title: Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor dependent on the stage progression of lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In lung cancer, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important cytokine and is correlated with tumor vessel density, malignant pleural effusions, and coagulation-fibrinolysis factors in vitro. We investigated the correlation between serum VEGF level and stage progression in lung cancer to study the predicted value of VEGF level. We also studied whether coagulation-fibrinolysis factors and PaO(2) levels, which are also important factors for the prediction of the clinical course, are correlated with VEGF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients with lung cancer were investigated prospectively. VEGF levels of sera and malignant effusions, and plasma concentrations of coagulation-fibrinolysis factors were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We measured PaO(2) levels in all patients at rest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of VEGF were increased significantly according to stage progression. Additionally, plasma concentrations of D dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and tissue plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor type I complex were elevated significantly according to stage progression. The serum VEGF level had a significant positive correlation with the TAT and D dimer levels. Serum VEGF levels had a significant negative correlation with PaO(2) levels. The incidence of cerebral vascular disorder was significantly higher in the patients with systemic hypoxemia than in those without (p<0.05). Mean VEGF levels in malignant effusions in eight patients (five with pleural effusions, two with pericardial effusions, and one with both) were extremely high, especially in pericardial effusions ([mean +/- SD] pleural effusions, 531.9+/-285.4 pg/mL; pericardial effusion, 3,071.6+/-81.3 pg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We predict that in lung cancer, VEGF production and the abnormality of the coagulation-fibrinolysis system differ depending on the stage of progression of disease. Serum VEGF levels would be affected by PaO(2) levels in lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Kagoshima City, Japan.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashiguchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iwami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arimura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osame
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000097:blood; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D008222:Lymphokines; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator