title: Hyperestrogenism: a relevant risk factor for the development of cancer from endometriosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endometriosis is extremely common in developed countries. Obesity is a major health concern and may cause hyperestrogenism. Hormonal replacement, particularly unopposed estrogens after hysterectomy, is becoming popular. Because endometriosis is ectopic endometrium, hyperestrogenism (either endogenous or exogenous) may cause hyperplasia or transformation into cancer. This study was conducted to describe the main clinical and pathologic features of malignancies in endometriosis and define the treatment and outcome and to compare patients who had cancer arising in endometriosis with patients who had endometriosis but no cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had tumors from endometriosis diagnosed from 1986 to 1997 were analyzed retrospectively. Each patient was matched with two control patients (endometriosis without cancer) treated during the same study interval. Clinical and epidemiologic variables were compared to identify risk factors for the development of cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 31 patients with cancer developing from endometriosis. Fifteen women were obese, 9 had a history of endometriosis, and 9 were taking unopposed estrogen. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma was the most common histologic type (16 patients). When the patients with cancer were compared with controls, no significantly higher risk for the development of cancer was found with prolonged use of unopposed estrogens or with higher body mass index, but a trend was observed. When obesity and use of unopposed estrogens were considered together, the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperestrogenism, either endogenous or exogenous, is a significant risk factor for the development of cancer from endometriosis. The prevalences of endometriosis, obesity, and use of hormonal replacement therapy in women in developed countries are increasing, and this trend justifies the assumption that cancer developing in endometriosis might become more common in the future.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Zanetta
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Keeney
mesh_terms: D018262:Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018269:Carcinoma, Endometrioid / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000150:complications*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014625:Vaginal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens