title: Epidermal growth factor sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation by down-regulating protein mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia.
abstract: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been reported to either sensitize or protect cells against ionizing radiation. We report here that EGF increases radiosensitivity in both human fibroblasts and lymphoblasts and down-regulates both ATM (mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T)) and the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). No further radiosensitization was observed in A-T cells after pretreatment with EGF. The down-regulation of ATM occurs at the transcriptional level. Concomitant with the down-regulation of ATM, the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor Sp1 decreased. A causal relationship was established between these observations by demonstrating that up-regulation of Sp1 DNA binding activity by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor rapidly reversed the EGF-induced decrease in ATM protein and restored radiosensitivity to normal levels. Failure to radiosensitize EGF-treated cells to the same extent as observed for A-T cells can be explained by induction of ATM protein and kinase activity with time post-irradiation. Although ionizing radiation damage to DNA rapidly activates ATM kinase and cell cycle checkpoints, we have provided evidence for the first time that alteration in the amount of ATM protein occurs in response to both EGF and radiation exposure. Taken together these data support complex control of ATM function that has important repercussions for targeting ATM to improve radiotherapeutic benefit.
authors.affiliation: Section for Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gueven
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukao
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watters
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rodemann
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lavin
mesh_terms: D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D001483:Base Sequence; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D004247:DNA; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases