title: Duration, compression, and the aided loudness discomfort level.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation is to determine how the unaided and aided loudness discomfort level (LDL) varies with the duration of the input signal and whether the electroacoustic characteristics of compression circuits affect this relationship in a manner that may alter the listener's dynamic range for short duration sounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten hearing-impaired and 20 normal-hearing listeners participated. LDLs were determined for noise bursts of durations ranging in six steps from 32 to 1024 msec, using a two-alternative, forced-choice adaptive tracking procedure in which input level varied until LDL was achieved. LDLs were also obtained for continuous discourse, using a clinical procedure. Subjects were also given the opportunity to self adjust maximum output SPL to their LDL using either output limiting or volume controls in response to fixed 90 dB SPL noise bursts. Testing was conducted unaided and with hearing aids representing two analog (output compression limiting, wide dynamic range compression) and four digital compression circuits. Primary circuit contrasts included compression threshold, compression ratio, attack time and the presence or absence of unity gain at high levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the unaided condition, both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects showed increasing LDLs with decreasing signal duration. Under aided conditions, circuits with compression thresholds of 45 to 50 dB SPL and compression ratios of 2:1 produced LDL functions that were similar in slope to the impaired listener's unaided functions. Slopes were steeper when the attack time was slow (128 msec) than when it was fast (2 msec). Circuits with compression ratios of 8:1 produced flat LDL duration functions (i.e., a loss of duration-dependent effects). Similar duration-dependent LDL effects were also observed when subjects adjusted their own hearing aid output characteristics in response to 90 dB noise bursts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the unaided condition, results suggest that normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners can tolerate short duration sounds at higher levels than long duration sounds, a finding that has implications for hearing aid design. Circuits that preserve the relationship between duration and LDL should allow brief phonemes to be presented at higher levels without discomfort than circuits that do not, possibly resulting in greater audibility or speech recognition. Current results suggest that circuits with low compression thresholds, low compression ratios, and slow attack times might accomplish this objective better than circuits with high compression thresholds, high compression ratios and fast attack times.
authors.affiliation: Telex Communications, Burnsville, Minnesota 55337, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fortune
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scheller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008144:Loudness Perception; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting; D013997:Time Factors