title: The role of cardioplegia induction temperature and amino acid enrichment in neonatal myocardial protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Warm cardioplegic induction improves the ischemically "stressed" adult heart. However, it is rarely used in infants, despite the fact that many newborn hearts are stressed by other factors such as hypoxia. The need for amino acids as well as their mechanism of action has also not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first assessed the role of cardioplegic induction temperature in 10 nonhypoxic neonatal piglets undergoing 70 minutes of multidose blood cardioplegic arrest. Five piglets (group 1) received a cold (4 degrees C) induction, and 5 (group 2) a warm (37 degrees C) induction. Twenty-six other piglets underwent ventilator hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen, 8% to 10%) for 60 minutes before cardiopulmonary bypass (stress). Six piglets (group 3) then underwent 70 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass without ischemia (hypoxia controls), and 20 underwent 70 minutes of cardioplegic arrest. Five of these (group 4) received cold cardioplegic induction, and 15 received warm induction; in 5 of these (group 5), the warm cardioplegic solution contained amino acids, in 5 others (group 6), it was unsupplemented, and in the remaining 5 (group 7), nitroglycerin was added to determine the role of vasodilation. Myocardial function was assessed by pressure-volume loops (expressed as a percent of control), and coronary vascular resistance was measured with cardioplegic infusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nonhypoxic (normal) piglets, cold (group 1) and warm (group 2) induction completely preserved systolic function (end-systolic elastance, 100% versus 104%) and preload recruitable stroke work (100% versus 102%), with minimal increase in diastolic compliance (162% versus 156%). Hypoxia-reoxygenation alone (group 3) depressed systolic function (end-systolic elastance, 51%+/-2%) and preload recruitable stroke work (54%+/-3%), and raised diastolic stiffness (260%+/-15%). The detrimental effects of reoxygenation persisted (unchanged from reoxygenation alone) with cold induction (group 4) or warm induction without amino acids (groups 6 and 7). In contrast, warm induction with amino acids (group 5) restored systolic function (end-systolic elastance, 105%+/-3%; p < 0.001 versus groups 3, 4, 6, and 7) and preload recruitable stroke work (103%+/-2%; p < 0.001 versus groups 3, 4, 6, and 7), and decreased diastolic stiffness (154%+/-7%; p < 0.001 versus groups 3, 4, 6, and 7). However, there was no difference in myocardial oxygen consumption in hypoxic hearts receiving a warm induction (6.9 versus 6.5 versus 7.3 mL/g per 5 minutes) (groups 5, 6, 7), and coronary vascular resistance was lowest with nitroglycerin (group 7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardioplegic induction can be given either warm or cold in nonhypoxic neonatal hearts. In contrast, only warm induction with amino acids repairs the hypoxic injury, but the primary mechanism of action is not related to increased metabolic activity or vasodilation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Heart Institute for Children, Hope Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, Illinois 60453, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kronon
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bolling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Maniar
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ilbawi
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009195:Peroxidase; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D000241:Adenosine