title: Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical effects of a humanized IgG1 anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CD4(+) T cells are important mediators in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this open-label, dose-escalating study, we examined the pharmacokinetic (PK), clinical, biological and immunological effects of a humanized IgG1 anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb), 4162W94, in the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients in four cohorts (six patients in each cohort) were allocated to be treated with five consecutive daily doses of 4162W94 (10, 30, 100 or 300 mg i.v.). Disease activity was measured by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and disease activity score (DAS). We also measured 4162W94 concentration, the percentage of 4162W94-coated CD4(+) lymphocytes, percentage down-modulation of CD4, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) levels in the PB and SF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A direct relationship between 4162W94 dose, biological response and clinical outcome was seen. Treatment with 10 and 30 mg of 4162W94 for 5 consecutive days resulted in transient coating and down-modulation of CD4(+) lymphocytes, with little effect observed beyond the final dose. However, treatment with 100 and 300 mg resulted in sustained coating and/or down-modulation for 3 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively, in PB and >4 weeks in SF in one patient from the 300 mg cohort. There was a dose-related moderate but transient depression in the CD4(+) lymphocyte count in most patients, with all but three returning to >0.40 x 10(9)/l or >75% baseline by the end of the study period. Significant clinical improvement (ACR 20%) was seen in only 1/6 patients in each of the 10- and 30-mg cohorts; however, 3/6 and 5/5 patients in the 100 and 300-mg cohorts, respectively, were ACR 20% responders. In addition, there were significant reductions in PB acute phase reactants as well as SF IL-6 and TNFalpha concentrations in parallel to clinical improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from this pilot study suggest that 4162W94 is a clinically active novel immunotherapeutic agent that may suppress inflammation in RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Guy's, King's College and St Thomas Hospitals School of Medicine, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rapson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeal
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Panayi
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C416007:4162W94 IgG1; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007136:Immunoglobulins