title: Involvement of CD14 and beta2-integrins in activating cells with soluble and particulate lipopolysaccharides and mannuronic acid polymers.
abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and related bacterial products can be recognized by host inflammatory cells in a particulate, bacterium-bound form, as well as in various soluble, released forms. In the present study we have compared the mechanisms used by LPS, detoxified LPS (DLPS), and mannuronic acid polymers (M-polymers), in solution or covalently linked to particles, in stimulating monocytes to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. The addition of recombinant LPS binding protein (LBP) and/or soluble CD14 (sCD14) enhanced the production of TNF from monocytes stimulated with soluble LPS, DLPS, or M-polymer, but did not affect the response to M-polymer or DLPS attached to particles. Treatment of monocytes with antibody to CD14, CD18, or CD11b showed that CD14, but not CR3 (CD11b/CD18), mediated monocyte TNF production in response to the soluble antigens. In contrast, anti-CD14, anti-CD11b and anti-CD18 monoclonal antibodies all inhibited the response to the particulate stimuli. On the other hand, B975, a synthetic analog of Rhodobacter capsulatus lipid A, completely abrogated the monocyte TNF response induced by LPS but did not affect the TNF induction by DLPS or M-polymer, either in soluble or particulate forms. These data demonstrate that the engagement of immune receptors by bacterial products such as LPS, DLPS, and M-polymer is dependent upon the presentation form of their constituent carbohydrates, and that factors such as aggregation state, acylation, carbohydrate chain length, and solid versus liquid phase of bacterial ligands influence the mechanisms used by cells in mediating proinflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Division of Applied Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway. trude.flo@medisin.ntnu.no
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Flo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kilaas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skjâk-Braek
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ingalls
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundan
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Golenbock
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Espevik
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D018821:CD18 Antigens / Q000502:physiology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006224:Cricetinae; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000502:physiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000464:Alginates; D018821:CD18 Antigens; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein