title: Isoflurane depresses electroencephalographic and medial thalamic responses to noxious stimulation via an indirect spinal action.
abstract: Anesthetics such as isoflurane act in the spinal cord to suppress movement in response to noxious stimulation. Spinal anesthesia decreases hypnotic/sedative requirements, possibly by decreasing afferent transmission of stimuli. We hypothesized that isoflurane action in the spinal cord would similarly depress the ascending transmission of noxious input to the thalamus and cerebral cortex. In six isoflurane-anesthetized goats, we measured electroencephalographic (EEG) and thalamic single-unit responses to a clamp applied to the forelimb. Cranial bypass permitted differential isoflurane delivery to the torso and cranial circulations. When the cranial-torso isoflurane combination was 1.3% +/- 0.2%-1.0% +/- 0.4% the noxious stimulus did not evoke significant changes in the EEG or thalamic activity: 389 (153-544) to 581 (172-726) impulses/min, (median, 25th-75th percentile range, P: > 0.05). When the cranial-torso isoflurane combination was 1.3% +/- 0.2%-0.3% +/- 0.2%, noxious stimulation increased thalamic activity: 804 (366-1162) to 1124 (766-1865) impulses/min (P: < 0.05), and the EEG "desynchronized": total EEG power decreased from 25 +/- 20 microV(2) to 12 +/- 8 microV(2) (P: < 0.05). When the cranial-torso isoflurane was 1.7% +/- 0.1%-0.3% +/- 0.2%, the noxious stimulus did not significantly affect thalamic: 576 (187-738) to 1031 (340-1442) impulses/min (P: > 0.05), or EEG activity. The indirect torso effect of isoflurane on evoked EEG total power (12.6 +/- 2.7 microV(2)/vol%, mean +/- SE) was quantitatively similar to the direct cranial effect (17.7 +/- 3.0 microV(2)/vol%; P: > 0.05). These data suggest that isoflurane acts in the spinal cord to blunt the transmission of noxious inputs to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, and thus might indirectly contribute to anesthetic endpoints such as amnesia and unconsciousness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoflurane action in the spinal cord diminished the transmission of noxious input to the brain. Because memory and consciousness are likely dependent on the "arousal" state of the brain, this indirect action of isoflurane could contribute to anesthetic-induced amnesia and unconsciousness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. jfantognini@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Antognini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sudo
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000294:innervation; D006041:Goats; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D013788:Thalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane