title: Methoxyestradiols mediate the antimitogenic effects of estradiol on vascular smooth muscle cells via estrogen receptor-independent mechanisms.
abstract: Estrogen receptors (ERs) are widely held to mediate the ability of 17 beta-estradiol (estradiol) to attenuate injury-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) leading to vascular lesions. However, recent findings that estradiol prevents injury-induced vascular lesion formation in knock-out mice lacking either ER alpha or ER beta seriously challenge this concept. Here we report that the local metabolism of estradiol to methoxyestradiols, endogenous metabolites of estradiol with no affinity for ERs, is responsible for the ER-independent inhibitory effects of locally applied estradiol on rat VSMC growth. These finding imply that local vascular estradiol metabolism may be an important determinant of the cardiovascular protective effects of circulating estradiol. Thus, interindividual differences, either genetic or acquired, in the vascular metabolism of estradiol may define a given female's risk of cardiovascular disease and influence the cardiovascular benefit she receives from estradiol replacement therapy in the postmenopausal state. These findings also imply that nonfeminizing estradiol metabolites may confer cardiovascular protection in both women and men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinic for Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. rag@fhk.usz.ch
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Zacharia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosselli
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Korzekwa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fingerle
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000166:cytology; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D047311:Luteolin; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D005419:Flavonoids; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D004247:DNA; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D011794:Quercetin; C001390:2-hydroxyestradiol; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase; D047311:Luteolin