title: Identification of microemboli during haemodialysis using Doppler ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Doppler ultrasound methods were used during haemodialysis sessions for the detection of microemboli and determination of their origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-MHz ultrasound probe (Multidop X(4) DWL((TM))) was used to assess the number of microembolic signals (MES) in the subclavian vein downstream from the arteriovenous fistula before the dialysis session and over two periods of 15 min at the beginning and end of haemodialysis sessions in 25 patients without previous cardiovascular disease. A similar probe was used during in vitro studies to detect MES at different sites in the dialysis machine (before and downstream from the blood pump, and before and downstream from the air trap).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No MES were detected during in vivo studies before haemodialysis sessions. MES were registered in all patients (100%) at the beginning and end of the haemodialysis procedure at an average of 12.7+/-9 and 16. 7+/-11.5 signals/min respectively. The average intensity of MES was 19.2+/-5.0 dB and 19.4+/-3.9 dB respectively. No MES were detected on the arterial line during in vitro studies. In contrast, 19+/-6 MES/min were detected after the blood pump, 13+/-4.2 before the air trap, and 16.5+/-5.5 thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all patients, MES were recorded during haemodialysis sessions in the drainage vein from arteriovenous fistulae. The results of in vitro studies indicate that MES are formed by the blood pump of the haemodialysis machine. The intensity of the MES suggests that they correspond to synthetic particles or microbubbles, which are not detected by the air trap. The final destination of these microbubbles will be assessed in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rollé
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pengloan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abazza
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Halimi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laskar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pourcelot
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tranquart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004617:Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013350:Subclavian Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler