title: Intra-uterine growth retardation results in increased cardiac arrhythmias and raised diastolic blood pressure in adult rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological evidence in humans suggests that intrauterine growth retardation is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and coronary heart disease in later life. To begin to understand the mechanisms involved, we developed and exploited a rat model of intrauterine growth retardation to assess predisposition to arrhythmias and resting blood pressure levels at defined ages from 4 to 18 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated working heart experiments were carried out on rats that had been subjected to intrauterine growth retardation by prenatal protein deprivation and age-matched male Wistar controls to measure susceptibility to wall stress-induced arrhythmias. In addition, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured in conscious rats via an indwelling arterial catheter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hearts from intrauterine growth retarded animals showed significantly more ventricular premature beats and more episodes of ventricular tachycardia at all ages examined (4, 9 and 18 months), and at 4 and 18 months, a reduction in coronary blood flow. Diastolic pressure was significantly raised by intrauterine growth retardation in both groups examined (4 and 9 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein malnutrition during the intrauterine period results in profound intrauterine growth retardation that is associated with a raised diastolic blood pressure and an increased predisposition to cardiac arrhythmias in later life. These results are consistent with epidemiological observations made in human populations, and as similar pathophysiological changes may operate in both situations, intrauterine protein deprivation may be a useful model to help define some of the mechanisms involved.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicine, University of Bristol, BS2 8HT, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: X W
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Levi
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003971:Diastole; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000150:complications*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D010477:Perfusion; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology*