title: The Alaska Blind Child Discovery project: rationale, methods and results of 4000 screenings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photoscreening allows lay persons to adapt the Enhanced Brückner Test to preschoolers in an attempt to identify refractive amblyopia. The Alaska Blind Child Discovery (ABCD) project is charitably funded and administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  MTI photoscreening was offered to children in rural and urban communities in southern Alaska from 1996 through June 1999. Parents answered questions concerning the child's health, family ocular history and whether the child had any eye "Warning Signs." The MTI images were interpreted by two eye doctors using a modification in MTI published guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 4000 screenings performed on 3930 children, there was an overall "not normal" interpretation of 9% and an inconclusive rate of 1%. The mean S.D. age was 3.9 2 years. Only 6% had had a prior eye exam. The average number of Polaroid pictures per screening was 1.16. Follow-up data on "not normal" results was obtained on just over 50%. The positive predictive value during the first two years was 77% but improved to 92% from 1998-1999. Affirmative answers to the questions concerning previous eye exam, child's health, siblings eye health and positive "Warning Signs" were significantly associated with "not normal" interpretations but affirmative answers about eye health of mother, father and relatives were not. Community penetrance of photoscreening to the target age-group ranged from only 5% for Anchorage to almost 100% for the Bristol Bay public health nurses. Five percent of parents of "positive" results surveyed would not have recommended screening for their friends. Equipment functioned dependably even in remote Alaska.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Charitable volunteer Polaroid photoscreening detected amblyopia and significant pediatric eye disease in over 300 children during the first 3.5 years of ABCD.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Ophthalmic Associates, PC, Anchorage, Alaska 99501-2242, USA. eyedoc@alaska.net
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Gionet
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Jastrzebski
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kovtoun
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Coon
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001766:Blindness / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008499:Medical Records; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination; D013997:Time Factors; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods