title: Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the failing human heart: comparison of recent-onset and end-stage congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, are elevated in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Recent studies suggest that the failing human heart is a source of proinflammatory cytokines in the end-stage failing heart. However, the relevance of plasma levels to those of the myocardium remains undefined. We sought to compare cytokine expression in early and end-stage CHF, and to evaluate the correlation of tissue expression to plasma levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patient populations were studied: patients with recent-onset CHF, all with symptoms less than 6 months (n = 17, duration of symptoms 2.1 +/- 1.6 months, range of New York Heart Association (NYHA) 1 to 3), and end-stage heart-failure patients (n = 7) who underwent left-ventricular assist-device (LVAD) implantation (Duration of symptoms 47.1 +/- 28.0 months, all NYHA class 4). Plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 proteins were evaluated by an Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA), while myocardial levels of cytokine transcripts were assessed by ribonuclease (Rnase) protection assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with end-stage heart failure, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were increased in the plasma as well as in the myocardium (plasma: TNF-alpha = 7.7 +/- 2.3 pg/ml, IL-6 = 45.0 +/- 47.1 pg/ml; myocardium: TNF-alpha = 0.31 +/- 0.15% of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression, IL-6 = 1.56 +/- 1.54% ). In contrast, despite elevated plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, the myocardium of patients with the recent onset of symptoms demonstrated minimal expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) (plasma: TNF-alpha = 4.3 +/- 1.7 pg/ml, IL-6 = 3.3 +/- 1.8 pg/ml; myocardium: TNF-alpha = 0.13 +/- 0. 04%, IL-6 = 0.02 +/- 0.04%). Plasma levels of TNF-alpha were significantly correlated with those in the myocardium when both populations were combined. (r = 0.69, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokines are expressed in the myocardium in end-stage heart failure to a much greater degree than in patients with the recent-onset of symptoms. This suggests that induction of cytokines in the myocardium is a relatively late event in the pathogenesis of CHF. Furthermore, plasma levels of TNF-alpha correlates with mRNA expression in the myocardium and thus may serve as an appropriate marker of myocardial cytokine activation. Whether the production of cytokines in the failing human heart precedes the elevation of cytokines in the plasma remains undefined. Therefore, we studied expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the myocardium as well as in the plasma in patients with early and end-stage CHF. The results have demonstrated that cytokines are expressed in the myocardium in end-stage heart failure to a much greater degree than in patients with the recent onset of symptoms. This suggests that induction of cytokines in the myocardium is a relatively late event in the pathogenesis of CHF.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute of the UPMC Health System, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyagishima
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kormos
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Demetris
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Semigran
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dec
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holubkov
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: McTiernan
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha