title: Effects of an acute silver challenge on survival, silver distribution and ionoregulation within developing rainbow trout eggs (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: Rainbow trout eggs were acutely challenged with silver (as AgNO(3)) at different stages of development from fertilization through to hatch in moderately hard water (120 mg CaCO(3) l(-1), 0.70 mM (25 mg l(-1)) Cl(-), 1.3 mg l(-1) DOC, 12.3+/-0.1 degrees C) at measured total silver concentrations of 0.11+/-0.004, 1.55+/-0.15, and 14.15+/-1.52 microg l(-1). Four separate acute challenges were conducted, each consisting of 5 days exposure to the respective silver concentration, followed by 4 days recovery after transfer to silver-free water (series 1, 1-10 days post-fertilization; series 2, 8-17 days post-fertilization; series 3, 16-25 days post-fertilization; series 4, 23-32 days post-fertilization). Mortality was not significantly different from control during exposure to 0.11, 1.55, and 14.15 microg l(-1) total silver in series 2, 3 and 4 (mortality for series 1 data could not be calculated for technical reasons). In the four days of recovery following silver exposure, however, there was significant mortality at 14.15 microg l(-1) total silver reaching 100, 31 and 72% in series 2, 3 and 4, respectively, indicating eggs are more sensitive in the period of 8-17 and 23-32 days post-fertilization at this temperature. Mortality following silver exposure was associated with ionoregulatory impairment in series 3 and 4, where up to 60% of whole egg [Na(+)] and [Cl(-)] was lost relative to controls at 14.15 microg l(-1) total silver. Significant but smaller reductions in egg [Na(+)] and/or [Cl(-)] were also observed at 0.11 and 1.55 microg l(-1) total silver. The greatest accumulation of silver in whole eggs and chorions occurred in series 4, reaching concentrations of 0.53 microg g(-1) (eggs) and 15.5 microg g(-1) (chorions) in the 14.15 microg l(-1) treatment. The accumulation of silver in the whole eggs and chorions of the 0.11 microg l(-1) treatment was not different from controls throughout embryonic development. Of the total silver content, only a small proportion of silver was found in the embryos (1-17%), indicating that the chorion is a protective barrier during acute silver exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ont., L8S 4K1, Hamilton, Canada.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Guadagnolo
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Brauner
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005618:Fresh Water; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000502:physiology*; D012834:Silver / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D012834:Silver; D012964:Sodium