title: Personal air sampling and biological monitoring of occupational exposure to the soil fumigant cis-1,3-dichloropropene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess exposure of commercial application workers to the nematocide cis-1,3-dichloropropene (cis-DCP).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted during the annual application season, August to 15 November, in the starch potato growing region in The Netherlands. 14 Application workers collected end of shift urine samples on each fumigation day (n=119). The mercapturic acid metabolite N-acetyl-S-(cis-3-chloro-2-propenyl)-L-cysteine (cis-DCP-MA) in urine was used for biological monitoring of the cis-DCP uptake. Inhalatory exposure was assessed by personal air sampling during a representative sample (n=37) of the fumigation days. Extensive information was collected on factors of possible relevance to the exposure and the application workers were observed for compliance with the statutory directions for use. The inhalatory exposure during all fumigation days was estimated from the relation between the personal air sampling data and the biological monitoring data. Exposure levels were correlated with the general work practice. The fumigation equipment and procedures were in accordance with the statutory directions of use, with the exception of the antidrip systems. Two antidrip systems were used: antidrip nozzles or a compressed air system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geometric mean exposure of the application workers was 2.7 mg/m(3) (8 hour time weighted average); range 0.1-9.5 mg/m(3). On 25 days (21%) the exposure exceeded the Dutch occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 5 mg/m(3). This could mainly be explained by prolonged working days of more than 8 hours. The general work practice of the application workers was rated by the observers as good or poor. No difference in exposure to cis-DCP was found in the use of none, one, or two antidrip systems. Malfunctioning of the antidrip systems and lack of experience with the compressed air system were identified as possible causes for the lack of effectiveness of these antidrip systems. The use of personal protection was not always in accordance with the statutory directions of use. Dermal exposure to liquid cis-DCP was found four times during repair and maintenance, but the biological monitoring data did not suggest a significant increase in cis-DCP uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of cis-DCP in the potato growing industry can be performed at exposure concentrations below the Dutch OEL of 5 mg/m(3) if the working days are limited to 8 hours. An injector equipped with either kind of antidrip system which is in good working order, as well as the consistent use of personal protection in accordance with the statutory directions of use, may ensure exposure concentrations below the Dutch OEL.
authors.affiliation: Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Human Toxicology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Verplanke
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Boogaard
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bloemen
authors.lastname: Van Sittert NJ
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stokkentreeff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dijksterhuis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.lastname: De Wolff FA
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000383:Agriculture / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000652:urine*; D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005651:Fumigation; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000498:Allyl Compounds; D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene