title: Targets of B-cell antigen receptor signaling: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway and the Rap1 GTPase.
abstract: In this review, we discuss the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Rap 1 in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. PI3K produces lipids that recruit pleckstrin homology domain-containing proteins to the plasma membrane. Akt is a kinase that the BCR activates in this manner. Akt phosphorylates several transcription factors as well as proteins that regulate apoptosis and protein synthesis. Akt also regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3, a kinase whose substrates include the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT)cl and beta-catenin transcriptional activators. In addition to Akt, PI3K-derived lipids also regulate the activity and localization of other targets of BCR signaling. Thus, a key event in BCR signaling is the recruitment of PI3K to the plasma membrane where its substrates are located. This is mediated by binding of the Src homology (SH) 2 domains in PI3K to phosphotyrosine-containing sequences on membrane-associated docking proteins. The docking proteins that the BCR uses to recruit PI3K include CD19, Cbl, Gab1, and perhaps Gab2. We have shown that Gab1 colocalizes PI3K with SH2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP) and SHP2, two enzymes that regulate PI3K-dependent signaling. In contrast to PI3K, little is known about the Rap1 GTPase. We showed that the BCR activates Rap1 via phospholipase C-dependent production of diacylglycerol. Since Rap1 is thought to regulate cell adhesion and cell polarity, it may be involved in B-cell migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. mgold@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Scheid
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duronio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matsuuchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology*; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D006801:Humans; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011947:Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011947:Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins; C494918:AKT1 protein, human