title: Dynamics of HIV-1 viral load rebound among patients with previous suppression of viral replication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To model the dynamics of HIV-1 rebound in patients receiving suboptimal therapy after suppression of plasma viremia to < 200 copies/ml by triple combination therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mathematical modeling of data from 23 patients switched to indinavir maintenance therapy after viral replication was suppressed with a combination of indinavir, zidovudine and lamivudine. Modeling of HIV-1 rebound among 24 patients on zidovudine/lamivudine maintenance was also performed for comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of slopes of rebound and of their heterogeneity; calculation of the basic reproductive number (Ro, the number of newly infected cells arising from each productively infected cell); regression analyses for predictors of the slope of rebound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rebound of plasma HIV RNA followed a sigmoid curve with an initial exponential phase. There was significant heterogeneity in the slopes of rebound for individual patients (P < 0.001). In the indinavir maintenance rebounds, the average initial slope was estimated to be 0.587/day (doubling time 1.2 days). The slopes of rebound in patients on zidovudine/lamivudine maintenance tended to be less steep on average (P = 0.025). Among patients taking indinavir maintenance, the average Ro for the initial rebound of viremia was 4.3; in multivariate regressions, the slope of rebound was steeper during early rebound and in patients with higher viral load at the start of triple therapy or a higher CD4 cell count when indinavir monotherapy was initiated. The slope was less steep in patients with a greater increase in the number of CD4 cells during triple therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of viral load increase among patients with viral rebound while receiving less than triple therapy are similar to those reported in patients interrupting therapy. Variability among patients may depend on viral fitness, target cell availability and extent of immune reconstitution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Greece.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Havlir
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tebas
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Richman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D019469:Indinavir