title: Treatment of fibromyalgia with antidepressants: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibromyalgia is a common, poorly understood musculoskeletal pain syndrome with limited therapeutic options.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of fibromyalgia and examine whether this effect was independent of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis of English-language, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Studies were obtained from searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PSYCLIT (1966-1999), the Cochrane Library, unpublished literature, and bibliographies. We performed independent duplicate review of each study for both inclusion and data extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen randomized, placebo-controlled trials were identified, of which 13 were appropriate for data extraction. There were 3 classes of antidepressants evaluated: tricyclics (9 trials), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (3 trials), and S-adenosylmethionine (2 trials). Overall, the quality of the studies was good (mean score 5.6, scale 0-8). The odds ratio for improvement with therapy was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.6 to 6.8). The pooled risk difference for these studies was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.16 to 0.34), which calculates to 4 (95% CI, 2.9 to 6.3) individuals needing treatment for 1 patient to experience symptom improvement. When the effect on individual symptoms was combined, antidepressants improved sleep, fatigue, pain, and well-being, but not trigger points. In the 5 studies where there was adequate assessment for an effect independent of depression, only 1 study found a correlation between symptom improvement and depression scores. Outcomes were not affected by class of agent or quality score using meta-regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antidepressants are efficacious in treating many of the symptoms of fibromyalgia. Patients were more than 4 times as likely to report overall improvement, and reported moderate reductions in individual symptoms, particularly pain. Whether this effect is independent of depression needs further study.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balden
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomkins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents