title: Cardiogenic shock due to cardiac free-wall rupture or tamponade after acute myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to compare the characteristics and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiogenic shock (CS) caused by rupture of the ventricular free wall or tamponade versus shock from other causes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Free-wall rupture is a recognized cause of mortality in patients with acute MI. Some of these patients present subacutely, which provides an opportunity for intervention. Recognition of factors that distinguish them from the overall shock cohort would be beneficial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The international SHOCK Trial Registry enrolled patients concurrently with the randomized SHOCK Trial. Thirty-six centers consecutively enrolled all patients with suspected CS after MI, regardless of trial eligibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,048 patients studied, 28 (2.7%) had free-wall rupture or tamponade. These patients had less pulmonary edema, less diabetes, less prior MI, and less prior congestive heart failure (all p < 0.05). They more often had new Q waves in two or more leads (51.9% vs. 31.5%, p < 0.04), but MI location and time to shock onset after MI did not differ. Of patients with rupture or tamponade, 75% had pericardial effusions. No hemodynamic characteristics identified patients with rupture/tamponade. Most patients with rupture/tamponade had surgery and/or pericardiocentesis (27/28); their in-hospital survival rate was identical to that of the group overall (39.3%). Women and older patients with rupture/tamponade tended to survive intervention less often.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Free-wall rupture and tamponade may present as CS after MI, and survival after intervention is similar to that of the overall shock cohort. All patients with CS after MI should have echocardiography in order to detect subacute rupture or tamponade and initiate appropriate interventions.
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's-Roosevelt Medical Center, New York, New York 10025, USA. jslater@slrhc.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Col
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dzavik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menegus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Connery
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hochman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006342:Heart Rupture, Post-Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery