title: Factors affecting sentinel node localization during preoperative breast lymphoscintigraphy.
abstract: Variable success rates for identifying axillary (AX) sentinel nodes in breast cancer patients using preoperative lymphoscintigraphy have been reported. We evaluated the effects of age, weight, breast size, method of biopsy, interval after biopsy, and imaging view on the success of sentinel node identification and on the kinetics of radiopharmaceutical migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative breast lymphoscintigraphy was performed in consecutive breast cancer patients from February 1998 to December 1998. The ipsilateral shoulder was elevated on a foam wedge and the arm was abducted and elevated overhead. Imaging using this modified oblique view of the axilla (MOVA) started immediately after peritumoral injection of Millipore-filtered 99mTc-sulfur colloid and continued until AX sentinel nodes were identified. Anterior views were obtained after MOVA. AX, internal mammary (IM), and clavicular (CL) basins were monitored in all patients. MOVA was compared with the anterior view for sentinel node identification. Age, weight, breast size, method of biopsy, interval after biopsy, and primary tumor location were evaluated for their effects on sentinel node localization and transit times from injection to arrival at the sentinel nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six lymphoscintigrams were obtained for 75 patients. AX sentinel nodes were revealed in 75 (99%) cases. IM or CL sentinel nodes were found in 19 (25%) cases and were not related to tumor location; exclusive IM drainage was present in 1 (1%) case. Identification of AX sentinel nodes was equivalent with MOVA and anterior views in 18 (24%) patients, was better with MOVA in 20 (26%) patients, and was accomplished only with MOVA in 38 (50%) patients. Median transit time was 17.5 min (range, 1 min to 18 h) after injection, and larger breast size was associated with increased transit time. No effect of age, weight, biopsy method, interval from biopsy, or tumor location on transit time was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of MOVA can improve identification of AX sentinel nodes. Although AX drainage is the predominant pattern, a tumor in any portion of the breast can drain to IM sentinel nodes. Transit time was influenced by breast size. Overall short arrival times with this technique allow sentinel lymph node dissection to be performed on the same day as lymphoscintigraphy.
authors.affiliation: Joyce Eisenberg Keefer Breast Center and Division of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John 's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA.
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Haigh
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Glass
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid