title: Screening and determination of benzodiazepines in whole blood using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
abstract: Benzodiazepines are one of the most widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of a wide spectrum of clinical disorders. They are used as anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, hypnotics or muscle relaxants with different duration of action. In this paper, a simple and sensitive method for the determination of benzodiazepines in whole blood using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is described. The drugs spiked in whole blood were extracted with an Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction cartridge (Waters), which contains a copolymer designed to have a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. GC/MS analysis was performed using a Shimadzu QP-5000 equipped with a BPX5 capillary column (15 mx0.32 mm I.D., film thickness 0.25 microm, SGE). Nineteen benzodiazepines and two thienodiazepines were well separated from each other on their SIM chromatograms and also on the TIC with the exception of oxazolam to cloxazolam separation. The blank extract from whole blood gave no peaks that interfered with all benzodiazepines and thienodiazepines on the chromatogram. The calibration curves for selected benzodiazepines with fludiazepam as an internal standard showed excellent linearity over the concentration range 5-500 ng/ml blood with a correlation coefficients of >0.995. The detection limits ranged from 0.2 to 20 ng/ml blood. The method is simple and sensitive for the determination of benzodiazepines in whole blood and seems to be useful in the practice of forensic science.
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Nagoya City University Medical School, Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku, 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan. inoue@nrips.go.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwasa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matoba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagao
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002138:Calibration; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D003975:Diazepam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D004949:Estazolam / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014116:Toxicology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; C000425:oxazolam; D004949:Estazolam; C044610:etizolam; D003975:Diazepam