title: Facial growth and management of orthodontic problems.
abstract: This article enables pediatricians to identify and understand the implications of common facial growth problems in children and adolescents. Problems with facial growth can result in aesthetic and functional concerns. Using a simple method of clinical evaluation, pediatricians can identify facial growth problems in the anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse dimensions. These problems can then be referred for evaluation and treatment by various means. Because facial growth is the result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors (some of which are functional), growth modification may be a possibility. Some problems may be camouflaged or treated by combined surgical and orthodontic means. Continued growth in early adulthood may enhance or detract from treatment results obtained in childhood or adolescence. These dynamic properties of the face make management of facial growth challenging but generally rewarding and successful because of substantial aesthetic and functional improvements.
authors.affiliation: Section of Orthodontics, Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Vig
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Fields
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D019186:Mandibular Advancement / Q000379:methods; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000379:methods*; D009973:Orthodontics, Preventive / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous