Effects of human papillomavirus-associated cells on human immunodeficiency virus gene expression.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of soluble factors secreted by human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cells on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression.


METHODS
Supernatants collected from cultured cervical biopsies and cervical cancer cell lines, and HPV-immortalized and normal keratinocytes were tested for the ability to induce HIV p24 production in two cell lines that contained latent HIV (the U1 monocytic line and the ACH-2 T cell line). Levels of HIV p24 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Culture supernatants were also assayed for the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 1 beta by ELISA.


RESULTS
Supernatants from all epithelial cells tested upregulated HIV p24 expression in the U1 line but not in the ACH-2 cells. Only differentiated normal keratinocytes induced p24 production by ACH-2 cells. Neutralization of the cytokines, particularly interleukin 6, partially reduced the level of HIV-inducing activity in the culture supernatants. Additionally, cervical biopsies from HIV-infected women cultured in vitro also were able to induce HIV in U1 cells but not ACH-2 cells.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that HPV infection of the cervix might influence HIV pathogenesis by inducing the production of immune and inflammatory factors that enhance HIV expression.
Gage
J R
JR
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1747, USA.
Sandhu
A K
AK
Nihira
M
M
Bonecini-Almeida M da
G
G
Cristoforoni
P
P
Kishimoto
T
T
Montz
F J
FJ
Martínez-Maza
O
O
D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics*; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics
D016207:Cytokines; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24