title: Cell wall perturbation in yeast results in dual phosphorylation of the Slt2/Mpk1 MAP kinase and in an Slt2-mediated increase in FKS2-lacZ expression, glucanase resistance and thermotolerance.
abstract: The protein kinase C (PKC1) pathway is essential for maintaining cell integrity in yeast. Here it is shown that various forms of cell wall damage result in activation of the downstream MAP kinase Slt2/Mpk1. Several cell wall mutants displayed enhanced FKS2-lacZ expression, a known output of Slt2 activation. A similar response was obtained with wild-type cells grown in the presence of the cell wall perturbants Calcofluor white and Zymolyase. Upregulation of FKS2-lacZ in response to sublethal concentrations of these agents fully depended on the presence of Slt2. The same cell wall stress conditions resulted in dual threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of Slt2. Both Slt2 phosphorylation and FKS2-lacZ induction could be largely prevented by providing osmotic support to the plasma membrane. Interestingly, Slt2 phosphorylation in response to cell wall damage required the putative plasma-membrane-located sensor Mid2 but not Hcs77/Wsc1. Finally, cell wall perturbation gave rise to cells with increased resistance to glucanase digestion and heat shock. These responses depended on the presence of Slt2. These results indicate that weakening of the cell wall activates the Slt2/Mpk1 MAP kinase pathway and results in compensatory changes in the cell wall.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fungal Cell Wall Research, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, BioCentrum, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands1.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Nobel
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologı́a II, Facultad Farmacia, UCM, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040-Madrid, Spain2.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologı́a II, Facultad Farmacia, UCM, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040-Madrid, Spain2.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Preservation, Unilever Research Laboratory, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands3.|Center for Fungal Cell Wall Research, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, BioCentrum, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands1.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Preservation, Unilever Research Laboratory, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands3.|Center for Fungal Cell Wall Research, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, BioCentrum, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands1.
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brul
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologı́a II, Facultad Farmacia, UCM, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040-Madrid, Spain2.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Center for Fungal Cell Wall Research, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, BioCentrum, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands1.
authors.forename: Frans M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Klis
mesh_terms: D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D043326:Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007763:Lac Operon; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C091625:MID2 protein, S cerevisiae; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C037833:zymolyase; C007061:C.I. Fluorescent Brightening Agent 28; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C095724:GSC2 protein, S cerevisiae; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C072724:SLT2 protein, S cerevisiae; D006867:Hydrolases; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D043326:Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase