title: Transition of nitro musks and polycyclic musks into human milk.
abstract: Synthetic musks are widely used in various consumer products. The identification of nitro musks in human milk in the early 1990s in connection with evidence for cancerogenicity in animal experiments have caused public concern. However, the validity of previously reported quantitative data has been questioned. Polycylic musks have hardly been investigated so far. The present study aimed at providing accurate current data on the occurrence of nitro and polycyclic musks in human milk. Samples from 40 healthy breast feeding mothers were analysed under carefully controlled conditions avoiding secondary contamination. As in earlier studies, among the nitro compounds musk xylene and ketone were the most frequently detected substances. However, much lower concentrations (roughly by a factor of 10) were found (musk xylene: median 6.1 ng/kg fat). Among the polycylic musks HHCB was found in most samples (median 64 ng/kg fat). Scientific knowledge on possible routes of exposure and health risk aspects is summarized and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Landesuntersuchungsamt für das Gesundheitswesen Südbayern, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liebl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ommer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sönnichsen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D009812:Odorants; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; C008563:musk