title: Hazards of piercing and facial body art: a report of three patients and literature review.
abstract: Piercing has become a widespread fashion trend in Western industrialized nations within recent years. The invasive application of ornaments through cutaneous and mucosal surfaces enables the penetration of various pathogens into subcutaneous tissue. The authors describe the hazards of piercing and facial body art as they apply to 3 patients. Perichondrial auricular abscess, granulomatous perichondritis of the nasal ala, and embedding of a stud in the lower lip were the respective diagnoses. Literature was reviewed for the cultural origins and current practices of piercing, the legal background of piercing as a business, typical medical complications, and treatment recommendations. Numerous communications have been published on medical complications of piercing. The patients presented and the review of the literature illustrate that piercing is not a harmless fashion and that regulations of piercing as a business seem desirable to prevent further complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Folz
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lippert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuelkens
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004431:Ear, External; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D009666:Nose; D011634:Public Health; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000209:etiology*