title: Systematic review processes and the management of opioid withdrawal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the diversity of research on the management of opioid withdrawal, identify sources of heterogeneity and provide a context for subsequent systematic reviews to establish evidence-based best practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  References were identified through searches of multiple electronic databases and handsearching the reference lists of retrieved articles. The principal criterion for inclusion in the literature mapping process was that it be a study of an intervention intended to manage the process of opioid withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 218 references assessed, all participants were dependent on heroin in 41% and on methadone or l-alpha acetyl methadol (LAAM) in 24%. More than 17 different types of treatment approach were identified. Only 42% of references used a rating instrument to assess withdrawal severity and reported sufficient results to indicate the timing and magnitude of the peak and/or duration of withdrawal. The type of rating instrument used and the way in which results were reported varied enormously. A clear parameter for completion of detoxification was used for 37% of references.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The capacity for rigorous systematic reviews of the management of opioid withdrawal is currently limited. There are multiple sources of heterogeneity that will need to be taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of narrative reviews and observational studies are important complements to formal systematic reviews in the establishment of evidence-based practice in any area that combines aspects of psychology, behaviour, social context and medical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Drug and Alcohol Services Council, University of Adelaide, South Australia. gowing.linda@saugov.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gowing
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic