title: Real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic study of left ventricular function after infarct exclusion surgery for ischemic cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infarct exclusion (IE) surgery, a technique of left ventricular (LV) reconstruction for dyskinetic or akinetic LV segments in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, requires accurate volume quantification to determine the impact of surgery due to complicated geometric changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients who underwent IE (mean age 61+/-8 years, 73% men) had epicardial real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic (RT3DE) studies performed before and after IE. RT3DE follow-up was performed transthoracically 42+/-67 days after surgery in 22 patients. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the values before and after IE surgery and at follow-up. Significant decreases in LV end-diastolic (EDVI) and end-systolic (ESVI) volume indices were apparent immediately after IE and in follow-up (EDVI 99+/-40, 67+/-26, and 71+/-31 mL/m(2), respectively; ESVI 72+/-37, 40+/-21, and 42+/-22 mL/m(2), respectively; P:<0.05). LV ejection fraction increased significantly and remained higher (0.29+/-0.11, 0.43+/-0.13, and 0.42+/-0.09, respectively, P:<0.05). Forward stroke volume in 16 patients with preoperative mitral regurgitation significantly improved after IE and in follow-up (22+/-12, 53+/-24, and 58+/-21 mL, respectively, P:<0.005). New York Heart Association functional class at an average 285+/-144 days of clinical follow-up significantly improved from 3.0+/-0.8 to 1.8+/-0.8 (P:<0.0001). Smaller end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes measured with RT3DE immediately after IE were closely related to improvement in New York Heart Association functional class at clinical follow-up (Spearman's rho=0.58 and 0.60, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT3DE can be used to quantitatively assess changes in LV volume and function after complicated LV reconstruction. Decreased LV volume and increased ejection fraction imply a reduction in LV wall stress after IE surgery and are predictive of symptomatic improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: J X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiota
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Firstenberg
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsujino
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Travaglini
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hoercher
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buda
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Smedira
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D002306:Cardiac Volume; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left