title: The utility of PBPK in the safety assessment of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.
abstract: Occupational exposure limits (OELs) for individual substances are established on the basis of the available toxicological information at the time of their promulgation, expert interpretation of these data in light of industrial use, and the framework in which they sit. In the United Kingdom, the establishment of specific OELs includes the application of uncertainty factors to a defined starting point, usually the NOAEL from a suitable animal study. The magnitude of the uncertainty factors is generally determined through expert judgment including a knowledge of workplace conditions and management of exposure. PBPK modeling may help in this process by informing on issues relating to extrapolation between and within species. This study was therefore designed to consider how PBPK modeling could contribute to the establishment of OELs. PBPK models were developed for chloroform (mouse and human) and carbon tetrachloride (rat and human). These substances were chosen for examination because of the extent of their toxicological databases and availability of existing PBPK models. The models were exercised to predict the rate (chloroform) or extent (carbon tetrachloride) of metabolism of these substances, in both rodents and humans. Monte Carlo analysis was used to investigate the influence of variability within the human and animal model populations. The ratio of the rates/extent of metabolism predicted for humans compared to animals was compared to the uncertainty factors involved in setting the OES. Predictions obtained from the PBPK models indicated that average rat and mouse metabolism of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform, respectively, are much greater than that of the average human. Application of Monte Carlo analysis indicated that even those people who have the fastest rates or most extensive amounts of metabolism in the population are unlikely to generate the levels of metabolite of these substances necessary to produce overt toxicity in rodents. This study highlights the value that the use of PBPK modeling may add to help inform and improve toxicological aspects of a regulatory process.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Unit, Health Directorate, Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, Liverpool, L20 3QZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Delic
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Lilly
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Loizou
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002725:Chloroform / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D002725:Chloroform; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride