title: Dye- and gamma probe-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients: using patent blue dye and technetium-99m-labeled human serum albumin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a promising method for the diagnosis of the axillary nodal status. We examined the availability of the SLN biopsy using two mapping procedures: the dye- and gamma probe-guided method, and preoperative lymphoscintigraphy by gamma camera imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 48 patients with breast cancer. Technetium-99m-labeled human serum albumin was injected into the subdermal tissue above the primary tumor or biopsy cavity, and preoperative gamma camera imaging was performed. After induction of general anesthesia, patent blue dye was injected into the peritumoral area prior to the surgical procedure. A handheld gamma-detection probe was used to assist in SLN detection. Careful dissection was performed to identify blue-stained afferent lymphatic vessels and nodes. An SLN was defined as any blue and/or radioactive node, and was excised. After SLN biopsy, axillary lymph node dissection of level I, II, and III was completed, in order to confirm the diagnostic ability of the SLN biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative SLN identification of axillary lesions was successful in 43 of 48 patients (90%). The dye- and gamma probe-guided method was successful in 25 patients (52%), the dye-guided method alone succeeded in 11 patients (23%), and the gamma probe-guided method alone succeeded in 7 patients (15%). Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy revealed axillary focal accumulations in 29 of 48 patients (60%). All patients who underwent successful preoperative SLN identification by lymphoscintigraphy had successful intraoperative SLN identification. A diagnostic accuracy of 95%, a sensitivity of 89%, and a specificity of 100% were achieved in the diagnosis of axillary metastasis. Internal mammary SLNs were identified in four patients intraoperatively, but we could not detect cancer metastasis in the internal mammary SLNs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dye-guided and gamma probe-guided methods were complementary. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was useful to predict intraoperative SLN identification. Further study is necessary to assess the role of SLN biopsy of the internal mammary lymph nodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsugawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bando
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Michigishi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tonami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nonomura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; C008769:sulfan blue