title: Digital vascular responses and serum endothelin-1 concentrations in primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine circulating endothelin-1 levels (ET-1) in patients with primary or secondary associated Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) under resting conditions and in response to cold provocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were categorised as primary RP (18) or scleroderma associated RP (14). Finger blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography at finger temperatures of 32 degrees C and 24 degrees C. Vasospasm was detected as a finger systolic pressure of 0 mm Hg after standardised provocative cooling. Severity of vasospasm was assessed by the level of cooling required to provoke spasm. Plasma ET-1 levels were measured in antecubital blood withdrawn under baseline conditions (finger 32 degrees C) and at the point of vasospasm. Measurements were also made in 19 matched control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Finger blood flow was lower in patients with RP than in controls, with no difference between the two RP groups. Vasospasm occurred in all patients with RP but not in any control subjects and a grading system of severity was established. Baseline plasma ET-1 levels were similar in patients with RP and controls. Increases in ET-1 levels at the point of vasospasm in patients or corresponding timepoint in controls were also similar. There was no significant difference between the ET-1 levels in the two RP subgroups when the fingers were warm or when vasospasm was present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not support the hypothesis that ET-1 plays a part in the pathogenesis of RP. Objective testing is a useful adjunct to the clinical diagnosis of RP and allows assignment of a severity grade.
authors.affiliation: The Queen's University of Belfast, Musculoskeletal Education and Research Unit, Musgrave Park Hospital, Stockmans Lane, Belfast BT9 7JB, UK. anita.smyth@ntlworld.com
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGrann
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003080:Cold Temperature; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1