title: Aluminum exposure in chronic renal failure in iberoamerica at the end of the 1990s: overview and perspectives.
abstract: Epidemic aluminum neurotoxicity has virtually disappeared in the dialysis population; however, sporadic toxic effects caused by contamination of water with aluminum are still reported. In this review, the current situation in Iberoamerica is analyzed. Exposure to aluminum through dialysate shows considerable geographical differences even within the same country, including seasonal variability. Sometimes the tap water showed very high aluminum content that does not permit the water treatment system to efficiently remove all the aluminum, forcing the use of water treatment systems with a double reverse-osmosis filter on line. The use of adequate water treatment systems and a correct control policy has improved the quality of the dialysate, minimizing the aluminum exposure. However, an additional problem in Iberoamerica is the difficulty to obtain aluminum-free concentrates for the preparation of the final dialysis solution. Aluminum still seems to be implicated in a great percentage of symptomatic low-bone remodeling lesions in South America compared with Europe, demonstrating that exposure to aluminum through dialysate is still a cause of concern in some areas of the world.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Central de Asturias, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fernández-Martín
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canteros
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alles
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cannata-Andía
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning*; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D010018:Osteomalacia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D013020:South America; D013030:Spain; D018508:Water Purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D000535:Aluminum