title: Retinal damage by air infusion during vitrectomy in rabbit eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Visual field defects after vitrectomy can be seen after any surgery involving fluid-air exchange. To elucidate the effect during surgery of the infused air on the retina, the present study investigated the changes in the morphology of the rabbit retina induced by air infusion and the changes resulting from varying amounts of infused air pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen eyes of 18 rabbits were used. A standard three-port vitrectomy with artificial posterior vitreous detachment followed by fluid-air exchange was performed in 12 eyes. During the fluid-air exchange, humidified air was infused with an air pressure of 25 or 40 mm Hg for 30 seconds. As a control, vitrectomy without fluid-air exchange was performed in six eyes. The eyes were enucleated and fixed immediately. Specimens were processed and examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With SEM, sharply demarcated retinal lesions were observed at the opposite side from the infusion cannula in all eyes in which a fluid-air exchange was performed. At the lesion, the internal limiting membrane was often detached, and the underlying nerve fiber layer was exposed. Light microscopy revealed that the inner retina was most affected, with concomitant swelling of the inner plexiform layer and the inner granular layer. In addition, the retina was often focally detached with adhesion of some retinal pigment epithelial cells to the photoreceptor cells. Increased infused air pressure was accompanied by a significant increase in the area of retinal damage. In contrast, no morphologic change was observed in the control eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Air infusion during vitrectomy can cause mechanical retinal damage in the rabbit retina. The mechanical damage may result in a visual field defect after vitrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasumura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yonemura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Negi
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*