title: Effects of particulate and soluble cadmium species on biochemical and functional parameters in cultured murine macrophages.
abstract: Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to evaluate the temporal relationships between cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO) production, and alterations in expression of stress proteins after exposure to cadmium oxide (CdO) or cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)), particulate and soluble forms of cadmium, respectively. Macrophages were exposed in vitro to CdO (25 or 50 microg) or CdCl(2) (30 or 40 microM) for 2 to 72 h. Cytotoxicity was not evident until 18 h when exposed to 30 microM CdCl(2) or 25 microg CdO, but occurred as early as 12 h after exposure to 40 microM CdCl(2) or 50 microg CdO. Relative to untreated controls, phagocytic activity decreased progressively from 2 to 24 h after exposure to both forms of cadmium. TNF-alpha levels increased to 2- to 3-fold after 4 h and remained elevated until 24 h after exposure to 25 and 50 microg CdO and 30 microM CdCl(2), but decreased by 18-24 h at 40 microM CdCl(2). CdCl(2) or CdO alone did not induce NO; however, both cadmium species reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO production in a dose-dependent manner. Enhanced de novo synthesis of 70- and 90-kD heat shock, or stress, proteins was observed 2 to 8 h after exposure to both CdCl(2) and CdO; however, synthesis of these proteins returned to control levels by 24 h. Stress protein synthesis was enhanced by CdCl(2) or CdO prior to cytotoxicity, but coincided with a decrease in phagocytic capacity and an increase in TNF-a levels. The data suggest that cultured macrophages respond similarly in vitro to a particulate form and a soluble form of cadmium in a cell type that plays a pivotal role in inflammatory and immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Technology, Division of Life Sciences, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA. plg@cdrh.fda.gov
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Goering
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kuester
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chapekar
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Zaremba
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hitchins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007249:Inflammation; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010316:Particle Size; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D012995:Solubility; D013535:Suspensions; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010087:Oxides; D013535:Suspensions; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C029663:cadmium oxide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019256:Cadmium Chloride