title: Setting the target for a better cervical screening test: characteristics of a cost-effective test for cervical neoplasia screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the potential effects on costs and outcomes of changes in sensitivity and specificity with new screening methods for cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a Markov model of the natural history of cervical cancer, we estimated the effects of sensitivity, specificity, and screening frequency on cost-effectiveness. Our estimates of conventional Papanicolaou test sensitivity of 51% and specificity of 97% were obtained from a meta-analysis. We estimated the effect of reducing false-negative rates from 40-90% and increasing false-positive rates by up to 20%, independently and jointly. We varied the marginal cost of improving sensitivity from $0 to $15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When specificity was held constant, increasing sensitivity of the Papanicolaou test increased life expectancy and costs. When sensitivity was held constant, decreasing specificity of the Papanicolaou test increased costs, an effect that was more dramatic at more frequent intervals. Decreased specificity had a substantial effect on cost-effectiveness estimates of improved Papanicolaou test sensitivity. Most of those effects are related to the cost of evaluation and treatment of low-grade lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policies or technologies that increased sensitivity of cervical cytologic screening increased overall costs, even if the cost of the technology was identical to that of conventional Papanicolaou smears. These effects appear to be caused by relatively high prevalence of low-grade lesions and are magnified at frequent screening intervals. Efficient cervical cancer screening requires methods with greater ability to detect lesions that are most likely to become cancerous.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Clinical Health Policy Research-Evidence-Based Practice Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. myers008@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McCrory
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Matchar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*