title: Stereotactic radiotherapy of extracranial targets: CT-simulation and accuracy of treatment in the stereotactic body frame.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of set-up accuracy and analysis of target reproducibility in the stereotactic body frame (SBF), designed by Blomgren and Lax from Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm. Different types of targets were analyzed for the risk of target deviation. The correlation of target deviation to bony structures was analyzed to evaluate the value of bones as reference structures for isocenter verification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with 32 targets were treated in the SBF for primary or metastatic peripheral lung cancer, liver metastases, abdominal and pelvic tumor recurrences or bone metastases. Set-up accuracy and target mobility were evaluated by CT-simulation and port films. The contours of the target at isocenter level, bony structures and body outline were compared by matching the CT-slices for treatment planning and simulation using the stereotactic coordinates of the SBF as external reference system. The matching procedure was performed by using a 3D treatment planning program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Set-up accuracy represented by bony structures revealed standard deviations (SD) of 3.5 mm in longitudinal, 2.2 mm in anterior-posterior and 3.9 mm in lateral directions. Target reproducibility showed a SD of 4.4 mm in longitudinal, 3.4 mm ap and 3.3 mm in lateral direction prior to correction. Correlation of target deviation to bones ranged from 33% (soft tissue targets) to 100% (bones).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A security margin of 5 mm for PTV definition is sufficient, if CT simulation is performed prior to each treatment to correct larger target deviations or set-up errors. Isocenter verification relative to bony structures is only safe for bony targets but not for soft tissue targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wulf
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hädinger
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Oppitz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olshausen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flentje
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011187:Posture; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome