title: Disruptions to women's social identity: a comparative study of workplace stress experienced by women in three geographic regions.
abstract: Drawing on social identity theory (P. J. Burke, 1991) and the current status of women and equal opportunity legislation, the authors tested several factors associated with distress in working women in the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong, and the United States. Women in Hong Kong experienced significantly greater levels of life stress than PRC and U.S. women. Reports of negative attitudes toward women, gender evaluation, and avoidance coping were greater for Hong Kong and PRC women than for U.S. women. Hong Kong women reported more use of positive/confrontational coping mechanisms. Negative attitudes toward women had an important influence on life stress across regions. Moderator tests resulted in 2 significant findings: The effect of negative attitudes toward women on life stress was stronger for PRC and Hong Kong women, and the relationship between nervous/self-destructive coping and life stress was stronger for U.S. women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, SAR, China. Shaffer@hkbu.edu.hk
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Joplin
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oguz
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012933:Social Identification; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace