title: Treatment of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic 90Y-microspheres.
abstract: Treatment for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is palliative. The relatively greater arteriolar density of hepatic tumors compared with normal liver suggests that intrahepatic arterial administration of 90Y-microspheres can be selectively deposited in tumor nodules and results in significantly greater radiation exposure to the tumor than external irradiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion (frequency) and duration of response, survival, and toxicity after intrahepatic arterial injection of 90Y-microspheres in patients with HCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with documented HCC, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-3, adequate bone marrow, and hepatic and pulmonary function were eligible for study. Patients who had significant shunting of blood to the lungs or gastrointestinal (GI) tract or who could not undergo cannulation of the hepatic artery were excluded. Patients received a planned dose of 100 Gy through a catheter placed into the hepatic artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two patients were treated with 90Y-microspheres; 20 of the treated patients (median age, 62.5 y) were evaluated for treatment efficacy. Nine patients were Okuda stage I, and 11 were Okuda stage II. The median dose delivered was 104 Gy (range, 46-145 Gy). All 22 treated patients experienced at least 1 adverse event. Of the 31 (15%) serious adverse events, the most common were elevations in liver enzymes and bilirubin and upper GI ulceration. The response rate was 20%. The median duration of response was 127 wk; the median survival was 54 wk. Multivariable analysis suggested that a dose >104 Gy (P = 0.06), tumor-to-liver activity uptake ratio >2 (P = 0.06), and Okuda stage I (P = 0.07) were associated with longer survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significantly higher doses of radiation can be delivered to a HCC tumor by intrahepatic arterial administration of 90Y-microspheres than by external beam radiation. This treatment appears to be beneficial in nonresectable HCC with acceptable toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dancey
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Sniderman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Houle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gabrys
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hendler
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Goin
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes