title: Decline in prevalence of neural tube defects in a high-risk region of the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct surveillance for neural tube defects (NTDs) in a high-risk region of the United States and to prevent occurrence and recurrence of NTDs through the periconceptional use of folic acid supplements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Active and passive methods were used for surveillance of NTD-affected pregnancies and births during a 6-year period (October 1992-September 1998). Individual genetic counseling was used to prevent NTD recurrences and a public awareness campaign was used to reduce NTD occurrences.
  
  
  METHODS
  State of South Carolina.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cases of spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele identified among 278 122 live births and fetal deaths to South Carolina residents during 1992-1998 were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in occurrence and recurrence rates during a 6-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 6 years of surveillance, the prevalence rates for NTDs decreased from 1.89 to.95 cases per 1000 live births and fetal deaths. The prevalence decrease is explained primarily by a decrease in cases of spina bifida. Isolated NTDs accounted for 297/360 (82%) NTDs and 63/360 (18%) had at least 1 other structural anomaly. Females predominated among isolated NTDs but the sex distribution was equal among NTD cases with other anomalies. Prevalence rates for whites (1.48 cases per 1000 live births and fetal deaths) were higher than rates for blacks (.87 cases per 1000 live births and fetal deaths). There were no NTD recurrences in 113 subsequent pregnancies to mothers of infants with isolated NTDs who took periconceptional folic acid. The rate of periconceptional folic acid use among women of childbearing years increased from 8% to 35% during the 6-year project period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of NTDs in a high-risk region has declined coincident with the increased periconceptional use of folic acid supplements among women of childbearing age.neural tube defects, high-risk region, birth defects, folic acid, spina bifida, anencephaly, encephalocele.
authors.affiliation: Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina 29646, USA. res@ggc.org
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Seaver
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015984:Causality; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013022:South Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid