title: Nitric oxide is an excitatory modulator in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats.
abstract: Nitric oxide is a messenger molecule having various functions in the brain. Previous studies have reported conflicting results for the roles of nitric oxide in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, a major center that regulates sympathetic and cardiovascular activities. We hypothesized that in this region, nitric oxide may have a biphasic effect on cardiovascular activity. Microinjection of a low dose (1 nmol) of a nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside or a cyclic GMP agonist 8-bromocyclic GMP into this area increased arterial pressure, whereas injection of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue decreased arterial pressure. Microinjection of a high dose (100 nmol) of sodium nitroprusside decreased arterial pressure and inhibited spontaneous respiration with concomitant production of peroxynitrite, a strong cytotoxic oxidant. Increases in arterial pressure caused by microinjection of L-glutamate were inhibited after preinjection of Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or methylene blue. Increases in arterial pressure caused by microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (1 nmol) were inhibited after preinjection of a glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate. These results suggest that low doses of nitric oxide may increase arterial pressure, whereas high doses of nitric oxide may decrease arterial pressure through cytotoxic effects in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. They also indicate that nitric oxide may stimulate neurons both through activation of the nitric oxide cyclic GMP pathway and through modulation of glutamate receptor stimulation, and therefore, increase arterial pressure in rats.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan. morimot@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fushiki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000819:agonists / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000494:pharmacology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000502:physiology; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011355:Prodrugs; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019335:Nitroarginine; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D008751:Methylene Blue; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester