title: Improving pain management after total joint replacement surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effects of implementing evidence-based postoperative pain management content and strategies on patient, provider (nurse and physician), and fiscal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  118 patients, 57 before and 61 after implementation, having total knee replacement (TKR) (54%) and total hip replacement (THR) (45%), and 28 orthopaedic nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A research utilization approach with a pretest/posttest design was used. Independent variables (interventions) included evidence-based pain management content, education of care providers and patients, and system changes at the point of care. Dependent variables (outcomes) were patient perception of the postoperative pain experience, provider practice patterns, and length of stay (LOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypotheses of decreased provider use of meperidine and increased use of hydromorphone, i.v. route, pain plans of care, and nurse knowledge were supported. LOS was significantly reduced. The patient hypotheses decreased pain intensity and side effects and increased satisfaction and function were not supported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methodical implementation of evidence-based pain management information changed practice and fiscal outcomes. Improvement in the patient perception of pain management was more difficult to achieve.
authors.affiliation: Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Neitzel
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belgrade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D016530:Orthopedic Nursing / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D015397:Program Evaluation; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000458:organization & administration*