2-arachidonyl-glycerol stimulates nitric oxide release from human immune and vascular tissues and invertebrate immunocytes by cannabinoid receptor 1.
The pharmacological physiological effects of the endogenous cannabinomimetic (endocannabinoid) anandamide have been well characterized. Another endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), has been less-widely studied. 2-AG occurs in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues and binds to both cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). In the current study, 2-AG was found to cause human monocytes and immunocytes from Mytilus edulis to become round and immobile, which may correlate with decreased production of cytokines and adhesion molecules, i.e. an immunosuppressive response. In addition, exposure of these cells to 2-AG results in nitric oxide (NO) release, which is blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, l-NAME and a CB1 antagonist, but not by a CB2 antagonist. The results obtained in the human vascular system were similar to those obtained in immune cells. Treatment of human saphenous veins and atria with 2-AG stimulated basal NO release, which was antagonized by l-NAME and a CB1 antagonist. Taken together these results indicate that 2-AG exerts immune and vascular actions similar to those observed with anandamide.
Stefano
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GB
Multidisciplinary Center for the Study of Aging, Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA. stefang@swg.som.sunysb.edu
Bilfinger
T V
TV
Rialas
C M
CM
Deutsch
D G
DG
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D049872:Bivalvia; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005989:Glycerides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000378:metabolism*
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; C078814:anandamide