title: Bone turnover and growth during and after continuing chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
abstract: Children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia may develop reduced bone mineral density during treatment, but there is little information on the mechanisms involved. In a prospective, longitudinal study on 15 children with ALL, we undertook serial measurements of markers of bone and collagen turnover, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and its binding proteins (IGFBPs)-3 and -2 during the second year of continuing chemotherapy. In eight patients we also measured lower leg length by knemometry. Height SD scores, lower leg length velocity, IGF-I, and markers of bone collagen turnover did not differ significantly from healthy children. However, bone alkaline phosphatase, a marker of the differentiated osteoblast, was lower (mean SD score, -0.64; p < 0.0001), whereas procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide (P3NP, a marker of soft tissue collagen turnover; mean SD score, +0.93, p < 0.05), IGFBP-3 (mean SD score, +0.76; p < 0.01), and IGFBP-2 (mean SD score, +1.24, p = 0.01) were all higher than in healthy children. IGFBP-3 decreased during episodes of afebrile neutropenia (p < 0.05). Within 3 mo after completion of treatment, bone ALP increased in all eight patients, but collagen markers showed little change. IGFBP-2 returned to normal posttreatment, but P3NP and IGFBP-3 remained significantly elevated compared with healthy children (mean SD scores, +1.51 and +1.36, respectively; p < 0.01). We conclude that continuing chemotherapy was associated with normal growth and bone collagen turnover but enhanced soft tissue collagen turnover. Bone bone alkaline phosphatase was low throughout treatment, which suggests impaired osteoblast differentiation resulting from a direct effect of chemotherapy on bone. Although the effect was reversible, the long-term implications for bone health in survivors remain uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Biochemistry, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Crofton
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Elmlinger
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ranke
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kelnar
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001827:Body Height; D001846:Bone Development; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000201:enzymology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003094:Collagen / Q000097:blood; D024042:Collagen Type I; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 / Q000097:blood; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011347:Procollagen; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; C042813:procollagen type I carboxy terminal peptide; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D003094:Collagen; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase