title: Effects of growth hormone on leptin metabolism and energy expenditure in hemodialysis patients with protein-calorie malnutrition.
abstract: The relationships among growth hormone (GH), leptin, and resting energy expenditure (REE) are not understood. It has been reported that in malnourished hemodialysis patients, GH increases muscle protein synthesis, a process that requires energy. The present study evaluated the arterial levels and the forearm exchange of leptin, as well as the REE of the same patients during their participation in the same study, in four sequential 6-wk periods: I, baseline; II, GH treatment; III, washout; and IV, GH + intradialytic parenteral nutrition. During periods II and IV, patients received GH (5 mg three times per week). REE rose by 5% in period II, declined during period III, and rose by 7% during period IV. Basal leptin levels were low (2.0 +/- 0.19 ng/L). Insulin and leptin levels, as well as leptin release from the forearm, were unchanged during periods I through III but rose (+ 36%; P: < 0.05) during period IV. Changes in arterial leptin were directly related to changes in forearm leptin release (P: < 0.002), indicating a role of leptin production by peripheral tissues on leptinemia. Changes in leptin release were directly related to insulin (P: < 0.001) and, less consistently, to insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 levels (P: < 0.02). Similarly, variations in leptin levels were directly related to insulin (P: < 0.01). Variations in REE were not related to variations in leptin or insulin levels but to changes in muscle protein synthesis (P: < 0.025). The data show that in malnourished hemodialysis patients, treatment with GH is not invariably associated with an increase in leptin production. An increase in leptin release by peripheral tissues and leptin levels occurs only in the setting of hyperinsulinemia. The increase in REE that is induced by treatment with GH is not dependent on changes in leptin but is largely accounted for by the energy cost of the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garibotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barreca
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sofia
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Imperia Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiorini
authors.affiliation: Sampierdarena Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cappelli
authors.affiliation: Imperia Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Fosco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavatorta
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cesarone
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Minuto
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Tomaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barreca
mesh_terms: D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012146:Rest
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D020738:Leptin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone