title: Venous stasis causes release of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) by monocyte-macrophage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  many studies have investigated between venous stasis, functions of the vascular and perivascular anastomotic structure, venous endothelium and circulating leukocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  patients with varicose veins (n = 15) and a healthy control group (n = 15).
  
  
  METHODS
  the authors investigated some soluble mediators of monocytes-macrophages, which induce inflammation. They determined interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) levels at rest and after induced venous occlusion (using an inflated cuff to 60 mmHg for 25 minutes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  their results revealed elevated baseline production in the former and that induced venous occlusion further augmented the levels of all cytokines in the study series, especially in patients with varicose veins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors believe that the study shows functional activation of monocyte-macrophages related to venous stasis as a consequence of venous hypertension. Cell response damages the endothelial structure and may represent an important element in the pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine A. Francaviglia, Angiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy. signct@ctonline.it
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Signorelli
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Malaponte
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Pino
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pennisi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mazzarino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003250:Constriction; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha