title: Differences in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores for ethnically diverse adolescents in Hawaii.
abstract: This study examined the association between anxiety and 5 predictor variables: ethnicity (Caucasian, Native Hawaiian/part Hawaiian, Japanese, other), gender, grade level (9-12th), main wage earners' educational level, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; C. D. Spielberger, R. L. Gorsuch, & R. E. Lushene, 1970) factors for a diverse group of students. Hawaiian students were found to have significantly higher levels of anxiety than Japanese students; however, ethnicity was not a significant predictor when gender, grade level, and main wage earners' education were statistically held constant. An interaction between ethnicity and STAI factor scores indicated an atypical pattern for Caucasians. Female students scored significantly higher than male students, and main wage earners' education predicted amount of anxiety. In general, these 2 associations remained significant when ethnicity and grade level were held constant. An interaction between gender and STAI factor scores indicated that the difference between female and male students was relatively larger for positively (as opposed to negatively) worded State items and for negatively (as opposed to positively) worded Trait items. Overall, the findings suggested that apparent ethnic differences in anxiety levels may be due to causal variables related to other sociodemographic variables. Factor scores in the form of positively versus negatively worded items should be considered an important variable; using only a global STAI composite as a measure of anxiety will mask the differential effects of the STAI factor scores. Further research is needed to determine the generalizability of these findings to other groups and to provide knowledge on direct causal variables that may account for a greater percentage of variance.
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP), Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96813, USA. earlhish@aol.com
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hishinuma
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nahulu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011594:Psychometrics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors