title: A comparison of stainless steel and nickel-titanium H-type instruments of identical design: torsional and bending tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For a true comparison of clinically relevant qualities of instruments manufactured from different alloys, the instrument must be identical in design. The purpose of this study was to perform mechanical tests on stainless steel and nickel-titanium instruments of identical design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identical experimental endodontic files of H-type with double helix were fabricated from stainless steel and nickel-titanium alloys. Torsional and bending tests were carried out according to American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association specification No. 58 and International Standards Organization No. 3630/1. Changes in instruments during the testing were also analyzed with scanning electron microscope technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that the torsional moment of the stainless steel files was significantly higher than for the nickel-titanium files (P <.001), whereas the mean angular deflection for the nickel-titanium files was significantly higher. The mean bending moment for the nickel-titanium files was significantly lower (P <.001) than the mean value for the stainless steel files. The scanning electron microscope demonstrated that the fracture surfaces of the stainless steel files were brittle, whereas the nickel-titanium files had a ductile fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the design of endodontic instruments of different alloys is identical, the nickel-titanium files are more flexible in bending. However, nickel-titanium files require less force to deform to fracture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA. kazemi@nso2.uchc.edu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kazemi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stenman
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Spångberg
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003762:Dental Instruments; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel; D018583:Pliability; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium