title: Impaired Wisconsin card sorting test performance in first-episode schizophrenia: resource or motivation deficit?
abstract: Patients with first-episode schizophrenia (n = 27) and age- and education-matched healthy controls (n = 27) were administered the standard version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), and the Rorschach according to the Comprehensive System (CS). Schizophrenic patients achieved a significantly lower full-scale IQ and made more perseverative responses and achieved fewer categories on the WCST than the healthy control group. No significant associations were observed between effort or motivation and WCST performance. Schizophrenic patients who made more perseverative responses tended to be impoverished in terms of available resources, and functioned in a simplistic way when attending to details of the stimulus field. First-episode schizophrenics are able to generate motives and initiate goal-directed activity, but some of them fail to achieve their goals because the cognitive abilities and available resources required for effective planning, purposeful action, or effective performance are impaired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taiminen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lauerma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tuimala
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wallenius
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Salokangas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*