title: A new appraisal of the prokaryotic origin of eukaryotic phytochromes.
abstract: The evolutionary origin of the phytochromes of eukaryotes is controversial. Three cyanobacterial proteins have been described as "phytochrome-like" and have been suggested to be potential ancestors of these essential photoreceptors: Cph1 from Synechocystis PCC 6803, showing homology to phytochromes along its entire length and known to attach a chromophore; and PlpA from Synechocystis PCC 6803 and RcaE from Fremyella diplosiphon, both showing homology to phytochromes most strongly only in the C-terminal region and not known to bind a chromophore. We have reexamined the evolution of the photoreceptors using for PCR amplification a highly conserved region encoding the chromophore-binding domain in both Cph1 and phytochromes of plants and have identified genes for phytochrome-like proteins (PLP) in 11 very diverse cyanobacteria. The predicted gene products contain either a Cys, Arg, Ile, or Leu residue at the putative chromophore binding site. In 10 of the strains examined only a single gene was found, but in Calothrix PCC 7601 two genes (cphA and cphB) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genes encoding PLP are homologues that share a common ancestor with the phytochromes of eukaryotes and diverged before the latter. In contrast, the putative sensory/regulatory proteins, including PlpA and RcaE, that lack a part of the chromophore lyase domain essential for chromophore attachment on the apophytochrome, are only distantly related to phytochromes. The Ppr protein of the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum centenum and the bacterial phytochrome-like proteins (BphP) of Deinococcus radiodurans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa fall within the cluster of cyanobacterial phytochromes.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Physiologie Microbienne (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. mherdman@pasteur.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herdman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coursin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rippka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houmard
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandeau de Marsac
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010834:Phytochrome / Q000235:genetics*; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics; D011387:Prokaryotic Cells; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D010834:Phytochrome