title: Cytokine profile in minor salivary glands from patients with bronchial asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T lymphocytes are important components of the bronchial inflammatory cell infiltrate in asthma. Because lymphocytes activated in the respiratory tract recirculate to remote glandular and mucosal sites, we previously studied the histologic features of minor salivary glands (MSGs) in bronchial asthma and found an airway-like inflammation with T-lymphocyte infiltration, the presence of mast cells that were often degranulated, and basement membrane thickening but no eosinophil infiltration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to investigate the cellular infiltration and cytokine profile in MSGs from untreated asthmatic subjects, steroid-treated asthmatic subjects, and control subjects and to compare these values with those found in bronchial biopsy specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cellular infiltration was studied by using immunohistochemistry. Cytokine messenger (m)RNA expression for IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma was determined by using in situ hybridization and cytokine immunoreactivity with immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in CD4 and IL-4 mRNA(+) cells was observed in MSGs from asthmatic patients (both untreated and steroid-treated subjects) when compared with control subjects, which correlated with the clinical severity of asthma (FEV(1) and Aas score). In contrast to the bronchi, no IL-5 mRNA expression was observed in MSGs, and no difference was observed for MSG IFN-gamma mRNA between the groups. At the level of MSG protein expression, the 3 cytokines were seen, with a significant increase in IL-4 protein expression in steroid-treated asthmatic subjects compared with untreated asthmatic subjects and control subjects, but there were no differences between the groups in IL-5 and IFN-gamma protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cytokine mRNA expression pattern observed in the MSGs of asthmatic subjects was different from that found in the bronchi, suggesting a different local immune regulation.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U416 Institut Pasteur de Lille, Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires, Lille, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsicopoulos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akoum
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamblin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vorng
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Tonnel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wallaert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012470:Salivary Glands, Minor / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger