title: Effect of grapefruit juice dose on grapefruit juice-triazolam interaction: repeated consumption prolongs triazolam half-life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of several drugs during first pass. In this study, the effect of grapefruit juice dose on the extent of grapefruit juice-triazolam interaction was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomised, four-phase, crossover study, 12 healthy volunteers received 0.25 mg triazolam with water, with 200 ml normal-strength or double-strength grapefruit juice or, on the third day of multiple-dose [three times daily (t.i.d.)] administration of double-strength grapefruit juice. Timed blood samples were collected up to 23 h after dosing, and the effects of triazolam were measured with four psychomotor tests up to 10 h after dosing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the plasma triazolam concentration time curve (AUC(0-infinity)) was increased by 53% (P < 0.01), 49% (P < 0.01) and 143% (P < 0.001) by a single dose of normal-strength, a single dose of double-strength and multiple-dose administration of double-strength grapefruit juice, respectively. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of triazolam was increased by about 40% by a single dose of normal-strength grapefruit juice (P < 0.01) and multiple-dose grapefruit juice (P < 0.01) and by 25% by a single dose of double-strength grapefruit juice (P < 0.05). The elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of triazolam was prolonged by 54% during the multiple-dose grapefruit juice phase (P < 0.001). A significant increase in the pharmacodynamic effects of triazolam was seen during the multiple-dose grapefruit juice phase in the digit symbol substitution test (DSST, P < 0.05), in subjective overall drug effect (P < 0.05) and in subjective drowsiness (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even one glass of grapefruit juice increases plasma triazolam concentrations, but repeated consumption of grapefruit juice produces a significantly greater increase in triazolam concentrations than one glass of juice. The t(1/2) of triazolam is prolonged by repeated consumption of grapefruit juice, probably due to inhibition of hepatic CYP3A4 activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lilja
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kivistö
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Backman
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neuvonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D002957:Citrus; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D014229:Triazolam / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D014229:Triazolam