title: Ciclopirox nail lacquer topical solution 8% in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Onychomycosis is a relatively common condition affecting toenails more than fingernails. It is caused predominantly by dermatophytes. Onychomycosis can cause pain and discomfort and has the potential to be a source of morbidity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ciclopirox nail lacquer solution 8% used to treat onychomycosis of the toe in the United States and in centers worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two identically designed, double-blind, vehicle controlled, parallel group multicenter studies were performed in the United States to evaluate the use of ciclopirox nail lacquer to treat mild to moderate toe onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes. In the first study, 223 patients were randomized to treatment (ciclopirox group: 112, vehicle group: 111), and in the second study, 237 subjects were randomized (ciclopirox group: 119, vehicle group: 118). Before randomization, patients were to have clinical features of onychomycosis in at least one great toe with positive light microscopic examination and a positive dermatophyte culture. The test material was applied daily for a period of 48 weeks to all toenails and affected fingernails, covering the entire nail plate and approximately 5 mm of surrounding skin. At baseline, subjects had between 20% to 65% area of target nail involved. Physician's assessments were carried out every 4 weeks, and mycologic evaluation and photographic planimetry using standardized photographs were performed every 12 weeks during the 48 weeks of treatment. In studies conducted outside the United States, patients were also to have clinical, microscopic, and culture evidence of onychomycosis. However, these studies included some patients infected with nondermatophyte organisms (eg, Candida species), and the area of nail involvement was generally greater than observed in the US studies. Treatment regimens also varied in the non-US studies with lacquer applications that were sometimes less frequent than the once daily treatment used in the US studies (eg, alternate day or twice weekly). In addition, the typical duration of treatment was 6 months in the non-US studies as compared with 48 weeks in the United States. Outcome measures were similar to those used in the US trials, although a non-photographic planimetric method was used to quantify disease extent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from the pivotal US trials have demonstrated that ciclopirox nail lacquer 8% topical solution is significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, and of mild to moderate toe onychomycosis without lunula involvement. At the end of the 48-week treatment period, the mycologic cure rate (negative culture and negative light microscopy) in study I was 29% vs 11% in the ciclopirox and vehicle groups, respectively. Similarly, the mycologic cure rate for study II was 36% vs 9%, respectively. In the non-US studies, the mycologic cure rates ranged from 46.7% to 85.7%. In addition, ciclopirox nail lacquer has demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity with efficacy against Candida species and some nondermatophytes in non-US studies. Ciclopirox nail lacquer is considered extremely safe regarding causally related treatment emergent adverse-effects (TEAEs), with most TFAEs transient and localized to the site of action (eg, erythema and application site reaction). In the US studies, TFAEs were generally mild and cleared while the patient continued to use the nail lacquer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies conducted worldwide demonstrate the efficacy of ciclopirox nail lacquer for the treatment of finger and toe onychomycosis. Both controlled and open-label studies confirm the excellent safety profile of this topical therapy. Thus, the nail lacquer provides a treatment choice with a favorable benefit-to-risk ratio. With its novel mechanism of action and its topical route of administration, ciclopirox nail lacquer offers an innovative approach to the treatment of this often difficult-to-manage disease
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fleckman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baran
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077768:Ciclopirox; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012016:Reference Values; D014481:United States; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D011728:Pyridones; D000077768:Ciclopirox