title: The implications of genetics studies of major mood disorders for clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article is a selective review and synthesis of relevant research findings from genetic studies of major mood disorders and the application of these to clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The article discusses the application of genetic research findings in major mood disorders, including epidemiologic and family study risk estimates, risk modifiers, and the concepts of etiologic and phenotypic heterogeneity, to 3 clinical domains: risk counseling, diagnosis, and treatment prediction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epidemiologic and family studies have provided general risk estimates useful in counseling mood-disordered patients and their relatives. A complete and accurate family pedigree provides more individualized risk estimates for specific cases and is useful in identifying the phenotypic spectrum of the disorder being transmitted in the family. Both proband course parameters and familial loading for psychiatric illnesses may be relevant for the prediction of treatment response. However, the hypothesis of inherited pharmacologic selectivity remains to be proven.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic studies of mood disorders have not yet provided conclusive evidence of specific susceptibility genes or their pattern of inheritance. However, they have generated information that is useful to clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grof
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D008094:Lithium