title: Conjoint smoking and drinking: a case for dual-substance intervention among young emergency department patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand conjoint smoking and drinking among young adult emergency department (ED) patients, the purposes of this investigation were: 1) to assess the prevalence of conjoint use; 2) to determine the factors associated with conjoint alcohol use and smoking; and 3) to address the implications for future ED-based investigation of dual-substance intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this investigation were obtained from a battery of questionnaires administered to the routine-care patients during an alcohol screening in the ED, which was part of a larger alcohol intervention study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study findings revealed that a majority of patients with self-reported alcohol-related problems were smokers. In fact, drinkers who smoked were likely to be pack-a-day smokers. Among the study sample, being female, having low education levels (e.g., high school education or less), having some emotional problems, and currently using marijuana were risk factors for conjoint smoking and drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conjoint users were identifiable through brief screening. Given the prevalence of conjoint smoking and alcohol use among the ED sample and a specific set of risk factors, tailored intervention for alcohol and nicotine dependence may be an important and opportunistic clinical ED service.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA. khorn@wvu.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helmkamp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furbee
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Manley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014903:West Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology