title: Pre-AIDS mortality and its association with HIV disease progression in haemophilic men, injecting drug users and homosexual men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study pre-AIDS mortality and its association with HIV disease progression in different exposure groups with known intervals of HIV seroconversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The type and rate of pre-AIDS deaths were assessed in 111 HIV-infected haemophilic men followed in London, and 118 injecting drug users and 158 homosexual men followed in Amsterdam. In each group, the association between CD4+ T-cell count, HIV RNA and pre-AIDS mortality was studied using proportional hazards analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 10 years after seroconversion 7.3% of the haemophilic men had died without AIDS and 38.2% had developed AIDS. These figures were 20.2 and 30.5% for injecting drug users, and 8.0 and 55.0% for homosexual men. The major causes of pre-AIDS mortality appear to differ in the three exposure groups. The risk of pre-AIDS death tended to increase with decreasing CD4 cell count and increasing HIV RNA levels in injecting drug users and homosexual men. In men with haemophilia the associations were less obvious, although the log-transformed CD4 cell count was predictive for pre-AIDS death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-AIDS deaths occur and are at least partially related to HIV disease progression irrespective of how individuals became infected. Because of the longer life expectancy due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), pre-AIDS deaths are likely to show a further increase. Methods to incorporate these intermediate outcomes should be considered in the estimation of the size of the HIV epidemic and in the survival analysis of HIV-infected individuals. Prevention and treatment of non-AIDS infections, especially hepatitis C virus infection, and cancers will become increasingly important in HIV-infected individuals. The interaction between these therapies and HAART should be closely monitored.
authors.affiliation: Municipal Health Service, Division of Public Health and Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. mprins@gggd.amsterdam.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Devereux
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coutinho
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000401:mortality; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000401:mortality; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers