title: Anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects of ketorolac tromethamine in the conjunctival provocation model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of the topical anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac, on (1) the clinical allergic reaction induced by the conjunctival provocation test (CPT); (2) the release of tryptase in tears; and (3) the expression of adhesion molecules on the conjunctival epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 allergic but non-active patients were challenged in both eyes with increasing doses of specific allergen to obtain a positive bilateral reaction and rechallenged, after 1 week, to confirm the allergic threshold dose response. After 2 weeks, a third CPT was then performed bilaterally 30 minutes after topical application of ketorolac in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye in a double blind fashion. Clinical symptoms and signs were registered 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after challenge. The following objective tests were performed: tear tryptase measurement; tear cytology; and conjunctival impression cytology for immunohistochemical expression of ICAM-1 on epithelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with placebo, ketorolac significantly reduced the total clinical score and the itching score in the 20 minutes after challenge (p<0.0005). Tear levels of tryptase were significantly reduced in the ketorolac pretreated eyes compared with placebo (p<0.03). Eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in tear cytology were significantly lower in ketorolac treated eyes compared with placebo. A significant difference in the epithelial expression of ICAM-1 was observed between placebo and ketorolac treated eyes (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketorolac proved to be effective in reducing mast cell degranulation, as indicated by significantly decreased tryptase tear levels, as well as the clinical and cytological allergic reaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padua, Italy. mdvol@tin.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Busato
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fregona
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plebani
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Secchi
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine