title: Mechanisms by which bradykinin promotes fibrosis in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of TGF-beta and MAPK.
abstract: Accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a hallmark feature of vascular disease. We have previously shown that hyperglycemia induces the expression of B(2)-kinin receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and that bradykinin (BK) and hyperglycemia synergize to stimulate ECM production. The present study examined the cellular mechanisms through which BK contributes to VSMC fibrosis. VSMC treated with BK (10(-8) M) for 24 h significantly increased alpha(2)(I) collagen mRNA levels. In addition, BK produced a two- to threefold increase in alpha(2)(I) collagen promoter activity in VSMC transfected with a plasmid containing the alpha(2)(I) collagen promoter. Furthermore, treatment of VSMC with BK for 24 h produced a two- to threefold increase in the secretion rate of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). The increase in alpha(2)(I) collagen mRNA levels and alpha(2)(I) collagen promoter activity, as well as TIMP-1 secretion, in response to BK were blocked by anti-transforming growth factor-beta (anti-TGF-beta) neutralizing antibodies. BK (10(-8) M) increased the endogenous production of TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein levels. Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by PD-98059 inhibited the increase of alpha(2)(I) collagen promoter activity, TIMP-1 production, and TGF-beta1 protein levels observed in response to BK. These findings provide the first evidence that BK induces collagen type I and TIMP-1 production via autocrine activation of TGF-beta1 and implicate MAPK pathway as a key player in VSMC fibrosis in response of BK.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Douillet
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Velarde
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mayfield
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Trojanowska
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jaffa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005355:Fibrosis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D003094:Collagen; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D001920:Bradykinin; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one