title: Anatomical segmentectomy of the head of the pancreas along the embryological fusion plane: a feasible procedure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Less extensive resection of the head of the pancreas has been the procedure of choice recently for low-grade malignant neoplasms. The anatomical detail of the head of the pancreas is currently insufficient for segmental resection along the embryological fusion plane.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anatomy of the head of the pancreas was analyzed in 31 consecutive autopsy specimens. An anterior (n = 10) or posterior (n = 10) segmentectomy of the head of each pancreas was performed along the macroscopically found fusion plane. The pancreatic arteries, the portal vein, the bile duct, and the pancreatic duct were visualized by injecting 3 silicon dyes of different colors. Another 11 specimens were examined by pancreatography before and after anterior (n = 5) or posterior (n = 6) segmentectomy. Eight of these 11 specimens were stained immunohistochemically to reveal the distribution of pancreatic polypeptide cells after segmentectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cleavage between the anterior and posterior segments was discovered at the anterior inferior edge or at the posterior superior edge of the head of the pancreas. Anterior segmentectomy was accomplished while preserving the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcades and the lower bile duct in the posterior segment. Posterior segmentectomy involved the removal of the lower bile duct and the posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcades. Pancreatography after segmentectomy showed the division of the ducts of Wirsung and Santorini with the peripheral branches. The immunohistochemical boundary of pancreatic polypeptide cells coincided with the surgical plane. These results showed the anterior and posterior segments were originated from the embryologically dorsal and ventral primordia, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current anterior or posterior segmentectomy of the head of the pancreas corresponded to the resection of the embryologically dorsal or ventral primordium, respectively. Anterior segmentectomy of the head of the pancreas might be a clinically applicable procedure; however, posterior segmentectomy involving the resection of the lower bile duct may be impractical.
authors.affiliation: Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nobori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nokubi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makuuchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D012825:Silicon; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012825:Silicon