title: Three-dimensional location of human rectus pulleys by path inflections in secondary gaze positions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Connective tissue pulleys serve as the functional mechanical origins of the extraocular muscles (EOMs). Anterior to these pulleys, EOM paths shift with gaze to follow the scleral insertions, whereas posterior EOM paths are stable in the orbit. Inflections in EOM paths produced by gaze shifts can be used to define the functional location of pulleys in three dimensions (3-D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Contiguous magnetic resonance images in planes perpendicular to the orbital axis spanned the anteroposterior extents of 22 orbits of 11 normal adults with the eyes in central gaze, elevation, depression, abduction, and adduction. Mean EOM cross-sectional area centroids represented in a normalized, oculocentric coordinate system were plotted over the length of each EOM to determine paths. Path inflections were identified to define pulley locations in 3-D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All rectus EOM paths exhibited in secondary gaze positions distinct inflections 3 to 9 mm posterior to globe center, which were consistent across subjects. The globe center and the lateral rectus pulley translated systematically in the orbit with lateral gaze, whereas other pulleys remained stable relative to the orbit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct inflections in rectus EOM paths in secondary gaze positions confirm the existence of pulleys and define their locations in 3-D. The globe and lateral rectus pulley translate systematically with gaze position. The EOM pulleys may simplify neural control of eye movements by implementing a commutative ocular motor plant in which commands for 3-D eye velocity are effectively independent of eye position.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology and. Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Demer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology