title: Regional brain volume abnormalities and long-term cognitive outcome in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preterm infants have a high prevalence of long-term cognitive and behavioral disturbances. However, it is not known whether the stresses associated with premature birth disrupt regionally specific brain maturation or whether abnormalities in brain structure contribute to cognitive deficits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether regional brain volumes differ between term and preterm children and to examine the association of regional brain volumes in prematurely born children with long-term cognitive outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study conducted in 1998 and 1999 at 2 US university medical schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of 25 eight-year-old preterm children recruited from a longitudinal follow-up study of preterm infants and 39 term control children who were recruited from the community and who were comparable with the preterm children in age, sex, maternal education, and minority status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volumes of cortical subdivisions, ventricular system, cerebellum, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, amygdala, and hippocampus, derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging scans and compared between preterm and term children; correlations of regional brain volumes with cognitive measures (at age 8 years) and perinatal variables among preterm children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regional cortical volumes were significantly smaller in the preterm children, most prominently in sensorimotor regions (difference: left, 14.6%; right, 14.3% [P<.001 for both]) but also in premotor (left, 11.2%; right, 12.6% [P<.001 for both]), midtemporal (left, 7.4% [P =.01]; right, 10.2% [P<.001]), parieto-occipital (left, 7.9% [P =.01]; right, 7.4% [P =.005]), and subgenual (left, 8.9% [P =.03]; right, 11.7% [P =.01]) cortices. Preterm children's brain volumes were significantly larger (by 105. 7%-271.6%) in the occipital and temporal horns of the ventricles (P<. 001 for all) and smaller in the cerebellum (6.7%; P =.02), basal ganglia (11.4%-13.8%; P</=.005), amygdala (left, 20.2% [P =.001]; right, 30.0% [P<.001]), hippocampus (left, 16.0% [P =.001]; right, 12.0% [P =.007]), and corpus callosum (13.1%-35.2%; P</=.01 for all). Volumes of sensorimotor and midtemporal cortices were associated positively with full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ scores (P<.01 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that preterm birth is associated with regionally specific, long-term reductions in brain volume and that morphological abnormalities are, in turn, associated with poorer cognitive outcome. JAMA. 2000;284:1939-1947.
authors.affiliation: Yale Child Study Center, 230 S Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. bradley.peterson@yale.edu
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vohr
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Staib
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cannistraci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dolberg
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westerveld
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Makuch
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ment
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007360:Intelligence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011581:Psychological Tests