title: Early DNA synthesis and cytokine expression in the nickel activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in nickel-allergic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nickel sulphate stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes in nickel-allergic subjects. However, nickel-induced stimulation of lymphocytes from control persons without clinical symptoms of nickel allergy has also been reported. The aim of the present study was to correlate T cell activity, measured by DNA synthesis and the expression of Th1 [interleukin (IL)-2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-beta and interferon (IFN)-gamma] and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines, in short-term (up to 72 h) culture of nickel-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from nickel-allergic patients compared to control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [methyl-(3)H]thymidine. The production of IL-2, TNF-beta, IFN-gamma and IL-4 was measured in the supernatants of the cultures by ELISA. In situ hybridization for mRNA was performed using oligonucleotide probes for IL-4, IFN-gamma and TNF-beta in cell smears.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Already after 24 h and proceeding through the remaining culture period, there was a statistically significant (p<0.001) difference in the concentrations of IL-2 between patients and controls. There was a significant (p<0.01) difference in DNA synthesis (stimulation index) between the patients and control subjects at 72 h, and also at the same time a difference in the concentrations of TNF-beta (p<0.05) and IL-4 (p<0.01). In the in situ hybridization study, TNF-beta was found to be the only one of the studied cytokines that differed between the nickel-allergic and control subjects, this difference being most evident at 72 h (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate a difference between nickel-allergic and non-allergic subjects in the synthesis of DNA and production of cytokines when PBMC are stimulated by nickel sulphate, and IL-2 may be regarded as a critical and early-occurring cytokine.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Falsafi-Amin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lundeberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakhiet
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nordlind
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; C029938:nickel sulfate; D009532:Nickel; D004247:DNA