title: Discrimination of prohibited oral use of salbutamol from authorized inhaled asthma treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The administration of salbutamol is permitted only by inhalation by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for the management of asthma and exercise-induced asthma in athletes. The establishment of criteria to distinguish between the (IOC) authorized use (inhaled) and the (IOC) prohibited use (oral) of salbutamol appeared possible using simultaneous evaluation of variables based on the concentration of nonconjugated enantiomers of salbutamol excreted in urine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine was collected from asthmatic and nonasthmatic swimmers who had received various preexercise doses of oral (five doses of 4 mg) or inhaled (two doses of 100 microgram) salbutamol. Urine was also obtained from subjects who had received the maximum dosage of inhaled salbutamol advisable for competing athletes to provide protection from exercise-induced asthma and treatment of asthma (1600 microgram in 24 h, 800 microgram being in the last 4 h). All samples were analyzed to determine the total amount of unchanged salbutamol excreted in urine and the ratio between the S: and R: enantiomers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The discriminant function D = -3.776 + 1.46 x 10(-3) ([S:(+)] + [R:(-)]) + 1.012 ([S:(+)]/[R(-)]) can be used to classify data into two groups, inhaled and oral. The confirmatory criterion suggested (cutoff at D = 1.06, 4 SD from the mean D value of the inhaled distribution) has been verified in different sets of samples showing suspicious concentrations by conventional screening procedures in doping control. An 11.8% false-negative (oral classified as inhaled) rate is assumed with the confirmatory criterion proposed, but virtually no false positives (inhaled classified as oral) are obtained (<1 in 33 000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall procedure recommended is to screen all samples and to apply the confirmation criterion proposed to samples showing free racemic salbutamol concentrations >500 microgram/L by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or free + conjugated racemic salbutamol concentrations >1400 microgram/L by ELISA.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergés
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mas
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: de La Torre
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000420:Albuterol