title: An appropriate method for extracting the insect repellent citronellol from an indigenous plant (Pelargonium graveolens L'Her) for potential use by resource-limited animal owners.
abstract: Veterinary needs appraisals in rural, peri-urban and urban areas have indicated a need for affordable and accessible veterinary health care. It was also found that farmers and animal owners used indigenous plants for treating animals. In Africa, insects such as Culex, Culicoides and Stomoxys may transmit diseases, cause irritation to animals or prevent wound healing. Insect repellents used topically are generally safer and cheaper than insecticides. Using readily available commercial sources of ethanol 43% v/v (brandy and cane spirits), it was shown that citronellol could be extracted from uncrushed leaves of the indigenous shrub Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. Efficacy of extraction was compared to that using reagent grade absolute ethanol. The peak concentration of citronellol was achieved within 7 days of extraction and thereafter remained constant for 4 months. Extraction methods using tap water and cooking oil were not successful. The extraction was also less successful when the leaves were crushed or macerated before being placed into ethanol. Gas chromatography was used to monitor the concentration of citronellol in the different extracts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Physics, Technikon Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Botha
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McCrindle
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000191:economics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D039821:Monoterpenes; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000191:economics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D019685:Rosales / Q000737:chemistry*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000191:economics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D007302:Insect Repellents; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; C007078:citronellol