title: The efficacy and cost of prophylactic and perioprocedural antibiotics in patients with external ventricular drains.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prophylactic antibiotics are routinely administered to patients with external ventricular drains (EVDs); however, no conclusive evidence supports this practice. This study compared the efficacy and cost of prophylactic and periprocedural antibiotics in patients with EVDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the charts of 308 patients who had an EVD in place for 3 or more days between January 1996 and June 1997. Patients with EVDs placed for shunt infections or meningitis were excluded. A standard protocol was used to insert and monitor EVDs. Catheters were left in place as long as clinically indicated and changed only if they malfunctioned. Cerebrospinal fluid cultures were obtained twice weekly. Prophylactic antibiotics were used at the discretion of the attending neurosurgeon. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A comprised 209 patients who received prophylactic antibiotics for the duration of the EVD (intravenously administered cefuroxime, 1.5 g every 8 h); Group B comprised 99 patients who received only periprocedural antibiotics (intravenously administered cefuroxime, 1.5 g every 8 h, three or less doses).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there were significantly more males in Group A than in Group B, the two groups were otherwise well matched, with no significant differences in age, indications, or duration of EVD placement. The overall rate of ventriculitis was 3.9%. The infection rates for Group A (3.8%) and Group B (4.0%) were almost identical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic antibiotics did not significantly reduce the rate of ventriculitis in patients with EVDs, and they may select for resistant organisms. Discontinuing the use of prophylactic antibiotics for EVDs at the authors' institution would save approximately $80,000 per year in direct drug costs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013-4496, USA.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Alleyne
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zabramski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D002444:Cefuroxime / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002494:Central Nervous System Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D002444:Cefuroxime