title: Variations in the care of elderly persons with diabetes among endocrinologists, general internists, and geriatricians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The American Diabetes Association (ADA) clinical practice recommendations have been widely promoted, but they lack a geriatric-specific approach to care. We aimed to determine the style of care that endocrinologists, general internists, and geriatricians provided to their elderly patients with diabetes and to what extent these medical professionals adhered to the ADA standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study of a stratified sample of 531 diabetic patients aged 65 years and older from the endocrinology, general internal medicine, and geriatrics clinics of an urban academic medical center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients of geriatricians were older, had higher comorbidity, and were more likely to be demented. The average number of diabetic complications was similar across the specialties, although patients of endocrinologists had higher prevalence of neuropathy and retinopathy compared with patients of geriatricians. Endocrinologists were more likely to use insulin, multiple types of insulin, and combined oral hypoglycemic and insulin therapies. Most patients had hemoglobin A1c measured, and average values were similarly high across specialties at 8.6%. Blood pressures were above 130/85 mm Hg in 85% of the patients. All specialties rarely measured urine microalbumin; geriatricians seldom performed fractionated cholesterol tests, and ophthalmology visits occurred in only half of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endocrinologists had the most aggressive, complex diabetes treatment regimens, although geriatricians had older patients with more dementia and lower prevalence of microvascular complications. Average hemoglobin A1c levels and blood pressures were higher than recommended among patients of all three specialties. Screening for diabetic complications and hyperlipidemia was lower than advised.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. mchin@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nerney
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005853:Geriatrics / Q000379:methods*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin