title: Is insurance a more important determinant of healthcare access than perceived health? Evidence from the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: Our objectives were to explore health insurance status and insurance type, adjusted for self-reported and perceived health variables, as determinants of having and using a usual care provider in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study (OS). This analysis describes insurance status in a large, diverse group of older women and tests the hypothesis that insurance was a key predictor of their access to healthcare in the mid-1990s. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate determinants of having visited a usual healthcare provider within the proceeding 12 months, using cross-sectional information provided by a population-based cohort of 55,278 postmenopausal women. Five percent of women younger than 65 years and 0.2% of women 65 or older in the OS cohort lacked health insurance. Among the 31,684 women, aged 50-64 years, Hispanic women and those with fewer years of education and lower household income and who were current smokers were less likely, and those lacking insurance were the least likely, to have seen their healthcare provider within the preceding year. Among 23,594 women, aged 65-79 years, African American and Hispanic women and those with lower household income, and Medicare only and those who were current smokers, were less likely to have seen their healthcare provider within the preceding year. In both age groups, women with chronic medical conditions and poorer perceived health scores and those with prepaid insurance were more likely to have seen their healthcare provider. In the WHI OS, both health (self-reported and perceived) and type of health insurance remained independently associated with having visited a usual healthcare provider after multivariate adjustment for one another as well as for pertinent sociodemographic characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sofaer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kiefe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zapka
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lillington
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Limacher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008484:Medicaid; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health