title: Inhibition of NF-kappaB sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are chemoresistant. Identification and modulation of chemoresistance cell-signaling pathways may sensitize NSCLC to chemotherapy and improve patient outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine if chemotherapy induces nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in NSCLC in vitro and whether inhibition of NF-kappaB would sensitize tumor cells to undergo chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-small cell lung cancer cells were treated with gemcitabine, harvested, and nuclear extracts analyzed for NF-kappaB DNA binding by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Additionally, NSCLC cells that stably expressed a plasmid encoding the superrepressor IkappaBalpha protein (H157I) or a vector control (H157V) were generated. These cells were then treated with gemcitabine and apoptosis determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemotherapy induced NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and DNA binding in all NSCLC cell lines. H157I cells had enhanced cell death compared with H157V cells, suggesting that NF-kappaB is required for cell survival after chemotherapy. The observed cell death following the loss of NF-kappaB occurred by apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of chemotherapy-induced NF-kappaB activation sensitizes NSCLC to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro. Novel treatment strategies for patients with advanced NSCLC may involve chemotherapy combined with inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent cell-survival pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908-0679, USA. djones@virginia.edu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Broad
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Madrid
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Mayo
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D016328:NF-kappa B; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine