the sequelae of orthovoltage therapy. Two sessions of approximately 20 Gy PDR were tolerated on preirradiated skin without severe sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. FritzP.mks@t-online.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Hensley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berns
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wannenmacher
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors