title: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart transplant candidates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the results of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) as part of their assessment for heart transplantation in order to examine the relationship between exercise capacity and resting indices of left ventricular function in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven ambulatory heart transplant candidates underwent CPET using a cycle ergometer and an incremental work-rate protocol till symptom-limitation. These patients included 24 men and 3 women with a mean age of 42.3 years. The aetiology of CHF was coronary artery disease in 14 patients, dilated cardiomyopathy in 11 patients, and congenital heart disease in 2 patients. Mean resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 19% (range 7% to 36%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen of the 27 tests performed were maximal studies and all except 2 subjects attained a measurable anaerobic threshold during CPET. Of the 13 maximal tests, the causes of exercise limitation were cardiomyopathy in 3 patients, ischaemic heart disease in 2 patients, significant oxygen desaturation in 2 patients, ventilatory limitation due to obstructive lung disease in 1 patient, ventilatory limitation secondary to a restrictive lung disease in 3 patients, and combined obstructive ventilatory and cardiovascular limitation in 2 patients. There was no significant correlation between resting LVEF and peak VO2 percent predicted (r = 0.14, P = 0.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise intolerance in patients with CHF may not be related to limited cardiac reserve and non-cardiac causes of exertional symptoms should also be considered. CPET is useful for the evaluation of functional capacity and mechanisms of exercise intolerance in patients with CHF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Benedicto
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D014850:Waiting Lists