title: Video-assisted cardioscopy for intraventricular repair in congenital heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical techniques have been widely adopted as a means to reduce surgical trauma. By adapting pediatric thoracoscopic instrumentation, we have developed a technique for video-assisted cardioscopy (VAC). We report our experience and describe the technical feasibility of VAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since June 1995, 409 consecutive patients underwent 431 intracardiac procedures (ventricular septal defect, 150; tetralogy of Fallot or double outlet right ventricle, 101; atrioventricular canal, 52; subaortic stenosis, 43; valve repair, 50; Rastelli procedure, 12; Konno or Ross Konno operation, 11; and miscellaneous, 12) using VAC at Miami Children's Hospital. Using a prospective database, we tracked outcomes and operative events to delineate the usefulness and efficacy of this technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAC provided clear and precise imaging of small or remote intracardiac structures during repair of congenital heart defects without technical complications. Procedure times and aortic cross-clamp times using VAC were not prolonged. Intraoperative images were collected for every operation, documenting each patient's cardiac anatomy before and after repair. Surgery through small incisions was facilitated. Operative mortality was 1.2% (5 of 409), and no patient required reoperation before discharge. At a mean follow-up interval of 22 months, the incidence of reoperation for residual or recurrent lesions was 1.2% (5 of 404).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience demonstrates the technical feasibility and clinical utility of routine endoscopic imaging during open heart surgery for congenital heart repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Miami Children's Hospital, Florida 33155-4069, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyaji
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ojito
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dygert
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000601:surgery; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012086:Reoperation; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000601:surgery; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted