title: Chemical pathways of peptide degradation. X: effect of metal-catalyzed oxidation on the solution structure of a histidine-containing peptide fragment of human relaxin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the major degradation products of the metal-catalyzed oxidation of (cyclo S-S) AcCys-Ala-X-Val-Gly-CysNH2 (X = His, cyclic-His peptide), which is a fragment of the protein relaxin, and the effect of this oxidation on its solution structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cyclic-His peptide and its potential oxidative degradation products, cyclic-Asp peptide (X = Asp) and cyclic-Asn peptide (X = Asn), were prepared by using solid phase peptide synthesis and purified by preparative HPLC. The degradation of the cyclic-His peptide was investigated at pH 5.3 and 7.4 in an ascorbate/cupric chloride/oxygen [ascorbate/Cu(II)/O2] system in the absence or presence of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), isopropanol, and thiourea. The oxidation of the cyclic-His peptide was also studied in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). All reactions were monitored by reversed-phase HPLC. The main degradation product of the cyclic-His peptide formed at pH 7.4 in the presence of ascorbate/Cu(II)/O2 was isolated by preparative HPLC and identified by 1H NMR and electrospray mass spectrometry. The complexation of Cu(II) with the cyclic-His peptide was determined with 1H NMR. The solution structure of the cyclic-His peptide in the presence and absence of Cu(II) at pH 5.3 and 7.4 and the solution structure of the main degradation product were determined using circular dichroism (CD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAT and thiourea were effective in stabilizing the cyclic-His peptide to oxidation by ascorbate/Cu(II)/O2, while SOD and isopropanol were ineffective. Cyclic-Asp and cyclic-Asn peptides were not observed as degradation products of the cyclic-His peptide oxidized at pH 5.3 and 7.4 in an ascorbate/Cu(II)/O2 system. The main degradation product formed at pH 7.4 was the cyclic 2-oxo-His peptide (X = 2-oxo-His). At pH 5.3, numerous degradation products were formed in low yields, including the cyclic 2-oxo-His peptide. The cyclic 2-oxo-His peptide appeared to have a different secondary structure than did the cyclic-His peptide as determined by CD. 1H NMR results indicate complexation between the cyclic-His peptide and Cu(II). CD results indicated that the solution structure of the cyclic-His peptide in the presence of Cu(II) at pH 5.3 was different than the solution structure observed at pH 7.4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H2O2 and superoxide anion radical (O(*-)2) were deduced to be the intermediates involved in the ascorbate/Cu(II)/O2-induced oxidation of cyclic-His peptide. H2O2 degradation by a Fenton-type reaction appears to form secondary reactive-oxygen species (i.e., hydroxyl radical generated within complex forms or metal-bound forms of hydroxyl radical) that react with the peptide before they diffuse into the bulk solution. CD results indicate that different complexes are formed between the cyclic-His peptide and Cu(II) at pH 5.3 and pH 7.4. These different complexes may favor the formation of different degradation products. The apparent structural differences between the cyclic-His peptide and the cyclic 2-oxo-His peptide indicate that conformation of the cyclic-His peptide was impacted by metal-catalyzed oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khossravi
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Borchardt
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008670:Metals / Q000494:pharmacology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012065:Relaxin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D016877:Oxidants; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006639:Histidine; D003300:Copper; D012065:Relaxin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C029892:cupric chloride