title: Clinical characteristics and family histories of alcoholics with stimulant dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While much is known about the clinical patterns and family histories of individuals with alcoholism or stimulant (cocaine and amphetamine) dependence, there are few data that describe men and women with concomitant alcohol and stimulant dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, structured interviews were administered to 3,882 (2,432 male) DSM-III-R defined alcohol and/or stimulant dependent subjects. The characteristics and family histories of four groups were compared: Group 1 (26%), with the onset of alcohol before stimulant dependence; Group 2 (10%), with alcohol dependence simultaneously with or after stimulant dependence; Group 3 (58%), with alcohol dependence only; Group 4 (6%), with stimulant dependence only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with concomitant alcohol and stimulant dependence (Groups 1 and 2) reported more general life problems (e.g., marital instability), a higher rate of antisocial personality disorder and more substance-induced mood disorders, additional drug dependencies and substance-related difficulties than those with dependence on one substance only. People with alcohol dependence before stimulant dependence had the most severe clinical patterns. In addition, alcohol dependence and stimulant dependence were found to breed true in families of subjects with these concomitant disorders. The major findings were confirmed with logistic regression analyses, and were independent of ASPD and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important for clinicians to be aware of the severe clinical characteristics of patients with concomitant alcohol and stimulant dependence. In addition, the data consistent with drug-specific heritability in this heterogeneous population may be useful to researchers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego & San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 92161, USA.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Raimo
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Danko
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuckit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male