title: Neuromuscular adaptation to microgravity environment.
abstract: Morphological and/or functional char-acteristics of skeletal muscles have a greater adaptability in response to changes in environmental stimuli. For example, an atrophy associated with a shift of fiber characteristics toward fast-twitch type is a common adaptation of antigravity muscle to a microgravity environment. Neuromuscular responses and possible mechanisms of both neural and muscular adaptations to a microgravity environment are discussed in this article. Responses of morphological, metabolic, and contractile properties, as well as fiber phenotype, of muscles are briefly reviewed. Discussion is further extended to the patterns of electromyogram and tension development of muscle, responses of postural stability and locomotion, and/or motoneurons in order to study the mechanism for muscular adaptation to microgravity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biomechanics, Research Center for Sports Training and Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, Kanoya, 891-2393, Japan. ohira@nifs-k.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohira
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation