title: Association of involvement in psychological self-regulation with longer survival in patients with metastatic cancer: an exploratory study.
abstract: There have been numerous anecdotal claims that when patients are dedicated users of a variety of psychological self-regulation strategies, including relaxation, mental imaging, cognitive restructuring and meditation, such dedication may have a life-prolonging effect. Our aim was to test this possibility more rigorously, in patients with metastatic cancer.A prospective, longitudinal, correlative study was carried out on 22 patients with varying kinds of medically incurable metastatic cancer. The intervention was one year of weekly group psychological therapy. Extensive verbal data (patients' written homework and therapists' notes) were collected over the year. The extent of each patient's involvement with psychological work was estimated following a qualitative analysis of these data. Patients were classed as showing high, moderate, or low involvement on the basis of a quantitative rating of categories defined by the analysis. These three subgroups did not differ significantly in their expected median survival duration as estimated from independent quantitative predictions by a large panel of oncologists who analyzed the patients' medical charts at time of study entry.A significant relationship was found between degree of involvement in psychological work and survival duration. Results are presented as Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Fig. 2;P = 0. 006, Log Rank test) and as a graphic display of the median survival of each of the three groups (Fig. 3). The main likely confounders (medical status, age, quality of life, and attendance at therapy) were similar across subgroups and did not change the relation between psychological work and survival duration. Limitations in the design are discussed. However, the strong effects observed support clinical observations that dedicated involvement in psychological self-regulation may prolong the life of some patients with metastatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lockwood
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hedley
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Edmonds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome