title: The cumulative occurrence of resistance mutations in the HIV-1 protease gene is associated with failure of salvage therapy with ritonavir and saquinavir in protease inhibitor-experienced patients.
abstract: Salvage therapy with ritonavir (RTV) and saquinavir (SQV) failed to achieve virological and immunological improvement in 24 HIV-infected patients who discontinued triple therapy with RTV or indinavir (IDV) because of failure or intolerance to treatment. Changes in the HIV-1 protease gene sequence were analyzed prospectively in 14 patients. No primary protease mutation was found prior to the use of protease inhibitors. After 7 months of treatment with IDV or RTV, primary resistance mutations at codons pol 46 and/or pol 82 were observed in 11 of 13 patients. After 16 weeks on RTV-SQV, novel primary mutations related to SQV emerged in 7 of 13 patients, together with an increase in the number of secondary resistance mutations. Our observations indicate that the cumulative occurrence of resistance mutations in the protease gene was associated with failure of antiretroviral therapy. The presence of mutations to a first protease inhibitor may represent a risk factor for the failure of a subsequent treatment with a second line protease inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital Broussais, 96, rue Didot, 75674 Cedex 14, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karmochkine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Si Mohamed
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piketty
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raguin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schneider-Fauveau
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gutmann
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kazatchkine
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019469:Indinavir; D016333:HIV Protease; D019258:Saquinavir; D019438:Ritonavir