title: Aerobic fitness, not energy expenditure, influences subsequent increase in adiposity in black and white children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low levels of energy expenditure and aerobic fitness have been hypothesized to be risk factors for obesity. Longitudinal studies to determine whether energy expenditure influences weight gain in whites have provided conflicting results. To date, no studies have examined this relationship in blacks or whether aerobic fitness influences weight gain in white or black children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifteen children, 72 white (55 girls and 17 boys) and 43 black (24 girls and 19 boys) were recruited for this study. Aerobic fitness, resting, total, and activity-related energy expenditure and body composition were measured at baseline. The children returned annually for 3 to 5 repeated measures of body composition. The influence of the initial measures of energy expenditure and fitness on the subsequent rate of increase in adiposity was examined, adjusting for initial body composition, age, ethnicity, gender, and Tanner stage. Because 20 children did not attain maximum oxygen consumption, the sample size for the combined analysis was 95.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial fat mass was the main predictor of increasing adiposity in this cohort of children, with greater initial fat predicting a higher rate of increase of adiposity. There was also a significant negative relationship between aerobic fitness and the rate of increasing adiposity (F(1,82) = 3.92). With every increase of.1 L/minute of fitness, there was a decrease of.081 kg fat per kg of lean mass gained. None of the measures of energy expenditure significantly predicted increasing adiposity in white or black children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial fat mass was the dominant factor influencing increasing adiposity; however, aerobic fitness was also a significant independent predictor of increasing adiposity in this cohort of children. Resting, total, or activity-related energy expenditure did not predict increasing adiposity. It seems that aerobic fitness may be more important than absolute energy expenditure in the development of obesity in white or black children. energy expenditure, fitness, longitudinal, obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Figueroa-Colon
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Herd
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Goran
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D044383:Black People; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012044:Regression Analysis; D044465:White People