title: Genetic and biochemical studies of poliovirus cis-acting replication element cre in relation to VPg uridylylation.
abstract: In addition to highly conserved stem-loop structures located in the 5'- and 3'-nontranslated regions, genome replication of picornaviruses requires cis-acting RNA elements located in the coding region (termed cre) (K. L. McKnight and S. M. Lemon, J. Virol. 70:1941-1952, 1996; P. E. Lobert, N. Escriou, J. Ruelle, and T. Michiels, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:11560-11565, 1999; I. Goodfellow, Y. Chaudhry, A. Richardson, J. Meredith, J. W. Almond, W. Barclay, and D. J. Evans, J. Virol. 74:4590-4600, 2000). cre elements appear to be essential for minus-strand RNA synthesis by an as-yet-unknown mechanism. We have discovered that the cre element of poliovirus (mapping to the 2C coding region of poliovirus type 1; nucleotides 4444 to 4505 in 2C), which is homologous to the cre element of poliovirus type 3, is preferentially used as a template for the in vitro uridylylation of VPg catalyzed by 3D(pol) in a reaction that is greatly stimulated by 3CD(pro) (A. V. Paul, E. Rieder, D. W. Kim, J. H. van Boom, and E. Wimmer, J. Virol. 74:10359-10370, 2000). Here we report a direct correlation between mutations that eliminate, or severely reduce, the in vitro VPg-uridylylation reaction and produce replication phenotypes in vivo. None of the genetic changes significantly influenced translation or polyprotein processing. A substitution mapping to the first A (A4472C) of a conserved AAACA sequence in the loop of PV-cre(2C) eliminated the ability of the cre RNA to serve as template for VPg uridylylation and abolished RNA infectivity. Mutagenesis of the second A (A4473C; AAACA) severely reduced the yield of VPgpUpU and RNA infectivity was restored only after reversion to the wild-type sequence. The effect of substitution of the third A (A4474G; AAACA) was less severe but reduced both VPg uridylylation and virus yield. Disruption of base pairing within the upper stem region of PV-cre(2C) also affected uridylylation of VPg. Virus derived from transcripts containing mutations in the stem was either viable or quasi-infectious.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rieder
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Boom
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wimmer
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014542:Uridine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D014758:Viral Core Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014542:Uridine Monophosphate