title: Cranial irradiation for preventing brain metastases of small cell lung cancer in patients in complete remission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prophylactic cranial irradiation halves the rate of brain metastases in patients with small cell lung cancer. Individual randomized trials conducted on patients in complete remission were unable to clarify whether this treatment improves survival.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to test whether prophylactic cranial irradiation prolongs survival of patients with small cell lung cancer in complete remission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published and unpublished trials were eligible. Electronic databases, reference lists of trial publications, review articles and relevant books were used to identify potentially eligible trials. The search was also guided by discussions with investigators and experts, and the examination of meeting proceedings and of the Physician Data Query clinical trial registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trials comparing prophylactic cranial irradiation with no prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with small cell lung cancer in complete remission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis based on updated individual data. The main endpoint was survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative risk of death in the treatment group compared to the control group was 0.84 (95% confidence interval=0.73 to 0.97, P=0.01), corresponding to a 5.4 percent increase in the 3-year survival rate (from 15.3 percent in the control group to 20.7 percent in the treatment group). Prophylactic cranial irradiation also increased disease-free survival (relative risk=0.75, 95% confidence interval=0.65 to 0.86, P<0.001) and decreased the risk of brain metastases (relative risk=0.46, 95% confidence interval=0.38 to 0.57, P<0.001). Increasing doses of irradiation decreased the risk of brain metastases when four groups (8 Gy, 24-25 Gy, 30 Gy, 36-40 Gy) were analyzed [trend test, P=0.02], but the effect on survival did not differ significantly according to the dose. We found a trend (P=0.01) for a decrease in the brain metastasis risk in favour of earlier administration of cranial irradiation after the initiation of induction treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic cranial irradiation significantly improves survival and disease-free survival for patients with small cell lung cancer in complete remission. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm the potential greater benefit on brain metastasis rate suggested when cranial irradiation is given earlier or at higher doses.
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000556:secondary*; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012074:Remission Induction; D016019:Survival Analysis