title: Reducing the trauma of congenital heart surgery.
abstract: While describing the circulatory system in De Moto Cordis, in 1628, William Harvey developed precepts for investigation, which could be modified slightly to guide the adoption of new technology and technique in the twenty-first century. Harvey might suggest (1) careful and accurate observation and description of a new technique, (2) a tentative explanation of how the technique improves on existing techniques, (3) a controlled testing of the hypothesis, and (4) conclusions based on the results of the experiments. Also, he might admonish surgery today, with its massively enhanced capabilities for information management, to rigorously test the validity of these conclusions with quantitative reasoning. In the future, precise measurement of the "trauma" of surgery, or even an individual surgeon, may be possible, and the long-term impact of a chest wall incision on a patient's self-esteem may be predictable. Absent such objective measures, justifications for "minimally invasive" deviations from conventional technique in surgery for CHD lack substance. Morbidity, mortality, and physiological endpoints will continue to form the foundation for therapeutic plans; however, the potential for emerging technology to reduce the trauma of these plans remains tantalizing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Miami Children's Hospital, FL 33155-4069, USA. Redmond111@aol.com
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hannan
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D012371:Robotics; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D013908:Thoracotomy