title: Endocrine, metabolic and cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in obese Zucker rats.
abstract: Genetically obese male Zucker rats have an impaired secretion of GH, coupled to hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and glucose intolerance. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a chronic treatment with hexarelin, a synthetic enkephalin-derived hexapeptide with a potent GH-releasing activity, might be able to ameliorate the somatotropic function and reverse some metabolic alterations associated with obesity in male obese Zucker rats. Furthermore, as decreased GH secretion and insulin resistance are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, we also tested the capacity of hexarelin to prevent postischemic ventricular dysfunction in hearts of male obese Zucker rats. Obese and lean male rats of the Zucker strain were treated with hexarelin (80 microgram/kg, b.i.d., s.c.) or saline (1 ml/kg, b.i.d., s.c.) for 30 days. An acute hexarelin injection (80 microgram, s.c.) at the 28th day of treatment elicited a rise in plasma GH levels in ! lean but not in obese rats (pretreated or not with hexarelin); lean rats chronically treated with hexarelin showed a greater increase in plasma GH as compared with control counterparts. At the end of the experiment, pituitary GH mRNA levels were significantly reduced in obese rats and hexarelin administration failed to increase pituitary GH mRNA and IGF-I concentrations in plasma and heart. Chronic treatment with hexarelin increased insulinemia and blood glucose levels in obese but not in lean rats, left unaltered the high triglyceride levels but significantly decreased plasma cholesterol concentrations in obese rats. Heart preparations from lean and obese Zucker rats treated with saline, subjected to low flow ischemia and reperfusion, showed at reperfusion: a) a low recovery of postischemic left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), coupled to a substantial increase in coronary perfusion pressure, and b) a marked increase in creatine kinase released in the perfusates. Hexare! lin administration for 30 days counteracted the heart ischemic damage both in lean and obese Zucker rats. In fact, the recovery of LVDP at reperfusion was significantly higher than in controls and the increase in coronary resistance was minimal. Collectively, these data indicate that a 30-day treatment with hexarelin was unable to improve somatotropic function in male obese Zucker rats but was successful in decreasing plasma cholesterol concentrations. Hexarelin exerted a cardioprotective effect in both lean and obese rats. The heart-protective activity afforded by the peptide was divorced from any stimulation of the GH axis and is probably exerted through activation of specific cardiac receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Gennaro-Colonna
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossoni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cocchi
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rigamonti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berti
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Muller
mesh_terms: D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha / Q000032:analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010477:Perfusion; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D009842:Oligopeptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014280:Triglycerides; C086184:hexarelin; D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013006:Growth Hormone; D002784:Cholesterol