title: Differentiation between types and strains of Clostridium botulinum by riboprinting.
abstract: The ability of automated ribotyping to differentiate between major types and individual strains of Clostridium botulinum was tested using the Qualicon Riboprinter Microbial Characterization System. Pure spores of C. botulinum type A, proteolytic type B, nonproteolytic type B, and type E strains were inoculated onto modified anaerobic egg yolk agar and incubated 24 h at 35 degrees C. Plates were rinsed with buffer (2 mM Tris + 20 mM EDTA) to remove vegetative cells that were heated for 10 min at 80 degrees C, treated with a lysing agent, and ribotyped in the Qualicon Riboprinter utilizing the enzyme EcoRI. Riboprint patterns were obtained for 30 strains of the four major types of C. botulinum most commonly involved in human foodborne botulism. Proteolytic strains yielded the best and most consistent results. Fifteen ribogroups were identified among the 31 strains tested. Interestingly, in two cases, a single ribogroup contained patterns from isolates belonging to evolutionarily distinct Clostridium lineages. This degree of differentiation between strains of C. botulinum may be useful in hazard analysis and identification, hazard analysis and critical control point monitoring and validation, environmental monitoring, and in inoculation studies.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Summit-Argo, Illinois 60501, USA. gskinner@cfsan.fda.gov
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gendel
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fingerhut
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ulaszek
mesh_terms: D001906:Botulism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D021521:Ribotyping
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial