title: A novel bifunctional phospholipase c that is regulated by Galpha 12 and stimulates the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
abstract: Three families of phospholipase C (PI-PLCbeta, gamma, and delta) are known to catalyze the hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) to generate the second messengers inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, leading to a cascade of intracellular responses that result in cell growth, cell differentiation, and gene expression. Here we describe the founding member of a novel, structurally distinct fourth family of PI-PLC. PLCepsilon not only contains conserved catalytic (X and Y) and regulatory domains (C2) common to other eukaryotic PLCs, but also contains two Ras-associating (RA) domains and a Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RasGEF) motif. PLCepsilon hydrolyzes PIP(2), and this activity is stimulated selectively by a constitutively active form of the heterotrimeric G protein Galpha(12). PLCepsilon and a mutant (H1144L) incapable of hydrolyzing phosphoinositides promote formation of GTP-Ras. Thus PLCepsilon is a RasGEF. PLCepsilon, the mutant H1144L, and the isolated GEF domain activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in a manner dependent on Ras but independent of PIP(2) hydrolysis. Our findings demonstrate that PLCepsilon is a novel bifunctional enzyme that is regulated by the heterotrimeric G protein Galpha(12) and activates the small G protein Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lomasney
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D044365:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13; D020962:Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D054801:Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D054801:Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C; C423320:phospholipase C epsilon; D044365:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13; D020962:Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins