title: Anemia, hypoxia and transfusion in patients with cervix cancer: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the recent development of hemopoietic growth factors and alternatives to transfusion, there has been a renewed interest in the relationships between anemia, tumor hypoxia and treatment outcome in a number of human malignancies. This review is intended to provoke a reconsideration of these issues and their effect on clinical trials, aimed at improving treatment outcome in patients with cervix cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the literature and from our own prospective series of tumor oxygenation in cervix cancer, we modeled the impact of anemia on tumor blood flow and hypoxia in animal models and human tumors, examined the relationship between anemia and hypoxia and treatment outcome in patients, and reviewed the impact of transfusion on tumor hypoxia and treatment outcome in cervix cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anemia may result in a significant reduction in oxygen delivery to tumors, but compensatory mechanisms reduce the impact on tumor oxygenation. Anemia is associated with inferior treatment outcome in cervix cancer, but hemoglobin levels prior to and during treatment are strongly correlated with tumor size, and this may explain the prognostic impact of anemia in older studies. Transfusion and erythropoietin ameliorate hypoxia in only a proportion of anemic patients. Critical analysis of the published data from the Princess Margaret Hospital randomized trial of transfusion in cervix cancer reveals that, when analyzed by intention-to-treat, transfusion did not result in a benefit to patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review suggests that the relationships among anemia, hypoxia, transfusion and treatment outcome are complex. Further study of anemia as an independent prognostic factor is required and randomized studies of transfusion alternatives, such as erythropoietin, must be of sufficient size to detect small treatment effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital/University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Ontario M5G 2M9, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Fyles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milosevic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pintilie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011379:Prognosis; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins