title: Four early contributors to neurosurgery in North America.
abstract: The lives of four physicians of the past are described, focusing on their unique contributions to the early development of neurosurgery in the United States and Canada. Each influenced the others during these formative years, and each played a major role in the evolution of a new surgical subspecialty.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor 48109-0338, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hoff
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States