title: Relationship of hemoglobin A1c, age of diabetes diagnosis, and ethnicity to clinical outcomes and medical costs in a computer-simulated cohort of persons with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To project the impact of maintaining long-term glycemic control (i.e., a sustained reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]) on the lifetime incidence and direct medical costs of complications in persons with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computer simulation of hypothetical patient cohorts using a published model developed by the National Institutes of Health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all HbA1c levels, Hispanics had the highest and whites had the lowest complication rates. With lower maintained HbA1c, the absolute decrease in complication rates was greatest and the reduction in direct medical expenditures was highest among Hispanics (18% vs 15% for blacks and 12% for whites). Complication rates and costs were most dramatically reduced when lower levels of HbA1c were maintained among persons with a younger age at diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maintaining long-term glycemic control reduces complication rates and costs for medical care for all ethnic groups regardless of age at diagnosis. Relatively greater benefit is achieved by interventions targeting Hispanics and younger, newly diagnosed persons.
authors.affiliation: MEDTAP International, Inc, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. delissovoy@medtap.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Lissovoy
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ganoczy
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin