title: Middle ear pathology can affect the ear-canal sound pressure generated by audiologic earphones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how the ear-canal sound pressures generated by earphones differ between normal and pathologic middle ears.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of ear-canal sound pressures generated by the Etymtic Research ER-3A insert earphone in normal ears (N = 12) were compared with the pressures generated in abnormal ears with mastoidectomy bowls (N = 15), tympanostomy tubes (N = 5), and tympanic-membrane perforations (N = 5). Similar measurements were made with the Telephonics TDH-49 supra-aural earphone in normal ears (N = 10) and abnormal ears with mastoidectomy bowls (N = 10), tympanostomy tubes (N = 4), and tympanic-membrane perforations (N = 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the insert earphone, the sound pressures generated in the mastoid-bowl ears were all smaller than the pressures generated in normal ears; from 250 to 1000 Hz the difference in pressure level was nearly frequency independent and ranged from -3 to -15 dB; from 1000 to 4000 Hz the reduction in level increased with frequency and ranged from -5 dB to -35 dB. In the ears with tympanostomy tubes and perforations the sound pressures were always smaller than in normal ears at frequencies below 1000 Hz; the largest differences occurred below 500 Hz and ranged from -5 to -25 dB. With the supra-aural earphone, the sound pressures in ears with the three pathologic conditions were more variable than those with the insert earphone. Generally, sound pressures in the ears with mastoid bowls were lower than those in normal ears for frequencies below about 500 Hz; above about 500 Hz the pressures showed sharp minima and maxima that were not seen in the normal ears. The ears with tympanostomy tubes and tympanic-membrane perforations also showed reduced ear-canal pressures at the lower frequencies, but at higher frequencies these ear-canal pressures were generally similar to the pressures measured in the normal ears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the middle ear is not normal, ear-canal sound pressures can differ by up to 35 dB from the normal-ear value. Because the pressure level generally is decreased in the pathologic conditions that were studied, the measured hearing loss would exaggerate substantially the actual loss in ear sensitivity. The variations depend on the earphone, the middle ear pathology, and frequency. Uncontrolled variations in ear-canal pressure, whether caused by a poor earphone-to-ear connection or by abnormal middle ear impedance, could be corrected with audiometers that measure sound pressures during hearing tests.
authors.affiliation: Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rosowski
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Shera
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Peake
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests / Q000379:methods; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008416:Mastoid / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation / Q000379:methods; D011312:Pressure; D013016:Sound; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018058:Tympanic Membrane Perforation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery