title: Pulmonary disposition of propofol in surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lungs have been mentioned as a possible site contributing to the extrahepatic clearance of propofol. The objective of the present study was to clarify the pulmonary disposition of propofol directly in human lungs by investigating both the first-pass uptake and pulmonary extraction at pseudo-steady state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients were enrolled in the first-pass uptake study. Propofol (5 mg) and indocyanine green (ICG; 15 mg) were simultaneously administered via a central venous catheter within 1 s, and sequential arterial blood samples were obtained from the radial artery at 1-s intervals up to 45 s. Eleven patients were included in the infusion study, and propofol was infused via the jugular vein at a rate of 50 microgram. kg-1. min-1. Blood samples were simultaneously collected from pulmonary and radial arteries up to 60 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pronounced difference in the dilution curves between propofol and ICG was observed, and 28.4 +/- 11.6% (mean +/- SD) of propofol was taken up during the single passage through the human lung. The mean pulmonary transit time of propofol (31.3 +/- 6.0 s) was significantly longer than that of ICG (22.4 +/- 2.7 s; P < 0.01), indicating that some of the propofol trapped by lungs returned to the circulation by back diffusion. In the constant infusion study, no significant differences were observed with the plasma concentrations of propofol between pulmonary and radial arteries except for that at 2 min. The area under the curve of pulmonary and radial arterial concentration curves to 60 min were 59.1 +/- 14.8 and 56.8 +/- 12.5 microg. ml-1. min-1, respectively. No significant difference was observed with the area under the curve, suggesting that metabolism was not involved in the pulmonary uptake in human lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the propofol that undergoes pulmonary uptake during the first pass was released back to the circulation by back diffusion. Metabolism was not involved in the pulmonary uptake in human lungs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya City, Japan. YHE@partners.org
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueyama
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mashimo
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yoshiya
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery; D017534:Radial Artery
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D015742:Propofol