title: A quantitative treatment planning study evaluating the potential of dose escalation in conformal radiotherapy of the oesophagus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to evaluate the reduction in radiation dose to normal thoracic structures through the use of conformal radiotherapy techniques in the treatment of oesophageal cancer, and to quantify the resultant potential for dose escalation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different CT-derived treatment plans were created and compared for each of ten patients. A two-phase treatment with conventional straight-edged fields and standard blocks (CV2), a two-phase conformal plan (CF2), and a three-phase conformal plan where the third phase was delivered to the gross tumour only (CF3), were considered for each patient. Escalated dose levels were determined for techniques CF2 and CF3, which by virtue of the conformal field shaping, did not increase the mean lung dose. The resulting increase in tumour control probability (TCP) was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-phase conformal technique (CF2) reduced the volume of lung irradiated to 18 Gy from 19.7+/-11.8 (1 SD) to 17.1+/-12.3% (P=0.004), and reduced the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) from 2.4+/-4.0 to 0.7+/-1.6% (P=0.02) for a standard prescribed dose of 55 Gy. Consequently, technique CF2 permitted a target dose of 59.1+/-3.2 Gy without increasing the mean lung dose. Technique CF3 facilitated a prescribed dose of 60.7+/-4.3 Gy to the target, the additional 5 Gy increasing the TCP from 53. 1+/-5.5 to 68.9+/-4.1%. When the spinal cord tolerance was raised from 45 to 48 Gy, technique CF3 allowed 63.6+/-4.l Gy to be delivered to the target, thereby increasing the TCP to 78.1+/-3.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conformal radiotherapy techniques offer the potential for a 5-10 Gy escalation in dose delivered to the oesophagus, without increasing the mean lung dose. This is expected to increase local tumour control by 15-25%.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Viviers
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guzel
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tait
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015996:Survival Rate