title: Rabbit urinary bladder blood flow changes during the initial stage of partial outlet obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The rabbit urinary bladder's early response to partial outlet obstruction includes bladder wall remodeling with marked urothelial and fibroblast hyperplasia (1 day) and smooth muscle hypertrophy (3-5 days) resulting in a 4-5 fold increase in bladder mass within 7 days. In this study, we examined the effect of partial outlet obstruction on bladder blood flow during the initial period of rapid growth (1-7 days).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each New Zealand White rabbit was partially obstructed by tying a 2-0 silk ligature loosely around the vesical outlet. After 0 (unoperated), 4 hours, 1, 3, or 7 days of obstruction, 5 rabbits per group were anesthetized and the carotid and femoral arteries cannulated with polyethylene tubing. Additional rabbits receiving sham surgeries were treated like obstructed animals at 4 hours and 1 day post-obstruction (5/group). Using standard methods, fluorescent microspheres were infused through the right carotid artery. Bladder and right kidney were rapidly removed upon completion of sphere infusion; bladder mucosa and muscle were separated. Sphere densities in detrusor, mucosa, and kidney were measured by Interactive Medical Technologies, Ltd. A section of each detrusor tissue was fixed in formalin and immunostained for smooth muscle alpha-actin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucosal blood flow (0.20 +/- 0.03 ml./min./gm.) was approximately 4-fold greater than that of detrusor (0.05 +/- 0.01 ml./min./gm.). Sham surgery caused a significant increase in bladder blood flow at 4 hours post-obstruction that returned to control levels by 1 day. Both mucosal and muscle blood flows were slightly higher in rabbit bladders obstructed for 4 hours than in sham-operated rabbits, and substantially greater in those obstructed for 1 day: 0.68 +/- 0.13 ml./min./gm. (mucosa) and 0.26 +/- 0.04 ml./min./gm. (muscle). Blood flows returned to control values by 3 days post-obstruction and remained constant through 7 days. Kidney blood flow was unchanged. Although bladder weight increased 4-fold after 7 days of obstruction, the volume fraction of smooth muscle (transverse section) remained constant at approximately 40%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood flow was approximately 4-fold greater in bladder mucosa than in muscle, which may relate to the significantly higher metabolic rate and lower high energy phosphate concentration of mucosa than muscle. Partial outlet obstruction resulted in a significant increase in blood flow at 1 day post-obstruction, which coincides temporally with the early cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy of obstructed rabbit bladder. This increase in blood flow may be an essential factor for the initial increase in bladder mass. By three days, the blood flow per gram of tissue returned to control levels. The mechanisms relating to the changes in blood flow induced by partial outlet obstruction are currently under investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chichester
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kogan
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Leggett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000098:blood supply; D011817:Rabbits; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*