title: [Familial partial epilepsies].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of familial partial epilepsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family history of seizures was questioned in all patients followed in our epilepsy clinics, from October 1997 to December 1998. Those with positive family history were further investigated and detailed pedigrees were obtained. All possibly affected individuals available underwent clinical evaluation. Seizures and epilepsy syndromes were classified according to the ILAE recommendations. Whenever possible, EEG and MRI were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive family history was identified in 32 unrelated patients. A total of 213 possibly affected individuals were identified, 161 of whom have been evaluated. The number of affected subjects per family ranged from two to 23. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was identified in 22 families (68%), frontal lobe epilepsy in one family (3%), partial epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes in five families (15%), and other benign partial epilepsies of childhood in four families (12%). Most of the affected individuals in the TLE families (69%) had clinical and/or EEG characteristics of typical TLE. However, the severity of epilepsy was variable, with 76% of patients with spontaneous seizure remission or good control with medication and 24% with refractory seizures, including 7 patients that underwent surgical treatment. In the other 10 families, we identified 39 possibly affected subjects, 23 of whom were evaluated. All had good seizure control (with or without medication) except for one patient with frontal lobe epilepsy. Pedigree analysis suggested autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance in all families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family history of seizures is frequent among patients with partial epilepsies. The majority of our families had TLE and its expression was not different from that observed in sporadic cases. The identification of genes involved in partial epilepsies may be usefull in classification of syndromes, to stablish prognosis and optimal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cendes
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Scotoni
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lopes-Cendes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged