title: Self-esteem and optimism in men and women infected with HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-esteem and optimism have been associated with appraisal and outcomes in a variety of situations. The degree to which the contribution of self-esteem and optimism to outcomes over time is accounted for by the differences in threat (primary) or resource (secondary) appraisal has not been established in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the longitudinal relationship of personality (self-esteem and optimism) on primary and secondary appraisal and outcomes of well-being, mood, CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, and selected activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men (n = 56) and women (n = 42) infected with HIV completed eight self-report measures twice over 18 months. Hierarchical Multiple Regressions were used to examine the relationship of personality variables on appraisals and outcomes. The mediating effects of primary and secondary appraisals were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-esteem uniquely accounted for 6% of the variance in primary appraisal and 5% in secondary appraisal. Optimism accounted for 8% of the unique variance in secondary appraisal. Primary and secondary appraisal mediated differently between personality and outcome variables. A strong predictor of well-being, mood disturbance, and activity disruption at Time 2 was participants' initial level of these variables. Socioeconomic status was a strong predictor of mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-esteem and optimism are important but different resources for adapting to HIV disease. Strategies for reducing threats and increasing resources associated with HIV may improve an individual's mood and sense of well-being.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs 06269-2026, USA. eanderso@uconnvm.uconn.edu
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000821:virology; D009042:Motivation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009518:New York; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012649:Self Concept