title: Pulmonary effects of smoking.
abstract: The problems of tobacco addiction have evolved over centuries. The possible relationship between smoking and oral cancer was recognized as early as the 19th century. The use of tobacco results in an estimated 4 million deaths each year worldwide. Approximately 3,000 adolescents start smoking every day; 4.5 million children and adolescents smoke cigarettes; 1 million use smokeless tobacco. This article reviews the effects of environmental tobacco smoke and primary smoking on lung health and maturation and the pathophysiology of smoking-related pulmonary disease. Smoking prevention and timely smoking cessation will significantly reduce the risk of not only lung diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, chronic bronchitis, asthma, etc.) but also suboptimal lung growth during preadolescent and adolescent years.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University, Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Homnick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services; D006801:Humans; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention