title: Laparoscopic augmentation cystoplasty with different biodegradable grafts in an animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently a variety of biodegradable organic materials have been used for bladder wall replacement. We sought to study the effectiveness of 4 different types of biodegradable materials for bladder augmentation using laparoscopic techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty one minipigs underwent successful transperitoneal laparoscopic partial cystectomy and subsequent closure (6 control) or patch augmentation (25): porcine bowel acellular tissue matrix (ATM) (6), bovine pericardium (BPC) (6), human placental membranes (HPM) (6) or porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) (7). An intracorporeal suturing technique with the EndoStitch device (U.S. Surgical, Norwalk, CT) and Lapra-Ty clips (Ethicon, Enodsurgery Inc. Cincinnati, OH) was used to anastomose the graft to the bladder wall. Postoperatively, a urethral catheter was left for one week. Bladders were evaluated by cystoscopy at 6 and 12 weeks and harvested at 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grafts remained in place in all groups except for the BPC group, where all grafts failed to incorporate. For the ATM and SIS groups, at 6 weeks, there was mucosal coverage of the grafts without evidence of encrustation. In the control group, at 12 weeks, the bladder capacity was 23% less than preoperatively. In the ATM, HPM and SIS groups, at 12 weeks, the bladder capacities were larger than preoperatively by 16%, 51% and 43% respectively; also the grafts had contracted to 70%, 65%, and 60% of their original sizes, respectively. Histologically, there was patchy epithelialization of ATM and SIS grafts with a mixture of squamoid and transitional cell epithelia. The graft persisted as a well-vascularized fibrous band in HPM, ATM, and SIS without evidence of significant inflammatory response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A laparoscopic technique for partial bladder wall replacement using a free graft is feasible. The biodegradable grafts of ATM, HPM and SIS are tolerated by host bladder and are associated with predominantly only mucosal regeneration at 12 weeks post-operatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Portis
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elbahnasy
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D015653:Cystectomy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D010535:Laparoscopy; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*