title: Toxicological evaluation by in vitro and in vivo assays of an aqueous extract prepared from Echinodorus macrophyllus leaves.
abstract: Toxicity of an aqueous extract prepared from Echinodorus macrophyllus dried leaves, a plant used in folk medicine to treat inflammation and kidney malfunctions, was estimated by different bioassays. Mutagenicity of the aqueous extract was evaluated in the Salmonella/microsome assay (TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains), with or without metabolic activation. No mutagenic activity (lyophilized extract tested up to 50 mg/plate) could be detected to any of the tester strain. Furthermore, no cytotoxic effect has been observed when a crude extract of E. macrophyllus (up to 7.5 mg/ml) was tested on the exponential growth of hepatoma and normal kidney epithelial cells in culture. Toxicity of E. macrophyllus was also evaluated in male Swiss mice after 6 weeks of continuous ingestion of the aqueous extract in drinking water. Average daily ingested doses were 3, 23 and 297 mg/kg for a lyophilized extract, and 2200 mg/kg for a crude extract, with dose two being equivalent to the daily dose recommended to humans. At the end of the treatment, all animals revealed a deficit in final body weight ranging from 5 to 47%. Biochemical analysis of the plasma revealed some minor alterations indicating subclinical hepatic toxicity. Genotoxic effect on liver, kidney and blood cells has been also evaluated by the comet assay, being negative to liver and blood cells. However, DNA analyses of the kidney cells detected some genotoxic activity for the highest dose tested of E. macrophyllus extract, either lyophilized or crude. On the other hand, exposure dose of 23 mg/kg, equivalent to the daily dose recommended to humans, did not revealed any genotoxic effect and hence this herb seems to be safe to human organism.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 4 andar, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: da Costa Lopes
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Albano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Augusto Travassos Laranja
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marques Alves
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernando Martins e Silva
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poubel de Souza
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Magalhães Araujo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Firmino Nogueira-Neto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Felzenszwalb
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kovary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D004247:DNA