title: Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: We have investigated the immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of various Echinacea raw materials and commercially available products on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To emulate oral dosing, a simulated digestion protocol was employed as a means of sample preparation. Echinacea-induced macrophage activation was used as a measure of immunostimulatory activity determined via quantitative assays for macrophage-derived factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and nitric oxide. Echinacea herb and root powders were found to stimulate murine macrophage cytokine secretion as well as to significantly enhance the viability and/or proliferation of human PBMCs in vitro. In contrast, Echinacea extracts chemically standardized to phenolic acid or echinacoside content and fresh pressed juice preparations were found to be inactive as immunostimulatory agents but did display, to varying degrees, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
authors.affiliation: Paracelsian, Incorporated, Ithaca, New York, USA. JRininger@curagen.com
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rininger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kickner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chigurupati
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Franck
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002214:Capsules; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004063:Digestion; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020900:Echinacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D013045:Species Specificity; D013607:Tablets; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D002214:Capsules; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006027:Glycosides; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D007378:Interleukins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013607:Tablets; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C060297:echinacoside; C017616:phenolic acid