title: Effects of different concentrations and volumes of formalin on pain response in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Formalin test is commonly used in animal model to assess injury-produced pain response. If the total amount of formaldehyde is fixed, its concentration and volume can be easily adjusted. We evaluated the effect of two sets of three solutions of formalin (one set of same dose of formaldehyde at different concentration and volume, i.e. 2.5%--100 microL, 5%--50 microL, 10%--25 microL, and another set of same volume but at different concentrations, i.e. 2.5%--100 microL, 5%--100 microL, and 10%--100 microL) on the injury-produced pain response in rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were used. Following injection of formalin (n = 8 in each group) or saline (n = 6, control), the flinching frequencies and time spent in licking or biting the injected hind-paw in the early phase 1 (0-5 min after injection) and the late phase 2 (20-60 min after injection) were recorded. Sham-injection rats (n = 5) underwent subcutaneous insertion of the needle, but no substance was injected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flinching in phase 1 and 2 was more frequent in the 2.5%--100 microL and 5%--50 microL groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). Licking (or biting) time in phase 2 in all these three groups was longer than the control group (P < 0.05). In the groups of another set of three different solutions (2.5%--100 microL, 5%--100 microL, and 10%--100 microL), flinching in phase 1 and phase 2 was also more frequent than the control group (P < 0.05). Regarding lick behavior of another set, it occurred more frequently in 2.5%--100 microL group in phase 1 and in 2.5%--100 microL group as well as 5%--100 microL group in phase 2 than the control group (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 10%--25 microL formalin produces fewer flinching responses than other concentrations. Flinching was a biphasic behavior which was more spontaneous and active than was licking. The volume of formalin was a more important factor than the concentration of formalin in the generation of the active biphasic flinching response in the rat model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul. iloklee@edunet4u.net
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde