title: Wrist-enhanced instrumentation: moving toward totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the introduction of the da Vinci robotic surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, CA) into minimally invasive cardiac operations the outlook for performing coronary artery bypass operations "closed chest" became a reality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1999 and December 1999 this new wrist-enhanced instrumentation was used in 61 patients. Six patients suffering from single-vessel coronary artery disease and one female patient with double-vessel disease underwent totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass. Thirty-seven patients with single-vessel disease underwent a minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass procedure. Seventeen patients with double-vessel disease were treated using the robotic-enhanced Dresden technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perioperative survival was 100%. In all patients the internal mammary arteries were safely harvested endoscopically and had excellent quality. In both totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass groups all patients were operated on through three stab incisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary experience with this new surgical technique using robotic-enhanced minimally invasive methods for coronary artery disease promotes optimism regarding further development of these procedures and application in patients with coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, University of Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kappert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cichon
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gulielmos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matschke
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tugtekin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schüler
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics