title: Coregulation of neurite outgrowth and cell survival by amphoterin and S100 proteins through receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation.
abstract: Amphoterin is a protein enhancing process extension and migration in embryonic neurons and in tumor cells through binding to receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a multiligand transmembrane receptor. S100 proteins, especially S100B, are abundantly expressed in the nervous system and are suggested to function as cytokines with both neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects. However, the cell surface receptor for the cytokine function of S100B has not been identified. Here we show that two S100 family proteins, S100B and S100A1, activate RAGE in concert with amphoterin inducing neurite outgrowth and activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Furthermore, activation of RAGE by amphoterin and S100B promotes cell survival through increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. However, whereas nanomolar concentrations of S100B induce trophic effects in RAGE-expressing cells, micromolar concentrations of S100B induce apoptosis in an oxidant-dependent manner. Both trophic and toxic effects are specific for cells expressing full-length RAGE since cells expressing a cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant of RAGE are unresponsive to these stimuli. These findings suggest that activation of RAGE by multiple ligands is able to promote trophic effects whereas hyperactivation of RAGE signaling pathways promotes apoptosis. We suggest that RAGE is a signal-transducing receptor for both trophic and toxic effects of S100B.
authors.affiliation: Programme of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biotechnology, and the Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland. Henri.Huttunen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuja-Panula
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sorci
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Agneletti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rauvala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001769:Blood; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology*; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology*; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D009418:S100 Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; C482578:Map3k1 protein, mouse; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases