title: Visualization of Mad2 dynamics at kinetochores, along spindle fibers, and at spindle poles in living cells.
abstract: The spindle checkpoint prevents errors in chromosome segregation by inhibiting anaphase onset until all chromosomes have aligned at the spindle equator through attachment of their sister kinetochores to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. A key checkpoint component is the mitotic arrest-deficient protein 2 (Mad2), which localizes to unattached kinetochores and inhibits activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) through an interaction with Cdc20. Recent studies have suggested a catalytic model for kinetochore function where unattached kinetochores provide sites for assembling and releasing Mad2-Cdc20 complexes, which sequester Cdc20 and prevent it from activating the APC. To test this model, we examined Mad2 dynamics in living PtK1 cells that were either injected with fluorescently labeled Alexa 488-XMad2 or transfected with GFP-hMAD2. Real-time, digital imaging revealed fluorescent Mad2 localized to unattached kinetochores, spindle poles, and spindle fibers depending on the stage of mitosis. FRAP measurements showed that Mad2 is a transient component of unattached kinetochores, as predicted by the catalytic model, with a t(1/2) of approximately 24-28 s. Cells entered anaphase approximately 10 min after Mad2 was no longer detectable on the kinetochores of the last chromosome to congress to the metaphase plate. Several observations indicate that Mad2 binding sites are translocated from kinetochores to spindle poles along microtubules. First, Mad2 that bound to sites on a kinetochore was dynamically stretched in both directions upon microtubule interactions, and Mad2 particles moved from kinetochores toward the poles. Second, spindle fiber and pole fluorescence disappeared upon Mad2 disappearance at the kinetochores. Third, ATP depletion resulted in microtubule-dependent depletion of Mad2 fluorescence at kinetochores and increased fluorescence at spindle poles. Finally, in normal cells, the half-life of Mad2 turnover at poles, 23 s, was similar to kinetochores. Thus, kinetochore-derived sites along spindle fibers and at spindle poles may also catalyze Mad2 inhibitory complex formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, CB#3280, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. bhowell@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Salmon
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D018386:Kinetochores / Q000378:metabolism*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008845:Microinjections; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology*; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate