title: Morphologic changes of the ankle in children as assessed by radiography and arthrography.
abstract: Chronological changes in the morphology of the ankle, a joint that consists primarily of chondral components in children, were investigated by arthrography and plain radiography. Arthrography was performed in 57 ankles of 40 patients with normal ankles (aged from 2 months to 3 years, 4 months; mean, 1 year, 7 months), and plain radiography was performed on 183 joints of 126 patients with normal ankles (aged from 3 years, 6 months to 14 years, 5 months (mean, 7 years, 8 months). The angle of the distal tibial joint surface was then measured on each radiograph. Despite being evident at birth, valgus inclination in the ankle rapidly changed during the first and second years of life. Thereafter, change continued gradually and spontaneously, and the ankles were in the neutral position by 3 years of age. However, the morphology of the ankles did not change much after that time. Normal ankles show valgus inclination at birth, but this configuration is changed naturally over time, and the ankles are in the neutral or slightly varus position by the age of bone maturity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurumatani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001175:Arthrography; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values