title: Evidence for linkage of a tandem duplication polymorphism upstream of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder. Evidence from twin, adoption, and family studies provide support for a genetic contribution to the etiology of ADHD. Several candidate gene studies have identified an association between a 7-repeat variant in exon 3 of the dopamine 4 receptor gene (DRD4) and ADHD. However, in spite of the positive reports finding association of the exon 3 VNTR with ADHD, several other polymorphisms within DRD4 have been identified that conceivably could contribute to risk for ADHD. Recently, another common polymorphism of the DRD4 gene has been described involving a 120-bp repeat element upstream of the 5' transcription initiation site. In this report, we describe results of analysis of the DRD4 120-bp repeat promoter polymorphism in a sample of 371 children with ADHD and their parents, using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). Results showed a significant preferential transmission of the 240-bp (long) allele with ADHD. Exploratory analyses of the Inattentive phenotypic subtype of ADHD strengthened the evidence for linkage. These data add further support for the role of DRD4 variants conferring increased risk for ADHD, and imply that additional studies of DRD4 and other related genes are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Scienes, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, Mental Retardation Research Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA. jmccracken@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Smalley
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGough
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del'Homme
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D005091:Exons; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4