title: Pulmonary artery trauma due to balloon dilation: recognition, avoidance and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the management and outcome of patients experiencing pulmonary artery (PA) trauma during balloon dilation (BD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Balloon dilation of the PA is important in the management of peripheral pulmonary stenosis. Successful BD requires a controlled tear of the PA; excessive tearing can produce complications ranging from pseudoaneurysms to rupture and death. The incidence and optimum management for such complications are unreported.
  
  
  METHODS
  All records of patients who underwent branch PA dilation between June 1984 and October 1997 were reviewed; those with a significant complication were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,286 catheterizations in 782 patients, PA trauma (excluding isolated pulmonary edema and PA aneurysms) was identified in 29 catheterizations in 26 patients. Tears occurred distal to the area of stenosis in most cases (62%). Intensive medical management, with and without catheter directed therapy, was employed. The damaged PA was successfully coil embolized in five patients, four of whom survived; temporary balloon occlusion did not prevent death in two patients. There were six deaths from pulmonary hemorrhage. A case control analysis demonstrated that PA trauma was significantly associated with pulmonary hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary artery trauma associated with BD occurs mostly distal to the site of narrowing, is associated with underlying pulmonary hypertension and is frequently (5/12 or 42%) fatal in those with unconfined tears. Intensive management strategies as well as attention to distal balloon position may reduce incidence and mortality. Coil occlusion of the damaged PA appears to be a valuable strategy to prevent fatal hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000293:injuries*; D012307:Risk Factors