title: Past adult lead exposure is associated with longitudinal decline in cognitive function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether adults with past exposure to neurotoxicants have progressive declines in cognitive function years after exposure has ceased, and whether tibia lead is a predictor of the magnitude of change.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 535 former organolead manufacturing workers with a mean age of 55.6 years, a mean duration of 16 years since last occupational lead exposure, and low blood lead levels at the first study visit and 118 controls were evaluated with neurobehavioral tests two to four times over 4 years. "Peak" tibia lead levels, estimated from current levels measured by X-ray fluorescence, were used to predict changes in cognitive function over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In former lead workers, peak tibia lead ranged from -2.2 to 98.7 microg Pb/g bone mineral. Compared to controls, former lead workers performed worse over time for three tests of visuo-constructive ability and verbal memory and learning (p < 0.05). In former lead workers, peak tibia lead predicted declines for six tests of verbal memory and learning, visual memory, executive ability, and manual dexterity (p < 0.05 for four tests and < 0.10 for two additional tests). On average, for these six tests, an increase of 15.7 microg/g of peak tibia lead was equivalent in its effects on annual test decline to 5 more years of age at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These are the first data to suggest that cognitive function can progressively decline due to past occupational exposures to a neurotoxicant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. bschwart@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Bolla
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bandeen-Roche
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Links
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Todd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D020263:Lead Poisoning, Nervous System / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007854:Lead