title: Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups (SHARE)
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease rates vary greatly between ethnic groups in Canada. To establish whether this variation can be explained by differences in disease risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis, we undertook a population-based study of three ethnic groups in Canada: South Asians, Chinese, and Europeans.
  
  
  METHODS
  985 participants were recruited from three cities (Hamilton, Toronto, and Edmonton) by stratified random sampling. Clinical cardiovascular disease was defined by history or electrocardiographic findings. Carotid atherosclerosis was measured with B-mode ultrasonography. Conventional (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, raised cholesterol) and novel risk factors (markers of a prothrombotic state) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within each ethnic group and overall, the degree of carotid atherosclerosis was associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. South Asians had the highest prevalence of this condition compared with Europeans and Chinese (11%, 5%, and 2%, respectively, p=0.0004). Despite this finding, Europeans had more atherosclerosis (mean of the maximum intimal medial thickness 0.75 [0.16] mm) than South Asians (0.72 [0.15] mm), and Chinese (0.69 [0.16] mm). South Asians had an increased prevalence of glucose intolerance, higher total and LDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides, and lower HDL cholesterol, and much greater abnormalities in novel risk factors including higher concentrations of fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there are differences in conventional and novel risk factors between ethnic groups, this variation and the degree of atherosclerosis only partly explains the higher rates of cardiovascular disease among South Asians compared with Europeans and Chinese. The increased risk of cardiovascular events could be due to factors affecting plaque rupture, the interaction between prothrombotic factors and atherosclerosis, or as yet undiscovered risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. anands@fhs.mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devanesen
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Montague
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kelemen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lonn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hegele
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McQueen
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology*; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000208:ethnology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography