title: Acute multiple sclerosis characterized by extensive mononuclear phagocyte infiltration.
abstract: In this study, we examine the clinical, neuroradiological, and immunohistochemical findings of a 51 year old white female who died 27 months after onset of acute multiple sclerosis despite treatment with interferon-beta, azathioprine, corticosteroids, and cyclophosphamide. Immunohistochemical studies revealed extensive gliosis and mononuclear phagocyte infiltration with corresponding upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (eg. IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha). The significance of immunohistochemical findings with respect to clinical presentation is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Avgeropoulos
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Tyor
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D016899:Interferon-beta; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001379:Azathioprine