title: Chlorination of harman and norharman with sodium hypochlorite and co-mutagenicity of the chlorinated products.
abstract: Harman and norharman are widely distributed in the environment and consequently contaminate in domestic waste-water. It has been reported that they have co-mutagenic activity in the presence of non- mutagenic aromatic amines such as aniline and o-toluidine with S9 mix. When these beta-carbolines were treated with sodium hypochiorite under mild conditions, chlorinated derivatives were produced. Among them, 6-chloroharman and 6-chloronorharman showed much more potent co-mutagenic activities than harman and norharman in the presence of o-toluidine toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with S9 mix. These results suggest that the chlorination of harman and norharman occurs during disinfection at the sewage plant to produce potent co-mutagens that contaminate river water.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, 422-8526, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukazawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiozawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terao
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D002243:Carbolines; D006247:Harmine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D009153:Mutagens; D006247:Harmine; C005010:harman; C010262:norharman; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite