title: Final report of the 70.2-Gy and 75.6-Gy dose levels of a phase I dose escalation study using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) is a mode of high-precision radiotherapy designed to increase the tumor dose and decrease the dose to normal tissues. This study reports the final results of the first two dose levels (70.2 Gy and 75.6 Gy) of a phase I dose-escalation study using 3D-CRT for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients were treated with 3D-CRT without chemotherapy. The median age was 67 years (range, 39-82 years). The majority of patients had locally advanced cancer. Tumor was staged as I/II in 10%, IIIA in 40%, and IIIB in 50%. Radiation was delivered in daily fractions of 1.8 Gy, 5 days a week. A radiation dose level was considered complete when 10 patients received the intended dose without unacceptable acute morbidity. Toxicity was scored according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grading scheme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients were initially assigned to the 70.2-Gy level; 14 of them received the intended dose. Three patients experienced severe acute toxicity, two with grade 3 (requiring steroids or oxygen) and a third with grade 5 (fatal) acute radiation pneumonitis. Because of the grade 5 pulmonary toxicity, the protocol was modified, and only patients with a calculated risk of normal tissue complication of less than 25% were eligible for dose escalation. Patients who had a normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of greater than 25% received a lower dose of radiation. An additional 18 patients were entered on the modified study; 11 of them received 70.2 Gy. One patient experienced grade 3 acute pneumonitis. Despite dose reduction in four patients because of an unacceptably high NTCP, two additional patients developed grade 3 pulmonary toxicity. Fourteen patients were accrued to the 75.6-Gy dose level, and 10 received the intended dose. One of the 10 patients experienced grade 3 pulmonary toxicity and one developed grade 3 esophageal toxicity. Three patients were treated to lower doses as a result of their calculated NTCP without toxicity, and one patient refused treatment. The 2-year local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 37%, 12%, and 24%, respectively. The median survival time was 11 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment to 70.2 Gy and 75.6 Gy using 3D-CRT was delivered with acceptable morbidity when NTCP constraints were observed. Local control was encouraging in these patients with locally advanced disease. Patients are currently being accrued to the 81-Gy level of the study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mychalczak
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fuks
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kris
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leibel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed