title: Cardiac malformations associated with the congenital nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: The association of cardiac malformation with the congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) has been previously reported in only one family. We report four patients with CNS: three with pulmonary valve stenosis (one requiring valvuloplasty) and one with discrete subaortic stenosis requiring surgical resection. We conclude that the cardiac status of all patients with CNS should be reviewed regularly by a paediatrician, with a low threshold for referral to a cardiologist, as flow murmurs due to chronic anaemia may obscure cardiac pathology. It is important to diagnose any associated cardiac lesions as these may require intervention, and may also predispose to the development of bacterial endocarditis if surgical or dental procedures are undertaken without appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, St Luke's Hospital, Guardamangia, Malta. victor.e.grech@magnet.mt
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grech
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vella
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Attard Montalto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Trompeter
mesh_terms: D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications*; D002404:Catheterization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000151:congenital*; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy