title: The efficacy of ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: new results of a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy, the dose-dependence, and the durability of the effect of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 (ginkgo) in older people with dementia or age-associated memory impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Homes for the elderly in the southern part of the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older persons with dementia (either Alzheimer's dementia or vascular dementia; mild to moderate degree) or age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). 214 Participants were recruited from 39 homes for the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were allocated randomly to treatment with EGb 761 (2 tablets per day, total dosage either 240 (high dose) or 160 (usual dose) mg/day) or placebo (0 mg/d). The total intervention period was 24 weeks. After 12 weeks of treatment, the initial ginkgo users were randomized once again to either continued ginkgo treatment or placebo treatment. Initial placebo use was prolonged after 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes were assessed after 12 and 24 weeks of intervention. Outcome measures included neuropsychological testing (trail-making speed (NAI-ZVT-G), digit memory span (NAI-ZN-G), and verbal learning (NAI-WL)), clinical assessment (presence and severity of geriatric symptoms (SCAG), depressive mood (GDS), self-perceived health and memory status (report marks)), and behavioral assessment (self-reported level of instrumental daily life activities).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An intention-to-treat analysis showed no effect on each of the outcome measures for participants who were assigned to ginkgo (n = 79) compared with placebo (n = 44) for the entire 24-week period. After 12 weeks of treatment, the combined high dose and usual dose ginkgo groups (n = 166) performed slightly better with regard to self-reported activities of daily life but slightly worse with regard to self-perceived health status compared with the placebo group (n = 48). No beneficial effects of a higher dose or a prolonged duration of ginkgo treatment were found. We could not detect any subgroup that benefited from ginkgo. Ginkgo use was also not associated with the occurrence of (serious) adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our trial suggest that ginkgo is not effective as a treatment for older people with mild to moderate dementia or age-associated memory impairment. Our results contrast sharply with those of previous ginkgo trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Rossum
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Sielhorst
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Knipschild
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C063170:Ginkgo biloba extract; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract