title: Dexamethasone-induced abolition of the inflammatory response in an experimental glioma model: a flow cytometry study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Commonly used for management of cerebral edema in patients with brain tumors, steroid medications also have immunosuppressive functions. To characterize the effects of steroids on the central nervous system's response to tumors more clearly, flow cytometry was used to quantify the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration in an immunogenic rat glioma model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly prepared 11-day-old intracranial C6 tumors that had been excised from dexamethasone-treated and untreated rats were labeled ex vivo with monoclonal antibodies against CD 11b/c, CD45, and CD8a antigens. The extent of microglia (CD11b/c-highly positive, CD45-slightly positive cell), macrophage (CD11b/c-highly positive, CD45-highly positive cell), lymphocyte (CD11b/c-negative, CD45-highly positive cell), and cytotoxic T-cell (CD8a-positive cell) infiltration into each rat's tumor, tumor periphery, and contralateral tumor-free hemisphere was analyzed using flow cytometry. Microglia and lymphocytes constituted a significant component of infiltrating cells in this model, comprising 23 +/- 3% and 33 +/- 5% of viable cells, respectively. Macrophages, on the other hand, accounted for only 9 +/- 1% of infiltrating cells. Treatment of rats with a 7-day course of low-dose dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day) resulted in a greater than 50% inhibition of microglia (p = 0.03) and lymphocyte (p = 0.001) infiltration into tumors. Increasing the dexamethasone dose to 1 mg/kg/day further abolished lymphocyte infiltration (89% inhibition, p = 0.001) but had no additional inhibitory effect on microglia invasion. Macrophage infiltration of tumors was not inhibited at the dexamethasone doses used in this study (p = 0.42).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow cytometry is a valuable technique for characterizing tumor-associated inflammatory cells in gliomas. Even at low doses, dexamethasone was found to inhibit significantly the infiltration of brain tumors by lymphocytes and microglia. These findings should be considered when experimental immunotherapeutic strategies are evaluated for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison 53792-3232, USA. badie@neurosurg.wisc.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Badie
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schartner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bartley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vorpahl
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Preston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D003907:Dexamethasone