title: Effects of age and sex on the structural, chemical and technological characteristics of mule duck meat.
abstract: 1. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of age and sex on the chemical, structural and technological characteristics of mule duck meat. 2. Ten males and 10 females were weighed and slaughtered at 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13 weeks of age. Weight, pH value, colour, tenderness and juice loss of breast muscle were determined. 3. The activities of 3 enzymes (citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase) which indicate muscular metabolic activity were assayed. 4. Chemical composition (moisture, lipids, proteins, minerals, lipid and phospholipid classes, fatty acid composition) of breast muscle was analysed. 5. Fibre type, fibre type percentage and cross-sectional areas were determined using histochemistry and an image analysis system. 6. For growth performance and muscular structure, the ideal slaughter age of mule ducks is 10 weeks of age. Chemical and technological analysis indicated that muscular maturity in Pectoralis major was reached at 11 weeks of age, but, at this age, breast lipid content is high. Moreover, after 10 weeks of age, food costs rapidly increased. 7. Lastly, sexual dimorphism for body weight is minor. In this study, at any given age, no significant differences between males and females were shown. Thus, it is possible to rear both sexes together and to slaughter them at the same age.
authors.affiliation: Station de Recherches Avicoles, CR INRA de Tours, Nouzilly, France. baeza@tours.inra.fr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Salichon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marche
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wacrenier
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Culioli
mesh_terms: D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases / Q000032:analysis; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D004372:Ducks / Q000502:physiology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000032:analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D010743:Phospholipids; D011506:Proteins; D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase