title: Pavlovian conditioning of taste aversion using a motion sickness paradigm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pavlovian conditioning of taste aversion has rarely been investigated in healthy humans using motion sickness as the unconditioned stimulus (US).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety subjects were pretested for susceptibility to illusory motion (vection) in a rotating drum. Thirty-two subjects susceptible to pseudomotion were assigned randomly to two groups and received either water 1 hour before rotation and a novel taste (elderberry juice, conditioned stimulus, [CS]) immediately before rotation in a rotating chair (conditioning group), or the sequence of water and juice was reversed (control group). During the test session 1 week later, all subjects were exposed to water 1 hour before and juice immediately before rotation. The amount of liquids ingested, nausea ratings, rotation tolerance, and blood levels of hormones (ACTH, ADH, PP) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects in the conditioning group developed taste aversion toward the novel taste, but not subjects in the control group. Postrotation nausea rating was affected marginally by conditioning, but rotation tolerance was not changed by conditioning. ACTH and ADH but not PP levels increased with rotation, but were unaffected by conditioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pavlovian conditioning of behavioral, but not of endocrine, indicators was effective in susceptible subjects using a rotating chair as US and a single CS-US pairing.
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klosterhalfen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rüttgers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krumrey
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stockhorst
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Riepl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enck
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001348:Aversive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000523:psychology*; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014667:Vasopressins; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone