title: Atomic force microscopy studies of crystal surface topology during enamel development.
abstract: During the secretory stage of enamel development, the hydroxyapatite crystals appear as thin ribbons which grow substantially in width and thickness during the later maturation stage. In this study, the atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to investigate developmentally-related changes in deproteinized enamel crystal surface topography in normal animals and in those receiving daily doses of fluoride. The AFM revealed previously undescribed surfaces features, some of which may represent growth sites or different crystalline phases. Secretory stage crystals had greater surface rugosity and were more irregular, with spherical sub-structures of 20-30 nm diameter arranged along the "c"-axis. Maturation stage crystals were smoother and larger but revealed both subnanometer steps and lateral grooves running parallel to the "c"-axis. Crystals from fluorotic tissue showed similar features but were more irregular with a higher degree of surface roughness, suggesting abnormal growth. The AFM may prove an important adjunct in determination of the mechanisms controlling crystal size and morphology in skeletal tissues.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, UK. ORL6JEN@ORALBIO.NOVELL.LEEDS.AC.UK
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirkham
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bonass
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wallwork
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003460:Crystallization; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017886:Durapatite; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000503:physiopathology; D007180:Incisor; D008297:Male; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite