title: Small hepatocellular carcinoma with minute satellite nodules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of small hepatocellular carcinoma with minute satellite nodules.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the clinicopathologic characteristics of 131 solitary small (< or = 2.0 cm in diameter) hepatocellular carcinomas including 105 hepatocellular carcinomas without minute satellite nodules and 17 hepatocellular carcinomas with minute satellite nodules smaller than 5 mm, and also discuss the clinical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the clinical backgrounds of the patients and pathologic features of the main tumor, except for the average of preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein, were significantly different between the two groups. Firstly, minute satellite nodules demonstrated that the maximum diameter of all minute satellite nodules was 1.5-4.0 mm, secondly, the moderately to poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas had 4 or more minute satellite nodules within 1 cm from the main tumor, while well differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas may have 1 or 2 minute satellite nodules 6 cm or more away, and thirdly, 4 or more minute satellite nodules may present within 1 cm in intrahepatic metastasis cases, while 1 or 2 minute satellite nodules may be present 6 cm or more away from the main tumor in multicentric occurrence cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least 13% of solitary small hepatocellular carcinomas had preoperatively undetectable minute satellite nodules. In case of moderately to poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas, hepatic resection as well as percutaneous ethanol injection should be performed including the surrounding liver tissue at least 1.0 cm from the main nodule. On the other hand, in well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas, which may indicate multicentric occurrence, closer observation and careful follow-up after therapy are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kajiyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirabe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimachi
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging