title: COX-2 inhibitors.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors constitute a new group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which, at recommended doses, block prostaglandin production by cyclooxygenase-2, but not by cyclooxygenase-1. Two COX-2 inhibitors are currently available in Australia--celecoxib, which is taken twice daily, and rofecoxib, which is taken once daily. Both drugs act rapidly in providing pain relief and their anti-inflammatory analgesic effect in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is equivalent to standard doses of non-selective NSAIDs. Celecoxib and rofecoxib show significantly lower incidences of gastrotoxicity (as measured by endoscopic studies and gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds) than non-selective NSAIDs. There is Level 2 evidence that COX-2 inhibitors: reduce pain in classic pain models--third-molar extraction, dysmenorrhoea and after orthopaedic surgery; reduce pain and disability in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee; and reduce pain and disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Other adverse effects, such as interference with antihypertensive agents and the potential to produce renal dysfunction in patients with compromised renal function by COX-2 inhibitors, seem similar to those of non-selective NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D007783:Lactones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013450:Sulfones
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D011464:Epoprostenol; D010544:Peroxidases; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib