title: Bladder neck closure for treating pediatric incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to evaluate the effects of bladder neck closure (BNC) for treatment of pediatric incontinence, on the quality of life of those children, we reviewed the files of 17 children who underwent this procedure during the last 5 years. Information on previous surgery before BNC, continence and complications after BNC and patient satisfaction are gathered.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the study period, 17 children (9 male, 8 female) underwent BNC with continent diversion. Ten children (5 male, 5 female) suffered neurogenic incontinence in meningomyelocele, 5 children (4 male, 1 female) had bladder exstrophy, 1 girl suffered iatrogenic incontinence after treatment of an ectopic ureterocele and 1 girl suffered structural incontinence after pelvic fracture. Previous surgery for incontinence was done in 12 children with 36 procedures. Primary BNC was done in 5 children. For continent diversion the appendix was used in 13, the ureter in 2, a Monti procedure in 1, and an ileal valve in 1. In 9 children, ileal bladder augmentation was performed at the time of BNC. Four children were augmented before. Mean age at time of operation was 13.5 years. Mean follow-up is 35 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After BNC, all patients were completely dry. One girl suffered some stomal incontinence during the night. This disappeared after recent bladder augmentation. Patient satisfaction is extremely high after surgery. All patients feel happy with their stoma and do not regret the choice they made. As for complications, urinary tract infections were seen in 9 patients. Stomal complications were seen in 8 patients. Three patients had some difficulty with catheterization, which could be solved with dilatation. Appendiceal polyps, which could be removed under local anesthesia, were seen in 3 and stomal stenosis which needed re-intervention in 2. In 1 patient, three revisions of the stoma were done, in the other patient, two surgical corrections. Out of 8 patients showing stomal complications, only 2 needed revision under anesthesia. All complications are seen in the first 6 months after the continent diversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a series of patients who underwent BNC for treatment of incontinence. BNC is the ultimate bladder neck reconstruction. However, regarding the high success rate, the low complication rate and the high patient satisfaction, we must consider BNC as an important procedure for the reconstructive surgeon. If reconstruction fails, closure must be considered. Compared to most other procedures for bladder neck reconstruction, BNC gives the highest continence rate. Good patient compliance and strict medical follow-up of the upper tract is mandatory in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. piet.hoebeke@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoebeke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Kuyper
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goeminne
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Laecke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Everaert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000601:surgery*; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent