title: Daily deaths are associated with combustion particles rather than SO(2) in Philadelphia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether the association between SO(2) and daily deaths in Philadelphia during the years 1974-88 is due to its correlation with airborne particles, and vice versa.
  
  
  METHODS
  There is a significant variation in the relation between total suspended particulate (TSP) and SO(2) in Philadelphia by year and season. Firstly, 30 separate regressions were fitted for each pollutant in the warm and cold season of each year. These regressions controlled for weather, long term temporal patterns, and day of the week. Then a meta-regression was performed to find whether the effect of SO(2) was due to TSP, or vice versa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for TSP, there was no significant association between SO(2) and daily deaths. By contrast, in periods when TSP was less correlated with SO(2), its association with daily deaths was higher. However, all of the association between TSP and daily deaths was explained by its correlation with extinction coefficient, a measurement of the scattering of light by fine particles, which has been shown to be highly correlated with fine combustion particles in Philadelphia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between air pollution and daily deaths in Philadelphia is due to fine combustion particles, and not to SO(2).
authors.affiliation: Environmental Epidemiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston MA 02115, USA. jschwrtz@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015982:Bias; D015984:Causality; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012621:Seasons; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide