title: Transdermal nitroglycerine enhances spinal neostigmine postoperative analgesia following gynecological surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal neostigmine causes analgesia by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Experimental data suggest that the production of endogenous nitric oxide is necessary for tonic cholinergic inhibition of spinal pain transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine whether association of transdermal nitroglycerine would enhance analgesia from a low dose of intrathecal neostigmine in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery during spinal anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight patients were randomized to one of four groups. Patients were premedicated with use of 0.05-0.1 mg/kg intravenous midazolam and received 15 mg bupivacaine plus 1 ml test drug intrathecally (saline or neostigmine, 5 microgram). Twenty to 30 min after the spinal puncture, a transdermal patch of either 5 mg nitroglycerin or placebo was applied. The control (Con) group received spinal saline and transdermal placebo. The neostigmine group received spinal neostigmine and transdermal placebo. The nitroglycerin group received spinal saline and a transdermal nitroglycerine patch. Finally, the neostigmine-nitroglycerin group received spinal neostigmine and transdermal nitroglycerine. Pain and adverse effects were evaluated using a 10-cm visual analog scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the groups were similar regarding age, weight, height, and American Society of Anesthesiologists status. Sensory level to pin prick at 10 min, surgical duration, anesthetic duration, and visual analog scale score for pain at the time of administration of first rescue medication were statistically the same for all groups. The time to administration of first rescue analgesic (min) was longer in the neostigmine-nitroglycerin group (550 min; range, 458-1,440 min; median, 25-75th percentile) compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). The neostigmine-nitroglycerin group required fewer rescue analgesics in 24 h than did the control group (P < 0.0005), whereas the neostigmine group required less analgesics compared with the control group (P < 0.02). The incidence of perioperative adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, headache, back pain) was similar among groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although neither intrathecal 5 microgram neostigmine alone nor transdermal nitroglycerine alone (5 mg/day) delayed the time to administration of first rescue analgesics, the combination of both provided an average of 14 h of effective postoperative analgesia after vaginoplasty, suggesting that transdermal nitroglycerin and the central cholinergic agent neostigmine may enhance each other's antinociceptive effects at the dose studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Orthopedics, and Traumatology, Discipline of Anesthesiology-Center for Pain, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lauretti
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Julião
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008875:Middle Aged; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D009388:Neostigmine; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D002045:Bupivacaine