title: Acute pain management: analysis, implications and consequences after prospective experience with 6349 surgical patients.
abstract: An acute pain service (APS) was set up to improve pain management after operation. We attempted to reduce the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) of patients undergoing major surgery and to improve their homeostasis and rehabilitation using a multimodal approach (pain relief, stress reduction, early extubation). Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) was a keystone of this approach. If PCEA was not applicable, patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) instead. Brachial plexus blockade (BPB) was used for surgery of the upper limbs. A computer based documentation system was used to help evaluate prospectively (a) the quality of analgesia, (b) adverse effects and risks of the special pain management techniques, and (c) cost-effectiveness. Patients receiving PCEA (n = 5.602) received a patient-titrated continuous infusion into the epidural space of either bupivacaine 0.175% or ropivacaine 0.2%, with 1 microg sufentanil mL(-1) added, followed by patient-controlled boluses of 2 mL (lockout time 20 min). For patients receiving PCIA (n = 634) an initial bolus of 7.5-15 mg piritramide was given, and the subsequent bolus was 2 mg (lockout time 10 min). A continuous infusion of bupivacaine 0.25% was administered to patients receiving BPB (n = 113). The dose was titrated to a dynamic visual analogue scale (VAS) scores < 40. The mean treatment periods were: BPB = 4.33 days, PCEA = 5.6 days, PCIA = 5.0 days. In the case of PCEA, the quality of pain relief, vigilance and satisfaction were superior compared with the PCIA method, which resulted in greater sedation and nausea. Although personal supervision was higher for the PCEA-treated patients, cost analysis revealed final savings of Euro 91,620 for the year 1998 obviating the need for an ICU stay totalling 433 days. Provided that PCEA is part of a fast-track protocol employing early tracheal extubation and optimal perioperative management, the associated initial higher costs will be recouped by the benefits to patients of better pain relief after surgery and fewer days subsequently spent in the ITU.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin der Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brodner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mertes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Buerkle
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Aken
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017046:Cost Savings; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D009407:Nerve Block; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010892:Pirinitramide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D010892:Pirinitramide; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D017409:Sufentanil; D002045:Bupivacaine