title: What is the normal prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux in normal children has been estimated to be 0.4% to 1.8%. Based on epidemiological data, it can be estimated that 2.2% of girls and 0.6% of boys may be found to have reflux as a result of the investigation of urinary tract infection. This implies that most children with reflux will develop urinary tract infection. However, most children with reflux detected by screening do not develop infection. Hence the prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux in normal children may be higher than the previous estimates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux in groups of children with different clinical indications for cystogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 250 articles from the literature were reviewed to determine the prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux in children undergoing cystogram. Means and 95% confidence limits were derived from the data in studies that met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux in children with urinary tract infection was 31.1% (95% CI: 29.9-32.8). The prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux varied between patient groups, but often approached or exceeded the prevalence in urinary tract infection. The prevalence in normal kidneys was 17.2% (95% CI: 14.4-20.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vesicoureteral reflux is common in nearly all patient groups examined. The prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux in normal children is probably significantly higher than the traditional estimates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. msargent@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sargent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D015995:Prevalence; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012737:Sex Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000662:veterinary