title: The alcohol warning and adolescents: 5-year effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study, a follow-up to the authors earlier report, examined the effects of the alcohol warning label on adolescents during the first 5 years that the warning was required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were administered to 10th-grade (n = 16,661) and 12th-grade (n = 15,856) students from the 1989-1990 school year through the 1994-1995 school year. The measures were awareness of, exposure to, and recognition memory of the alcohol warning label; beliefs about the risks listed on the warning; and open-ended statements about consequences of alcohol use, alcohol consumption, and self-reported driving after drinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were increases in warning awareness, exposure, and recognition memory. These effects leveled off approximately 3.5 years after the inclusion of the warning on alcohol beverage containers. There was no beneficial change attributable to the warning in beliefs, alcohol consumption, or driving after drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial positive effects of the alcohol warning label on adolescents have leveled off, consistent with theories of repeated exposure to persuasive information. The alcohol warning has not affected adolescents' beliefs about alcohol or alcohol-related behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1104, USA. davidpm@asu.edu
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nohre
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pentz
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Stacy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D001628:Beverages / Q000145:classification*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011356:Product Labeling; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires