title: Human liver glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors bind at a new allosteric site.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycogen phosphorylases catalyze the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate for glycolysis. Maintaining control of blood glucose levels is critical in minimizing the debilitating effects of diabetes, making liver glycogen phosphorylase a potential therapeutic target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The binding site in human liver glycogen phosphorylase (HLGP) for a class of promising antidiabetic agents was identified crystallographically. The site is novel and functions allosterically by stabilizing the inactive conformation of HLGP. The initial view of the complex revealed key structural information and inspired the design of a new class of inhibitors which bind with nanomolar affinity and whose crystal structure is also described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified the binding site of a new class of allosteric HLGP inhibitors. The crystal structure revealed the details of inhibitor binding, led to the design of a new class of compounds, and should accelerate efforts to develop therapeutically relevant molecules for the treatment of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exploratory Medicinal Sciences, Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ammirati
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Danley
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ekstrom
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mathiowetz
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Treadway
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hoover
mesh_terms: D000495:Allosteric Site; D001665:Binding Sites; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015994:Incidence; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D006005:Phosphorylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D014481:United States
chemical_list: C415767:CP 305494; C415765:CP 403700; C415766:CP 526423; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007211:Indoles; D006005:Phosphorylases