title: Assessment of the in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of Thalomid (thalidomide).
abstract: Thalomid is the FDA-approved commercial formulation of thalidomide currently used in the US to treat erythema nodosum leprosum, a complication of leprosy. The genotoxicity of Thalomid thalidomide was assessed in the Ames reverse mutation, AS52/XPRT mammalian cell forward gene mutation, and mouse bone marrow micronucleus assays. The Ames and AS52 assays were performed with and without S9. In the Ames, Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, 1537, 98, 100, and 102 and Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA were used. Assays were performed by using plate incorporation and liquid pre-incubation systems at thalidomide doses of 50-10,000 microg/plate. In the AS52 assay, Chinese hamster ovary cells were plated with fortified Ham's F12 medium and incubated overnight. The medium was then incubated with 1-1000 microg/ml thalidomide. After a series of aspirations, washings, reconstitutions, and incubations, mutant AS52 cells were fixed and stained. Colonies were then counted and the relative survival frequencies compared to negative controls. In the mouse micronucleus assay, Crl:CD-1 albino mice were dosed with 500, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg thalidomide and sacrificed over 72 h. Femurs were flushed with fetal bovine serum and the suspensions centrifuged. The supernatant was aspirated and the cell pellet resuspended and stained. Polychromatic erythrocytes were scored for micronucleated polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes. Thalidomide did not increase revertant frequencies in all bacterial strains. It also did not produce any significant increase in the average mutant frequencies of AS52 cells and mouse micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. We conclude that Celgene's Thalomid thalidomide is non-genotoxic.
authors.affiliation: Celgene Corporation, Warren, New Jersey 07059, USA. Steo@celgene.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stirling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D016466:CHO Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D006224:Cricetinae; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D013792:Thalidomide; D005020:Ethyl Methanesulfonate; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine