title: Hematopoietic expression of HOXB4 is regulated in normal and leukemic stem cells through transcriptional activation of the HOXB4 promoter by upstream stimulating factor (USF)-1 and USF-2.
abstract: The homeobox genes encode a family of transcription factors that regulate development and postnatal tissue homeostasis. Since HOXB4 plays a key role in regulating the balance between hematopoietic stem cell renewal and differentiation, we studied the molecular regulation of HOXB4 expression in human hematopoietic stem cells. HOXB4 expression in K562 cells is regulated at the level of transcription, and transient transfection defines primary HOXB4 regulatory sequences within a 99-bp 5' promoter. Culture of highly purified human CD34(+) bone marrow cells in thrombopoietin/Flt-3 ligand/stem cell factor induced HOXB4 3-10-fold, whereas culture in granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, only increased HOXB4/luciferase expression 20-50%. Mutations within the HOXB4 promoter identified a potential E box binding site (HOX response element [HXRE]-2) as the most critical regulatory sequence, and yeast one hybrid assays evaluating bone marrow and K562 libraries for HXRE-2 interaction identified upstream stimulating factor (USF)-2 and micropthalmia transcription factor (MITF). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with K562 extracts confirmed that these proteins, along with USF-1, bind to the HOXB4 promoter in vitro. Cotransfection assays in both K562 and CD34(+) cells showed that USF-1 and USF-2, but not MITF, induce the HOXB4 promoter in response to signals stimulating stem cell self-renewal, through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Thus hematopoietic expression of the human HOXB4 gene is regulated by the binding of USF-1 and USF-2, and this process may be favored by cytokines promoting stem cell self-renewal versus differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Giannola
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Shlomchik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jegathesan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liebowitz
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadesch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dancis
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Emerson
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015698:Genomic Library; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000235:genetics*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors; D018631:ras Proteins
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C090460:HOXB4 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C497181:USF1 protein, human; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins