title: Quantification of biofilm structures by the novel computer program COMSTAT.
abstract: The structural organization of four microbial communities was analysed by a novel computer program, COMSTAT, which comprises ten features for quantifying three-dimensional biofilm image stacks. Monospecies biofilms of each of the four bacteria, Pseudomonas: putida, P. aureofaciens, P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa, tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were grown in flow chambers with a defined minimal medium as substrate. Analysis by the COMSTAT program of four variables describing biofilm structure - mean thickness, roughness, substratum coverage and surface to volume ratio - showed that the four Pseudomonas: strains represent different modes of biofilm growth. P. putida had a unique developmental pattern starting with single cells on the substratum growing into micro-colonies, which were eventually succeeded by long filaments and elongated cell clusters. P. aeruginosa colonized the entire substratum, and formed flat, uniform biofilms. P. aureofaciens resembled P. aeruginosa, but had a stronger tendency to form micro-colonies. Finally, the biofilm structures of P. fluorescens had a phenotype intermediate between those of P. putida and P. aureofaciens. Analysis of biofilms of P. aureofaciens growing on 0.03 mM, 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM citrate minimal media showed that mean biofilm thickness increased with increasing citrate concentration. Moreover, biofilm roughness increased with lower citrate concentrations, whereas surface to volume ratio increased with higher citrate concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heydorn
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1.
authors.forename: Alex Toftgaard
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hentzer
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Givskov
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Modelling, The Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark2.
authors.forename: Bjarne Kjær
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Ersbøll
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molin
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D010802:Phylogeny; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins