title: The HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir impairs insulin signalling in HepG2 hepatoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients treated with human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors often develop impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, most likely due to an induction of insulin resistance. We therefore investigated whether the protease inhibitor indinavir alters insulin signalling.
  
  
  METHODS
  We incubated HepG2 cells for 48 h without or with indinavir (100 micromol/l). Subsequently 125I-insulin binding to the cells and the effects of insulin stimulation on insulin-receptor substrate-1-phosphorylation, association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with insulin-receptor substrate-1 and Akt-Thr308-phosphorylation were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cells not exposed to indinavir, insulin (100 nmol/l) led to rapid increases of insulin-receptor substrate-1-phosphorylation, association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with insulin-receptor substrate-1 and Akt-phosphorylation during the first 75 s, followed by subsequent decreases. In indinavir-treated cells, these insulin-stimulated increases during the first 75 s were reduced by 30-60% and this was not associated with alterations in cell number or viability, insulin binding to the cells or cellular insulin-receptor substrate-1-content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effects of indinavir on initial insulin signalling could cause, or contribute to, the metabolic effects of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schütt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Aries
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000502:physiology*; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007700:Kinetics; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; C526292:IRS1 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C008147:insulin, iodo-; D019469:Indinavir; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D016333:HIV Protease