title: Development of intelligence in early treated phenylketonuria.
abstract: Designs, analyses and results of longitudinal studies of intelligence of patients treated early for phenylketonuria (PKU) are reviewed. All studies converge on the conclusion that after the age of 10 years, IQ development is stable for different degrees of dietary relaxation. On average, for each 300 mumol/l increase in blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels pre-school, IQ decreases by about half a standard deviation. Children with Phe levels below 400 mumol/l in early and middle childhood had the best outcomes which were near normal. PKU seems to suppress the global level of IQ without impairment of domain-specific competencies. For historical reasons there is no research on IQ development of early treated patients in middle or late adulthood, and it remains unclear whether older age groups might carry new risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is argued that control group designs, meta-analysis, and interdisciplinary studies combining psychology, neurology and neuropathology could increase the understanding of phenylketonuria as well as the scientific basis of its treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Paediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Peter_Burgard@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burgard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012106:Research; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States