title: Intra-oral distribution of dental fluorosis in Newburgh and Kingston, New York.
abstract: Previous studies of intra-oral distribution of dental fluorosis in low-fluoride areas reported that teeth that formed later in life were more frequently affected compared with the early-forming teeth. The steady increase of plasma fluoride with age, even under constant fluoride exposure, has been suggested as a possible mechanism for this clinical manifestation. To determine the intra-oral distribution of Dean's Index scores and the effect of fluoride exposure on early- and late-forming teeth, we analyzed data collected on 2193 seven- to 14-year-old lifelong residents of fluoridated or non-fluoridated areas. Logistic regression procedures were used to determine the effects of fluoridation, early brushing, daily supplements, and other socio-demographic variables on early- and late-forming teeth. The results show that the occurrence of very mild or greater levels of fluorosis in the upper anterior teeth was 7 to 10% in the fluoridated area and 5 to 9% in the nonfluoridated area. In the fluoridated area, the occurrence of fluorosis increased from anterior to posterior teeth. Both early- and late-forming teeth were affected by exposure to fluoridation, daily fluoride supplement use, or brushing before the age of two years. This analysis showed that the esthetic consequence of exposure to multiple sources of fluoride was less dramatic, as evidenced by the lower frequency in upper anterior teeth compared with posterior teeth. The longer maturation process of the posterior teeth and the thicker enamel appear to be the likely explanation for the higher occurrence of dental fluorosis in posterior teeth.
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Dental Health, New York State Department of Health Corning Tower, Albany 12237-0619, USA. jvk01@health.state.ny.us
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swango
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D013997:Time Factors; D014078:Tooth Eruption
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D005459:Fluorides