title: Anxiolytics for smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are two reasons to believe anxiolytics might help in smoking cessation. Anxiety may be a symptom of nicotine withdrawal. Second, smoking appears to be due, in part, to deficits in dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, all of which are increased by anxiolytics and antidepressants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of anxiolytic drugs in aiding long term smoking cessation. The drugs include buspirone; diazepam; doxepin; meprobamate; ondansetron; and the beta-blockers metoprolol, oxprenolol and propanolol.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register which includes trials indexed in Medline, Embase, SciSearch and PsycLit, and meetings abstracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered randomized trials comparing anxiolytic drugs to placebo or an alternative therapeutic control for smoking cessation. We excluded trials with less than 6 months follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted data in duplicate on the type of study population, the nature of the drug therapy, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was one trial each of the anxiolytics diazepam, meprobamate, metoprolol and oxprenolol. There were two trials of the anxiolytic buspirone. None of the trials showed strong evidence of an effect for any of these drugs in helping smokers to quit. However, confidence intervals were wide, and an effect of anxiolytics cannot be ruled out on current evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no consistent evidence that anxiolytics aid smoking cessation, but the available evidence does not rule out a possible effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 38 Fletcher Place, Burlington, Vermont 05401-1419, USA. john.hughes@uvm.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Stead
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lancaster
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents