title: Cranial and cervical nerve injuries after repeat carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries after primary carotid endarterectomy (CEA) ranges from 3% to 48%; however, the clinical outcome of these injuries after repeat CEA has not been thoroughly analyzed in the English-language medical literature. This prospective study analyzes the incidence and outcome of cranial nerve injuries after repeat CEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study includes 89 consecutive patients who had repeat CEAs. Preoperative and postoperative cranial nerve evaluations were performed, including clinical examinations (neurologic) and direct laryngoscopy. Patients with vagal or glossopharyngeal nerve injuries also underwent comprehensive speech evaluations, video stroboscopy, fluoroscopy, and methylene blue testing for aspiration. Patients with postoperative cranial nerve injuries were followed up for a long time to assess their recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries were identified in 19 patients (21%). They included 8 hypoglossal nerves (9%), 11 vagal nerves or branches (12%) (6 recurrent laryngeal nerves [7%], 3 superior laryngeal nerves [3%], and 2 complex vagal nerves [2%]), 3 marginal mandibular nerves (3%), 2 greater auricular nerves (2%), and 1 glossopharyngeal nerve (1%). Twenty-two (88%) of these injuries were transient with a complete healing time ranging from 2 weeks to 28 months (18 of 22 injuries healed within 12 months). The remaining three injuries (12%) were permanent (1 recurrent laryngeal nerve, 1 glossopharyngeal nerve, and 1 complex vagal nerve injury). The recurrent laryngeal nerve injury had a longer healing time than the other cranial nerve injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeat CEA is associated with a high incidence of cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries, most of which are transient. However, some of these have a long healing time, and a few can be permanent with significant disability.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Section and the Department of Surgery, the Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of West Virginia University and the Charleston Area Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: AbuRahma
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choueiri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D061224:Laryngeal Nerve Injuries; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation