title: In vitro susceptibility of Candida dubliniensis to current and new antifungal agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candida dubliniensis is a recently described Candida species closely related to Candida albicans, which has been associated with oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. Fluconazole-resistant strains of C. dubliniensis are easily obtained in vitro and this fact could be a complication if this resistance develops during treatment with this drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, the in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of 36 C. dubliniensis clinical isolates and culture strains to current and new antifungal agents, such as amphotericin B (AMB), amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD), 5-fluorocytosine (5FC), fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC), ketoconazole (KTC), liposomal amphoteri- cin B (LAMB), liposomal nystatin (LNYT), LY303366 (LY), SCH56592 (SCH), and voriconazole (VRC), were determined according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A broth microdilution method for yeasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most isolates of C. dubliniensis were susceptible to both new and current antifungal drugs, with 75.9% isolates susceptible to KTC, 86.2% to FLC and to ITC, and approximately 100% to the other antifungal agents tested. The cross-resistance phenotypes are detailed. Four isolates were resistant (MIC > or =64 microg/ml) to FLC. These 4 isolates were also resistant to KTC, and 3 of them were also resistant to ITC (MIC > or =1 microg/ml for both agents). However, these isolates were highly susceptible to 5FC and all polyene formulations (AMB, ABLC, ABCD, LAMB, and LNYT), triazole (SCH and VRC) and echinocandin (LY) antifungal agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new liposomal and lipidic formulations of AMB, LNYT, and the new triazoles and echinocandins may provide new alternatives to FLC for the treatment of infections by C. dubliniensis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain. oipquang@lg.ehu.es
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Quindós
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carrillo-Muñoz
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Arévalo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alonso-Vargas
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ruesga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pemán
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cantón
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martín-Mazuelos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pontón
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D005437:Flucytosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole; D005437:Flucytosine; D007654:Ketoconazole