title: T lymphocyte costimulatory molecules in host defense and immunologic diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Costimulation is an essential component for the optimal induction of T cell-mediated immune responses. Manipulation of the costimulatory pathway with antibodies or genetically-engineered fusion proteins is an important strategy to treat immune-related diseases including allergy, asthma, transplantation and cancer. Recent advances have revealed several new costimulatory molecules, and the functional characteristics of each costimulatory pathway are now becoming clearer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review, we summarize basic outlines of the costimulatory systems in terms of molecular structure, expression kinetics and immunological function. We further discuss involvement and therapeutic manipulation of costimulation in several clinical diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE database was used to review the literature related to costimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Costimulatory pathways play an essential role in the activation and regulation of T cell immune responses and the induction of T cell tolerance. Therapeutic manipulation of the costimulatory system demonstrates beneficial effects to treat immunological diseases in murine models as well as some clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate and Medical Schools, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamada
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018122:B7-1 Antigen