title: Apheresis in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis of native and transplanted kidneys: a therapeutic protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) develop nephrotic syndrome and terminal renal failure in most cases. FSGS reappears in 15-50% of transplanted kidneys and frequently causes the graft loss. Sera from patients with FSGS of native or transplanted kidneys contain some proteinuric or permeability factors (PF) which can be removed by means of plasma exchange (PE) or protein A Immunoadsorption (IA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We suggest a therapeutic protocol, for patients with biopsy proven FSGS of native or transplanted kidneys, resistant to steroid and immunosuppressive therapy, based on the association of PE or IA to conventional drug therapy. Daily proteinuria, renal function, serum albumin and circulating level of proteinuric factors (permeability test) will be monitored at regular time intervals during the apheresis cycle, which will be intensive at the beginning (8-10 sessions in 4 weeks) and very gradually discontinued. Results. We will consider satisfactory remission the reduction of proteinuria below 1 g/day, improvement of renal function, normalization of serum albumin level (> 3.5 g/dl). Partial remission will be considered: proteinuria below 3 g/day, stable renal function, serum albumin level between 3 and 3.5 g/dl. Permeability test, if positive at baseline examination, should be negative after apheresis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary endpoint of our protocol is: lasting remission (satisfactory or partial) after the apheresis suspension. Secondary endpoints are: maintained remission with continuing apheresis sessions, correlation between permeability activity and disease activity, identification of responders and non responders patients on the basis of positive permeability test.
authors.affiliation: Executive Committee of Therapeutic Nephrology Apheresis Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology. lmrc43@infinito.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moriconi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Passalacqua
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pretagostini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Palo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rindi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puccini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Batini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carraro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faccini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Artero
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zennaro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cristofani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010956:Plasmapheresis / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012494:Sampling Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome