title: Characterisation of vaccine-derived polioviruses isolated from sewage and river water in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A nucleotide change from U to C at position 472 in the 5' non-coding region of the type 3 poliovirus is associated with increased neurovirulence. Moreover, the proportion of type 3 polioviruses containing this mutation (472-C revertants) correlates with the neurovirulence of a particular sample. We used mutant analysis by PCR and restriction-enzyme cleavage (MAPREC) to estimate the neurovirulence of environmental samples obtained from Toyama prefecture, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sewage and river water were collected between October, 1993, and September, 1995, and concentrated samples were inoculated into three different cell types. Isolated type 3 viruses were analysed to determine whether they were derived from the live oral poliovirus vaccine strain; they were then tested for neurovirulence by MAPREC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  29 type 3 strains were isolated--all of which were vaccine-derived. 16 (55%) comprised between 2% and 91% 472-C revertants by MAPREC and were expected to have high neurovirulence. The remaining strains included less than 0.25% revertants, and were regarded as attenuated viruses. Both types were isolated about 3 months after routine oral poliovirus vaccine administrations in May and October. Three strains isolated from river water were of the virulent type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results emphasise that there is an environmental risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis as long as live oral poliovirus vaccine is not replaced by inactivated polio vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan. hyoshida@nih.go.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyamura
mesh_terms: D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D017354:Point Mutation; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000517:prevention & control; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; D012722:Sewage