title: Progression of cardiac allograft vascular disease as assessed by serial intravascular ultrasound: correlation to immunological and non-immunological risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the severity and progression of cardiac allograft vascular disease (CAVD) in a large patient cohort, and to evaluate possible immunological and non-immunological risk factors for progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study using intravascular ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in focal plaque, lumen, and total vessel area (worst site method) were assessed at baseline and after 12.1 (2.8) months (mean (SD)) of follow up in a cohort of 96 patients (79 male, 17 female; mean age 48.7 (9.6) years; time post-transplant 26.0 (32.4) months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the mean (SD) intimal index of worst sites increased by 6.7 (8.8)%. The increase in the first 12 months was 7.5 (9.4)%, v 5.9 (8.0)% after the first year (NS). Analysing immunological and non-immunological risk factors (age, underlying disease, sex, donor age, immunosuppression, cytomegalovirus, rejection episodes, cholesterol), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was found to be the most important predictor of severe progression (as defined by an increase in intimal index of >/= 15% (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progression of CAVD is characterised by a continuing increase in intimal hyperplasia, especially within the first year after heart transplantation. LDL cholesterol is an important predictor of major progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany. Klaus.Pethig@thg.mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pethig
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Klauss
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heublein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mudra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional