title: Amputation and the prevention of phantom pain.
abstract: Although it has been proposed that preoperative analgesia with epidural administration of analgesics may prevent long-term phantom pain, published results to date have been contradictory and controversial. In this case report, we describe a 41-year-old man with local recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus who underwent a hemipelvectomy. Preoperatively he had a significant neuropathic pain syndrome requiring oxycodone 60 mg every 4 hours. An epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine was started 24 hours preoperatively and discontinued on the third postoperative day. Over the next 10 days the oxycodone was gradually decreased and eventually discontinued prior to discharge. A review of the literature reveals conflicting reports on the benefit of preoperative epidural pain management in the prevention of postoperative pain syndromes. Conflicting research and conclusions of commentators leaves unanswered questions for clinicians. Nevertheless, we do know that we need to provide the best pain relief for patients both before and after amputation. This may require a combination of the oral, subcutaneous or intravenous, and epidural routes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Fainsinger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Gara
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Perez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006428:Hemipelvectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010591:Phantom Limb / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid