title: Determinants of physiologic tremor in a large normal population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been well established that peripheral mechanical resonant factors as well as central mechanisms may play a role in the generation of physiological tremor (PT). Furthermore it has been postulated that subject's attributes like age and sex might influence PT. The present study was designed to quantify these influences on PT in a large normal population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physiological hand and finger tremors were measured in a group of 117 normal subjects between 20 and 94 years of age using accelerometry and surface EMG recordings from the forearm flexor and extensor muscles. The hand tremor was measured in a postural position with and without weight, and the finger tremor was recorded with the arm outstretched, forearm supported and hand supported. Hand volume and grip force were measured in each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hand tremor frequency (mean 7.7 Hz) was reduced significantly by added inertia (mean 5.2 Hz) and it was negatively correlated with hand volume while there was no correlation with grip force. Finger tremor showed, subject to the arm position, maximally 3 and at least two distinct frequency bands (1-4, 6-11 and 15-30 Hz) reflecting the resonance frequencies of the whole arm, the hand and the finger, respectively. A significant EMG peak was found in 50-80% of the recordings. This EMG synchronization gave rise to a corresponding accelerometer peak or a significant EMG-EMG coherence in about one-third of the population indicating a central component of PT because its frequency was unaffected by mechanical changes in the periphery. We did not find a significant influence of age on the tremor frequency, while the sex of the subjects slightly but significantly changed the frequency range of hand tremor. Multiple partial correlations revealed, however, that the only direct influence on hand tremor frequency is the hand volume indicating that the influence of sex on hand tremor frequency is an indirect effect produced by the significantly larger hands of male subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the main determinants of PT are the mechanical properties of the oscillating limb. Apart from the dominating peripheral resonance mechanism we found indications of an additional central component of PT in about one-third of the normal population. There was no age dependence of tremor frequency and it was shown that the influence of the subjects' sex on tremor frequency only represents an indirect mechanical effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 147, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raethjen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pawlas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindemann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wenzelburger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deuschl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014202:Tremor / Q000503:physiopathology*