title: A neurobiologically informed perspective on psychotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polarisation of biological and psychosocial aspects of psychiatry has promoted a form of Cartesian dualism. Current knowledge of the interaction between biology and psychology makes it possible to consider a truly integrative approach to treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this overview is to consider conceptual models of how psychotherapy may affect the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature discussing the mutual influence of genes and environment is surveyed. Relevant data involving the influence of psychotherapy on the brain are also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research findings suggest that the brain responds to environmental influence through the alteration of gene expression; that psychotherapy has specific measurable effects on the brain; and that implicit memory may be modified by psychotherapeutic interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in neuroscience research have led to a more sophisticated understanding of how psychotherapy may affect brain functioning. These developments point the way towards a new era of psychotherapy research and practice in which specific modes of psychotherapy can be designed to target specific sites of brain functioning.
authors.affiliation: Karl Menninger School of Psychiatry, Topeka, KS, USA. gabbargo@menninger.edu
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Gabbard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004777:Environment; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D009446:Neurobiology; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs