title: Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation in the mycophenolate mofetil/tacrolimus era: evolution from induction therapy with bladder drainage to noninduction therapy with enteric drainage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past, enteric drainage or the omission of induction immunotherapy has been shown to be predictive of suboptimal outcomes of simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation. We have reassessed the need for bladder drainage and induction immunotherapy to optimize the outcome of SPK transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred consecutive recipients of SPK transplants who received mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus immunosuppression were studied. The first 50 recipients had bladder-drained pancreas allografts and received induction immunotherapy. The results were compared with the next 50 recipients who had enteric-drained pancreas allografts, which included a subgroup (n = 17 patients) who were randomized to receive no induction immunotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year actuarial patient, kidney, and pancreas survival rates in the bladder-drainage group were 98.0%, 94.0%, and 94.0%, respectively. The 1-year actuarial patient, kidney, and pancreas survival rates in the enteric-drainage group were 96.8%, 96.8%, and 89.4%, respectively. In the enteric-drainage group, the incidence of rejection at 1 year was 6.1% in recipients who received induction therapy versus 23.5% in recipients who did not receive induction therapy. The average number of readmissions per recipient was 1.8 in the bladder-drainage group versus 0.9 in the enteric-drainage group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary enteric drainage of the pancreas allograft in recipients of SPK transplantation is the preferred surgical technique in the tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil era.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill. 60611, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koffron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gheorghiade
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Abecassis
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fryer
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Stuart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000628:therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015994:Incidence; D007422:Intestines; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D016559:Tacrolimus