title: Creation of radiopaque thrombi for in vivo experiments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of percutaneous thrombectomy devices are undergoing investigation for treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. Use of radiopaque thrombus to monitor thrombus delivery and assess thrombectomy has been previously reported. The purpose of this project was to quantitatively test the effect of mixing different ratios of blood and contrast material to facilitate maximum thrombus formation and radiopacity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following ratios of blood and contrast material were mixed: 2 mL blood to 8 mL contrast material (ratio = 0.25), 4 mL blood to 6 mL contrast material (ratio = 0.67), 6 mL blood to 4 mL contrast material (ratio = 1.5), and 8 mL blood to 2 mL contrast material (ratio = 4). Contrast material was added at day 0, 3, or 6. Each sample received one of two ionic contrast agents to opacify the clots. At day 14, thrombus mass and opacity were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three combinations of blood and contrast material produced maximum thrombus and radiopacity. These were sodium iothalamate 30% with a ratio of 4 with contrast material added on day 0 and sodium iothalamate 60% with a ratio of 1.5 with contrast material added on day 3 or 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When forming radiopaque thrombi, significant differences can result from the ratio of blood to contrast material used. Contrast material type can also affect radiopacity and mass formed. The use of optimal ratios of blood to contrast material should maximize device evaluation with minimal wasting of valuable resources such as test subjects, physician time, and equipment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Pennsylvania State University Hospital, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Glaiberman
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Stagg
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Waybill
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007483:Iothalamic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007483:Iothalamic Acid