title: The percutaneous greenfield filter: outcomes and practice patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The percutaneous steel Greenfield filter (PSGF) is similar in appearance to the titanium Greenfield filter (TGF) but differs in the length and orientation of the attachment hooks and in the over-the-wire delivery system. Because these differences improve ease of insertion and attachment, they may affect patient outcomes and physician practices. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the PSGF relative to the TGF and to determine whether there had been a change in physician practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Michigan Filter Registry contains data for a prospective cohort of 2188 patients with Greenfield filters. Procedural and long-term outcomes for patients with a PSGF were abstracted. These events were compared with rates for Registry patients who had a TGF. Trends for indication for placement, delivery route, and filter location were also compared with published series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since 1995, 600 PSGFs have been placed in 599 patients. A 1-year mortality rate of 42% left 349 patients available for annual follow-up, and studies were completed for 231 (66%). Periprocedural events occurred in 2.5% of cases with associated morbidity in 1.5%. The rate of new pulmonary embolism was 2.6%, and vena caval patency was 98.3%. The combined rate of new venous thromboembolic events was 12.5%. Left-sided femoral vein placements increased to 20%, and the major indication for filter placement has become prophylaxis (46%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PSGF is similar to the TGF with respect to patient outcomes, and it provides decreased rates of asymmetry along with excellent fixation. The flexible carrier system has allowed more frequent access through the left femoral vein. The ease of use and favorable patient outcomes have resulted in more frequent placement for prophylactic indications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Proctor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012042:Registries; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013232:Steel; D015996:Survival Rate; D014025:Titanium; D014481:United States; D016306:Vena Cava Filters; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D013232:Steel; D014025:Titanium