title: Managed care and critical pathway development: the joint replacement experience.
abstract: This article examines the economic, social, ethical, and political issues affecting total joint replacement patients in a managed care environment. Using general systems theory as a framework, it examines the interrelated historical events that have shaped the development of both joint replacement procedures and managed care, and discusses the extent to which these two phenomena have been mutually influential. Specifically, the article examines the initial development, implementation, and continuing evolution of clinical pathways as an easily identified and relatively discrete manifestation of managed care for the joint replacement population. While the overall impact of managed care is beyond the scope of this presentation, it is hoped that a focus on the practical application of clinical pathways to joint replacement will allow some general principles to emerge that may be useful for both patients and practitioners operating in other aspects of the managed care environment.
authors.affiliation: Summit Medical Center, Oakland, California, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Benham
mesh_terms: D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D019091:Critical Pathways / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011057:Politics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013598:Systems Theory; D014481:United States