title: Clonidine prolongs the effect of ropivacaine for axillary brachial plexus blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of adding clonidine to ropivacaine, for axillary brachial plexus blockade, on the onset and duration of sensory and motor block and duration of analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective randomised double blind placebo controlled study axillary brachial plexus blockade was performed in 50 patients using 40 ml ropivacaine 0.75%. Group (A) had 150 microg clonidine and Group (B) 1 ml normal saline added to the local anesthetic. Sensory function was tested using pinprick (sharp sensation, blunt sensation or no sensation) and temperature with an ice cube compared with the opposite arm, (cold/not cold). Motor function was assessed using a modified Bromage scale. Postoperative analgesia was standardised. Onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, duration of analgesia, postoperative pain score, and analgesic requirement were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clonidine patients showed an increase in duration of sensory loss from 489 min to 628 min with a mean difference of 138 min (95% confidence interval of 90 to 187 min), motor blockade from 552 min to 721 min with a mean difference of 170 min (95% confidence interval of 117 to 222 min), and analgesia from 587 min to 828 min with mean difference of 241 min (95% confidence interval of 188 to 294 min). There was no difference in onset time. No side effects were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of 150 microg of clonidine to ropivacaine, for brachial plexus blockade, prolongs motor and sensory block and analgesia, without an increased incidence of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Anaesthetic Department, St. Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, Essex, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: El Saied
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Steyn
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ansermino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine