Establishment of a novel in vitro system for studying the interaction of xenobiotic metabolism of liver and intestinal microflora.
We developed a new two-chamber system for the coculture of hepatocytes and fecal microflora under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively, to investigate the sequential metabolism of chemicals by the liver and microflora in vitro. The culture device consisted of two chambers separated by a permeable polycarbonate membrane. In the aerobic compartment, hepatocytes were cultivated as a monolayer on the membrane and in the anaerobic compartment fecal microflora as a suspension. To characterize the metabolic capacity of the microflora and hepatocytes, various marker enzymes were studied. Azoreductase, nitroductase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase and sulphatase were tested in the microflora of the feces from three volunteers who had had significantly different eating habits for years (daily meat, mixed diet, vegetarian). The microflora exhibited significant activities and the various enzymes differed only moderately in the samples from the three volunteers. For rat hepatocytes the activities of various cytochrome P450 forms and conjugating enzymes served as markers. The enzyme activities were tested in the coculture system during a 4-h culture period intended for the test protocol. Deethylation of ethoxycoumarin and 2alpha-, 6beta- and 16alpha-hydroxylation of testosterone decreased by about 30%, 25%, 40% and 20%, respectively, while there was no loss of glucuronidation and sulphonation of 3-OH-benzo(a)pyrene nor of glutathione conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene during the 4-h culture period. The activities of the tested hepatic phase I and II enzymes were not changed after coculture of the hepatocytes with the microflora for 4 h. The applicability of the in vitro system for studying the metabolic interaction of liver and microflora was demonstrated using 7-ethoxycoumarin and the developmental drug EMD 57033, a thiadiazinon derivative from Merck KGaA, as model compounds. Both compounds were oxidized and conjugated by liver cells. In the coculture of hepatocytes and fecal microflora the resulting glucuronides and sulphoconjugates were split by hydrolytic enzymes of the intestinal microflora.
Laube
B
B
GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Toxicology, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
Winkler
S
S
Ladstetter
B
B
Scheller
T
T
Schwarz
L R
LR
D000328:Adult; D000332:Aerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D001711:Biotransformation; D003374:Coumarins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D000072467:Cytochrome P450 Family 2; D005260:Female; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D011804:Quinolines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013429:Sulfatases; D013829:Thiadiazines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
D003374:Coumarins; D011804:Quinolines; D013829:Thiadiazines; C070609:EMD 53998; C017299:7-ethoxycoumarin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C450279:CYP2C11 protein, rat; D000072467:Cytochrome P450 Family 2; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013429:Sulfatases; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases