title: Changes in culturability and virulence of Salmonella typhimurium during long-term starvation under desiccating conditions.
abstract: The survival of Salmonella typhimurium under desiccation and starvation conditions commonly associated with farm buildings was investigated in a desiccation model system: filtration onto polycarbonate membranes placed in a sealed desiccator with 0.0067 g/m3 absolute humidity. Heterogeneities within bacterial populations in relation to time of desiccation were investigated on a single-cell basis by epifluorescence microscopy coupled with an image analysis system in conjunction with fluorescent dyes Chemchrome V6 and DAPI. Changes in cellular states were compared to the results of plate counts (colony forming units, CFU) on selective (modified semi-solid Rappaport Vassiliadis (MSRV)) and non-selective (nutrient agar (NA) and R2A agar) media, and to the measurements of infectivity and virulence using two animal models (chicks and mice). During 9 weeks of experimental desiccation, total cell counts (DAPI) of starved S. typhimurium remained stable, as did esterase activity (Chemchrome V6), but DAPI fluorescence intensity decreased slowly. Bacterial cells entered gradually into non-culturable states (decrease of CFU counts on MSRV, NA and R2A agar media) and the total loss of culturability on NA (defined as probability of presence of 1 CFU on the membrane inferior to 10 (-6)) was obtained after 9 weeks. Loss of chick infectivity and mice virulence in animal models occurred more rapidly, within three weeks of experimental desiccation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche en Environnement et Santé, Ecole Nationale de la Santé Publique, Rennes, France. jlesne@ensp.fr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lesn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berthet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Binard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rouxel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Humbert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media; D003890:Desiccation; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D023421:Models, Animal; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013997:Time Factors; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes