title: Evaluating the benefits of antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent urinary tract infections in children: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recurrence rate for urinary tract infections in children is estimated at between 30% and 40%. The use of low doses of antibiotics as prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections is common clinical practice. However, prolonged antimicrobial therapy has the potential to contribute to problems of bacterial resistance and antimicrobial side effects. The aim of this review was to systematically examine the available evidence for the effectiveness of this intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature search of 3 electronic databases for the period 1966 to 1999. We also searched bibliographies from conference proceedings and contacted content experts to ensure completeness of our database. Each trial was evaluated on the basis of the following inclusion criteria: target population (children), intervention (antibiotic v. no antibiotic), outcome (number of urinary tract infections) and study design (randomized controlled trial). Quality was assessed for the studies that met these criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the studies identified were case series and cohort studies. Only 6 randomized trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All were of low quality (median 2, range 0 to 2 [maximum quality score 5]). Three trials dealt with children who had anatomically normal urinary tracts, and three included children with neurogenic bladder. The rate of infections for patients with normal urinary tracts ranged from 0 to 4.0 per 10 patient-years for the treatment groups and from 4.0 to 16.7 for the control groups. The recurrence rates for patients with neurogenic bladders in 2 trials were 2.9 and 17.1 per 10 patient-years for the treatment groups and 1.5 and 33.0 for the control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence for using antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent urinary tract infection in children with normal urinary tracts or neurogenic bladder is of low quality. This suggests that the magnitude of any benefit should at best be questioned. The surprising lack of data for children with reflux is of concern. Well-designed trials are needed to optimize the use of antimicrobials in children with recurrent urinary tract infection.
authors.affiliation: Thomas C. Chalmers Centre for Systematic Reviews, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa. lesaux@cheo.on.ca
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le Saux
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moher
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012008:Recurrence; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*