title: Associations between smoking and beta-cell function in a non-hypertensive and non-diabetic population. Skaraborg Hypertension and Diabetes Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increased risk for Type 2 diabetes in male and female smokers has been associated with insulin resistance. However, this might also be the result of an adverse effect on the beta-cell. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between smoking and beta-cell function.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based, cross-sectional observation study. In 1994, a randomized age-stratified sample of men and women aged > or = 40 years in the city of Skara, Sweden, were invited to a survey of cardiovascular risk factors. In all, 1,109 subjects participated (80%). After the exclusion of subjects with known hypertension or diabetes mellitus, 874 subjects remained to explore. Samples were drawn after an overnight fast. Lifestyle (smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption) was assessed using a questionnaire. Insulin resistance and insulin secretion were estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette smoking men (n = 101) had a lower HOMA beta-cell value (58.1), than never-smokers (n = 158, beta-cell value 90.1, P < 0.001). The difference remained with adjustments for age, body mass index, daily alcohol intake and physical exercise habits: 25.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.7-38.8, P = 0.003). Correspondingly, in men the HOMA beta-cell value was lower in current smokers than in ex-smokers (difference 24.3, 95% CI 11.1-35.2, P < 0.001). In women, no significant difference appeared in beta-cell function vs. different smoking status. There was no association between smoking status and insulin resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least in men, smoking may interfere with beta-cell function. The prevention of Type 2 diabetes should include strategies to stop smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden. ostgren.039010879@telia.com
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ostgren
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ranstam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melander
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Råstam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013548:Sweden; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol