title: Increased impact of acute rejection on chronic allograft failure in recent era.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute rejection (AR) remains a major risk factor for the development of chronic renal allograft failure (CAF), which is a major cause of late graft loss. With the introduction of several newer immunosuppressive agents (e.g., mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus and neoral) acute rejection rates have been steadily decreasing. However, the incidence of CAF has not decreased as dramatically as the incidence of acute rejection. One possible explanation is that the impact of AR on CAF is changing. The goal of this study was to analyze the relative impact of AR era on the development of CAF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 63,045 primary renal transplant recipients reported to the USRDS from 1988 to 1997. CAF was defined as graft loss after 6 months posttransplantation, censored for death, acute rejection, thrombosis, infection, surgical complications, or recurrent disease. A Cox proportional hazard model correcting for 15 possible confounding factors evaluated the relative impact of AR on CAF. The era effect (years 1988-1989, 1990-1991, 1992-1993, 1994-1995 and 1996-1997) was evaluated by an era versus AR interaction term.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An AR episode within the first 6 months after transplantation was the most important risk factor for subsequent CAF (RR=2.4, CI 2.3-2.5). Compared with the reference group (1988-89 with no rejection), having an AR episode in 1988-89, 1990-1991, 1992-1993, 1994-1995, and 1996-1997, conferred a 1.67, 2.35, 3.4, 4.98 and 5.2-fold relative risk for the subsequent development of CAF (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independently of known confounding variables, the impact of AR on CAF has significantly increased from 1988 to 1997. This effect may in part explain the relative lack of improvements in long term renal allograft survival, despite a decline in AR rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Meier-Kriesche
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ojo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cibrik
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Punch
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Leichtman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology