title: Creation of radiofrequency lesions in a porcine model: correlation with sonography, CT, and histopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the correlation between sonographic and CT appearances of radiofrequency thermal lesions created in porcine liver and histopathologic findings to evaluate the accuracy of these techniques in revealing the extent of tissue necrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used sonographic guidance and a 2.0-cm-diameter, eight-prong retractable radiofrequency electrode to view 12 hepatic lesions that were created in five pigs. Biphasic helical CT was performed 12-48 hr after ablation. The animals were sacrificed immediately after CT, and their livers were histopathologically examined. The maximum lesion size in the long and short axes as measured on CT and sonography was then correlated with the histopathologically determined lesion size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On sonography, lesions changed rapidly within 5 min after the termination of ablation. An early echogenic cloud became peripherally hypoechoic with a variable thin echogenic rim. Early (0-2 min after ablation) sonograms led to an underestimation of true lesion sizes on histopathology (r = 0.3-0.49; p < 0.05). Delayed (2-5 min after ablation) sonograms also led to an underestimation of true lesion size (r = 0.5-0.62; p < 0.05); however, lesions were larger and better demarcated. Biphasic contrast-enhanced helical CT revealed avascular lesions surrounded by hyperemic rims that closely correlated with true pathologic lesions size (r = 0.93-0.95; p < 0. 05). Lesions with hyperemic rims that were measured on CT led to overestimations of true lesion size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sonography led to underestimations of the true size of ablated lesions within the first 5 min after creation; however, delayed images provided better results. The avascular lesion measured on contrast-enhanced helical CT closely correlated with the size of ablated tissue; therefore, contrast-enhanced CT is preferred for serially monitoring the effect of radiofrequency ablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 LeConte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1721, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vodopich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sayre
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lassman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects; D003287:Contrast Media; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media