title: Engineering autogenous cartilage in the shape of a helix using an injectable hydrogel scaffold.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous successful efforts to tissue engineer cartilage for an auricle have used an immunocompromised nude mouse xenograft model. Subsequent efforts in an immunocompetent autogenous animal model have been less successful because of an inflammatory response directed against the foreign scaffold polymer used to provide an auricular shape. We studied an alternative polymer material and surgical technique to engineer autogenous cartilage in the shape of a human ear helix using injectable hydrogel scaffolding, Pluronic F-127 (polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide).
  
  
  METHODS
  Yorkshire swine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh autogenous chondrocytes were suspended in a biodegradable, biocompatible co-polymer hydrogel, Pluronic F-127, at a concentration of 3 x 10(7) cells/mL. To support the contour of the implant, a skin fold channel in the shape of the helix of a human ear was created in the skin in three sites on the ventral surface of the animal. The cell-hydrogel suspension was injected through the skin fold channel. For controls, injections were made into identical channels using either cells alone or the Pluronic F-127 without cells. After 10 weeks, the specimens were excised and examined both grossly and histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grossly, all implants retained a helical-like shape. Excised specimens possessed flexible characteristics consistent with elastic cartilage. The specimens could be folded and twisted and on release of mechanical pressure would instantly return to the original shape. Histological evaluation of the implants using H&E, Safranin O, trichrome blue, and Verhoeff's stains demonstrated findings consistent with mature elastic cartilage. Control injection of hydrogel alone demonstrated no evidence of cartilage formation and control injection of chondrocytes alone showed evidence only of disassociated elastic cartilage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of autologous porcine auricular chondrocytes suspended in a biodegradable, biocompatible hydrogel of Pluronic F-127 resulted in the formation of cartilage tissue in the approximate size and shape of a human ear helix. This preliminary method extends the concept of auricular tissue engineering from an immunocompromised xenograft animal model to an immunocompetent autologous animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Saim
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vacanti
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vacanti
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Eavey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D019902:Chondrocytes; D004425:Ear Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation*; D004431:Ear, External; D008297:Male; D020442:Poloxamer; D013552:Swine; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D020442:Poloxamer