title: Near-real-time guidance using intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging for radical evacuation of hypertensive hematomas in the basal ganglia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our preliminary clinical experience in treating patients with hypertensive hemorrhage in the basal ganglia using a minimally invasive approach facilitated by intraoperative real-time imaging of an open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system and a newly designed cutting suction device.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed an artifact-free device for use during intraoperative MRI consisting of a guiding base that locks into a burr hole, a side-cutting composite-based cannula connected to a standard aspirator, and a handpiece that allows aspiration strength to be regulated by the surgeon. Thirteen patients with hypertensive bleeding in the basal ganglia were included in the study. Outcome was evaluated by mortality, Glasgow Outcome Scale score, activities of daily living score, and Rankin score at 2 weeks and at a median of 4.2 months after the hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this group of 13 patients, complete evacuation was achieved in 8 patients (62%) and subtotal evacuation of 75 to 90% of the initial volume in 4 patients (31%); the evacuation was partial in 1 patient (8%). Vascular malformations were preoperatively excluded angiographically. There was no rebleeding during surgery or postoperatively, as demonstrated by immediate postoperative MRI and computed tomography on the 1st postoperative day. Hematomas were evacuated on median Day 4 after the hemorrhage, varying between Day 1 and Day 8; evacuation was performed on Day 21 after the hemorrhage in one patient. Twelve of the 13 patients survived during a median follow-up time of 4.2 months. Neurological function improved in 11 of the 12 patients eligible for assessment. One patient with an additional head injury died 15 days after surgery from pulmonary embolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows an excellent outcome with regard to mortality and a positive trend regarding neurological outcome for the specific group of patients with hypertensive hematomas in the basal ganglia. This minimally invasive approach is feasible in the open intraoperative MRI in combination with the cutting suction device developed in our institution. Online imaging is extremely helpful for planning, guiding, and real-time monitoring of the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland. bernays@nch.unizh.ch
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bernays
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kollias
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Romanowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valavanis
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yonekawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006406:Hematoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome