title: Migraine, quality of life, and depression: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports on the influence of migraine and comorbid depression on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a population-based sample of subjects with migraine and nonmigraine controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two population-based studies of similar design were conducted in the United States and United Kingdom. A clinically validated, computer-assisted telephone interview was used to identify individuals with migraine, as defined by the International Headache Society, and a nonmigraine control group. During follow-up interviews, 389 migraine cases (246 US, 143 UK) and 379 nonmigraine controls (242 US, 137 UK) completed the Short Form (SF)-12, a generic HRQoL measure, and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders, a mental health screening tool. The SF-12 measures HRQoL in two domains: a mental health component score (MCS-12) and a physical health component score (PCS-12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the United States and United Kingdom, subjects with migraine had lower scores (p < 0.001) on both the MCS-12 and PCS-12 than their nonmigraine counterparts. Significant differences were maintained after controlling for gender, age, and education. Migraine and depression were highly comorbid (adjusted prevalence ratio 2.7, 95% CI 2.1 to 3. 5). After adjusting for gender, age, and education, both depression and migraine remained significantly and independently associated with decreased MCS-12 and PCS-12 scores. HRQoL was significantly associated with attack frequency (for MCS-12 and PCS-12) and disability (MCS-12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with migraine selected from the general population have lower HRQoL as measured by the SF-12 compared with nonmigraine controls. Further, migraine and depression are highly comorbid and each exerts a significant and independent influence on HRQoL.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Epidemiology, and Social Medicine (Dr. Lipton), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. rlipton@imrinc.com
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hamelsky
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Kolodner
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology