title: Nitric oxide modulates stretch activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in mesangial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vivo, intraglomerular hypertension results in resident cell hypertrophy, proliferation and matrix protein production, leading to glomerulosclerosis. Mesangial cells (MCs) exposed to in vitro stretch also proliferate and produce matrix. We have shown activation of Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in stretched MCs and have also demonstrated that L-arginine decreases resident cell proliferation and protects against glomerulosclerosis in remnant kidney glomeruli, presumably by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production. Consequently, we studied whether NO could affect SAPK and p42/44 MAPK activation in stretched MCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCs (passages 5 to 10) cultured on type 1 collagen-coated, flexible-bottom plates were exposed to 0 to 30 minutes of cyclic strain (60 cycles per minute) by computer-driven generation of vacuum of -27 kPa, inducing 28% elongation in the diameter of the surface. Control MCs were grown on coated, flexible-bottom plates. Protein levels (by Western blot) and activity assays for SAPK/JNK and p42/44 MAPK were performed under these conditions. As maximal activation was at 10 minutes, with decay by 30 minutes, the effect of NO on kinase activation was studied at 0, 2, 5, and 10 minutes by preincubation with 70 micromol/L s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP; an NO donor) or 1 mmol/L 8-bromo cyclic guanosine monophosphate (8-bromo-cGMP). Downstream events in response to stretch and NO were studied at the time of maximal response (10 minutes) by examining nuclear translocation of SAPK with immunofluorescence microscopy and transcription factor activator protein-1 nuclear protein binding by gel mobility shift assay. The effect of kinase inhibition by NO donors on MC proliferation was studied by Western blotting for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclic MC stretch led to prompt SAPK and p42/44 MAPK activation, which was maximal at 10 minutes. Preincubation with either SNAP or 8-bromo-cGMP decreased this by 50 and 70%, respectively (N = 4), suggesting that the effect of NO was through cGMP generation. Nuclear translocation of both phosphorylated kinases was seen after 10 minutes of stretch and was largely prevented by 8-bromo-cGMP. Increased DNA binding of activator protein-1 proteins was observed in the nuclei of stretched MCs at 10 minutes by mobility shift assay (N = 4), which was also largely prevented by 8-bromo-cGMP. Stretch increased PCNA expression by MCs, and this was inhibited by 8-bromo-cGMP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stretch-induced activation of SAPK and p42/44 MAPK in MCs can be inhibited by NO. The effect of NO is mediated by the generation of cGMP. These mechanisms may be responsible, at least in part, for the protective effect of NO in animal models of glomerular injury characterized by glomerular capillary hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ingrama@fhs.mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Scholey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; C110881:S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010396:Penicillamine