title: Comparison of the caudal and lumbar approaches to the epidural space.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the accuracy of placement of epidural injections using the lumbar and caudal approaches. To identify which factors, if any, predicted successful placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  200 consecutive patients referred to a pain clinic for an epidural injection of steroid were randomly allocated to one of two groups. Group L had a lumbar approach to the epidural space and group C a caudal approach to the epidural space. Both groups then had epidurography performed using Omnipaque and an image intensifier to determine the position of the needle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass index (BMI), grade of operator, and route of injection were predictors of a successful placement. 93% of lumbar and 64% of caudal epidural injections were correctly placed (p< 0.001). 97% of lumbar and 85% of caudal epidural injections clinically thought to be correctly placed were confirmed radiographically. For epidural injections where the clinical impression was "maybe", 91% of lumbar injections, but only 45% of caudal injections were correctly placed. Obesity was associated with a reduced chance of successful placement (odds ratio (OR) 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 0.72) BMI >30 v BMI <30). A more senior grade of operator was associated with a reduced chance of successful placement (OR 0.16 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.89) consultant v other). However, small numbers may have accounted for the latter result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The weight of the patient and intended approach need to be considered when deciding the method used to enter the epidural space. In the non-obese patient, lumbar epidural injections can be accurately placed without x ray screening, but caudal epidural injections, to be placed accurately, require x ray screening no matter what the weight of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Management, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, UK. Cathyprice@freeuk.com
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Arden
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002420:Cauda Equina; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000145:classification; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome