title: C-reactive protein: relation to total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular risk factors in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is much interest in reported associations between serum C-reactive protein and incident ischaemic heart disease. It is uncertain what this association represents. We aimed to assess the effect of confounding from a number of different sources in the Caerphilly Prospective Heart Disease Study and in particular whether the low grade inflammation indicated by C-reactive protein may be the mechanism whereby non-circulating risk factors may influence pathogenesis of ischaemic heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma specimens collected during 1979-83 from 1395 men with sufficient sample remaining were assayed for serum C-reactive protein by ELISA. Subsequent mortality and incident ischaemic heart disease events were ascertained from death certificates, hospital records and electrocardiographic changes at 5-yearly follow-up examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a positive association between C-reactive protein and incident ischaemic heart disease (P<0.005) mainly with fatal disease (P<0.002). There was also a positive association with all-cause mortality (P<0.0001). C-reactive protein was significantly associated with a number of non-circulating risk factors including body mass index (P<0.0001), smoking (P<0.0001), low forced expiratory volume in 1 s (P<0.0001), height (P=0.025), low childhood social class (P=0.014) and age (P=0.036). C-reactive protein was also associated positively with circulating risk factors including viscosity, leukocyte count, fibrinogen (all P<0.0001) and insulin (P=0.0058). After adjustment for non-circulating risk factors the association with all-incident ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic heart disease death became non-significant, but the association with all-cause mortality remained (P=0.033). Further adjustment for fibrinogen however removed any hint of an increasing trend in odds for all three outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C-reactive protein levels are raised in association with a variety of established cardiovascular risk factors. Neither C-reactive protein nor the systemic inflammation it represents appears to play a direct role in the development of ischaemic heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Mayday University Hospital, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mendall
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Butland
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ballam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sweetnam
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Elwood
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein