title: Differential modification by caffeine of oxygen-dependent and independent effects of gamma-irradiation on rat liver mitochondria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following the demonstration that caffeine effectively competes with oxygen for electrons and also scavenges hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, the differential modification of oxygen-dependent and independent effects of gamma-radiation by caffeine in membranes was examined, using rat liver mitochondria as a model system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mitochondria were isolated from the livers of Wistar rats and exposed to gamma-radiation in the dose range of 45-600 Gy (dose rate 15 Gy/min) in the presence or absence of caffeine. To examine the 'oxygen effect', post-irradiation incubation was carried out in the presence of oxygen or nitrogen in buffers saturated with the respective gases. Membrane damage was examined as lipid peroxidation (assessed as formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and conjugated dienes (CD), protein oxidation, depletion of protein thiols, superoxide dismutase or glutathione.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipid peroxidation increased as a function of radiation dose, from 45 to 600 Gv. Post-irradiation incubation of mitochondria under nitrogen decreased the response, while incubation under oxygen saturation enhanced it significantly. The presence of caffeine during radiation exposure inhibited lipid peroxidation significantly as a function of concentration, in the range of 5 microM to 4 mM. The inhibition was highest with 4 mM of caffeine. Under oxic conditions, inhibition at 1 mM was significantly more than under anoxia. Anoxia was either ineffective or marginally increased peroxidation in the presence of caffeine. A similar observation was obtained when membrane damage was assessed as protein oxidation. Radiation-induced depletion of protein thiols was greatly enhanced by oxygen saturation and this was completely prevented by caffeine. This compound also protected against the radiation-induced loss of the antioxidant glutathione and the enzyme superoxide dismutase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that caffeine effectively protected membranes against the oxic component of damage but may not do so for the anoxic component.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Boloor
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Devasagayam
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jayashree
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kesavan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000528:radiation effects; D005720:Gamma Rays; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D002110:Caffeine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen