title: Phase I trial of 6-hour infusion of glufosfamide, a new alkylating agent with potentially enhanced selectivity for tumors that overexpress transmembrane glucose transporters: a study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Early Clinical Studies Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), the principal toxicities, and the pharmacokinetics of 6-hour infusion of glufosfamide (beta-D-glucosylisophosphoramide mustard; D-19575), a novel alkylating agent with the potential to target the glucose transporter system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients (10 women and 11 men; median age, 56 years) with refractory solid tumors were treated with doses ranging from 800 to 6,000 mg/m(2). Glufosfamide was administered every 3 weeks as a two-step (fast/slow) intravenous infusion over a 6-hour period. All patients underwent pharmacokinetic sampling at the first course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MTD was 6,000 mg/m(2). At this dose, two of six patients developed a reversible, dose-limiting renal tubular acidosis and a slight increase in serum creatinine the week after the second and third courses of treatment, respectively, whereas three of six patients experienced short-lived grade 4 neutropenia/leukopenia. Other side effects were generally mild. Pharmacokinetics indicated linearity of area under the time-versus-concentration curve against dose over the dose range studied and a short elimination half-life. There was clear evidence of antitumor activity, with a long-lasting complete response of an advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma and minor tumor shrinkage of two refractory colon carcinomas and one heavily pretreated breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The principal toxicity of 6-hour infusion of glufosfamide is reversible renal tubular acidosis, the MTD is 6,000 mg/m(2), and the recommended phase II dose is 4, 500 mg/m(2). Close monitoring of serum potassium and creatinine levels is suggested for patients receiving glufosfamide for early detection of possible renal toxicity. Evidence of antitumor activity in resistant carcinomas warrants further clinical exploration of glufosfamide in phase II studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Briasoulis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Judson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pavlidis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beale
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wanders
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Groot
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veerman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuessler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niebch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siamopoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tzamakou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rammou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanauske
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards; C092028:beta-D-glucosylisophosphoramide mustard; D005947:Glucose; D007069:Ifosfamide