title: Inflammatory cells, motor weakness, and straight leg raising in transligamentous disc herniations.
abstract: METHODS
  Possible statistically significant relationships between inflammatory cells and either motor weakness or straight leg raising were determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To look for any clinically relevant links between inflammatory cells in disc herniations and signs of radiculopathy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many studies have during recent years shown a presence of various types of inflammatory cells in disc herniations, but their clinical relevance has been questioned. To be clinically relevant, a presence of inflammatory cells should show a clear relationship to clinical evidence of nerve root involvement. Macrophages repeatedly demonstrated in a high proportion of disc herniations studied are of particular interest. Their major role may be in disc herniations tissue resorption and not in sciatica.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 96 disc herniations, all transligamentous, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for presence of macrophages, T or B lymphocytes, and activated T lymphocytes separately. From recorded patient data, motor weakness and straight leg raising data were compared with a presence or absence of abundant (+ = at least 20 cells in a group) inflammatory cells. When not abundant, inflammatory cells were classified as "only few cells" (+) and grouped together with "no cells" (-). Patients with or without motor weakness were compared. Straight leg raising was compared for a positive (at <70 degrees ) or a negative test, and separately using the median as cut-off value. Groups were compared by chi-square analysis with the level of statistical significance set at P<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the four inflammatory cell types showed any significant association with motor weakness. Nor was any association observed when comparing positive and negative straight leg raising. With the median (straight leg raising = 47.5 degrees ) as cut-off, only activated T cells showed a weak (chi2 = 4.40, P<0.05) relationship with tighter straight leg raising, but none of the other cell types did. Even when straight leg raising was < 47.5 degrees, three times more disc herniations lacked (n = 34) inflammatory cells than showed (n = 13) inflammation. In a subgroup of only sequestrated discs, the findings were similar. However, in the patients with a bilaterally positive straight leg raising (n = 25), the prevalence of at least one inflammatory cell type was much higher in sequestrated discs (80%) than in extrusions (33%). This may suggest more subtle interrelationships between type of disc herniation, straight leg raising, and inflammatory cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study do not support a clinically relevant role for disc herniation inflammatory cells in sciatica. For the cells to be clinically relevant, a strong relationship between a presence of inflammatory cells and either or both of motor weakness and a tight straight leg raising should have been observed. The authors conclude that macrophages, which have been demonstrated in a high proportion of disc herniations in previous studies, are probably more important for disc tissue resorption processes than for producing sciatica. Other types of inflammatory cells are more rarely observed and may have no clinical meaning at all. However, more subtle interrelationships, considering the various types of disc herniations, should be further explored.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grönblad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seitsalo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habtemariam
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karaharju
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017846:Longitudinal Ligaments / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012585:Sciatica / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology