title: Anaesthesia with midazolam and S-(+)-ketamine in spontaneously breathing paediatric patients during magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: We evaluated safety and efficacy of a sedation technique based on rectal and intravenous S-(+)-ketamine and midazolam to achieve immobilization during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Thirty-four paediatric patients were randomly assigned to undergo either the sedation protocol (study group) or general anaesthesia (control group). Imaging was successfully completed in all children. Children in the study group received a rectal bolus (0.5 mg x kg(-1) midazolam and 5 mg x kg(-1) S-(+)-ketamine) and required additional i.v. supplementation (20+/-10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) S-(+)-ketamine and 4+/-2 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) midazolam), spontaneous ventilation was maintained. Transient desaturation occurred once during sedation and four times in the control group (P=0.34). PECO2 was 5.3+/-0.5 kPa (40+/-4 mm Hg) in the study group and 4.1+/-0.6 kPa (31+/-5 mm Hg) in the control group (P<0.001). Induction and discharge times were shorter in the study group (P<0.001), recovery times did not differ significantly between the groups. Our study confirms that a combination of rectal and supplemental intravenous S-(+)-ketamine plus midazolam is a safe and useful alternative to general anaesthesia for MRI in selected paediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haeseler
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zuzan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Köhn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piepenbrock
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leuwer
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam