title: Yeasts as a model for assessing the toxicity of the fungicides Penconazol, Cymoxanil and Dichlofluanid.
abstract: In the present work the sensitivity of yeast strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia anomala, Candida utilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to the fungicides cymoxanil, penconazol, and dichlofluanid, was evaluated. Dichlofluanid induced the most negative effects, whereas penconazol in general was not very toxic. Overall, our results show that the parameters IC50 for specific respiration rates of C. utilis and S. cerevisiae and C(D) for cell viability of S. cerevisiae can be applied to quantify the toxicity level of the above compounds in yeast. Hence, could be explored as an alternative or at least as a complementary test in toxicity studies and, therefore, its potential for inclusion in a tier testing toxicity test battery merits further research.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências do Ambientie, Universidade do Minho, Braga Codex, Portugal.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Veríssimo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moniz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leão
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000633:toxicity; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007716:Kluyveromyces / Q000187:drug effects; D010843:Pichia / Q000187:drug effects; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C087058:penconazole; C025644:2-cyano-N-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide; C016370:dichlofluanid