title: Transferrin-mediated uptake of aluminium by human parathyroid cells results in reduced parathyroid hormone secretion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study investigates whether aluminium-transferrin (Al-Tf) uptake by Tf receptor-mediated endocytosis induces hypoparathyroidism and thus might contribute to the increasing prevalence of adynamic bone disease (ABD) in the current dialysis population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human parathyroid glands as well as in vitro cultured human parathyroid cells were shown to express Tf receptors. Five-day-old cultures of parathyroid cells were incubated for 48 h in serum-free DMEM/F12 supplemented with 12 microM apo-Tf: 12 microM Tf to which 150 microg/l Al or 150 microg/l Al-citrate (Al-ci) was bound. The amount of Al taken up by the parathyroid cells either as Al-Tf or Al-ci did not differ. However, incubation of cell cultures with Al-Tf showed a significant proportional decrease (mean+/-SEM, -23.1+/-4.5%) in iPTH secretion as compared to the reference apo-Tf cultures. Al-ci did not suppress PTH secretion (+3.4+/-6.5%). The Al uptake after incubation with Al-Tf was found to be dose-dependent. With regard to iPTH secretion, a tendency toward a dose response relationship was observed. Northern blot analysis of parathyroid cells incubated in 12 microM apo-Tf or 12 microM Al-Tf demonstrated that the PTH mRNA synthesis was unaffected by the Tf-mediated uptake of Al. These observations suggest an effect of Al on PTH release rather than on PTH synthesis. Since the cytoskeleton can play an important role in the release of secretory vesicles, the influence of Al on the structure of actin, beta-tubulin and vimentin was investigated by confocal microscopy. Comparison of cultures incubated with apo-Tf and Al-Tf revealed no difference in the organization of these cytoskeletal proteins in relation to the inhibitory effect of Al-Tf on PTH secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, data in the present paper demonstrate that the (i) human parathyroid gland/parathyroid cells exhibit Tf receptors; (ii) Al-Tf complex is taken up by the parathyroid gland in a dose-dependent manner; and (iii) uptake of Al by Tf receptor-mediated endocytosis reduces the secretion of PTH but not its synthesis. These in vitro findings allow us to suggest that Tf receptor-mediated uptake of Al might, besides other factors such as vitamin D, high calcium dialysate or CaCO(3) intake, play a role in the development of hypoparathyroidism associated with ABD. The exact mechanism by which Al-Tf suppresses iPTH secretion remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smans
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Van Landeghem
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Andries
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lamberts
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Hendy
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: De Broe
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014168:Transferrin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014168:Transferrin; D019343:Citric Acid; D000535:Aluminum