title: Influence of microgravity on crystal formation in biomineralization.
abstract: Biomineralized tissues are widespread in animals. They are essential elements in skeletons and in statocysts. The function of both can only be understood with respect to gravitational force, which has always been present. Therefore, it is not astonishing to identify microgravity as a factor influencing biomineralization, normally resulting in the reduction of biomineralized materials. All known biominerals are composite materials, in which the organic matrix and the inorganic materials, organized in crystals, interact. If, during remodeling and turnover processes under microgravity, a defective organization of these crystals occurs, a reduction in biomineralized materials could be the result. To understand the influence of microgravity on the formation of biocrystals, we studied the shell-building process of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata as a model system. We show that, under microgravity (space shuttle flights STS-89 and STS-90), shell material is built in a regular way in both adult snails and snail embryos during the beginning of shell development. Microgravity does not influence crystal formation. Because gravity has constantly influenced evolution, the organization of biominerals with densities near 3 must have gained independence from gravitational forces, possibly early in evolution.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute and Museum, University Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. w.becker@zoologie.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marxen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epple
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reelsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001700:Biomphalaria / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009024:Morphogenesis; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals