title: Seasonal changes in energy and water use by verdins, Auriparus flaviceps.
abstract: We used the doubly labeled water (DLW) method to measure field metabolic rate (FMR) and water turnover during winter and summer in a very small (6.5 g) insectivorous desert passerine bird, the verdin (Auriparus flaviceps). Concurrently, we monitored weather conditions and used time-activity budget data of free-living birds and laboratory data on resting metabolic rate to construct time-activity laboratory (TAL) estimates of daily energy expenditure (DEE ) and to partition the verdins' energy budget into thermoregulatory, activity and basal components. The FMR of adult verdins was 33.6+/-0.9 kJ day(-)(1) (mean +/- s.e.m.; N=14) in winter and 22.8+/-0.45 kJ day(-)(1) (N=7) in summer. FMR correlated negatively with the mean standard operative environmental temperature (T(es)) prevailing during the measurement period. TAL analysis produced DEE estimates that corresponded on average to within -0.9+/-2.4 % of our DLW-measured FMR values (range of individual values -18.3 % to +14.3 %). Metabolic expeditures for cold defense were 19.5+/-2.1 % of DEE in winter (computed assuming substitution of exercise thermogenesis for thermoregulatory costs in active birds). In the summer, thermoregulatory costs amounted to 9.0+/-0.4 % of DEE for keeping warm and 1.0+/-0.1 % of DEE for keeping cool in the heat. Activity costs were 21.0+/-0.5 % of DEE in winter and 17.5+/-0.1 % of DEE in summer. The water efflux of nonbreeding adult verdins was 3.9+/-0.2 ml day(-)(1) (624+/-22 ml kg(-)(1 )day(-)(1)) in summer (N=5) and 3. 4+/-0.2 ml day(-)(1) (498+/-26 ml kg(-)(1 )day(-)(1)) in winter (N=14). The water economy index (WEI; water efflux per unit FMR) of verdins was higher in summer (0.17+/-0.01 ml kJ(-)(1)) than in winter (0.10+/-0.01 ml kJ(-)(1)) and correlated negatively with mean T(es).
authors.affiliation: Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Weathers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D004326:Drinking; D004435:Eating; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D020308:Songbirds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology