title: Psychiatric disorders in patients with blepharospasm - a reactive pattern?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the life-time prevalence of all major psychiatric disorders in patients suffering from blepharospasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 31 consecutive patients with blepharospasm attending the Department of Neurology were interviewed at the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Vienna. Patients had been submitted to standard neurological diagnostic procedures, psychiatric diagnoses were made with the help of the SCID, functional impairment was assessed by the General Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A current or life-time psychiatric diagnosis was made for 22 patients (71%). The most frequent disorders were depressive disorders, mainly major depression (five patients, 16.1%), secondary dysthymia (six patients, 19.3%), and recurrent major depression (five patients, 16.1%). A diagnosis of simple phobia was made for seven patients (22.5%), for obsessive-compulsive disorder in three patients (9.6%). The mean GAF score of our sample was 63.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to previously published results, we did not find a high rate of a single specific disorder or patterns in our study sample, though by the inclusion of life-time diagnostic criteria, the majority of patients fulfilled criteria for at least one diagnosis. This might indicate the considerable negative impact of blepharospasm on the patients' lives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Social Psychiatry, University Hospital for Psychiatry, Währinger Gürtel 18-10, A-1090, Vienna, Austria. 100410.2766@compuserve.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnider
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Griengl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Birner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nepp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Auff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology