title: Topical diltiazem and bethanechol decrease anal sphincter pressure and heal anal fissures without side effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Topical glyceryl trinitrate heals anal fissures, but a majority of patients experience headache. Topical gels of the calcium channel blocker diltiazem and the cholinomimetic bethanechol significantly lower anal sphincter pressure in volunteers. This study investigated the use of these two new pharmacologic agents in the treatment of patients with chronic anal fissure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies were conducted, each involving 15 patients with chronic anal fissure. In each study patients underwent anal manometry and laser doppler flowmetry before treatment. They were treated with either 2 percent diltiazem gel or 0.1 percent bethanechol gel three times daily for eight weeks. Assessment every two weeks was by clinical examination, repeat anal manometry, and laser doppler flowmetry. Daily pain was assessed by linear analog charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fissures healed in 10 of 15 (67 percent) patients treated with 2 percent diltiazem gel and in 9 (60 percent) patients treated with 0.1 percent bethanechol gel. There was no significant difference in the pretreatment maximum resting sphincter pressure (MRP) between responders and nonresponders in either group. There was significant reduction in the pain score after treatment with diltiazem (P = 0.002) and bethanechol (P = 0.005) compared with that before treatment. MRP was significantly lower after diltiazem (P = 0.0001) and bethanechol (P = 0.02) compared with pretreatment MRP. No headaches or side effects were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both topical diltiazem and bethanechol substantially reduce anal sphincter pressure and achieve fissure healing to a similar degree reported with topical nitrates, but without side effects.
authors.affiliation: St Mark's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Carapeti
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamm
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018723:Bethanechol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005401:Fissure in Ano / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010277:Parasympathomimetics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D018723:Bethanechol; D004110:Diltiazem