title: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by nasal decongestants.
abstract: The nasal decongestants oxymetazoline and xylometazoline are frequently used in the topical treatment of rhinitis and sinusitis. As nitric oxide (NO) is thought to play a role in inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, the aim of this study was to examine the in vitro effects of these compounds on the activity and the expression of NO producing enzymes, including the inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS) and the constitutive isoform of NO synthase (cNOS). Experiments concerning the effects of both compounds on enzymatic activity and enzyme induction of iNOS were performed in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) using the Griess assay and the 3H-citrulline assay respectively. The effects on cNOS were examined in fresh rat synaptosomes using the 3H-citrulline assay. The direct scavenging properties of both compounds were investigated using a amperometric NO sensor. Oxymetazoline and xylometazoline were shown to have a dose dependent inhibitory effect on total iNOS activity indicated by nitrite/nitrate formation in the Griess assay. This effect was found to be due to an inhibition of induction of the enzyme rather than inhibition of the enzyme activity, as was investigated in two separate experiments using the 3H-citrulline assay. Inhibition of cNOS was moderate and in the same order of magnitude as the inhibition of enzymatic iNOS activity. Direct scavenging of NO could not be detected. As constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity is thought to serve beneficial physiological functions, and exaggerated inducible nitric oxide synthase activity may cause exacerbation of the inflammatory process, pharmacological treatment influencing the nitric oxide generating system should focus on inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase alone. The specific characteristics of these decongestants in vitro suggests suitability for this application and may indicate an additional beneficial effect in the treatment of upper respiratory tract inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Westerveld
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van der Hee
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: de Haan-Koelewijn
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: den Hartog
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Scheeren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bast
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002956:Citrulline / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000201:enzymology; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010109:Oxymetazoline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D002956:Citrulline; D010109:Oxymetazoline; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C009695:xylometazoline