title: Varicocele is associated with abnormal retention of cytoplasmic droplets by human spermatozoa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether varicocele is associated with retention of sperm cytoplasmic droplets in infertile men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University infertility clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonazoospermic men with idiopathic (n = 69) and varicocele-associated infertility (n = 73), and 20 fertile controls presenting for vasectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard semen parameters and percentage of spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplets on Papanicolaou smears.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences were found between the fertile and infertile groups with respect to semen volume. Fertile controls had significantly greater mean percent sperm motility and normal morphology than infertile men. The mean percentage of sperm with residual cytoplasm was statistically significantly different in all three groups. Infertile men with varicocele had the highest percentage of sperm with cytoplasmic droplets, the next highest level being in men with idiopathic infertility and the lowest level in fertile controls (11.7 +/- 1.0, 8.1 +/- 0.9 and 3.2 +/- 0.4%, respectively, P<.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that idiopathic and even moreso, varicocele-related male infertility are conditions associated with impaired disposal of residual sperm cytoplasm by the testis and/or epididymis. These data provide a possible mechanism for the observed semen abnormalities and reduced fertility potential associated with varicocele and idiopathic male infertility.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. azini@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Defreitas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hechter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jarvi
mesh_terms: D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications*; D014659:Vasectomy