title: Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the assessment of cervical metastases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the value of ultrasonography (US) combined with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology for the investigation of lymph node metastases in patients with head and neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of clinical examination (palpation) and preoperative US-FNA examination results of cervical nodes in a sample of patients with head and neck cancer. The histological features of the neck dissection specimens are used to validate these 2 variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  A head and neck oncology service in a tertiary referral hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of 56 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, first seen between April 1, 1996, and July 30, 1998, who had neck dissections performed after the US-FNA examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical US-FNA preoperatively, followed by elective or therapeutic radical modified or selective neck dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The histological examination results of subsequent neck dissection specimens are used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of US-FNA for individual nodes. Second, the results of node staging by clinical examination and US-FNA examination are compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity was 89.2%; specificity, 98.1%; and accuracy, 94.5%. Correct node stages were obtained in 52 (93%) of the patients using US-FNA compared with 34 (61%) using palpation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography combined with FNA is a highly accurate technique for the investigation of cervical lymph node metastases. A more accurate diagnosis may result in more appropriate treatment, particularly in a setting with limited resources. Retropharyngeal nodes, micrometastases, and lymph nodes smaller than 4 mm are limitations of US-FNA. Ultrasonography combined with FNA is a useful technique for the staging of head and neck cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Stellenbosch Medical School, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knappe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Louw
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gregor
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D037981:Neck Dissection; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D010173:Palpation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography