title: Hypercapnia induces injury to alveolar epithelial cells via a nitric oxide-dependent pathway.
abstract: Ventilator strategies allowing for increases in carbon dioxide (CO(2)) tensions (hypercapnia) are being emphasized to ameliorate the consequences of inflammatory-mediated lung injury. Inflammatory responses lead to the generation of reactive species including superoxide (O(2)(-)), nitric oxide (.NO), and their product peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). The reaction of CO(2) and ONOO(-) can yield the nitrosoperoxocarbonate adduct ONOOCO(2)(-), a more potent nitrating species than ONOO(-). Based on these premises, monolayers of fetal rat alveolar epithelial cells were utilized to investigate whether hypercapnia would modify pathways of.NO production and reactivity that impact pulmonary metabolism and function. Stimulated cells exposed to 15% CO(2) (hypercapnia) revealed a significant increase in.NO production and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Cell 3-nitrotyrosine content as measured by both HPLC and immunofluorescence staining also increased when exposed to these same conditions. Hypercapnia significantly enhanced cell injury as evidenced by impairment of monolayer barrier function and increased induction of apoptosis. These results were attenuated by the NOS inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine. Our studies reveal that hypercapnia modifies.NO-dependent pathways to amplify cell injury. These results affirm the underlying role of.NO in tissue inflammatory reactions and reveal the impact of hypercapnia on inflammatory reactions and its potential detrimental influences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233-4234, USA. john.lang@ccc.uab.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chumley
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eiserich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estevez
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bamberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adhami
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005333:Fetus; D006935:Hypercapnia; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology*; D051381:Rats; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009566:Nitrates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C039642:peroxynitric acid; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase