title: Spo0A directly controls the switch from acid to solvent production in solvent-forming clostridia.
abstract: The spo0A genes of Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and Clostridium cellulolyticum ATCC 35319 were isolated and characterized. The C-terminal DNA-binding domains of the predicted products of spo0A from these two organisms, as well as 16 other taxonomically diverse species of Bacillus and Clostridium, show extensive amino acid sequence conservation (56% identity, 65% similarity over 104 residues). A 12-amino-acid motif (SRVERAIRHAIE) that forms the putative DNA recognition helix is particularly highly conserved, suggesting a common DNA target. Insertional inactivation of spo0A in C. beijerinckii blocked the formation of solvents (as well as spores and granulose). Sequences resembling Spo0A-binding motifs (TGNCGAA) are found in the promoter regions of several of the genes whose expression is modulated at the onset of solventogenesis in Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii. These include the upregulated adc gene, encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1. 4), and the downregulated ptb gene, encoding phosphotransbutyrylase (EC 2.3.1.c). In vitro gel retardation experiments using C. acetobutylicum adc and C. beijerinckii ptb promoter fragments and recombinant Bacillus subtilis and C. beijerinckii Spo0A suggested that adc and ptb are directly controlled by Spo0A. The binding affinity was reduced when the 0A boxes were destroyed, and enhanced when they were modified to conform precisely to the consensus sequence. In vivo analysis of wild-type and mutagenized promoters transcriptionally fused to the gusA reporter gene in C. beijerinckii validated this hypothesis. Post-exponential phase expression from the mutagenized adc promoter was substantially reduced, whereas expression from the mutagenized ptb promoter was not shut down at the end of exponential growth.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DD, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravagnani
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Jennert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grünberg
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jefferies
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Tidswell
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Youngman
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000235:genetics; D003013:Clostridium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D010709:Phosphate Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012997:Solvents; D013171:Spores, Bacterial; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012997:Solvents; C080950:Spo0A protein, Bacillus subtilis; D014157:Transcription Factors; D010709:Phosphate Acetyltransferase; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases; C023743:acetoacetate decarboxylase