title: Transesophageal echocardiographic predictors for successful transcatheter closure of defects within the oval fossa using the CardioSEAL septal occlusion device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the utility of transesophageal echocardiography in predicting the likelihood of a successful procedure and residual shunting in patients undergoing transcatheter closure of defects within the oval fossa using the CardioSEAL device.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Transesophageal echocardiography is used to monitor transcatheter closure of interatrial defects within the the oval fossa, but predictors of successful closure and residual shunting have yet to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed transesophageal echocardiograms obtained from 26 consecutive patients undergoing attempted transcatheter closure of interatrial defects within the oval fossa between January, 1997 and May, 1998. Assessment of the atrial septum, the septal defect, and the rims of the oval fossa bordering the defect was performed in 3 planes: longitudinal, 4-chamber, and basal short-axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Closure proved successful in 24 patients (92%). The defect was significantly larger, and the anterosuperior rim of the defect smaller, in the 2 patients in whom occlusion was not successful. Residual shunting 24 hrs after closure was detected in 14 patients. Significant predictors of leakage included smaller posterior and superior rims, a larger shunt prior to closure, and herniation of a one left atrial arm of the device into the right atrium. In all cases, the sites of leakage were the superior rim of the defect at the superior cavo-atrial junction, and the anterosuperior rim behind the aortic root. Herniation of a left atrial arm into the right atrium was seen in 7 patients (29%). In all, it was the anterosuperior arm which herniated Doppler color flow was suboptimal in detecting residual leaks, and was enhanced substantially with the use of contrast echocardiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transesophageal echocardiography allows excellent assessment of the oval fossa and deficiencies of its floor in all of their dimensions. It is an important tool for guiding the deployment of the occlusion device in patients undergoing attempted transcatheter closure of defects within the fossa. Contrast echocardiography should be used for optimal detection of residual shunting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Momenah
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome