title: Mad scenes in early 19th-century opera.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is our objective to examine the phenomenon of mad scenes in bel canto opera from a modern perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  The development of psychiatry and music at the beginning of the 19th century is described. Common elements of romantic music and mental disorders are discussed. It is shown how bel canto composers represent psychiatric illness by musical means. The psychopathology depicted in a prototypical mad scene is evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early romantic music is characterized by imagination, illusion and loss of structure; characteristics which can be well expressed in mad scenes. While madness (withdrawal into a utopian world) gained a certain attraction in society, clinical psychiatry increasingly focused on emotional causes of illness and on drug-induction of mental disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mad scenes in bel canto opera can be understood as expression of an increasing interest in emotional aspects in music and society as well as in clinical psychiatry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erfurth
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoff
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008513:Medicine in Literature; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000266:history*; D009146:Music / Q000266:history*