title: Characterization of the discriminative stimulus effects of GABA(A) receptor ligands in Macaca fascicularis monkeys under different ethanol training conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study was designed to extend our knowledge of the GABA(A) receptor system in mediating discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in non-human primates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, pentobarbital, midazolam, muscimol and morphine in male and female monkeys under different ethanol training conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male (n=8) and female (n=10) Macaca fascicularis monkeys were divided into four groups and trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol (n=8) versus water or 2.0 g/kg ethanol (n=10) versus water in a 2x2 design with training dose and sex as main group factors. Solutions were administered intragastrically (20% ethanol w/v) and responding was maintained under a fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement. Dose-response determinations of ethanol, pentobarbital, midazolam, muscimol and morphine were made under the training condition of 30 min pretreatment interval. The ethanol pretreatment interval in training sessions was then increased to 60 min and the effects of ethanol, pentobarbital and midazolam were redetermined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Training dose influenced the ED50 of ethanol to produce substitution under both pretreatment intervals and pentobarbital to produce substitution under the 30-min pretreatment training interval. There were no group differences in sensitivity to midazolam. The potency of the ligands to produce ethanol substitution was consistent across groups with midazolam>pentobarbital>ethanol. There were no sex differences in substitution of the ligands for ethanol. Blood ethanol concentrations at the onset of ethanol training sessions were higher in the 2.0 g/kg groups and under longer pretreatment times, but were not different on the basis of sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pentobarbital and midazolam produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in male and female cynomolgus monkeys suggesting a significant GABA(A) component mediating the behavioral effects of ethanol. There was limited evidence that training dose of ethanol influenced substitution pattern of the GABA(A) ligands in cynomolgus monkeys, unlike previous findings in rats. Finally, there appear to be no sex differences in the profile of GABA(A) mechanisms involved in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Green-Jordan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azarov
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Szeliga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D009118:Muscimol / Q000494:pharmacology; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D009118:Muscimol; D000431:Ethanol; D010424:Pentobarbital; D008874:Midazolam