title: Circumscribed cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged adults with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent to which type 2 diabetes is associated with poorer performance on measures of learning, memory, psychomotor speed, and problem-solving in middle-aged adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study evaluated 50 adults (age range 34-65 years, mean 50.8) with type 2 diabetes and 50 demographically similar community control subjects without diabetes. Each subject received a thorough physical examination and a detailed neuropsychological assessment. Factor analysis was used to assign specific tests to 1 of 4 cognitive domains (learning, memory for stories, problem-solving, and psychomotor speed). Hierarchical regression analysis was used to identify demographic and biomedical variables associated with cognitive dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Learning, memory, and problem-solving skills were unaffected by type 2 diabetes. In contrast, psychomotor slowing was predicted by a diagnosis of diabetes (r2 change = 0.075, P < 0.002) with additional variance in psychomotor efficiency explained independently by HbA1 (r2 = 0.064, P < 0.003) and vibratory threshold (r2 = 0.112, P < 0.0001). The magnitude of psychomotor slowing on specific tests ranged from 12% (Digit Vigilance) to 23% (Grooved Pegboard).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Middle-aged adults with type 2 diabetes manifest psychomotor slowing that is associated with poorer metabolic control, whereas learning, memory, and problem-solving skills appear to be largely intact. The development of psychomotor slowing may be a manifestation of a "central neuropathy" induced by chronic hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA. ryancm@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Geckle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin