title: Three-dimensional eye-movement responses to off-vertical axis rotations in humans.
abstract: We recorded three-dimensional eye movements elicited by velocity steps about axes that were tilted with respect to the earth-vertical. Subjects were accelerated in 1 s from zero to 100 degrees/s, and the axis of rotation was tilted by 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, or 90 degrees. This stimulus induced a constant horizontal velocity component that was directed opposite to the direction of rotation, as well as a modulation of the horizontal, vertical and torsional components with the frequency of the rotation. The maximum steady-state response in the horizontal constant-velocity component was much smaller than in other species (about 6 degrees/s), reaching a maximum at a tilt angle of about 60 degrees. While the amplitude of the horizontal modulation component increased up to a tilt angle of 90 degrees (8.4 degrees/s), the vertical and torsional modulation amplitudes saturated around 60 degrees (ca. 2.5 degrees/s). At small tilt angles, the horizontal modulation component showed a small phase lag with respect to the chair position, which turned into a small phase lead at large tilt angles. The torsional component showed a phase lead that increased with increasing tilt angle. The vertical and torsional velocity modulation at large tilt angles was not predicted by a recent model of otolith-canal interaction by Merfeld. Agreement between model and experimental data could be achieved, however, by introducing a constant force along the body's z-axis to compensate for the gravitational pull on the otoliths in the head-upright position. This approach had been suggested previously to explain the direction of the perceived subjective vertical during roll under different g-levels, and produced in our model the observed vertical and torsional modulation components at large tilt angles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haslwanter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fetter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D012665:Semicircular Canals / Q000502:physiology; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology*