title: Stage of change is associated with assessment of the health risks of maternal smoking among pregnant women.
abstract: This study explored pregnant women's assessment of the health risks associated with maternal smoking. The aim was to determine if stage of change relating to smoking is associated with risk assessment. A cross-sectional survey (employing a self-completion questionnaire) was conducted of all women who attended antenatal clinics at Leicester Royal Infirmary, National Health Service Trust, UK over a 2 week period. Questionnaires were completed by 254 respondents. Twenty seven percent of non-smokers agreed with more than 75% of a series of statements about the dangers of maternal smoking compared to 5% of smokers and 44% of women in social class I (highest social class) agreed with more than 75% of the statements compared with only 10% of women in social classes IV and V (lower social class groups). Married women were twice as likely to concur with more than 75% of the health risks compared to single or cohabiting women and 29% of women intending to breastfeed agreed with more than 75% of the statements compared with only 8.7% of women not intending to breastfeed. There was no significant effect of age, whether the pregnancy was planned, previous obstetric complications or whether the woman had a child with asthma or respiratory infections. A multiple regression analysis indicated that smokers were much less likely to agree with the health risks than their non-smoking counterparts (p = 0.034). Stage of change was related to both the number of health risks agreed with and the level of conviction. A woman's stage of change could be assessed at the start of antenatal care so that appropriate smoking cessation advice can be offered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK. C.O.Haslam@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haslam
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Draper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D017533:Marital Status; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires