title: Probing peripheral and central cholinergic system responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pharmacological response to drugs that act on the cholinergic system of the iris has been used to predict deficits in central cholinergic functioning due to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, yet correlations between central and peripheral responses have not been properly studied. This study assessed the effect of normal aging on (1) the tropicamide-induced increase in pupil diameter, and (2) the reversal of this effect with pilocarpine. Scopolamine was used as a positive control to detect age-dependent changes in central cholinergic functioning in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized double-blind controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy elderly (mean age 70) and 9 young (mean age 33) volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pupil diameter was monitored using a computerized infrared pupillometer over 4 hours. The study involved 4 sessions. In 1 session, tropicamide (20 microL, 0.01%) was administered to one eye and placebo to the other. In another session, tropicamide (20 microL, 0.01%) was administered to both eyes, followed 23 minutes later by the application of pilocarpine (20 microL, 0.1%) to one eye and placebo to the other. All eye drops were given in a randomized order. In 2 separate sessions, a single dose of scopolamine (0.5 mg, intravenously) or placebo was administered, and the effects on word recall were measured using the Buschke Selective Reminding Test over 2 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pupil size at time points after administration of tropicamide and pilocarpine; scopolamine-induced impairment in word recall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between elderly and young volunteers in pupillary response to tropicamide at any time point (p > 0.05). The elderly group had a significantly greater pilocarpine-induced net decrease in pupil size 85, 125, 165 and 215 minutes after administration, compared with the young group (p < 0.05). Compared with the young group, the elderly group had greater scopolamine-induced impairment in word recall 60, 90 and 120 minutes after administration (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an age-related pupillary response to pilocarpine that is not found with tropicamide. Thus, pilocarpine may be useful to assess variations in central cholinergic function in elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Research Program, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON. claudio.naranjo@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Naranjo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fourie
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lanctôt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Birt
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Yau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007498:Iris / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000187:drug effects*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014331:Tropicamide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D009184:Mydriatics; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D010862:Pilocarpine; D012601:Scopolamine; D014331:Tropicamide