title: The converging epidemics of mood-altering-drug use, HIV, HCV, and partner violence: a conundrum for methadone maintenance treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating evidence suggests that partner violence may be associated with HIV risk behavior and drug use among women in methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs), yet the mechanisms linking these overlapping problems remain unclear. The main purpose of this qualitative study is to explore in detail how drug-related activities and HIV risk behavior occur in the context of a recent episode of partner violence among women in MMTPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted and analyzed in-depth interviews with 31 women who reported having experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner during the past year. Guided by existing research, feminist theory and trauma theory, we constructed a set of questions which were designed to explore multiple ways in which drug-related activities or HIV risk behavior may be linked directly or indirectly to the recent event. To examine the extent and significance of the woman sand/or her partner s drug-related activities or sexual HIV risk issues occurring immediately before, during and/or after the most recent event, we adapted a series of techniques for thematic analysis of qualitative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 31 women who reported recent events: 83.8 % (n=26) recalled recent events in which there was some drug-involvement; 40% (n=13) indicated that both she and her partner were involved in drug-related activities during the most recent event of partner abuse; 35% (n=11) reported that the partner was drug-involved; and only two women (6.4%) indicated that they alone had been drug-involved. One-fifth (19.3%, n=6) of the women indicated that they had used drugs immediately after the event because they were upset or in physical pain. One-fifth of the women (n=6) reported that they had coerced, unprotected sex during or after the most recent incident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multiple ways in which the use of mood-altering drugs are related to partner violence and the occurrence of coerced, unprotected sex underscore the need to design specific interventions for preventing drug relapse, and HIV and HCV infection among abused women in MMTPs. Treatment and policy implications of study findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 1842, New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Bassel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rajah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foleno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fontdevila
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Richman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone