title: Acute myocardial infarction in women: contribution of treatment variables to adverse outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women have excessive mortality rates after acute myocardial infarction compared with men. The extent to which this increased risk can be attributed to differences in treatment is not well-understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational follow-up study of 1737 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction for coronary care between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with men, women took longer to arrive at the hospital (132.5 minutes [range 76 to 291 minutes] vs 120 minutes [range 60 to 240 minutes]; P =.006), were less likely to receive aspirin acutely (87.8% vs 91.3%; P =.03), had longer door-to-needle times (90 minutes [range 60 to 143.5 minutes] vs 78 minutes [range 50 to 131 minutes]; P =.004), and were less likely to be given beta-blockers at hospital discharge (31.6% vs 44.9%; P <.0001). Estimated survival (95% confidence interval [CI]) at 30 days was only 78.4% (range 74.4% to 81.9%) for women compared with 88.0% (range 86.1% to 89.7%) for men. Women were older and more often white, but their excess risk (hazard ratio 2.09; 95% CI, 1.59-2.75) persisted after adjustment for age, racial group, and diabetes (hazard ratio 1.52; 95% CI, 1.15-2.01). Additional adjustment for emergency thrombolytic and aspirin therapy caused a further small reduction in the excess risk for women (hazard ratio 1.46; 95% CI, 1. 09-1.98), but with adjustment for aspirin and beta-blockers prescribed at discharge, the excess risk attributable to being female disappeared as the hazard ratio fell to 0.75 (95% CI, 0.31-1. 84). Estimated 30-day survival free of reinfarction and unstable angina was also lower for women than for men (75% [range 71% to 79%] vs 86% [range 84% to 88%]); again, the excess risk for women persisted despite adjustment for age and racial group before disappearing as treatment variables were introduced into the model. The influence of treatment variables on the differential risks for women and men disappeared at 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that women with acute myocardial infarction arrived later at the hospital, were less likely to be given aspirin therapy acutely, had longer door-to-needle times, and, on discharge from the hospital, were less likely to be prescribed beta-blockers for secondary prevention. The data suggest that the failure to treat women as vigorously as men made a significant contribution to their worse outcome.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Royal Hospitals Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suliman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ranjadayalan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timmis
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin