title: [Chronic electric stimulation of the internal globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease].
abstract: METHODS
  In Parkinson's disease, the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways induces an increase in activity of the subthalamic nucleus and the medial globus pallidus, which cause inhibition of thalamo-cortical outputs explaining parkinsonism. HIGH-FREQUENCY DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION: The adverse effects induced by lesions of subcortical structures (thalamotomy, pallidotomy) have increased interest in chronic electrical stimulation proposed as a new therapy in Parkinson's disease. This technique is reversible and can be modulated with less adverse effects.
  Two targets may be proposed in case of severe motor fluctuations: the medial globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus. Pallidial stimulation improves dramatically levodopa-induced dyskinesia and, with a variable degree, the parkinsonian triad. Subthalamic stimulation rapidly reverses akinesia, rigidity and tremor and also dyskinesias which progressively tend to diminish after decreasing L-dopa dosage. LONG-TERM EFFICACY: A follow-up period of a few years has confirmed that the beneficial effect is maintained. However, stimulation dose not prevent the development of certain symptoms (postural impairment, cognitive decline).
  Chronic electrical stimulation of medial globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus may be proposed for parkinsonian patients with severe motor fluctuations associated with abnormal involuntary movements which are not controlled by different medical therapies. Parkinsonian symptoms must still be levodopa responsive and cause severe clinical disability severely limiting daily living activities. Cognitive impairment and other severe pathologies are contraindications.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU, Lille. ldefebvre@chru-lille.fr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Defebvre
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krystkowiak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blond
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Destée
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome