Risk factors for Giardia intestinalis infection in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in Mexico.
This study assessed the risk factors for Giardia intestinalis infection in an agricultural population in Mexico. Exposure groups included 2,257 individuals from households exposed to untreated wastewater, 2,147 from a group using the effluent from a series of reservoirs, and 2,344 from rain-fed agricultural villages. Stool samples were collected from 6,748 individuals. Wastewater samples were tested for fecal coliforms/100 ml and Giardia sp. cysts/L. Untreated wastewater samples contained 10(8) fecal coliforms/100 ml and up to 300 Giardia sp. cysts/L. Hydraulic retention (3-7 months) in the reservoirs, however, provided an improved effluent quality (10(1)-10(4) fecal coloforms/100 ml and < or = 5 Giardia sp. cysts/L). Children 1-14 years of age had the highest prevalence of infection (20%). Data showed marginal associations between storing drinking water in unprotected containers and lack of facilities for feces disposal and the risk of infection (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.76 and 1.19, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.95-3.23, and 0.97-1.45, respectively). Individuals purchasing vegetables at the city market had higher rates of infection than those buying at the village shop (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.00-6.17). No excess risk was found in individuals exposed to untreated wastewater compared with controls (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.84-1.36); the group using reservoir water was not different from the controls (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.94-1.58). No risk from agricultural activities was detected (OR = 0.83). This pattern of infection may be addressed by primary health care and wastewater treatment.
Cifuentes
E
E
Instituto Nacional de Salad Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Gomez
M
M
Blumenthal
U
U
Tellez-Rojo
M M
MM
Romieu
I
I
Ruiz-Palacios
G
G
Ruiz-Velazco
S
S
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000383:Agriculture; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*
D014867:Water