title: Biofeedback training for detrusor overactivity in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated biofeedback training for incontinence due to detrusor overactivity in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included in our study were 22 boys and 17 girls with a mean age of 11.2 years. We noted nighttime incontinence in 3 patients, nighttime incontinence and daytime urinary symptoms in 26, and daytime incontinence in 10. All patients had detrusor overactivity and incontinence refractory to conventional treatment, including bladder training, tricyclic antidepressants, anticholinergics, desmopressin and/or conditioning therapy. Urodynamic study was performed using an 8Fr double lumen transurethral catheter for cystometry, a double balloon transrectal catheter for rectal pressure and external anal sphincter pressure measurement, and surface electrodes for sphincter electromyography. During biofeedback training patients were instructed to contract the anal sphincter without raising abdominal pressure to inhibit overactive bladder contractions. Biofeedback training was repeated monthly until cystometry revealed a stable bladder or lower urinary tract symptoms improved considerably.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients were lost to followup. Of the remaining 35 children urinary symptoms were cured in 23 and improved in 4. Urodynamic studies after 6 months of biofeedback training in 33 cases showed that bladder overactivity disappeared in 10 and improved in 18. Bladder capacity at the initial desire to void and maximum cystometric capacity increased significantly (p = 0.0115 and <0.0001, respectively). Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in 2 patients before biofeedback training resolved in each after therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofeedback training for detrusor overactivity is effective even in pediatric cases refractory to conventional treatment.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Neurology, School of Medicine, Chiba University and Department of Urology, Dokkyo University Medical School, Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamanishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002648:Child; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics