title: Oral contraceptive pills and hormonal replacement therapy and thromboembolic disease.
abstract: The risk of thromboembolic complications with the use of second and third generation oral contraceptives is minimal and probably related to underlying congenital or acquired thrombophilic states. Estrogen dose-dependency leads to increased thrombin generation and increased plasmin generation. There is no convincing evidence that the balance between clotting and fibrinolysis is disturbed. The risk of venous thromboembolism with pregnancy is greater than with oral contraceptives. Hormone replacement therapy is safe for healthy women, and the benefits far outweigh the potential risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Mammen
mesh_terms: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral