title: Changes in serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in males and females throughout life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor, during distinct periods of the female life span and compare them with corresponding levels of age-matched males. It is hypothesized that VEGF might be increased at periods of enhanced angiogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous blood was drawn from healthy females (n = 59) and males (n = 53) divided into six groups: fetuses (cord blood), neonates, children, adults (same females in the proliferative and secretory phases of their menstrual cycle), pregnant, and elderly (postmenopausal). Serum VEGF levels were measured by an enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females showed 49% higher serum VEGF levels than males (t = 2.74, P = .01). Cord and neonatal blood levels were significantly increased compared with those of adults (t = 2.41, P = .02, and t = 5.81, P = .0001, respectively). All female age groups presented higher serum VEGF levels than the group of women in the proliferative phase of the cycle; nevertheless, VEGF levels in the secretory phase did not differ (t = 1.85, P = .07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum VEGF levels are higher in females than in males and during life periods characterized by enhanced growth and development, implying increased rates of angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malamitsi-Puchner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tziotis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsonou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Protonotariou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarandakou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Creatsas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D011247:Pregnancy; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors