title: Pathophysiology of impaired right and left ventricular function in chronic embolic pulmonary hypertension: changes after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to evaluate the pathophysiology of left and right heart failure in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) who were hospitalized to undergo pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients (16 women and 23 men; mean +/- SD age, 55+/-12 years) with severe CTEPH were examined before and 13+/-8 days after PTE by way of transthoracic echocardiography and right heart catheterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examination results confirmed in all cases that before surgery the right ventricles were enlarged and systolic function was impaired. Moderate to severe tricuspid valve regurgitation was observed. Left ventricular eccentricity indexes reflected a leftward displacement of the interventricular septum. End-diastolic left ventricular size and systolic function had decreased, and the left ventricular filling pattern showed impaired diastolic function. After surgery, mean pulmonary artery pressure was significantly lower (48+/- 10 mm Hg vs. 25+/-7 mm Hg; p<0.05). The calculated end-diastolic and end-systolic right ventricular areas had decreased: 30+/-7 cm(2) vs 21 +/-5 cm(2) (p<0.05) and 24+/-6 cm(2) vs. 14+/-4 cm(2) (p<0.05), respectively. Right ventricular fractional area change had increased (20+/-7% vs. 33+/-8%; p<0.05). Most of the patients exhibited a marked decrease in the severity of tricuspid regurgitation. Septal motion, left ventricular systolic function, and diastolic filling pattern returned to normal values (early to late diastolic left ventricular inflow ratio, 0.70+/-0.33 vs. 1.35+/-0.51; p<0.05). The mean cardiac index also improved (2.7+/-0.6 L/min/m(2) vs. 3.7+/-0.8 L/min/m(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CTEPH, functions are impaired in the right as well as the left ventricles of the heart. Improved lung perfusion and the reduction of right ventricular pressure overload are direct results of PTE, which in turn bring a profound reduction of right ventricular size and a recovery of systolic function. Normalization of interventricular septal motion as well as improved venous return to the left atrium lead to a normalization of left ventricular diastolic and systolic function, and the cardiac index improves.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, and Clinic for Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55101 Mainz, Germany. menzel@mail.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kramm
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohr-Kahaly
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braeuninger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004691:Endarterectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000379:methods*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology*