title: A comparison of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determine the relative sensitivities of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of urothelial carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixture of fluorescent labeled probes to the centromeres of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17, and band 9p21 (P16/CDKN2A gene) was used to assess urinary cells for chromosomal abnormalities indicative of malignancy. A total of 280 urine specimens from 265 patients, including 150 with a history of urothelial carcinoma and 115 without a history of urothelial carcinoma, were analyzed. FISH analysis was performed without prior knowledge of clinical findings, that is biopsy, cystoscopy and cytology results. A positive result was defined as 5 or more urinary cells with gains of 2 or more chromosomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 75 biopsies showed urothelial carcinoma at FISH analysis among the 265 patients. The sensitivity of urine cytology for pTa (36 cases), pTis (18) and pT1-pT4 (15) tumors was 47%, 78% and 60%, respectively, for an overall sensitivity of 58%. The sensitivity of FISH for pTa (37 cases), pTis (17) and pT1-pT4 (19) tumors was 65%, 100% and 95%, respectively, for an overall sensitivity of 81%. FISH was significantly more sensitive than cytology for pTis (p = 0.046), pT1-pT4 (p = 0.025), grade 3 (p = 0.003) and all tumors (p = 0.001). The specificity of cytology and FISH among patients without cystoscopic evidence of urothelial carcinoma and no history of urothelial carcinoma was 98% and 96%, respectively (p = 0.564).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity of FISH for the detection of urothelial carcinoma is superior to that of cytology, and the specificity of FISH and cytology for urothelial carcinoma are not significantly different. Further prospective studies are required but FISH has the potential to improve significantly the management of urothelial carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Urology, and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Halling
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Sokolova
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Halling
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cheville
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sebo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakumar
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pankratz
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: O'Kane
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Seelig
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D002503:Centromere; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*