title: Rapamycin induces transforming growth factor-beta production by lymphocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Under certain conditions rapamycin and transforming growth factor- (TGF) beta have similar immunoregulatory effects, suggesting a potential functional link between rapamycin and TGF-beta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Splenic leukocytes were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 or with allogeneic cells in vivo in the presence or absence of rapamycin. TGF-beta production by activated lymphocytes was quantitated using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Splenic leukocytes from BALB/c mice that were primed with allogeneic cells and conditioned with rapamycin in vivo as well as splenic leukocytes that were treated with rapamycin in vitro produced significantly higher levels of TGF-beta upon anti-CD3 stimulation as compared with untreated controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that rapamycin can program activated lymphocytes to produce TGF-beta. Thus, the immunosuppressive effects of rapamycin may be partially mediated by TGF-beta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Dodge
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.forename: X C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D017252:CD3 Complex; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D020123:Sirolimus