title: Effect of age, exercise and growth rate on bone mineral density (BMD) in third carpal bone and distal radius of Dutch Warmblood foals with osteochondrosis.
abstract: This study aimed a the determining bone mineral density (BMD) in the 3rd carpal bone and distal radius of foals age 5 and 11 months that had been subjected to different exercise regimens from birth until age 5 months. It was hypothesised that BMD would be greater in older animals, and that differences in exercise regimens before age 5 months would be associated with differences in BMD at both age 5 and 11 months. Epiphyseal bone tissue was available from 5 and 11 month old Warmblood foals bred from sires known to have radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis (OC). The foals were in a clinical trial which assessed the effect of exercise up to age 5 months on osteochondrosis (OC). Until age 5 months, foals were either box confined, box confined and sprint trained daily, or kept at pasture. Half the horses in each group were then confined together in a large stall, with access to pasture for 2 h daily, from age 6 to 11 months. BMD was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry in 4 areas of interest (AOIs) of excised third carpal bone (C3) and 5 in the distal radius. Volumetric BMD was determined in C3, only surface BMD was analysed in the radius. Across age groups, exercise had an effect on BMD in the mediodorsal and mediopalmar areas of C3. In the 5-month-old animals, the training exercise had similar effect to constant pasture exercise. In all AOIs, BMD was significantly greater in 11-month than in 5-month-old animals. Between age groups there was a difference in effect of exercise regimen before 5 months, in mediodorsal C3 and medial aspect of the radius, and the difference observed between exercise groups at age 5 months was no longer present in horses age 11 months, indicating no residual effect of early exercise. BMD was lower in the group with high OC scores. In the group of horses with the most severe OC, monthly growth rate did not fall uniformly with age over the first 5 months, as it did in groups with lower OC scores. It was concluded that exercise influenced significantly BMD at 5 months, suggesting that carefully designed training programmes to increase bone mineral could be employed in young animals. There was no residual effect at 11 months.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Firth
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: van Weeren
authors.forename: D U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delahunt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barneveld
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015519:Bone Density; D001947:Breeding; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006736:Horses; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010007:Osteochondritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology