title: The diagnosis and management of dry eye: a twenty-five-year review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the advances in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of dry eye disease in the past 25 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preocular tear film is a hydrated mucus gel that contains soluble antimicrobial proteins and growth factors that protect and support the ocular surface. The final common pathway in dry eye is a perturbation of the integrated ocular surface/lacrimal gland reflex unit. Diagnostic tests evaluating tear composition and clearance appear to show stronger correlation with the severity of ocular irritation symptoms and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) than the conventional Schirmer tests. KCS is a condition of abnormal differentiation and mucus production by the ocular surface epithelium that results in a poorly lubricated, abnormally permeable ocular surface that has increased susceptibility to environmental insults. Chronic subclinical ocular surface inflammation appears to play a key role in the pathogenesis of KCS. New therapeutic strategies are aimed at reducing the ocular surface inflammation of dry eye disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been a tremendous increase in knowledge regarding dry eye disease in the past 25 years that has resulted in improved diagnostic classification and new targeted therapies.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Surface and Tear Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA. spflugfelder@bpei.med.miami.edu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pflugfelder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000639:trends; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions