title: Expression of a gene encoding mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in rice increases under submerged conditions.
abstract: It is known that alcoholic fermentation is important for survival of plants under anaerobic conditions. Acetaldehyde, one of the intermediates of alcoholic fermentation, is not only reduced by alcohol dehydrogenase but also can be oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). To determine whether ALDH plays a role in anaerobic metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare), we characterized a cDNA clone encoding mitochondrial ALDH from rice (Aldh2a). Analysis of sub-cellular localization of ALDH2a protein using green fluorescent protein and an in vitro ALDH assay using protein extracts from Escherichia coli cells that overexpressed ALDH2a indicated that ALDH2a functions in the oxidation of acetaldehyde in mitochondria. A Southern-blot analysis indicated that mitochondrial ALDH is encoded by at least two genes in rice. We found that the Aldh2a mRNA was present at high levels in leaves of dark-grown seedlings, mature leaf sheaths, and panicles. It is interesting that expression of the rice Aldh2a gene, unlike the expression of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Aldh2a gene, was induced in rice seedlings by submergence. Experiments with ruthenium red, which is a blocker of Ca(2+) fluxes in rice as well as maize (Zea mays), suggest that the induction of expression of Adh1 and Pdc1 by low oxygen stress is regulated by elevation of the cytosolic Ca(2+) level. However, the induction of Aldh2a gene expression may not be controlled by the cytosolic Ca(2+) level elevation. A possible involvement of ALDH2a in the submergence tolerance of rice is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. anakazo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazono
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saisho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arimura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirai
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005285:Fermentation; D015870:Gene Expression; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018749:RNA, Plant; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C096127:ALDH2 protein, human; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial