title: Urban levels of air pollution modifies the progression of urethane-induced lung tumours in mice.
abstract: This paper investigates the effects of air pollution in urethane-induced lung tumours in mice by means of histological, morphometrical, and DNA ploidy. The experimental exposure was done in locations with different air pollution profiles: a polluted area (downtown São Paulo) and a "clean" environment. Swiss mice were employed and urethane (3 g/kg) was used as a carcinogenic substance. All the animals, whether exposed or not to air pollution, were sacrificed after 6 months, and the lung lesions were analysed. The results showed a significant effect of air pollution on tumour progression, observed by changes in the phenotype of the tumour cells as demonstrated by morphometry and DNA ploidy. We observed more atypical adenomas in the air pollution-exposed group (p = 0.02). Coherently, morphometric differences were also detected between the two groups. Neoplasms of exposed mice exhibited an increase in the nuclear fraction (p = 0.002) and in the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio (p = 0.011), as a decrease in the stromal fraction (p < 0.001). There was a higher risk of aneuploidy in the 6-months-of-air-pollution-exposure group (relative risk: 1.58; 95% of confidence interval: 1.007 to 2.403). These results indicate that urban air pollution accelerates the process of progression towards malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. pmcury@hotmail.com
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cury
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lichtenfels
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Reymão
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Conceição
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Capelozzi
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Saldiva
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000782:Aneuploidy; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001938:Brazil; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004357:Drug Synergism; D019044:Image Cytometry; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D014504:Urban Health; D014520:Urethane / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002273:Carcinogens; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D014520:Urethane