title: Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) as adjunctive treatment for children with severe meningococcal sepsis: a randomised trial. rBPI21 Meningococcal Sepsis Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endotoxin is a primary trigger of the inflammatory processes that lead to shock, multiorgan failure, and purpura fulminans in meningococcal sepsis. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is a natural protein, stored within the neutrophil granules, that binds to and neutralises the effects of endotoxin in vitro, in laboratory animals, and in humans. To establish whether a recombinant 21-kDa modified fragment of human BPI (rBPI21), containing the active antimicrobial and endotoxin-neutralising moiety, would decrease death and long-term disability from meningococcal sepsis, we did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rBPI21 in children with severe meningococcal sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled children (2 weeks to 18 years of age) presenting to 22 centres in the UK and the USA with a clinical picture suggestive of meningococcal sepsis, and with evidence of severe disease. Children were randomly assigned rBPI21 (2 mg/kg over 30 min followed by 2 mg/kg over 24 h) or placebo (0.2 mg/mL human albumin solution) in addition to conventional medical therapy. Primary outcome variables were mortality, amputations, and change in paediatric overall performance category (POPC) from before illness to day 60. Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1287 patients screened, 892 were excluded, including 57 patients who died or who met criteria for imminent death before receiving the study drug. 190 patients received rBPI21, and 203 placebo. 34 (8.7%) of 393 patients died during the study: 14 (7.4%) in the rBPI21 group and 20 (9.9%) in the placebo group (odds ratio 1.31 [95% CI 0.62-2.74], p=0.48). Compared with patients randomised to placebo, fewer patients treated with rBPI21 had multiple severe amputations (six of 190 [3.2%] vs 15 of 203 [7.4%], odds ratio 2.47 [0.94-6.51], p=0.067), and more had a functional outcome similar to that before illness (as measured by the POPC scale) at day 60 (136 of 176 [77.3%] vs 126 of 190 [66.3%], p=0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because most deaths occurred in the interval between identification of patients and study drug administration, the mortality rate in the placebo group was substantially lower than predicted. The trial was therefore underpowered to detect significant differences in mortality. However, patients receiving rBPI21 had a trend towards improved outcome in all primary outcome variables. Given the excellent severity match between placebo and rBPI21 groups at study entry, the results overall indicate that rBPI21 is beneficial in decreasing complications of meningococcal disease.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College School of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shemie
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cafaro
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Scannon
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Giroir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004731:Endotoxins; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C025357:endotoxin binding proteins