title: Retroviral expression in embryonic stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells.
abstract: Achieving long-term retroviral expression in primary cells has been problematic. De novo DNA methylation of infecting proviruses has been proposed as a major cause of this transcriptional repression. Here we report the development of a mouse stem cell virus (MSCV) long terminal repeat-based retroviral vector that is expressed in both embryonic stem (ES) cells and hematopoietic stem (HS) cells. Infected HS cells and their differentiated descendants maintained long-term and stable retroviral expression after serial adoptive transfers. In addition, retrovirally infected ES cells showed detectable expression level of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Moreover, GFP expression of integrated proviruses was maintained after in vitro differentiation of infected ES cells. Long-term passage of infected ES cells resulted in methylation-mediated silencing, while short-term expression was methylation independent. Tissues of transgenic animals, which we derived from ES cells carrying the MSCV-based provirus, did not express GFP. However, treatment with the demethylating agent 5-azadeoxycytidine reactivated the silent provirus, demonstrating that DNA methylation is involved in the maintenance of retroviral repression. Our results indicate that retroviral expression in ES cells is repressed by methylation-dependent as well as methylation-independent mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biniszkiewicz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Parijs
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baltimore
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaenisch
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000077209:Decitabine; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000187:drug effects; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011533:Proviruses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000077209:Decitabine; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D001374:Azacitidine