title: CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion in non-occupationally exposed individuals.
abstract: The CYP1A1 and glutathione S-transferase enzymes (e.g., GSTM1 and GSTP1) are involved in the activation and conjugation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), respectively, and are controlled by genes that are polymorphic. The CYP1A1*2 allelic variant has been associated with elevated urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a proposed marker for internal dose of activated PAHs, in coke-oven workers. We investigated whether this association could be observed at low exposure levels, such as those experienced by the general population. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 188 individuals (106 Japanese, 60 Caucasians, and 22 Hawaiians) who were selected as controls in a population-based case-control study and provided lifestyle information, a 12-h urine specimen, and a blood sample. 1-OHP was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography after enzymatic hydrolysis. Lymphocyte DNA was used for PCR-based genotyping. Smokers excreted twice as much 1-OHP (geometric mean, 0.51 nmol/12 h) as nonsmokers (geometric mean, 0.27 nmol/12 h; P = 0.006). Overall and among nonsmokers, 1-OHP urinary levels did not differ by CYP1A1, GSTM1, or GSTP1 genotypes. However, after adjusting for age, ethnicity, and number of cigarettes per day, smokers with at least one CYP1A1*2 variant allele excreted 2.0-fold more 1-OHP than smokers with the wild-type genotype (P = 0.02). Similar results were obtained for the CYP1A1*3 variant allele. The present data add to the growing evidence suggesting that individuals with the (linked) CYP1A1*2 or *3 variant alleles have a greater capacity to activate PAHs from tobacco smoke and occupational exposure and, as a result, are at greater risk for PAH-related cancers, especially certain respiratory cancers.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Etiology Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96813, USA.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Nerurkar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Okinaka
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seifried
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lum-Jones
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Marchand
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D008019:Life Style; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human