title: Use of antivenom serum in snake bite: a prospective study of hospital practice in the Gampaha district.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To record current practices in hospital management of snake bite, especially with regard to use of antivenom serum (AVS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Management of all snake bite victims admitted to the four main hospitals of the Gampaha district was prospectively studied during a 5-month period. A pretested data collection sheet was used. Relevant information was obtained from patients, accompanying persons, medical staff and hospital records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  466 patients (M:F = 7:3; 402 adults and 64 children) were admitted following snake bite during the study. The offending snake was identified in 357 (76.6%) cases [172 (36.9%) by examining the dead snake, 185 by identification of the snake in a photograph]. 273 (76.5%) of the 357 admissions were due to hump nosed viper bite. AVS was given to 184 (39.5%) patients, including 99 (36.3%) with hump nosed viper bite. A sensitivity test of AVS was used in all 184 patients. Premedication with hydrocortisone and/or antihistamines before AVS infusion was given to 89 patients. Acute adverse reactions to AVS occurred in 102 (55.4%) patients given AVS. There was no significant difference in the rate of reactions whether premedication was given or not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Precise identification of the offending snake was not possible in many instances. Practices that are of no benefit in the treatment of snake bite are still widely used. Acute adverse reactions to AVS are common, and neither hydrocortisone nor antihistamines seem to be of benefit as prophylaxis. Evidence based management guidelines, especially with regard to AVS therapy, are urgently required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Seneviratne
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Opanayaka
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ratnayake
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kumara
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sugathadasa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weerasuriya
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wickrama
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gunatilake
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000997:Antivenins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000628:therapy*; D013188:Sri Lanka
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000997:Antivenins; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D006854:Hydrocortisone