title: The effect of occlusion on epidermal penetration of parabens from a commercial allergy test ointment, acetone and ethanol vehicles.
abstract: The efficacy of topical allergy screening systems relies on the ability of test agents to effectively penetrate the stratum corneum from applied vehicles and reach the viable cells involved in the cutaneous immune response system. There is very little evidence in the dermatologic literature to justify the choice and suitability of vehicles used in many allergy test systems and the effectiveness of occlusion, reported to have variable effects on solute penetration, often employed in combination with these systems. In this study we evaluated the in vitro human epidermal penetration of a mixture of paraben ester preservatives from a commercially available test ointment and two commonly employed solvent vehicles (acetone and ethanol), together with the effect of occlusion on the rate of delivery from these systems. Parabens were applied as finite doses (5 mg per cm2) to epidermal membranes mounted in horizontal Franz-type diffusion cells. At intervals of 2 h for a total of 10 h the receptor phase (20% ethanol in distilled water) was completely removed and replaced. Occlusion was effected by the placement of a piece of high density polyethylene (20 microm) over the application site immediately after dosing. Concentrations of parabens in receptor fluid and remaining in the epidermis at the end of the study were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. There was a significant change in the epidermal flux of parabens from each of the vehicles following occlusion. Whereas increases were observed for the acetone and ethanol vehicles a decrease was seen following occlusion of the ointment formulation. Changes in flux appeared to result from a significant decrease in the epidermal partitioning of the esters following occlusion of the ointment and primarily by an increase in paraben epidermal diffusivity (estimated from changes in flux/retention) following occlusion of the solvent vehicles. These studies show that the effects of occlusion are strongly vehicle dependent, having wide implications for optimization of this technique with a range of topically applied solutes.
authors.affiliation: Therapeutics Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009824:Ointments; D010226:Parabens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D009824:Ointments; D010226:Parabens; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic