title: Differentiation of clobenzorex use from amphetamine abuse using the metabolite 4-hydroxyclobenzorex.
abstract: Clobenzorex (Asenlix) is an anorectic drug metabolized by the body to amphetamine, thus causing difficulty in the interpretation of amphetamine-positive drug tests. Previous studies have shown the parent drug and several metabolites are excreted in urine. Clobenzorex itself has been detected for as long as 29 h postdose using a detection limit of 1 ng/mL. Despite this fact, several amphetamine-positive samples (> or = 500 ng/mL) contained no detectable clobenzorex. Thus, the absence of clobenzorex in the urine does not exclude the possibility of its use. To more definitively assess the possibility of clobenzorex use, evaluation of another metabolite was considered. One study reported the presence of unidentified hydroxy metabolites of clobenzorex for as long as amphetamine was detected in some subjects. To assess the viability of using a hydroxy metabolite to confirm the use of clobenzorex in samples containing amphetamine, 4-hydroxyclobenzorex was synthesized for this study. This metabolite proved to be easily detected and was typically found at levels higher than amphetamine in amphetamine-positive urines, long after clobenzorex itself was no longer detected. Samples obtained from a controlled single-dose study involving the administration of clobenzorex (30 mg) were analyzed for the presence of the 4-hydroxy metabolite. The analytical procedure used acid hydrolysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction and analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by monitoring ions at m/z 125, 330, and 364. 4-Hydroxyclobenzorex and its 3-Cl regioisomer were used in the identification and quantitation of the metabolite. Peak concentrations of 4-hydroxyclobenzorex were found at approximately 1:30-5:00 h postdose and ranged from approximately 5705 to 88,410 ng/mL. Most importantly, however, all samples that contained amphetamine at > or = 500 ng/mL also contained detectable amounts of this hydroxy metabolite (LOD 10 ng/mL), making it a valuable tool in differentiating use of clobenzorex from illicit amphetamine use.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Squadron, 59th Medical Wing, Lackland AFB, Texas 78236-5319, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valtier
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cody
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000652:urine*; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C420127:4-hydroxyclobenzorex; D000662:Amphetamines; D001067:Appetite Depressants; C000490:clobenzorex