title: Insulin enhancement of opioid peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and assessment of analgesic effect.
abstract: Insulin crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via receptor-mediated transcytosis and has been suggested to augment uptake of peripheral substances across the BBB. The delta-opioid receptor-selective peptide D-penicillamine(2,5) (DPDPE), a Met-enkephalin analog, produces analgesia via a central nervous system-derived effect. In vitro (K(cell), microl. min(-1). mg(-1)) and in situ (K(in), microl. min(-1). g(-1)) analyses of DPDPE transport (K(cell) = 0.56 +/- 0. 15; K(in) = 0.28 +/- 0.03) revealed significant (P <.01) increases in DPDPE uptake by the BBB with 10 microM insulin (K(cell) = 1.61 +/- 0.25; K(in) = 0.48 +/- 0.04). In vitro cellular uptake was significantly increased (P <.05) at 1 microM insulin, whereas no significant uptake was observed with CTAP (a somatostatin opioid peptide analog) or sucrose (a paracellular diffusionary marker). No significant change in uptake was seen with DPDPE, CTAP, or sucrose in the presence of holo-transferrin (0-100 microM), indicating that the effect of insulin on DPDPE was not a generalized effect of receptor endocytosis. Insulin did not affect P-glycoprotein efflux, a mechanism that has shown affinity for DPDPE. A similar uptake of DPDPE into the brain (64% increase) was seen with the in situ brain perfusion model. Analgesic assessment revealed a significant decline in DPDPE (i.v.)-induced analgesia with increasing concentrations of insulin (i.v., i.c.v., s.c.) in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, insulin significantly increases DPDPE uptake across the BBB by a specific mechanism. The analgesic effect seen with DPDPE and insulin coadministration was shown to decrease, indicating that insulin reduces the analgesic effect within the central nervous system rather than at the BBB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Egleton
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D020881:Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)- / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D007328:Insulin; D020881:Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-