title: Muscle pain perception and sympathetic nerve activity to exercise during opioid modulation.
abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of the endogenous opioid system on forearm muscle pain and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during dynamic fatiguing exercise. Twelve college-age men (24 +/- 4 yr) performed graded (1-min stages; 30 contractions/min) handgrip to fatigue 1 h after the ingestion of either 60 mg codeine, 50 mg naltrexone, or placebo. Pain (0-10 scale) and exertion (0-10 and 6-20 scales) intensities were measured during the last 15 s of each minute of exercise and every 15 s during recovery. MSNA was measured continuously from the peroneal nerve in the left leg. Pain threshold occurred earlier [1.8 +/- 1, 2. 2 +/- 1, 2.2 +/- 1 J: codeine, naltrexone, and placebo, respectively] and was associated with a lower rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (2.7 +/- 2, 3.6 +/- 2, 3.8 +/- 2: codeine, naltrexone, and placebo, respectively) in the codeine condition compared with either the naltrexone or placebo conditions. There were no main effects (i.e., drugs) or interaction (i.e., drugs x time) for either forearm muscle pain or RPE during exercise [pain: F (2, 22) = 0.69, P = 0.51]. There was no effect of drug on MSNA, heart rate, or blood pressure during baseline, exercise, or recovery. Peak exercise MSNA responses were 21 +/- 1, 21 +/- 2.0, and 21 +/- 2.0 bursts/30 s for codeine, naltrexone, and placebo conditions, respectively. Peak mean arterial pressure responses were 135 +/- 4, 131 +/- 3, and 132 +/- 4 mmHg for codeine, naltrexone, and placebo conditions, respectively. It is concluded that neither 60 mg codeine nor 50 mg naltrexone has an effect on forearm muscle pain, exertion, or MSNA during high- intensity handgrip to fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuroscience and Anesthesiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07107-3000, USA. cookdb@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003061:Codeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain; D017288:Pain Threshold; D010465:Perception; D010919:Placebos; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018847:Opioid Peptides; D010919:Placebos; D009271:Naltrexone; D003061:Codeine