title: Improvement in mitochondrial dysfunction as a new surrogate efficiency measure for preclinical trials: dose-response and time-window profiles for administration of the calcium channel blocker Ziconotide in experimental brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determining the efficacy of a drug used in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires the use of one or more outcome measures such as decreased mortality or fewer neurological and neuropsychological deficits. Unfortunately, outcomes in these test batteries have a fairly large variability, requiring relatively large sample sizes, and administration of the tests themselves is also very time consuming. The authors previously demonstrated that experimental TBI and human TBI induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Because mitochondrial dysfunction is easy to assess compared with neurobehavioral endpoints, it might prove useful as an outcome measure to establish therapeutic time windows and dose-response curves in preclinical drug testing. This idea was tested in a model of TBI in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals treated with the selective N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker Ziconotide (also known as SNX-111 and CI-1009) after cortical impact displayed significant improvement in brain mitochondrial function. When a single intravenous bolus injection of 4 mg/kg Ziconotide was given at different time intervals, ranging from 15 minutes before injury to 10 hours after injury, mitochondrial function was improved at all time points, but more so between 2 and 6 hours postinjury. The authors evaluated the effects on mitochondrial function of Ziconotide at different doses by administering 0.5 to 6 mg/kg as a single bolus injection 4 hours after injury, and found 4 mg/kg to be the optimum dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors established these time-window profiles and dose-response curves on the basis of mitochondrial outcome measures in a total of 42 rats because there were such low standard deviations in these tests. Establishing similar time-window profiles and dose-response curves by using neurobehavioral endpoints would have required using 114 rats in much more elaborate experiments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817, USA.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Muizelaar
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Vinas
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D020960:omega-Conotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D020960:omega-Conotoxins; C078452:ziconotide; D010100:Oxygen