title: Clinical and pharmacological phase I study with accelerated titration design of a daily times five schedule of BBR3464, a novel cationic triplatinum complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), the toxicity and pharmacokinetic profile of BBR3464, a novel triplatinum complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with advanced solid tumors not responsive to previous antitumor treatments received BBR 3464 on a daily x 5 schedule every twenty-eighth day. The drug was given as a one-hour infusion with pre-and post-treatment hydration (500 ml in one hour) and no antiemetic prophylaxis. The starting dose was 0.03 mg/m2/day. A modified accelerated titration escalation design was used. Total and free platinum (Pt) concentrations in plasma and urine were assessed by ICP-MS on days 1 and 5 of the first cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose was escalated four times up to 0.17 mg/m2/day. Short-lasting neutropenia and diarrhea of late onset were dose-limiting and defined the MTD at 0.12 mg/m2. Nausea and vomiting were rare, neither neuro- nor renal toxic effects were observed. BBR3464 showed a rapid distribution phase of 1 hour and a terminal half-life of several days. At 0.17 mg/m2 plasma Cmax and AUC on day 5 were higher than on day 1, indicating drug accumulation. Approximately 10% of the equivalent dose of BBR3464 (2.2%-13.4%) was recovered in a 24-hour urine collection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher than expected incidence of neutropenia and GI toxicity might be related to the prolonged half-life and accumulation of total and free Pt after daily administrations. Lack of nephrotoxicity and the low urinary excretion support the use of the drug without hydration. The single intermittent schedule has been selected for clinical development.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sessa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peccatori
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grasselli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zucchetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minoia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van den Bosch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernareggi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Camboni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marsoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; C114062:BBR 3464