title: Teratogen update: maternal myasthenia gravis as a cause of congenital arthrogryposis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is defined as nonprogressive congenital contractures that generally result from lack of fetal movement in utero. AMC is a feature of many congenital disorders caused by genetic, environmental, or other factors. One rare cause of AMC is maternal myasthenia gravis (MG). This is an autoimmune disorder, caused by antibodies to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR), and resulting in weakness of voluntary muscles. In 10-15% of babies born to MG mothers, transient signs of MG are noted after placental transfer of anti-AChR antibodies. In a few cases, AMC predominates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the role of antibodies to AChR in MG and in AMC associated with maternal antibodies to AChR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In anti-AChR antibody-associated AMC, fetal or neonatal death is common; other deformities or CNS abnormalities are common as well. The condition usually recurs in each pregnancy unless the mother is treated for MG, but some mothers are asymptomatic. The maternal antibodies cross the placenta and block the function of the fetal isoform of the AChR leading to fetal paralysis. Injection of maternal plasma into pregnant mice results in AMC in mouse fetuses. Some women with recurrent AMC in their babies have no detectable anti-AChR suggesting the presence of antibodies to other fetal muscle or neuronal proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although rare, anti-AChR-associated AMC is potentially treatable and can be diagnosed by a routine antibody test. The mouse model can be used to investigate the role of these and other maternal antibodies in causing congenital conditions.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Group, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polizzi
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Huson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vincent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001176:Arthrogryposis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009157:Myasthenia Gravis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic