title: Molecular scanning for mutations in the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) gene in Mexican Americans with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is an endogenous substrate for the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, which plays an important role in insulin signaling. Mutations in the IRS-1 gene are associated in some populations with obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether variation in the IRS-1 gene contributes to genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes in Mexican Americans, the entire coding region of the IRS-1 gene was screened for variation in 31 unrelated subjects with Type 2 diabetes using single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and dideoxy sequence analysis. Variants encoding amino acid substitutions were genotyped in 27 unrelated nondiabetic Mexican Americans and in all family members of subjects containing these variants, and association analyses were performed. To trace the ancestral origins of the variants, Iberian Caucasians and Pima Indians were also genotyped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight single base changes were found: four silent polymorphisms and four missense mutations (Ala94Thr, Ala512Pro, Ser892Gly and Gly971Arg). Allele frequencies were 0.009, 0.017, 0.017 and 0.043, respectively. There were no significant associations of any of these variants with diabetes, glucose or insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test, or with body mass index (BMI) in Mexican American families except for a modest association between the Ala94Thr variant and decreased BMI (30.4 kg/m(2) vs 24.0 kg/m(2); p=0.035). None of these four missense mutations were detected in Pima Indians. In Iberian Caucasians, neither Ala94Thr nor Ser892Gly were detected, and Ala512Pro was detected in only 0/60 diabetic patients and 1/60 nondiabetic controls. Gly971Arg was relatively more common in Iberian Caucasians with 12/58 diabetic patients and 7/60 nondiabetic controls being heterozygous for this variant (p=0.21 for comparison between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ala94Thr, Ala512Pro and Ser892Gly mutation are rare in the populations studied. Gly971Arg, is more common in Mexican Americans and Caucasians, but is not a major contributor to genetic susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza' Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Celi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Pablo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rovira
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pallardo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin-Vaquero
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shuldiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D013781:Texas
chemical_list: C526292:IRS1 protein, human; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins