title: Female fetal cells in maternal blood: use of DNA polymorphisms to prove origin.
abstract: The nucleated erythrocyte (NRBC) is one of the target fetal cell types for noninvasive genetic diagnosis using maternal peripheral blood. However, it is now known that pregnancy can stimulate the production of maternal NRBCs. When isolating female gamma-positive NRBCs, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis may show two X chromosome signals per nucleus, and therefore it cannot be conclusively determined whether the isolated cells are fetal or maternal in origin. The purpose of this study was to develop a means of verifying that a female cell is fetal on the basis of polymorphic short tandem repeat markers. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from women who had just undergone termination of pregnancy. Nucleated candidate fetal cells were isolated by flow-sorting using antibody to the gamma-chain of fetal hemoglobin and Hoechst 33342. FISH analysis was performed using X and Y chromosome specific probes. Female gamma-positive cells and leukocytes were micromanipulated separately and subjected to fluorescent polymerase chain reaction amplification of chromosome 21 and/or 18 STR markers (D21S11, D21S1411, D21S1412, and D18S535). In all ten cases analyzed, the gamma-positive female candidate fetal cells were determined to be fetal in origin by the presence of shared and nonshared DNA polymorphisms when compared with maternal leukocytes. These results show that genetic analysis can be performed on all fetal NRBCs, including female fetal cells that cannot be distinguished from maternal cells based on FISH analysis alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Samura
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pertl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sohda
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekizawa
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Falco
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Elmes
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bianchi
mesh_terms: D002469:Cell Separation; D002891:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D004900:Erythroblasts / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005819:Genetic Markers; D004247:DNA