title: Multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of levetiracetam as add-on therapy in patients with refractory partial seizures. European Levetiracetam Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam (LEV, Keppra) as add-on therapy in patients with refractory partial seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this European multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, LEV (500 or 1,000 mg twice daily) was compared with placebo as add-on therapy in 324 patients with uncontrolled simple or complex partial seizures, or both, with or without secondary generalization. After enrollment, three parallel groups were assessed during a baseline period of 8 or 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week titration interval and a 12-week evaluation period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LEV significantly decreased partial seizure frequency compared with placebo. A reduction in seizure frequency of > or =50% occurred in 22.8% of patients in the 1,000-mg group and 31.6% of patients in the 2,000-mg group, compared with 10.4% of patients in the placebo group. Administration of LEV did not affect plasma concentrations of concomitant antiepileptic drugs or alter vital signs or laboratory parameters. No significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was observed between treatment groups (70.8% for the 1,000-mg group and 75.5% for the 2,000-mg group), or between the LEV and placebo groups (73.2% for placebo group). The most commonly reported adverse effects in the LEV group were asthenia, headache, and somnolence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antiepileptic efficacy and tolerability of LEV (1,000 mg/d and 2,000 mg/d, administered in two divided doses) as add-on therapy was established in patients with refractory partial seizures in this clinical study.
authors.affiliation: The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England. s.shorvon@ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shorvon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Löwenthal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bielen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loiseau
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010919:Placebos; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010919:Placebos; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam