title: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte rigidity is defective in patients with chronic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to investigate the rigidity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in non-dialysed chronic renal failure (CRF) and haemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  PMN rigidity as well as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) plasma levels were assessed in 10 early-stage CRF, 10 late-stage non-HD, and 10 HD patients, before and during dialysis. In HD patients both cellulose acetate and polysulphone membranes were used. Ten healthy subjects served as controls. Rigidity was tested by counting the deformability in morphologically passive PMNs by the micropipette method. Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PMN rigidity was significantly increased in end-stage CRF patients regardless of HD but not in early-stage CRF. In HD patients PMN rigidity increased significantly 60 min after initiation of HD. There was an increase of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels in end-stage non-HD and HD patients and a further increase at 60 min after initiation of HD. The percentage of morphologically activated PMNs was increased only during dialysis. The nature of the HD membrane had no influence on rigidity, PMN activation, or cytokine production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that PMN rigidity is defective in end-stage chronic CRF patients and is further increased 60 min after initiation of HD, regardless of the nature of the HD membrane used. PMN activation, increased TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels, or a direct PMN impairment may cause the observed cell rigidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Patras University Medical School, Patras University, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Skoutelis
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Kaleridis
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goumenos
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Athanassiou
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Missirlis
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Vlachojannis
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bassaris
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha