title: The influence of age, sex, and race on the upper reference limit of serum C-reactive protein concentration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recommended reference range for serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations is usually not adjusted for age and sex. We sought to determine if age, sex, and race or ethnicity influence the distribution of CRP values, and if upper reference limits of CRP should be adjusted by demographic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews, physical examinations, and blood draws were performed on > 22,000 individuals age > or = 4 yrs representative of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States, as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES III). Serum CRP concentrations were measured by nephelometric immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 95th percentile value of CRP in the overall population was 0.95 mg/dl for males and 1.39 mg/dl for females, and varied with age and race. For ages 25-70 yrs, the age adjusted approximate upper reference limit (mg/dl) was CRP = age/50 for males, and CRP = age/50 + 0.6 for females. The upper limits for Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites were similar, whereas for non-Hispanic black adults the approximate upper limit was CRP = age/30 for males and CRP = age/50 + 1.0 for females. Even after accounting for identified inflammatory conditions, demographic factors influenced the reference limits of CRP. The 95th percentile values were uniformly lower in children than in older adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demographic factors, including age, sex, and race, should be used to adjust the upper reference limit for CRP. Clinicians should be aware of these factors when using CRP values to assess inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. wener@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wener
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Daum
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: McQuillan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008800:Mexico / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein