title: The locomotion of dairy cows on concrete floors that are dry, wet, or covered with a slurry of excreta.
abstract: Six dairy cows were trained to individually walk down a concrete aisle for a food reward. Their locomotion was then examined in a switchback experiment as the floor surface of the aisle was changed from dry to wetted concrete or concrete covered by shallow (5 cm) or deep (12.5 cm) slurry from cattle excreta. The static and dynamic frictional coefficients were measured by a tribometer, but did not give a clear indication of the risk of slipping. Cow locomotion was measured over the second half of the aisle, and limb angles recorded as the cow passed a video camera. Wetting the floor did not affect the walking or stepping rate, but it reduced the arc made by the joints of the hindlimb during the supporting phase. Slurry caused the cows to keep their legs more vertical at the end of the support phase, probably to aid lifting the limb out of the slurry. It also caused the cows to place their forelimbs down less vertically at the start of the support phase, probably because of the reduced risk of slip in the slurry. When the floor was covered with either the deep or, to a lesser extent, the shallow slurry, the cows' walking and stepping rates were reduced, and on the floor covered with deep slurry their step length was increased. Therefore slurry reduces the cow's walking speed and alters limb angles during the support phase, producing a different walking pattern from cows on dry or wetted concrete.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK. cjcp2@com.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying; D005243:Feces; D005260:Female; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000502:physiology; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*