title: Treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders with antidepressant medications: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common, accounting for up to 50% of gastroenterology referrals, and several randomized controlled trials have evaluated antidepressant therapy for their treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a meta-analysis of published, English-language, randomized clinical trials on the use of antidepressants for the treatment of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve randomized placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders were identified. One was excluded for using a combination of a tricyclic and neuroleptic agent. The medications included tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline [n = 3], clomipramine [n = 1], desipramine [n = 2], doxepin [n = 1], and trimipramine [n = 2]), and the antiserotonin agent, mianserin (n = 2). In addition, one trial compared two different antidepressants (mianserin and clomipramine) with placebo. Data were abstracted for the dichotomous outcome of symptom improvement in seven studies, and for the continuous variable of pain score in eight studies. The summary odds ratio for improvement with antidepressant therapy was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3 to 7.9), and the average standardized mean improvement in pain was equal to 0.9 SD units (95% CI: 0.6 to 1.2 SD units). On average 3.2 patients needed to be treated (95% CI: 2.1 to 6.5 patients) to improve 1 patient's symptom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders with antidepressants appears to be effective. Whether this improvement is independent of an effect of treatment on depression needs further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services Univeristy of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomkins
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003109:Colonic Diseases, Functional / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003248:Constipation / Q000188:drug therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents