title: Pindolol augmentation in patients with treatment-resistant panic disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of pindolol as an augmentor of fluoxetine in treatment-resistant panic disorder (PD). Twenty-five outpatients having PD with or without agoraphobia were included. These patients had not responded to two different trials with antidepressants and an 8-week trial of fluoxetine 20 mg/day. Treatment-resistant PD was defined as a less than 20% reduction in score on the Panic Self-Questionnaire (number of attacks per week) (PSQ) and the Clinical Anxiety Scale With Panic Attacks (CAS+PA). These patients continued to receive fluoxetine 20 mg/day and were randomly assigned to additionally receive either pindolol (2.5 mg three times daily) or placebo for the following 4 weeks. Evaluations were performed weekly using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the CAS+PA, the NIMH Anxiety Scale, the PSQ, and the Clinical Global Impression Scale. The data were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a t-test for independent samples. Patients treated with the combination of pindolol and fluoxetine (N = 13) demonstrated a significant improvement over the patients treated with fluoxetine and placebo on all rating scales, with the exception of HAM-D. The statistical differences were shown using the repeated-measures ANOVA (baseline, week 2, week 4) and also with t-tests from the second week of the trial. These preliminary results demonstrate that pindolol has an augmenting effect on fluoxetine in patients with treatment-resistant PD.
authors.affiliation: Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Psychiatry Ward, Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirschmann
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dannon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iancu
authors.forename: O T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Dolberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zohar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grunhaus
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D016666:Fluvoxamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D010869:Pindolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D010869:Pindolol; D016666:Fluvoxamine