title: MRI of the plantar structures of the foot after falanga torture.
abstract: Falanga is an ancient form of punishment or torture but is still commonly reported by our refugees. The late result of caning the heel and ball of the foot is a chronic painful condition with few clinical signs. The aim of the present study was to assess, by MRI, possible morphologic characteristics of the heel and ball of the foot, related to falanga and pain in correlation to clinical findings. Magnetic resonance imaging of the foot was obtained in 12 victims exposed to falanga torture and 9 healthy volunteers. Sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo images (TR 616-840 ms, TE 20 ms), T2-weighted spin-echo images (TR 1900 ms, TE 90 ms), and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images (TR 1200 ms, TE 15 ms, TI 100 ms) were performed. The central portion of the plantar aponeurosis was generally significantly thicker in victims exposed to falanga torture as compared with that of controls (P < 0.05). In all except one of the victims, MRI demonstrated two layers of the thickened plantar aponeurosis: a deeper portion with normal homogeneous low signal intensity (SI) appearance, and a superficial layer with characteristic areas of mixed SI on both T1- and T2-weighted images. There were no signs of chronic muscular compartment syndromes, and the thickness of the plantar pad did not differ between the two groups. Magnetic resonance imaging may demonstrate morphologic characteristics of the plantar aponeurosis which may confirm falanga torture. Further imaging with more specific sequences is warranted to demonstrate the supposed injuries in the compartmental fat tissue chambers and the vascularity of the ball pad of the foot.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savnik
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amris
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Røgind
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prip
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Danneskiold-Samsøe
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bojsen-Møller
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bliddal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boesen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Egund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology*; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D013708:Tendon Injuries; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology; D014104:Torture; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices