title: Treatment programmes for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance misuse in the context of severe mental illness can have detrimental effects. A variety of treatments exist, but the drive has been to provide programmes integrating treatment of both substance misuse and severe mental illness. Such programmes require additional resources and may require radical redesign of service delivery systems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment programmes within psychiatric care for people with problems of both substance misuse and serious mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biological Abstracts (1985-1998), CINAHL (1982-1998), The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 1998), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register of trials (August 1998), EMBASE (1980-1998), MEDLINE (1966-1998), PsycLIT (1974-1998) and Sociofile (1974-1998) were comprehensively searched. Citations of all trials were searched and further studies sought from published trials and their authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised trials of any programme of substance misuse treatment for people with serious mental illness and current problems of substance misuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Citations and, where possible, abstracts were independently inspected by reviewers, papers ordered, re-inspected and quality assessed. Data were also independently extracted. For homogeneous dichotomous data the Peto odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated on an intention-to-treat basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six relevant studies, four of which were small, were identified. In general, the quality of design and reporting was not high. Clinically important outcomes such as relapse of severe mental illness, violence to others, patient or carer satisfaction, social functioning and employment were not reported. There is no clear evidence supporting an advantage of any type of substance misuse programme for those with serious mental illness over the value of standard care. No one programme is clearly superior to another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The problems posed by substance misuse in the context of severe mental illness will not go away. The current momentum for integrated programmes is not based on good evidence. Implementation of new specialist substance misuse services for those with serious mental illnesses should be within the context of simple, well designed controlled clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: South Devon Healthcare Trust, Kitson Hall, Torbay Hospital, Lawes Bridge, Torquay, Devon, UK, TQ2 7AA. david.jeffery@sdevonhc-tr.swest.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Siegfried
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011570:Psychiatry; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*