title: Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel before and after 1995: cohort and case-control analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism among women taking third generation oral contraceptives (with gestodene or desogestrel) with that among women taking oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort and case-control analyses derived from the General Practice Research Database.
  
  
  METHODS
  UK general practices, January 1993 to December 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 15-39 taking third generation oral contraceptives or oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative incidence (cohort study) and odds ratios (case-control study) as measures of the relative risk of venous thromboembolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted estimates of relative risk for venous thromboembolism associated with third generation oral contraceptives compared with oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel was 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.8) in the cohort analysis and 2.3 (1.3 to 3.9) in the case-control study. The estimates for the two types of oral contraceptives were similar before and after the warning issued by the Committee on Safety of Medicines in October 1995. A shift away from the use of third generation oral contraceptives after the scare was more pronounced among younger women (who have a lower risk of venous thromboembolism) than among older women. Fewer cases of venous thromboembolism occurred in 1996 and later than would have been expected if the use of oral contraceptives had remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with previously reported studies, which found that compared with oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel, third generation oral contraceptives are associated with around twice the risk of venous thromboembolism.
authors.affiliation: Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Lexington, MA 02421, USA. hjick@bu.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jick
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasilakis-Scaramozza
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D016912:Levonorgestrel