title: Comparative bioavailability of two formulations containing atenolol and chlortalidone associated in a 4:1 fixed combination.
abstract: Atenolol (CAS 29122-68-7) and chlortalidone (CAS 77-36-1) are marketed associated in a 4:1 strength ratio (100/25 and 50/12.5 mg) for the treatment of hypertension. According to EU guidelines, the bioequivalence of one dosage strength can also cover additional strengths when the pharmacokinetics of a given drug is linearly related with the dose. The kinetics of atenolol is linearly correlated with the dose and chlortalidone has linear kinetics with doses < or = 100 mg. Thus this trial carried out on the 100/25 mg strength also covers the 50/12.5 mg strength. The trial was carried out on 18 healthy volunteers (9 males and 9 females) according to a single dose, two-period, two-treatment, two-sequence study design with washout. Timed atenolol plasma concentrations and chlortalidone blood concentrations were used to assess primary pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, tmax and AUC extrapolated to infinity by a non-compartmental model. The bioavailability of the two formulations was compared through the 90% confidence intervals (C.I.) of Cmax and AUC in accordance with operating guidelines. C.I. of chlortalidone were fully comprised in the 0.80-1.25 range. In the case of atenolol, which displayed a higher data dispersion, C.I. were comprised in the enlarged 0.70-1.43 range. Time to peak, tmax, did not show any statistically significant difference between the test and reference product with respect to both analytes. Pharmacodynamic measurements of the decrease in systolic blood pressure led to fully overlapping results with test and reference. The authors conclude that the test formulation should be considered bioequivalent with the reference with chlortalidone and in the borderline of bioequivalence with atenolol. As no safety problems were involved and pharmacodynamics led to overlapping results as between test and reference, the bioequivalence conclusion could be extended also to atenolol.
authors.affiliation: IPAS SA, Ligornetto, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marzo
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Bo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazzucchelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crivelli
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tettamanti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ismaili
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Uhr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ronchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Porziotta
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001262:Atenolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D001682:Biological Availability; D002752:Chlorthalidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004232:Diuretics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D004232:Diuretics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D001262:Atenolol; D002752:Chlorthalidone