title: Family-focused treatment of bipolar disorder: 1-year effects of a psychoeducational program in conjunction with pharmacotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined the combined effects of psychosocial treatment and pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder. This study used a randomized, controlled design to examine a 9-month, manual-based program of family-focused psychoeducational treatment (FFT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Bipolar patients (N = 101) were recruited shortly after an illness episode and randomly assigned to 21 sessions of FFT (n = 31) or to a comparison treatment involving two family education sessions and follow-up crisis management (CM; n = 70). Both treatments were delivered over 9 months; patients were simultaneously maintained on mood stabilizing medications. Patients were evaluated every 3 months for 1 year as to relapse status, symptom severity, and medication compliance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients assigned to FFT had fewer relapses and longer delays before relapses during the study year than did patients in CM. Patients in FFT also showed greater improvements in depressive (but not manic) symptoms. The most dramatic improvements were among FFT patients whose families were high in expressed emotion. The efficacy of FFT could not be explained by differences among patients in medication regimes or compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family-focused psychoeducational treatment appears to be an efficacious adjunct to pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder. Future studies should evaluate family treatment against other forms of psychotherapy matched in amount of therapist-patient contact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0345, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miklowitz
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Simoneau
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalbag
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sachs-Ericsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suddath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003419:Crisis Intervention / Q000379:methods*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents