title: Analysis of TH1 and TH2 cells by intracellular cytokine detection with flow cytometry in patients with ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim is to assess the immune status of patients with ovarian cancer by analyzing the ratio of T helper type 1 (TH1) to T helper type 2 (TH2) populations in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined TH1/TH2 ratios in PBL obtained from 21 ovarian cancer patients who had just received postoperative chemotherapy, by detecting the intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4 production with 3-color flow cytometry. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) injection on TH1 and TH2 populations for a rescue of granulocytopenia due to the chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We could not find any significant difference of the TH1/TH2 ratios in terms of age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) clinical stage and clinical tumor status. As for the clinical tumor status, however, the patients with residual cancer had a higher TH1/TH2 ratio, though it was not statistically significant (p = 0. 15). Anticancer chemotherapy is also considered to lead to the immunosuppressive state of the patients. TH1 and TH2 populations of PBL in the patients during chemotherapy showed an unfavorable imbalance that was shifted from TH1 to TH2 10 days after anticancer drug administration (p = 0.049). G-CSF administration, on the other hand, was likely to induce a cell population shift from TH2 to TH1 assessed by the intracellular cytokine assay (p = 0.051), and never induced an unfavorable imbalance from TH1 to TH2 in the T cell population by a 1-day injection of G-CSF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these data indicate that the TH1/TH2 ratio analyzed by intracellular cytokine flow cytometry seems to be a good indicator to assess the immune status in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan. yoichi@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuneki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000380:Agranulocytosis; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma