title: Direct binding of hepatitis B virus X protein and retinoid X receptor contributes to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transactivation.
abstract: The X gene product of the human hepatitis B virus (HBx), a major factor responsible for hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, modulates transactivation by a variety of transcription factors. Herein, expression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene was found to be regulated transcriptionally by HBx through two distinct promoter regions. The cAMP response element (CRE)-1 site within the proximal promoter region mediated the HBx-induced transactivation of the PEPCK gene through C/EBP alpha and ATF-2. A retinoid X receptor (RXR) response element within the distal promoter region also contributed to the HBx-induced transactivation. Consistent with these results, HBx directly interacted with RXR, and the interaction interfaces were localized to the transactivation domain of HBx and the ligand binding domain of RXR.
authors.affiliation: Center for Ligand and Transcription, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheong
mesh_terms: D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D001665:Binding Sites; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
chemical_list: C497105:ATF2 protein, human; D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C057628:hepatitis B virus X protein; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)