title: The association between vascular risk factor-mediating medications and cognition and dementia diagnosis in a community-based sample of African-Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between medications that ameliorate vascular risk factors and the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in an older African-American population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based survey to identify subjects with and without evidence of cognitive impairment and subsequent diagnostic evaluation of a stratified sample of these subjects using formal diagnostic criteria for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban neighborhoods in Indianapolis, Indiana.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 2,212 African-American adults aged 65 years and older residing in 29 contiguous census tracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects' scores on the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID), formal diagnostic and clinical assessments for dementia, current medication use and history of medical illnesses, both self-report and, where possible, from an informant. Four outcome measures were defined by the following criteria: (1) cognitive impairment as defined by the subject's performance on the CSID cognitive scale; (2) cognitive/ functional impairment as defined by the total CSID score that included a relative's assessment of the subject's functional abilities; (3) dementia as defined by explicit diagnostic criteria; and (4) possible or probable Alzheimer's Disease as defined by explicit criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vascular risk factor mediating medications, when analyzed together, were associated with a significantly decreased risk of diagnosis of cognitive impairment after controlling for age, education, and stroke (OR 0.73, P = .01) and also a significantly decreased risk of cognitive/functional impairment (OR 0.66, P = .02). Antihypertensive agents, excluding centrally acting sympatholytic drugs were associated with a significantly reduced risk of diagnosis of cognitive impairment (OR 0.56, P < .01) and cognitive/functional impairment (OR 0.64, P = .01). Centrally acting sympatholytic agents were associated with an increased risk of diagnosis of cognitive impairment (OR 2.24, P < .01). There was a trend toward protection from a diagnosis of AD and dementia for the vascular risk factor mediating medications and for the antihypertensive medication, but this did not reach significant levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the use of medications to ameliorate vascular risk factors, particularly antihypertensive medication, may also be useful in reducing the risk of cognitive impairment in older subjects. However, they also suggest that physicians should be cautious in prescribing antihypertensive drugs with centrally acting sympatholytic properties to older subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Emsley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hendrie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents