title: Coffee drinking and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: an extended study of Self-Defense Officials of Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of coffee drinking on serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level in relation to alcohol drinking, smoking, and degree of obesity in middle-aged Japanese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1986 to 1994, a total of 7,637 male officials of the Self-Defense Forces of Japan aged 48-59 years received a preretirement health examination. Coffee drinking was ascertained by a self-administered questionnaire, and serum GGT level was measured. After excluding 1,360 men with a possible pathologic condition influencing liver enzyme levels and 182 former alcohol drinkers, effect of coffee drinking on serum GGT was examined by a multiple linear regression model and analysis of variance adjusting for alcohol drinking, smoking, and body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted percentage of difference in serum GGT was -4.3 (95% CI = -5.0; -3.5) per cup of coffee. The inverse coffee-GGT relation was most prominent among men drinking > or = 30 ml of ethanol and smoking > or = 15 cigarettes daily; and positive associations of alcohol and smoking with GGT were attenuated by coffee drinking, more clearly among men with BMI > or = 25.00 kg/m2. Adjusted percentages of difference in serum GGT were -2.6% (p = 0.0003) per cup of brewed coffee, and -5.1% (p = 0.0001) per cup of instant coffee, independently of each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that coffee consumption may weaken GGT-induction by alcohol, and possibly by smoking. These effect modifications by coffee may differ according to the degree of obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honjo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Todoroki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imanishi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katsurada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003069:Coffee; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase