Differential mutation of transgenic and endogenous loci in vivo.
Although chemicals usually induce very similar frequencies of mutations in transgenes and endogenous genes in vivo when given acutely, chronic exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) produced a more complex pattern in which the endogenous locus was spared many mutations. Here, we demonstrate that the effect is neither ENU-specific nor locus-specific, and thus, may be important in the extrapolations of risk assessment and in understanding mutational mechanisms. During chronic mutagen exposure, mutations at the transgene accumulate linearly with time, i.e. in direct proportion to the dose received. In contrast, mutations at the endogenous gene are much less frequent than those of the transgene early in the exposure period and the accumulation is not linear with time, but rather accelerates as the exposure continues. Previous comparisons involved the endogenous Dlb-1 locus and the lacI transgene from the Big BlueMouse in the small intestine. These experiments involved the Dlb-1 locus and the lacZ transgene from the MutaMouse in the small intestine and the hprt locus and the lacZ transgene in splenocytes. Comparisons were made in both tissues after acute and chronic exposures to ENU, the original mutagen, and in the small intestine after exposures to benzo(a)pyrene. All comparisons showed that during chronic exposures mutations at the transgene accumulate linearly with the increasing duration of exposure, whereas induced mutations of the endogenous gene initially accumulate at a slower rate. Thus, the difference in mutational response observed during low chronic treatment is not unique to a particular transgene, endogenous gene, tissue, or mutagen used, but may be a general phenomenon of such genes.
Cosentino
L
L
Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Ont., M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada. lidiac@yorku.ca
Heddle
J A
JA
D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000494:pharmacology; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea / Q000494:pharmacology; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D007763:Lac Operon; D056968:Lac Repressors; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D056968:Lac Repressors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea