title: Vascular endothelial growth factor-driven glioma growth and vascularization in an orthotopic rat model monitored by magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to develop an orthotopic in vivo model for the investigation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent glioma growth and vascularization.
  
  
  METHODS
  C6 glioma cells were infected with viruses encoding sense or antisense VEGF. Expression of the transgene was controlled by Northern blot analysis, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Spheroids generated from both clones as well as from wild-type and mock-transfected cells were implanted in the brains of Sprague-Dawley rats. Growth and vascularization were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging after 7 and 11 days. Histology was studied using hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand staining, anti-VEGF, anti-CD8, and assessment of vessel density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro were very similar in all cell clones. Sense gliomas demonstrated by far the fastest growth in vivo, with intense contrast enhancement meeting criteria for highly malignant tumors. Histological examination revealed masses of von Willebrand- and VEGF-positive tumor vessels with a high vessel density. Antisense gliomas depicted the radiological features of low-grade gliomas, with slow growth and poor vascularization, although they were highly infiltrative. Wild-type and mock-transfected gliomas demonstrated similar growth and vascularization patterns intermediate between sense and antisense gliomas. Any influence of the allogeneic response of the hosts on different tumor sizes could be excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our model elucidates glioma growth and vascularization as strongly VEGF dependent, which is consistent with human gliomas. Thus, this model is suitable for testing antiangiogenic strategies to interfere with the VEGF/VEGF receptor system, as well as for exploring VEGF-independent mechanisms using the antisense-transfected clone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany. goldbrunner@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Goldbrunner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bendszus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Plate
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roosen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tonn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016827:CD8 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D005910:Glioma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000175:diagnosis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016827:CD8 Antigens; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor