title: Does the disbursement of income increase psychiatric emergencies involving drugs and alcohol?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the incidence of psychiatric emergencies involving drugs or alcohol supports the argument that mentally ill persons contribute to elevated mortality during the days following disbursement of private earnings and public income transfers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interrupted time-series using Box-Jenkins methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily counts of adults admitted to psychiatric emergency services in San Francisco after using drugs or alcohol were derived from medical records for the period January 1 through June 30, 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychiatric emergencies among males who had used drugs or alcohol were elevated in the early days of the month. Such emergencies among females were not similarly elevated. Emergencies among females who had not used drugs or alcohol were elevated in the early days of the month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated mortality in the first week of the month may be attributable, in part, to the "check effect" or use of drugs and alcohol by mentally ill males in the days after they receive income. The contribution of women is more complex and may be induced by drug or alcohol abuse among persons in their social networks. The check effect suggests that persons with a history of substance abuse and mental illness should be offered the opportunity to have their income managed by someone who can monitor and influence how the money is being spent. The fact that drug- or alcohol-related admissions among males exhibit temporal patterns suggests that the provision of preventive as well as treatment services may be strategically scheduled.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shumway
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thornton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality