title: Three-dimensional catheter positioning during radiofrequency ablation in patients: first application of a real-time position management system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Precise localization of target sites for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of arrhythmias is hampered by the relative inaccuracy of X-ray localization procedures. This study evaluated the efficacy of a three-dimensional (3D) real-time position management system in guiding RFCA procedures in patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (n = 30, age 59+/-20 years) referred for ablation of either atrial flutter (n = 10), ventricular tachycardia (n = 15), or accessory pathways (n = 5) were studied. The real-time position management system uses ultrasound ranging techniques to track the position of an ablation catheter relative to two multitransducer reference catheters, positioned in the right atrium or coronary sinus and the right ventricle. Each catheter contains three or four ultrasound transducers. The distance between the transducer(s) is determined by calculating the time necessary for an ultrasound pulse to reach other transducers, assuming the speed of sound in blood is 1,550 m/sec. The proximal His bundle was marked at the beginning and the end of the procedure as an electrical landmark to verify reproducibility. After identification of target sites, the position of each lesion created with the ablation catheter was marked. Successful ablation was achieved in 94% of the patients. The distance between the location of the proximal His bundle as marked at the beginning and at the end of the procedure was 2.0+/-1.2 mm (range 1.5 to 3.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new 3D real-time position management system facilitated RFCA procedures as it allowed accurate and reproducible 3D tracking of the mapping and ablation catheter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bootsma
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D003199:Computer Systems; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*