title: Multiple risk factor clustering of hypertension in a screened cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A family history of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia have all been associated with the risk for hypertension. We evaluated whether the clustering of these risk factors increases the risk for hypertension or whether the accumulation of risk factors is associated with the blood pressure level in non-hypertensive subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the clinical data and family history of hypertension (in parents and siblings) for 9914 individuals (6163 men and 3751 women, 18-89 years old) who were screened in Okinawa, Japan, in 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 9914 subjects (2465 hypertensive and 7449 non-hypertensive subjects), all the five factors were positively associated with hypertension. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the number of risk factors were 1.88 (1.62-2.18) for one risk factor, 3.06 (2.62-3.57) for two, 5.25 (4.37-6.30) for three, 8.71 (6.48-11.72) for four and 24.48 (8.49-70.56) for five, after adjusting for age, sex, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and physical exercise habits. In non-hypertensive subjects, multivariate regression analyses showed that the number of risks was positively correlated with blood pressure; the regression coefficient was 1.96 (P < 0.0001) for systolic blood pressure, and 1.47 (P < 0.0001) for diastolic blood pressure after adjusting for age and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clustering of risk factors was significantly associated with hypertension. The number of risk factors positively correlated with the blood pressure levels in nonhypertensive subjects. The accumulation of risk factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and thus the aggregation of risk factors may need to be addressed in primary prevention efforts related to hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of The Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. tozawa@med.u-ryukyu.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tozawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sesoko
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higashiuesato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tana
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikemiya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukiyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects