title: The effects of ring annuloplasty on mitral leaflet geometry during acute left ventricular ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The perturbed mitral leaflet geometry that leads to acute ischemic mitral regurgitation during acute left ventricular ischemia has not been quantified, nor is it known whether annuloplasty rings affect these detrimental changes in leaflet geometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiopaque markers were implanted on both mitral leaflets and around the anulus in 3 groups of sheep: one group without rings served as the control group (n = 7); the others underwent Duran (n = 6; Medtronic Heart Valve Division, Minneapolis, Minn) or Carpentier-Edwards Physio (n = 5; Baxter Cardiovascular Division, Santa Ana, Calif) ring annuloplasty. After recovery, 3-dimensional marker coordinates were obtained by means of biplane videofluoroscopy before and during acute posterolateral left ventricular ischemia. Leaflet geometry was defined by measuring distances between annular and leaflet markers and perpendicular distances to the leaflet markers from a best-fit annular plane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all control animals, left ventricular ischemia was associated with acute ischemic mitral regurgitation and apical displacement (away from the annular plane) of the posterior leaflet edge and base markers by 0.6 +/- 0.4 mm (P =.01) and 0.7 +/- 0.2 mm (P <.001), respectively. The distance between the posterior leaflet markers and the mid-posterior anulus did not change significantly during ischemia. The anterior leaflet edge marker extended 1.0 +/- 0. 5 mm (P =.01) away from the mid-anterior anulus during ischemia, but compared with its nonischemic position, the anterior leaflet was not displaced apically away from the annular plane. In all animals in the Duran and Physio groups, leaflet geometry was unchanged during ischemia, and acute ischemic mitral regurgitation was not detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute ischemic mitral regurgitation was associated with restricted motion of the posterior leaflet and extension of the anterior leaflet. Annuloplasty rings prevented these geometric perturbations of the mitral leaflets during acute left ventricular ischemia and preserved valvular competence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. dcm@stanford.edu
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Timek
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dagum
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Glasson
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Daughters
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D012756:Sheep; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications