title: Differences in health values among patients, family members, and providers for outcomes in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are important differences in how patients, family members, and health care providers (HCPs) value health outcomes in schizophrenia and to assess the degree to which such differences, if they exist, could adversely affect clinical and policy decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants viewed videotaped depictions of simulated patients with mild and moderate symptoms of schizophrenia, with and without a common adverse drug effect (pseudoparkinsonism), and then provided standard gamble and visual analog scale ratings of desirability of these states.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of unrelated patients (n = 148), family members of patients (n = 91), and HCPs (nurses, psychologists, doctors of pharmacy, and doctors of medicine; n = 99) was drawn from geographically and clinically diverse environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients' and family members' utilities for health states averaged 0.1 to 0.15 units higher than those of HCPs (P <0.002 for differences between groups, ANOVA for multiple observations). The disutility of adverse drug effects was less for health professionals than patients and family members (P = 0.008). Health professionals tended to prefer states with mild symptoms with extrapyramidal side effects to states with moderate symptoms. Patients and family members found these states equally preferable (P <0.007 for differences between groups).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are systematic differences in values for health outcomes between patients and HCPs with regard to states with adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs. Family members of patients in general had values that were more similar to those of patients than were those of health professionals. The results emphasize the importance of participation by patients (or family member proxies) in clinical decision making and guideline development.
authors.affiliation: Section on Health Services Research, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, USA. llenert@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lenert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sommi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000209:etiology*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents