title: Ultrastructure of sea urchin calcified tissues after high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution.
abstract: The improvements brought by high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution fixation methods to the ultrastructural preservation of echinoderm mineralized tissues are investigated in developing pedicellariae and teeth of the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus. Three freeze substitution (FS) protocols were tested: one in the presence of osmium tetroxide, one in the presence of uranyl acetate, and the last in the presence of gallic acid. FS in the presence of osmium tetroxide significantly improved cell ultrastructure preservation and should especially be used for ultrastructural studies involving vesicles and the Golgi apparatus. With all protocols, multivesicular bodies, suggested to contain Ca(2+), were evident for the first time in skeleton-forming cells. FS in the presence of gallic acid allowed us to confirm the structured and insoluble character of a part of the organic matrix of mineralization in the calcification sites of the tooth, an observation which modifies the current understanding of biomineralization control in echinoderms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, CP 160/15, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av. F.D. Roosevelt, Bruxelles, 1050, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ameye
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017110:Freeze Substitution / Q000379:methods; D005615:Freezing; D005707:Gallic Acid; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D009993:Osmium Tetroxide; D011312:Pressure; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014070:Tooth / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C005460:uranyl acetate; D005707:Gallic Acid; D009993:Osmium Tetroxide; D002118:Calcium