title: Conformal radiotherapy of challenging paraspinal tumors using a multiple arc segment technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Target volumes that wrap around the spinal cord are difficult to treat. We present and evaluate a refined multiple arc segment (MAS) technique that is applicable with standard three-dimensional (3D) radiotherapy equipment and may be a solution for facilities that do not yet have full access to intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The presented technique consisted of 13 isocentric coplanar beam's eye view shaped fields, delivered as 20 degrees or 10 degrees arc segments with an integrated multileaf collimator (MLC) using automatic sequential field delivery. Dose-volume histograms (DVH) for this technique were compared to a modified bar-arc technique (MBA) modeled as 30 static fields and to an inverse planned IMRT technique using 7 coplanar, equispaced beams delivered with the same MLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the MBA technique, maximum dose and target coverage were similar when using 80% of the maximum dose as the reference dose. However, the MAS technique reduced the maximum doses (to > or = 1% of the organs at risk [OAR]) by 9% for the spinal cord, 17% for the esophagus, and 25% for the trachea, as well as the mean doses. Although inverse planned IMRT could further reduce exposure of OAR except for the spinal cord and improve target coverage, our forward planned MAS technique seems to achieve clinically comparable results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substituting a series of small split-field arc segments for large static fields and using additional narrow paraspinal segments significantly improves the sparing of organs at risk for paraspinal targets. Although these results are not quite as good as those achieved with IMRT, for facilities not yet equipped with inverse treatment planning capability, the presented technique enables dose escalation for primary paraspinal tumors and retreatment of recurrent lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirzkall
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lohr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rhein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Höss
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wannenmacher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Debus
mesh_terms: D004947:Esophagus; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea