title: Liver tumors in children and young patients: sonographic and color Doppler findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver tumors are a relatively rare pathologic condition in children and young patients. The aim of the present study was to categorize the sonographic (US) and color Doppler results of liver tumors in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the US findings of 23 such cases: malignant tumor (13 cases)-hepatoblastoma (four cases), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; four cases), and hepatic metastasis (five cases); benign tumor (10 cases)-hepatocellular adenoma (four cases), focal nodular hyperplasia (two cases), mesenchymal hamartoma (two cases), cystadenoma (one case), and hemangioendothelioma (one case).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no specific US findings for each tumor type. HCC usually developed on a normal liver and was imaged as multiple nodules. Color Doppler US helped in differentiating multiple metastatic nodules (hypovascular) from multiple HCC nodules (hypervascular). Presence of intratumoral cystic areas was usually suggestive of benign tumors. Follow-up US was useful for detecting small nodules in high-risk groups (congenital biliary atresia, glycogen storage disease). Color Doppler US helped in diagnosing portal thrombus or intratumoral shunt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there were no highly specific findings, US and color Doppler results contributed, to a certain degree, to the diagnosis of liver tumors in children and young adults by showing intratumoral cystic areas or vascularity.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naganuma
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamashima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komatsuda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018197:Hepatoblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color