title: Subjective and objective measurements of postoperative pain in cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of various subjective and objective measurements to determine the presence and degree of postoperative pain in cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 healthy client-owned cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cats were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 6: control, tenectomy, and onychectomy. Jugular catheters were placed the day prior to surgery. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon, and all observations were made by the same blinded trained observer. One hour prior to surgery and at assigned intervals for 36 hours after surgery, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were measured. Scores were assigned for 3 interaction responses, including response to palpation, by use of simple descriptive scales, and to 2 pain assessments by use of visual analogue scales. Blood was collected to measure plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations. Butorphanol was administered to all cats before surgery and to any cat subjectively assessed to be experiencing pain after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only visual analogue scale scores and response to palpation scores differed significantly between control and surgical groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of the presence of pain in cats can be made on the basis of observation and interaction by a trained observer. Physiologic measurements, including plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin concentrations, did not differentiate between control cats and cats that underwent surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cambridge
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Newberry
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sarkar
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002415:Cats / Q000601:surgery*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000601:surgery; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010173:Palpation / Q000662:veterinary; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D002077:Butorphanol; D006854:Hydrocortisone