title: Dose-response and onset/offset characteristics of rapacuronium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A rigorous study of the dose-response relation of rapacuronium has, to our knowledge, yet to be performed. In addition, there is little information available regarding the onset or offset profile of rapacuronium when administered in subparalyzing doses. These issues necessitate further study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven adult patients, American Society Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, were studied. Tracheal intubation was accomplished without muscle relaxants. Anesthesia was maintained with use of nitrous oxide, propofol, and alfentanil. The electromyogram of the first dorsal interosseous muscle was measured using a monitor. Single stimuli at 0.10 Hz were administered. A single dose of rapacuronium was administered. After log-dose or logit transformation of the data, the best-fit line of regression was determined using the method of least squares. For each subject, the authors estimated the 50% effective dose (ED50) and 95% effective dose (ED95) from the Hill equation using the slope obtained from regression analysis. The onset times to 50 and 90% of peak effect were estimated in a subset of 10 individuals in which peak twitch depression decreased to the range of 90-99%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculated ED50 and ED95 values for rapacuronium were 0.39 +/- 0.08 (SD) and 0.75 +/- 0.16 mg/kg, respectively. After a single ED95 dose, 90% of the drug's peak effect was evident in 77 +/- 17 s. After this dose, rapacuronium has a clinical duration of 6.1 +/- 1.1 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found the ED95 of rapacuronium to be substantially less than suggested by previous estimates. Rapacuronium has an onset profile that is not different from that previously reported for succinylcholine. The rate of spontaneous recovery was faster after rapacuronium than the authors previously observed after mivacurium administration but was slower than after succinylcholine, using an identical protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center of New York, New York City, New York, USA. AKopman@interport.net
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kopman
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Klewicka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghori
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Neuman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D015760:Alfentanil; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide; C082938:rapacuronium; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol