title: Prenatal perineal massage: preventing lacerations during delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the associations between perineal lacerations and 13 variables associated with the incidence of perineal lacerations. Of particular interest was the variable of prenatal preparation of the perineum.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective descriptive study used a convenience sample of 368 women whose delivery was attended by at least one of two midwives practicing in the Northwest between 1979 and 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  All births in the study occurred in a home-based midwifery practice in the Northwest. The sample was primarily white and included 307 multiparous and 61 primiparous women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The initial chi squares indicated that five of the 13 factors investigated were significantly associated with the degree of laceration: parity, maternal age, maternal position at delivery, length of second stage of labor, and prenatal perineal massage. However, further analyses showed that when parity was controlled, the only factors independently associated with the seriousness of lacerations were parity and prenatal perineal massage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the conclusion that teaching perineal massage to primiparous women and multiparae who had episiotomies with their previous births is a useful intervention. It suggests that further study may help clarify the optimum frequency, timing, and technique of massage.
authors.affiliation: Salem Women's Clinic, Salem, OR, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004841:Episiotomy; D005260:Female; D006700:Home Childbirth; D006801:Humans; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010298:Parity; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors