title: Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Findings from the GUSTO-IIb study. GUSTO IIb Investigators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the characteristics, outcomes, and effects of hirudin vs heparin treatment of diabetic patients across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied the 12,142 patients enrolled in the randomized GUSTO-IIb study. Diabetic patients (n=2175) were older, more often female, more often had prior cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia, and less often were current smokers. Diabetic patients had a higher overall incidence of death or (re)infarction at 30 days (13.1% vs 8.5%, P=0.0001), whether they presented with ST-segment elevation (13.9% vs 9.9%, P=0.0017) or not (12.8% vs 7.8%, P=0.0001), and at 6 months (18.8% vs 11.4%, P=0.0001). Among diabetic patients, hirudin was associated with a tendency toward a lower risk of death or (re)infarction at 30 days (12.2% vs 13.9% with heparin) and 6 months (17.8% vs 20.2%). Diabetic patients had more major bleeding, stroke, heart failure, shock, atrioventricular block, and atrial arrhythmias, but no increased risk for ocular bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes had worse 30-day and 6-month outcomes, particularly those without ST-segment elevation. The statistically non-significant trend toward improved outcomes with hirudin was similar among patients with and without diabetes, with a greater point estimate for the absolute difference in patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: The Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27715, USA.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Emanuelsson
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Magnus Ohman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moliterno
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ardissino
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Box
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006629:Hirudins; D006493:Heparin