title: GRCD1, an AGL2-like MADS box gene, participates in the C function during stamen development in Gerbera hybrida.
abstract: Despite the differences in flower form, the underlying mechanism in determining the identity of floral organs is largely conserved among different angiosperms, but the details of how the functions of A, B, and C are specified varies greatly among plant species. Here, we report functional analysis of a Gerbera MADS box gene, GRCD1, which is orthologous to AGL2-like MADS box genes. Members of this group of genes are being reported in various species in growing numbers, but their functions remained largely unsettled. GRCD1 expression is detected in all four whorls, but the strongest signal is seen in the developing stamen and carpel. Downregulating GRCD1 expression by antisense transformation revealed that lack of GRCD1 caused homeotic changes in one whorl only: sterile staminodes, which normally develop in whorl 3 of marginal female florets, were changed into petals. This indicates that the GRCD1 gene product is active in determining stamen identity. Transgenic downregulation of GRCD1 causes a homeotic change similar to that in the downregulation of the Gerbera C function genes GAGA1 and GAGA2, but one that is limited to whorl 3. Downregulation of GRCD1 expression does not reduce expression of GAGA1 or GAGA2, or vice versa; and in yeast two-hybrid analysis, GRCD1 is able to interact with GAGA1 and GAGA2. We propose that a heterodimer between the GRCD1 and GAGA1/2 gene products is needed to fulfill the C function in whorl 3 in Gerbera.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. mika.kotilainen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotilainen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elomaa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uimari
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Teeri
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors