title: The extent of biopsy involvement as an independent predictor of extraprostatic extension and surgical margin status in low risk prostate cancer: implications for treatment selection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We identify predictors of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins in patients with low risk prostate cancer (prostate specific antigen [PSA] 10 ng./ml. or less, biopsy Gleason score 7 or less and clinical stage T1c-2b).
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 1997 to January 1999, 143 previously untreated patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. A total of 62 patients were low risk, with PSA 10 ng./ml. or less, biopsy Gleason score 7 or less and clinical stage T1c-2b, and had sextant biopsy with separate pathological evaluation of each sextant cores. PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score, average percentage of cancer in the entire biopsy specimen, maximum percentage of cancer on the most involved core, number of cores involved and bilaterality were evaluated for association with extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement and positive surgical margins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 62 patients 13 (21%) had extraprostatic extension, 6 (10%) seminal vesicle involvement and 20 (32%) positive surgical margins. Average percentage greater than 10% and maximum percentage greater than 25% were associated with extraprostatic extension (p = 0.01 and 0.004, respectively). Average percentage greater than 10%, maximum percentage greater than 25%, more than 2 cores involved and bilaterality were associated with positive surgical margins (p = 0.007, 0.01, 0.002 and 0.03, respectively). On multivariate analysis maximum percentage remained the only independent predictor of extraprostatic extension (p = 0.03), and the number of cores involved remained an independent predictor of positive surgical margins (p = 0.01). Biopsy Gleason score, PSA and clinical stage did not correlate with extraprostatic extension or positive surgical margins in this patient population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In low risk prostate cancer the extent of biopsy involvement significantly correlates with the risk of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins. Biopsy information should be considered when selecting and modifying treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohideen
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Flanigan
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wojcik
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Leman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen