title: Clinical outcome of congenital talipes equinovarus diagnosed antenatally by ultrasound.
abstract: Congenital talipes equinovarus is a common anomaly which can now be diagnosed prenatally on a routine ultrasound scan at 20 weeks of gestation. Prenatal counselling is increasingly offered to parents with affected fetuses, but it is difficult to counsel parents if there is a chance that the fetus may not have talipes. Our study correlates the prenatal ultrasound findings of 14 infants diagnosed as having unilateral or bilateral talipes during their routine 20-week ultrasound scan with their clinical findings at birth and the treatment received. No feet diagnosed as talipes on the ultrasound scan were completely normal at birth and therefore there were no true false-positive results. One foot graded as normal at 20 weeks was found to have a mild grade-1 talipes at birth, but did not require treatment other than simple stretches. A total of 32% of feet required no treatment and so could be considered functional false-positive results on the scan. Serial casting was required by 13% of feet and surgical treatment by 55%. The severity of the talipes is difficult to establish before birth. A number of patients are likely to need surgical treatment, but a proportion will have talipes so mildly that no treatment will be required. In counselling parents at 20 weeks, orthopaedic surgeons need to know whether or not there is a small chance that the ultrasound diagnosis could be wrong and also that the talipes may be so mild that the foot will not require treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, St Mary's Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tillett
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Fisk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D002370:Casts, Surgical; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*