title: Psychophysiological insomnia: combined effects of pharmacotherapy and relaxation-based treatments.
abstract: Objective: To compare treatment outcomes associated with combined pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for psychophysiological insomnia.Background: Treatments for insomnia have included a variety of pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral interventions, although few studies have investigated the combined efficacy of drug and non-drug therapy.Methods: Forty-one patients with primary insomnia were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (i) estazolam + muscle relaxation, (ii) estazolam + guided imagery, and (iii) estazolam + sleep education. After 4 weeks of active treatment, subjects were withdrawn from medication and followed for an additional 6 months.Results: Significant improvements were observed in self-report measures of total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and wakefulness after sleep onset in the combined drug and relaxation groups, compared to a significant improvement in total sleep time only in the educational control group. At follow-up, all three groups showed significant improvements across the major sleep measures. Positive changes were also observed in quality of life measures, including mood state and self- ratings of daytime arousal.Conclusions: These findings provide support for the value of combined pharmacotherapy and relaxation training in the treatment of psychophysiological insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and the Sleep Disorders Center, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, NJ 08854, Piscataway, USA
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Woolfolk