title: The female condom: tool for women's empowerment.
abstract: International and US experience with the female condom has shown that the device empowers diverse populations of women, helping them negotiate protection with their partners, promoting healthy behaviors, and increasing self-efficacy and sexual confidence and autonomy. This commentary reflects on some approaches that have been taken to study empowerment and makes several observations on the political and scientific initiatives needed to capitalize on this empowerment potential. Women's interest in the female condom indicates a need for more women's barrier methods to be made available. For some women, cultural proscriptions against touching the genitals may create initial hesitancy in trying these methods. But the disposition of regulatory agencies and the attitudes of health care providers has unfortunately exaggerated this reticence, thereby effectively reducing access to these methods. Also, lack of important detail in clinical studies restricts our capacity to introduce the female condom, or similar methods, under optimal conditions. Future trials should prioritize community-based designs and address a range of other critical health and social issues for women. Women's need for HIV/AIDS prevention technologies remains an urgent priority. Both political and scientific efforts are needed to realize the public health potential embodied in the female condom.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. Gollub_E@research.trc.upenn.edu
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Gollub
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D019111:Single-Use Internal Condom; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006292:Health Priorities; D006801:Humans; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011057:Politics; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012107:Research Design; D014930:Women / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology*; D014933:Women's Rights