title: Automatic control of thermal neutrality for space suit applications using a liquid cooling garment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thermal control in the EVA spacesuit requires attention from the astronaut which is not always desirable or feasible. Improvements in thermal control involve implementation of an automatic thermal control system operating independently of the knowledge of the working astronaut.
  
  
  METHODS
  A control system was designed, developed, and tested to automatically maintain a subject's thermal neutrality while wearing a liquid cooling garment (LCG). Measurement of CO2 production as an indication of metabolic rate was used as a signal to initiate the control response. Mean body temperature, computed as a function of ear canal temperature and mean skin temperature, provided feedback to account for the thermal state of subjects as they were being cooled by the LCG. The control algorithm was tested on nine subjects, six males and three females, who performed a varying 90-min metabolic profile using an arm cranking ergometer. A total of 27 tests, three for each subject, were conducted in a thermal chamber at three different environmental temperatures: 10 degrees C, 18.3 degrees C and 26.7 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of subjective comfort rating and quantitative energy storage indicates good performance of the controller in maintaining thermal neutrality for the subject over a wide range of environmental and transient metabolic states. Measurements of metabolic rate effectively initiated controller response, and feedback of mean body temperature to the controller proved very capable of accounting for various steady-state environmental conditions and inter-subject variability.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Diller
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wissler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000465:Algorithms; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019442:Space Suits