title: Subcutaneous versus intracutaneous injections of sterile water for labour analgesia: a comparison of perceived pain during administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether, during injections of sterile water, there is any difference in perceived pain between intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blind controlled trial with cross-over design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Göteborg and Skövde, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred healthy female volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The women were randomised into two groups and subjected to two trials, within one week of each other. During the first trial one group (n = 50) received the intracutaneous injection first, followed by the subcutaneous injection. The second group (n = 50) was given the subcutaneous injection first, followed by intracutaneous injection. In both groups all the injections were given in reverse order during the second trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experienced pain during the administration of sterile water injections, measured by visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis showed intracutaneous injections to be significantly more painful than subcutaneous injections, even after adjusting for injection day and for left/right site of injection (mean 60.8 vs 41.3, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the less painful subcutaneous injection technique should be used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mårtensson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wallin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal / Q000009:adverse effects; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014867:Water