title: Repeated pretreatment with amphetamine sensitizes increases in cortical acetylcholine release.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies on the attentional effects of repeated psychostimulant administration in rats suggested the possibility that these effects are mediated via increases in the efficacy of psychostimulants to stimulate cortical acetylcholine (ACh) release. Furthermore, neurochemical data have raised the possibility that increases in nucleus accumbens (NAC) dopamine (DA) release trans-synaptically increase the excitability of basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic projections, thereby supporting speculations about relationships between the effects of repeated psychostimulant administration on NAC DA and cortical ACh release.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether repeated exposure to amphetamine would potentiate the stimulating effects of the drug on cortical ACh and NAC DA efflux.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were implanted with microdialysis guide cannula in the medial prefrontal cortex and the shell region of the ipsilateral NAC. Amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg i.p.) or saline (0.9%) was administered every other day for 10 days, for a total of five injections. ACh and DA efflux and locomotor activity were measured on the day of the first and last injections of this pretreatment regimen. All animals were retested following a challenge dose of amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg i.p.) given 10 and 19 days after the last pretreatment injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial injections of amphetamine stimulated ACh and DA efflux and locomotor behavior in both groups. The pretreatment with amphetamine potentiated the ability of the drug to stimulate cortical ACh efflux on day 19 of the withdrawal period. The pretreatment with amphetamine also increased the effects of the challenge dose on motoric activity on day 10. Pretreatment with amphetamine did not result in a significant augmentation of the amphetamine-induced increase in DA efflux in the NAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with amphetamine sensitizes the ability of amphetamine to stimulate cortical ACh efflux. These results support the hypothesis that sensitized release of cortical ACh mediated the previously observed hyperattentional impairments in amphetamine pretreated rats. Sensitized cortical ACh release following repeated exposure to psychostimulants may mediate the overprocessing of addictive drug-related stimuli, thus contributing to repeated compulsive addictive drug use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarter
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bruno
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D004298:Dopamine