title: Long-term results of electromyographic biofeedback training for fecal incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the long-term results of electromyographic biofeedback training in fecal incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients (1 male) received a customised program of 2 to 11 (median, 3) biofeedback training sessions with an anal plug electromyometer. Nine patients had persistent incontinence after anal sphincter repair, a further 8 patients had postsurgical or partial obstetric damage of the sphincter but no sphincter repair, 9 patients had neurogenic sphincter damage, and 11 patients were classified as having idiopathic fecal incontinence. Duration of voluntary sphincter contraction was measured by anal electromyography (endurance score) before and after treatment. A postal questionnaire was used to investigate the following variables: 1) subjective rating on a four-grade Likert-scale of the overall result of the biofeedback training; 2) incontinence score (maximum score is 18, and 0 indicates no incontinence); and 3) rating of bowel dissatisfaction using a visual analog scale (0 to 10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two patients (60 percent) rated the result as very good (n = 8) or good (n = 14) immediately after the treatment period. Median endurance score improved from 1 to 2 minutes (P < 0.0001). Median incontinence score improved from 11 to 7, and bowel dissatisfaction rating improved from 5 to 2.8 (both P < 0.0001). After a median follow-up of 44 (range, 12-59) months, 15 patients (41 percent) still rated the overall result as very good (n = 3) or good (n = 12). The incontinence score did not change during follow-up. Median bowel dissatisfaction rating deteriorated from 2.8 to 4.2 but remained better than before treatment. Poor early subjective rating and the need for more than three biofeedback sessions were predictive of worsening during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We think it is encouraging that in this study biofeedback treatment for fecal incontinence with an intra-anal plug electrode resulted in a long-term success rate in nearly one-half of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ryn
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Morren
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hallböök
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sjödahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome