title: A national survey of policies on disclosure of conflicts of interest in biomedical research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conflicts of interest pose a threat to the integrity of scientific research. The current regulations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the National Science Foundation require that medical schools and other research institutions report the existence of conflicts of interest to the funding agency but allow the institutions to manage conflicts internally. The regulations do not specify how to do so.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed all medical schools (127) and other research institutions (170) that received more than $5 million in total grants annually from the National Institutes of Health or the National Science Foundation; 48 journals in basic science and clinical medicine; and 17 federal agencies in order to analyze their policies on conflicts of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 297 institutions, 250 (84 percent) responded by March 2000, as did 47 of the 48 journals and 16 of the 17 federal agencies. Fifteen of the 250 institutions (6 percent)--5 medical schools and 10 other research institutions--reported that they had no policy on conflicts of interest. Among the institutions that had policies, there was marked variation in the definition and management of conflicts. Ninety-one percent had policies that adhered to the federal threshold for disclosure ($10,000 in annual income or equity in a relevant company or 5 percent ownership), and 9 percent had policies that exceeded the federal guidelines. Only 8 percent had policies requiring disclosure to funding agencies, only 7 percent had such policies regarding journals, and only 1 percent had policies requiring the disclosure of information to the relevant institutional review boards or to research subjects. Twenty journals (43 percent) reported that they had policies requiring disclosure of conflicts of interest. Only four federal agencies had policies that explicitly addressed conflicts of interest in extramural research, and all but one of the agencies relied primarily on institutional discretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is substantial variation among policies on conflicts of interest at medical schools and other research institutions. This variation, combined with the fact that many scientific journals and funding agencies do not require disclosure of conflicts of interest, suggests that the current standards may not be adequate to maintain a high level of scientific integrity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: McCrary
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jakovljevic
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Brody
mesh_terms: D000047:Academies and Institutes / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D035843:Biomedical Research; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D003625:Data Collection; D005380:Financing, Government; D006077:Government Agencies / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards*; D012108:Research Personnel / Q000592:standards*; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States