title: Health assessment for mercury exposure among schoolchildren residing near a gold processing and refining plant in Apokon, Tagum, Davao del Norte, Philippines.
abstract: Artisanal gold-mining activities in the Philippines have proliferated since the early 1980s. Presently, environmental and health monitoring conducted by several governmental agencies is limited to the determination of total mercury only. Previous studies undertaken focused mainly on the exposure of adults and workers to mercury during mining/processing operations. However, in one area in Mindanao, mined ores are brought down and processed in the lowlands where residential communities are exposed to environmental pollutants resulting from gold processing/refining operations. The area of study is Apokon, Tagum, Davao del Norte, which has 29 gold processing and refining plants. Health complaints among schoolchildren in Apokon Elementary School were received by the Department of Health and were attributed to the mercury pollution in the environment. As part of a collaboration with the Health Department, UP-National Poisons Control and Information Service, the National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD), Japan, provided technical assistance in the analytical determination of mercury in biological and environmental samples. Elevated mercury concentrations were noted in some of the river systems up to 15 km from the mining areas. Environmental quality monitoring showed T-Hg sediment levels ranged from 0.553 to 66.471 microg/g dry wt. while water samples from river systems exhibited mercury levels from 72.8 to 78.4 ng/ml. Twenty-seven sediment samples from river systems near mining operations and seven water samples were also brought to the Institute for analysis. Fish samples collected showed levels ranging from 1.07 to 438.8 ng/g for total mercury and 0.71-377.18 ng/g for methylmercury. Methylmercury content in fish is predominant. All water and sediment samples collected from three sampling sites have elevated T-Hg level while three fish species have elevated T-Hg and methylmercury levels (WHO/CDC, 1994). Blood and hair samples from 162 schoolchildren aged 5-17 years were collected and analyzed at the NIMD for mercury analysis. Analytical procedures used in the NIMD for mercury testing were applied. Laboratory results showed that total mercury hair samples ranged from 0.278 to 20.393 microg/g while methylmercury hair results were from 0.191 to 18.469 microg/g. Methylmercury in hair showed levels from 45.96 to 99.81%. Total blood mercury levels ranged from 0.757 to 56.88 microg/l while Me-Hg blood levels ranged from 1.36 to 46.73 microg/l. It was determined that 10 children had elevated T-Hg blood levels while one child had high total and methylmercury levels in hair. A summary of physical examination results showed that the predominant findings include under-height, gingival discoloration, adenopathy, underweight and dermatologic abnormalities among children examined.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Minamata Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cortes-Maramba
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Francisco-Rivera
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Timbang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D006046:Gold; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008906:Mining; D010679:Philippines
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D006046:Gold; D008628:Mercury