title: Body composition and dietary intakes in adult celiac disease patients consuming a strict gluten-free diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Celiac disease responds to dietary gluten withdrawal, but data on the long-term effects of gluten-free diets are discordant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to evaluate the nutritional status and body composition of adult celiac disease patients consuming a gluten-free diet who were in clinical, biochemical, and histologic remission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 71 patients (51 women and 20 men; mean age: 27 y; range: 17-58 y) and 142 healthy control subjects matched by sex and age. The subjects' height, weight, body mass index, fat and lean mass, and bone mineral content (evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured; a 3-d dietary questionnaire was administered; and total daily energy, fat, carbohydrate, and protein intakes were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The weight, height, and body mass index of male celiac disease patients and the weight and body mass index of female celiac disease patients were significantly lower than the corresponding measurements in control subjects. The fat and lean mass of both male and female patients was significantly different from that of control subjects; however, bone mineral content was significantly lower only in females in whom celiac disease was diagnosed in adulthood. Total energy intake was lower in the patients than in the control subjects (9686 +/- 1569 and 11297 +/- 1318 kJ/d in males and 6736 +/- 1318 and 7740 +/- 1715 kJ/d in females), and the diet of the patients was unbalanced, with a higher percentage of energy as fat and a lower percentage of energy as carbohydrates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although strictly compliant with their gluten-free diet and in complete remission, patients with celiac disease showed differences in body composition and dietary intakes compared with control subjects. Strict follow-up and dietary advice in terms of the choice and composition of foods seem necessary to prevent malnutrition.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Istituto di Scienze Mediche, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore and Clinica Pediatrica II, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy. mariateresa.bardella@unimi.it
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fredella
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prampolini
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Molteni
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Giunta
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bianchi
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens