title: Selective modification of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform profile in skeletal muscle in hyperthyroidism: implications for the regulatory impact of glucose on fatty acid oxidation.
abstract: The pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1-4) regulate glucose oxidation through inhibitory phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Immunoblot analysis with antibodies raised against recombinant PDK isoforms demonstrated changes in PDK isoform expression in response to experimental hyperthyroidism (100 microg/100 g body weight; 3 days) that was selective for fast-twitch vs slow-twitch skeletal muscle in that PDK2 expression was increased in the fast-twitch skeletal muscle (the anterior tibialis) (by 1. 6-fold; P<0.05) but not in the slow-twitch muscle (the soleus). PDK4 protein expression was increased by experimental hyperthyroidism in both muscle types, there being a greater response in the anterior tibialis (4.2-fold increase; P<0.05) than in the soleus (3.2-fold increase; P<0.05). The hyperthyroidism-associated up-regulation of PDK4 expression was observed in conjunction with suppression of skeletal-muscle PDC activity, but not suppression of glucose uptake/phosphorylation, as measured in vivo in conscious unrestrained rats (using the 2-[(3)H]deoxyglucose technique). We propose that increased PDK isoform expression contributes to the pathology of hyperthyroidism and to PDC inactivation by facilitating the operation of the glucose --> lactate --> glucose (Cori) and glucose --> alanine --> glucose cycles. We also propose that enhanced relative expression of the pyruvate-insensitive PDK isoform (PDK4) in skeletal muscle in hyperthyroidism uncouples glycolytic flux from pyruvate oxidation, sparing pyruvate for non-oxidative entry into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and thereby supporting entry of acetyl-CoA (derived from fatty acid oxidation) into the TCA cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Division of General and Developmental Medicine, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry at Queen Mary and Westfield College, London E1 4NS, UK. m.c.sugden@qmw.ac.uk
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sugden
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lall
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holness
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000201:enzymology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000201:enzymology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000081382:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase; D011768:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D007527:Isoenzymes; C000631434:Pdk1 protein, rat; C000631436:Pdk2 protein, rat; C000631440:Pdk4 protein, rat; D000081382:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase; D011768:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D005947:Glucose