title: Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy: the University of Maryland 3-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy decreases the morbidity of renal donation for the donor, while providing a renal allograft of a quality comparable to that of open donor nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 3-year period laparoscopic donor nephrectomy was performed via the transperitoneal approach. We evaluated donor and recipient medical records for preoperative donor characteristics, intraoperative parameters and complications, and postoperative recovery and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 320 laparoscopic donor nephrectomies performed the left kidney was removed in 97.5%. Intraoperative complications, which developed in 10.4% of cases, tended to occur early in the experience and required conversion to open nephrectomy in 5. Average operative time was 31/2 hours and warm ischemia time was 21/2 minutes. As the series progressed, blood loss as well as laparoscopic port size and number decreased but extraction site size remained constant at 7 cm. Urinary retention, prolonged ileus, thigh numbness and incisional hernia were the most common postoperative complications. Postoperative analgesic requirements were low and average hospitalization was 66 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy appears to be safe and decreases morbidity in the renal donor. Allograft function is comparable to that in open nephrectomy series. The availability of laparoscopic harvesting may be increasing the living donor volunteer pool.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Urology, General Surgery and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery and Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dunkin
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cangro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farney
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Philosophe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jarrell
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bartlett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*