title: In-vitro hydrolysis, permeability, and ocular uptake of prodrugs of N-[4-(benzoylamino)phenylsulfonyl]glycine, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor.
abstract: To enhance the ocular uptake of N-[4-(benzoylamino)phenylsulfonyl]glycine (BAPSG), two ester (methyl and isopropyl) prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated for their stability in various buffers (pH 1-9), hydrolysis in rabbit ocular tissues (cornea, conjunctiva, iris-ciliary body, lens, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor), transport across cornea and conjunctiva, and in-vivo uptake following topical administration. Over the pH range of 1-9, the rate constants for degradation ranged from 5.67 to 218.9 x 10(-3) h(-1) for the methyl ester and from 3.14 to 4.45 x 10(-3) h(-1) for the isopropyl ester. At all pH conditions, the isopropyl ester was more stable when compared with the methyl ester. A change in buffer concentration at pH 7.4 did not influence the stability of the prodrugs. The prodrugs were rapidly hydrolysed in the tissue homogenates, with the rate constants for hydrolysis ranging from 1.98 to 7.2x 10(-3) min(-1) for the methyl ester and 3.32 to 6.53 x 10(-3) min(-1) for the isopropyl ester. The in-vitro permeability of the methyl ester was less than the parent drug across cornea and conjunctiva. Isopropyl ester levels were not detectable in the receiver chamber even at the end of the 4-h transport study. Following topical administration of BAPSG and the two prodrugs at a dose of 60 microg/eye, the lowest levels were seen in vitreous humor for parent compound and its methyl ester. In general, the tissue uptake of methyl ester was less than BAPSG. Isopropyl ester levels were below detection limits in all the ocular tissues. Lipophilic ester prodrugs of BAPSG showed good aqueous solution stability in tissue homogenates. However, these prodrugs lacking the free carboxylate anion exhibited reduced in-vitro permeability and in-vivo uptake, suggesting the importance of free carboxylate anion in the delivery of BAPSG.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-6025, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sunkara
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deruiter
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: U B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Kompella
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D004355:Drug Stability; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008297:Male; D010539:Permeability; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011817:Rabbits; D013450:Sulfones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; D013450:Sulfones; C062604:N-(((4-benzoylamino)phenyl)sulfonyl)glycine; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D005998:Glycine