title: Chromogranins in temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chromogranins are neuropeptide precursors stored in large dense core vesicles. Because physiological functions have been postulated for peptides originating from chromogranins, we investigated the distribution of chromogranins A and B and secretoneurin (a peptide derived from secretogranin II) in the control and epileptic hippocampus of humans and rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chromogranin immunoreactivity (IR) was investigated in paraformaldehyde-fixed hippocampal specimens from 24 temporal lobe epilepsy patients with intractable seizures, postmortem from 15 patients deceased from nonneurological disorders, in rats 30 days after kainate-induced limbic seizures, and in control rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control rats and in humans, chromogranin A and B IR and secretoneurin IR were present in mossy fibers. In addition, chromogranin B IR was found in granule cells, and chromogranin A IR was found in granule and CA2 pyramidal cells in the human hippocampus. In both species, chromogranin B and secretoneurin were unevenly distributed in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The most intriguing change seen in human temporal lobe epilepsy specimens and in the kainic acid model of the rat was the prominent staining of the inner molecular layer, indicating storage of chromogranins A and B and secretoneurin in terminals of reorganized mossy fibers, from which they may be released upon nerve stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chromogranins A and B and secretoneurin are valid markers for hippocampal neurons and delineate epilepsy-induced reorganization of mossy fibers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Austria. susanne.pirker@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kandlhofer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoertnagl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Czech
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sperk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002864:Chromogranins / Q000032:analysis*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D019599:Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal / Q000737:chemistry; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D053381:Secretogranin II
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002864:Chromogranins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D053381:Secretogranin II; C081159:secretoneurin; D007608:Kainic Acid