title: The efficacy and safety of EMLA cream for awake fiberoptic endotracheal intubation.
abstract: EMLA Cream (EC; Astra, Westborough, MA) has been widely used as a local anesthetic. Limited safety information is available with respect to the application of EC to the oral mucous membranes. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EC when applied to oral mucosa for fiberoptic intubation. Twenty ASA physical status I-IV patients (11 women and 9 men), 28-57 yr old, who were scheduled for awake, fiberoptic, intubation participated in this open-label study. A total of 4 g of EC was used for 5 min until the patient showed no evidence of a gag reflex (this was evaluated clinically by the patient's acceptance of the William's airway and considered the endpoint for assessing adequate topicalization of the oropharynx). The measured peak plasma concentration of lidocaine or prilocaine did not reach toxic levels in any patient. Methemoglobin levels did not exceed normal values (1.5%) in any patient, and there was no relationship between methemoglobin levels and patient weight, amount of EC used, measured peak plasma concentration, or times to measured peak concentrations of prilocaine or lidocaine. We conclude that EC provided satisfactory topical anesthesia allowing for successful oral fiberoptic intubation in all patients and should be considered a safe alternative for anesthetizing the airway of patients requiring awake oral fiberoptic intubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Cooper Health System, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Camden 08103, USA. larijage@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cypel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gratz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mroz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afshar
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005683:Gagging / Q000187:drug effects; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D009824:Ointments; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000187:drug effects; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D012449:Safety; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D009824:Ointments; D011318:Prilocaine; D008706:Methemoglobin; D008012:Lidocaine