title: Screening for cognitive impairment in older African-Caribbeans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are increasing numbers of older African-Caribbeans in the United Kingdom. Screening instruments are commonly used in the detection of cognitive impairment, but have not been assessed within this population. This study aimed to develop culturally modified versions of screening instruments for cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT)) and to determine their sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instruments were modified using a process involving a community group of African-Caribbeans and an academic group of health professionals. They were used in a two-stage study involving community resident African-Caribbeans aged 60 years or over in inner-city Manchester, comparing the screening instruments against a computerized diagnostic interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty people completed the study. The results for the largest subgroup, the Jamaicans (N = 96) were analysed. Effects of gender, age and education on the MMSE and AMT scores were evaluated. The correlations between the screening instruments and diagnostic interview were highly significant (P < 0.001). At appropriate cut-offs both screening instruments demonstrated high sensitivity and acceptable specificity levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A defined process with lay input has assisted in producing culturally modified versions of the MMSE and AMT that perform well compared with a diagnostic interview, if an appropriate cut-off is used. They are easy to administer and acceptable to older African-Caribbean people. The results need to be viewed within the limitations of the current study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Withington Hospital, School of Primary Care and University of Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rait
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chew-Graham
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: St Leger
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D044383:Black People; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom