title: Pattern of antibiotic use in primary health care in Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have been related to the growing emergence of bacterial resistance. The aim of the present study was to assess the pattern of antibiotic use by Italian general practitioners (GPs) in the treatment of the most frequent infectious problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed with 131 GPs recruited on a voluntary basis from among the 181 GPs contacted in two Italian regions, Emilia Romagna and Umbria. GPs were requested to report all the infectious events encountered during six sample weeks on a special form, whether an antibiotic was administered or not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GPs reported 7095 infectious cases, of which 5036 (77%) were respiratory-tract infections (RTIs) and 749 (11%) were urinary-tract infections (UTIs). Antibiotics were prescribed in 71% of the cases. The proportion of antibiotic-treated cases was highest in UTIs (97%), followed by lower respiratory-tract infections (LRTIs; 93%) and upper respiratory-tract infections (URTIs; 54%). Drugs belonging to 16 Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical groups (fourth level) were used. Wide-spectrum penicillins and macrolides ranked first (23%), followed by penicillins plus beta-lactamase inhibitors (15%), cephalosporins (15%) and fluoroquinolones (10%). The most prescribed antibiotics for the major disease groups were wide-spectrum penicillins for URTIs (36%), macrolides and cephalosporins for LRTIs (27% each) and fluoroquinolones for UTIs (46%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present survey showed a high level of inappropriate use. In fact, a large number of infectious diseases, including infections commonly caused by viral agents, were treated with an anti-bacterial drug. Italian GPs had a tendency to preferentially prescribe wide-spectrum antibiotics and to use, in many cases, antibiotics that are rarely of choice in primary health care, such as cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. In order to attain a more evidence-based prescription, local guidelines shared by specialists and GPs should be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Interuniversity Research Centre on Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaccheri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castelvetri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esaka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Favero
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Montanaro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents