title: Tumour necrosis factors receptor associated signalling molecules and their role in activation of apoptosis, JNK and NF-kappaB.
abstract: Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that mediates apoptosis, cell proliferation, immunomodulation, inflammation, viral replication, allergy, arthritis, septic shock, insulin resistance, autoimmune diseases, and other pathological conditions. TNF transduces these cellular responses through two distinct receptors: type I, which are expressed on all cell types, and type II, which are expressed only on cells of the immune system and endothelial cells. At the cellular level, these receptors activate the pathways leading to the activation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1, apoptosis and proliferation, and mitogen activated protein kinases. None of these receptors exhibit any enzymatic activity but the signals are transmitted through the recruitment of more than a dozen different signalling proteins, which together form signalling cascades. Inhibitors of TNF signalling have therapeutic value as indicated by the approval of the soluble TNF receptors and anti-TNF antibodies for rheumatoid arthritis and for inflammatory bowl disease.
authors.affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, PO Box 143, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. aggarwal@utmdacc.mda.uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D047990:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D011506:Proteins; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047990:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases