title: Outcome and profile of ventricular septal rupture with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries in cardiogenic shocK?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wished to assess the profile and outcomes of patients with ventricular septal rupture (VSR) in the setting of cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cardiogenic shock is often seen with VSR complicating acute MI. Despite surgical therapy, mortality in such patients is high.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 939 patients enrolled in the SHOCK Trial Registry of CS in acute infarction, comparing 55 patients whose shock was associated with VSR with 884 patients who had predominant left ventricular failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rupture occurred a median 16 h after infarction. Patients with VSR tended to be older (p = 0.053), were more often female (p = 0.002) and less often had previous infarction (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.015) or smoking history (p = 0.033). They also underwent right-heart catheterization, intra-aortic balloon pumping and bypass surgery significantly more often. Although patients with rupture had less severe coronary disease, their in-hospital mortality was higher (87% vs. 61%, p < 0.001). Surgical repair was performed in 31 patients with rupture (21 had concomitant bypass surgery); 6 (19%) survived. Of the 24 patients managed medically, only 1 survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high in-hospital mortality rate when CS develops as a result of VSR. Ventricular septal rupture may occur early after infarction, and women and the elderly may be more susceptible. Although the prognosis is poor, surgery remains the best therapeutic option in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA. VMenon@aol.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hillis
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sleeper
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abboud
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dzavik
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Monrad
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Talley
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hochman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D018658:Ventricular Septal Rupture / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy