title: Population pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin, etoposide and ifosfamide in small cell lung cancer patients: results of a multicentre study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the population pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of doxorubicin (Dox), etoposide (Eto) and ifosfamide (Ifo) in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients, to assess the potential relationship between those parameters and to estimate the impact of individual morphological and biological covariates on patients' PK parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients with either SCLC limited to the thorax or extensive SCLC entered the study. All but one received at least two 3 day courses of the standard AVI (Dox 50 mg m-2 day 1, Eto 120 mg m-2 day 1,2,3, Ifo 2000 mg m-2 day 1,2) regimen. Individual blood samples were collected during each course and data on 47 courses were available. Data were analysed with the NONMEM program. Dox, Eto and Ifo plasma concentrations were studied with multicompartment (3, 2 and 2, respectively) models. Inter-individual and interoccasion (course-to-course) variabilities were estimated. The influence of individual covariates (age, sex, stage of the disease, weight, height, body-surface area, serum creatinine, total protein, LDH, ASAT, ALAT, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-GT, bilirubin) on PK parameters was also assessed. Correlations between individual PK parameters of Dox, Eto and Ifo were explored by using Pearson's correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple data were available for each patient. Dox clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vd) were 32.0 l h-1 and 9.3 l (Inter-individual variability: 17.2% and 19.2%). Eto CL (l h-1) and Vd were, respectively, 3.34-0.0083* serum creatinine (micromol l-1) and 6.38 l (interindividual variability: 15.6% and 18.7%). Ifo CL and Vd at day 1 were 5.6 l h-1 and 26.0 l (interindividual variability: 10.1% and 17.2%, respectively). Estimation of course-to-course variability improved the precision of PK models in some cases. No correlation was observed between the respective PK parameters of each drug. Of individual covariates tested, only serum creatinine correlated with Eto CL (r = -0.37, P < 0.001). Self-induction of the metabolism of Ifo was apparent (mean CL increase from day 1 to day 2 : 42%) and individually correlated with the CL value at day 1 (r = -0.61, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of potential relationships between individual systemic exposure of chemotherapy and therapeutic endpoints (tumour response, toxicity and survival) will be required to adjust drugs dosages based on individual PK parameters rather than questionable body-surface area. However, all three drugs in the AVI regimen should be monitored simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Unit and EA 643, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, Pharmacology Unit, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. Gilles.Freyer@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Freyer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tranchand
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ligneau
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ardiet
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Souquet
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Court-Fortune
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rebattu
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boissel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trillet-Lenoir
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005047:Etoposide / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005047:Etoposide; D004317:Doxorubicin; D007069:Ifosfamide