title: Long-term monitoring of sister chromatid exchanges and micronucleus frequencies in pharmacy personnel occupationally exposed to cytostatic drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many antineoplastic drugs were found to have carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic potential. The aim of this study was to carry out cytogenetic and internal dose monitoring of hospital pharmacy personnel regularly involved in the preparation of cytostatic agents, in order to test possible cytostatics-induced genotoxic effects due to occupational exposure under routine working conditions, and in cases of accidental contamination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Platinum in whole blood and anthracyclines in plasma were measured to assess internal exposure to cytostatics. The level of cytogenetic damage was determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes with the micronucleus test and the sister chromatid exchange assay. Five series of monitoring were performed over a period of 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in the mean frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) were found between occupationally exposed probands and controls (9.9 +/- 1.4 vs 10.1 +/- 1.2 SCEs/cell and 21.2 +/- 7.2 vs 23.3 +/- 7.5 MN/2000 binucleated (BN) cells, n = 16). Significant elevations of SCE or MN were detected in seven out of 12 cases of accidental contamination at the workplace, whereas no increase in platinum in blood and anthracyclines in plasma was observed in these probands. Two cases of non-reported contamination were identified by measurement of epirubicin in plasma. Smoking was found to increase the SCE significantly. No correlation between individual SCE scores and MN scores was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support a transient increase in SCE or MN after relevant exposure to cytostatic drugs in cases of accidental contamination. The lack of significant differences in SCE and MN between hospital pharmacy personnel and unexposed controls, points to high standards of safety at the corresponding workplaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Vienna, Austria. alex.pilger@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pilger
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stettner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rizovski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Terkola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diem
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franz-Hainzl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Konnaris
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valic
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Rüdiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018943:Anthracyclines / Q000097:blood; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D010984:Platinum / Q000097:blood; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010984:Platinum