title: Age dependent apoptosis and loss of rhabdosphincter cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To our knowledge the exact age dependent morphological and functional changes of the sphincter mechanism have not been investigated. Therefore, cell densities of the urethra and the urethral rhabdosphincter across various age groups, and the appearance of apoptosis were examined to explore the changes in these structures during the aging process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens were obtained from 16 male and 7 female cadavers 5 weeks to 92 years old. Histological sections were taken from 3 different levels of the rhabdosphincter and urethra. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling method was used to detect apoptosis in the urethra and rhabdosphincter. In all specimens relative volume densities of the striated muscle fibers, apoptotic indexes and diameters of the rhabdosphincter and urethra were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An age dependent increase of apoptosis of the striated muscle fibers of the rhabdosphincter led to a dramatic decrease in the number of striated muscle cells. In the 5-week-old neonate 87.6% and in the 91-year-old woman 34.2% of the rhabdosphincter consisted of striated muscle cells. Overall, a direct linear correlation between the age of the specimens and decrease in volume densities of the striated muscle cells was evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dramatic decrease in the number of striated muscle cells in the rhabdosphincter of the elderly due to apoptosis represents the morphological basis for the high incidence of stress incontinence in this population.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology, Internal Medicine and Forensic Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tiefenthaler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinlechner
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Konwalinka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D014521:Urethra / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000473:pathology*