title: Liver damage associated with minocycline use in acne: a systematic review of the published literature and pharmacovigilance data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Minocycline is an antibacterial drug used in the treatment of acne. Concern has been expressed over the possibility of severe adverse reactions to minocycline, including hepatitis. This study set out to identify and characterise reported cases of hepatotoxicity associated with the use of minocycline.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature including a search of computerised databases and analysis of data from the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring) was conducted. The review involved a search for original case reports involving liver damage in people using minocycline. Patients taking minocycline for reasons other than acne or those given intravenous minocycline were excluded. The search strategy involved an enquiry of computerised databases and a search for secondary references. Cases were then classified appropriately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  65 reported cases of hepatitis or liver damage in association with minocycline from either case reports or case series were identified from the literature review. 58% of cases occurred in females and 94% were aged under 40 years. For 20 case reports there was insufficient information to classify the type of event, but for the remaining 45, 2 types of hepatic reaction were recognised: autoimmune hepatitis associated with lupus-like symptoms occurring after a median duration of exposure to minocycline of 365 days in females (n = 20) and 730 days in males (n = 9), hypersensitivity reaction associated with eosinophilia and exfoliative dermatitis occurring within 35 days of therapy (n = 16). Reports to the WHO of hepatic adverse drug reactions associated with minocycline accounted for 6% (493) of all minocycline-related adverse drug reactions (8025). The pattern of distribution in relation to exposure demonstrated 2 groups, similar to that described by the case reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe cases of minocycline-associated hepatotoxicity appear to be a hypersensitivity reaction and occur within a few weeks of commencing therapy. An autoimmune hepatitis usually presents after exposure to minocycline of a year or more, is more common in women and is sometimes associated with lupus-like symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Guildford, England. r.lawrenson@surrey.ac.uk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lawrenson
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Seaman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundström
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Farmer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D008911:Minocycline / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008911:Minocycline