title: The value of pharmaceutical representative visits and medication samples in community-based family practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interactions between the pharmaceutical industry and physicians have been discussed in numerous publications; however, most articles are limited to surveys and self-report data and often focus on academic or training contexts. We describe the role of pharmaceutical representatives and the use of samples in community-based family practices, using data obtained by directly observing clinical encounters.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected detailed descriptive field notes of the direct observations of 53 primary care clinicians and 1588 patient encounters in 18 purposefully selected Nebraska family practices. We used a comparative case study design, that used depth interviews of clinicians and office staff, and included details of the interactions with pharmaceutical representatives and the use of samples in clinical encounters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual providers and practices displayed noticeable variation in their approaches to drug representatives and samples. We found formal strategies and policies in a minority of practices. Generally there was little structure in the organization and distribution of sample medications at the office level, and detailed patient education regarding these drugs was rarely observed in patient encounters. Nevertheless, samples were used in almost 20% of observed encounters, at times as starter dosages, but often as complete courses of treatment. The benefits derived from contact with the pharmaceutical industry varied substantially, but most often included free medication samples, meals, and patient education materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians have a complex symbiosis with the pharmaceutical industry and need to critically evaluate their handling of samples and their contact with pharmaceutical representatives to optimize this relationship and ensure quality patient care. Clinics with specific policies for interactions with drug companies appear to derive more satisfaction from their encounters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-3075, USA. ebacker@unmc.edu
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lebsack
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Van Tonder
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Crabtree
mesh_terms: D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics; D004356:Drug Storage; D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008389:Marketing of Health Services / Q000379:methods; D009329:Nebraska; D019370:Observation; D009819:Office Visits; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011216:Practice Management, Medical
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations