title: [Are coercive measures carried out arbitrarily?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to media reports and psychiatric literature coercive measures (seclusion, restraint, forced medication) seem to be carried out rather arbitrarily in psychiatric hospitals. We examined whether associations between severity of psychopathological symptoms, patients' aggressive behaviour and coercive measures would be found.
  
  
  METHODS
  193 consecutive treatment episodes of our department for general psychiatry were examined. The psychopathological status at admission was recorded with the PANSS, aggressive behaviour during in-patient treatment with the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS). For each treatment episode we recorded whether coercive measures were carried out or not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coercive measures were carried out in 47 patients (24.3%). MOAS scores in these patients were six fold higher than in patients who were not exposed to coercive measures. 56% of coercive measures occurred in the quarter of patients with the highest psychopathology, none in the quarter with the lowest psychopathology (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to frequent presumptions, the application of coercive measures in psychiatric hospitals is predominantly indicated by patients' psychopathology and violent behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Psychiatrie I der Universität Ulm. tilman-steinert@zfp-weissenau.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinert
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D003068:Coercion; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data