title: Vascular endothelial growth factor release following coronary artery bypass surgery: extracorporeal circulation versus 'beating heart' surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, following coronary artery bypass graft surgery performed using both standard cardiopulmonary bypass or the 'octopus technique' on the beating heart.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor has a number of effects that are beneficial in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft surgery including cardioprotection, potent angiogenic activity and amelioration of intimal hyperplasia. Hypoxia is a powerful stimulator of vascular endothelial growth factor expression yet the ability of ischaemia, occurring during coronary artery bypass graft surgery, to induce vascular endothelial growth factor production is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels were determined in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with standard cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB-CABG group; n=20), with off-pump coronary artery bypass; (OP-CABG; n=12) and in patients undergoing non-cardiac major surgery (n=6). The effect of hypoxia on vascular endothelial growth factor release by neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in vitro was studied. In the CPB-CABG group vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly increased to 78.5+/-39.3 and 110.5+/-16.3 pg. microl(-1)8 and 24 h post-operatively, declining to 14.9+/-9.9 pg. microl(-1)by 48 h to pre-operative values (14.4+/-8.6 pg. microl(-1)). Significantly higher vascular endothelial growth factor levels were also present in the OP-CABG group 3, 6 and 24 h post-operatively (levels 136. 6+/-29.3, 143+/-26.12 pg. microl(-1)and 93.5+/-20.1 pg. microl(-1), respectively). However, non-cardiac major surgery did not result in elevated vascular endothelial growth factor levels post-operatively (46.36+/-9.76 vs pre-surgery levels of 26.84+/-6.1 pg. microl(-1)). Either 15 min or 3 h of hypoxia stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor release from neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in vitro. Twenty-four and 48 h post hypoxia, levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly elevated by approximately 17.5- and 48.5-fold respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate myocardial ischaemia secondary to CPB-CABG and OP-CABG to be a potent stimulator of vascular endothelial growth factor production, which may have implications for graft endothelialization and cardiovascular haemodynamics post-operatively.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, U.K.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hafizi
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carr-White
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Souza
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pepper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D051381:Rats; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors