title: Long forms of the dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene VNTR are more prevalent in substance abusers: no interaction with functional alleles of the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene.
abstract: Substance abuse is a complex behavior that is caused by both environmental and genetic factors. Work to understand the genetic factors has focused on genes related to dopamine activity because of its critical role in rewarding and reinforcing behaviors. The DRD3 and other dopamine receptor subtypes are expressed in many areas of the limbic system, and have been the objects of study for their possible roles in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Interest in variants of the D4 gene was heightened by reports that some alleles were more frequent in individuals who score high on Novelty Seeking, an aspect of personality that may be related to drug seeking behavior. We now show that the long form of the DRD4 gene is more frequent in individuals with high quantity/frequency of drug use compared to controls (chi(2) = 5.7, df = 1, P = 0.017, odds ratio = 1.89, CI = 1.1-3.2). There is no difference in DRD3 allele frequencies in these samples, and there is no interaction of DRD4 alleles with those of the catecholamine-o-methyl- transferase gene (COMT) that we previously identified to be more frequent in substance abusers than controls [Vandenbergh, et al.: 1997: Am. J. Med. Gen. 74:439-442].
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.''
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vandenbergh
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hivert
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Villareal
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lachman
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Uhl
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D004247:DNA; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase