title: Inter-laboratory comparison of liquid chromatographic techniques and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of surfactants in wastewaters.
abstract: Seven laboratories participated in an inter-laboratory comparison exercise within the framework of the PRISTINE, SANDRINE and INEXsPORT European Union Projects. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) methodologies were used for the extraction of target analytes from wastewaters. The analytical strategies were based on liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometric (MS) or to fluorescent (FL) detection in all cases with the exception of one laboratory using a test-tube enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Samples were spiked with the surfactants nonylphenolpolyglycol ether, coconut diethanolamide, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, nonylphenolpolyglycol ether sulfate, alkylpolyglycol ether and secondary alkane sulfonate. After enrichment on previously conditioned SPE cartridges, the SPE cartridges were distributed among the participating laboratories without the information about the amount of spiked surfactants. In addition, SPE cartridges loaded with a real-world environmental sample containing a tannery wastewater were also analyzed. The results of the programme showed that SPE followed by LC-MS techniques are reliable for the surfactants determination at submicrogram to microgram per liter levels in wastewaters. Inter-laboratory precision values were calculated as the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSD(R)) which was determined from the reproducibility standard deviation (sR) and the average concentration at a particular concentration level. When data from all laboratories were pooled, the RSD(R) values ranged from 5.1 to 28.3% for the determination of target analytes. The most accurate result corresponded to that given for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. Taking into account that different methodologies were used (including non-chromatographic techniques) and the complexity of the samples analyzed, it can be considered that acceptable reproducibility values were obtained in this inter-laboratory study.
authors.affiliation: IIQAB, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boleda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scheding
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nistor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emneus
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Knepper
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Voogt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: González-Mazo
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water