title: Routine chest roentgenography is unnecessary in the work-up of stage I and II breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical practice guidelines of many professional societies call for routine staging chest x-rays (SCXR) for all patients with invasive cancer. Given the estimated 157,000 patients annually for whom this recommendation pertains, this screening examination represents a considerable health care expenditure. If it were shown that SCXR rarely changed the management of low-risk subsets of this population, it might be possible to selectively omit this practice from the care of these patients with substantial resultant cost savings.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with clinical stage I and II breast cancer presenting to the Baystate Medical Center from 1989 through 1997 were identified through the Tumor Registry. Their hospital records were reviewed for clinical presentation and documentation of SCXR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand four hundred ninety-four patients were identified with clinical stage I and II disease. SCXR were available for review on 1,003 patients. Only one asymptomatic patient was upstaged to stage IV based on a SCXR. Two patients with primary lung tumors were also identified. These data demonstrate an asymptomatic pulmonary metastasis detection rate of 0. 099% (95% confidence interval, 0.0% to 0.6%). The total charges of SCXR for this group approached $180,000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate the low diagnostic yield and high cost of routine SCXR in the management of asymptomatic patients with clinical stage I and stage II breast cancer. Because other studies have shown that SCXR changes neither quality of life nor overall survival, SCXR should be limited to symptomatic patients in whom metastatic disease is suspected.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Radiology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Coughlin
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Garb
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000191:economics