title: Influence of radiographic technique and equipment on absorbed ovarian dose associated with uterine artery embolization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of pulsed fluoroscopy (PF), nonpulsed fluoroscopy (NPF), and various fluoroscopic techniques on the absorbed ovarian dose (AOD) associated with uterine artery embolization (UAE) of leiomyomata.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovarian location was estimated from preprocedural pelvic magnetic resonance images of 23 patients previously treated by means of UAE. The AOD was measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) placed into an anthropomorphic phantom at the determined ovarian location. The following measurements from PF and NPF were obtained: 21.89 minutes of nonmagnified posterior-anterior fluoroscopy, 10 minutes of nonmagnified oblique fluoroscopy, 10 minutes of posterior-anterior magnified fluoroscopy, 10 minutes of combined oblique magnified fluoroscopy, and 47 simulated angiographic exposures. Numbers for nonmagnified posterior-anterior fluoroscopy time and exposure numbers were chosen from the average values from previous UAE procedures. AOD from pulsed and nonpulsed nonmagnified posterior-anterior fluoroscopy was compared to measurements from oblique magnified, posterior-anterior magnified, and oblique fluoroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AOD from NPF was, on average, 1.7 times higher than from PF. When compared with nonmagnified posterior-anterior fluoroscopy, the AOD from oblique magnified fluoroscopy was 1.9 times greater; the AOD from nonmagnified oblique fluoroscopy was 1.1 times greater. The AOD from oblique magnified fluoroscopy was 1.5 times higher on the side closer to the x-ray tube than on the contralateral side. AOD from serial angiographic exposures contributed only less than 7% to the total AOD for the average UAE procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AOD associated with UAE can best be reduced by limiting fluoroscopy time and the use of oblique or magnified fluoroscopy. Contribution of angiographic exposures to AOD is much less significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nikolic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbara
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Imaoka
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lundsten
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Spies
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010053:Ovary / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000628:therapy*; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply