title: Role of Cl- in electrogenic Na+-coupled cotransporters GAT1 and SGLT1.
abstract: We have investigated the functional role of Cl(-) in the human Na(+)/Cl(-)/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Na(+)/glucose cotransporters (GAT1 and SGLT1, respectively) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Substrate-evoked steady-state inward currents were examined in the presence and absence of external Cl(-). Replacement of Cl(-) by gluconate or 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid decreased the apparent affinity of GAT1 and SGLT1 for Na(+) and the organic substrate. In the absence of substrate, GAT1 and SGLT1 exhibited charge movements that manifested as pre-steady-state current transients. Removal of Cl(-) shifted the voltage dependence of charge movements to more negative potentials, with apparent affinity constants (K(0.5)) for Cl(-) of 21 and 115 mm for SGLT1 and GAT1, respectively. The maximum charge moved and the apparent valence were not altered. GAT1 stoichiometry was determined by measuring GABA-evoked currents and the unidirectional influx of (36)Cl(-), (22)Na(+), or [(3)H]GABA. Uptake of each GABA molecule was accompanied by inward movement of 2 positive charges, which was entirely accounted for by the influx of Na(+) in the presence or absence of Cl(-). Thus, the GAT1 stoichiometry was 2Na(+):1GABA. However, Cl(-) was transported by GAT1 because the inward movement of 2 positive charges was accompanied by the influx of one Cl(-) ion, suggesting unidirectional influx of 2Na(+):1Cl(-):1GABA per transport cycle. Activation of forward Na(+)/Cl(-)/GABA transport evoked (36)Cl(-) efflux and was blocked by the inhibitor SKF 89976A. These data suggest a Cl(-)/Cl(-) exchange mechanism during the GAT1 transport cycle. In contrast, Cl(-) was not transported by SGLT1. Thus, in both GAT1 and SGLT1, Cl(-) modulates the kinetics of cotransport by altering Na(+) affinity, but does not contribute to net charge transported per transport cycle. We conclude that Cl(-) dependence per se is not a useful criterion to classify Na(+) cotransporters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1751, USA. dloo@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eskandari
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Boorer
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000502:physiology*; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002712:Chlorides; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; C495674:SLC5A1 protein, human; C493413:SLC6A1 protein, human; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; D012964:Sodium