title: Hormone replacement therapy and peripheral arterial disease: the Rotterdam study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the number of elderly women increases in Western society, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is likely to become an increasing problem. Hormone replacement therapy, suggested to protect against coronary atherosclerosis, might also inhibit the development of PAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association between hormone replacement therapy and the presence of PAD was studied in a population-based study consisting of 2196 naturally menopausal women aged 55 to 80 years living in a suburban area of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Peripheral arterial disease was defined as an ankle/arm systolic blood pressure index (ratio of the systolic blood pressure at the ankle to the systolic blood pressure at the arm) lower than 0.9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hormone replacement therapy for 1 year or longer was associated with a 52% decreased risk of PAD (odds ratio, 0.48 [95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.85]), while no association was found for therapy duration shorter than 1 year (odds ratio, 0.97 [95% confidence interval, 0.58-1.63) after adjustment for age, smoking, and socioeconomic status. Additional adjustment for body mass index, age at menopause, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alcohol intake, and frequency of visits to health care facilities did not change the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this population-based study suggest that hormone replacement therapy given for a year or more is associated with a decreased risk of PAD among postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical School Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. witteman@epib.fgg.eur.nl.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: in't Veld
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pols
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome