title: Chemosensitisation of malignant melanoma by BCL2 antisense therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemoresistance of malignant melanoma has been linked to expression of the proto-oncogene BCL2. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) targeted against BCL2 mRNA decreased BCL2 protein concentrations, increased tumour-cell apoptosis, and led to tumour responses in a mouse xenotransplantation model when combined with systemic dacarbazine. This phase I-II clinical study investigated the combination of BCL2 ASO (augmerosen, Genasense, G3139) and dacarbazine in patients with advanced malignant melanoma expressing BCL2.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a within-patient dose-escalation protocol, 14 patients with advanced malignant melanoma were given augmerosen intravenously or subcutaneously in daily doses of 0.6-6.5 mg/kg plus standard dacarbazine treatment (total doses up to 1000 mg/m2 per cycle). Toxicity was scored by common toxicity criteria. Plasma augmerosen concentrations were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In serial tumour biopsy samples, BCL2 protein concentrations were measured by western blotting and tumour-cell apoptosis was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination regimen was well tolerated, with no dose-limiting toxicity. Haematological abnormalities were mild to moderate. Lymphopenia was common, but no febrile neutropenia occurred. Higher doses of augmerosen were associated with transient fever. Four patients had liver-function abnormalities that resolved within 1 week. Steady-state plasma concentrations of augmerosen were attained within 24 h, and increased with administered dose. By day 5, daily doses of 1.7 mg/kg and higher led to a median 40% decrease in BCL2 protein in melanoma samples compared with baseline, concomitantly with increased tumour-cell apoptosis, which was greatly increased after dacarbazine treatment. Six patients have shown antitumour responses (one complete, two partial, three minor). The estimated median survival of all patients now exceeds 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic administration of augmerosen downregulated the target BCL2 protein in metastatic cancer. Such downregulation of BCL2, combined with standard anticancer therapy, offers a new approach to the treatment of patients with resistant neoplasms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Austria. burkhard.jansen@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wacheck
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heere-Ress
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schlagbauer-Wadl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoeller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoermann
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hollenstein
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pehamberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016373:DNA, Antisense / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000556:secondary; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D016373:DNA, Antisense; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D003606:Dacarbazine