title: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral phytonadione for excessive anticoagulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of managing excessive anticoagulation in the absence of bleeding by either omitting warfarin therapy alone or administering oral phytonadione in addition to omitting warfarin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical pharmacy anticoagulation service in a group model health maintenance organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty nonbleeding patients with international normalized ratios (INRs) ranging from 6.0-10.0.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive either a single oral dose of phytonadione 2.5 mg or placebo. Both groups omitted warfarin doses until the INR became less than or equal to 4.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean calculated time to reach an INR of 4.0 was significantly greater in the placebo than the phytonadione group (2.6 vs 1.4 days, p=0.006). Overcorrection of anticoagulation was significantly more common in patients receiving phytonadione. Overt warfarin resistance was not observed in either group after reinitiating warfarin therapy. No major bleeding or thromboembolic complications occurred, and minor bleeding episodes were similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of oral phytonadione 2.5 mg reduced the time to achieve an INR of 4.0 by approximately 1 day compared with omitting warfarin therapy alone. Adverse events did not differ between the two groups. Both strategies were effective in managing asymptomatic patients with INRs of 6.0-10.0. Oral phytonadione may be most appropriate for patients at high risk for bleeding in whom the benefit of prompt INR reduction would outweigh the thromboembolic risk associated with INR overcorrection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kaiser Permanente, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Saseen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tillman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014859:Warfarin; D010837:Vitamin K 1