title: HTLV-II and bacterial infections among injection drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether select bacterial infections are associated with HTLV-II infection among injection drug users, we conducted a nested case control study within an ongoing cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  HTLV-II status was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescent assay, and immunoblot. Diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia, infective endocarditis, and skin abscess was confirmed by standardized chart reviews. Three sets of cases were identified based on diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia, infective endocarditis validated by chart review, or self-reported skin abscess. Each case was matched to a minimum of 5 controls by age, HIV status, and study follow-up duration. Risk factors for each bacterial infection were analyzed separately by conditional logistic regression methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of HTLV-II infection ranged from 7% to 11% in cases and controls. The bivariate association of HTLV-II and bacterial pneumonia revealed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-2.0); the association of infective endocarditis and HTLV-II revealed an OR of 1.7 (95% CI, 0. 7-3.9); and the association between HTLV-II and skin abscess revealed an OR of 1.3 (95% CI, 0.6-2.0). These ORs were unaltered by adjustment for other factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that these three bacterial infections were not significantly associated with HTLV-II infection within a population of injection drug users. Additional associations between HTLV-II infection and disease outcomes merit further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safaeian
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015491:HTLV-II Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D017192:Skin Diseases, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*