title: Risk factors for neck and shoulder disorders: a nested case-control study covering a 24-year period.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1969 a population-based study was conducted in the Stockholm region. From the 2,579 randomly selected participants (18-65 years of age in 1969), the youngest subset were asked to participate in a reexamination in 1993. Information regarding working conditions, conditions outside work, and neck and shoulder disorders was collected retrospectively for the period 1970-1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 783 eligible subjects (42-59 years of age in 1993), 484 responded. Cases of neck/shoulder disorders were defined by past sick leave or medical attention or recent symptoms, depending on available information. For each case (n = 271) two controls were randomly selected, matched by age and gender. Variables regarding both physical and psychosocial conditions were included in the matched analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among women mainly psychosocial factors and among men mainly physical factors were associated with neck/shoulder disorders. The only gender common risk indicator found was repetitive hand work (OR approximately 1.5). Interactive effects were also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact on neck/shoulder disorders from separate factors was moderate but combinations of physical and psychosocial factors, as well as of work-related and non-work-related factors, produced relative risks above 2.
authors.affiliation: Programme for Ergonomics, National Institute for Working Life, SE-112 79 Stockholm, Sweden. Kerstin.Frederiksson@niwl.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fredriksson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alfredsson
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Thorbjörnsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Punnett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toomingas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torgén
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilbom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders; D005385:Fingers; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009333:Neck; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012782:Shoulder; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D017132:Workplace