title: Heavy metals and neuroimmunomodulation in Mytilus edulis.
abstract: Immunocytes of mussels are the chief immune defense in these organisms. When an immunocyte becomes activated there is a conspicuous change in its morphology (i.e., from round to amoeboid) that can be quantified using image analytical tools. Active immunocytes will typically show larger perimeters and areas and a smaller shape factor. Immunocytes exposed to heavy metals become inactive (Cd, Hg and Pb) thus with smaller perimeters (e.g., Pb2+ 2 ppm: P = 69.72 micron) and areas (e.g., Pb2+ 2 ppm: A = 270 micron2) and larger shape factors (Pb2 2 ppm: SF = 0.65) than the unexposed control cells (alpha = 0.05). Xenobiotics may also interfere with neuroimmunomodulation processes such as nitric oxide (NO) release. The release of NO is catalyzed by a calcium dependent constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS). Presently, we are exploring the effects of heavy metals and other pollutants on cNOS activity, measured as real time NO release, in immunocytes and pedal ganglia from M. edulis. Preliminary results suggest that immunocytes exposed to Pb2+ (5 ppm) cause NO release and does not seem to inhibit further NO release in the presence of morphine. The possible implications of NO mediated Pb2+ neurotoxicity are also explored.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA. nietof@oldwestbury.edu
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Nieto-Fernandez
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alcide
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rialas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity; D008628:Mercury / Q000633:toxicity; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008628:Mercury