title: Nicotine self-administration in rats: estrous cycle effects, sex differences and nicotinic receptor binding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on smoking behavior and responsiveness to nicotine suggests that nicotine's effects may depend on the sex of the organism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study addressed four questions: 1) Will female rats self-administer nicotine? 2) Does self-administration by females vary as a function of estrous cycle? 3) Does self-administration by females differ from that of males? 4) Does self-administration of nicotine result in up-regulation of nicotinic receptor binding and are these changes similar in males and females?
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed to self-administer nicotine at one of four doses (0.02-0.09 mg/kg, free base) on both fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females acquired nicotine self-administration across the entire range of doses. Acquisition of self-administration at the lowest dose was faster in females than males. However, few sex differences were found in the number of active responses, number of infusions, or total intake of nicotine during stable fixed ratio self-administration. In contrast, females reached higher break points on a progressive ratio. For both schedules, females had shorter latencies to earn their first infusion of each session and demonstrated higher rates of both inactive and timeout responding. There was no effect of estrous cycle on self-administration during either fixed or progressive ratio sessions. Self-administered nicotine resulted in average arterial plasma nicotine levels between 53 and 193 ng/ml and left hemi-brain levels between 174 and 655 ng/g, depending on dose. Nicotine self-administration produced similar up-regulation of nicotinic receptor binding sites in males and females, as reflected by increased right hemi-brain binding of [3H]-epibatidine, when compared to the brains of untreated control rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that while males and females may regulate their intake of nicotine similarly under limited access conditions, the motivation to obtain nicotine is higher in females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Caggiula
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Rowell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gharib
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maldovan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCallum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004971:Estrus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000032:analysis*; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D009538:Nicotine