title: Mismatch between electrophysiologically defined and ventriculography based theoretical targets for posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the past few years many reports have shown that posteroventral pallidotomy is an effective method for treating advanced cases of Parkinson's disease. The main differences with earlier descriptions were the use of standardised evaluation with new high resolution MRI studies and of single cell microrecording which can electrophysiologically define the sensorimotor portion of the internal globus pallidus (GPi). The present study was performed on a consecutive series of 40 patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent posteroventral pallidotomy to determine localisation discrepancies between the ventriculography based theoretical and the electrophysiologically defined target for posteroventral pallidotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tentative location of the posteroventral GPi portion was defined according to the proportional Talairach system. Single cell recording was performed in all patients. The definitive target was chosen according to the feasibility of recording single cells with GPi cell features, including the presence of motor drive and correct identification of the internal capsule and of the optic tract by activity recording and microstimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 40 patients the electrophysiologically defined sensorimotor portion of the GPi was lesioned, with significantly improved cardinal Parkinson's disease symptoms as well as levodopa induced dyskinesias, without damage to the internal capsule or optic tract. Significant differences between the localisation of the ventriculography based theoretical versus electrophysiological target were found in depth (p<0.0008) and posteriority (p<0.04). No significant differences were found in laterality between both approaches. Difference ranges were 8 mm for laterality, 6.5 mm for depth, and 10 mm for posteriority.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrophysiologically defined lesion of GPi for posteroventral pallidotomy, shown to be effective for treating Parkinson's disease, is located at a significantly different site from the ventriculography based theoretical target.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Section, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Montañeses 2325, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mmerello@fleni.org.ar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cammarota
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cerquetti
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Leiguarda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014695:Cerebral Ventriculography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis