title: Comparison of tear proteins of llamas and cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze and compare contents of the preocular tear films of llamas and cattle.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 llamas and 35 cattle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tear pH was determined by use of a pH meter. Total protein concentration was determined by use of 2 microtiter methods. Tear proteins were separated by use of electrophoresis and molecular weights of bands were calculated. Western blot immunoassay was used to detect IgA, lactoferrin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-amylase, and alpha2-macroglobulin. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to detect proteases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pH of llama and cattle tears were 8.05 +/- 0.01 and 8.10 +/- 0.01, respectively. For results of both methods, total protein concentration of llama tears was significantly greater than that of cattle tears. Molecular weights of tear protein bands were similar within and between the 2 species, although llama tears had a distinct 13.6-kd band that was not detected in cattle. Lactoferrin, IgA, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-amylase, alpha2-macroglobulin, and proteases were detected in both species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Llama tears have significantly greater total protein concentration than cattle tears, whereas pH is similar between species. Because little variation was detected within species for the number and molecular weight of protein bands, pooling of tears for analysis is justified. Results suggest that lactoferrin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-amylase, and IgA are present in the tears of llamas and cattle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gionfriddo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Melgarejo
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Alinovi
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Asem
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Krohne
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000662:veterinary; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000662:veterinary; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005136:Eye Proteins; C042434:tear proteins