title: Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Babesiosis is a tick-borne, malaria-like illness known to be enzootic in southern New England. A course of clindamycin and quinine is the standard treatment, but this regimen frequently causes adverse reactions and occasionally fails. A promising alternative treatment is atovaquone plus azithromycin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, nonblinded, randomized trial of the two regimens in 58 subjects with non-life-threatening babesiosis on Nantucket, on Block Island, and in southern Connecticut. The subjects were assigned to receive either atovaquone (750 mg every 12 hours) and azithromycin (500 mg on day 1 and 250 mg per day thereafter) for seven days (40 subjects) or clindamycin (600 mg every 8 hours) and quinine (650 mg every 8 hours) for seven days (18 subjects).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adverse effects were reported by 15 percent of the subjects who received atovaquone and azithromycin, as compared with 72 percent of those who received clindamycin and quinine (P<0.001). The most common adverse effects with atovaquone and azithromycin were diarrhea and rash (each in 8 percent of the subjects); with clindamycin and quinine the most common adverse effects were tinnitus (39 percent), diarrhea (33 percent), and decreased hearing (28 percent). Symptoms had resolved three months after the start of therapy in 65 percent of those who received atovaquone and azithromycin and 73 percent of those who received clindamycin and quinine (P=0.66), and after six months no patient in either group had symptoms. Three months after the completion of the assigned regimen, no parasites could be seen on microscopy, and no Babesia microti DNA was detected in the blood of any subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the treatment of babesiosis, a regimen of atovaquone and azithromycin is as effective as a regimen of clindamycin and quinine and is associated with fewer adverse reactions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center and the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford 06106, USA. krause@nso.uchc.edu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lepore
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sikand
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gadbaw
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Telford
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brassard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Azlanzadeh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Christianson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spielman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053626:Atovaquone; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001403:Babesia / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011803:Quinine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D002981:Clindamycin; D017963:Azithromycin; D011803:Quinine; D053626:Atovaquone