title: The long-term effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat osteoarthritis (OA), though their long-term efficacy is uncertain. We report a comparison of the symptomatic responses to therapy with tiaprofenic acid, indomethacin and placebo over 5 yr.
  
  
  METHODS
  A parallel-group, randomized, single-blind trial of patients with knee OA recruited 812 patients from 20 centres; 307 patients received tiaprofenic acid (300 mg b.d.), 202 indomethacin (25 mg t.d.s.) and 303 matching placebo for up to 5 yr. At the end of the parallel-group study, patients receiving tiaprofenic acid or placebo entered a 4-week blinded cross-over study of tiaprofenic acid or placebo, both given for 2 weeks. Assessments were at baseline, 4 weeks, then at 6-month intervals for up to 5 yr in the parallel group study and at 2-week intervals in the cross-over study. They comprised pain scores, duration of morning stiffness, patients' global assessments, paracetamol consumption, adverse reactions, withdrawals and functional outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant falls in overall pain scores in patients receiving NSAIDs compared with placebo at 4 weeks in the parallel-group phase. Thereafter there were no advantages favouring active therapy. In the cross-over phase, pain scores were significantly lower in patients receiving tiaprofenic acid than placebo. Patients who had been receiving long-term tiaprofenic acid showed significant rises in their pain scores when receiving placebo therapy and vice versa. Adverse events were reported by 61% of patients receiving tiaprofenic acid, 63% on indomethacin and 51% on placebo. Potentially severe side-effects were rare; for example, there were only three cases of gastrointestinal bleeding on NSAIDs. The pattern of withdrawal was similar in patients taking NSAIDs and placebo in the parallel-group study; at 48 weeks 53% of the patients remained on tiaprofenic acid, 50% on indomethacin and 54% on placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSAIDs significantly reduce overall pain over 4 weeks. This short-term responsiveness is retained, and even after several years of therapy with tiaprofenic acid pain scores increased over 2 weeks when it was changed to placebo. Our results do not show long-term benefits from the use of NSAIDs in OA and the majority of patients had persisting pain and disability despite therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, King's College Hospital (Dulwich), East Dulwich Grove, London, UK.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Capell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coppock
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Daymond
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hazleman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Huskisson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jawad
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jubb
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nichol
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Webley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wotjulewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000187:drug effects*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010919:Placebos; D011422:Propionates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010919:Placebos; D011422:Propionates; C021270:tiaprofenic acid; D007213:Indomethacin