title: Experimental radiosurgery simulations using a theoretical model of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel biomathematical arteriovenous malformation (AVM) model based on electric network analysis was used to investigate theoretically the potential role of intranidal hemodynamic perturbations in elevating the risk of rupture after simulated brain AVM radiosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of radiation on 28 interconnected plexiform and fistulous AVM nidus vessels were simulated by predefined random or stepwise occlusion. Electric circuit analysis revealed the changes in intranidal flow, pressure, and risk of rupture at intervals of 3 months during a 3-year latency period after simulated partial/complete irradiation of the nidus using doses <25 and >/=25 Gy. An expression for risk of rupture was derived on the basis of the functional distribution of the critical radii of component vessels. The theoretical effects of radiation were also tested on AVM nidus vessels with progressively increasing elastic modulus (E:) and wall thickness during the latency period, simulating their eventual fibrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In an AVM with E=5. 0x10(4) dyne/cm(2), 4 (14.3%) of a total 28 sets of AVM radiosurgery simulations revealed theoretical nidus rupture (risk of rupture >/=100%). Three of these were associated with partial nidus coverage and 1 with complete treatment. All ruptures occurred after random occlusion of nidus vessels in AVMs receiving low-dose radiosurgery. Intranidal hemodynamic perturbations were observed in all cases of AVM rupture; the occlusion of a fistulous component resulted in intranidal rerouting of flow and escalation of the intravascular pressure in adjacent plexiform components. Risk of rupture was found to correlate with nidus vessel wall strength: a low E: of 1.9x10(4) dyne/cm(2) resulted in a 92.8% incidence of AVM rupture, whereas a higher E: of 7.0x10(4) dyne/cm(2) resulted in only a 3.6% incidence of AVM rupture. A dramatic reduction in rupture incidence was observed when increasing fibrosis of the nidus was modeled during the latency period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was found that the theoretical occurrence of AVM hemorrhage after radiosurgery was low, particularly when radiation-induced fibrosis of nidus vessels was considered. When rupture does occur, it would appear from a theoretical standpoint that the occlusion of intranidal fistulas or larger-caliber plexiform vessels could be a significant culprit in the generation of critical intranidal hemodynamic surges resulting in nidus rupture. The described AVM model should serve as a useful research tool for further theoretical investigations of cerebral AVM radiosurgery and its hemodynamic sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Medicine and Medical Center, USA. tfm23@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Massoud
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hademenos
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: De Salles
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Solberg
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004548:Elasticity / Q000528:radiation effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017564:Radiation Pneumonitis / Q000209:etiology; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000528:radiation effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000528:radiation effects