title: Rates of complications and death after pancreaticoduodenectomy: risk factors and the impact of hospital volume.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a two-part study of pancreaticoduodenectomy in the Netherlands, focusing on the effects of risk factors on outcomes in a single high-volume hospital and the effect of hospital volume on outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hospital volume and surgeon caseload can be related to the rates of complications and death, and the influence of risk factors can be volume-dependent. Provision of regionalized care should take this into account.
  
  
  METHODS
  In part A, a single-institution database on 300 consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy was divided into two periods with similar numbers of patients. Overall complications, deaths, hospital stay, and risk factors were analyzed in the two periods and compared with an historical reference group. In part B, Netherlands medical registry data on age and postoperative death of patients who underwent partial pancreaticoduodenectomy from 1994 to 1998 were analyzed for the influence of hospital volume on death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between the time periods, the institutional death rate decreased from 4.9% to 0.7%, the complication rate from 60% to 41%. Median hospital stay decreased from 24 to 15 days. The death rate was not related to patient age and did not differ between surgeons. Serum creatinine levels, need for blood transfusion, and period of resection were independent risk factors for complications. The death rate after pancreaticoduodenectomy in the Netherlands was 12.6% in 1994 and 10.1% in 1998; it was greater in patients older than age 65. During the 5-year period, 40% of the procedures were performed in hospitals performing fewer than five resections per year, and the death rate was greater than in hospitals performing more than 25 resections per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall death rate after pancreaticoduodenectomy did not decrease significantly during the period, and it was greater in low-volume hospitals and older patients. The lower death and complication rates in high-volume hospitals, including the single-center outcomes, were similar to those reported in other countries and may be due to better prevention and management of complications. Pancreaticoduodenectomy should be performed in centers with sufficient experience and resources for support.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Clinical Epidemiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. d.j.gouma@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gouma
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: van Geenen
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: van Gulik
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obertop
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome