title: Gender differences in state-wide EMS transports.
abstract: There are gender differences in emergency medical services (EMS) transports and management based on diagnosis. Data were extracted from the EMS State Ambulance Transport database. This database exists because of a legal requirement that all EMS transports generated by 911 calls and all interhospital transports be reported to the State EMS Bureau. All ambulance transports reported to the State EMS Division during 1995 were evaluated. Cases were excluded if they were aborted, admission or discharge transports, outpatient transports, or cases listed as "other" without a diagnosis. Gender-related treatment differences were determined for problems for which EMTs have specific treatment options. These were cardiac arrest, chest pain, allergic reactions, and extremity fractures. Results were compared using a two-tailed Chi squared or Fischer's Exact with significance at P < .05. Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. There were a total of 164,595 ambulance transports reported to the State EMS Division. Of these 76,074 (46%) were men and 88,521 (54%) were women. Of these, 50,211 were excluded. This left 52,607 injury transport and 61,777 illnesses transport. Men were significantly more likely than women to have injuries related to all-terrain vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, RV accidents, burns, gunshot wounds, and stab wounds. Men were significantly more likely than women to have illnesses related to cardiac arrest, dead on arrivals (DOAs), drowning, and smoke inhalation. For cardiac arrest transports, significantly more male patients presented ventricular fibrillation, more males received defibrillation, lidocaine, and bicarbonate, but more women received atropine. Male chest pain patients were more likely to receive oxygen and morphine and less likely to receive nitroglycerin. Male allergic reaction patients were more likely to receive an i.v. and subcutaneous epinephrine. Male extremity fracture patients were more likely to get an i.v. line, but there was no difference in morphine use or splinting. There are numerous disease-specific gender differences in the demographics of illness and injury transported by EMS. The use of various medications and procedures may also be related to gender. Understanding these differences may help in preparing EMS professionals for patient management.
authors.affiliation: University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA. sjweiss@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002140:California; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000628:therapy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000628:therapy; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors