title: Predicted chemical warfare agent VX toxicity to uniformed soldier using parathion in vitro human skin exposure and absorption.
abstract: Chemical warfare agents (CWA) are easily and inexpensively produced and are a significant threat to military forces and the public. Most well-known CWAs are organophosphorus compounds, a number or which are used as pesticides, including parathion. This study determined the in vitro percutaneous absorption of parathion as a CWA simulant through naked human skin and uniformed skin (dry and sweated). Parathion percentage dose absorbed through naked skin (1.78 +/- 0. 41) was greater than dry uniformed skin (0.29 +/- 0.17; p = 0.000) and sweated uniformed skin (0.65 +/- 0.16; p = 0.000). Sweated and dry uniformed skin absorption were also different (p = 0.007). These relative dry and sweated uniformed skin absorptions were then applied to VX skin permeability for naked skin (head, neck, arms, and hands) and the remaining uniformed skin over the various regions of the human body. Risk assessment shows VX 50% lethality within the first hour for a soldier wearing a sweated uniform. By 8 h postexposure to naked skin plus trunk area predicted lethality for both dry and sweated uniform, and, at 96 h postexposure, all body regions individually exposed would produce lethality. Military uniform and public clothing provide some immediate protection but absorption through cloth and skin does occur. Immediate safety response to skin and clothing is required.
authors.affiliation: Offutt AFB, U.S. Air Force, Omaha, Nebraska, 68113, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanojo
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wester
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000368:Aged; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D003020:Clothing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D010278:Parathion / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013542:Sweat
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D010278:Parathion; C009680:VX-agent