title: Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously demonstrated that 3 g American ginseng (AG) reduced postprandial glycemia (PPG) in type 2 diabetic individuals. We investigated whether further reductions can be achieved with escalation of dose and time of AG administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten type 2 diabetic patients (6 men, 4 women; age 63+/-2 years; BMI 27.7+/-1.5 kg/m2; HbA1c 7.3+/-0.3%) were randomly administered 0 g (placebo) or 3, 6, or 9 g ground AG root in capsules at 120, 80, 40, or 0 min before a 25-g oral glucose challenge. Capillary blood glucose was measured before ingestion of AG or placebo and at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min from the start of the glucose challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that treatment (0, 3, 6, and 9 g AG) but not time of administration (120, 80, 40, or 0 min before the challenge) significantly affected PPG (P<0.05), with significant (P = 0.037) interaction for area under the curve (AUC). Pairwise comparisons showed that compared with 0 g (placebo), 3, 6, or 9 g significantly (P<0.05) reduced AUC (19.7, 15.3, and 15.9%, respectively) and incremental glycemia at 30 min (16.3, 18.4, and 18.4%, respectively), 45 min (12.5, 14.3, and 14.3%, respectively), and 120 min (59.1, 40.9, and 45.5%, respectively). However, pairwise comparisons showed no differences between the 3-, 6-, or 9-g doses and any of the times of administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AG reduced PPG irrespective of dose and time of administration. No more than 3 g AG was required at any time in relation to the challenge to achieve reductions. Because these reductions included glycemia at the 2-h diagnostic end point, there may be implications for diabetes diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. v.vuksan@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stavro
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sievenpiper
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Beljan-Zdravkovic
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Leiter
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Josse
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005894:Panax / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010919:Placebos; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D010919:Placebos