title: Does type of disease matter? Gender differences among Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease spouse caregivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mental health outcomes are widely reported among spouse caregivers, with wives generally faring worse than husbands. We hypothesized that gender differences would not be as strong in a cognitively intact group because caring for cognitively intact spouses may involve less severe reciprocity losses. We also examined gender differences in coping strategies within each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  175 spouse caregivers for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 88) and Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 87) were interviewed. Participants completed perceived stress (PSS), depression (CES-D), state anxiety (STAI, Form Y), and coping strategies (WCCL-R) measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wives in the AD group reported significantly worse mental health outcomes than husbands, while wives and husbands in the PD group showed no differences. AD caregiving wives were less likely than husbands to use problem-focused coping strategies. There were no significant gender differences in either group for social support or emotion-focused coping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of reciprocity in marital relationships may affect women more negatively than men. Future studies that address underlying mechanisms of gender differences and focus on similar caregiving situations and contexts deserve attention.
authors.affiliation: Oregon State University, Human Development and Family Sciences, Corvallis 97331-5102, USA. hookerk@orst.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hooker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manoogian-O'Dell
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shifren
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000451:nursing*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology