title: Primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome in children--a comparative study.
abstract: Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic inflammatory systemic autoimmune disease mainly affecting the exocrine and, particularly, the salivary and lacrimal glands. The condition usually occurs in adults. In 1994, the criteria for this syndrome were redefined in a multicenter European study. In children, Sjögren's syndrome is a rare and probably underdiagnosed disease. To date, Sjögren's syndrome in children has only been described in case reports and in the comparative presentation of various study results. So far, no study of a comparative classification into primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome has been carried out in a patient population of any size. Sjögren's syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children with recurrent parotitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or pronounced and early tooth decay associated with xerostomia. In this study of 23 children and adolescents under the age of 16 with the clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of Sjögren's syndrome, we differentiate between primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. The value of the individual methods of assessing the oral and the ophthalmological components and the manifestation of the underlying rheumatic condition are discussed on the basis of the EULAR criteria. The EULAR diagnostic criteria are of limited applicability in children because reliable anamnestic data are frequently lacking. Another problem in diagnosing Sjögren's syndrome is the short-term detection of serological alterations and clinical symptoms. Even if young patients do not completely fulfill the required criteria, Sjögren's syndrome can be assumed or confirmed in the presence of positive testing for oral and ocular manifestations and recurrent salivary gland enlargement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Surgery and Radiology Section, Benjamin Franklin Hospital, Free University of Berlin, Assmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany. mstiller@zedat.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiller
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Golder
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Döring
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Biedermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006942:Hypergammaglobulinemia / Q000097:blood; D007638:Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D010309:Parotitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012470:Salivary Glands, Minor / Q000473:pathology; D012636:Secretory Rate; D012796:Sialography; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001323:Autoantibodies; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor