title: cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates stimulation of L-type calcium current by cGMP in rabbit atrial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  cGMP has been shown to exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on cardiac L-type calcium current (I(Ca)). The physiological role of cGMP in regulation of cardiac activity is still controversial. cGMP may be of importance in regulation of I(Ca) in atrial cells. The present study was focused on the role of cGMP in the modulation of I(Ca) in rabbit atrial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enzymatically isolated adult rabbit atrial cells were used to measure I(Ca) using whole cell voltage clamp. Expressed levels of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) were determined by Western blotting using PKG specific antibody in homogenates from atrial and ventricular cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a nitric oxide donor that stimulates soluble guanylyl-cyclase to elevate cGMP levels increased I(Ca) while soluble G-cyclase inhibitors, ODQ or methylene blue inhibited I(Ca). Intracellular application of 8BrcGMP increased I(Ca) and blocked the inhibitory effect of methylene blue. KT-5823, an inhibitor of PKG inhibited I(Ca) and the stimulatory effect of GSNO was completely blocked ODQ or KT-5823. Inhibition of cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) by the 6-22 peptide completely blocked the stimulation of I(Ca) by the beta-agonist isoproterenol but not by GSNO. The potency of isoproterenol to stimulate I(Ca) was very high for atrial cells (EC(50) 2.4+/-0.6 nM) and only 100 nM isoproterenol was required to stimulate I(Ca) maximally (21.4+/-0.7 pA/pF) to a level (23.8+/-1.6 pA/pF) achieved with the inclusion of 100 microM cAMP in the pipette solution. GSNO produced an additive effect on I(Ca) already stimulated by either 10 microM isobutylmethylxanthine (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) or a low concentration (1 nM) isoproterenol but failed to produce any effect on I(Ca) maximally stimulated by 100 nM isoproterenol. Inhibition of PKG by KT-5823 significantly decreased the efficacy of isoproterenol and the maximal I(Ca) achieved with 100 nM isoproterenol was decreased to 8.2+/-0.6 pA/pF in the presence of KT-5823. Western blot analysis showed much higher expression of PKG in atrial cells compared to ventricular cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that stimulatory effects of cGMP on I(Ca) in rabbit atrial cells are likely to be mediated via PKG dependent phosphorylation of calcium channels or associated proteins and that the effects of cGMP are not antagonistic to cAMP. PKG is highly expressed in atrial cells and PKG dependent phosphorylation may be necessary for maintaining basal I(Ca) and fully stimulating I(Ca) by beta-adrenergic activation in atrial cells.
authors.affiliation: The Todd Franklin Cardiac Research Laboratory, The Children's Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2040 Ridgewood Dr. NE, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism*; D002227:Carbazoles; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006325:Heart Atria; D007211:Indoles; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000470:Alkaloids; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D002227:Carbazoles; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; C073601:KT 5823; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D007545:Isoproterenol; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine