Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood.
BACKGROUND
Cigarette smoking is associated with some anxiety disorders, but the direction of the association between smoking and specific anxiety disorders has not been determined.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the longitudinal association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults.


METHODS
The Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation.


METHODS
Community-based sample of 688 youths (51% female) from upstate New York interviewed in the years 1985-1986, at a mean age of 16 years, and in the years 1991-1993, at a mean age of 22 years.


METHODS
Participant cigarette smoking and psychiatric disorders in adolescence and early adulthood, measured by age-appropriate versions of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children.


RESULTS
Heavy cigarette smoking (>/=20 cigarettes/d) during adolescence was associated with higher risk of agoraphobia (10.3% vs 1.8%; odds ratio [OR], 6.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-30.17), generalized anxiety disorder (20.5% vs 3.71%; OR, 5.53; 95% CI, 1.84-16.66), and panic disorder (7.7% vs 0.6%; OR, 15.58; 95% CI, 2.31-105.14) during early adulthood after controlling for age, sex, difficult childhood temperament; alcohol and drug use, anxiety, and depressive disorders during adolescence; and parental smoking, educational level, and psychopathology. Anxiety disorders during adolescence were not significantly associated with chronic cigarette smoking during early adulthood. Fourteen percent and 15% of participants with and without anxiety during adolescence, respectively, smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day during early adulthood (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.36-2.14).


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that cigarette smoking may increase risk of certain anxiety disorders during late adolescence and early adulthood. JAMA. 2000;284:2348-2351.
Johnson
J G
JG
Box 60, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, New York, NY 10032, USA. jjohnso@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu
Cohen
P
P
Pine
D S
DS
Klein
D F
DF
Kasen
S
S
Brook
J S
JS
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*