title: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 enhances nuclear export of a Dictyostelium STAT protein.
abstract: Extracellular cAMP stimulates the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the DICTYOSTELIUM: STAT protein Dd-STATa. Here we show that it also induces serine phosphorylation by GskA, a homologue of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Tyrosine phosphorylation occurs within 10 s of stimulation, whereas serine phosphorylation takes 5 min, matching the kinetics observed for the cAMP regulation of GskA. Phosphorylation by GskA enhances nuclear export of Dd-STATa. The phosphorylated region, however, is not itself a nuclear export signal and we identify a region elsewhere in the protein that mediates nuclear export. These results suggest a biphasic regulation of Dd-STATa, in which extracellular cAMP initially directs nuclear import and then, via GskA, promotes its subsequent export. It also raises the possibility of an analogous regulation of STAT nuclear export in higher eukaryotes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ginger
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ryves
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuzawa
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Harwood
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3