title: Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, a key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L.
abstract: In plants, sesquiterpenes of different structural types are biosynthesized from the isoprenoid intermediate farnesyl diphosphate. The initial reaction of the biosynthesis is catalyzed by sesquiterpene cyclases (synthases). In Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood), a number of such sesquiterpene cyclases are active. We have isolated a cDNA clone encoding one of these, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, a putative key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis. This clone contains a 1641-bp open reading frame coding for 546 amino acids (63.9 kDa), a 12-bp 5'-untranslated end, and a 427-bp 3'-untranslated sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence is 32 to 51% identical with the sequence of other known sesquiterpene cyclases from angiosperms. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the recombinant enzyme catalyzed the formation of both olefinic (97.5%) and oxygenated (2.5%) sesquiterpenes from farnesyl diphosphate. GC-MS analysis identified the olefins as (E)-beta-farnesene (0.8%), amorpha-4,11diene (91.2%), amorpha-4,7(11)-diene (3.7%), gamma-humulene (1.0%), beta-sesquiphellandrene (0.5%), and an unknown olefin (0.2%) and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes as amorpha-4-en-11-ol (0.2%) (tentatively), amorpha-4-en-7-ol (2.1%), and alpha-bisabolol (0.3%) (tentatively). Using geranyl diphosphate as substrate, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase did not produce any monoterpenes. The recombinant enzyme has a broad pH optimum between 7.5 and 9.0 and the Km values for farnesyl diphosphate, Mg2+, and Mn2+ are 0.9, 70, and 13 microM, respectively, at pH 7.5. A putative reaction mechanism for amorpha-4,11-diene synthase is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mercke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bouwmeester
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Posthumus
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Brodelius
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019306:Artemisia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D037621:Artemisinins; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D017343:Genes, Plant; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D037621:Artemisinins; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018744:DNA, Plant; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C004808:farnesyl pyrophosphate; C031327:artemisinin; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C403714:amorpha-4,11-diene synthase