Hemophilia treatment. Predicting the long-term risk of HIV exposure by cryoprecipitate.
Most of the world's haemophilia population lives in countries with few medical or financial resources. As such, they cannot easily obtain viral-inactivated clotting product. Many patients are treated with cryoprecipitate made from locally supplied blood. The reasoning for using cryoprecipitate, instead of viral-inactivated products, is based on an unspoken belief that because blood banks can provide reasonably safe products by using modern testing procedures, transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses is rare. However, the risk of acquiring a blood-borne infection increases with every exposure, and haemophilia patients treated with cryoprecipitate or fresh-frozen plasma are exposed to hundreds or thousands of donors during their lifetime. The risk that a person infected with HIV will donate blood during the 'window period' is directly related to the incidence of HIV in the country where the donation occurs. To demonstrate the extent of this problem, we devised a model for estimating the risk that a person with haemophilia will encounter HIV-contaminated cryoprecipitate based on the years of treatment and the underlying incidence rate of HIV among blood donors. We applied the model to two countries with different incidence rates of HIV: Venezuela and the United States. We found that a person with haemophilia who receives monthly infusions of cryoprecipitate prepared from plasma of 15 donors over a lifetime of treatment (60 years) is at significant risk of being exposed to HIV. In the United States there is a 2% risk of being exposed to HIV-contaminated blood product, and in Venezuela, the percentage of risk is 40%. Given this degree of risk, medical care providers should carefully evaluate the use of cryoprecipitate except in emergencies or when no viral-inactivated products are available.
Evatt
B
B
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Austin
H
H
Leon
G
G
Ruiz-Sáez
A
A
de Bosch
N
N
D001782:Blood Donors; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012307:Risk Factors; D065227:Transfusion Reaction; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014687:Venezuela / Q000453:epidemiology
D005353:Fibronectins; C026912:cryoprecipitate coagulum; D005169:Factor VIII; D005340:Fibrinogen