title: Effect of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether lowering homocysteine levels with folic acid, with or without antioxidants, will improve endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Homocysteine may promote atherogenesis through endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, we used vascular ultrasound to assess the effect of folic acid alone or with antioxidants on brachial artery endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Seventy-five patients with CAD (screening homocysteine level > or =9 micromol/liter) were randomized equally to one of three groups: placebo, folic acid alone or folic acid plus antioxidant vitamins C and E. Patients were treated for four months. Plasma folate, homocysteine, FMD and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation were measured before and after four months of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma folate, homocysteine and FMD were unchanged in the placebo group. Compared with placebo, folic acid alone increased plasma folate by 475% (p < 0.001), reduced plasma homocysteine by 11% (p = 0.23) and significantly improved FMD from 3.2 +/- 3.6% to 5.2 +/- 3.9% (p = 0.04). The improvement in FMD correlated with the reduction in homocysteine (r = 0.5, p = 0.01). Folic acid plus antioxidants increased plasma folate by 438% (p < 0.001), reduced plasma homocysteine by 9% (p = 0.56) and insignificantly improved FMD from 2.6 +/- 2.4% to 4.0 +/- 3.7% (p = 0.45), as compared with placebo. Nitroglycerin-mediated dilation did not change significantly in any group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Folic acid supplementation significantly improved endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Further clinical trials are required to determine whether folic acid supplementation may reduce cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. ltitle@is.dal.ca
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Title
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giddens
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Genest
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Nassar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001775:Blood Circulation; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014664:Vasodilation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008055:Lipids; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D006710:Homocysteine; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005492:Folic Acid; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D001205:Ascorbic Acid