title: Effect of acupuncture upon experimentally induced ischemic pain: a sham-controlled single-blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the hypoalgesic effect of true and sham acupuncture upon experimentally induced ischemic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human volunteers (n = 60) were required to attend two sessions for pain induction using a submaximal effort tourniquet technique; on the first occasion, baseline pain scores were recorded and on the second, 48 hours later, subjects were randomly allocated to one of five groups: Control, Treatment Groups 1 or 2, or Placebo Groups 1 or 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy human volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all the Treatment and Placebo Groups, subjects received some form of needle acupuncture 15 minutes before, and 5 minutes during, the pain induction procedure on the second day. Treatment Group 1 received acupuncture on acupuncture points situated distal to the tourniquet, whereas Treatment Group 2 received acupuncture on acupuncture points situated proximal to the tourniquet. In Placebo Groups 1 and 2, subjects received 'sham' acupuncture either on nonacupuncture points (Placebo Group 1) or on acupuncture points (Placebo Group 2) using (standardized) minimal levels of stimulation. A licensed acupuncturist who was not involved in data collection and analyses carried out all treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain was assessed using a computerized visual analog scale (VAS) and a McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of VAS scores using ANOVA revealed no significant differences between groups (e.g., VAS sum of differences data (mean +/- SEM): Treatment Group 1: 90+/-47, Treatment Group 2: 187+/-56, Placebo Group 1: 152+/-40, Placebo Group 2: 121+/-42, CONTROLS: 46+/-24, p>0.05). Analysis of MPQ percentage difference scores using one-way ANOVA revealed some isolated effects in the subjective descriptors and the Pain Rating Index, both for Treatment Group 2 and Placebo Group 2, proving them superior to any of the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study provide no convincing evidence for a superior hypoalgesic effect of acupuncture compared with "sham" procedures on this model of experimental pain.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Social Sciences, Coventry University, United Kingdom. p.barlas@coventry.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barlas
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010919:Placebos; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos