title: Intellectual and emotional functioning in college students following mild traumatic brain injury in childhood and adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether college students with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood or adolescence show residual deficits in intellectual functioning, approaches to studying, or emotional stability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with a history of mild TBI and two control groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers were recruited from students taking an introductory psychology course.
  
  
  METHODS
  79 students with a history of mild TBI, 75 students with a history of general anesthesia, and 93 students with no history of either TBI or general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants carried out tests of verbal memory, nonverbal memory, verbal fluency, and nonverbal fluency; in addition, they completed a short form of the Approaches to Studying Inventory and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with the two control groups, the students with a history of mild TBI produced similar scores on the cognitive tests and similar orientations to studying. However, they showed a significantly higher level of emotional distress on the SCL-90-R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  College students with a history of mild TBI in childhood or adolescence are intellectually unimpaired and approach their studying in a similar manner to their uninjured classmates. Nevertheless, they report more severe distress in terms of their general personal and emotional functioning.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Center for Research, Teaching, and Learning, National Technical Institute for the Deaf, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marschark
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Richtsmeier
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Crovitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009657:North Carolina; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology; D014495:Universities