title: Hormonal and metabolic counterregulation during and after high-dose insulin-induced hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus type 2.
abstract: Non-obese type 2 diabetic subjects in good metabolic control (n=6, HbA1c 7.0 +/- 0.3%, mean diabetes duration: 5.7 +/- 1 years) and matched non-diabetic subjects (control; n = 6) were studied during hyperinsulinemic (approximately 3 nmol/l)-hypoglycemic (approximately 3.1 mmol/l) clamp tests (0-120 min) and the subsequent recovery period (120-240 min). Plasma glucagon rose gradually but not significantly, whereas norepinephrine and epinephrine similarly increased approximately 2 and approximately 25-fold in both groups. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) decreased to approximately 41% and approximately 24% of basal values during hypoglycemia and rapidly rose approximately 4.7-fold during the recovery period, while plasma C-peptide remained suppressed in both groups. Within 140 min, plasma free fatty acids similarly decreased to approximately 70 micromol/l (p < 0.05), but then rose to values being approximately 50% higher in diabetic than in control subjects (240 min: 907 +/- 93 vs. 602 +/- 90 micromol/l; p < 0.05). Glucose infusion rates were comparable during hypoglycemia, but approximately 40% lower during recovery in diabetic patients (1.88 +/- 0.27 vs. 3.44 +/- 0.27 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1), p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that (i) hypoglycemia induced by high-dose insulin largely abolishes the counterregulatory response of glucagon, but not of catecholamines in nondiabetic and well-controlled type 2 diabetic subjects, (ii) the rapid posthypoglycemic increase of plasma IAPP occurs independently of plasma insulin, and (iii) the superior rise in plasma free fatty acids may account at least in part for the posthypoglycemic insulin resistance of type 2 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kletter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stingl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nowotny
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Waldhäusl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000682:Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D006728:Hormones; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine