title: The role of swallowing during active sleep in the clearance of reflux in term and preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate swallowing and peristalsis in sleep and during gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in both healthy term and preterm infants at term equivalent age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multichannel recordings were made in 12 healthy term and 11 preterm infants, under the same conditions, after feeding. Sleep state, cardiorespiratory variables, esophageal pH, and pharyngeal swallowing and peristalsis were measured. GER was defined as pH <4 for > or = 15 seconds, and swallows were classified as pharyngeal only, primary peristalsis (propagated, dropped, interrupted), or secondary peristalsis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous swallowing rate was not significantly different between term and preterm infants and was sleep state-related, occurring in active sleep but rarely in quiet sleep. In response to acid GER, term infants significantly increased pharyngeal swallowing from a median of 0.7 (25th-75th interquartile range, 0.5-0.9) to 1.7 (1.0-3.0) swallows/min and secondary peristalsis from a median of 0.5 (25th-75th interquartile range, 0.3-0.8) to 1.1 (0.8-2.0) waves/min (P <.05). In contrast, the preterm infants demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of fully propagated peristaltic swallows compared with the term infants (53% and 27%, respectively) (P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of swallowing is sleep state-related. In active sleep, term infants clear GER by increasing swallowing and secondary peristalsis, whereas preterm infants at term equivalent age clear GER by increasing propagated peristalsis. This method of clearance would explain the mechanism by which preterm infants have significantly shorter episodes of reflux than term infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ius
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep