title: Recovery from hip fracture in eight areas of function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This report describes changes in eight areas of functioning after a hip fracture, identifies the point at which maximal levels of recovery are reached in each area, and evaluates the sequence of recuperation across multiple functional domains. METHODS. Community-residing hip fracture patients (n = 674) admitted to eight hospitals in Baltimore, Maryland, 1990-1991 were followed prospectively for 2 years from the time of hospitalization. Eight areas of function (i.e., upper and lower extremity physical and instrumental activities of daily living; gait and balance; social, cognitive, and affective function) were measured by personal interview and direct observation during hospitalization at 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Levels of recovery are described in each area, and time to reach maximal recovery was estimated using Generalized Estimating Equations and longitudinal data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most areas of functioning showed progressive lessening of dependence over the first postfracture year, with different levels of recovery and time to maximum levels observed for each area. New dependency in physical and instrumental tasks for those not requiring equipment or human assistance prefracture ranged from as low as 20.3% for putting on pants to as high as 89.9% for climbing five stairs. Recuperation times were specific to area of function, ranging from approximately 4 months for depressive symptoms (3.9 months), upper extremity function (4.3 months), and cognition (4.4 months) to almost a year for lower extremity function (11.2 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional disability following hip fracture is significant, patterns of recovery differ by area of function, and there appears to be an orderly sequence by which areas of function reach their maximal levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201-1596, USA. jmagazin@epi.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magaziner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hawkes
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hebel
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Felsenthal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kenzora
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003289:Convalescence; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology