title: Provocative angiography in patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A standard diagnostic evaluation including upper and/or lower endoscopy, tagged red blood cell scintigraphy, and visceral angiography identifies the source of GI bleeding in the majority of patients who present with acute GI hemorrhage. However, in a small group of patients the source of bleeding remains obscure; this form of GI hemorrhage is uncommon but represents a considerable diagnostic challenge. Some investigators have advocated provocation of bleeding with vasodilators, anticoagulants, and/or thrombolytics in association with tagged red blood cell scans or angiography. Unfortunately, the available literature on this topic is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to report our experience with provocative GI bleeding studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The radiology databases at Duke University Medical Center and the Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center were reviewed from 1994 to 1999. Any patient who received a vasodilator, anticoagulant, or thrombolytic to induce bleeding during a tagged red blood cell scan or visceral angiogram was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven provocative bleeding studies were performed on seven patients. All patients underwent a visceral angiogram with intra-arterial administration of tolazoline (a vasodilator), heparin (an anticoagulant), and/or urokinase (a thrombolytic). Of the seven provocative studies, only two induced angiographically identifiable bleeding. Both of these patients underwent surgical therapy. There were no complications attributed to the provocative bleeding studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that provocative GI bleeding studies can be performed safely. However, because an active bleeding source was identified in only a small proportion of patients, we believe that further study is required to optimize patient selection and to clarify the cost-effectiveness of this approach in patients with GI hemorrhage of obscure origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bloomfeld
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rockey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006493:Heparin; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014043:Tolazoline; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin; D014043:Tolazoline; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator