title: Comprehensive follow-up care and life-threatening illnesses among high-risk infants: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inner-city high-risk infants often receive limited and fragmented care, a problem that may increase serious illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether access to comprehensive care in a follow-up clinic is cost-effective in reducing life-threatening illnesses among high-risk, inner-city infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 887 very-low-birth-weight infants born in a Texas county hospital between January 1988 and March 1996 and followed up in a children's hospital clinic. One hundred four infants who became ineligible or died after randomization but before nursery discharge were excluded from the analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants were randomly assigned to receive routine follow-up care (well-baby care and care for chronic illnesses; n = 441) or comprehensive care (which included the components of routine care plus care for acute illnesses, with 24-hour access to a primary caregiver; n = 446).
  
  
  METHODS
  Life-threatening illnesses (ie, causing death or hospital admission for pediatric intensive care) occurring between nursery discharge and age 1 year, assessed by blinded evaluators from inpatient charts and state Medicaid and vital statistics records; and hospital costs (estimated from department-specific cost-to-charge ratios).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comprehensive care resulted in a mean of 3.1 more clinic visits and 6.7 more telephone conversations with clinic staff (P<.001 for both). One-year outcomes were unknown for fewer comprehensive-care infants than routine-care infants (9 vs 28; P =.001). Identified deaths were similar (11 in comprehensive care vs 13 in routine care; P =.68). The comprehensive-care group had 48% fewer life-threatening illnesses (33 vs 63; P<.001), 57% fewer intensive care admissions (23 vs 53; P =.003), and 42% fewer intensive care days (254 vs 440; P =.003). Comprehensive care did not increase the mean estimated cost per infant for all care ($6265 with comprehensive care and $9913 with routine care).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive follow-up care by experienced caregivers can be highly effective in reducing life-threatening illness without increasing costs among high-risk inner-city infants. JAMA. 2000;284:2070-2076.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, MSB 3. 228, Houston, TX 77030-1503, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Broyles
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tyson
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Heyne
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heyne
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hickman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swint
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pomeroy
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003191:Comprehensive Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016638:Critical Illness; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013781:Texas; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population