title: Determinants of use of emergency medical services in a population with stroke symptoms: the Second Delay in Accessing Stroke Healthcare (DASH II) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the advent of time-dependent thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke, it has become increasingly important for stroke patients to arrive at the hospital quickly. This study investigates the association between the use of emergency medical services (EMS) and delay time among individuals with stroke symptoms and examines the predictors of EMS use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Second Delay in Accessing Stroke Healthcare Study (DASH II) was a prospective study of 617 individuals arriving at emergency departments in Denver, Colo, Chapel Hill, NC, and Greenville, SC, with stroke symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMS use was associated with decreased prehospital and in-hospital delay. Those who used EMS had a median prehospital delay time of 2.85 hours compared with 4.03 hours for those who did not use EMS (P:=0.002). Older individuals were more likely to use EMS (odds ratio [OR] 1.21 for each 5-year increase, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.29), as were individuals who expressed a high sense of urgency about their symptoms (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.62). Knowledge of stroke symptoms was not associated with increased EMS use (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.98). Patients were more likely to use EMS if someone other than the patient first identified that there was a problem (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.61 to 3.44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions aimed at increasing EMS use among stroke patients need to stress the urgency of stroke symptoms and the importance of calling 911 and need to be broad-based, encompassing not only those at high risk for stroke but also their friends and family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-8050, USA.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Rosamond
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Evenson
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hinn
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*