title: Nuclear factors bind to a conserved DNA element that modulates transcription of Anopheles gambiae trypsin genes.
abstract: The Anopheles gambiae trypsin family consists of seven genes that are transcribed in the gut of female mosquitoes in a temporal coordinated and mutually exclusive manner, suggesting the involvement of a complex transcription regulatory mechanism. We identified a highly conserved 12-nucleotide motif present in all A. gambiae and Anopheles stephensi trypsin promoters. We investigated the role of this putative trypsin regulatory element (PTRE) in controlling the transcription of the trypsin genes. Gel shift experiments demonstrated that nuclear proteins of A. gambiae cell lines formed two distinct complexes with probes encompassing the PTRE sequence. Mapping of the binding sites revealed that one of the complex has the specificity of a GATA transcription factor. Promoter constructs containing mutations in the PTRE sequence that selectively abolished the binding of either one or both complexes exerted opposite effects on the transcriptional activity of trypsin promoters in A. gambiae and Aedes aegypti cell lines. In addition, the expression of a novel GATA gene was highly enriched in A. gambiae guts. Taken together our data prove that factors binding to the PTRE region are key regulatory elements possibly involved in the blood meal-induced repression and activation of transcription in early and late trypsin genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Imperial College Road, London SW7 9AX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giannoni
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vizioli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catteruccia
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crisanti
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014357:Trypsin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D014357:Trypsin