title: Beta-blockers and spironolactone in heart failure.
abstract: Neurohormonal antagonism is now recognized as an essential treatment modality for heart failure. As a prime example, the benefits of blocking the renin-angiotensin system with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are clearly established for all four New York Heart Association classes. In this clinical trials review, we discuss two other therapies with neurohormonal targets: beta-blockers and the sympathetic nervous system, and the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone.
authors.affiliation: Director, Heart Failure Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kukin
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077261:Carvedilol; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol; D013148:Spironolactone; D008790:Metoprolol