title: Impact of chemotherapy on the mobilisation, harvest and economic costs of autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma.
abstract: To evaluate factors affecting mobilisation and harvest and to calculate the economic costs of autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma (MM) we analysed 29 consecutive patients who had been transplanted at the Nijmegen University Hospital between January 1992 and February 1999. Thirteen patients had been treated with three or more melphalan cycles before transplantation (melphalan group), while four of the remaining 16 patients (no-melphalan group) had only received one melphalan cycle with an interval of one year or longer before harvest. The two groups were analysed for differences in mobilisation, harvest and the costs. Collection of a sufficient number of peripheral stem cells failed in 4 patients in the melphalan group, and these patients were transplanted with both bone marrow and peripheral stem cells. The greater need for growth factors (median 6,400 microg vs 4,500 microg) and the longer duration of admission (median 8 days vs 3 days) for mobilisation in the melphalan group increased significantly (p=0.01) the total mobilisation costs (median fl 13,876 vs fl 6,101). The greater number of apheresis sessions (median three) and the additional bone marrow harvests for patients who could not achieve a sufficient number of stem cells, increased significantly (p<0.001) the total harvest costs (median fl 9,690 vs fl 1,615) in the melphalan group. This resulted in significantly (p=0.008) higher overall costs of the procedure (median: fl 49,576 vs fl 35,889). The haematopoietic recovery of all groups was similar. The no-melphalan group was subdivided in two groups based on the median number of chemotherapy cycles before harvest. The heavily treated group had received more than 5 chemotherapy cycles and the moderately treated group four cycles or less. The median overall costs of these two groups were comparable (median fl 36,837 vs fl 34,351). This study suggests that the administration of stem cell toxic melphalan before harvest contributes to administration of more dosages of growth factor, longer admission duration for mobilisation and higher number of leukaphereses in order to collect sufficient number of stem cells. This resulted in significantly higher overall costs. More cycles of chemotherapy without melphalan did not increase significantly any studied parameter nor the total costs of procedure. Melphalan therapy or heavy pre-treatment did not prolong the repopulation interval, probably due to the infusion of similar number of progenitor cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, University Hospital St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jerjis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Croockewit
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Preijers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schaap
authors.lastname: De Witte T
mesh_terms: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001781:Blood Component Removal / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006085:Graft Survival; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization / Q000191:economics*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D009426:Netherlands; D036102:Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000191:economics*; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000191:economics; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous / Q000191:economics; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D008558:Melphalan