title: Quantitative determination of anti-K (KEL1) IgG and IgG subclasses in the serum of severely alloimmunized pregnant women by ELISA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe cases of HDN occur after the immunization of the mother with K (KEL1) antigen. To date, the only means of evaluating the concentration of anti-K in maternal serum is by titration with an indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). A more accurate estimation of the serum anti-K concentration is needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ELISA technique was developed for the determination of the absolute concentration of anti-K IgG and IgG subclasses in the sera of alloimmunized patients. In this technique, after absorption of anti-K on K-positive RBCs and subsequent elution at acid pH, the concentration of anti-K in the eluate was measured with a sensitive and reproducible ELISA. This method was validated with monoclonal and polyclonal anti-K. It was then used to assay the sera of eight pregnant women with anti-K immunization, associated with early fetal anemia (Hct, 7-17%) detected between the 20th and the 31st week of pregnancy. In addition, in most of these cases, the anemia was associated with fetal hydrops.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anti-K IgG concentration measured by ELISA in the sera of the eight women varied from 1.0 to 4.1 microg per mL (mean, 2.2 microg/mL). Therefore, severe and early forms of fetal anemia can be observed with a relatively low concentration of anti-K (as compared to the concentration of anti-D in similar cases of fetal anemia due to anti-D). The mean proportion of each IgG subclass of anti-K in these sera was IgG1, 95.9 percent; IgG2, 2.4 percent; IgG3, 1.3 percent; and IgG4, 0.4 percent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple method for quantitative estimation of anti-K in human serum has been developed. Low concentrations of anti-K can cause fetal anemia relatively early in pregnancy. This method should lead to a better identification of pregnant women whose fetuses are at risk for severe fetal anemia due to anti-K.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Transfusion Service Unit, National Institute of Blood Transfusion, Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahaded
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Brossard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Debbia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lambin
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004899:Erythroblastosis, Fetal / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood* / Q000145:classification; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007519:Isoantigens; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System