title: Dendritic spine structural anomalies in fragile-X mental retardation syndrome.
abstract: Fragile-X syndrome is the most common single-gene inherited form of mental retardation. Morphological studies suggest a possible failure of the synapse maturation process. Cerebral cortical spine morphology in fragile-X syndrome and in a knockout mouse model of it appears immature, with long, thin spines much more common than the stubby and mushroom-shaped spines more characteristic of normal development. In human fragile-X syndrome there is also a higher density of spines along dendrites, suggesting a possible failure of synapse elimination. While variously misshapen spines are characteristic of a number of mental retardation syndromes, the overabundance of spines seen in fragile-X syndrome is unusual. Taken with evidence of neurotransmitter activation of the synthesis of the fragile-X protein (FMRP) at synapses in vitro and evidence for behaviorally induced FMRP expression in vivo, and with evidence compatible with a role for FMRP in regulating the synthesis of other proteins, it is possible that FMRP serves as an 'immediate early protein' at the synapse that orchestrates aspects of synaptic development and plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience and Medical Scholars Programs, Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Cell and Structural Biology, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galvez
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Greenough
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003712:Dendrites / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C497683:FMR1 protein, human