title: 3-D computer visualization and interactive prostate biopsy simulation leads to an improved systematic technique for the detection of prostate cancer: clinical correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urologists routinely use the systematic sextant needle biopsy technique to detect prostate cancer. However, recent evidence suggests that this technique has a significant sampling error. Recent data based upon whole-mounted step-sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens using a 3-D computer assisted prostate biopsy simulator suggests that an increased detection rate is possible using laterally placed biopsies. A new 10-core biopsy pattern was shown to be superior to the traditional sextant biopsy. This pattern includes the traditional sextant biopsy cores and four laterally placed biopsies in the right and left apex and mid portion of the prostate gland. The objective of this study is to confirm the higher prostate cancer detection rate obtained using the 10-core biopsy pattern in a small cohort of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 35 consecutive patients with a pathologic diagnosis of prostate cancer biopsied by a single urologist using the 10-core biopsy pattern. The frequency of positive biopsy was determined for each core. Additionally, the sextant and 10-core prostate biopsy patterns were compared with respect to prostate cancer detection rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 35 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, 54.3% (19/35) were diagnosed when reviewing the sextant biopsy data only. Review of the 10-core pattern revealed that an additional 45.7% (16/35) of patients were diagnosed solely with the laterally placed biopsies. The laterally placed biopsies had the highest frequency of positive biopsies when compared to the sextant cores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that biopsy protocols that use laterally placed biopsies based upon a five region anatomical model are superior to the routinely used sextant prostate biopsy pattern. Lateral biopsies in the apex and mid portion of the gland are the most important.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Sesterhenn
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moul
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014584:User-Computer Interface