title: [Covering soft tissue defects and unstable scars over the Achilles tendon by free microsurgical flap-plasty].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coverage of the exposed Achilles tendon requires thin, supple tissue to provide adequate range of motion and a satisfying aesthetic result for the distal lower extremity. Various local flaps and free flaps have been described for reconstruction of small and large defects. Small defects can be closed with local tissue, whereas free flap coverage may be necessary for coverage of large defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 1993 to September 1998 14 patients between the age of 15 and 74 years (mean 47 years; 3 female, 11 male) underwent free flap coverage for the exposed Achilles tendon due to primary trauma, chronic wounds or tumors. The mean duration of follow-up was 33.3 months. The defect size ranged from 8 x 8 to 25 x 28 cm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six parascapular flaps (three with a vascularized scapular fascial extension), four radial forearm flaps and four latissimus dorsi flaps (one combined with free serratus fascia) were used for soft tissue coverage over the Achilles tendon. Thirteen flaps survived. In one case a parascapular flap had to be removed due to venous thrombosis and a free latissimus dorsi flap was used as secondary salvage procedure. The donor site morbidity was acceptable for most patients after flap harvesting in the subscapular region and also satisfactory in the forearm region. Average active range of motion in the upper ankle joint was 15-0-40 degrees for extension/flexion. All patients were satisfied with the functional and aesthetic result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soft tissue coverage over the exposed Achilles tendon requires an optimal solution for each patient to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result and acceptable function. Microvascular free flaps can be used to reconstruct medium and large defects and to provide gliding tissue for the Achilles tendon. The complication rate of microvascular flaps is comparable with that of local flaps.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Verbrennungen, Plastische und Handchirurgie, BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen. Sauerbie@rumms.uni-mannheim.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sauerbier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erdmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brüner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pelzer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Menke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Germann
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006365:Heel / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D013584:Sarcoma, Synovial / Q000601:surgery; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome