title: Spurious estimations of sodium removal during CAPD when [Na](+) is measured by Na electrode methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pH and glucose concentration on sodium removal and the dialysate and plasma sodium ratio (D/PNa) as measured by means of a flame photometer (NaF) or direct ion-selective electrode (NaE) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro, glucose concentration, pH, NaF, and NaE were measured in fresh peritoneal dialysis solutions (PDSs) before and after the addition of glucose or KOH. In vivo, 66 four-hour peritoneal equilibration tests were performed in 35 patients on CAPD using a low pH PDS with a glucose concentration of 3.86%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, NaF and NaE were significantly influenced by the glucose concentration and pH of the PDS. In vivo, in fresh PDS, there was a significant difference between the NaF and NaE results; the respective median values were 132.1 (interquartile range 129.3 to 137.5) versus 138.0 (134.4 to 141.5) mmol/L (P < 0.0001). The D/PNa ratio calculated by NaE was significantly lower than that calculated by NaF (0.88 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.91 +/- 0.04 and 0. 90 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.04 at 60 and 240 min, respectively, P < 0.0001), whereas there was no significant difference between the NaE and NaF values after correction for plasma water and a Donnan factor of 0.96 (0.88 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.88 +/- 0.04 and 0.90 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.91 +/- 0.04, P < 0.3473). Sodium removal was significantly lower when calculated as NaE than when calculated as NaF (43.9 +/- 32.7 vs. 61.0 +/- 32.2 mmol, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fresh PDS sodium concentration can be corrected using a glucose concentration-related factor. The D/PNa ratio calculated as NaE or NaF is not different after correction for plasma water and a Donnan factor of 0.96. Sodium removal must be measured by means of NaF rather than NaE. This could have an important clinical impact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Lecco Hospital, Lecco, Italy. nefrologia@ospedale.lecco.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: La Milia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Filippo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crepaldi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andrulli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bacchini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Locatelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D010783:Photometry / Q000592:standards; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D012964:Sodium