title: Subclinical mastitis as a risk factor for mother-infant HIV transmission.
abstract: Subclinical mastitis, as diagnosed by an elevated sodium/potassium ratio in milk accompanied by an increased milk concentration of the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL8), was found to be common among breast feeding women in Bangladesh and Tanzania. Subclinical mastitis results in leakage of plasma constituents into milk, active recruitment of leukocytes into milk, and possible infant gut damage from inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we wished to investigate whether subclinical mastitis was related to known risk factors for postnatal mother-to-child HIV transmission, that is, high milk viral load or increased infant gut permeability. HIV-infected South African women were recruited at the antenatal clinic of McCord's Hospital, Durban. Risks and benefits of different feeding strategies were explained to them and, if they chose to breast feed, they were encouraged to do so exclusively. Women and infants returned to the clinic at 1, 6 and 14 weeks postpartum for an interview about infant health and current feeding pattern, a lactulose/mannitol test of infant gut permeability, and milk sample collection from each breast separately for analysis of Na/K ratio, IL8 concentration and viral load in the cell-free aqueous phase. Only preliminary cross-sectional analyses from an incomplete database are available at this point. Moderately (0.6-1.0) or greatly (>1.0) raised Na/K ratio was common and was often unilateral, although as a group right and left breasts did not differ. Considering both breasts together, normal, moderately raised or greatly raised Na/K was found, respectively, in 51%, 28%, 21% of milk samples at 1 week (n=190); 69%, 20%, 11% at 6 weeks (n=167); and 72%, 16%, 12% at 14 weeks (n=122). IL8 concentration significantly correlated with both Na/K and viral load at all times. Na/K correlated with viral load at 1 and 14, but not 6 weeks. At 1 and 14 weeks, geometric mean viral loads in samples with Na/K > 1.0 were approximately 4 times those in samples with Na/K < 0.6. At 1 week but not later times, exclusive breast feeding was associated with lower milk viral load than was mixed feeding. Gut permeability was unrelated to milk Na/K ratio or IL8 concentration and was not significantly increased by inclusion of other foods than breast milk in the infant's diet. The results suggest that subclinical mastitis among HIV-infected women may increase the risk of vertical transmission through breast feeding by increasing milk viral load. The importance of various causes of subclinical mastitis, which likely differ at 1 week from at later times and may include local infection or sterile inflammation, systemic infection, micronutrient deficiencies, or poor lactation practices, needs to be further clarified so that appropriate interventions can be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Child Health, Institute of Child Health, London.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Willumsen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Filteau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coutsoudis
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Uebel
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tomkins
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000009:adverse effects; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000503:physiopathology; D007962:Leukocytes; D008413:Mastitis / Q000150:complications*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D019562:Viral Load; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium