title: Factors affecting oral cyclosporin disposition after heart transplantation: bootstrap validation of a population pharmacokinetic model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors affecting the population pharmacokinetics of oral cyclosporin (CsA) in cardiac allograft recipients during the first 3 weeks after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from routine trough monitoring and from two extra samples drawn during a dosing interval on a randomly selected day. Whole blood CsA concentrations were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Approximately equal numbers of patients were prescribed Sandimmun (SAN) or Neoral (NEO) CsA formulations. Parameter values of a one-compartment kinetic model with first-order absorption and elimination were sought together with the inter-patient and intra-patient variances using the NONMEM program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improved fits resulted from using the following expression in the model to adjust apparent bioavailability as a function of post-operative day (POD): f= 0.2 + 10 x ABS (POD-5)/[(POD + 7) x 60]. The CsA clearance (CL/f) was found to be influenced by current body weight (WT). There was an absorption lag time of about 35 min with SAN, but zero lag time with NEO. Oral bioavailability (f) was increased by about 35% with concomitant diltiazem and about 18% with NEO. The CL/f was 10% higher during the daytime than at night. The final pharmacokinetic model was validated using 200 bootstrap samples of the original data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a validated population modelling approach, it was found that a number of factors influence the pharmacokinetics of CsA during the early postoperative period in cardiac transplant patients. These influences affecting oral bioavailability and clearance may need to be taken into account for maintaining appropriate concentrations of CsA in the bloodstream.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parke
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Charles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001682:Biological Availability; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011153:Population
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine