title: Hydrocarbon exposure and Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single cases of parkinsonism have been associated with hydrocarbon solvents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether exposure to hydrocarbon solvents is related to PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study of 990 patients with PD according to Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations (CAPIT) criteria, selected from 1455 consecutive subjects presenting at a referral center; case-control study assessing Unified PD Rating Scale scores (motor score as primary endpoint) in all subjects with positive history of hydrocarbon solvent exposure (n = 188), matched for duration of disease and gender to 188 subjects selected from the remaining 802 with a negative history. Two subgroups in the case-control study included the following: 1) response to apomorphine (n = 26); 2) brain MRI (n = 15). PET imaging (n = 9) was compared with that of historic controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposed patients were younger (61.0 +/- 9.4 versus 64.7 +/- 9.4 years, p = 0.002), predominantly male (76.4% versus 45.2%, p = 0.0001), less educated (8.4 +/- 4.2 versus 10.1 +/- 4.4 years, p = 0.0001), and younger at onset of disease (55.2 +/- 9.8 versus 58.6 +/- 10 years, p = 0.014). Exposure to hydrocarbon solvents directly correlated to disease severity (r = 0. 311) and inversely correlated to latency period (r = -0.252). Nine blue-collar occupations accounted for 91.1% of exposures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occupations involving the use of hydrocarbon solvents are a risk factor for earlier onset of symptoms of PD and more severe disease throughout its course. Hydrocarbon solvents may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of PD, which does not have a major genetic component.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy. pezzoli@parkinson.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pezzoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canesi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Righini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perbellini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barichella
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tenconi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tesei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zecchinelli
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Leenders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D012997:Solvents