title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed by a single surgeon using a visual field tracking camera: early experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This report describes a visual field tracking camera for laparoscopic surgery that allows the visual field to be changed without moving the laparoscope. We also report on our early experience with this camera for single-surgeon laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The visual field tracking camera has a tracking mechanism (composed of a zoom lens and a charge-coupled device [CCD] slide mechanism) built into the camera head. The 80 degrees visual field observed with the laparoscope can be expanded using the zoom lens, and the field can be shifted by changing the size of the area being viewed by the CCD. This is accomplished by pushing a switch on the forceps or by verbal command. Cholecystectomy was carried out on 12 patients with gallstones using this camera. The operations were performed by either a single surgeon or two surgeons. Forceps held with a forceps holder were inserted through the right port to lift the fundus of the gallbladder. The single surgeon used the other two ports to resect the gallbladder by the two-handed technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, cholecystectomy was completed without any need to move the laparoscope at any point during the operation. Seven operations were performed by a single surgeon. Mainly for education purposes, five other operations were performed by a pair of surgeons. The mean time required for surgery was 76 +/- 17 min. This time did not differ from that of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed during the same period on 22 patients by teams of three surgeons using conventional cameras.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the visual field tracking camera, laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed without any need to touch the laparoscope. This camera allowed laparoscopic cholecystectomy to be performed by a single surgeon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Fujinomiya City Hospital, 3-1 Nishikicho, Fujinomiya 4180076, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Umehara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged