title: Randomised trial investigating effect of a novel nicotine delivery device (Eclipse) and a nicotine oral inhaler on smoking behaviour, nicotine and carbon monoxide exposure, and motivation to quit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor the effect of a novel nicotine delivery device that may produce fewer carcinogens (Eclipse) on cigarette smoking, carbon monoxide and nicotine concentrations, and motivation to give up smoking. The smoker's own brand of cigarette and a nicotine replacement product (Nicotrol inhaler) were used as comparisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  After baseline data were recorded, smokers were randomised to either Eclipse or inhaler for two weeks and then switched to the other product for another two weeks. Thereafter a second baseline was obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty smokers were included and data are reported for the 40 with complete data sets. The smokers were not trying to quit but were interested in trying a new product to reduce their risk. They visited a smoking clinic 10 times during the six week period of the trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  No counselling to aid reduction by Eclipse or inhaler was given.
  
  
  METHODS
  At each visit smoking status and carbon monoxide concentrations were recorded. In half of the visits withdrawal symptoms, attitudes towards smoking, heart rate, and blood nicotine concentrations were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eclipse use decreased the number of cigarettes smoked per day (cpd) from 19.1 cpd at baseline to 2.1 cpd (p < 0.001), but increased carbon monoxide concentrations in parts per million (ppm) from 21.0 ppm to 33.0 ppm (p < 0.001). A similar decrease in cigarettes smoked per day was seen with the Nicotrol inhaler, from 19.1 cpd to 4.8 cpd (p < 0.001), but carbon monoxide decreased from 21.0 ppm to 12.7 ppm (p < 0.001). The blood nicotine concentration remained fairly stable with Eclipse, increasing slightly from 16.8 ng/ml to 18.0 ng/ml, while for the inhaler a significant drop was noted, from 16.8 ng/ml to 12. 2 ng/ml (p < 0.002). Craving and withdrawal did not increase with Eclipse. Few significant adverse events occurred with Eclipse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eclipse can dramatically decrease cigarette consumption without causing withdrawal symptoms or decreases in nicotine concentrations or motivation to quit altogether. Unlike the inhaler, Eclipse produces an increase in carbon monoxide concentration. Thus Eclipse may not be a safer cigarette.
authors.affiliation: Smokers Information Center and Fagerstrom Consulting, Helsingborg, Sweden. karl.fagerstrom@swipnet.se
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Fagerström
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Callas
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009538:Nicotine; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide