title: Exposure of human endometrium to environmental estrogens, antiandrogens, and organochlorine compounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine concentrations of environmental estrogens, antiandrogens, and organochlorine compounds in human endometrium and body fat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient recruitment was done at a university hospital; chemical analysis was performed in a specialized private laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premenopausal, unexposed women undergoing hysterectomy for uterine myoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of environmental modulators in human endometrium and body fat were quantified by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among known endocrine modulators, the antiandrogenic p, p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene was found in the highest concentrations in endometrium (median 4.7 microg/kg wet weight) and body fat (median 446 microg/kg wet weight). Only trace amounts of the identified environmental estrogens beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, o, p'-dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane, bisphenol A, hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls, and genistein were found in the endometrium (median <1 microg/kg wet weight). As major organochlorine contaminants without endocrine activities, polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that nonchlorinated environmental estrogens do not build up cumulative tissue concentrations in the endometrium. The risk of reduced fertility because of ambient levels of environmental estrogens in the endometrium is negligible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. wschaef@frk.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Meinhold-Heerlein
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Deppert
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Zahradnik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017697:Premenopause
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides