title: Limitations of reduced-field irradiated volume and technique in conventional radiation therapy of prostate cancer: implications for conformal 3-D treatment.
abstract: In order to define technical limitations of conventional external beam irradiation for clinically localized prostate cancer, we evaluated the impact of several reduced-field treatment factors, such as reduced-field (RF) irradiated volume, RF technique, photon energy of treatment, and dose on survival endpoints and local control in a retrospective series. Several survival endpoints, such as disease-specific survival, freedom from relapse survival, biochemical no-evidence of disease (bNED) survival, and local control were associated with several treatment variables using univariate and multivariate analyses in 329 patients. Reduced-field technique appeared to predict survival outcome, with patients treated by bilateral 120 degrees arcs faring less well than those treated by full 360 degrees rotational fields. The irradiated volume of the reduced-field was also significantly associated with survival outcome, with patients treated with smaller volumes faring less well. Local failure rates also appeared increased, although not statistically, in patients treated with smaller RF sizes. In an attempt to explain these detected deficiencies, dose-volume histograms for prostate coverage were created for a small sample of patients. The deficiencies related to small reduced-field volume appeared to be largely attributable to poor dosimetric coverage of the prostate. These results underscore the limitations of conventional external beam treatment for prostate carcinoma when conventional techniques are employed, particularly if small reduced fields are used, and further supports the development of improved treatment techniques, such as conformal irradiation, as alternatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. gagnon@gamma.rip.georgetown.edu
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Harter
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kuettel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dritschilo
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D000368:Aged; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011874:Radiometry; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome