title: Cola beverage consumption induces bone mineralization reduction in ovariectomized rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant association of cola beverage consumption and increased risk of bone fractures has been recently reported. The present study was carried out to examine the relationship of cola soft drink intake and bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1. Four groups of 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Animals from groups II, III, and IV were bilaterally ovariectomized. Animals from groups I and II received tap water for drinking, while animals from groups III and IV each drank a different commercial brand of cola soft drink. After 2 months on these diets, the following were measured: solid diet and liquid consumption; bone mineral density; calcium in bone ashes; femoral cortex width; calcium; phosphate; albumin; creatinine; alkaline phosphatase; 25-OH hydroxyvitamin D, and PTH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 2. Two groups of seven ovariectomized rats were compared. Group A animals received the same management as the group III animals from study 1 (cola soft drink and rat chow ad libitum), while rats from group B received tap water for drinking and pair-feeding. After 2 months plasmatic ionized calcium, phosphate, creatinine, albumin, calcium in femoral ashes, and femoral cortex width were measured. Study 1. Rats consuming cola beverages (groups III and IV) had a threefold higher liquid intake than rats consuming water (groups I and II). Daily solid food intake of rats consuming cola soft drinks was one-half that of rats consuming water. Rats consuming soft drinks developed hypocalcemia and their femoral mineral density measured by DEXA was significantly lower than control animals as follows: group I, 0.20 +/- 0.02; group II, 0.18 +/- 0.01; group III, 0.16 +/- 0.01, and group IV, 0.16 +/- 0.01 g/cm(2). Study 2. To rule out the possibility that these calcium and bone mineral disorders were caused by decreased solid food intake, a pair-fed group was studied. Despite a lower body weight, pair-fed animals consuming tap water did not develop bone mineral reduction or hypocalcemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that heavy intake of cola soft drinks has the potential of reducing femoral mineral density.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Nefrológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, México, D.F., Mexico. dantea@cim.spin.com.mx
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Contreras
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paniagua
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avila-Díaz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cabrera-Muñoz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martínez-Muñiz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foyo-Niembro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amato
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium