title: Clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients in an era of prophylaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical studies examining stress-related gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients vary in their clinical definitions and assessment of clinical significance. Although there is evidence that routine prophylaxis decreases stress-related gastrointestinal bleeding, recent studies indicate a decreasing incidence, independent of the use of prophylactic medications. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for clinically significant, endoscopically proven gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A database (prospectively collected data) of 8338 patients admitted to the surgical and medical intensive care units at major tertiary care center from July 1988 to April 1995 was examined. All patients with significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding as defined by a drop in hemoglobin of >20 g/L and endoscopic evidence of an upper GI tract source were identified. Risk factors for GI bleeding from stress ulceration were compared in bleeding and nonbleeding patients. A case-control study analyzing risk factors for bleeding in the abdominal aortic aneurysm subgroup was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exclusion criteria, 12/7231 (0.17%) patients had clinically significant, endoscopically proven bleeding. Significant risk factors included age, septic shock, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, and nutritional support. Intensive care unit stay was prolonged in patients with stress-related bleeding. There was no difference in incidence of hypotension, clamp time, APACHE score, or operating room time in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm repair as compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an intensive care unit where stress prophylaxis is widely used, clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding is uncommon. Further study is needed to define the optimal prophylaxis regimen and the role for its selective use in high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoppensack
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Duerksen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000150:complications; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications*