title: Cytokines in WBC-reduced apheresis PCs during storage: a comparison of two WBC-reduction methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have suggested that cytokine accumulation during storage of platelet concentrates (PCs) may mediate nonhemolytic febrile transfusion reactions and that a reduction in WBC numbers prevents the generation of cytokines. Despite efforts to minimize WBC contamination in apheresis PCs, high numbers of WBCs and increased cytokine levels may still occur, depending on the quality of the apheresis device employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was undertaken to investigate whether PCs collected with WBC-reduction devices (Spectra LRS, COBE;or MCS+ LDP, Haemonetics) were sufficiently depleted of WBCs to limit cytokine accumulation during storage. The study evaluated 1) the levels of cytokines of WBC and platelet origin in two types of apheresis PCs during storage and 2) the effects of prestorage filtration on cytokine levels in the Spectra LRS PCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Spectra LRS PCs, low levels of IL-6, IL-8, and monotype chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were detected in Day 1 PCs, and they remained consistent during the shelf life. RANTES, platelet factor 4 (PF4), beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 were also detected in these PCs, and their levels increased significantly on storage. Prestorage filtration of Spectra LRS PCs did not further reduce the levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, PF4, beta-TG, and TGF-beta1 in the filtered component. In the MCS+ LDP PCs, IL-6 was detected on Day 1, and its level increased significantly on storage, whereas the levels in the Spectra PCs remained steady. IL-8 levels were lower in MCS+ LDP PCs than in Spectra LRS PCs of the same age. MCP-1 levels were similar in both products on Day 1 and marginally increased in stored MCS+ LDP PCs. Substantial amounts of RANTES, PF4, beta-TG, and TGF-beta1 occurred in Day 1 MCS+ LDP PCs, and, on storage, these levels rose significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a significant reduction in levels of WBC-derived cytokines, platelet-derived cytokines were present in different amounts in the two products.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Immunobiology and Informatics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom. mwadhwa@nibsc.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Seghatchian
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dilger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krailadisiri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thorpe
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology*; D001793:Blood Preservation; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007937:Leukapheresis / Q000379:methods*; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; D010978:Platelet Factor 4