title: The separate but related origins of the recency effect and the modality effect in free recall.
abstract: The recency effect found in free recall can be accounted for almost entirely in terms of the recall of ordered sequences of items. It is such sequences, presented at the end of the stimulus list but recalled at the very beginning of the response protocol, which produce a recency effect. Such sequences are recalled at the beginning of the response protocol equally often following auditory and visual presentation. These same stimulus sequences are also frequently recalled other than initially in the response protocol following auditory presentation. However, such responses are rarely found following visual presentation. The modality effect in free recall, the advantage of auditory over visual presentation, can be substantially accounted for in these terms. Theoretical and procedural implications of these data are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Harry Pitt Building, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, RG6 6AL, Reading, UK. c.p.beaman@reading.ac.uk
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Beaman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D012691:Serial Learning; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception; D014936:Word Association Tests