title: Microbiological parameters associated with IL-1 gene polymorphisms in periodontitis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polymorphisms in the cluster of IL-1 genes have been significantly associated with the severity of adult periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to compare microbiological parameters in IL-1 genotype negative and positive adult subjects with a range of periodontitis severities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 108 subjects in good general health. Clinical parameters were recorded at 6 sites/tooth excluding 3rd molars and included: plaque accumulation, gingival erythema, bleeding on probing, suppuration, pocket depth and attachment level. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the mesiobuccal surface of up to 28 teeth in each subject (mean 25.3) providing a total of 2736 samples. The levels of 40 subgingival taxa were determined in each sample using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Fingerstick blood samples were collected for IL-1A (+4845) and IL-1B (+3954) genotyping using PCR-based methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of IL-1 genotype positive subjects that exhibited mean counts of specific subgingival species above selected thresholds was significantly higher than the proportion of genotype negative subjects. Prominent among species that were detected at higher levels in genotype positive subjects were members of the "red" and "orange" complexes and included: Bacteroides forsythus, Treponema denticola, the Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacter showae and Streptococcus constellatus. Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus gordonii and 3 Capnocytophaga species were also detected more frequently at high numbers in genotype positive subjects. Significantly higher mean counts of B. forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, T. denticola, the F. nucleatum subspecies, F. periodonticum, Campylobacter rectus, C. showae, Eubacterium nodatum, S. constellatus, S. gordonii, and S. intermedius were detected at periodontal pockets >6 mm in subjects who were genotype positive when compared with genotype negative subjects. The increase was due to increased numbers of cells of these species rather than a major shift in proportion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that genotype positive subjects more frequently had higher levels of "red" and "orange" complex species that are known to be strongly associated with measures of periodontal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Socransky
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Duff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005673:Fusobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018720:Prevotella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013291:Streptococcus; D014208:Treponema / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007375:Interleukin-1