title: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of novobiocin in combination with VP-16 in patients with refractory malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The coumarin antibiotic novobiocin potentiates the activity of etoposide (VP-16) in vitro by increasing intracellular accumulation of VP-16. The drug efflux pump inhibited by novobiocin appears to be distinct from both of the major proteins associated with the multidrug resistance phenotype in human cancers, the 170-kDa P-glycoprotein and the 190-kDa multidrug resistance protein. In a recent study, we found that novobiocin augmented VP-16 accumulation ex vivo in 16 of 24 fresh tumor samples at concentrations that could be achieved in vivo. Therefore, we conducted a clinical trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose and the pharmacokinetics of novobiocin when given in combination with VP-16.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with refractory cancer were treated with VP-16 on days 1, 3, and 5. Antiemetics, consisting of ondansetron and dexamethasone, were given 60 minutes before the VP-16 was administered. Novobiocin was given orally 30 minutes before the VP-16, and the dose was escalated in successive groups of patients according to a standard dose escalation design. Treatment cycles were repeated every 4 weeks. Plasma concentrations of novobiocin were determined during the first treatment cycle by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three patients were treated for a total of 69 cycles. Eleven patients were treated with a starting dose of VP-16 of 120 mg/m2, and three of these patients experienced neutropenic fever. The dose of VP-16 was reduced to 100 mg/m2, and an additional 22 patients were enrolled. The dose of novobiocin ranged from 3 to 9 g. At a novobiocin dose of at least 5.5 g, plasma concentrations of at least 150 microM were sustained for 24 hours. Dose-limiting toxicities consisted of neutropenic fever and reversible hyperbilirubinemia. Nausea, which was a limiting toxicity in other trials of novobiocin, was well controlled with the use of serotonergic antiemetics. Diarrhea was common but mild in most patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In previously treated patients, the recommended dose of novobiocin in this schedule is 7 g/m2/day. Novobiocin does not appear to augment the toxicity of VP-16 to the bone marrow or the gastrointestinal mucosa. Plasma concentrations of novobiocin equivalent to the levels required to modulate VP-16 in vitro are readily achievable for total but not unbound free drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Pharmacology, and the Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Murren
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: DiStasio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorico
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McKeon
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Zuhowski
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Egorin
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sartorelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rappa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005047:Etoposide / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D009675:Novobiocin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009675:Novobiocin; D005047:Etoposide