title: The use of frailty models in genetic studies: application to the relationship between end-stage renal failure and mutation type in Alport syndrome. European Community Alport Syndrome Concerted Action Group (ECASCA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alport syndrome (AS) is a severe hereditary disease usually transmitted as an X dominant trait and involving a mutation of the COL4A5 gene. It leads to end-stage renal failure (ESRF), but this progression is heterogeneous. Mutations of the COL4A5 gene have been characterised in numerous families using molecular biology. Our objective was to evaluate the interfamilial heterogeneity of the disease and to study relationships between mutation types and progression to ESRF in the European Community Alport Syndrome Concerted Action group (ECASCA) registry database.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the frailty model framework. Frailty models have been developed to analyse censored data with non-independent observations. Random effects are introduced in a Cox proportional regression model to take into account the intracluster correlations. In this study, ESRF is considered a censored event and the intrafamilial correlations are taken into account in the frailty models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These approaches allow us to demonstrate the existence of an interfamilial heterogeneity; the role of the mutation type explains the interfamilial variability. In particular, the results suggest that some mutation types are associated with a higher risk of ESRF for males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the importance of characterising the mutation at the molecular level in genetic studies, to understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The frailty models constitute an attractive approach in this context, when the phenotype is characterised by a censored end-point.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biostatistique et d'Information Médicale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jais
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D018450:Disease Progression; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009394:Nephritis, Hereditary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D010641:Phenotype; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis