title: Cardiac-specific overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha causes oxidative stress and contractile dysfunction in mouse diaphragm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have developed a transgenic mouse with cardiac-restricted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). These mice develop a heart failure phenotype characterized by left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling, pulmonary edema, and elevated levels of TNF-alpha in the peripheral circulation from cardiac spillover. Given that TNF-alpha causes atrophy and loss of function in respiratory muscle, we asked whether transgenic mice developed diaphragm dysfunction and whether contractile losses were caused by oxidative stress or tissue remodeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  muscles excised from transgenic mice and littermate controls were studied in vitro with direct electrical stimulation. Cytosolic oxidant levels were measured with 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate; emissions of the oxidized product were detected by fluorescence microscopy. Force generation by the diaphragm of transgenic animals was 47% less than control (13.2+/-0. 8 [+/-SEM] versus 25.1+/-0.6 N/cm(2); P:<0.001); this weakness was associated with greater intracellular oxidant levels (P:<0.025) and was partially reversed by 30-minute incubation with the antioxidant N:-acetylcysteine 10 mmol/L (P:<0.01). Exogenous TNF-alpha 500 micromol/L increased oxidant production in diaphragm of wild-type mice and caused weakness that was inhibited by N:-acetylcysteine, suggesting that changes observed in the diaphragm of transgenic animals were mediated by TNF-alpha. There were no differences in body or diaphragm weights between transgenic and control animals, nor was there evidence of muscle injury or apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated circulating levels of TNF-alpha provoke contractile dysfunction in the diaphragm through an endocrine mechanism thought to be mediated by oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Clubb
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sivasubramanian
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009929:Organ Size; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha