title: Applying workflow analysis tools to assess immunization delivery in outpatient primary care settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As health care organizations face increasing pressure to institute quality assurance activities, the already-underfunded community clinics that treat the poor and underserved are challenged to perform these activities within tight constraints of human and financial resources. With pediatric immunizations as a marker, a workflow observation tool was used to identify causal processes affecting immunization delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten clinics and five private practices, located in areas designated as health professional shortage areas, participated in the study, gaining access to a tool that would have been unaffordable to them from the private sector. Trained observers followed families through the clinic, using a 127-item workflow observation form--the Observational Checklist of Patient Encounters (OCPE)--assessing discrete activities that families encountered during the checkin/pre-exam, exam, discharge, and billing processes. A convenience sampling of the targeted population--children younger than three years of age--included observations of scheduled acute, scheduled well-child, follow-up, and walk-in visits. In the feedback session, a summary of each clinic's immunization delivery patterns was presented, with an emphasis on the individual health center's operational issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The workflow observation tool was used to identify operational errors affecting both clinical and fiscal processes in each of the clinics that had not been previously apparent to either clinic management or the quality improvement (QI) teams.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feedback addressed and encouraged process-oriented improvements in response to the workflow observations, which were incorporated into the clinics' QI procedures. Twelve of the 15 clinics have formed process action teams to address QI issues on an ongoing basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, USA. jfontanesi@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fontanesi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Guire
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holcomb
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000592:standards*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008499:Medical Records; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D009819:Office Visits; D010045:Outpatients; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011331:Private Practice; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012106:Research; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors