title: Laplacian electrograms and the interpretation of complex ventricular activation patterns during ventricular fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During ventricular fibrillation (VF), interpretation of a local electrogram and determination of the local activation moment are hampered by remote activity or intervening repolarization waves. Successful defibrillation depends on critical timing of the shock relative to local activation. We tested the applicability of Laplacian electrograms for detection of the moment of local activation during VF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From isolated perfused porcine intact hearts, 247 local unipolar electrograms were recorded simultaneously (13 x 19 matrix, interelectrode distance 0.3 mm) from the left ventricular wall during sinus rhythm, following pacing or during VF. Activation maps were constructed based on local unipolar electrograms, and Laplacian electrograms were calculated from local electrograms and its eight neighbors. The Laplacian electrogram displayed a sharp R/S complex with local activation indicated by the moment of zero crossing without interference from remote activity or repolarization waves. Its amplitude increased with decreasing interelectrode distance. Following epicardial stimulation, Laplacian amplitude was significantly larger than during a breakthrough pattern. During VF, identical unipolar electrograms corresponded to Laplacian complexes with different morphology. Collision of wavefronts was associated with entirely positive Laplacian waveforms; "focal" appearance of activity was associated with an entirely negative waveform. Activation block in the activation maps was correlated with the appearance of sustained episodes of negativity or positivity in the Laplacian electrogram (depending on the location of the recording site relative to the line of block).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laplacian electrograms allow detection of the moment of local activation without interference from remote activity or repolarization, especially during complex arrhythmias. The technique applied to automatic sensing devices, such as the internal defibrillator, may optimize defibrillation success.
authors.affiliation: Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Group, Cardiovascular Research Institute Amsterdam, and the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute, The Netherlands. R.Coronel@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Wilms-Schopman
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Janse
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Capelle
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Bakker
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*