title: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and multiple cycles of strongly myelosuppressive alkylator-based combination chemotherapy in children with neuroblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors assessed key effects of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) used prophylactically with multiple cycles of strongly myelosuppressive alkylator-based combination chemotherapy. To the authors' knowledge, no large study has focused on G-CSF in this setting, yet this kind of treatment has recently become standard for poor risk pediatric solid tumors such as neuroblastoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Children with neuroblastoma received cyclophosphamide 140 mg/kg (i.e., 4200 mg/m(2)), doxorubicin 75 mg/m(2), and vincristine (CAV) in cycles 1, 2, 4, and 6 and cisplatin 200 mg/m(2) and etoposide 600 mg/m(2) (P/VP) in cycles 3, 5, and 7. To maximize dose intensity, chemotherapy was begun as soon as the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was > or = 500/microL and platelet count was > or = 100,000/microL. No cytokines were used during 1990-1994 (control group; n = 28), but G-CSF was used from 1995 to 1998 (G-CSF group; n = 30) at 5 microg/kg/day subcutaneously from 1 day after chemotherapy until the ANC was > or = 500/microL on 2 successive days or was > or = 1000/microL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each cycle of CAV decreased ANCs to < 200/microL in all 58 patients; recovery to 200/microL and to 500/microL was significantly sooner with G-CSF. In contrast, P/VP did not invariably cause severe neutropenia: similar numbers of patients in each group maintained ANCs > or = 200/microL and > or = 500/microL; recovery to 500/microL (but not to 200/microL) was significantly faster in the G-CSF group. G-CSF had no impact on rates of febrile episodes. Bacterial/fungal infections were slightly less frequent in the G-CSF group with CAV (P = 0.11) but not with P/VP. Dose intensity through cycle 4 was the same in both groups. Beginning with cycle 3, G-CSF patients had slower recovery to platelet counts > or = 100,000/microL. Response rates were similar in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With multiple cycles of strongly myelosuppressive alkylator-based combination chemotherapy, prophylactic use of G-CSF hastened ANC recovery but did not reduce the incidence of febrile episodes, had little impact on infection rates, did not yield augmented dose intensity, was associated with prolonged thrombocytopenia, and had no effect on response rates of neuroblastoma. The data support more limited use of G-CSF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. kushnerb@mskcc.org
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019046:Bone Marrow Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000209:etiology; D012074:Remission Induction; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor