title: The outcome and cost of alcohol and drug treatment in an HMO: day hospital versus traditional outpatient regimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare outcome and cost-effectiveness of the two primary addiction treatment options, day hospitals (DH) and traditional outpatient programs (OP) in a managed care organization, in a population large enough to examine patient subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews with new admissions to a large HMO's chemical dependency program in Sacramento, California between April 1994 and April 1996, with follow-up interviews eight months later. Computerized utilization and cost data were collected from 1993 to 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Design was a randomized control trial of adult patients entering the HMO's alcohol and drug treatment program (N = 668). To examine the generalizability of findings as well as self-selection factors, we also studied patients presenting during the same period who were unable or unwilling to be randomized (N = 405). Baseline interviews characterized type of substance use, addiction severity, psychiatric status, and motivation. Follow-up interviews were conducted at eight months following intake. Breathanalysis and urinalysis were conducted. Program costs were calculated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interview data were merged with computerized utilization and cost data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among randomized subjects, both study arms showed significant improvement in all drug and alcohol measures. There were no differences overall in outcomes between DH and OP, but DH subjects with midlevel psychiatric severity had significantly better outcomes, particularly in regard to alcohol abstinence (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.2, 4.9). The average treatment costs were $1,640 and $895 for DH and OP programs, respectively. In the midlevel psychiatric severity group, the cost of obtaining an additional person abstinent from alcohol in the DH cohort was approximately $5,464. Among the 405 self-selected subjects, DH was related to abstinence (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3, 3.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although significant benefits of the DH program were not found in the randomized study, DH treatment was associated with better outcomes in the self-selected group. However, for subjects with mid-level psychiatric severity in both the randomized and self-selected samples, the DH program produced higher rates of abstention and was more cost-effective. Self-selection in studies that randomize patients to services requiring very different levels of commitment may be important in interpreting findings for clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Division of Research, Oakland, CA 94611, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weisner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parthasarathy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hunkeler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Selby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002140:California; D003631:Day Care, Medical / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006302:Health Services Research; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome