title: NSAID-induced gastric damage in rats: requirement for inhibition of both cyclooxygenase 1 and 2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors produce less gastric damage than conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), suggesting that NSAIDs cause damage by inhibiting COX-1. We tested this hypothesis in rats by using a selective COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of SC-560, celecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor), or a combination of both inhibitors on gastric damage and prostaglandin synthesis were determined. Selectivity of the drugs for COX-1 vs. COX-2 was assessed in the carrageenan-airpouch model. A COX-1-preferential inhibitor, ketorolac, was also evaluated. The effects of these inhibitors on leukocyte adherence to vascular endothelium and on gastric blood flow were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SC-560 markedly reduced gastric prostaglandin synthesis and platelet COX-1 activity, but spared COX-2 and did not cause gastric damage. Celecoxib did not affect gastric prostaglandin E(2) synthesis and did not cause gastric damage. However, the combination of SC-560 and celecoxib invariably caused hemorrhagic erosion formation, comparable to that seen with indomethacin. Ketorolac caused damage only at doses that inhibited both COX isoforms, or when given with a COX-2 inhibitor. Celecoxib, but not SC-560, significantly increased leukocyte adherence, whereas SC-560, but not celecoxib, reduced gastric blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 is required for NSAID-induced gastric injury in the rat.
authors.affiliation: Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. wallacej@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vergnolle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000494:pharmacology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013270:Stomach / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D011720:Pyrazoles; C115461:SC 560; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013876:Thiophenes; C064874:DuP 697; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat; D000068579:Celecoxib; D020910:Ketorolac