title: Influence of volatile and intravenous anesthetics on the threshold of the acoustically evoked stapedius reflex.
abstract: The influence of volatile and intravenous anesthetics on the threshold of the acoustically evoked stapedius reflex (SR) was studied prospectively in 45 patients undergoing elective ENT surgical procedures. After premedication with flunitrazepam the patients were randomly assigned to one of nine groups. Group I: 70% nitrous oxide (N2O) in oxygen (O2); Groups II-VII: induction of anesthesia with intravenous thiopental, followed by mask inhalation with 100% O2 and 1.13% halothane (Group II), 2.52% enflurane (Group III) or 1.73% isoflurane (Group IV); or 70% N2O in oxygen, and 0.44% halothane (Group V), 0.86% enflurane (Group VI) or 0.75% isoflurane (Group VII): Group VIII: intravenous midazolam and ketamine; and Group IX: intravenous midazolam and alfentanil. Tympanometry and ipsilateral and contralateral SR measurements were performed when the effects of the anesthetics had achieved a steady state. Flunitrazepam raised the SR threshold only slightly. Substances applied during inhalation anesthesia either markedly increased the threshold contralaterally more than ipsilaterally (thiopental, N2O), or suppressed the reflex completely (thiopental, all volatile anesthetics with or without N2O). Under intravenous anesthesia the reflex was always present. The midazolam-ketamine combination influenced the threshold bilaterally only slightly, while the midazolam-alfentanil combination led to a pronounced, contralaterally significant elevation of the threshold. Based on its minimal influence on the SR threshold, flunitrazepam is especially suitable for sedation and the midazolam-ketamine combination for anesthesia in audiological diagnostic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Tübingen Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bissinger
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Plinkert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sesterhenn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lenz
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000162:Acoustics; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000187:drug effects; D013198:Stapedius / Q000187:drug effects; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous