title: Hand wash and manual skin wipes.
abstract: Hand wash and skin wipes are major techniques that have been used for dermal exposure sampling. Both techniques remove chemicals either deposited on or transferred to the skin contaminant layer by a combination of chemical and mechanical actions. The paper overviews identified methods and techniques, with emphasis on sampling parameters and sampling efficiency. It is concluded that identified sampling protocols, including sampling techniques, deviate at possible key issues, which hampers comparisons of study results. It is recommended to conduct sampling efficiency studies prior to field sampling, under conditions that are quite similar to conditions of exposure regarding exposure process, levels of skin loading, and time of residence of the compound on the skin. Harmonization of sampling protocols will be a first step in creating a database for better understanding the influence of sampling parameters on the performance of removal techniques to assess dermal exposure.
authors.affiliation: TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Chemical Exposure Assessment, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands. brouwer@voeding.tno.nl
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Boeniger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Hemmen
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006225:Hand; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*