title: Stimulus deprivation myopia in human congenital ptosis: a preliminary report of 50 unilateral cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the frequency of hyperopia and suspected stimulus deprivation myopia in human congenital ptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ametropia was evaluated in both eyes of 50 patients with congenital ptosis. The age at investigation was one year and older, average 6 years and 10 months. The amount of refraction was documented as the spherical equivalent (100% cycloplegia). Differences between the paired eyes of 1.0 dpt or more were defined as anisometropia. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square and sign tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of myopia was lower (7/50: 14%) than that of hyperopia (43/50: 86%) in the ptotic eye (p<0.001). However, myopia occurred more often in the ptotic eye (7/50: 14%) than in the fellow eye (3/50: 6%, p>0.3). Myopic anisometropia was found only in the ptotic eye (5/50 vs. 0/50, p = 0.06), but was not more frequent than hyperopic anisometropia: (5/50 vs. 9/50, p>0.4). A covered center of the pupil in 27 out of 50 eyes was not associated significantly with myopia (2 of 27 versus 5 of 23, p>0.2). Altogether, we found a significantly higher rate of myopia <-1 dpt and hyperopia > 2 dpt: 10% vs. 1.4% and 40% vs. 10.2% (p<0.001) in comparison with normal school children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, the following three findings were noted, of which the first two were expected and the third was not. 1. Compared with the normal population, there was an overall higher frequency of myopia in unilateral congenital ptosis. 2. There was a higher frequency of myopia in the ptotic than in the fellow eye. 3. Compared with the normal population, there was also a higher frequency of hyperopia. The clinical presentation of human congenital ptosis may be influenced by compensating head posture, strabismus, accommodation and biochemical effects, and the condition may therefore differ from the classical well-defined animal model of stimulus deprivation myopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gusek-Schneider
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012683:Sensory Deprivation