title: 3D-shaded surface rendering of gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography in congenital heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) MR angiography is a useful imaging technique for patients with congenital heart disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine the added value of creating 3D shaded surface displays compared to standard maximal intensity projection (MIP) and multiplanar reformatting (MPR) techniques when analyzing 3D MR angiography data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients (range, 3 months to 51 years old) with a variety of congenital cardiovascular defects underwent gadolinium-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the thorax. Color-coded 3D shaded surface models were rendered from the image data using manual segmentation and computer-based algorithms. Models could be rotated, translocated, or zoomed interactively by the viewer. Information available from the 3D models was compared to analysis based on viewing standard MIP/ MPR displays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median postprocessing time for the 3D models was 6 h (range, 3-25 h) compared to approximately 20 min for MIP/MPR viewing. No additional diagnostic information was gained from 3D model analysis. All major findings with MIP/MPR postprocessing were also apparent on the 3D models. Qualitatively, the 3D models were more easily interpreted and enabled adjacent vessels to be distinguished more readily.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine use of 3D shaded surface reconstructions for visualization of contrast enhanced MR angiography in congenital heart disease cannot be recommended. 3D surface rendering may be more useful for presenting complex anatomy to an audience unfamiliar with congenital heart disease and as an educational tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikinis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geva
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dumanil
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007223:Infant; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium