title: Risk factors for hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although bone disease is well described among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, little attention has been paid to the occurrence of fracture. We sought to identify factors that are associated with hip fracture among ESRD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from patients who participated in the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study Wave 1 were used for this study. Hip fractures occurring among these patients between 1993 and 1996 were identified from Medicare claims data available from the United States Renal Data System. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of hip fracture associated with demographic and medical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4952 patients included in this analysis, 103 sustained a hip fracture. In the multivariate analysis, age (per increasing decade, RR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.20, 1.64), female gender (RR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.48, 3.44), race (blacks compared with whites, RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.37, 0.91), body mass index (per 1 unit increase, RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.86, 0.93), and the presence of peripheral vascular disease (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.29, 2.92) were independently associated with hip fracture. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), aluminum, diabetes, and bicarbonate levels did not appreciably influence the risk of hip fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demographic and other characteristics that predict risk of hip fracture in the population at large also do so in ESRD patients. However, we could identify no characteristics of ESRD or its treatment that were independently related to hip fracture incidence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA. cos@uwashington.edu
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Stehman-Breen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sherrard
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alem
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Heckbert
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D014861:Washington