title: High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C--dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells.
abstract: Recent studies have revealed that vascular cells can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NAD(P)H oxidase, which may be involved in vascular injury. However, the pathological role of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase in diabetes or in the insulin-resistant state remains unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of high glucose level and free fatty acid (FFA) (palmitate) on ROS production in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Exposure of cultured SMCs or ECs to a high glucose level (400 mg/dl) for 72 h significantly increased the free radical production compared with low glucose level exposure (100 mg/dl). Treatment of the cells for 3 h with phorbol myristic acid (PMA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, also increased free radical production. This increase was restored to the control value by diphenylene iodonium, a NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, suggesting ROS production through PKC-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase. The increase in free radical production by high glucose level exposure was completely restored by both diphenylene iodonium and GF109203X, a PKC-specific inhibitor. Exposure to palmitate (200 micromol/l) also increased free radical production, which was concomitant with increases in diacylglycerol level and PKC activity. Again, this increase was restored to the control value by both diphenylene iodonium and GF109203X. The present results suggest that both high glucose level and palmitate may stimulate ROS production through PKC-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in both vascular SMCs and ECs. This finding may be involved in the excessive acceleration of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushyu University, Fukuoka, Japan. toyoshi@intmed3.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoguchi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Umeda
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Etoh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nawata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D009861:Onium Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019308:Palmitic Acid; C007517:diphenyleneiodonium; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D005947:Glucose; C070515:bisindolylmaleimide I; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate