title: A molecular analysis of the isolated rat posterior frontal and sagittal sutures: differences in gene expression.
abstract: Although it is one of the most commonly occurring craniofacial congenital disabilities, craniosynostosis (the premature fusion of cranial sutures) is nearly impossible to prevent because the molecular mechanisms that regulate the process of cranial suture fusion remain largely unknown. Recent studies have implicated the dura mater in determining the fate of the overlying cranial suture; however, the molecular biology within the suture itself has not been sufficiently investigated. In the murine model of cranial suture fusion, the posterior frontal suture is programmed to begin fusing by postnatal day 12 in rats (day 25 in mice), reliably completing bony union by postnatal day 22 (day 45 in mice). In contrast, the sagittal suture remains patent throughout the life of the animal. Using this model, this study sought to examine for the first time what differences in gene expression--if any--exist between the two sutures with opposite fates. For each series of experiments, 35 to 40 posterior frontal and sagittal suture complexes were isolated from 6-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups. Suture-derived cell cultures were established, and ribonuicleic acid was derived from snap-frozen, isolated suture tissue. Results demonstrated that molecular differences between the posterior frontal and sagittal suture complexes were readily identified in vivo, although these distinctions were lost once the cells comprising the suture complex were cultured in vitro. Hypothetically, this change in gene expression resulted from the loss of the influence of the underlying dura mater. Significant differences in the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins existed in vivo between the posterior frontal and sagittal sutures. However, the production of the critical, regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta-1 was equal between the two suture complexes, lending further support to the hypothesis that dura mater regulates the fate of the overlying cranial suture.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, and the Department of Surgery, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mehrara
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Saadeh
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Steinbrech
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Longaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000601:surgery*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000503:physiopathology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015675:Osteocalcin