title: Vitamin E supplementation restores glutathione and malondialdehyde to normal concentrations in erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship between cellular glutathione and vitamin E concentrations and the effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) supplementation on glutathione and lipid peroxidation product concentrations in the erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained written informed consent to participate in this study from diabetic patients (n = 29) and their age-matched nondiabetic siblings (n = 21) according to the guidelines of the Institutional Review Board on Human Experimentation. Diabetic patients were supplemented with a DL-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) capsule (100 IU/orally) or placebo for 3 months in a double-blind clinical trial. Fasting blood samples were collected from each diabetic patient before the start of and after the 3 months of vitamin E or placebo supplementation. Glutathione, malondialdehyde (which is a product of lipid peroxidation), and alpha-tocopherol were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography A total of 5 diabetic patients were excluded after randomization from the data analyses. Data were analyzed statistically using a paired Students t test to compare 12 diabetic patients taking vitamin E with 12 diabetic patients receiving placebo supplementation and to compare diabetic patients with healthy nondiabetic subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erythrocytes of diabetic patients had 21% higher (P<0.001) malondialdehyde and 15% lower (P<0.05) glutathione concentrations than healthy subjects. Vitamin E in erythrocytes had a significant correlation with the glutathione concentrations in the erythrocytes (r = 0.46, P<0.02). Vitamin E supplementation increased glutathione concentrations by 9% (P<0.01) and lowered concentrations of malondialdehyde by 23% (P<0.001) and of HbA1c by 16% (P<0.02) in erythrocytes of diabetic patients. No differences were evident in these parameters before versus after placebo supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutathione level is significantly related to vitamin E level, and supplementation with vitamin E (100 IU/day) significantly increases glutathione and lowers lipid peroxidation and HbA1c concentrations in the erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport 71130, USA. sjain@lsum.edu
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McVie
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood*; D010919:Placebos; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005978:Glutathione