title: Population frequency distributions of HDL, HDL(2), and HDL(3) cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I and B in healthy men and women and associations with age, gender, hormonal status, and sex hormone use: the Stanford Five City Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to present population-based frequency distribution data for several lipoprotein-related variables and to examine their associations with gender, age, menopausal status, and sex hormone use.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL(2)-C, HDL(3)-C, apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I, and Apo B were measured in a population-based sample of 1, 027 healthy adults from four California cities who participated in the 1989-1990 survey of the Stanford Five City Project. These data were examined cross-sectionally with sociodemographic and other related variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to men, all of the HDL-related parameters-HDL-C, HDL(2)-C, HDL(3)-C, Apo A-I-were significantly higher and Apo B levels were significantly lower among women (P < 0. 001). Menopausal status was not associated with HDL-related parameters, but Apo B levels were higher in post- versus premenopausal women (P < 0.001). Among women, HDL-C and Apo A-I levels were higher in oral contraceptive and estrogen replacement therapy users (P = 0.003). Most of the significant findings remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, energy expenditure, and alcohol intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These population-based data indicate that gender, menopausal status, and the use of sex hormones among women are associated with differential levels of one or more of HDL-C, HDL(2)-C, HDL(3)-C, Apo A-I, and Apo B, independent of age and a broad set of lifestyle factors.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention, Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Tribble
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fortmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood*; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones