title: Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  OME is common and may cause hearing loss with associated developmental delay. Treatment remains controversial. The effect of both systemic and intra-nasal steroids on effusions has been assessed by randomised controlled trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine evidence for or against treating children with hearing loss associated with OME with systemic or topical nasal steroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were conducted in February 2000. We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register using the terms 'otitis-media', 'otitis media with effusion', 'glue ear', or 'OME', and 'steroids', 'glucocorticoids, synthetic', 'glucocorticoids, topical', 'anti-inflammatory agents, steroidal'. EMBASE and MEDLINE were also searched for additional information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of oral and topical nasal steroids, either alone or in combination with another agent such as an antibiotic, were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  publications in abstract form only since adequate appraisal was not possible; uncontrolled, non-randomised or retrospective studies; studies reporting outcomes with ears (rather than children) as the unit of analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from the published reports by the two authors independently (CCB and JH van der V) using standardised data extraction forms and methodology. The methodological quality of the included studies were independently assessed by the two authors using the scheme described in the Cochrane Handbook. Dichotomous results were expressed as an odds ratio using a fixed effects model together with the 95% confidence intervals. Continuous data were analysed using the weighted mean difference in a fixed effects model. Tests for heterogeneity between studies were performed using a Mantel-Haenszel approach. In trials with a cross over design, post-crossover treatment data were not used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No study prospectively documented hearing loss associated with OME prior to randomisation. Follow up was short term. No serious or lasting side effects were reported in the four studies that did mention side effects. Most comparisons involved small numbers of subjects. The odds ratio for OME persisting after short term follow up for children treated with oral steroids plus antibiotic compared to control plus antibiotic was 0.32 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.52). However there was significant heterogeneity between studies (p<0.01). Trends favoured steroids for most other comparisons, but confidence intervals included unity. There was no evidence of benefit for steroid treatment in the longer term, and no study assessed effect of steroid treatment on language development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence that steroids combined with an antibiotic lead to a quicker resolution of OME in the short term. However, there is not evidence for long term benefit from treating hearing loss associated with OME with either oral or topical nasal steroids. These treatments are therefore not recommended at the present time. Future studies should document hearing loss associated with OME before the start of study treatment. Follow up should be longer and ideally include symptom, audiometry and developmental outcomes. Data should not be presented with ears as the unit of analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, University of Wales College of Medicine, Llanedeyrn Health Centre, Llanedeyrn, Cardiff, South Galmorgan, UK, CF3 7PN. butlercc@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.lastname: van Der Voort JH
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D003638:Deafness / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000150:complications*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids