title: [The first trees. The Archaeopteris model].
abstract: The earliest self-supporting organisms exceeding 2 m in height evolved about 370 million years ago, approximately 100 million years after the rise of the first land plants. Evidence for the tree habit is usually indirect and assessed from the diameter of the available stem fragments. Four systematic groups of Devonian plants evolved the tree habit independantly: the Lycopsida, Cladoxylopsida, and progymnosperms in the Middle Devonian, the Equisetopsida in the Late Devonian. All share a free-sporing life cycle which limits their habitats to wet areas. Their branching pattern involves the strict division of their apices, whether equally or unequally. The progymnosperm genus Archaeopteris was widespread worldwide and evolved the highest trees of the Devonian (maximum height estimated at 40 m). Besides it ecological significance as the dominant component of the earliest forests, Archaeopteris currently represents the closest known relative to the seed plants with which it shares two derived characters, the heterosporous life cycle, and the possession of leaves. Another distinctive feature of Archaeopteris trees is represented by the double function of their wood for both support and conduction. New analyses involving vascular trace analysis in anatomically preserved specimens have demonstrated that Archaeopteris is not the simple tree reconstructed by Beck (1962). In this fate model, Archaeopteris consisted of an erect trunk bearing short-lived, flattened, leaf-like branch systems forming a terminal crown. New evidence indicates that laterally to these appendages of apical origin, a new type of branches, of adventitious origin, evolved which development compares to that of the axillary branches of the seed plants. These branches which were large and long-lived represent major architectural components of the tree. Evidence for vascular structures comparable to those produced on stem cuttings in modern plants suggest that Archaeopteris may have evolved vegetative strategies for propagation. The set of "modern" characters of Archaeopteris may explain its success until the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary when its extinction is correlated to the radiation of the earliest seed plants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Paléobotanique, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR 5554), Université Montpellier 2.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meyer-Berthaud
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D008954:Models, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D012098:Reproduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D014197:Trees / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification; D014934:Wood