title: Thoracic epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: United Kingdom practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracic epidural analgesia has become increasingly practised in recent years. Complications are rare but potentially serious and, consequently, careful evaluation is required before undertaking this technique. The practice surrounding this procedure varies widely amongst anaesthetists.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal survey to examine the practice of thoracic epidural analgesia was sent to all Royal College of Anaesthetists tutors in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses were received from 240 tutors, representing a return rate of 83%. When obtaining consent for thoracic epidural cannulation, 42% of respondents mentioned risk of a dural tap complication and 11% mentioned neurological damage. Fifty percent of respondents performed epidural cannulation following induction of general anaesthesia. The practice of epidural insertion in patients with abnormal coagulation varied, although over 80% of respondents did not consider concurrent treatment with either aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs a contraindication. Sterile precautions for epidural insertion also varied between anaesthetists. Postoperatively, 95% of respondents used an opioid-based bupivacaine solution for epidural infusions, and these were most commonly nursed on general surgical wards (63%). Seventy-eight percent of hospitals provided an acute pain team to review epidural analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United Kingdom, there is little consensus in the practice of thoracic epidural analgesia relating to the issues of informed consent, epidural cannulation in patients with deranged clotting and the sterile precautions taken prior to performing epidural insertion. Most respondents use an opioid-based bupivacaine solution to provide postoperative epidural analgesia. Most hospitals in the UK now provide an acute pain service for thoracic epidural follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: O'Higgins
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tuckey
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000700:Analgesics; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002404:Catheterization; D003625:Data Collection; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D011182:Postoperative Care; D013242:Sterilization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local