title: The hardness and modulus of elasticity of primary molar teeth: an ultra-micro-indentation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Baseline information on the mechanical properties of and the effect of load upon dental hard tissue is important in the development of successful dental materials. Existing methods of measuring such properties of tissue are subject to significant experimental error. This study reports on the use of an Ultra-Micro-Indentation System (UMIS) to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of primary enamel and dentine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary molar teeth were sectioned, set in resin and polished. Thirty indentations were made in enamel and dentine using a Berkovitch indentor, 15 of which were subject to a load of 50mN and 15 to a load of 150mN. An automated computerised system converted the force/penetration graph for each indentation in to a hardness vs depth graph from which values for the mean hardness and elastic modulus were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary enamel had a mean hardness of 4.88+/-0.35GPa whilst the hardness of dentine was 0.92+/-0.11GPa The elastic modulus for enamel was 80.35+/-7.71GPa and that of dentine 19.89+/-1.92GPa. Using linear regression analysis a significant relationship could be shown between the hardness and the elastic modulus for both enamel and dentine when loaded to 150mN but only for dentine at 50mN (P<0.05). In general the elasticity of tooth structure increased as the hardness increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UMIS offers a simple and reproducible method of measuring basic mechanical properties of small samples of enamel and dentine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Westmead Centre of Oral Health, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D006244:Hardness; D006245:Hardness Tests; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008963:Molar / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000737:chemistry*