title: The origin of contraversive pushing: evidence for a second graviceptive system in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke patients may exhibit the peculiar behavior of actively pushing away from the nonhemiparetic side, leading to lateral postural imbalance and a tendency to fall toward the paralyzed side. This phenomenon has been called the "pusher syndrome."
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study analyzes the mechanism leading to contraversive pushing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjective postural vertical (SPV) and subjective visual vertical (SVV) were determined in five consecutively admitted patients with severe contraversive pushing and in controls. Whereas adjustment of the SPV reflects the perceived upright orientation of the body, the SVV provides a sensitive and direction-specific measurement of peripheral and central vestibular dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The deficit leading to contraversive pushing is an altered perception of the body's orientation in relation to gravity. Pusher patients experience their body as oriented "upright" when it is tilted 18 degrees to the nonhemiparetic, ipsilesional side. In contrast, perception of the SVV was undisturbed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A separate pathway seems to be present in humans for sensing the orientation of gravity apart from the one for orientation perception of the visual world. This second graviceptive system decisively contributes to humans' control of upright body posture. Contraversive pushing occurring after stroke lesions may represent the behavioral correlate of a disturbed neural representation of this system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, Germany. Karnath@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Karnath
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferber
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dichgans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed