title: Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy during lymphatic mapping for breast cancer: improved sentinel node imaging using subareolar injection of technetium 99m sulfur colloid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy has been recommended to confirm the successful uptake and direction of migration of radiotracer into sentinel nodes during lymphatic mapping for breast cancer. In addition, preoperative lymphatic mapping may provide a visually useful aid to the relative location of sentinel nodes within a nodal basin. One common method of breast lymphoscintigraphy involves injections of unfiltered technetium 99m sulfur colloid (Tc-99m-SC) directly into parenchymal tissues surrounding a tumor or biopsy cavity (IP injection). Because of the many imaging failures and prolonged imaging times of IP lymphoscintigraphy, the procedure has fallen into disfavor by oncologic surgeons. The purpose of this study is to document the increased success rate of preoperative breast lymphoscintigraphy using a new anatomic site of injection, the subareolar lymphatic plexus (SA injection).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the 12 months between December 1, 1998, and December 29, 1999, 42 women with stage I and II breast cancer underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy by either the IP (n = 12, December 1998 to May 1999) or SA (n = 30, May 1999 to December 1999) route of injection. Both groups were injected with 1 mCi (37 MBq) of unfiltered Tc-99m-SC followed immediately by external gamma-camera imaging. The success rate for preoperative sentinel node imaging and the total imaging time were recorded in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rate of identifying a sentinel node by SA lymphoscintigraphy was 90% (n = 27 of 30 patients), compared with 50% (n = 6 of 12 patients) for IP lymphoscintigraphy (p = 0.009). The imaging time in the SA injection group was 34 +/- 16 minutes, which was 59% shorter than the imaging time in the IP injection group of 82 +/- 48 minutes (p < 0.001). No uptake into internal mammary nodes was seen in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moving the site of injection ofunfiltered Tc-99m-SC to the subareolar lymphatic plexus (SA injection) increased the success rate of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy to 90%, compared with 50% using IP injections. Preoperative SA lymphoscintigraphy resulted in the rapid visualization of axillary sentinel nodes within 30 minutes of SA injection, enabling a visual determination of the approximate number of sentinel nodes and their relative locations within the axilla. We conclude SA injection of unfiltered Tc-99m-SC is superior to IP injections when performing preoperative breast lymphoscintigraphy and is a visually useful aid to lymphatic mapping for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital, and the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid