title: Interpersonal and cultural issues involving crews and ground personnel during Shuttle/Mir space missions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anecdotal reports from space and results from simulation studies on Earth suggest that interpersonal and cultural issues will have an impact on the interactions of crewmembers and mission control personnel during future long-duration space missions.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate this impact we studied 5 astronauts, 8 cosmonauts, and 42 American and 16 Russian mission control personnel who participated in the Shuttle/Mir space program. Subjects completed questions from the Profile of Mood States, the Group Environment Scale, and the Work Environment Scale on a weekly basis during the missions. Subscale scores from these measures were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA to examine mean differences as a function of country (American vs. Russian), group (crewmember vs. ground personnel), and their interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Americans scored higher on measures of vigor and work pressure, and Russians scored higher on measures of managerial control, task orientation, physical comfort, self discovery, and leader support (which also showed a significant interaction effect). Mission control subjects scored higher than crewmembers on four measures of dysphoric emotions, but both groups scored significantly lower than published norms from other studies. There were significant interaction effects for subscales measuring leader support, expressiveness, and independence, with the American astronauts scoring the lowest of all comparison groups on all three subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In future long-duration space missions, countermeasures should focus on providing support for crewmembers from a culture in the minority, and crews should include more than one representative from this culture. Positive aspects of the interpersonal environment should be enhanced. The needs of mission control personnel should be addressed as well as those of crewmembers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California and VA Medical Center, San Francisco 94121, USA. nick21@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanas
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salnitskiy
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Grund
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gushin
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kozerenko
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sled
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Marmar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012426:Russia / Q000208:ethnology; D013026:Space Flight; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology