title: Abnormalities of coagulation in hypertensive patients with reduced creatinine clearance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prothrombotic state that occurs in uremic patients may increase their cardiovascular risk. We studied hypertensive patients with mild-to-moderate impairment of renal function to determine if they had evidence of abnormalities in the coagulation system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal function was assessed in 382 patients with essential hypertension, in whom 24-hour creatinine clearance, urinary protein excretion, and microalbuminuria were measured. We evaluated the function of the coagulation system by measurement of platelet counts, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and plasma antithrombin III, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Impaired renal function, defined as a creatinine clearance of 30 to 89 mL per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body surface area, was found in 168 (44%) of the patients. Age, blood pressure, duration of hypertension, and plasma levels of fibrinogen, D-dimer, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, and lipoprotein(a) were significantly greater in these patients than in those with normal renal function; these differences persisted after adjustment for potential confounders. Creatinine clearance was significantly and inversely correlated with levels of plasma fibrinogen (Spearman's rho = -0.26, P <0.001), D-dimer (rho = -0.33, P <0.001), and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (rho = -0.20, P <0.001). Levels of plasma fibrinogen (P = 0.009) and D-dimer (P = 0.003) were correlated with renal function independent of age, blood pressure, duration of hypertension, triglyceride level, urinary protein excretion, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Lipoprotein(a) levels were correlated with fibrinogen (rho = 0.16, P = 0.003) and D-dimer (rho = 0.26, P <0.001) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased plasma levels of fibrinogen, D-dimer, and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 are present in hypertensive patients with mildly decreased creatinine clearance, suggesting that the coagulation system is activated in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pathology and Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catena
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zingaro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casaccio
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sechi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000378:metabolism; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D010976:Platelet Count; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C029733:prothrombin fragment 1; C044183:prothrombin fragment 2; D000990:Antithrombin III; D011516:Prothrombin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D003404:Creatinine