title: Genetic diversity of protease and reverse transcriptase sequences in non-subtype-B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains: evidence of many minor drug resistance mutations in treatment-naive patients.
abstract: Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug susceptibility studies have involved subtype B strains. Little information on the impact of viral diversity on natural susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs has been reported. However, the prevalence of non-subtype-B (non-B) HIV type 1 (HIV-1) strains continues to increase in industrialized countries, and antiretroviral treatments have recently become available in certain developing countries where non-B subtypes predominate. We sequenced the protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes of 142 HIV-1 isolates from antiretroviral-naive patients: 4 belonged to group O and 138 belonged to group M (9 subtype A, 13 subtype B, 2 subtype C, 5 subtype D, 2 subtype F1, 9 subtype F2, 4 subtype G, 5 subtype J, 2 subtype K, 3 subtype CRF01-AE, 67 subtype CRF02-AG, and 17 unclassified isolates). No major mutations associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) or protease inhibitors were detected. Major mutations linked to resistance to non-NRTI agents were detected in all group O isolates (A98G and Y181C) and in one subtype J virus (V108I). In contrast, many accessory mutations were found, especially in the protease gene. Only 5.6% of the 142 strains, all belonging to subtype B or D, had no mutations in the protease gene. Sixty percent had one mutation, 22.5% had two mutations, 9.8% had three mutations, and 2.1% (all group O strains) had four mutations. In order of decreasing frequency, the following mutations were identified in the protease gene: M36I (86.6%), L10I/V (26%), L63P (12.6%), K20M/R (11.2%), V77I (5.6%), A71V (2.8%), L33F (0.7%), and M46I (0.7%). R211K, an accessory mutation associated with NRTI resistance, was also observed in 43.6% of the samples. Phenotypic and clinical studies are now required to determine whether multidrug-resistant viruses emerge more rapidly during antiretroviral therapy when minor resistance-conferring mutations are present before treatment initiation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Retrovirus, IRD, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vergne
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mpoudi-Ngole
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liegeois
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toure-Kane
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mboup
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mulanga-Kabeya
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jourdan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reynes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delaporte
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease