title: Effects of electrode-myocardial separation on cardiac stimulation in conductive solution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effects of a conductive bath and electrode-myocardial separation on cardiac stimulation have not been elucidated. These factors may play a role in endocardial catheter stimulation or defibrillation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied effects of a bath and separation on transmembrane voltage changes during stimulation (deltaVm) and excitation thresholds in rabbit hearts, cultured rat cardiac cell monolayers, and cardiac bidomain computer models. Similar to previous epicardial measurements with no bath, a dogbone pattern of deltaVm during stimulation was found in bathed epicardium and right ventricular septal endocardium and in models of bathed anisotropic myocardium. Electrode-myocardial separation altered spatial distributions of deltaVm, moved reversals of the sign of deltaVm farther from the stimulation epicenter, and decreased aspect ratio of deltaVm (i.e., length/width of dogbone contours of deltaVm). The separation increased thresholds and reduced maximal deltaVm, while deltaVm at sites away from maxima increased or decreased. Anodal thresholds in models initially were larger than those in experiments and decreased when models were altered to include nonuniform cellular coupling. Existence of nonuniformity in monolayers was indicated by irregular excitation patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrode-myocardial separation alters spatial distributions of deltaVm, which may impact on arrhythmia induction by altering distributions of states of deltaVm-sensitive ion channels. The results also indicate that excitation thresholds may depend on tissue nonuniformities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering of the School of Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Knisley
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Fast
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar