title: Choroidal calcifications in patients with Gitelman's syndrome.
abstract: Gitelman's syndrome is a renal tubular disorder characterized by a sodium and chloride reabsorption defect in distal tubular cells that determines hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, and low calcium excretion. The presence of choroidal calcifications was sought in five patients with Gitelman's syndrome by ophthalmic examination, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and ocular ultrasonography. Calcifications observed in the choroid of two patients were shown by ultrasonography in both patients. Ophthalmic and fluorangiographic examinations detected this alteration in one of the two subjects. Chondrocalcinosis was found in one patient with choroidal calcifications. These findings suggest that precipitation of calcium salts can occur in the choroidal tissue of patients with Gitelman's syndrome. Deposits appeared to be well seen by ultrasonography because of their depth in ocular tissues. Sclerochoroidal calcifications may be favored by the low calcium excretion, which is associated with normal intestinal calcium absorption in patients with Gitelman's syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Hypertension and Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University of Milan, Italy. vezzoli.giuseppe@hsr.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vezzoli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soldati
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pierro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000471:Alkalosis / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002829:Choroid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D013577:Syndrome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium