title: Lifetime overweight status in relation to serial changes in body composition and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: The Fels Longitudinal Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims were to determine if 1) individuals who became and maintained overweight during their entire lifetime differ from those who were never-overweight in terms of annual changes in adiposity and concurrent changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors; 2) the changes and their relationships to each other varied between these groups or by sex within the groups; and 3) alcohol usage, smoking habits, and level of physical activity differed between groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 16,315 examinations of 414 individuals were utilized to assess lifetime overweight (body mass index [BMI] > 25 kg/m2) status. A regressive analytic approach was used to determine the average annual changes for each individual over an adult serial interval ranging from 4 to 20 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men and women who have become and maintained overweight have higher blood pressure and a poorer lipid/lipoprotein risk profile than those who have never been overweight. There is an accelerated deterioration in the atherogenic profile of overweight men and women as indicated by annual changes in CVD risk factors about double that of their never-overweight counterparts. In women, increased risk is derived from increasing systolic and diastolic blood pressure, whereas in men the increased risk comes not only from increasing diastolic blood pressure but also cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and, to a lesser extent, decreasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduced physical activity observed in the overweight adults may be related to their accumulation of adipose tissue at a rate about double their never-overweight counterparts, and this may be driving the higher rate of increase of CVD risk factors in the overweight groups.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Kettering, Ohio 45420-4014, USA. roger.siervogel@wright.edu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Siervogel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wisemandle
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chumlea
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Towne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D008074:Lipoproteins