title: Structure-related inhibition of calmodulin-dependent neuronal nitric-oxide synthase activity by melatonin and synthetic kynurenines.
abstract: We recently described that melatonin and some kynurenines modulate the N-methyl-D-aspartate-dependent excitatory response in rat striatal neurons, an effect that could be related to their inhibition of nNOS. In this report, we studied the effect of melatonin and these kynurenines on nNOS activity in both rat striatal homogenate and purified rat brain nNOS. In homogenates of rat striatum, melatonin inhibits nNOS activity, whereas synthetic kynurenines act in a structure-related manner. Kynurenines carrying an NH(2) group in their benzenic ring (NH(2)-kynurenines) inhibit nNOS activity more strongly than melatonin itself. However, kynurenines lacking the NH(2) group or with this group blocked do not affect enzyme activity. Kinetic analysis shows that melatonin and NH(2)-kynurenines behave as noncompetitive inhibitors of nNOS. Using purified rat brain nNOS, we show that the inhibitory effect of melatonin and NH(2)-kynurenines on the enzyme activity diminishes with increasing amounts of calmodulin in the incubation medium. However, changes in other nNOS cofactors such as FAD or H(4)-biopterin, do not modify the drugs' response. These data suggest that calmodulin may be involved in the nNOS inhibition by these compounds. Studies with urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis further support an interaction between melatonin and NH(2)-kynurenines, but not kynurenines lacking the NH(2) group, with Ca(2+)-calmodulin yielding Ca(2+)-calmodulin-drug complexes that prevent nNOS activation. The results show that calmodulin is a target involved in the intracellular effects of melatonin and some melatonin-related kynurenines that may account, at least in part, for the neuroprotective properties of these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macías
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Escames
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khaldy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Acuña-Castroviejo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002147:Calmodulin; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007737:Kynurenine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; D008550:Melatonin