title: Ureterotomy for removal of two ureteroliths in a parrot.
abstract: A 21-year-old male double-yellowheaded Amazon parrot was referred because of possible urolithiasis. The bird had strained to void since it was young, and recently, signs of depression and inappetence had appeared. Radiography revealed 2 mineralized opacities in the left caudal portion of the celomic cavity. A left lateral celiotomy revealed that the left ureter was dilated and contained a calculus, which was later determined to be composed of monosodium uric acid crystals and proteinaceous material. The second mineralized mass could not be located at that time, but was detected in the caudal aspect of the celomic cavity after surgery by use of radiography. Manual attempts to maneuver the uterolith from the ureter through the cloaca were unsuccessful. Five days after the initial surgery, the uterolith was removed by cloacotomy and ventral midline laparotomy. Excretory urography performed 10 and 31 days after surgery revealed that the left ureter was homogeneously opacified and gradually decreased to 3 to 6 mm in diameter. The bird remained healthy and seemed to strain less severely during voiding. Nonspecific signs associated with ureteroliths may result in delay in diagnosis. Surgical removal of ureteroliths may be an effective treatment for this uncommon condition, but it is complicated by certain anatomic features of birds and may result in ureteral stricture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002988:Cloaca / Q000601:surgery; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D008297:Male; D010311:Parrots; D015363:Quinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal / Q000662:veterinary; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000662:veterinary; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015363:Quinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin