title: Cytoplasmic induction and over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate cancer: implications for prevention and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the level and morphological distribution of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 in human prostates and to determine any association with the Gleason grade of prostate cancer. Materials and methods The study comprised 30 samples from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 82 with prostate cancer. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of COX-1 and -2, and 13 samples were also assessed using immunoblotting (six BPH and seven cancers).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both BPH and prostate cancer, COX-1 expression was primarily in the fibromuscular stroma, with variable weak cytoplasmic expression in glandular/neoplastic epithelial cells. In contrast, COX-2 expression differed markedly between BPH and cancer. In BPH there was membranous expression of COX-2 in luminal glandular cells and no stromal expression. In cancer the stromal expression of COX-2 was unaltered, but expression by tumour cells was significantly greater (P = 0.008), with a change in the staining pattern from membranous to cytoplasmic (P < 0.001). COX-2 expression was significantly higher in poorly differentiated than in well differentiated tumours (P < 0.001). These results were supported by immunoblotting, which showed similar levels of COX-1 in both BPH and cancer, but four times greater expression of COX-2 in cancer than in BPH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to assess the co-expression of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins in benign and malignant human prostates, and showed the induction and significantly greater expression of COX-2 in cancer, which was also associated with tumour grade. The regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with a reduced incidence of cancers. The present results provide the basis for a potential role for COX-2 inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Histopathology and Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madaan
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stott
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stamp
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Lalani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases