title: Longitudinal application of the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey with not-in-treatment crack-cocaine users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 has been used infrequently with substance abusers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to use the SF-36 to assess changes in the health status of crack-cocaine users over time, to determine the characteristics of users who change, to assess the influence of frequency of crack use on SF-36 health status, and to determine the utility of the SF-36 with crack users.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multilevel model was used to analyze data that were collected every 6 months over a 2-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 439 not-in-treatment crack-cocaine users.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SF-36 was administered at baseline and follow-up interviews. Data on the frequency of crack-cocaine use were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, SF-36 health status remained fairly static during the study although statistically significant increases in scores occurred on the social functioning and role-emotional subscales. Variation in subjects' health trajectories occurred but was not, for the most part, explained by individual characteristics. Frequency of crack use was negatively related to scores on the physical functioning, social functioning, and mental health subscales. Most subscales did not reflect what are commonly recognized to be the health-compromising effects of cocaine use, raising questions about the use of the SF-36 with illicit drug users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in crack users' SF-36 health status were uncommon. Frequency of crack use was negatively associated with health status. Several SF-36 subscales may be helpful in studies involving illicit drug users in which limited assessments of health status are needed.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Project, Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA. russel.falck@wright.edu
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Falck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Siegal
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine