title: Sentinel lymph node biopsy: is it indicated in patients with high-risk ductal carcinoma-in-situ and ductal carcinoma-in-situ with microinvasion?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Axillary lymph node status is the strongest prognostic indicator of survival for women with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of sentinel node metastases in patients with high-risk ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) and DCIS with microinvasion (DCISM).
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 1997 to November 1999, all patients who underwent sentinel node biopsy for high-risk DCIS (n = 76) or DCISM (n = 31) were enrolled prospectively in our database. Patients with DCIS were considered high risk and were selected for sentinel lymph node biopsy if there was concern that an invasive component would be identified in the specimen obtained during the definitive surgery. Patients underwent intraoperative mapping that used both blue dye and radionuclide. Excised sentinel nodes were serially sectioned and were examined by hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 76 patients with high-risk DCIS, 9 (12%) had positive sentinel nodes; 7 of 9 patients were positive for micrometastases only. Of 31 patients with DCISM, 3 (10%) had positive sentinel nodes. 2 of 3 were positive for micrometastases only. Six of nine patients with DCIS and three of three with DCISM and positive sentinel nodes had completion axillary dissection; one patient with DCIS had an additional positive node detected by conventional histological analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents a high incidence of lymph node micrometastases as detected by sentinel node biopsy in patients with high-risk DCIS and DCISM. Although the biological significance of breast cancer micrometastases remains unclear at this time, these findings suggest that sentinel node biopsy should be considered in patients with high-risk DCIS and DCISM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klauber-DeMore
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaptain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borgen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heerdt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paglia
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Petrek
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cody
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Van Zee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000592:standards*