title: Evaluation of the rice breath hydrogen test for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were 1) to document the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the rice breath hydrogen test for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth; 2) to determine the possible influence of concurrent gastric bacterial overgrowth and gastroduodenal pH on the efficacy of this test; and 3) to investigate whether reliability is limited by an inability of small intestinal luminal flora to ferment rice or its product of hydrolysis, maltose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty adult subjects were investigated with microbiological culture of proximal small intestinal aspirate and a 3-g/kg rice breath hydrogen test. Gastroduodenal pH, the presence or absence of gastric bacterial overgrowth, and the in vitro capability of small intestinal luminal flora to ferment rice and maltose, its product of hydrolysis, were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivity of the rice breath hydrogen test for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was 33% and remained low even when subjects with small intestinal overgrowth with oropharyngeal-type (38%) and colonic-type flora (20%) and those with concurrent small intestinal and gastric bacterial overgrowth (40%) were considered separately. Sensitivity remained suboptimal despite favorable gastroduodenal luminal pH and documented ability of bacterial isolates to ferment rice and maltose in vitro. Specificity of the rice breath hydrogen test for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was 91%. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and predictive accuracy were 75%, 63%, and 65%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical value of the rice breath hydrogen test for detecting small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is limited. The rice breath hydrogen test is not a suitable alternative to small intestinal intubation and culture of secretions for the detection of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Riordan
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McIver
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Duncombe
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Bolin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001944:Breath Tests; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000382:microbiology*; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D006859:Hydrogen