title: Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized controlled clinical trial involved 280 diabetic smokers (age range 17-84 years) who were randomized either into control (n = 133) or intervention (n = 147) groups at 12 primary care centers and 2 hospitals located in Navarre, Spain. The intervention consisted of a 40-min nurse visit that included counseling, education, and contracting information (a negotiated cessation date). The follow-up consisted of telephone calls, letters, and visits. The control group received the usual care for diabetic smokers. Baseline and 6-month follow-up measurements included smoking status (self-reported cessation was verified by urine cotinine concentrations), mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, and stage of change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 6-month follow-up, the smoking cessation incidence was 17.0% in the intervention group compared with 2.3% in the usual care group, which was a 14.7% difference (95% CI 8.2-21.3%). Among participants who continued smoking, a significant reduction was evident in the average cigarette consumption at the 6-month follow-up. The mean number of cigarettes per day decreased from 20.0 at baseline to 15.5 at 6 months for the experimental group versus from 19.7 to 18.1 for the control group (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A structured intervention managed by a single nurse was shown to be effective in changing the smoking behavior of diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Studies, School of Nursing, University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Canga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Irala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vara
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Duaso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003376:Counseling; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000451:nursing / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000451:nursing / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013030:Spain; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population