title: Enhanced surveillance of HIV infections in New Zealand, 1996-1998.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve understanding of the HIV epidemic in New Zealand through use of an enhanced voluntary reporting system for new diagnoses of HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine reporting of new HIV diagnoses by the two laboratories that perform confirmatory HIV antibody testing, to the Department of Health and later to the AIDS Epidemiology Group, has been in place since 1985. From January 1996, this was supplemented by a questionnaire about demographic characteristics and circumstances of HIV exposure sent to clinicians requesting the HIV test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 1996 to December 1998, 260 new diagnoses of HIV were reported (205 males, 55 females) and extra information was obtained from clinicians for 253 (97.3%) people. HIV diagnosis rate was highest for 'other' ethnicity and similar for European, Maori and Pacific Island ethnic groups. Sexual intercourse between men was the commonest mode of infection (43.5%), followed by heterosexual intercourse (40.0%) and injecting drug use (2.7%). Places of infection were New Zealand (38.5%), Australia (7.7%), 'other' overseas (45.4%) and unknown (8.5%). Heterosexual infections were acquired through contact with a person in or from a high prevalence area (mainly in Africa or Asia) for 86.7% of males and 68.2% of females. Second generation heterosexual transmission was rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Introduction of an enhanced surveillance system has been successful. Results confirm continuing spread of HIV in New Zealand amongst men who have sex with men, and suggest low levels of heterosexual and injecting drug use transmission in New Zealand. Of major importance in the occurrence of heterosexual infection is the role of imported HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharples
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Skegg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018563:Disease Notification; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012725:Sexual Behavior