title: Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam nurse veterans who witnessed injury or death.
abstract: This study examined whether witnessing death and injury could produce psychophysiologically responsive posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants consisted of medication-free female Vietnam nurse veterans with a diagnosis of current PTSD (n = 17) and who never had PTSD (n = 21), related to their military service. Individualized scripts describing personal traumatic military nursing events, a standard military nursing event, and other life events were tape recorded and played back to the participant while heart rate, skin conductance, and facial electromyograms were recorded. Nurses with PTSD showed significantly larger physiologic responses than non-PTSD nurses only during imagery of military-related nursing events. The groups' self-reported emotional responses did not differ during imagery. Psychophysiologic results support the proposition that witnessing death and serious injury to others is sufficiently stressful to cause PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Manchester, New Hampshire 03103, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Lasko
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pitman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003643:Death; D004576:Electromyography; D005152:Facial Muscles; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D014744:Vietnam; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries