title: Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal and in vitro studies have provided evidence of an anticarcinogenic effect of active ingredients in garlic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between garlic consumption and risk of stomach, colon, head and neck, lung, breast, and prostate cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analyses were conducted for all cancers mutually and separately for colorectal and stomach cancers in relation to consumption of exclusively raw garlic, cooked garlic, or both (RC garlic). Eighteen studies reported a relative risk estimate for RC garlic consumption and cancer risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancer, the reference categories ranged from no consumption to consumption of 3.5 g/wk, whereas the highest categories ranged from any consumption to >28.8 g/wk. The average difference between the highest and lowest categories was 16 g/wk. The random-effects relative risk (RR) estimate of colorectal cancer and RC garlic consumption, excluding garlic supplements, was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.89). For stomach cancer, the random-effects RR estimate was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.92). The heterogeneity among studies for the latter outcome (P: = 0.0002) indicates the questionableness of the generalizability of this summary estimate. An indication of publication bias for all cancers combined is evident from a funnel plot of RC garlic consumption and cancer risk and from the results of the Begg and Mazumdar test (P: = 0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High intake of RC garlic may be associated with a protective effect against stomach and colorectal cancers. Heterogeneity of effect estimates, differences in dose estimation, publication bias, and possible alternative hypotheses (eg, confounding by total vegetable consumption) preclude sole reliance on summary effect estimates.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Fleischauer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arab
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005737:Garlic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016239:MEDLINE; D008297:Male; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017594:Publication Bias / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*