title: Insulin receptor in rat peripheral nerve: its localization and alternatively spliced isoforms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic neuropathy accompanies both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, although it shows in both humans and animal models distinct differences between the two types of diabetes. Progressive paranodal degenerations occurring in Type 1, but not in Type 2, diabetes is believed to account for the more severe functional deficits in Type 1 diabetic rats. This suggests that factors other than hyperglycemia, such as insulin deficiency, may play a pathogenetic role. In this study, we investigated the immunolocalization of the insulin receptor (IR) and the expression of its two alternatively spliced isoforms in adult rat peripheral nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Wistar rats 6-8 months of age were examined. Both light and ultrastructural immunohistochemistry was employed for localization of IR. The antibody was a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against the beta-subunit of human IR. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to identify the two IR isoforms in peripheral nerve and seven other organs. Localization of the mRNA message was assessed by in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IR was localized to paranodal terminal Schwann cell loops and microvilli and to the paranodal axolemma. Furthermore, IR immunoreactivity was also present in Schmidt-Lantermann incisures. Endoneurial vessels showed IR localization on plasma membranes and in endocytotic vesicles of endothelial cells and pericytes. A high intensity of immunostained IR was found in close proximity to interendothelial tight junctions. Peripheral nerve showed, like the brain, predominantly the high affinity IR lacking exon 11. The mRNA message was localized to Schwann cells, endothelial cells and pericytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral nerve expresses predominantly the high affinity IR, which is localized to strategic structures associated with the blood-nerve barrier and the paranodal ion-channel barrier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakawa
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sima
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011901:Ranvier's Nodes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011972:Receptor, Insulin