title: Evaluating a new strategy for prophylaxis to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-exposed infants in Thailand. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a strategy for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) for infants in Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected women were offered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for PCP prophylaxis for their children at 1-2 months of age. When the children reached 6 months of age, investigators simulated a decision to continue or stop prophylaxis on the basis of clinical criteria, and compared their decisions with results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for HIV. We calculated the proportions of children who received and completed prophylaxis, and compared the rates of pneumonia and death from pneumonia with rates from an earlier prospective cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 395 eligible infants, 383 (97%) started prophylaxis. By 6 months of age, 10 (2.6%) were lost to follow-up, three (0.8%) were non-adherent, seven (2%) had stopped because of adverse events, four (1%) had died, and 359 (94%) still received prophylaxis. At 6 months of age, 30 (70%) of 43 HIV-infected children and 16 (5%) of 316 uninfected children met the clinical criteria to continue prophylaxis. The incidence of pneumonia at 1 to 6 months of age was 22% (15/68) in the earlier cohort, and 13% (6/46) in the recent cohort [relative risk (RR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3-1.4; P= 0.22]; mortality rates were 9% and 4%, respectively (RR 0.5; 95% CI 0.1-2.3; P = 0.47).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This PCP prophylaxis strategy appeared to be acceptable and safe, may have reduced morbidity and mortality from pneumonia, and should be considered in developing countries where early laboratory diagnosis of perinatal HIV infection is unavailable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. sikch@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chokephaibulkit
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chuachoowong
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chotpitayasunondh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chearskul
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vanprapar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waranawat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mock
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Simonds
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013785:Thailand; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination