title: No sex-related differences but significant inhibition by oral contraceptives of CYP2C19 activity as measured by the probe drugs mephenytoin and omeprazole in healthy Swedish white subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it is known that the use of oral contraceptives inhibits oxidative drug metabolism, there is little information regarding their effect on CYP2C19 activity. Moreover, earlier reports suggest that there may be differences in CYP2C19 activity between men and women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the effect of sex and intake of oral contraceptives on CYP2C19 activity as measured by the probe drugs mephenytoin and omeprazole.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine CYP2C19 activity in white Swedish subjects, 644 subjects previously phenotyped with mephenytoin and 175 subjects phenotyped with omeprazole were investigated. The 8-hour urinary mephenytoin S/R ratio after ingestion of 100 mg mephenytoin and the plasma concentration ratio of omeprazole/hydroxyomeprazole at 3 hours after ingestion of 20 mg omeprazole were used as measures of CYP2C19 activity. Differences in these ratios and in their frequency distributions were then examined among women with and without oral contraceptives and men. In addition, nearly all subjects in the omeprazole group had been genotyped with regard to the CYP2C19*2 (ml) allele. Subjects homozygous for the CYP2C19*2 allele were excluded from the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median mephenytoin S/R ratio was 2.5-fold higher in the subgroup of women taking oral contraceptives compared with either women not taking oral contraceptives (P < .001) or men (P < .001). Similarly, the mean omeprazole/hydroxyomeprazole ratio was twice as high in the oral contraceptive group compared with women not taking oral contraceptives (P < .001) or men (P < .001). However, no differences were evident between women not taking oral contraceptives and men in either the mephenytoin group (P = .48) or the omeprazole group (P = .77). The oral contraceptive-induced inhibitory effect on CYP2C19 activity was similar between the CYP2C19*1/*1 and *1/*2 genotypes, and they were independent of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of oral contraceptives significantly inhibits CYP2C19 activity, but there is no true sex-related difference in CYP2C19 activity in healthy, white, Swedish subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden. karlai@utu.fi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tybring
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertilsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008617:Mephenytoin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013548:Sweden; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D009853:Omeprazole; D008617:Mephenytoin