title: Acute occlusion of the retinal arteries: current concepts and recent advances in diagnosis and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is usually a blinding event, and is not an infrequent presentation to the accident and emergency (A&E) department. The evidence-base in support of current treatment options is weak.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reviewed the literature germane to the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of retinal arterial occlusive disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The visual prognosis associated with CRAO remains poor, and current therapeutic practices are of unproven benefit. The non-ophthalmologist in the A&E department should lie the patient flat and give a stat dose of intravenous acetazolamide in an attempt to improve the retinal perfusion pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of acute occlusion of the central retinal artery has not changed over the past 30 years, although the potential benefits of superselective intra-arterial fibrinolytic therapy warrant evaluation in a randomised controlled trial. The identification of underlying pathology is an essential component of medical care, and all cases should be followed up by an ophthalmologist because of the possibility of ocular rubeosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. stephen@stiofanbetagh.demon.co.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beatty
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Au Eong
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy