title: Analysis of urine for drugs of abuse using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: A method for the simultaneous analysis of urine for the major drugs of abuse is described. The analytical procedure uses solid-phase extraction (SPE), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a semi-automated identification process. It allows simultaneous extraction, derivatization and analysis of acidic, neutral and basic drugs from urine. Urine samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis followed by SPE using Bakerbond narc-2 columns. The eluant was selectively derivatized with N-methyl-bis-trifluoroacetamide (MBTFA) and N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide + 1% trimethylchlorosilane. Analysis was performed using a GC-MS system operating in full scan mode. A simple macro programme was written to enhance the mass spectra identification capabilities of the MS software by producing extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) for the drugs of interest. Once a suspect compound was indicated by EIC, the mass spectrum of the compound was searched manually against reference libraries for positive identification and the retention time checked against that of the standard. This procedure has increased both the amount and the reliability of information given to clinicians without increasing the cost per sample. The system has been in routine operation for 24 months, processing up to 40 urine samples per day, with a usual turn-around time of 48 h.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Unit, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. s.paterson@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cordero
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Houldsworth
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D009020:Morphine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D012015:Reference Standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009020:Morphine