title: Clinical, biochemical, and genetic characterization of a novel estrogen-dependent inherited form of angioedema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two genetic forms of hereditary angioedema (HAE) are currently recognized. Both are transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner and are characterized by recurrent episodes of localized angioedema. Involvement of the gut leads to episodes of severe abdominal pain, and laryngeal involvement can lead to airway obstruction and even death. One type results from heterozygosity for a nonexpressed C1 inhibitor allele, and the other results from heterozygosity for a nonfunctional C1 inhibitor allele.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This report identifies a third type of HAE, with a unique estrogen-dependent phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed medical histories were obtained from family members, and a pedigree was constructed to ascertain the mode of inheritance. Determination of serum complement factors, C1 inhibitor protein, C1 inhibitor function, coagulation factor XII, plasma prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, and selected DNA sequences were performed in affected members by using standard assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Episodes of angioedema were clinically indistinguishable from those associated with previously described forms of HAE; however, these occurred only during pregnancy or the use of exogenous estrogens. Patients were otherwise asymptomatic, except for one patient who had acetyl salicylic acid/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related angioedema later in life. History was available for members spanning 4 generations, and affected individuals were identified in 3 generations. Of 46 family members, phenotype could be determined in 13 members. Seven were affected, and 6 were not. One male of undetermined phenotype was an obligate carrier. The unique estrogen-dependent nature of the phenotype means that the status of several members in the third and fourth generation remains unknown. The disorder appears to be transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion, although other modes of inheritance cannot be excluded entirely. C1 inhibitor protein, C1 inhibitor function, C2, C4, C1q, coagulation factor XII, prekallikrein, and high molecular kininogen were normal in 3 affected family members during asymptomatic periods. DNA sequencing revealed no abnormality in 3 patients in the coding region of the gene encoding C1 inhibitor or in the 5' flanking regions of the genes encoding C1 inhibitor and factor XII.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This family appears to have a novel form of inherited angioedema that does not result from C1 inhibitor deficiency or dysfunction. The phenotype is uniquely estrogen dependent. Implications for diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Further studies are required to define the exact nature of the genetic abnormality involved.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toront, Canada.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Binkley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000799:Angioedema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins; D004967:Estrogens