title: Treatment choices for extremely preterm infants: an international perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare treatment choices of neonatal physicians and nurses in 11 European countries for a hypothetical case of extreme prematurity (24 weeks' gestational age, birth weight of 560 g, Apgar score of 1 at 1 minute).
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was completed by 1401 physicians (response rate, 89%) and 3425 nurses (response rate, 86%) from a large, representative sample of 143 European neonatal intensive care units. Italy, Spain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Great Britain, Sweden, Hungary, Estonia, and Lithuania participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most physicians in every country but the Netherlands would resuscitate this baby and start intensive care. On subsequent deterioration of clinical conditions caused by a severe intraventricular hemorrhage, attitudes diverge: most neonatologists in Germany, Italy, Estonia, and Hungary would favor continuation of intensive care, whereas in the other countries some form of limitation of treatment would be the preferred choice. Parental wishes appear to play a role especially in Great Britain and the Netherlands. Nurses are more prone than doctors to withhold resuscitation in the delivery room and to ask parental opinion regarding subsequent treatment choices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An extremely premature infant is regarded as viable by most physicians, whereas after deterioration of the clinical conditions decision-making patterns vary according to country. These findings have implications for the ethical debate surrounding treatment of infants of borderline viability and for the interpretation and comparison of international statistics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Leeuw
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuttini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nadai
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berbik
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kucinskas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lenoir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rebagliato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schroell
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: de Vonderweid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003657:Decision Making; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires