The North Staffordshire Maternity Hospital prospective study of pregnancy-associated depression.
The objective of the study was to establish the frequency of depression during pregnancy and the puerperium, and its relationship to marital disharmony and sociodemographic variables. A prospective longitudinal study was carried out in a district general hospital in the West Midlands, UK. The cohort consisted of 417 women booked for confinement at the hospital. Depression was measured as a proportion of high scores (> 14) on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and marital disharmony was determined by the Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Using recommended cut-offs, 41/417 (9.8%) of the women were depressed during pregnancy and 31/417 (7.4%) were depressed at 3 months postpartum. There was a significant association between antenatal and postnatal depression, seven of the 31 women who were depressed postpartum had also been depressed in the antenatal period. Only five of the 41 women with antenatal depression and eight of the 31 women with postnatal depression were identified by their general practitioners as depressed. Marital disharmony was sequentially associated with depression before and after delivery. We conclude that antenatal depression is more common than generally thought, and that both antenatal and postnatal depression are frequently missed during routine consultation. Pregnancy-associated depression is more common where marital disharmony exists. More widespread use of the EPDS during pregnancy may help to highlight these often unidentified mental health problems.
Johanson
R
R
University of Keele/Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North Staffordshire Hospital (Maternity), Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
Chapman
G
G
Murray
D
D
Johnson
I
I
Cox
J
J
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity; D006801:Humans; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology; D008403:Mass Screening; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires