title: The impact of heavy passive smoking on arterial endothelial function in modernized Chinese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study evaluated whether heavy exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking) might damage arterial function in modernized Chinese.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Heavy passive smoking is associated with arterial endothelial dysfunction in Caucasian, but not rural Chinese, subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 20 young (mean age 36.6 +/- 7.0 years) nonsmoking asymptomatic casino workers (9 men) in Macau who were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke for over 8 h/day for at least two years and 20 normal subjects (control subjects). These two groups were carefully matched for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, vessel diameter, cholesterol and glucose levels. Brachial artery diameter was measured by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound at rest, after flow increase (causing flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation) and after sublingual nitroglycerin (an endothelium-independent dilator).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow-mediated dilation (mean +/- SD% of diameter changes) was significantly lower in passive smokers (6.6 +/- 3.4%) compared with the controls (10.6 +/- 2.3%) (p < 0.0001). Nitroglycerin-induced dilation of the two groups were similar. Upon multivariate analysis, passive smoking exposure was the strongest independent predictor (beta = -0.59; p = 0.0001) for impaired flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation (model R2 = 0.75, F value = 6.1, p = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In modernized Chinese, as in Caucasians, exposure to heavy environmental tobacco smoke causes arterial endothelial dysfunction, a key early event in atherosclerosis. This may have serious implications for cardiovascular health in China, currently in a process of rapid modernization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. kamsangwoo@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chook
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: X S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Celermajer
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000328:Adult; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D044466:Asian People; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling; D006801:Humans; D008256:Macau / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin