title: Low prevalence of germline CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations in patients with early-onset melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with cutaneous melanoma, early age at disease onset is characteristic in familial cases and in individuals with multiple primary melanomas. Both subsets of patients with melanoma are at risk for harboring germline CDKN2A or CDK4 mutations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We set out to prospectively determine the prevalence of CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations in a group of young patients with melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively screened 913 patients over a 6-month period and identified 519 patients with invasive melanomas. We invited 172 patients with melanoma who were younger than 40 years to participate in the study, and 49 patients consented and donated peripheral blood samples. Forty-nine percent (n = 24) of our patients developed cutaneous melanoma before the age of 30 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A melanoma clinic in the Boston, Mass, area.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a combination of single-strand conformation analysis and direct sequencing of samples of peripheral blood leukocyte DNA to search for mutations in exons 1alpha, 1beta, 2, and 3 of CDKN2A and in exon 2 of CDK4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean and median ages at diagnosis in our group were 30 and 32 years, respectively. Among a group of 49 patients, we detected 1 (2%; 95% confidence interval, 0.07%-10.8%) Met 53 Ile CDKN2A mutation, which was found in a patient with a strong family history of melanoma. This alteration has been previously shown to impair p16 function. One patient had an Ala 148 Thr change in CDKN2A, which has also been shown to be a polymorphism. We also detected a sequence polymorphism (in the 3' untranslated region [3'UTR] of CDKN2A) in 27% of our patients. A similar incidence of this 3'UTR polymorphism was observed in a control population. We found no CDK4 mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Germline CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations are not common in patients who develop melanoma at an early age. This finding contrasts with other cancer-predisposition syndromes, in which there is an increased incidence of germline mutations among young patients. Selection of patients with melanoma for genetic testing based solely on age at onset may not be warranted at the current time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Bartlett 622, 48 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114. tsao.hensin@mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwitkiwski
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sober
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Haluska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases