title: Symmetric path integrals for stochastic equations with multiplicative noise
abstract: A Langevin equation with multiplicative noise is an equation schematically of the form dq/dt=-F(q)+e(q)xi, where e(q)xi is Gaussian white noise whose amplitude e(q) depends on q itself. I show how to convert such equations into path integrals. The definition of the path integral depends crucially on the convention used for discretizing time, and I specifically derive the correct path integral when the convention used is the natural, time-symmetric one whose time derivatives are (q(t)-q(t-Deltat))/Deltat and coordinates are (q(t)+q(t-Deltat))/2. (This is the convention that permits standard manipulations of calculus on the action, like naive integration by parts.) It has sometimes been assumed in the literature that a Stratonovich Langevin equation can be quickly converted to a path integral by treating time as continuous but using the rule straight theta(t=0)=1 / 2. I show that this prescription fails when the amplitude e(q) is q dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA.
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arnold