title: Injectable small intestinal submucosa: preliminary evaluation for use in endoscopic urological surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the possible use of small intestinal submucosa in endoscopic urological surgery by assessing the smooth muscle regenerative capabilities and physical response of various forms of injectable small intestinal submucosa in the canine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In blinded fashion we injected small intestinal submucosa in 12 dogs submucosally under direct vision using a 20 gauge endoscopic needle. The 4 small intestinal submucosa formulations varied in harvesting method and sterilization technique. Animals were divided into groups of 3 and sacrificed 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after surgery. Each injection site was analyzed grossly and histologically. Smooth muscle regeneration was identified by alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 2 injectable small intestinal submucosa formulations that induced progressive smooth muscle regeneration at the site of submucosal injection compared with controls. De novo smooth muscle cells appeared in single cell aggregates as early as 6 weeks and in globular aggregates at 3 months. By 6 months early muscle bundle formation was noted. These 2 injectable small intestinal submucosa formulations also had the best submucosal volume preservation of about 25% of injected material during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injectable small intestinal submucosa promotes progressive submucosal smooth muscle regeneration in the canine bladder. The combined regenerative and bulking abilities of injectable small intestinal submucosa make this compound unique and novel. The clinical usefulness of injectable small intestinal submucosa for endoscopic correction of reflux and incontinence deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Memorial Hospital-Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Furness
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kolligian
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kropp
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D004285:Dogs; D004724:Endoscopy; D005109:Extracellular Matrix; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007267:Injections; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures