title: Coping in Antarctica: is it possible to generalize results across settings?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To gain knowledge about psychological issues in space, data have been collected from groups in isolated and confined settings on Earth. This study examines the possibility of generalizing psychological findings across such environments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Psychological reactions among personnel in different Antarctic environments show similar time patterns. Antarctic personnel differ in personality from submariners to crews confined in hyperbaric chambers to military recruits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychological reactions were evaluated by the Revised Antarctic Questionnaire. The Personality Characteristic Inventory was used to measure personality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Personnel stationed on a ship (n = 19) showed high coping during the whole mission, whereas personnel on land bases (n = 18) showed a marked decline around the third quarter. Reduced coping in the land-based groups was associated with stress from interpersonal relationships. Compared with submariners (n = 54) and hyperbaric chamber crews (n = 20), Antarctic personnel scored lower on competitiveness and higher on achievement striving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similarities in physical, individual and group characteristics should be considered before extrapolating psychological findings across settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway. Gro.Sandal@psych.uib.no
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sandal
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D013026:Space Flight