title: Transthoracic monophasic and biphasic defibrillation in a swine model: a comparison of efficacy, ST segment changes, and postshock hemodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biphasic waveforms for transthoracic defibrillation (DF) have been tested extensively after brief (15 s) episodes of VF in animal models and in patients undergoing electrophysiologic testing. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects mono- and biphasic waveforms for DF on postdefibrillation ST segments and left ventricular pressure, markers of myocardial injury, after more extended periods of VF (30 and 90 s).
  
  
  METHODS
  21 anesthetized and instrumented swine were randomized to truncated exponential monophasic or biphasic waveform DF. VF was induced electrically and 30 s later, DF with the designated waveform was attempted with a shock dose of 200 J. If unsuccessful, 300 J and then 360 J were administered if necessary. Following return to control hemodynamic values and normalization of the surface ECG, VF was again induced and, after 90 s, DF was attempted as in the 30 s VF period. CPR was not performed during VF and each animal was countershocked with only one waveform for both VF episodes. Waveforms were compared for frequency of first shock defibrillation success, surface ECG indicators of myocardial injury (ST segment changes at 10, 20, and 30 s after countershock) and time to return to pre-VF hemodynamics after successful DF, an indicator of postshock ventricular function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful first shock conversion rates at 30 and 90 s were 60 and 63% for monophasic and 64 and 82% for biphasic (NS). Biphasic DF after 30 s produced ST segment changes (measured 10 s after DF) in 1/10 animals while six of eight animals in the monophasic group showed ST segment changes (P=0.013). After 90 s of VF, ST segment changes were observed in 6/8 in the monophasic group and 2/10 in the biphasic group (P=0.054). Differences in the time to hemodynamic recovery (return to control peak left ventricular pressure) were not observed between biphasic and monophasic waveforms after 30 or 90 s of VF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monophasic and biphasic transthoracic defibrillation are equally effective in terminating VF of 30 and 90 s duration and restoring a perfusing rhythm. The biphasic waveform produced less ECG evidence of transient myocardial injury. However, there was no difference in the rate of return to control hemodynamics. ST segment changes following countershock of VF of brief duration are transient and of questionable significance.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Emergency Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Box 21, Torrance, CA 90509, USA. jniemann@emedharbor.edu
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008297:Male; D020127:Recovery of Function; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy