title: Enhanced dental cutting through chemomechanical effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that certain surface-active agents--compounds that reduce interfacial tension--in a dental handpiece's irrigation water can enhance cutting rates, or CRs. This study evaluated these effects under test conditions simulating dental practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used a self-contained cutting system with a digitally controlled handpiece speed, torque and water flow rate to cut machinable glass ceramic (Macor, Corning Inc.) with medium-grit diamond burs and cross-cut fissure carbide burs under a load of 147.5 grams and 22 milliliters per minute coolant flow rate using water with mouthwash (Scope, Procter & Gamble) additions. They used six burs for each irrigant mixture to make three 5-millimeter edge cuts through 13 mm of Macor; CRs were quantified as the time necessary to transect the Macor cutting substrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Additions of small amounts of mouthwash to the coolant water accelerated the CR for both carbide and diamond burs. The CRs for carbide burs in millimeters per second were distilled water, 0.21; 1:2.5 mouthwash:distilled water mixture, 0.12; 1:5 mixture, 0.64; and 1:10 mixture, 0.66. The CR differences for the 1:5 and 1:10 mixtures were significant (P < .001). The CRs for diamond burs in millimeters per second were distilled water, 0.09; 1:1 mouthwash:distilled water mixture, 0.13; 1:2.5 mixture, 0.16; 1:5 mixture, 0.21; and 1:10 mixture, 0.18. When it came to the diamond burs, the CR differences between water and the mouthwash:distilled water mixtures were significant (P < .001). The authors found that the mouthwash additions ensured higher CRs compared with those for water alone over the entire cutting regimen; that is, while the CRs for both carbide and diamond burs dropped with prolonged cutting with water irrigation, the addition of mouthwash resulted in the burs' cutting faster and for longer than with water alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding small amounts of mouthwash to the coolant water significantly enhanced cutting by diamond and carbide burs and maintained higher CRs with prolonged cutting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Making low additions of mouthwash (1:5 and 1:10 mouthwash:distilled water mixtures) to the handpiece irrigant system can lead to two- to threefold increase in the dental diamond and carbide bur cutting rate compared with that for water alone.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA. avf001@dental.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: von Fraunhofer
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Siegel
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D002516:Ceramics; D003754:Dental High-Speed Equipment; D003764:Dental Materials; D018130:Diamond; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012212:Rheology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013500:Surface Tension; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D019415:Torque; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D009067:Mouthwashes; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon; D018130:Diamond; C023506:Glass ceramics