title: Blastocyst-ET and monozygotic twinning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the rate of monozygotic twinning associated with blastocyst transfer using commercially available, cell-free culture systems with unmanipulated blastocysts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted in multiple private and academic infertility centers throughout the United States, of 199 pregnant patients following in vitro fertilization (IVF) blastocyst embryo transfer (ET). Human embryos obtained through standard IVF stimulation protocols were cultured in commercially available, cell-free media systems and transferred as blastocysts. The main outcome measure was the rate of monozygotic twinning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 199 blastocyst-ET pregnancies were achieved during the study period at the fertility centers examined. Monozygotic twinning was noted in 10/199 (5%) of these pregnancies. All were monochorionic diamnionic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monozygotic twinning previously has been reported following IVF, especially in relation to assisted hatching. While blastocyst transfer has been available for many years using coculture, there have been no published multicenter reports of monozygotic twinning associated with unmanipulated blastocysts. In a multicenter analysis, a definite increase in monozygotic twinning was seen following blastocyst-ET. We believe this phenomenon is real and that this information should be considered when counseling patients for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fisch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Racowsky
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Pool
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Milki
mesh_terms: D002474:Cell-Free System; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic