title: Epalrestat, an aldose reductase ihibitor, reduces the levels of Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine protein adducts and their precursors in erythrocytes from diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the role of the polyol pathway in the intracellular formation of advanced glycation end products in human tissues, we examined the effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on the level of Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) along with 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) and triosephosphates in erythrocytes from diabetic patients. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were also determined as indicators of oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 12 nondiabetic volunteers, 38 untreated type 2 diabetic patients, and 16 type 2 diabetic patients who had been treated with 150 mg epalrestat/day. Blood samples were also collected from 14 of the untreated type 2 diabetic patients before and after the administration of epalrestat for 2 months. The amount of erythrocyte CML was determined by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 3-DG was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography
  
  
  RESULTS
  In diabetic patients not treated with epalrestat, the erythrocyte CML level was significantly elevated above levels seen in nondiabetic individuals (49.9 +/- 5.0 vs. 31.0 +/- 5.2 U/g protein, P < 0.05) and was significantly lower in patients receiving epalrestat (33.1 +/- 3.8 U/g protein, P < 0.05). Similar results were observed with 3-DG. The treatment of patients with epalrestat for 2 months significantly lowered the level of erythrocyte CML (46.2 +/- 5.6 at baseline vs. 34.4 +/- 5.0 U/g protein, P < 0.01) along with erythrocyte 3-DG (P < 0.05), triosephosphates (P < 0.05), fructose (P < 0.05), sorbitol (P < 0.05), and plasma TBARS (P < 0.05) without changes in plasma glucose and HbA(1c) levels. A positive correlation was evident between the erythrocyte CML and sorbitol (r = 0.49, P < 0.01) or fructose (r = 0.40, P < 0.05) levels in diabetic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that epalrestat administration lowers CML and associated variables and that polyol metabolites are correlated with CML in the erythrocytes of diabetic patients. The observed results suggest that aldose reductase activity may play a substantial role in the intracellular formation of CML in the mediation of reactive intermediate metabolites and oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan. yhama@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasuya
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hotta
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012236:Rhodanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053778:Thiazolidines
chemical_list: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001798:Blood Proteins; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D008239:Lysine; D012236:Rhodanine; D053778:Thiazolidines; C038131:epalrestat; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; C016350:3-deoxyglucosone