Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to risk factors for cancer: a report from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the associations between the consumption of fruit and vegetables and other markers of cancer risk.


METHODS
A cross-sectional survey within the population-based prospective Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) Study. Information on food habits was collected through the modified diet history method designed and validated for the MDC Study. Data on smoking and alcohol habits, leisure time physical activity, birth country, education, socioeconomic status and cohabitation status were collected through a questionnaire.


METHODS
Malmö, the third largest city in Sweden.


METHODS
All subjects who entered the MDC Study during winter 1991 to summer 1994 (men and women living in Malmö, aged between 46 and 68 years), with a total of 15 173.


RESULTS
Women consumed more fruit and vegetables than men. Low consumption of both fruits and vegetables was associated with unfavourable nutrient profiles: higher percentage of energy from fat and lower intakes of antioxidant nutrients and dietary fibre. Low consumption was also associated with smoking, low leisure time physical activity, low education and being born in Sweden. High age was associated with low vegetable consumption in both genders.


CONCLUSIONS
This study indicates that several established risk markers and risk factors of cancer may be independently associated with low fruit and vegetable consumption. The findings suggest that the adverse effects of factors such as smoking, low physical activity and a high-fat diet could partly be explained by low consumption of fruit or vegetables. The implied health benefits of a low or moderate alcohol consumption may be similarly confounded by high consumption of fruit or vegetables.
Wallström
P
P
Department of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden. peter.wallstrom@smi.mas.lu.se
Wirfält
E
E
Janzon
L
L
Mattisson
I
I
Elmstâhl
S
S
Johansson
U
U
Berglund
G
G
D000368:Aged; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables