title: Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: a prospective controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echinacea products are among the most popular phytomedicines on the North American market. Since at least half of all pregnancies are unplanned, many women inadvertently use echinacea in their first trimester. Presently, there is a paucity of information regarding the gestational safety of this herb. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of echinacea in pregnancy when used for upper respiratory tract ailments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of women who were prospectively followed up after contacting the Motherisk Program regarding the gestational use of echinacea. This cohort was disease-matched to women exposed to nonteratogenic agents by maternal age, alcohol, and cigarette use. Rates of major and minor malformations between the groups were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 206 women were enrolled in the study group after using echinacea products during pregnancy; 112 women used the herb in the first trimester. There were a total of 195 live births, including 3 sets of twins, 13 spontaneous abortions, and 1 therapeutic abortion. Six major malformations were reported, including 1 chromosomal abnormality, and 4 of these malformations occurred with echinacea exposure in the first trimester. In the control group, there were 206 women with 198 live births, 7 spontaneous abortions, and 1 therapeutic abortion. Seven major malformations were reported. There were no statistical differences between the study and control groups for any of the end points analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first prospective study suggests that gestational use of echinacea during organogenesis is not associated with an increased risk for major malformations.
authors.affiliation: The Motherisk Program, Division of Clinical Pharmacology/Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8. mradmin@sickkids.on.ca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pietrzak
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Comas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Einarson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D020900:Echinacea / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies