title: Verotoxin-1 induces tissue factor expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through activation of NF-kappaB/Rel and AP-1.
abstract: This study examined the effect of verotoxin-1 (VT-1), which is released from Escherichia coli O157:H7, on endothelial expression of tissue factor (TF), a cofactor required to initiate blood coagulation. In order to elucidate the molecular basis for development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in patients infected with E. coli O157:H7, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to purified VT-1. VT-1 increased both TF activity and TF mRNA in HUVECs without loss of cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner from 0.1 to 10 ng/ml VT-1. Nuclear proteins extracted from VT-1-stimulated HUVECs bound to the consensus NF-kappaB/Rel and AP-1 binding oligonucleotides in a dose-dependent manner within 2 h after the stimulation in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Nuclear proteins from VT-1-stimulated HUVECs formed two complexes with the NF-kappaB/Rel binding motif in the human TF promoter (TF-kappaB motif). The supershift assays, using antibodies for human p65, p50 or c-Rel, indicated that the lower complex was composed of p65/p50 and the higher complex was a p65 homo- or hetero-dimer with the Rel family, except c-Rel. The human TF promoter contains two AP-1 binding sites, the proximal and distal AP-1 binding sites. The supershift assays indicated that AP-1 containing mainly c-Jun and JunD, positively bound to the proximal AP-1 motif of TF (TF-AP-1). The distal TF-AP-1 motif did not show positive binding with nuclear proteins from VT-1-stimulated HUVECs. Pretreatment of HUVECs with curcumin, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB/Rel activation, synthesis of c-Jun mRNA and binding of activated AP- I with AP-binding oligonucleotide, prevented the VT-1 induced increase in TF mRNA and activity in VT-1-stimulated HUVECs. Curcumin also inhibited NF-kappaB and AP-1 binding to TF-kappaB and proximal TF-AP-1 oligonucleotides, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. The present work suggests that both the NF-kappaB/Rel and AP-1 activated in endothelial cells by stimulation with VT-1 binds to the TF-kappaB and proximal AP-1 binding sites, respectively, of the TF promoter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Higashi Tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan. h-ishii@ac.shoyaku.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020573:Genes, rel; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D022603:Shiga Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D022603:Shiga Toxins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D013925:Thromboplastin