title: Decentring and distraction reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased recall of categorical autobiographical memories is a phenomenon unique to depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, and is associated with a poor prognosis for depression. Although the elevated recall of categorical memories does not change on remission from depression, recent findings suggest that overgeneral memory may be reduced by cognitive interventions and maintained by rumination. This study tested whether cognitive manipulations could influence the recall of categorical memories in dysphoric participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight dysphoric and depressed participants were randomly allocated to rumination or distraction conditions. Before and after the manipulation, participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test, a standard measure of overgeneral memory. Participants were then randomized to either a 'decentring' question (Socratic questions designed to facilitate viewing moods within a wider perspective) or a control question condition, before completing the Autobiographical Memory Test again.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distraction produced significantly greater decreases in the proportion of memories retrieved that were categorical than rumination. Decentring questions produced significantly greater decreases in the proportion of memories retrieved that were categorical than control questions, with this effect independent of the prior manipulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated categorical memory in depression is more modifiable than has been previously assumed; it may reflect the dynamic maintenance of a cognitive style that can be interrupted by brief cognitive interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, De Crespigny Park, Institute of Psychiatry, London.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Teasdale
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001325:Autobiographies as Topic; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D011614:Psychotherapy, Brief / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome