title: Psychostimulant augmentation during treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in men with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We describe an open trial of psychostimulants (primarily methylphenidate sustained release [SR]) added to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; primarily fluoxetine) during the course of pharmacologic treatment of men with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders (PRDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six men with paraphilias (N = 14) or PRDs (N = 12) were assessed for life-time mood disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as defined by DSM-IV. All men were assessed at baseline for total sexual outlet and average time per day associated with paraphilia/PRD sexual behaviors. The indications for the addition of a psychostimulant to a stable dose of SSRI included the retrospective diagnosis of ADHD with persistent adult symptoms despite pharmacotherapy with an SSRI (N = 17); residual paraphilia/PRD fantasies, urges, and activities despite SSRI pharmacotherapy (N = 16); the persistence or presence of residual depressive symptoms despite SSRI pharmacotherapy (N = 6); relapse or loss of SSRI efficacy during the treatment of sexual impulsivity disorders (N = 4); and treatment of SSRI-induced side effects (N = 4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SSRI pharmacotherapy (mean +/- SD duration = 8.8+/-11.1 months) had statistically significant effects in diminishing paraphilia/PRD-related total sexual outlet (p < .001) and average time/day spent in paraphilia/PRD sexual behavior (p < .001). Addition of methylphenidate SR (mean dose = 40 mg/day; mean +/- SD duration = 9.6+/-8.2 months) was associated with additional statistically significant effects on paraphilia/PRD-related total sexual outlet (p = .003) and average time per day (p = .04) in addition to improvement of putative residual ADHD and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylphenidate SR can be cautiously and effectively combined with SSRI antidepressants to ameliorate paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders for the indications listed above.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. mpkafka@aol.com
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kafka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hennen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010262:Paraphilic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors