title: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: rationale for its integrative management.
abstract: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in children. ADHD is characterized by attention deficit, impulsivity, and sometimes overactivity ("hyperactivity"). The diagnosis is empirical, with no objective confirmation available to date from laboratory measures. ADHD begins in childhood and often persists into adulthood. The exact etiology is unknown; genetics plays a role, but major etiologic contributors also include adverse responses to food additives, intolerances to foods, sensitivities to environmental chemicals, molds, and fungi, and exposures to neurodevelopmental toxins such as heavy metals and organohalide pollutants. Thyroid hypofunction may be a common denominator linking toxic insults with ADHD symptomatologies. Abnormalities in the frontostriatal brain circuitry and possible hypofunctioning of dopaminergic pathways are apparent in ADHD, and are consistent with the benefits obtained in some instances by the use of methylphenidate (Ritalin) and other potent psychostimulants. Mounting controversy over the widespread use of methylphenidate and possible life-threatening effects from its long-term use make it imperative that alternative modalities be implemented for ADHD management. Nutrient deficiencies are common in ADHD; supplementation with minerals, the B vitamins (added in singly), omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids, flavonoids, and the essential phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) can ameliorate ADHD symptoms. When individually managed with supplementation, dietary modification, detoxification, correction of intestinal dysbiosis, and other features of a wholistic/integrative program of management, the ADHD subject can lead a normal and productive life.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kidd
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000150:complications; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D018876:Environmental Illness / Q000150:complications; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005503:Food Additives / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D005503:Food Additives; D008670:Metals; D014815:Vitamins; D008774:Methylphenidate