title: Agmatine reverses pain induced by inflammation, neuropathy, and spinal cord injury.
abstract: Antagonists of glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-d-aspartate subclass (NMDAR) or inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) prevent nervous system plasticity. Inflammatory and neuropathic pain rely on plasticity, presenting a clinical opportunity for the use of NMDAR antagonists and NOS inhibitors in chronic pain. Agmatine (AG), an endogenous neuromodulator present in brain and spinal cord, has both NMDAR antagonist and NOS inhibitor activities. We report here that AG, exogenously administered to rodents, decreased hyperalgesia accompanying inflammation, normalized the mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia/hyperalgesia) produced by chemical or mechanical nerve injury, and reduced autotomy-like behavior and lesion size after excitotoxic spinal cord injury. AG produced these effects in the absence of antinociceptive effects in acute pain tests. Endogenous AG also was detected in rodent lumbosacral spinal cord in concentrations similar to those previously detected in brain. The evidence suggests a unique antiplasticity and neuroprotective role for AG in processes underlying persistent pain and neuronal injury.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Oral Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Fairbanks
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kitto
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Grocholski
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Shoeman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kehl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Regunathan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Yezierski
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D000376:Agmatine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D000376:Agmatine