title: Growth hormone and mild exercise in combination increases markedly muscle mass and tetanic tension in old rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A decline of skeletal muscle mass and strength is seen with aging and immobilization. Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to increase muscle mass. In the present study the effects of a combination of mild exercise and GH on skeletal musculature tetanic tension, dry defatted weight (DDW), volume, water, fat and collagen concentrations were investigated in old rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant human GH (2.7mg/kg per day) was injected subcutaneously for 73 days in 21-month-old female rats. Exercised rats ran on a treadmill, 8 m/min for 1 h/day. The in vivo maximal tetanic tension of the calf musculature (m. soleus, m. plantaris, m. gastrocnemius together) was analysed in anaesthetized rats by stimulating the ischiadic nerve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximal tetanic tension was increased by 23% in GH-injected compared to saline-injected rats. Mild exercise + GH in combination resulted in a further 18% increase in maximal tetanic tension. The mild exercise by itself did not influence the maximal tetanic tension significantly when compared with saline injected rats. The GH administration and/or mild exercise did not change skeletal muscle endurance, measured as tetanic tension during 30s of stimulation. Serum IGF-I concentration was increased twofold in GH-injected rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased muscle mass induced by GH + mild exercise was associated with a corresponding increase in maximal tetanic tension. Combination of GH + mild exercise resulted in a substantial further increase of muscle mass and maximal tension compared with GH injections alone in these old rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Connective Tissue Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Orskov
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oxlund
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D006909:Hydroxyproline