title: Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: A prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although increased intake of grain products has been recommended to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD), prospective data examining the relation of whole grain intake to risk of ischemic stroke are sparse, especially among women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the hypothesis that higher whole grain intake reduces the risk of ischemic stroke in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of 75,521 US women aged 38 to 63 years without previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, stroke, or other CVDs in 1984, who completed detailed food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in 1984, 1986, 1990, and 1994, and were followed up for 12 years as part of the Nurses' Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of ischemic stroke, confirmed by medical records, by quintile of whole grain intake according to FFQ responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 861,900 person-years of follow-up, 352 confirmed incident cases of ischemic stroke occurred. We observed an inverse association between whole grain intake and ischemic stroke risk. The age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) from the lowest to highest quintiles of whole grain intake were 1.00 (referent), 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-0.94), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.51-0.95), 0.49 (95% CI, 0.35-0.69), and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.42-0.78; P =.003 for trend). Adjustment for smoking modestly attenuated this association (RR comparing extreme quintiles, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.89). This inverse association remained essentially unchanged with further adjustment for known CVD risk factors, including saturated fat and transfatty acid intake (multivariate-adjusted RR comparing extreme quintiles, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.98). The inverse relation between whole grain intake and risk of ischemic stroke was also consistently observed among subgroups of women who never smoked, did not drink alcohol, did not exercise regularly, or who did not use postmenopausal hormones. No significant association was observed between total grain intake and risk of ischemic stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort, higher intake of whole grain foods was associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke among women, independent of known CVD risk factors. These prospective data support the notion that higher intake of whole grains may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Bringham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave E, Boston, MA 02215, USA. simin.liu@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rexrode
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*