title: Progesterone regulates human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
abstract: Emerging evidence indicates that sex steroid hormones regulate telomerase in target tissues. We have reported that estrogen activates telomerase through transactivation of the telomerase catalytic subunit, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Progesterone usually antagonizes estrogen action in reproductive organs, but the effect on telomerase remains unclear. In this study, we examine the effects of progesterone on the gene expression of hTERT in breast and endometrial cancer cell lines expressing progesterone receptor. Progesterone significantly induced hTERT mRNA expression within 3 h after exposure. This transient effect peaked at 12 h and then decreased. In contrast, exposure to progesterone for > 48 h antagonized estrogen effects and inhibited the estrogen-induced activation of hTERT expression; the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/Waf1/Cip1 plays an integral role in this inhibition. Thus, progesterone exerts diverse effects on hTERT mRNA expression in a time-dependent manner. We also found that the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway mediates both the short-term and long-term effects of progesterone on hTERT gene expression. These findings support the notion that hTERT gene is a target of both estrogen and progesterone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University, School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yatabe
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohmichi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000502:physiology; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012313:RNA; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019098:Telomerase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C422952:telomerase RNA; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D012313:RNA; D019098:Telomerase; D008525:Medroxyprogesterone