title: Prevention and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors associated with the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and to identify the effectiveness of independent and interdependent nursing interventions for the prevention and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 300 patients, 18 years or older, who had surgery with general anesthesia (excluding persons having ear or gastrointestinal surgery), at either campus of a large metropolitan medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combination of closed chart review and data collection by staff nurses assigned to the patients in the postoperative period using a standardized data collection tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data was analyzed using a combination of descriptive and parametric statistics. There was a 39% incidence of nausea and vomiting overall. Women were two times more likely to experience nausea and twice as likely to experience severe nausea (statistical significance of p = .0001). In addition, persons with surgery lasting 2 hours or greater were twice as likely to experience nausea (statistical significance of p = .002). Independent nursing interventions, such as placing a cool washcloth on a patient's forehead, were used more often than medication as an initial strategy. The most frequently used interventions were increasing the i.v. fluids and having the patient take deep breaths. There was no pattern to the nursing assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women and those patients with surgery lasting greater than 2 hours should be assessed for nausea in the postoperative period more frequently. Assessments need to be done during the first 2 hours after surgery, at 7-8 hours after surgery, and when there is an increase in activity, such as the first time out of bed. Nurses do not routinely document assessments for postoperative nausea. In addition, some misconceptions exist. Formal and informal education for nurses, physicians, and patients on the incidence, predisposing factors, and treatment options for postoperative nausea needs to occur. This should include reflection on the misconceptions, the need for ongoing patient assessment, and a review of drug and nondrug therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to better describe the present practice patterns in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting, including a comparison of inpatient and outpatient settings. The relative effectiveness of specific nursing interventions should be measured, such as i.v. fluids, deep breathing, and antiemetic use. In addition, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of a research protocol would be useful.
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gunta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nuccio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009737:Nursing Records; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000209:etiology* / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies