title: Effects of intrathecal morphine on the ventilatory response to hypoxia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal administration of morphine produces intense analgesia, but it depresses respiration, an effect that can be life-threatening. Whether intrathecal morphine affects the ventilatory response to hypoxia, however, is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 30 men to receive one of three study treatments in a double-blind fashion: intravenous morphine (0.14 mg per kilogram of body weight) with intrathecal placebo; intrathecal morphine (0.3 mg) with intravenous placebo; or intravenous and intrathecal placebo. The selected doses of intravenous and intrathecal morphine produce similar degrees of analgesia. The ventilatory response to hypercapnia, the subsequent response to acute hypoxia during hypercapnic breathing (targeted end-tidal partial pressures of expired oxygen and carbon dioxide, 45 mm Hg), and the plasma levels of morphine and morphine metabolites were measured at base line (before drug administration) and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after drug administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At base line, the mean (+/-SD) values for the ventilatory response to hypoxia (calculated as the difference between the minute ventilation during the second full minute of hypoxia and the fifth minute of hypercapnic ventilation) were similar in the three groups: 38.3+/-23.2 liters per minute in the placebo group, 33.5+/-16.4 liters per minute in the intravenous-morphine group, and 30.2+/-11.6 liters per minute in the intrathecal-morphine group (P=0.61). The overall ventilatory response to hypoxia (the area under the curve) was significantly lower after either intravenous morphine (20.2+/-10.8 liters per minute) or intrathecal morphine (14.5+/-6.4 liters per minute) than after placebo (36.8+/-19.2 liters per minute) (P=O.003). Twelve hours after treatment, the ventilatory response to hypoxia in the intrathecal-morphine group (19.9+/-8.9 liters per minute), but not in the intravenous-morphine group (30+/-15.8 liters per minute), remained significantly depressed as compared with the response in the placebo group (40.9+/-19.0 liters per minute) (P= 0.02 for intrathecal morphine vs. placebo). Plasma concentrations of morphine and morphine metabolites either were not detectable after intrathecal morphine or were much lower after intrathecal morphine than after intravenous morphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression of the ventilatory response to hypoxia after the administration of intrathecal morphine is similar in magnitude to, but longer-lasting than, that after the administration of an equianalgesic dose of intravenous morphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA. peter_bailey@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hamber
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Slawson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Crouch
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rollins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; C035349:morphine-6-glucuronide; D009020:Morphine; C018108:morphine-3-glucuronide