title: Glenohumeral kinematics and capsulo-ligamentous strain resulting from laxity exams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identification and quantification of strain in shoulder capsular-ligamentous structures during clinical exams and validation of this testing on cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mercury strain gauges were sutured in seven locations on shoulders from cadavers. An electromagnetic tracker quantified humeral head translations during laxity exams. Strain and humeral position were acquired during performance of Sulcus, Feagin, Apprehension, Load and Shift, Drawer, and Hawkins tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anterior humeral head translation in neutral position was primarily constrained by the coracohumeral ligament. With the arm abducted, anterior middle and inferior ligaments also became active. External rotation and abduction activated inferior and middle capsules. Posterior capsule constrained motion for posterior tests in neutral and abduction. Superior and inferior capsular ligaments were active during inferior tests in neutral position. With abduction, inferior ligaments provided primary translation constraint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study of kinematics and strain evaluation on cadavers can yield useful information on mechanisms of glenohumeral instability. Relevance This study clarifies the contribution of specific structures of the shoulder to strain in the joint capsule. It also identifies which structures are challenged by provocative laxity exams commonly used by orthopaedic physicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Brenneke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002102:Cadaver; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000502:physiology*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology