title: Spontaneously occurring arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the domestic cat: A new animal model similar to the human disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a primary myocardial disease of incompletely resolved pathogenesis and is a largely unappreciated cause of sudden death in the young.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical features of 12 domestic cats with ARVC (7 male; 1 to 20 years old, mean 7.3+/-5.2 years) were right-sided congestive heart failure (n=8), supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (n=5), ventricular tachycardia (n=3), polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias (n=6), and right bundle-branch block (n=5). ARVC was suspected in all 8 cats examined with echocardiography by marked enlargement of the right ventricle (RV) and right atrium and tricuspid regurgitation. Eight died of cardiovascular disease and 4 died of noncardiac conditions. At autopsy, hearts of ARVC cats were characterized grossly by moderate-to-severe RV cavity enlargement and wall thinning (n=12) and apical aneurysm formation (n=6). Histology demonstrated pronounced RV lesions in all 12 ARVC cats, including marked myocardial injury (myocyte death and atrophy) and repair (fibrous and/or fatty replacement). Injury and repair were also evident in the left ventricle (LV) in 10 cats, and 2 had involvement of both atria. Myocarditis was present in 10 of the 12 ARVC cats. Apoptosis was detected in 9 ARVC cats (mean apoptotic index, 28+/-23% RV, 21+/-19% LV, and 17+/-15% ventricular septum) but not in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the common domestic cat, we identified a clinically relevant cardiomyopathy that closely mimics ARVC in humans. This unique feline model of human disease will be relevant to defining pathogenesis and investigating mechanisms responsible for disease progression in ARVC.
authors.affiliation: Caspary Research Institute of the Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. philip.fox@amcny.org
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maron
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002415:Cats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging