title: Is TB contact screening relevant in a developing country setting? Experiences from eastern Nepal, 1996-1998.
abstract: METHODS
  A tuberculosis programme run by a non-governmental organisation in eight hill and mountain districts of eastern Nepal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of contact screening on case-finding.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of contacts of smear-positive, smear-negative and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients diagnosed and registered during 1996-1998 ('index cases'). Contacts, defined as household members identified by index cases, were screened by sputum examination; two positive smears were taken to indicate smear-positive pulmonary disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 50% (668) of registered cases identified contacts; 75% (2298) of the contacts identified provided one or more sputum specimens. An overall smear-positive case yield of 0.61% (14) was obtained from contacts tested, all except one of which were contacts of smear-positive index cases. For smear-positive index cases with a smear grading of > or = 2+, the yield was 7.2 times greater (P = 0.04) than for those with a grading of 1+.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this setting, sputum examination of household contacts of smear-negative and extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases is not justified. Further assessment is needed to evaluate the utility of testing contacts of smear-positive cases without symptom screening, and whether cost effectiveness can be improved by restricting testing to contacts of cases with high bacterial (> or = 2+) loads.
authors.affiliation: The Britain-Nepal Medical Trust, Biratnagar, Nepal. 106133.2134@compuserve.com
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wares
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luitel
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D016358:Contact Tracing; D003906:Developing Countries; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D009390:Nepal; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000635:transmission