title: Normal voiding patterns and determinants of increased diurnal and nocturnal voiding frequency in elderly men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the normal value of diurnal and nocturnal voiding frequency, and its determinants in a population based sample of elderly men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data on 1,688 men 50 to 78 years old recruited from the population of Krimpen, The Netherlands. Measurements consisted of self-administered questionnaires, including the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), a 3-day frequency-volume chart, transrectal prostatic ultrasound, uroflowmetry and post-void residual urine volume measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diurnal voiding frequency is independent of age and more frequent in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Nocturia 2 or more times is present in 30% of men 50 to 54 and in 60% of those 70 to 78 years old, while nocturia 3 or more times is present in 4% and 20%, respectively. In addition, nocturia is strongly associated with BPH and nocturnal polyuria but apparently not with cardiovascular symptoms, hypertension or diabetes mellitus. We noted poor agreement of the responses on the frequency-volume charts and the I-PSS question on nocturia. Using the I-PSS leads to a higher prevalence of nocturia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diurnal frequency is independent of age (median 5 voids, interquartile range 4 to 6) but higher in men with BPH. Nocturia increases with advancing age and is more frequent in men with nocturnal polyuria. BPH is an independent risk factor for nocturia and increased diurnal voiding frequency. In those with nocturia there is a great difference in subjective symptoms and objective data, indicating that the weight of the I-PSS question on nocturia for making treatment decisions should be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Erasmus University Rotterdam and Department of Urology, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Blanker
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bohnen
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Groeneveld
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bernsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ruud Bosch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000503:physiopathology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*