title: Atypical decondensation of the sperm nucleus, delayed replication of the male genome, and sex chromosome positioning following intracytoplasmic human sperm injection (ICSI) into golden hamster eggs: does ICSI itself introduce chromosomal anomalies?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine nuclear decondensation, positioning of sex chromosomes, and the S-phase in human sperm nuclei following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) into hamster eggs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective analysis of hamster eggs and human sperm following ICSI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon Health Sciences University and Oregon Regional Primate Research Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fertile donor sperm from a commercial source.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human sperm were examined by immunofluorescence stain, bromodioxyuridine (BrdU) uptake assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization following ICSI into hamster eggs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decondensation of human sperm nuclei occurred initially in the basal region, and perinuclear theca of sperm persisted around the condensed apical region. In some sperm nuclei, following ICSI the sex chromosomes were in the apical region, remaining condensed for longer than in the basal region. S-phase entry of human sperm nuclei following ICSI was delayed compared to the zona-free hamster egg penetration assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results force questions about the mechanism of male pronuclear formation after ICSI and suggest new strategies for understanding the basis of chromosomal anomalies leading to birth defects as well as continuing improvements in the safety and efficacy of infertility therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Luetjens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sutovsky
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schatten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D004261:DNA Replication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016196:S Phase; D012730:Sex Chromosomes; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions