title: Assessment of electroporation by flow cytometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electroporation accomplishes transient permeabilization of cells and thus aids in the uptake of drugs. The method has been employed clinically in the treatment of dermatological tumors with bleomycin. The conditions of electroporation are still largely empirical and information is lacking as to the interrelationships among voltage pulse height, pulse number and toxicity, cell permeation, drug uptake, and effects on drug toxicity. We used propidium iodide (PI) and flow cytometry to define cell permeation into cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments to determine the improvements of drug toxicity that can be accomplished by electroporation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human squamous carcinoma cells of defined TP53 status and normal human epithelial cells were subjected to electroporation using a square wave pulse generator in the range of 0-5,000 V/cm. Flow cytometry served to establish entry of the drug reporter, PI, into the cytoplasm and nucleus. A dye staining method served to establish cell survival and to determine the toxicity of bleomycin alone, electroporation alone, and electroporation with bleomycin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The electric field intensity (EFI) required to produce 50% permeabilization (EP(50)) is cell type dependent. The EP(50) varied from 1,465 to 2,027 V/cm. An EFI below 900 V/cm is growth stimulatory whereas an EFI in excess of 1,000 V/cm is growth inhibitory. An EFI of 1,000 V/cm is sufficient to increase bleomycin toxicity by a factor of 2-3. A differential electroporation efficiency is observed between normal and tumor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumor cells can be targeted preferentially at electroporation voltages where normal cells are less permeable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cilliers
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Böhm
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004563:Electrochemistry; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007364:Intercalating Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D011419:Propidium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007364:Intercalating Agents; D001761:Bleomycin; D011419:Propidium; D004247:DNA