title: Clinical presentations and predisposing factors of cholelithiasis and sludge in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In contrast to adults, little is known about the epidemiology and the best therapeutic regimen for cholelithiasis and sludge in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two children with cholelithiasis detected by ultrasonography were studied from 0 to 18 years of age with regard to cause, symptomatology, and treatment outcome. Seventy-five children with sludge within the same age group were studied as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Idiopathic gallstones were found in 19 (23%) patients, and 32 (39%) had gallstones in association with a hemolytic disease. Predominant factors associated with the development of gallstones and clinical presentation differed with age. In patients with sludge, total parenteral nutrition and systemic infection or administration of antibiotics were most frequently found to be possible predisposing factors. Sludge can develop and disappear within a few days. Complications of cholelithiasis were observed in 13 patients. Cholecystectomy was performed in 41 patients and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with stone extraction in 9 patients; 32 children were not treated. After a follow-up (mean, 4.6 years) in 50 patients, 46% of the children who had cholecystectomy or therapeutic ERCP experienced clinical recurrence of abdominal symptoms. In the patients who did not receive surgical or endoscopic therapy during the follow-up, no complications occurred, and only one patient experienced abdominal symptoms during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference in associated conditions may indicate that the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis and sludge differ as well. Furthermore, sludge should be viewed as a dynamic condition not predisposing for the development of gallstones, per se. Cholecystectomy should not be performed routinely but only after careful selection in patients at risk for complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wesdorp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bosman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Graaff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aronson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Blij
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taminiau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents