title: The effect of repeated professional supragingival plaque removal on the composition of the supra- and subgingival microbiota.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of weekly professionally administered supragingival plaque removal on the composition of the supra and subgingival microbiota.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 adult subjects with periodontitis who had been treated and were in a maintenance phase of therapy were clinically and microbiologically monitored at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. After the baseline visit, the subjects received scaling and root planing followed by professional supragingival plaque removal every week for 3 months. Clinical measures of plaque accumulation, bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival redness, suppuration, pocket depth and attachment level were made at 6 sites per tooth at each visit. Separate supra (N = 1804) and subgingival (N = 1804) plaque samples were taken from the mesial aspect of all teeth excluding third molars in each subject at each time point and evaluated for their content of 40 bacterial taxa using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Significance of changes in mean counts, prevalence and proportions of bacterial species over time in both supra and subgingival samples were determined using the Quade test and adjusted for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean % of sites exhibiting plaque, gingival redness and BOP were significantly reduced during the course of the study. Significant decreases in mean counts were observed in both supra and subgingival samples. Mean total DNA probe counts (x10(5), +/-SEM) at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months were: 133+/-19, 95+/-25, 66+/-6, 41+/-6 (p<0.001) for supragingival samples and 105+/-22, 40+/-10, 19+/-4, 13+/-3 (p<0.001) for subgingival samples. Mean counts of 22 of 40 and 34 of 40 species tested were significantly reduced in the supra and subgingival samples respectively over the monitoring period. For example, mean counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis x10(5) at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months in the subgingival plaque samples were 2.0+/-0.4, 0.5+/-0.2, 0.6+/-0.3, 0.3+/-0.1 (p<0.001); Bacteroides forsythus 2.0+/-0.6, 0.4+/-0.1, 0.4+/-0.2, 0.1+/-0.2 (p<0.001); Treponema denticola 3.4+/-1.1, 0.8+/-0.3, 0.4+/-0.2, 0.3+/-0.3 (p<0.01). Similar reductions were seen in supragingival plaque samples. While counts were markedly reduced by professional plaque removal, the proportion and prevalence of the 40 test species were marginally affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weekly professional supragingival plaque removal profoundly diminished counts of both supra- and subgingival species creating a microbial profile comparable to that observed in periodontal health. This profile was maintained at the final monitoring visit, 9 months after completion of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ximénez-Fyvie
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Som
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torresyap
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Socransky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D012534:Dental Scaling; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D016745:Root Planing; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial