title: Laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography in staging carcinoma of the gastric cardia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of carcinoma of the gastric cardia that is involving the distal oesophagus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective consecutive case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care centre, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  48 patients (34 men and 14 women, median age 63 years, range 39-84) who presented with tumours of the gastric cardia that involved the distal oesophagus and in whom non-invasive staging had not shown unresectable locoregional disease or distant metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In addition to laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography, biopsy of all suspected lesions outside the area of potential resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of patients in whom the findings obviated the need for exploratory laparotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no complications related to the laparoscopy. The investigation showed distant metastases (which were histologically verified) in 11 patients (23%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 16 to 30). These patients had non-operative palliation. Seven were identified by laparoscopy, and laparoscopic ultrasonography showed the other four. In three patients whose distant metastases had already been identified by laparoscopy, ultrasonography was omitted. Three additional patients had suspect lesions, but these were not confirmed histologically. However, these lesions were shown to be cancerous at laparotomy. One additional patient had an intra-abdominal metastasis which was missed by laparoscopy with ultrasonography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy with ultrasonography safely detected metastases that had not been shown by conventional staging investigations in 23% of 48 patients with carcinoma of the gastric cardia. The investigation should therefore be added to the standard staging procedures in patients with carcinoma of the gastric cardia that is involving the distal oesophagus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hulscher
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nieveen van Dijkum
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: van Delden
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Lanschot
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obertop
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gouma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002299:Cardia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005743:Gastrectomy; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography