title: Cardiomyocyte death induced by myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: measurement with recombinant human annexin-V in a mouse model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization is regarded as one of the earliest hallmarks of cells undergoing programmed cell death. We studied the use of labeled human recombinant annexin-V, a protein selectively binding to PS, to detect cardiomyocyte death in an in vivo mouse model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (I/R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  I/R was induced in mouse hearts by ligation and subsequent release of a suture around the left anterior descending coronary artery. Annexin-V (25 mg/kg) fused to a marker molecule was injected intra-arterially 30 minutes before euthanasia. After 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion, 1.4+/-1. 2% (mean+/-SD) of the cardiomyocytes in the area at risk were annexin-V positive (n=6). This increased to 11.4+/-1.9% after 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion (n=7) and to 20.2+/-3.3% after 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion (n=7). In control mice, including those injected with annexin-V at the binding site of PS, no annexin-V-positive cells were observed. DNA gel electrophoresis showed typical laddering starting after 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion, suggesting activation of the cell death program. Intervention in the cell death program by pretreatment with a novel Na(+)-H(+) exchange inhibitor substantially decreased annexin-V-positive cardiomyocytes from 20.2% to 2.2% in mice after 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that labeled annexin-V is useful for in situ detection of cell death in an in vivo model of I/R in the heart and for the evaluation of cell death-blocking strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hofstra
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: van Heerde
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van den Eijnde
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Doevendans
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: DeMuinck
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Daemen
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frederik
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wellens
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daemen
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Reutelingsperger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000032:analysis*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5