title: Neurological manifestations in chronic mountain sickness: the burning feet-burning hands syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the clinical features and nerve biopsy findings in patients with chronic mountain sickness (CMS) living in the Peruvian Andes, with particular attention to the occurrence of the "burning feet-burning hands" syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptoms and signs were documented clinically in 10 patients with CMS and compared with those in five healthy subjects all living at 4338 metres altitude. Sural nerve biopsies were obtained from three patients with CMS. The nerve fibre population and endoneurial microvessels were analyzed morphometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients with CMS experienced burning and tingling paraesthesiae in the distal parts of their limbs. Similar but milder symptoms confined to the feet occurred in four of five controls. Three patients with CMS had a mild sensory neuropathy on examination, controls were clinically normal. Nerve biopsies showed a mild demyelinating neuropathy in all three with a reduction in the unmyelinated axon population in one. The endoneurial blood vessels showed a reduced thickness in the basal laminal zone compared with control values but were otherwise normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from well recognised symptoms and signs of CMS, the study has shown that such patients may also exhibit a mild sensory neuropathy. Its relation to the burning feet-burning hands syndrome, which was not confined to the patients but was also found in controls at altitude, is uncertain. The time course and pattern of the centrifugal resolution of the burning paraesthesiae complex on low altitude sojourn of high altitude natives raises the possibility that a mechanism involving altered axonal transport may be involved. The reduced thickness of the basal laminal zone of microvessels implies that adaptive structural changes to hypobaric hypoxia may also occur in peripheral nerve and are similar to those reported in other tissues of high altitude natives.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. pkt.hotline@virgin.net
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Muddle
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Workman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gamboa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Appenzeller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology