title: Dose-area product measurements in a range of common orthopaedic procedures and their possible use in establishing local diagnostic reference levels.
abstract: There is a national drive towards establishing reference doses for radiological procedures with the aim of optimizing patient doses. Furthermore, the establishment of diagnostic reference level doses became a legal requirement for all hospitals on 13 May 2000. However, to date there are little published data on patient radiation doses from fluoroscopic procedures during orthopaedic surgery. Data relating to patient dose for 492 patients undergoing fluoroscopic examinations during a range of surgical orthopaedic procedures in 1997-1998 have been analysed. Median dose-area product (DAP) readings and interquartile ranges for a variety of common fluoroscopic orthopaedic procedures are presented. In general, the median DAP for procedures on limbs and extremities was quite low (0.04-1.62 Gy cm2), with screening times in the range 0.2-2.0 min, whilst for procedures involving the hips and spine the median DAP was considerably higher (0.4-10.2 Gy cm2), although overall screening times were similar, in the range 0.2-1.4 min. Approximate effective doses have been estimated. For procedures involving the limbs and extremities, the effective dose was generally less than 10 microSv, and for procedures involving the hips and spine it was found that the effective dose could rise to about 1 mSv. Collective doses for each procedure have been calculated to inform prioritization of procedures for local dose reduction strategies.
authors.affiliation: Stoke Mandeville Hospital NHS Trust, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Crawley
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D001175:Arthrography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013679:Technology, Radiologic; D006113:United Kingdom