title: High-dose percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of liver tumors. Patient acceptance and complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the safety of high-dose ethanol injections in liver tumors and their acceptability as out-patient procedures under local anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients received 20-95 ml of 95% ethanol by 62 percutaneous injections under local anesthesia. Pain was assessed by a visual analogue scale from 1 to 10 for 33 of the sessions. Side effects, complications, post-treatment requirement of parenteral analgesics, and hospital stay (discharge the same day or later) were recorded. The sessions were compared to 80 injections of <20 ml of ethanol in 18 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-dose injections with an average volume of 39 ml gave a mean pain score of 5.1, with a weak relationship between pain and volume. Other side effects and complications were unrelated to the ethanol dose. They comprised 1 syncopation, 1 occasion of hypoventilation requiring antidote to opiates, 12 short episodes of nausea or vomiting without need for i.v. fluids, 2 instances of sepsis, and 1 abscess that was drained percutaneously. Thirty-nine of the 62 sessions were performed in day care. Ethanol was given in high doses without apparent complications after or shortly before liver resections (3 patients in each group), and on 4 occasions in 2 HIV carriers. Low-dose injections resulted in a mean pain score of 4.7 with the same requirement of i.v. analgesics as high doses, fewer instances of nausea and no infectious complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose ethanol injections in patients with liver malignancy had no mortality and a reasonable complication rate. They could be given without general anesthesia, often in day care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elgindy
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gunvén
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007040:Hypoventilation / Q000209:etiology; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D007902:Length of Stay; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012449:Safety; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology; D013575:Syncope / Q000209:etiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D000431:Ethanol