title: Proximity of prostate cancer to the urethra: implications for minimally invasive ablative therapies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The delivery of thermotherapy, cryotherapy, and interstitial radiation with minimal morbidity is dependent on the preservation of the prostatic urethra. Our aim was to determine the distribution of the distance between the urethra and the nearest prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the location of cancer in 350 prostate cancers treated by radical prostatectomy between 1991 and 1993. Each pathologic specimen was totally embedded, serially sectioned, and whole mounted. For each prostate, the radial distance from the urethra to the nearest cancer was determined (urethral-cancer distance). The urethra-cancer distance was correlated with the clinical, pathologic, and laboratory factors. Univariate and multivariate associations with progression-free survival were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up was 6.1 years. Ninety-three patients had biochemical, local, or systemic cancer recurrence. The mean +/- SD distance from the urethra to the nearest cancer was 3 +/- 3 mm (range 0 to 18). In 58 patients (17%), the cancer touched the urethra. A decreasing urethra-cancer distance was associated with increasing rates of cancer recurrence (P = 0.009). The urethra-cancer distance correlated with each of the following preoperative factors: preoperative prostate-specific antigen (r = -0. 22, P <0.001), Gleason score in biopsy specimen (r = -0.13, P = 0.02), and percentage of Gleason score 4 or 5 in the biopsy specimen (r = -0.17, P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distance between the urethra and the nearest cancer was associated with prostate cancer outcome. Many patients have cancer close to the urethra. This finding may have implications for nonsurgical ablative therapies for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Leibovich
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Blute
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bostwick
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pisansky
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ramnani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sebo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zincke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014521:Urethra / Q000473:pathology*