title: Management of kidney injuries in children with blunt abdominal trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors analyzed the incidence and the course of renal injuries encountered in a cohort of pediatric patients with blunt abdominal trauma. This review focuses on the early diagnostic and therapeutic approach rather than the long-term outcome and draws conclusions for an effective initial management.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1976 to 1996, the charts of 308 children with blunt abdominal trauma that were admitted to the authors' department were reviewed. The patients initially were evaluated using urinalysis, ultrasonography, and abdominal paracentesis (until 1984) and in specific cases iv-urography, computed tomography (CT), and angiography. The authors retrospectively classified the renal trauma after the widely used Organ Injury Scaling (OIS) into 5 grades and correlated the diagnostic value of various techniques as well as the diagnostic approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine serious abdominal traumas were encountered. Thirty-six patients suffered renal lesions grade 2 (G2) or higher; 20 children were polytraumatized. There were 67 renal lesions including 28 G1, 22 G2, 8 G3, 5 G4, 1 G5, and 3 lesions of the lower urinary tract. Ultrasonography and urinalysis were found to be the optimal diagnostic methods for screening and following the course of renal injury. CT scan proved to be most reliable for detecting and exactly classifying renal lesions grade 2 or higher and superseded consecutively iv-urography. In cases in which CT scan failed to show renal excretion of contrast agent, angiography was performed. Ten patients proceeded to operative therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography and urinalysis proved to be the optimal initial evaluation tool for excluding renal injury both as a screening method and for further controls. Exact classification was possible by CT scan. During the reviewed time period a shift from surgical to conservative management was notable. If lesions were G4 or G5, surgical treatment with tendency toward minimally invasive therapy always was indicated.
authors.affiliation: Kinderchirurgische Klinik and Kinderklinik, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wessel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jester
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Waag
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery