title: Induction of cytosolic phospholipase A2 by oncogenic Ras is mediated through the JNK and ERK pathways in rat epithelial cells.
abstract: Mutations in ras genes have been detected with high frequency in nonsmall cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) and contribute to transformed growth of these cells. It has previously been shown that expression of oncogenic forms of Ras in these cells is associated with elevated expression of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in high constitutive levels of prostaglandin production. To determine whether expression of constitutively active Ras is sufficient to induce expression of these enzymes in nontransformed cells, normal lung epithelial cells were transfected with H-Ras. Stable expression of H-Ras increased expression of cPLA(2) and COX-2 protein. Transient transfection with H-Ras increased promoter activity for both enzymes. H-Ras expression also activated all three families of MAP kinase: ERKs, JNKs, and p38 MAP kinase. Expression of constitutively active Raf did not increase either cPLA(2) or COX-2 promoter activity, but inhibition of the ERK pathway with pharmacological agents or expression of dominant negative ERK partially blocked the H-Ras-mediated induction of cPLA(2) promoter activity. Expression of dominant negative JNK kinases decreased cPLA(2) promoter activity in NSCLC cell lines and inhibited H-Ras-mediated induction in normal epithelial cells, whereas expression of constructs encoding constitutively active JNKs increased promoter activity. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase or NF-kappaB had no effect on cPLA(2) expression. Truncational analysis revealed that the region of the cPLA(2) promoter from -58 to +12 contained sufficient elements to mediate H-Ras induction. We conclude that expression of oncogenic forms of Ras directly increases cPLA(2) expression in normal epithelial cells through activation of the JNK and ERK pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
authors.lastname: Van Putten V
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Refaat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dessev
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blaine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Butterfield
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Heasley
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nemenoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D011905:Genes, ras; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007093:Imidazoles; D007527:Isoenzymes; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D011725:Pyridines; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D008156:Luciferases; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one