title: Genetic analysis of azole resistance in the Darlington strain of Candida albicans.
abstract: High-level azole resistance in the Darlington strain of Candida albicans was investigated by gene replacement in C. albicans and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We sequenced the ERG11 gene, which encodes the sterol C(14)alpha-demethylase, from our copy of the Darlington strain. Both alleles contained the histidine for tyrosine substitution at position 132 (Y132H) reported in Darlington by others, but we also found a threonine-for-isoleucine substitution (I471T) not previously reported in the C. albicans ERG11. The encoded I471T change in amino acids conferred azole resistance when overexpressed alone and increased azole resistance when added to the Y132H amino acid sequence in an S. cerevisiae expression system. Replacement of one copy of ERG11 in an azole-susceptible strain of C. albicans with a single copy of the Darlington ERG11 resulted in expression of the integrated copy and a modest increase in azole resistance. The profound azole resistance of the Darlington strain is the result of multiple mutations.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Mycology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakeya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nyswaner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grimberg
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D015825:Chromosomes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D058886:Sterol 14-Demethylase; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D058886:Sterol 14-Demethylase