title: Factors affecting pupil size after dilatation: the Twin Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Well dilated pupils make eye surgery easier. A classic twin study was established to examine the relative importance of genes and environment in the variance of pupil size after mydriasis, and to examine the effects of other factors such as age, iris colour, and refractive error.
  
  
  METHODS
  506 twin pairs, 226 monozygotic (MZ) and 280 dizygotic (DZ), aged 49-79 (mean age 62.2 years, SD 5.7) were examined. Dilated pupil size was measured using a standardised grid superimposed over digital retroillumination images taken 50-70 minutes after mydriasis using tropicamide 1% and phenylephrine 10%. Univariate maximum likelihood model fitting was used to estimate genetic and environmental variance components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dilated pupil size was more highly correlated in MZ compared with DZ twins (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.82 and 0.39 respectively). A model specifying additive genetic and unique environmental factors showed the best fit to the data, yielding a heritability of 78-80%. Individual environmental factors explained 18-19% of the variance in this population. Age only accounted for 2-3% of the variance and refractive error and iris colour did not significantly contribute to the variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pupil size after mydriasis is largely genetically determined, with a heritability of up to 80%.
authors.affiliation: Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St Thomas's Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK. ch@twin-research.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snieder
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D005127:Eye Color / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics