title: An integrated functional magnetic resonance imaging procedure for preoperative mapping of cortical areas associated with tactile, motor, language, and visual functions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate an integrated battery of preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tasks developed to identify cortical areas associated with tactile, motor, language, and visual functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitivity of each task was determined by the probability that a targeted region was activated for both healthy volunteers (n = 63) and surgical patients with lesions in these critical areas (n = 125). Accuracy of each task was determined by the correspondence between the fMRI maps and intraoperative electrophysiological measurements, including somatosensory evoked potentials (n = 16), direct cortical stimulation (n = 9), and language mapping (n = 5), and by preoperative Wada tests (n = 13) and visual field examinations (n = 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For healthy volunteers, the overall sensitivity was 100% for identification of the central sulcus, visual cortex, and putative Wernicke's area, and 93% for the putative Broca's area (dominant hemisphere). For patients with tumors affecting these regions of interest, task sensitivity was 97% for identification of the central sulcus, 100% for the visual cortex, 91% for the putative Wernicke's area, and 77% for the putative Broca's area. These sensitivities were enhanced by the use of multiple tasks to target related functions. Concordance of the fMRI maps and intraoperative electrophysiological measurements was observed whenever both techniques yielded maps and Wada and visual field examinations were consistent with fMRI results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This integrated fMRI task battery offers standardized and noninvasive preoperative maps of multiple critical functions to facilitate assessment of surgical risk, planning of surgical routes, and direction of conventional, intraoperative electrophysiological procedures. Thus, a greater range of structural and functional relationships is brought to bear in the service of optimal outcomes for neurosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. hirsch@vision.mskcc.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ruge
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Victor
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Relkin
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Labar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bilsky
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Souweidane
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: DeAngelis
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Gutin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*