title: Tirilazad mesylate in acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review. Tirilazad International Steering Committee.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tirilazad is a nonglucocorticoid, 21-aminosteroid that inhibits lipid peroxidation. Studies in experimental models of ischemic stroke had suggested that tirilazad had neuroprotective properties. As a result, clinical studies were undertaken to assess the safety and efficacy of tirilazad in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. We performed a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials that assessed the safety and efficacy of tirilazad in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials of tirilazad were identified from searches of the Cochrane Library and communication with the Pharmacia & Upjohn company, the manufacturer of tirilazad. Data relating to early and end-of-trial case fatality, disability (Barthel Index and Glasgow Outcome Scale), phlebitis, and corrected QT interval were extracted by treatment group from published data and company reports and analyzed by using the Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis software REVMAN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six trials (4 published, 2 unpublished) assessing tirilazad in 1757 patients with presumed acute ischemic stroke were identified; all were double-blind and placebo controlled in design. Tirilazad did not alter early case fatality (odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79 to 1.56) or end-of-trial case fatality (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.44). A just-significant increase in death and disability, assessed as either the expanded Barthel Index (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.51) or Glasgow Outcome Scale (OR 1. 23, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.50) was observed. Tirilazad significantly increased the rate of infusion site phlebitis (OR 2.81, 95% CI 2.14 to 3.69). Functional outcome (expanded Barthel Index) was significantly worse in prespecified subgroups of patients: females (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.98) and subjects receiving low-dose tirilazad (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.67); a nonsignificant worse outcome was also seen in patients with mild to moderate stroke (OR 1. 40, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tirilazad mesylate increases death and disability by about one fifth when given to patients with acute ischemic stroke. Although further trials of tirilazad are now unwarranted, analysis of individual patient data from the trials may help elucidate why tirilazad appears to worsen outcome in acute ischemic stroke.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010689:Phlebitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D011281:Pregnatrienes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012449:Safety; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011281:Pregnatrienes; C053355:tirilazad