title: Ischemic tolerance in the rat neocortex following hypothermic preconditioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemic neuronal damage associated with neurological and other types of surgery can have severe consequences for functional recovery after surgery. Hypothermia administered during and/or after ischemia has proved to be clinically beneficial and its effects often rival or exceed those of other therapeutic strategies. In the present study the authors examined whether transient hypothermia is an effective preconditioning stimulus for inducing ischemic tolerance in the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult rats were subjected to a 20-minute period of hypothermic preconditioning followed by an interval ranging from 6 hours to 7 days. At the end of this interval, the animals were subjected to transient focal ischemia induced by clamping one middle cerebral artery and both carotid arteries for 1 hour. The volume of cerebral infarction was assessed 1 or 7 days postischemia. In the first series of experiments, hypothermic preconditioning (28.5 degrees C) with a postconditioning interval of 1 day reduced the extent of cerebral infarction measured 1 and 7 days postischemia. In the second series, hypothermic preconditioning (31.5 degrees C) with postconditioning intervals of 6 hours, 1 day, or 2 days (but not 7 days) reduced the extent of cerebral infarction measured 1 day postischemia. Treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin blocked the protective effect of hypothermic preconditioning. In a final series of experiments, in vitro brain slices prepared from hypothermia-preconditioned (nonischemic) animals were shown to tolerate a hypoxic challenge better than slices prepared from unconditioned animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that hypothermic preconditioning induces a form of delayed tolerance to focal ischemic damage. The time course over which tolerance occurs and the ability of a protein synthesis inhibitor to block tolerance suggest that increased expression of one or more gene products is necessary to establish tissue tolerance following hypothermia. The attenuation of hypoxic injury in vitro following in vivo preconditioning indicates that tolerance is due, at least in part, to direct effects on the brain neuropil. Hypothermic preconditioning could provide a relatively low-risk approach for improving surgical outcome after invasive surgery, including high-risk neurological and cardiovascular procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yunoki
authors.forename: Z F
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Anzivino
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D019579:Neocortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016896:Treatment Outcome