title: Studies of the 1996-1997 inactivated influenza vaccine among children attending day care: immunologic response, protection against infection, and clinical effectiveness.
abstract: A randomized, blinded, pilot study of influenza vaccine administered to children attending day care centers was conducted during the 1996-1997 winter. Vaccine efficacy in preventing serologically proven influenza virus infection was 0.45 (95% confidence limit [CL]: -0.02, 0.69) for influenza B and 0.31 (95% CL: -0.95, 0.73) for influenza A(H3N2). For both influenza A(H3N2) and B, children without preexisting hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody to these antigens had lower antibody responses to vaccine, were less likely to develop a serological response, and were more likely to develop serological evidence of influenza infection. Although there were no reductions in respiratory or febrile respiratory illnesses among all vaccinated children, there was a trend for reductions in such illnesses among vaccinated children with preexisting HI antibodies to influenza A(H3N2) and B. Therefore, immunologic priming in young children may be important for vaccine response and for protection against infection. Larger studies are needed in other influenza seasons to assess vaccine efficacy and clinical effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. ehurwitz@mindspring.com
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shope
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Giesick
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated