title: Particle image velocimetry investigation of intravalvular flow fields of a bileaflet mechanical heart valve in a pulsatile flow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous studies of bileaflet mechanical heart valves (MHV) explanted from sheep revealed patterns of localized platelet aggregation on valve surfaces, which may have clinical relevance. Since flow phenomena may promote localized platelet aggregation, an evaluation of flow within a valve lumen was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase-locked particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were obtained within the lumen of a 'mitral' model bileaflet MHV with transparent acrylic leaflets and housing, in a pulsatile flow loop. Instantaneous, two-dimensional flow maps of a central plane, perpendicular to the flow and leaflet pivot axes, were obtained at discrete times during the simulated cardiac cycle. Flow conditions were cardiac output, 3.5 l/min; rate, 72 beats/min; and systolic duration, 300 ms, using blood analog fluid refractive index-matched to acrylic. Leaflet closing velocities and angles were found using double-exposure imagery, and maximum leaflet closing velocity was extrapolated from regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During full opening, flow within the three lumenal orifices formed a three-peak axial velocity profile. Vorticity was concentrated in shear layers adjacent to downstream leaflet surfaces and in downstream wakes. Forward flow peak velocity was 90 cm/s, with a steep velocity gradient in the central orifice. During closing, the central-gap regurgitant flow formed a jet (peak velocity, 144 cm/s). High vorticity occurred near leaflet leading and trailing edges. During full closure, first a transient (<3 ms) 'stopping vortex' developed near the leaflet trailing edge, followed by a wall jet which formed at the leaflet-housing junction. Maximum leaflet closing velocity was 1.4 m/s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Localized jets, steep velocity gradients, high vorticity and vortex recirculation have been observed in vitro near model MHV surfaces. In vivo, each of these flow phenomena, when occurring near valve surfaces, may promote localized platelet aggregation. For the acrylic leaflets, maximum velocity was comparable with results reported for pyrolytic carbon leaflets. PIV of fully transparent models is a promising method for evaluating lumenal flows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kadambi
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wernet
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brendzel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harasaki
mesh_terms: D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D008943:Mitral Valve; D008954:Models, Biological; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012212:Rheology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology