title: TT virus infection in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent discovery of a new parenterally transmitted DNA virus called TT virus (TTV) led us to investigate its prevalence in haemodialysis patients, a high-risk group for blood-borne infection, and to evaluate its role in liver disease. Moreover, we compared the TTV prevalence with the prevalence of other hepatitis virus coinfections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples of 78 patients on maintenance haemodialysis were tested for TTV-DNA, hepatitis G virus (HGV)-RNA, anti-E2, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV-RNA. TTV-DNA was detected by semi-nested PCR using the primers from open reading frame 1 (ORF). HGV-RNA was detected by PCR using specific primers for the NS3 and the 5'-UTR genome regions while anti-E2 were checked by an enzyme immunological test. Anti-HCV was tested by the second generation Chiron RIBA HCV test system. HCV-RNA was evaluated by nested PCR with primers directed to the highly conserved 5' non-coding region of the HCV genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TTV prevalence in our patients was 19% (15/78) while the prevalence of HCV and HGV infection proved to be 20 and 15.4%, respectively. Among TTV positive patients HGV co-infection was present in five cases (33%), HCV in six cases (39.9%), while HBV co-infection was not present in any of the patients. Only three patients proved positive for all three viruses. ALT levels were normal in most cases (13/15; 86%). In particular, patients with TTV infection alone showed normal ALT levels and HCV coinfection was found in the two patients with moderate ALT increases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TTV prevalence in haemodialysed patients is significant though the real clinical impact is still unclear. However, we must keep in mind that the epidemiological relevance of TTV infection is probably underestimated due to the impossibility in detecting the corresponding antibody.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brizzolara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sinelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deferrari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picciotto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral