title: [An outbreak of scarlet fever, impetigo and pharyngitis caused by the same Streptococcus pyogenes type T4M4 in a primary school].
abstract: EPIDEMIC: Following the notification of an unusual number of scarlet fever cases within the same primary school, the epidemiological and clinical features of the outbreak were investigated. Questionnaire information about the cases was collected from parents and general practitioners per telephone. Throat specimens were taken, before and after treatment, for culturing and specific typing of streptococci was performed to determine transmission. Within a period of one month, 21 schoolchildren in a class of 29 pupils, with a mean age of 5 years, presented with symptoms caused by streptococcal infection (attack rate: 72%). Eight had scarlet fever, 5 suffered from impetigo and 8 had pharyngitis. A further 6 children, outside of this class, had complaints of scarlet fever, impetigo or pharyngitis. For 90% (26/29) of the schoolchildren a throat culture was established. Twelve positive cultures of the same strain of beta-haemolytic group A streptococcus, T4M4 exotoxin C gene positive, were found. The advice given was to treat all positive children for 3 days with azithromycin to prevent complications and further spreading of the disease. After two weeks only one child, that had not taken the antibiotics, still had a positive throat culture. No further cases or complications were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of the outbreak was typical of a person-to-person transmission. This was confirmed by typing of the isolates. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of mandatory notification of infectious clusters by institutions, such as schools, as introduced in the new Dutch Infectious Disease Act. On the one hand, the notification gives the municipal health authority the opportunity to analyse source and transmission dynamics and on the other to prevent disease and complications.
authors.affiliation: Gemeenschappelijke Gezondheidsdienst Oostelijk Zuid-Limburg, Heerlen. hoebec@ggdozl.nl
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hoebe
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wagenvoort
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schellekens
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002353:Carrier State; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007169:Impetigo / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D012541:Scarlet Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012574:Schools; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification*