title: Patch augmentation of the pulmonary artery with bioabsorbable polymers and autologous cell seeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years bioabsorbable synthetic or biologic materials have been used to augment the pulmonary artery or the right ventricular outflow tract. However, each of these polymers has one or more shortcomings. None of these patch materials has been seeded with cells. Thus, we have tested a fast-absorbing biopolymer, poly-4-hydroxybutyric acid, with autologous cell seeding for patch augmentation of the pulmonary artery in a juvenile sheep model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vascular cells were isolated from ovine peripheral veins (n = 6). Bioabsorbable porous poly-4-hydroxybutyric acid patches (porosity > 95%) were seeded on 3 consecutive days with a mixed vascular cell suspension (21.3 +/- 1.3 x 10(6) cells). Forty-five (+/- 2) days after the vessel harvest, 1 unseeded and 6 autologously seeded control patches were implanted into the proximal pulmonary artery. The animals received no postoperative anticoagulation. Follow-up was performed with echocardiography after 1 week and before explantation after 1, 7, and 24 weeks (2 animals each) for the seeded control patches and after 20 weeks for the nonseeded control patch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals survived the procedure. Postoperative echocardiography of the seeded patches demonstrated a smooth surface without dilatation or stenosis. Macroscopic appearance showed a smooth internal surface with increasing tissue formation. Histology at 169 days demonstrated a near-complete resorption of the polymer and formation of organized and functional tissue. Biochemical assays revealed increasing cellular and extracellular matrix contents. The control patch showed a slight bulging, indicating a beginning dilatation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experiment showed that poly-4-hydroxybutyric acid is a feasible patch material in the pulmonary circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatsuoka
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vacanti
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D046508:Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004549:Elastin / Q000032:analysis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011091:Polyesters / Q000032:analysis; D016062:Porosity; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous / Q000379:methods*; D014680:Veins / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011091:Polyesters; D011509:Proteoglycans; C107955:poly(4-hydroxybutanoate); D004549:Elastin