title: Alteration of cytokine production in follicular cystic ovaries induced in mice by neonatal estradiol injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonatal estradiol injections in mice lead to follicular cystic ovaries that are similar to ovaries in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The present study examined ovarian cytokine production following neonatal estradiol injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female (C3H,HeJ x 129/HeJ)F1 mice were injected daily with 20 microg 17beta-estradiol from 0-3 days postpartum. At intervals, animals were sacrificed to determine ovarian architecture, circulating levels of estradiol, ovarian and peritoneal macrophage cytokine production, and ovarian P450 aromatase enzyme mRNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar to PCOS, our results show that neonatally estradiol-injected mice have lower levels of circulating estrogen that are correlated with decreased mRNA levels of P450 aromatase enzyme. Our data also show that follicular cystic ovaries have increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 production. This increase in TNF-alpha and IL-6 production is also observed in peritoneal macrophages of estradiol-injected mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that neonatal estrogen injection in mice has an overall systemic effect on cytokine production. We speculate that increased cytokine production may alter certain important steps in follicular maturation, ultimately contributing to ovarian dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, NY 13902, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Michael
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004958:Estradiol; D001141:Aromatase