title: Item-level and subscale-level factoring of Biggs' Learning Process Questionnaire (LPQ) in a mainland Chinese sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The learning process questionnaire (LPQ) has been the source of intensive cross-cultural study. However, an item-level factor analysis of all the LPQ items simultaneously has never been reported. Rather, items within each subscale have been factor analysed to establish subscale unidimensionality and justify the use of composite subscale scores.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It was of major interest to see if the six logically constructed items groups of the LPQ would be supported by empirical evidence. Additionally, it was of interest to compare the consistency of the reliability and correlational structure of the LPQ subscales in our study with those of previous cross-cultural studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit the six-factor item level model and to fit five representative subscale level factor models.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1070 students between the ages of 15 to 18 years was drawn from a representative selection of 29 classes from within 15 secondary schools in Guangzhou, China. Males and females were almost equally represented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The six-factor item level model of the LPQ seemed to fit reasonably well, thus supporting the six dimensional structure of the LPQ and justifying the use of composite subscale scores for each LPQ dimension. However, the reliability of many of these subscales was low. Furthermore, only two subscale-level factor models showed marginally acceptable fit. Substantive considerations supported an oblique three-factor model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the LPQ subscales often show low internal consistency reliability, experimental and correlational studies that have used these subscales as dependent measures have been disappointing. It is suggested that some LPQ items should be revised and other items added to improve the inventory's overall psychometric properties.
authors.affiliation: University of Hong Kong.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D001077:Aptitude Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results