title: Apoptosis and dysregulated ceramide metabolism in a murine model of alcohol-enhanced lipopolysaccharide hepatotoxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of apoptosis in EtOH-induced liver injury has not been investigated much. Therefore, the question whether apoptosis is a contributory factor to alcoholic liver disease remains to be answered. The purpose of this study was to characterize the liver apoptotic response in a murine model of alcohol-enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were fed an alcohol-containing liquid diet for 49 days followed by an acute LPS challenge. The liver state was judged on the basis of histological appearance, plasma liver enzyme activity (alanine:2-oxoglutarate and aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferases, as markers of hepatocytolysis), and plasma hyaluronan levels (as a marker of the sinusoidal endothelial cell scavenging function). The liver apoptotic response was assessed by DNA fragmentation (TUNEL procedure), and caspases-3 and -8 activity. To determine if ceramide played a role in the liver apoptotic response, the activity of acidic sphingomyelinase and tissue content of ceramide were also quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol exposure induced fat accumulation and sensitized the liver to LPS injurious effects. Plasma liver enzyme activity was elevated by alcohol and this effect was potentiated by LPS. Liver apoptosis was augmented by both alcohol and LPS treatment as reflected by high frequency of positive TUNEL staining nuclei and by an increased activity of caspase-3 and -8. Acidic sphingomyelinase activity was also increased and it was associated with an elevated tissue content of ceramide. In addition, LPS also increased plasma TNF-alpha levels. These changes were accompanied by elevated plasma hyaluronan, reflecting an impaired sinusoidal endothelial cell scavenging function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide a more complete description of the liver apoptotic response to both alcohol and LPS and may constitute the basis for further mechanistic studies on a possible role apoptosis may play in alcoholic liver injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA.
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Deaciuc
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikolova-Karakashian
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fortunato
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McClain
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000097:blood; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000431:Ethanol; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; C505526:Casp8 protein, mouse; C506434:Casp9 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases