title: A novel indication for transvenous lead extraction: upgrading implantable cardioverter defibrillator systems.
abstract: Technological advances have resulted in the development of dual chamber pacemaker/defibrillator systems with smaller pectoral 'active cans'. Patients now have the option of upgrading from abdominal to pectoral or from single to dual chamber devices. In addition, due to the potential complications which may arise with abandoned ICD leads, extraction of preexisting leads may be preferable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty consecutive patients (11 males), underwent lead extraction and upgrade, either from an abdominal to a pectoral, or from a single to a dual chamber device. The mean age was 62+/-18 years and mean implant duration was 50+/-14 months. Indications for extraction included lead fracture/malfunction (13), ERI/EOL (2), new SVT/VT (2), long charge times (2), and impending erosion (1). An initial attempt was made to remove the lead with gentle traction. If excessive scar tissue prohibited extraction, then a laser sheath was employed. Reimplantation proceeded following standard protocol. Clinical success was achieved in all patients. Eleven of thirty leads were removed with traction. The remaining 19 leads required removal with the laser sheath. All ICD reimplants were placed in the left pectoral position, of which 10 were dual chamber. The mean defibrillation threshold was 9.5+/-5.8 Joules. There were no procedure related perforations or deaths. At follow up (13+/-10 mos. ) there were no infections, lead malfunctions or venous thromboses. There were two deaths, both from intractable heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that, when indicated, ICD leads can be safely extracted and systems successfully upgraded to take advantage of new technology.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Korley
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hallet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daoust
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013909:Thorax; D016896:Treatment Outcome