title: Use of green fluorescent protein color variants expressed on stable broad-host-range vectors to visualize rhizobia interacting with plants.
abstract: We developed two sets of broad-host-range vectors that drive expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or color variants thereof (henceforth collectively called autofluorescent proteins [AFPs]) from the lac promoter. These two sets are based on different replicons that are maintained in a stable fashion in Escherichia coli and rhizobia. Using specific filter sets or a dedicated confocal laser scanning microscope setup in which emitted light is split into its color components through a prism, we were able to unambiguously identify bacteria expressing enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) or enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) in mixtures of the two. Clearly, these vectors will be valuable tools for competition, cohabitation, and rescue studies and will also allow the visualization of interactions between genetically marked bacteria in vivo. Here, we used these vectors to visualize the interaction between rhizobia and plants. Specifically, we found that progeny from different rhizobia can be found in the same nodule or even in the same infection thread. We also visualized movements of bacteroids within plant nodule cells.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The Netherlands. stuurman@rulbim.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stuurman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pacios Bras
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Schlaman
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wijfjes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bloemberg
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Spaink
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D003116:Color; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012230:Rhizobiaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins