title: Excessive breathlessness through emotional imagery in asthma.
abstract: Breathlessness and negative emotions during asthma attacks interact in complex patterns. This study tested the influence of emotional imagery on breathlessness during voluntary breath holding. Adolescents with and without asthma (n = 36 + 36) were assigned to positive imagery, negative imagery, or no imagery. There were four trials with close to thresholds for breath holding combined with imagery. Breathlessness and quality of imagery were measured by the end of breath holding. Additional measures were lung function and anxiety. The results showed that positive and negative imagery were only influencing breathlessness in participants with asthma. Although threshold duration for the groups were not significantly different, participants with asthma reported more breathlessness. The intensity of imagery enhanced breathlessness but diminished the accuracy of symptom perception. Positive imagery diminished breathlessness in participants with asthma, but also the difference in breathlessness between 75% and 95% of threshold duration. Breathlessness did not correlate with lung function, anxiety or other variables. It was concluded that emotional imagery during asthma attacks distracts from accurate introspection or enhances breathlessness, irrespective of anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. kp_rietveld@macmail.psy.uva.nl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rietveld
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Everaerd
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Beest
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001249:Asthma / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D012803:Sick Role