title: Influence of inflammatory cells and serum on the performance of implantable glucose sensors.
abstract: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of polymorphonuclear granulocytes on the performance of uncoated and cellulose acetate/Nafion coated amperometric glucose sensors in vitro. The response of these sensors was also investigated in serum. Uncoated and coated sensors showed lower sensitivities to glucose, with a significant drift in sensor output upon exposure to serum or leukocytes. Although the use of a coating resulted in higher sensitivity, the progressive loss of output was not completely prevented. Stimulated granulocytes were shown to excrete components, probably catalase and myeloperoxidase, which consumed the hydrogen peroxide formed by the oxidation of glucose. In addition, adsorbed serum proteins formed a diffusional barrier for glucose. Furthermore, serum was found to contain low-molecular weight components that alone inhibited glucose oxidase activity. Based on preliminary electrochemical results, we postulate that rabbit serum contains oxidizing substrates that compete with molecular oxygen for the acceptance of electrons from the oxidized enzyme. Consequently, future efforts should be aimed at elucidating the mechanisms involved in the interference of unknown serum components with electron transfer. In addition, further investigations have to be performed to develop an outer membrane that minimizes protein adsorption as well as the actions of inflammatory cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, College of Dental Science, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kros
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Vriezema
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sommerdijk
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lutterman
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Van Hövell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van der Gaag
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002021:Buffers; D002482:Cellulose; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011817:Rabbits; D015054:Zymosan / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002021:Buffers; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers; C040402:perfluorosulfonic acid; D002482:Cellulose; D015054:Zymosan; D005949:Glucose Oxidase