title: Aircrew visors and color vision performance: a comparative and preliminary pilot study analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A very important aspect of visual performance to consider, for present and future recommendations regarding aircrew visors, concerns their impact on color vision. The literature has remained mostly inconclusive with respect to the human perceptual process of colors during actual mission employment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study uses active duty military aircrews to provide objective and valuable information on the effects of Short Wavelength Absorbing Filters (SWAFs), such as the High Contrast Visor (HCV), and some selected waveband type Laser Eye Protection (LEP) visors on color vision. It provides a direct comparison of several current and proposed aircrew eye protective visors with respect to their effects on color vision. The data analyzed in this study will also be used to support a recommendation regarding a new optimal visor for aircrew wear during air to air (and ground) engagements, for sun protection, and possible visual enhancement in order to improve user compliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven volunteers on active flying status each underwent comprehensive color vision testing with and without seven of the U. S. Air Force's (USAF's) current or proposed aircrew visors/filters. Spectral transmissions of these visors/filters were obtained to identify and determine their individual characteristics which included their ability to induce acquired color vision decrements in "color normal" individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The widely utilized USAF HCV significantly degraded color vision more than luminosity matched neutral density visors. Abrupt color vision decrements for specifically fielded LEP visors were also noted. Their objective data supported theoretical and speculated color vision effects. Even though low transmittance neutral density visors did have some effect on color vision, decrement severity was not considered significant enough to affect overall performance during color vision testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of their ability to significantly affect color vision, concerns regarding the use of HCV and LEP visors should entail age, baseline color vision, environmental, and mission factors. Further testing should be done to evaluate the definitive effects that these visors actually have on the recognition of color symbology of Multi Function and Electronic Flight Information Displays. Findings in this study also support theoretical opinions that encourage the fielding of a neutral density filter (mildly tinted) with an overall transmission of 25-49%. Its use by flyers during low and bright illuminant conditions may greatly enhance visual performance by encouraging wearer compliance while allowing colors to be perceived normally.
authors.affiliation: USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perez-Becerra
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003119:Color Perception Tests; D005135:Eye Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States