title: Mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation induction by 60-Hz alternating current in isolated swine right ventricle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms by which 60-Hz alternating current (AC) can induce ventricular fibrillation (VF) are unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 7 isolated perfused swine right ventricles in vitro. The action potential duration restitution curve was determined. Optical mapping techniques were used to determine the patterns of activation on the epicardium during 5-second 60-Hz AC stimulation (10 to 999 microA). AC captured the right ventricles at 100+/-65 microA, which is significantly lower than the direct current pacing threshold (0.77+/-0.45 mA, P:<0.05). AC induced ventricular tachycardia or VF at 477+/-266 microA, when the stimulated responses to AC had (1) short activation CLs (128+/-14 ms), (2) short diastolic intervals (16+/-9 ms), and (3) short diastolic intervals associated with a steep action potential duration restitution curve. Optical mapping studies showed that during rapid ventricular stimulation by AC, a wave front might encounter the refractory tail of an earlier wave front, resulting in the formation of a wave break and VF. Computer simulations reproduced these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AC at strengths less than the regular pacing threshold can capture the ventricle at fast rates. Accidental AC leak to the ventricles could precipitate VF and sudden death if AC results in a fast ventricular rate coupled with a steep restitution curve and a nonuniform recovery of excitability of the myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Voroshilovsky
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garfinkel
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Karagueuzian
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004560:Electricity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology