title: Reliable and sensitive analysis of occult bone marrow metastases using automated cellular imaging.
abstract: The presence of occult bone marrow metastases (OM) has been reported to represent an important prognostic indicator for patients with operable breast cancer and other malignancies. Assaying for OM most commonly involves labor-intensive manual microscopic analysis. The present report examines the performance of a recently developed automated cellular image analysis system (ACIS; ChromaVision Medical Systems, Inc.) for identifying and enumerating OM in human breast cancer specimens. OM analysis was performed after immunocytochemical staining. Specimens used in this study consisted of normal bone marrow (n = 10), bone marrow spiked with carcinoma cells (n = 20), and bone marrow obtained from breast cancer patients (n = 39). The reproducibility of ACIS-assisted analysis for tumor cell detection was examined by having a pathologist evaluate montage images generated from multiple ACIS runs of five specimens. Independent ACIS-assisted analysis resulted in the detection of an identical number of tumor cells for each specimen in all instrument runs. Additional studies were performed to analyze OM from 39 breast cancer patients with two pathologists performing parallel analysis using either manual microscopy or ACIS-assisted analysis. In 17 of the 39 cases (44%), specimens were classified by the pathologist as positive for tumor cells after ACIS-assisted analysis, whereas the same pathologist failed to identify tumor cells on the same slides after analysis by manual microscopy. These studies indicate that the ACIS-assisted analysis provides excellent sensitivity and reproducibility for OM detection, relative to manual microscopy. Such performance may enable an improved approach for disease staging and stratifying patients for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: ChromaVision Medical Systems, Inc., San Juan Capistrano, California 92675-4824, USA.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Torre-Bueno
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Diel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Priddy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bossy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ludmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Masih
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Harrington
mesh_terms: D019046:Bone Marrow Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods