title: Radiobiological studies on the 65 MeV therapeutic proton beam at Nice using human tumour cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for initial and delayed inactivation of cells by a modulated proton beam suitable for the treatment of tumours of the eye, within the spread-out Bragg peak and in its distal declining edge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human tumour SCC25 cells were irradiated with the 65 MeV proton beam at the Cyclotron Medicyc in Nice. Perspex plates of different thickness were used to simulate five positions along the beam line: 2mm corresponding to the entrance beam; 15.6 and 25 mm in the spread-out Bragg peak; 27.2 and 27.8mm for the distal edge. At each position clonogenic survival of the irradiated cells and of their progeny were determined at various dose values. 60Co gamma-rays were used as reference radiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RBE values evaluated at the survival level given by 2 Gy of gamma-rays increased with increasing depth from close to 1.0 at the proximal to about 1.2 at the distal part of the peak. Within the declining edge it reached the value of about 1.4 at 27.2 and about 2 at 27.8 mm. For the progeny of irradiated cells, the RBE value ranged from 1.0 to 1.1 within the spread-out Bragg peak and then increased up to a value of 2.0 at the last position. The dose-effect curves for the progeny always had a larger shoulder than for the irradiated progenitors, their alpha parameters being lower by a factor of about 4 and their beta parameters always being higher. The alpha/beta ratio was about 50 Gy for the progenitors and about 6 Gy for their progeny. The incidence of delayed effects increased with dose and with the depth within the beam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RBE values for the inactivation of cells irradiated in the spread-out Bragg peak are compatible with the value currently assumed in clinical applications. In the distal declining edge of the beam, the RBE values increased significantly to an extent that may be of concern when the region of the treatment volume is close to sensitive tissues. The yield of delayed reproductive cell death was significant at each position along the beam line.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bettega
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calzolari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chauvel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Courdi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herault
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iborra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marchesini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massariello
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tallone
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D061766:Proton Therapy; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons