title: The clinical utility of measuring total PSA, PSA density, gamma-seminoprotein and gamma-seminoprotein/total PSA in prostate cancer prediction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate whether serum total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA density (serum total PSA level divided by prostate volume), gamma-seminoprotein and gamma-seminoprotein/total PSA ratio could predict prostate cancer (PCa) prior to biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 316 consecutive patients who had undergone transrectal prostate biopsy and/or transurethral resection were examined. The prostate volume was determined by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and the ability of the above-mentioned four variables to distinguish PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCa was detected in 61 cases. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that both the PSA density and serum total PSA were the most useful predictors of PCa among the four variables. For the patients with a serum total PSA level of 4.1-10.0 ng/ml, PSA density was significantly more accurate than total PSA (p < 0.005). An optimum PSA density value of 0.18 was chosen as a cutoff because it showed the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity, 92 and 54%, respectively. Using this PSA density cutoff, the number of biopsies could have been reduced to 57 from 63% when compared with a PSA density of 0.15.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSA density was significantly more accurate than other variables in predicting PCa. To avoid unnecessary biopsies, the PSA density cutoff value of 0.18 would be recommendable for determining a prostate biopsy for Japanese males with a serum total PSA level of 4.1-10.0 ng/ml.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Habuchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.forename: L Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen