Women and tobacco: moving from policy to action.
A gender perspective contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiological trends, social marketing strategies, economic policies, and international actions relating to women and the tobacco epidemic. Evidence is provided in this article for the negative impact of tobacco use by women and of passive smoking on the health of women and children. Use of tobacco by women is increasing and this is related to the tobacco industry's aggressive advertising, sponsorship and promotion strategies. Policy directions are proposed in this article. At all levels, a multi-pronged strategy--including changes in legislation and fiscal policies, improvements in gender-sensitive health services, and cessation programmes--should be considered. Much more gender-specific research on tobacco use is needed, particularly in developing countries. Women's empowerment and leadership should be at the centre of all tobacco control efforts and are essential for the success of national programmes and the recently introduced Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Ernster
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Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. vernster@epi.ucsf.edu
Kaufman
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Nichter
M
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Samet
J
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Yoon
S Y
SY
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011050:Policy Making; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation; D016387:Women's Health; D014944:World Health Organization