title: Choroidal neovascularization in the rat induced by adenovirus mediated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of an adenovirus vector encoding vascular endothelial growth factor(165) (Ad.VEGF) delivered to the subretinal space in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  An E1-deleted adenoviral vector encoding VEGF was injected into the subretinal space of Long-Evans rats. Immunohistochemistry identified VEGF expression. Histopathologic changes in the retina were determined by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, fluorescein angiography, and examination of wholemounts of choroid and retina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased expression of VEGF only in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was detected after Ad.VEGF injection. Histopathology of these eyes revealed minimal subretinal exudation at 1 week followed by the appearance of vascular structures in the subretinal space by week 2, which persisted up to 4 weeks. Shortening of photoreceptor outer segments and reduction of the outer nuclear layer were present overlying areas of neovascularization. Fluorescein angiography of animals injected with fluorescein-dextran revealed a deep complex of new vessels. Choroidal flatmounts showed new vessel formation, verified by detection of endothelial cells via immunohistochemistry, arising from the choroid with absence of change in the overlying retinal vasculature. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of sub-RPE endothelial cells and pericytes and the loss of integrity of Bruch's membrane, and serial sectioning demonstrated choroidal vascular growth through Bruch's membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that overexpression of VEGF from RPE cells is capable of inducing choroidal neovascularization in the rat and provide a framework for further examining angiogenic processes in the RPE-choroid complex.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baffi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Byrnes
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Csaky
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003673:Defective Viruses; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D015870:Gene Expression; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007267:Injections; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors