title: Anatomy of deer spine and its comparison to the human spine.
abstract: The anatomical parameters of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the deer spine were evaluated and compared with the existing data of the human spine. The objective was to create a database for the anatomical parameters of the deer spine, with a view to establish deer spine as a valid model for human spine biomechanical experiments in vitro. To date, the literature has supported the use of both calf and sheep spines as a suitable model for human spine experiments as the difficulty in procuring the human cadaveric spines is well appreciated. With the advent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and its likely transmission to human in form of new variant Creutzfeld Jakob disease (CJD), there is a slight risk of transmission to humans through food chain if proper precautions for disposal of specimen are not adhered to. There is also a significant risk of transmission through direct inoculation to the researchers (Wells et al. Vet. Rec., 1998:142:103-106), working with infected bovine and sheep spine. The deer spines are readily available and there are no reported cases of deer being carriers of prion diseases (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1998). Six complete deer spines were measured to determine 22 dimensions from the vertebral bodies, endplates, disc, pedicles, spinal canal, transverse and spinous processes, articular facets. This was compared with the existing data of the human spine in the literature. The deer and human vertebrae show many similarities in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spine, although they show substantial differences in certain dimensions. The cervical spine was markedly different in comparison. The deer spine may represent a suitable model for human experiments related to gross anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar spine. A thorough database has been provided for deciding the validity of deer spine as a model for the human spine biomechanical in vitro experiments.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Spinal Studies, Queen's Medical Centre and University Hospital, Derby Road, Nottingham, United Kingdom NG7 2UH. naresh@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kukreti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishaque
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mulholland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D003670:Deer / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D013115:Spinal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology