Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group.
Over 11 million Americans have both diabetes and hypertension-comorbid diseases that strongly predispose people to both renal as well as cardiovascular (CV) injury. Hypertension substantially contributes to CV morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Furthermore, hypertension and diabetes are particularly prevalent in certain populations, such as African-Americans and Native Americans. Since the 1994 Working Group Report on Hypertension and Diabetes, a large body of clinical trial data has affirmed the original blood pressure goal of less than 130/85 mmHg recommended to preserve renal function and reduce CV events in people with hypertension and diabetes. Data that are more recent have emerged, however, to support an even lower diastolic blood pressure goal, ie, 80 mmHg, in order to optimally preserve renal function and reduce CV events in people with diabetic nephropathy. A review of clinical trials indicates that more than 65% of people with diabetes and hypertension will require two or more different antihypertensive medications to achieve the new suggested target blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg. The purpose of this report is to update the previous recommendations with a focus on level of blood pressure control, proteinuria reduction, and therapeutic approaches to achieve these goals. We provide an evidence-based approach, integrating data from the major clinical trials that were designed as randomized prospective, long-term studies that had as a primary endpoint either progression of diabetic nephropathy or reduction in CV events. This report also addresses socioeconomic and cultural barriers that hinder achievement of blood pressure goals. Lastly, the report discusses approaches to resolve cultural barriers, both physician- and patient-derived, that interfere with achievement of lower blood pressure goals.
Bakris
G L
GL
Williams
M
M
Dworkin
L
L
Elliott
W J
WJ
Epstein
M
M
Toto
R
R
Tuttle
K
K
Douglas
J
J
Hsueh
W
W
Sowers
J
J
D000328:Adult; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D003469:Culture; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012016:Reference Values
D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents