title: Normalization of local contrast in mammograms.
abstract: Equalizing image noise has been shown to be an important step in automatic detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms. In this study, an accurate adaptive approach for noise equalization is presented and investigated. No additional information obtained from phantom recordings is involved in the method, which makes the approach robust and independent of film type and film development characteristics. Furthermore, it is possible to apply the method on direct digital mammograms as well. In this study, the adaptive approach is optimized by investigating a number of alternative approaches to estimate the image noise. The estimation of high-frequency noise as a function of the grayscale is improved by a new technique for dividing the grayscale in sample intervals and by using a model for additive high-frequency noise. It is shown that the adaptive noise equalization gives substantially better detection results than does a fixed noise equalization. A large database of 245 digitized mammograms with 341 clusters was used for evaluation of the method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. wouter@radiology.azn.nl
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Veldkamp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karssemeijer
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods