title: Changes in tumorigenesis- and angiogenesis-related gene transcript abundance profiles in ovarian cancer detected by tailored high density cDNA arrays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complementary DNA array analysis of gene expression has a potential application for clinical diagnosis of disease processes. However, accessibility, affordability, reproducibility of results, and management of the data generated remain issues of concern. Use of cDNA arrays tailored for studies of specific pathways, tissues, or disease states may render a cost- and time-effective method to define potential hallmark genotype alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We produced a 332-membered human cDNA array on nylon membranes tailored for studies of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in reproductive disease. We tested the system for reproducibility using a novel statistical approach for analysis of array data and employed the arrays to investigate gene expression alterations in ovarian cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-assay analysis and removal of agreement outliers was shown to be a critical step prior to interpretation of cDNA array data. The system revealed highly reproducible results, with intermembrane coefficient of reproducibility of +/- 0.98. Comparison of placental and ovarian sample data confirmed expected differences in angiogenic profiles and tissue-specific markers, such as human placental lactogen (hPL). Analysis of expression profiles of five normal ovary and four poorly differentiated serous papillary ovarian adenocarcinoma samples revealed an overall increase in angiogenesis-related markers, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 in the diseased tissue. These were accompanied by increases in immune response mediators (e.g. HLA-DR, Ron), apoptotic and neoplastic markers (e.g. BAD protein, b-myb), and novel potential markers of ovarian cancer, such as cofilin, moesin, and neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST) protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In-house production of tailored cDNA arrays, coupled to comprehensive analysis of resulting hybridization profiles, provides an accessible, reliable, and highly effective method of applying array technology to study disease processes. In the ovary, abundance of specific tumor markers, increased macrophage recruitment mediators, a late-stage angiogenesis profile, and the presence of chemoresistance-related markers distinguished normal and advanced ovarian cancer tissue samples. Detection of such parallel changes in pathway- and tissue-specific markers may prove a hallmark ready for application in reproductive disease diagnostic and therapeutic developments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, England. amm53@hermes.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martoglio
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Tom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Starkey
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Corps
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charnock-Jones
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015342:DNA Probes; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics*; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015342:DNA Probes; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm