title: Costimulatory wars: the tumor menace.
abstract: Advances in our understanding of T cell costimulatory molecules have provided a vast array of novel approaches to tumor immunotherapy. In the past year, combinatorial immunotherapy based on earlier studies of CTLA-4 blockade, the identification of novel B7-family members, the modulation of CD40 to reverse tolerance to tumor-associated antigens and the use of OX40 to enhance antitumor responses of CD4+ T cells have all contributed to the development of more-powerful immunomodulatory cancer therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse 13210, USA. hurwitza@mail.upstate.edu
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Elsas
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000502:physiology; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D053262:Receptors, OX40; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D053326:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7 / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D053262:Receptors, OX40; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; C505716:TNFRSF4 protein, human; C505914:TNFSF14 protein, human; D053326:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069594:Abatacept