title: Minimally invasive esophagectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Open esophagectomy can be associated with significant morbidity and delay return to routine activities. Minimally invasive surgery may lower the morbidity of esophagectomy but only a few small series have been published.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 1996 to September 1999, 77 patients underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy. Initially, esophagectomy was approached totally laparoscopically or with mini-thoracotomy; thoracoscopy subsequently replaced thoracotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indications included esophageal carcinoma (n = 54), Barrett's high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (n = 17), and benign miscellaneous (n = 6). There were 50 men and 27 women with an average age of 66 years (range 30 to 94 years). Median operative time was 7.5 hours (4.5 hours with > 20 case experience). Median intensive care unit stay was 1 day (range 0 to 60 days); median length of stay was 7 days (range 4 to 73 days) with no operative or hospital mortalities. There were four nonemergent conversions to open esophagectomy; major and minor complication rates were 27% and 55%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive esophagectomy is technically feasible and safe in our center, which has extensive minimally invasive and open esophageal experience. Open surgery should remain the standard until future studies conclusively demonstrate advantages of minimally invasive approaches.
authors.affiliation: Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. luketichjd@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luketich
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D013908:Thoracotomy