title: The nature and extent of retinal dysfunction associated with diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the nature and extent of retinal dysfunction in the macular and surrounding areas that occurs in patients with diabetes with clinically significant macular edema (CSME).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients were evaluated before focal laser treatment. Multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) and full-field ERG techniques were used to assess the effects of diabetic retinopathy and CSME on macular, paramacular, and peripheral retinal function. A modified visual field technique was used to obtain local threshold fields. The relationship between local sensitivity changes and local ERG changes was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local ERG responses were significantly delayed and decreased in amplitude, and timing changes were observed in a larger area of the retina than amplitude changes. Visual field deficits were similarly widespread with marked sensitivity losses occurring in retinal areas with normal ERG amplitudes and in areas that appeared to be free of fundus abnormalities. Despite this similarity and the finding that retinal areas with elevated thresholds have timing delays, timing delays were not good predictors of the degree of threshold elevation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the widespread nature of timing deficits and visual field deficits that are associated with CSME.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10016, USA. vcg1@is3.nyu.edu
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holopigian
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seiple
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology