title: Standing laparoscopic-guided uterine biopsy in a southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum).
abstract: Transrectal ultrasonography of a 35-yr-old captive female southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) with a history of chronic mucohemorrhagic vulvar discharge revealed right transmural uterine horn enlargement. Abdominal laparoscopic surgery, although extremely difficult because of inadequate instrumentation, permitted uterine visualization and biopsy. Standing anesthesia, incorporating butorphanol and azaperone together with local anesthetic infiltration, facilitated the laparoscopy. A leiomyoma was suspected on the basis of history, physical examination, ultrasonographic appearance, and histopathology. Prior rhinoceros laparoscopies have failed, primarily from limitations imposed by recumbency.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul 55108, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zuba
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001376:Azaperone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010527:Perissodactyla / Q000601:surgery*; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014844:Vulva / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001376:Azaperone; D009271:Naltrexone; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D015237:Dinoprost; D015232:Dinoprostone; D002077:Butorphanol