title: The effects of massage therapy alone and in combination with other complementary therapies on immune system measures and quality of life in human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine effects of massage therapy alone and in combination with exercise or stress management-biofeedback treatment on enumerative immune measures, and quality of life in moderately immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized prospective controlled trial with 42 subjects randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups or a control group receiving standard care and intervention over a 12-week period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two (42) subjects with HIV infection (40 males; 2 females; aged 27-50 years) met eligibility requirements of CD4+ lymphocyte cell count greater than 200 cells per microliter; no present or recent signs or symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and were not hospitalized.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 45-minute overall body massage once per week; similar massage and supervised aerobic exercise 2 other days per week; similar massage and biofeedback stress management once per week; control receiving standard treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in peripheral blood levels of CD4+ lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte ratio and natural killer cells; six dimension quality-of-life assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant changes (p > 0.05) were found in any enumerative immune measure. Significant (p < 0.05) differences for quality-of-life assessment were in health care utilization and health perceptions, favoring massage and stress management compared to massage only and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Massage administered once per week to HIV-infected persons does not enhance immune measures. Massage combined with stress management favorably alters health perceptions and leads to less utilization of health care resources. This suggests that HIV-infected persons receiving massage and stress management would tend to not overutilize health care services, thus possibly reducing health care costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health, Wayne State University and Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Detroit 48207, USA. ae7647@wayne.edu
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Birk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGrady
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: MacArthur
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khuder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life