title: Biofilm formation as microbial development.
abstract: Biofilms can be defined as communities of microorganisms attached to a surface. It is clear that microorganisms undergo profound changes during their transition from planktonic (free-swimming) organisms to cells that are part of a complex, surface-attached community. These changes are reflected in the new phenotypic characteristics developed by biofilm bacteria and occur in response to a variety of environmental signals. Recent genetic and molecular approaches used to study bacterial and fungal biofilms have identified genes and regulatory circuits important for initial cell-surface interactions, biofilm maturation, and the return of biofilm microorganisms to a planktonic mode of growth. Studies to date suggest that the planktonic-biofilm transition is a complex and highly regulated process. The results reviewed in this article indicate that the formation of biofilms serves as a new model system for the study of microbial development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. georgeo@Dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kolter
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000502:physiology*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological