title: Determinants for the development of oropharyngeal colonization or infection by fluconazole-resistant Candida strains in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: A point prevalence study to document oral yeast carriage was undertaken. Risk factors for the development of oropharyngeal colonization or infection by fluconazole-resistant Candida strains in HIV-infected patients were investigated with a case-control design. Cases included all patients with fluconazole-resistant strains (MIC> or =64 microg/ml), and controls were those with susceptible (MIC< or =8 microg/ml) or susceptible-dependent-upon-dose (MIC 16-32 microg/ml) strains. One hundred sixty-eight Candida strains were isolated from 153 (88%) patients, 28 (16%) of whom had oropharyngeal candidiasis. Overall, 19 (12%) of the patients harbored at least one resistant organism (MIC > or = 64 microg/ml). Among patients with resistant strains, tuberculosis (P<0.001), esophageal candidiasis (P = 0.001), clinical thrush (P<0.001), and a CD4 + cell count < 200/mm3 (P = 0.03) were more frequent. These patients had also been treated more commonly with antituberculous drugs (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 6.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.11-17.80), ciprofloxacin (OR 6.0; 95% CI 1.23-29.26), fluconazole (OR 4.59; 95% CI 1.55-13.52), and steroids (OR 4.13; 95% CI 1.11-15.39). Multivariate analysis showed that the determinants for fluconazole resistance were therapy with antituberculous drugs (OR 3.61; 95% CI 1.08-12.07; P=0.03) and one of the following: previous tuberculosis (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.08-14.57; P=0.03) or fluconazole exposure (OR 3.41; 95% CI 1.10-10.54). Findings from this study indicate that treatment with antituberculous drugs, previous tuberculosis, and fluconazole exposure are the strongest determinants for development of oropharyngeal colonization or infection by fluconazole-resistant Candida strains in HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Alicante, Spain. fgutierrezr@medynet.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masiá Canuto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez Rodero
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz de la Tabla Ducasse
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hernández Aguado
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martín González
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez Sevillano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martín Hidalgo
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000382:microbiology*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole