title: Long-term responses to treatment including ritonavir or nelfinavir in HIV-1-infected children. Pediatric AIDS Group of Switzerland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge concerning the long-term antiretroviral and immunological efficacy of protease inhibitors in children is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open-label, prospective, multicenter clinical trial was conducted over a period of 72 weeks in Switzerland. 60 HIV-1 infected children (aged 0.3-16.9 years) naive to protease inhibitors were enrolled. Ritonavir or nelfinavir and at least one new nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor were introduced into the current treatment regimen. HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4 cell counts were monitored after introducing the protease inhibitor, and the tolerability and safety of the drugs were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dictated by chronological availability, 37 children received ritonavir and 23 nelfinavir. At baseline, children given ritonavir had higher mean plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (5.03 vs 4.63 log10 copies/ml; p = 0.001) and lower mean CD4 cell counts (277 vs 555 cells/microl; p = 0.009) than children given nelfinavir. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) naive children showed higher mean plasma HIV-1 RNA levels than non-naive (5.18 vs 4.64 log10 copies/ml; p = 0.02). The decline in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels 72 weeks after treatment with ritonavir and nelfinavir was -2.17 and -1.30 log10 copies/ml, respectively (p = 0.006) and in ART-naive vs non-naive patients -2.70 vs -1.39 log10 copies/ml (p < or = 0.01). 69% of ART-naive patients and 32% of non-naive patients achieved sustained plasma HIV-1 RNA levels < 400 copies/ml. Increases in CD4 cells were higher in ART-naive compared to non-naive patients (p < 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antiretroviral and immunologic benefits of protease inhibitors are more profound in ART-naive than in non-naive children.
authors.affiliation: Div. of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. david.nadal@kispi.unizh.ch [corrected].
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nadal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cheseaux
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lazarevitch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aebi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kind
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rudin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019888:Nelfinavir; D019438:Ritonavir