title: Sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension is associated with germline mutations of the gene encoding BMPR-II, a receptor member of the TGF-beta family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), resulting from occlusion of small pulmonary arteries, is a devastating condition. Mutations of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II gene (BMPR2), a component of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family which plays a key role in cell growth, have recently been identified as causing familial PPH. We have searched for BMPR2 gene mutations in sporadic PPH patients to determine whether the same genetic defect underlies the more common form of the disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 50 unrelated patients, with a clinical diagnosis of PPH and no identifiable family history of pulmonary hypertension, by direct sequencing of the entire coding region and intron/exon boundaries of the BMPR2 gene. DNA from available parent pairs (n=5) was used to assess the occurrence of spontaneous (de novo) mutations contributing to sporadic PPH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a total of 11 different heterozygous germline mutations of the BMPR2 gene in 13 of the 50 PPH patients studied, including missense (n=3), nonsense (n=3), and frameshift (n=5) mutations each predicted to alter the cell signalling response to specific ligands. Parental analysis showed three occurrences of paternal transmission and two of de novo mutation of the BMPR2 gene in sporadic PPH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sporadic form of PPH is associated with germline mutations of the gene encoding the receptor protein BMPR-II in at least 26% of cases. A molecular classification of PPH, based upon the presence or absence of BMPR2 mutations, has important implications for patient management and screening of relatives.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Pauciulo
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Humbert
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mikhail
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higenbottam
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crozier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allcock
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Corris
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Loyd
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Trembath
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II; D002648:Child; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005810:Multigene Family; D010375:Pedigree; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C498218:BMPR2 protein, human; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II