title: Safety of left innominate vein division during aortic arch surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical approach to the aortic arch via median sternotomy can be hindered by the left innominate vein (LIV). Retraction of the LIV may injure the vein. The safety of LIV ligation has been controversial. Opinion has also differed regarding whether a divided vein should be reanastomosed after arch replacement is completed. We report our experience with division and ligation of the LIV for improved aortic arch exposure and facilitated excision of mediastinal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1996 to June 1998, the LIV was divided and ligated in 14 patients (8 men, 4 women) after consideration of local anatomy, adequacy of aortic arch exposure, level of distal aortic anastomosis, and in case of mediastinal tumors, extent of involvement of mediastinal structures. The LIV was divided between clamps, doubly ligated, and the ends oversewn. Patients were assessed at 1 month and at yearly intervals for upper extremity edema and neurologic symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 12 patients LIV division improved aortic arch access, and in 2 patients, it facilitated excision of mediastinal tumors. The mean age of patients was 56 years (range 22 to 80). Follow-up ranged from 1 week to 30 months. All patients had left upper extremity edema for 7 to 10 days, which resolved with arm elevation. One early patient required reexploration for bleeding from the LIV stump. One patient died because of multiorgan dysfunction. None had any residual left upper extremity edema or neurologic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that, although not uniformly or commonly necessary, division of the LIV can safely be utilized to facilitate aortic arch exposure without significant long-term morbidity. LIV reanastomosis is not necessary.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sai Sudhakar
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elefteriades
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D008722:Methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome