title: Nuclear factor-kappa B activation by the CXC chemokine melanoma growth-stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein involves the MEKK1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
abstract: Melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein (MGSA/GRO), a CXC chemokine, plays an important role in inflammation, wound healing, growth regulation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. Constitutive expression of MGSA/GROalpha in melanoma tumors is associated with constitutive nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity. We show here that either exogenous addition or continuous expression of MGSA/GROalpha in immortalized melanocytes enhances NF-kappaB activation, as well as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MEKK) 1, MAP kinase kinase (MEK) 3/6, and p38 MAP kinase activation. Expression of dominant negative M-Ras (S27N), dominant negative MEKK1 (K432M), or specific chemical inhibitors for p38 MAP kinase (SB202190 and SB203580) block MGSA/GROalpha-induced NF-kappaB transactivation, demonstrating that Ras, MEKK1, and p38 are involved in the signal pathways of MGSA/GROalpha activation of NF-kappaB. Expression of dominant active Ras or dominant active MEKK1 alone can also stimulate NF-kappaB activation. The expression of dominant negative MEKK1 inhibits the Ras-induced NF-kappaB activation, suggesting that MEKK1 is a downstream target of Ras. Moreover, MGSA/GROalpha induction of NF-kappaB is independent of the MEK1/ERK cascade, because MGSA/GROalpha failed to increase ERK and ELK activation, and specific chemical inhibitors for MEK1 (PD98059) had no effect on MGSA/GROalpha-enhanced NF-kappaB activation. These data demonstrate that NF-kappaB activation is required for MGSA/GROalpha-induced melanocyte transformation through a Ras/MEKK1/p38 cascade in melanocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; C475895:Cxcl1 protein, mouse; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; C482578:Map3k1 protein, mouse; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; C482127:Map2k1 protein, mouse; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins