title: The effect of variation in arm position on sagittal spinal alignment.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective radiographic analysis of sagittal alignment in patients with and without previous spinal fusion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of variation of arm position on the segmental, regional, and global sagittal radiographic spinal alignment. In addition, to determine whether spinal fusion has any influence on the effect of variation in arm position on the sagittal spinal alignment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Importance of segmental, regional, and global sagittal alignment has been widely promoted. However, no mention has been made of arm positioning during a lateral spinal radiograph and the resultant effects it may have on sagittal alignment and balance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective evaluation of 40 consecutive patients with and 40 consecutive patients without a previous spinal fusion was performed. The patients had lateral long cassette radiographs performed in a standardized fashion with the first radiograph obtained with the patient's arms raised horizontally forward at 90 degrees of flexion at the shoulder, and the second radiograph obtained with arms raised horizontally forward at 30 degrees of flexion at the shoulder. Standard segmental, regional, and global sagittal alignments were measured and statistically compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparing group 1 (patients with spinal fusion) to group 2 (patients without spinal fusion), there was no statistically significant difference in segmental and regional sagittal alignments. However, positioning the arms at 90 degrees versus 30 degrees resulted in a negative shift of the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) in patients that was statistically significant (P = 0.038) for those with (-6 mm at 90 degrees vs +4 mm at 30 degrees ), but not (P = 0.119) for those patients without (-8 mm at 90 degrees vs -4mm at 30 degrees ) a previous spinal fusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the findings in this study, the authors recommend positioning the arms at 30 degrees of forward flexion from the vertical when obtaining a long cassette lateral radiograph of the entire spine.
authors.affiliation: Reid Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Richmond, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vedantam
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Lenke
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bridwell
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Linville
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blanke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D013121:Spinal Curvatures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000592:standards; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*