title: Effects of caffeine on sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex in normal control subjects: impact of caffeine intake and withdrawal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prepulse inhibition (PPI), a cross-species measure of sensorimotor gating, is impaired in certain neuropsychiatric disorders. This study was designed to assess caffeine effects on PPI in normal humans, as part of an effort to understand cross-species differences and similarities in the neurochemical regulation of PPI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Startle was measured during a screening session; 7 days later, subjects were retested after placebo or caffeine (200 mg; double-blind design). Subjects were characterized as low versus high caffeine drinkers based on established scales (range 11-628 mg/day), and either maintained ad libitum caffeine intake (Ad lib study; n=18) or refrained from caffeine consumption for > or =15 h prior to testing (Withdrawal study; n=12). Autonomic and self-rating measures, acoustic and tactile startle, and unimodal and cross-modal PPI, were measured in divided sessions for 3 h post-treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant effects of caffeine and/or caffeine withdrawal on several self-rating and autonomic measures, and on startle reflex habituation, but not on acoustic or tactile startle magnitude or PPI. Difference scores of startle data from screening versus test days revealed no group effects on startle magnitude, but PPI difference scores revealed that caffeine had opposite effects on low versus high caffeine drinkers (means=57 versus 258 mg/day) in the two withdrawal states. In the absence of withdrawal, caffeine reduced PPI in heavy caffeine drinkers; during withdrawal, caffeine increased PPI in heavy caffeine drinkers. The opposite pattern was evident in low caffeine drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While a physiologically active dose of caffeine has no simple effects on PPI in normal humans, both withdrawal states and normal levels of caffeine consumption may be important factors in understanding this drug's effects on sensorimotor gating.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA. nswerdlow@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eastvold
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerbranda
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Uyan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auerbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine