title: Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the pattern of Helicobacter pylori infection among family members in the Saudi population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, population-based, seroepidemiological study of family members was undertaken in a Saudi population using saliva H pylori immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies (Helisal kit).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 42 families comprising 271 children and 84 parents were studied (355 subjects; mean age 23 years, SD 19 years) The overall frequencies of H pylori IgG antibodies in mothers, fathers and children were 67%, 64% and 23%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the infection rate between mothers and fathers, or between boys and girls. The infection rate among children increased when one or both parents were seropositive, and the infection rate among parents was proportionally related to the number of infected children per family. The frequency of H pylori antibodies was significantly higher in spouses of seropositive parents than in spouses of seronegative parents (45% compared with 19.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm that the intrafamilial clustering of H pylori infection in Saudi Arabia occurs in a similar pattern to that described in the developed countries, and that living conditions and social conditions lead to person to person transmission of H pylori infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Al-Knawy
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mirdad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: ElMekki
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al-Ammari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies