title: Behavior and performance on long-duration spaceflights: evidence from analogue environments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analyses of data collected in Antarctica since 1963 were conducted to identify features of behavior and performance likely to occur during long-duration missions in space.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of mission duration and station latitude on POMS mood scores was examined in 450 American men and women who wintered-over in Antarctica between 1991 and 1998. The influence of crewmember social characteristics, personality traits, interpersonal needs, and station environments on measures of behavior and performance at the end of the austral winter was examined in 657 American men who wintered-over between 1963 and 1974. Both data sets were used to examine the influence of crew social structure on individual performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seasonal variations in mood appear to be associated with the altered diurnal cycle and psychological segmentation of the mission. Concurrent measures of personality, interpersonal needs, and coping styles are better predictors of depressed mood and peer-supervisor performance evaluations than baseline measures because of the unique features of the station social and physical environments and the absence of resources typically used to cope with stress elsewhere. Individuals in crews with a clique structure report significantly more depression, anxiety, anger, fatigue and confusion than individuals in crews with a core-periphery structure. Depressed mood is inversely associated with severity of station physical environment, supporting the existence of a positive or "salutogenic" effect for individuals seeking challenging experiences in extreme environments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavior and performance on long-duration spaceflights is likely to be seasonal or cyclical, situational, social, and salutogenic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0807, USA. lpalinkas@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Palinkas
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Gunderson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D013026:Space Flight; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors