title: Historical cohort study of 10 109 men in the North American vinyl chloride industry, 1942-72: update of cancer mortality to 31 December 1995.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To update and assess mortality from neoplasms to 31 December 1995 among 10 109 men employed in a job exposed to vinyl chloride for at least 1 year between 1942 and 1972 at any of 37 North American factories. Previous analyses indicated associations between employment in vinyl production and increased mortality risk from cancers of the liver and biliary tract, due to increased mortality from angiosarcoma of the liver, and brain cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardised mortality ratio (SMR) analyses, overall and stratified by several work related variables, were conducted with United States and state reference rates. Cox's proportional hazards models and stratified log rank tests were used to further assess occupational factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  895 of 3191 deaths (28%) were from malignant neoplasms, 505 since the previous update to the end of 1982. Mortality from all causes showed a deficit (SMR 83, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 80 to 86), whereas mortality from all cancers combined was similar to state referent rates. Mortality from cancers of the liver and biliary tract was clearly increased (SMR 359, 95% CI 284 to 446). Modest excesses of brain cancer (SMR 142, 95% CI 100 to 197) and cancer of connective and soft tissue (SMR 270, 95% CI 139 to 472) were found. Stratified SMR and Cox's proportional hazard analyses supported associations with age at first exposure, duration of exposure, and year of first exposure for cancers of the liver and soft tissues, but not the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excess mortality risk from cancer of the liver and biliary tract, largely due to angiosarcoma, continues. Risk of mortality from brain cancer has attenuated, but its relation with exposure to vinyl chloride remains unclear. A potentially work related excess of deaths from cancer of connective and soft tissue was found for the first time, but was based on few cancers of assorted histology.
authors.affiliation: Applied Epidemiology, PO Box 2424, Amherst, MA 01004, USA. kmundt@appliedpi.net
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Dell
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Luippold
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Noess
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bigelow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006394:Hemangiosarcoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014752:Vinyl Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D014752:Vinyl Chloride