title: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for difficult common bile duct stones: initial New Zealand experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Common bile duct (CBD) stones can usually be managed by open surgery, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or radiological intervention. At times, however, these methods are either unsuccessful or inappropriate. We report our initial experience of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for CBD stones that had either been unsuccessfully managed by conventional techniques, or in cases where these techniques were associated with a high level of risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of medical records of cases receiving ESWL for CBD was undertaken. The aspects reviewed were: indications, outcome and completions from the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESWL was used in the management of eight patients (three male, five female, age range 24-83, mean 54 years). The indications in five cases were failure of open surgery, ERCP or radiological techniques to clear the duct. In the other three cases, ERCP was unsuccessful and there was significant coincidental medical illness (morbid obesity with diabetes, and severe ischaemic heart disease). CBD clearance was achieved in seven cases. In one unsuccessful case, the duct was cleared after two open procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL can be used to clear CBD stones. It should only be used, however, where prior CBD drainage has been achieved, preferably by endoscopic sphincterotomy. Morbid obesity is a relative contraindication to the use of ESWL. If ESWL fails, a period of time should be allowed to elapse before open surgery because of distortion of soft tissue planes. ESWL can be a useful technique in dealing with some difficult CBD stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ragheb
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gowland
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Bagshaw
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Frizelle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome