Intensive care sedation: a review of current British practice.
OBJECTIVE
Sedation is central to the management of intensive care patients. Many different techniques have been tried, all have potential side effects, and some have been associated with serious adverse effects. The aim of this work is to establish current sedation practice in British ICUs; the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs and the indications for their use, the use of sedation policies and scoring systems, the influence of cost on drug choice, and the use of propofol for sedation in paediatric patients.


METHODS
A postal survey sent to all units identified in the Directory of Emergency Services.


RESULTS
Two hundred and fifty-five replies were received from 323 questionnaires (79% response rate). The replies show that alfentanil, morphine, midazolam, and propofol are the most widely used drugs for sedation, and that changes occur in sedation policy with the time a patient spends in intensive care. Atracurium is the most widely used neuromuscular blocking drug, but the number of patients who receive therapeutic paralysis is relatively small and the indications for its use in different units is consistent. Propofol is used by many ICUs for the sedation of children despite reports linking its use to mortality in children and the advice of the regulatory authorities.


CONCLUSIONS
Drugs used for the sedation of patients in intensive care have changed since previous surveys. The sedation policy of most units relies on the combination of small numbers of drugs. Sedation policies now seem to concentrate on achieving a lightly sedated co-operative patient.
Murdoch
S
S
Intensive Care Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
Cohen
A
A
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D016527:Drug Costs; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D015742:Propofol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006113:United Kingdom
D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol