title: Utility of positron emission tomography for the staging of patients with potentially operable esophageal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective study of preoperative tumor-node-metastasis staging of patients with esophageal cancer (EC) was designed to compare the accuracy of 18-F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) with conventional noninvasive modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-four patients with carcinomas of the esophagus (n = 43) or gastroesophageal junction (n = 31) were studied. All patients underwent attenuation-corrected FDG-PET imaging, a spiral computed tomography (CT) scan, and an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  FDG-PET demonstrated increased activity in the primary tumor in 70 of 74 patients (sensitivity: 95%). False-negative PET images were found in four patients with T1 lesions. Thirty-four patients (46%) had stage IV disease. FDG-PET had a higher accuracy for diagnosing stage IV disease compared with the combination of CT and EUS (82% v 64%, respectively; P: =.004). FDG-PET had additional diagnostic value in 16 (22%) of 74 patients by upstaging 11 (15%) and downstaging five (7%) patients. Thirty-nine (53%) of the 74 patients underwent a 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy in conjunction with primary curative esophagectomy. In these patients, tumoral involvement was found in 21 local and 35 regional or distant lymph nodes (LN). For local LN, the sensitivity of FDG-PET was lower than EUS (33% v 81%, respectively; P: =.027), but the specificity may have been higher (89% v 67%, respectively; P: = not significant [NS]). For the assessment of regional and distant LN involvement, compared with the combined use of CT and EUS, FDG-PET had a higher specificity (90% v 98%, respectively; P: =. 025) and a similar sensitivity (46% v 43%, respectively; P: = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PET significantly improves the detection of stage IV disease in EC compared with the conventional staging modalities. PET improves diagnostic specificity for LN staging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Patrick.Flamen@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flamen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerut
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Cutsem
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De Wever
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stroobants
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bormans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiele
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Leyn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Raemdonck
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coosemans
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ectors
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haustermans
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mortelmans
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18