title: Range of motion of the wrist: implications for designing computer input devices for the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to report normative values of the amplitude of joint wrist motions and grip strength for older age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers. (N = 147) were divided into four age groups, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89 and 90+ years, with a total of 62 men and 85 women. Maximum range motion values were obtained for wrist flexion, extension and ulnar deviation. In addition, grip strength measures were obtained for each participant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, the strength and ROM values for the oldest participants in this study were lower than those of the younger age group (age 60 to 69) and significantly lower than those published for subjects between 25 and 54 years of age. Furthermore, across all age groups males were significantly stronger than females. However, females tended to have greater ROM than males, particularly for wrist extension and ulnar deviations. Joint ROM and grip strength declined significantly with age for both males and females. Comparisons with published data for younger subjects (age 25-35) indicate that a 60-69 year old male, will on average experience a decline in wrist flexion, extension and ulnar deviation of 12%, 41%, and 22% respectively. By age 90, an individual may be expected to have ROM values that are only approximately 60% of an average 30 year old individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the ageing population (particularly men) may face greater difficulty using an input device such as a mouse that relies on motions of the wrist. In addition, the reduced ROM of the wrist may put the elderly at greater risk of developing cumulative trauma disorders. The implications of these findings for the design of input devices are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, KS 67260-0034, USA. chaparro@husu.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaparro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohan
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stumpfhauser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003201:Computers; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014953:Wrist / Q000502:physiology*