title: A sociohistorical view of group psychotherapy in the United States: the ideology of individualism and self-liberation.
abstract: A deep strain of individualism permeates American culture, rooted in the political-economic ideology of capitalism. The ideal of a self-governing individual is promoted, independent from social, historical, and cultural forces, whose thoughts and emotions are located within the construct of a masterful self, ready to be filled and expanded. This article traces the influence of self-liberatory ideology in American group psychotherapy through the religious revivalist and Mental Hygiene movements. The "progressivism" of pioneering group theorists is examined in terms of revisionist psychology and self-liberatory practice. Psychodrama and T-groups are demonstrated to be precursors to the encounter group movement in which the belief in self-liberation reached its zenith. Early group analytic approaches are seen to eschew transpersonal and group dynamic processes.
authors.affiliation: State Department of Mental Health, Sacramento, USA.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: van Schoor
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000266:history*; D012922:Social Change / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States