title: Genetic risk factors for coronary artery spasm: significance of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene T-786-->C and missense Glu298Asp variants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently identified two endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms, Glu298Asp and T-786-->C, which are independently associated with coronary spasm. eNOS gene intron 4b/a polymorphism is also reported to be involved in smoking-dependent coronary artery disease. The genetic linkage among these polymorphisms remains unknown. Also, it is unclear which variant is most responsible for coronary spasm. In the present study, we first examined the genetic linkage among these three variants. Next, we studied the risk factors of coronary spasm by using all significant genetic and conventional risk factors in a large-scale study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genotype and allele frequencies for the T-786-->C, intron 4b/a, and Glu298Asp variants were assessed in 423 randomly selected DNA samples to examine their genetic linkages. The relative capacities of all risk factors to predict coronary spasm were then analyzed using multiple logistic regression in 201 patients with coronary spasm and 345 volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of allele frequencies revealed that the eNOS intron 4a allele was significantly linked to the T-786-->C mutation (P < 0.00001), whereas there was not a linkage between the intron 4a allele and the Glu298Asp variant (P = 0.1437) or between the Glu298Asp variant and the T-786-->C mutation (P = 0.1996). Multiple logistic regression revealed that the most predictive independent risk factor for coronary spasm was the T-786-->C mutation (P < 0.001), followed by cigarette smoking (P < 0.001), hypertension (P = 0.004), and the Glu298Asp variant (P = 0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the T-786-->C mutation and the intron 4a allele are in linkage disequilibrium. We previously showed that the T-786-->C mutation reduced eNOS gene promoter activity. In that context, our results strongly suggest that the T-786-->C mutation underlies the functional characteristics of the intron 4a allele. Further, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the T-786-->C mutation is the most predictive risk factor for coronary spasm, followed by cigarette smoking. Given that those effects are potentially additive, patients carrying the eNOS gene variants should be strongly cautioned against smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan. bnp@kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kugiyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneshige
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamitani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teraoka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D003329:Coronary Vasospasm / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D004247:DNA; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III