title: Oral induction of anesthesia with droperidol and transmucosal carfentanil citrate in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
abstract: Five chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) initially received oral droperidol sedation (1.25 mg for a juvenile chimpanzee, body wt = 18.5 kg, and 2.5 mg for adults, body wt >20 kg, range: 18.5-71 kg) followed by transmucosal carfentanil administration at 2.0 microg/kg. This preinduction regimen was developed to produce heavy sedation or even light anesthesia in order to eliminate the need for or at least minimize the stress of darting with tiletamine/zolazepam at 3 mg/kg i.m. This study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of transmucosal carfentanil. Once each animal was unresponsive to external stimuli, or at approximately 25 min (range 24-34 min) after carfentanil administration, naltrexone and tiletamine/zolazepam (N/T/Z) were combined into one intramuscular injection for anesthetic induction. Naltrexone was administered at 100 times the carfentanil dose in milligrams. For comparison, two chimpanzees received only droperidol, 2.5 mg p.o., followed by tiletamine/zolazepam, 3 mg/kg i.m. The preinduction period for all animals receiving carfentanil was characterized as smooth, with chimpanzees becoming gradually less active and less responsive to external stimuli. Two animals became very heavily sedated at 24 and 35 min, respectively, and were hand injected with N/T/Z. The other three chimpanzees became sternally recumbent but retained some response to stimuli, and N/T/Z was administered by remote injection with minimal response. Rectal body temperatures, pulse and respiratory rates, arterial oxygen hemoglobin saturation, and arterial blood gases were measured at initial contact (t = 0 min) and at 10-min intervals thereafter. Respiratory depression was present in all chimpanzees, regardless of protocol. Mean hemoglobin saturation was 91% for both groups. Mean partial pressure of oxygen, arterial values for carfentanil-treated and control animals were 64.4 +/- 7.6 and 63.5 +/- 6.0 at t = 0, respectively. Only the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, arterial (Paco2) and pH showed significant differences between treated and control animals. Mean Paco2 was greater and mean pH lower for the carfentanil-treated group compared with the controls at t = 0 (58.9 +/- 3.7 and 50.3 +/- 3.1 for Paco2 and 7.33 +/- 0.02 and 7.40 +/- 0.30 for pH, respectively). The results of this study suggest that oral droperidol followed by transmucosal carfentanil can be used effectively as a premedication regimen to produce profound sedation, which limits the stress of darting during parenteral anesthetic induction with tiletamine/zolazepam in chimpanzees. The main side effect of respiratory depression appears to be adequately managed by reversing the carfentanil at the time of induction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000592:standards; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001831:Body Temperature; D004329:Droperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000592:standards; D006339:Heart Rate; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010092:Oximetry / Q000662:veterinary; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000502:physiology*; D013992:Tiletamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015041:Zolazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D013992:Tiletamine; D009271:Naltrexone; C034641:naltrexazone; D015041:Zolazepam; C017114:carfentanil; D004329:Droperidol; D005283:Fentanyl