title: Evidence of postprandial absorption of olive oil phenols in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Olive oil phenols are potent antioxidants in vitro. If this were to be also demonstrated in vivo, it would help to explain the beneficial effects of this typical ingredient of the Mediterranean diet. This study was designed to determine the presence in lipoprotein fractions of two phenolic compounds peculiar to extra virgin olive oil, namely tyrosol and OH-tyrosol, and whether their absorption induces an antioxidant effect in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two trials were performed. In the first (Long-term), 14 healthy volunteers followed two diets, each for one month. The only difference between the diets was that the first supplied 50 g of extra virgin olive oil per day, where-as the second one supplied 50 g of refined olive oil with no simple phenols, as demonstrated by GC-MS analysis. There were no changes in LDL oxidizability and tyrosol and OH-tyrosol were not recovered in lipoproteins and plasma from fasting samples drawn at the end of each diet period. In the second study (Postprandial), eight healthy volunteers received an oral fat load consisting of 100 g of extra virgin olive oil. Blood was drawn at times 0', 30', 60', 120', 240', 360', and major plasma lipoprotein classes were separated. The concentration of tyrosol, OH-tyrosol and vitamin E was determined in lipoprotein fractions. Plasma antioxidant capacity was measured by a crocin-bleaching test and expressed as mM Trolox C equivalents. Tyrosol and OH-tyrosol were recovered in all lipoprotein fractions, except VLDL, with concentrations peaking between 60' and 120'. However, a very high variability in tyrosol and OH-tyrosol absorption was observed among subjects. Vitamin E content of LDL and HDL did not vary significantly throughout the study. Plasma antioxidant capacity increased significantly at time 120' (baseline 0.96 mM Trolox; 120' 1.19 mM Trolox; p = 0.02), and then returned almost to baseline values after 360' (1.1 mM Trolox).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that phenolic compounds in olive oil are absorbed from the intestine, though not through a pathway dependent on chylomicron formation, and may exert a significant antioxidant effect in vivo, probably in the postprandial phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonanome
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagnan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xamin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fedeli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zamburlini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ursini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000737:chemistry; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013997:Time Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D014810:Vitamin E; C011867:4-hydroxyphenylethanol; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol