title: Causes of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The causes of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes are heterogeneous and are scantily investigated, particularly if the patient has a lack of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, we evaluated the structural background of albuminuria in a large consecutive group of Caucasian patients with type 2 diabetes without retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred forty-seven consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes with persistent albuminuria (>300 mg/24 h) were recorded. Fundus photo (80%) and ophthalmoscopy were performed. Ninety-three (27%) had no retinopathy, and a kidney biopsy was performed in 52 (56%) of these patients. An insufficient tissue sample was obtained in one patient. The biopsies were evaluated by three masked nephropathologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biopsies revealed diabetic glomerulopathy in 69% of the patients (28 males and 7 females), while the remaining 31% (95% CI, 18 to 44) had either nondiabetic glomerulopathies such as glomerulonephritis (N = 7, 6 males and 1 female, 13%) or normal glomerular structure (N = 9, 7 males and 2 females, 18%). No significant differences in sex, age (56 +/- 8 vs. 53 +/- 10 years, mean SD), body mass index (30 +/- 4 vs. 31 +/- 8 kg/m2), known duration of diabetes (6 +/- 6 vs. 4 +/- 3 years), GFR (95 +/- 29 vs. 89 +/- 31 mL/min/1.73 m2), albuminuria (1304 +/- 169 to 4731 vs. 1050 +/- 181 to 5176 mg/24 hours), blood pressure (150/87 +/- 16/9 vs. 145/89 +/- 16/9 mm Hg), prevalence of hypertension (89 vs. 100%), hemoglobin A1c (8.2 +/- 1.6% vs. 9.0 +/- 2.5%), and serum total cholesterol (7.1 +/- 2.4 vs. 6.3 +/- 1.6 mmol/L) were found between patients with and without diabetic glomerulopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Albuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy have a prevalence of biopsies with normal glomerular structure or nondiabetic kidney diseases of approximately 30%. A separation between diabetic and nondiabetic glomerular lesions was not possible based on demographic, clinical, or laboratory data. Consequently, such patients may require further evaluation, including a kidney biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, and Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001706:Biopsy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D015995:Prevalence