title: Delayed liquid gastric emptying in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Liver cirrhotic patients sometimes have disturbed gastric emptying (GE). Apparently there is no study addressing the issue of whether patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have similarly impaired GE. Using impedance tomography to measure liquid GE, we attempted to assess the characteristics of GE in HCC patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 34 healthy controls and 45 HCC patients in the current study, and compared their GE according to certain defined criteria. After each subject drank 500 ml of water, 12 electrodes were placed in a circular array around the subject's upper abdomen. One pair of electrodes was applied with electrical current, and the remaining 10 electrodes recorded signals consecutively in a rotating order. Based on tomographic calculation, serial changes in the averaged signals of altered resistivities were constructed to display liquid GE. Meanwhile, the demographic and clinical data, various blood parameters, and gut peptide levels of the patients were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The half-emptying times in controls and HCC patients were 15.14 +/- 1.56 and 21.38 +/- 1.84 min, respectively (p < 0.05), whereas the areas under the emptying curve were 1732.2 +/- 106.4 and 2246.6 +/- 109.8 arbitrary units, respectively (p < 0.05). Delayed GE was observed in the HCC patients, as demonstrated by vomiting and anorexia. The cirrhotic component in HCC patients only resulted in a shorter period needed for full distention of the stomach after drinking (4.33 +/- 1.02 vs 8.78 +/- 2.1 min; p < 0.05). Other characteristics, including demographics, clinical state, tumor size, ascites, blood parameters, and gut peptides, had no influence on GE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liquid GE is inhibited in HCC patients, particularly in those mainly showing symptoms of vomiting and anorexia. Other demographic and tumor characteristics are not responsible for delayed liquid GE; however, the cirrhotic component may promote stomach distention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jiun
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D014054:Tomography; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water