title: Tactile situation awareness system: proprioceptive prostheses for sensory deficiencies.
abstract: Pilots and astronauts do not experience spatial disorientation in normal day-to-day terrestrial activities. On the ground, the perception of position and motion is determined by central nervous system integration of concordant and redundant information from multiple sensory channels (somatosensory, vestibular and visual) which collectively yield veridical perceptions. In the acceleration environments experienced by pilots and astronauts, the somatosensory and vestibular senses frequently present false but concordant information concerning the direction of gravity or down. When presented with conflicting sensory stimuli, it is normal for pilots and astronauts to experience episodes of disorientation. Visual instruments and displays developed over the past 70 yr have not solved the problem. A simple solution to maintain spatial orientation is to provide true information using the same sensory channels we use so successfully on Earth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Tactile Situation Awareness System (TSAS) developed by NASA and the U.S. Navy uses a matrix of mechanical tactile stimulators (tactors) applied on the torso and limbs to convey orientation cues (e.g., gravity vector) in an intuitive fashion to the skin. A series of in-flight experiments to validate and test a variety of tactile displays and concepts has been carried out in both helicopters and fixed wing aircraft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pilots were able to fly complex maneuvers with no instruments or outside visual references (blindfolded) with less than 20 min of training. Recovery from unusual attitudes solely by tactile cues was trivial. Lab tests have shown the TSAS improves performance under conditions of high workload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When orientation information is presented via intuitive tactile displays spatial orientation is easily maintained in altered sensory conditions including unusual acceleration environments.
authors.affiliation: NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA. arupert@namrl.navy.mil
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rupert
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions; D011434:Proprioception; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013026:Space Flight; D014796:Visual Perception