title: Safety and costs of initiating angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for heart failure in primary care: analysis of individual patient data from studies of left ventricular dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the costs and consequences of diagnosing symptomatic heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and initiating angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of individual patient data from studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) to identify complications during test dose and titration phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two randomised controlled trials in secondary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  7487 patients taking a test dose of enalapril at enrolment to the treatment and prevention trials; 2569 patients with clinical signs of heart failure and established left ventricular dysfunction entered the treatment trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discontinuation during the test dose period. Discontinuation or reduction of dose during the first year of treatment for heart failure. Costs of diagnosis and titration of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the test dose phase, 585 patients (7.8%) reported side effects; 136 (1.8%) of these discontinued because of severe side effects. During the titration phase, compared with placebo, enalapril was associated with an increased risk of dose reduction due to hypotension (odds ratio 2.09, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 3.82). However, overall, there was no difference in the rates of side effects leading to dose reduction or withdrawal between the enalapril and placebo groups. The costs of diagnosing heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and initiating and titrating an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in primary care are pound300 to pound400.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can be safely started for patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in primary care.
authors.affiliation: Medicines Evaluation Group, Centre for Health Economics University of York, York YO10 5DD. jmm7@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Freemantle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hobbs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs; D005194:Family Practice; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors