Exposure to violence and victimization, depression, substance use, and the use of violence by young adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationships among exposure to violence; tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use; depression; church attendance; and the use of violence among very young adolescents.


METHODS
An 86-item confidential questionnaire was administered to 722 sixth grade students (mean age = 11.9+/-0.8 years) attending 4 middle schools serving neighborhoods in and around public housing.


RESULTS
Boys had a higher mean violence scale score than girls (P < or =.0001), and students living in public housing had higher violence scale scores than other students (P< or =.0001). Self-reported use of violence was significantly associated with exposure to violence (r =.45); age (r =.28); frequency of church attendance (r = -.14); depression (r =.28); the probability of being alive at age 25 (r = -.09); the frequency of use of cigarettes (r =.39), alcohol (r =.37), and multiple substances (r =.38); and interest in a gang (r =.37). When all of these variables were analyzed with multiple linear regression, multiple substance use, exposure to violence, interest in a gang, male gender, cigarette smoking, and depression level accounted for 49.7% of the variation in the use of violence scale.


CONCLUSIONS
Recent multiple substance use and lifetime exposure to violence and victimization were the strongest correlates with the frequency that these youth reported using violence and carrying weapons.
Durant
R H
RH
Department of Pediatrics, The Brenner Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
Altman
D
D
Wolfson
M
M
Barkin
S
S
Kreiter
S
S
Krowchuk
D
D
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D012067:Religion; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data