title: Endoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy: lessons learned from 111 consecutive cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy (ERA).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Minimally invasive adrenalectomy has become the procedure of choice for benign adrenal pathology. Although the adrenal glands are located in the retroperitoneum, most surgeons prefer the transperitoneal laparoscopic approach to adrenal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 111 ERAs from January 1994 to December 1999 were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five patients underwent 111 ERAs (79 unilateral, 16 bilateral). Indications were Cushing syndrome (n = 22), Cushing disease (n = 8), ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome (n = 6), Conn's adenoma (n = 25), pheochromocytoma (n = 19), incidentaloma (n = 11), and other (n = 4). Tumor size varied from 0.1 to 8 cm. Median age was 50 years. Unilateral ERA required 114 minutes, with median blood loss of 65 mL. Bilateral ERA lasted 214 minutes, with median blood loss of 121 mL. The conversion rate to open surgery was 4.5%. The complication rate was 11%. Median postoperative hospital stay was 2 days for unilateral ERA and 5 days for bilateral ERA. The death rate was 0.9%. At a median follow-up of 14 months, the recurrence rate of disease was 0.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For benign adrenal tumors less than 6 cm, ERA is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Dijkzigt, The Netherlands. bonjer@hlkd.azr.nl
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bonjer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sorm
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Berends
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kazemier
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Steyerberg
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: de Herder
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bruining
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000307:Adrenal Gland Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D013997:Time Factors