title: Effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane on myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in rat ventricular myocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to describe and compare the effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane at selected concentrations (i.e., concentrations that led to equivalent depression of the electrically evoked Ca2+ transient) on myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content, and the fraction of SR Ca2+ released during electrical stimulation (fractional release) in rat ventricular myocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single rat ventricular myocytes loaded with fura-2 were electrically stimulated at 1 Hz, and the Ca2+ transients and contractions were recorded optically. Cells were exposed to each anesthetic for 1 min. Changes in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity were assessed by comparing the changes in the Ca2+ transient and contraction during exposure to anesthetic and low Ca2+. SR Ca2+ content was assessed by exposure to 20 mm caffeine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane and halothane caused a depression of myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, unlike sevoflurane, which had no effect on myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. All three anesthetics decreased the electrically stimulated Ca2+ transient. SR Ca2+ content was reduced by both isoflurane and halothane but was unchanged by sevoflurane. Fractional release was reduced by both isoflurane and sevoflurane, but was unchanged by halothane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressed myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity contributes to the negative inotropic effects of isoflurane and halothane but not sevoflurane. The decrease in the Ca2+ transient is either responsible for or contributory to the negative inotropic effects of all three anesthetics and is either primarily the result of a decrease in fractional release (isoflurane and sevoflurane) or primarily the result of a decrease in SR Ca2+ content (halothane).
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences and the Academic Unit of Anaesthesia, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Boyett
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D016276:Ventricular Function
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D002118:Calcium; D006221:Halothane