title: Effect of menstrual cycle on HIV-1 levels in the peripheral blood and genital tract. WHS 001 Study Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the variation in HIV-1 over the menstrual cycle, including RNA levels in the female genital tract, plasma HIV-1-RNA levels, CD4 cell counts, and culturable virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective analysis of 55 HIV-1-infected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood and genital tract specimens were collected weekly over 8 weeks, spanning two complete menstrual cycles. Applying repeated-measures models that used menses as the reference level, the variation in viral RNA levels was compared in endocervical canal fluid and cells (collected by Sno-strips and cytobrush, respectively) and ectocervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid. Repeated-measures models were also used to assess the variation in plasma CD4 cell counts and viral load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shedding patterns differed among the three sampling methods, independent of genital tract co-infections. Genital tract HIV-1-RNA levels from CVL fluid and endocervical canal cytobrush specimens were highest during menses and lowest immediately thereafter (P = 0.001 and P = 0.04). The HIV-1-RNA level in endocervical canal fluid was highest in the week preceding menses (P = 0.003). The menstrual cycle had no effect on blood levels of RNA (P = 0.62), culturable virus (P = 0.34), or CD4 cell counts (P = 0.55). HIV-1-RNA levels were higher in endocervical canal fluid than in peripheral blood plasma during the late luteal phase (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-1-RNA levels vary with the menstrual cycle in the female genital tract but not the blood compartment. HIV-1-RNA levels are higher in endocervical canal fluid than in blood plasma. These findings may have important implications for sex-specific pathogenesis, heterosexual transmission, and contraceptive hormone interventions in HIV-1-infected women.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Reichelderfer
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cu-Uvin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Coheng
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Landay
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Beckner
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kovacs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000821:virology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral