title: Radiosurgery for childhood intracranial arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The optimal management of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in children remains controversial. Children with intracranial AVMs present a special challenge in therapeutic decision-making because of the early recognition of their future life-long risks of hemorrhage if they are treated conservatively. The goals of radiosurgery are to achieve complete AVM obliteration and to preserve neurological function. We present long-term outcomes for a series of children treated using radiosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The findings for 53 consecutive children who underwent at least 36 months of imaging follow-up monitoring after radiosurgery were reviewed. The median age at the time of treatment was 12 years (range, 2-17 yr). Thirty-one children (58%) presented after their first intracranial hemorrhaging episodes, two (4%) after their second hemorrhaging episodes, and one (2%) after five hemorrhaging episodes. Nineteen children (36%) presented with unruptured AVMs, and a total of 25 children (47%) exhibited neurological deficits. AVMs were graded as Spetzler-Martin Grade I (2%), Grade II (23%), Grade III (36%), Grade IV (9%), or Grade VI (30%). The median AVM volume was 1.7 ml (range, 0.11-10.2 ml). The median marginal dose was 20 Gy (range, 15-25 Gy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were stratified according to AVM volumes (Group 1, < or =3 ml; Group 2, >3 ml to < or =10 ml; Group 3, >10 ml). Twenty-eight patients (80%) in Group 1 and 11 (64.7%) in Group 2 achieved complete obliteration. The only patient in Group 3 did not achieve obliteration. Complications included brainstem edema (n = 1) and transient pulmonary edema (n = 1). Four patients experienced hemorrhaging episodes, 30, 40, 84, and 96 months after radiosurgery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that only volume was significantly correlated with obliteration rates (P = 0.0109).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiosurgery is safe and efficacious for selected children with AVMs. The obliteration rates and the attendant low morbidity rates suggest a primary role for stereotactic radiosurgery for pediatric AVMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niranjan
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Scarrow
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flickinger
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lunsford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016634:Radiosurgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome