title: Role of animal models in understanding intravesical therapy with bacille Calmette-Guérin.
abstract: Animal models provide a vehicle for understanding basic biological questions. Through the use of animal models, adequate control of experimental design is possible so that rigorous experiments can be performed to test a hypothesis. In the case of testing therapeutic mechanisms, it is important to select a model that is most analogous to the clinical setting so that observations can be readily transferred to clinical studies for validation. In mechanistic studies of Mycobacterium bovis strain (bacille Calmette-Guérin) therapy for bladder cancer, the orthotopic animal model most closely mimics the clinical treatment of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242-1089, USA. timothy-ratliff@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ratliff
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000818:Animals; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D051379:Mice; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D019496:Cancer Vaccines