title: Morbidity and comorbidity in relation to functional status: a community-based study of the oldest old (90+ years).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe health and functional status in the oldest old; to explore the relationships of morbidity and functional status; and to verify whether this relationship was modified by gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based survey including all inhabitants aged > or = 90 living in central Stockholm, Sweden. All participants were clinically examined by physicians, cognitively assessed by psychologists, and interviewed by nurses. Diagnoses were made according to the International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision (ICD-9), the DSM-III-R criteria for dementia, and Katz index of activities of daily living.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 698 subjects in the study population, 99 (14%) had died and 29 (4%) moved before examination. Of the remaining subjects, 502 (88.1%) were examined, and the refusal rate was 11.9%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age- and gender-specific prevalence figures, and age-, gender- and education-adjusted odds ratios (OR) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 502 examined subjects, 19% had no disease and 73% were functionally independent. Dementia was the most prevalent disease among women (42.2%), and cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases were the most frequent among men (42.4%). Women had higher prevalences of dementia (adjusted OR = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.7) and fractures and musculoskeletal diseases (adjusted OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.1-7.3), whereas men had a higher prevalence of malignancy (OR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.7). Women were more disabled than men independent of age, education, and number of diseases (adjusted OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A great proportion of nonagenarians were functionally independent despite their advanced age. Further studies are needed to clarify the excess of disability among very old women.
authors.affiliation: Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, and Division of Geriatric Medicine, NEUROTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Strauss
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fratiglioni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitanen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Forsell
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winblad
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008603:Mental Health; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology