title: Single dose piroxicam for acute postoperative pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic properties, and is used mainly for treating rheumatic disorders. Some drugs have been directly compared against each other within a trial setting to determine their relative efficacies, whereas other have not. It is possible, however, to compare analgesics indirectly by examining the effectiveness of each drug against placebo when used in similar clinical situations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of single-dose piroxicam compared with placebo in moderate to severe postoperative pain. To compare the effects of piroxicam with other analgesics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published reports were identified from systematic searching of Medline, Biological Abstracts, Embase, The Cochrane Library and the Oxford Pain Relief Database. Additional studies were identified from the reference lists of retrieved reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following inclusion criteria were used: full journal publication, randomised placebo controlled trial, double-blind design, adult patients, postoperative pain of moderate to severe intensity at the baseline assessment, postoperative administration of oral or intramuscular piroxicam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Summed pain intensity and pain relief data were extracted and converted into dichotomous information to yield the number of patients obtaining at least 50% pain relief. This was used to calculate estimates of relative benefit and number-needed-to-treat for one patient to obtain at least 50% pain relief. Information was collected on adverse effects and estimates of relative risk and number-needed-to-harm were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials (141 patients) compared oral piroxicam 20 mg with placebo and one (15 patients) compared oral piroxicam 40 mg with placebo. For single doses of piroxicam 20 mg and 40 mg the respective numbers-needed-to-treat for at least 50% pain relief were 2.7 (2.1 to 3.8) [95% confidence interval] and 1.9 (1.2 to 4.3) [95% confidence interval] compared with placebo over 4-6 hours in moderate to severe postoperative pain. The reported incidence of adverse effects was no higher with piroxicam (20 mg or 40 mg) than with placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Piroxicam appears to be of similar efficacy to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and intramuscular morphine 10 mg when used as a single oral dose in the treatment of moderate to severe postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LJ. jayne.edwards@pru.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Loke
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: McQuay
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam