The ACE I/D polymorphism and human physical performance.
The D allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism is associated with elevated levels of serum and tissue ACE, increased production of the vasopressor angiotensin II and a reduction in the half-life of the vasodilator bradykinin. Several cardiac and renal conditions appear to have a worse prognosis in subjects homozygous for the D allele, whereas the I allele has been associated with enhanced endurance performance in elite distance runners, rowers and mountaineers. The nature of the gene-environment interaction between ACE I/D polymorphisms and physical training, an overview of recent findings and a discussion of possible underlying mechanisms is the subject of this review.
Woods
D R
DR
UCL Cardiovascular Genetics, 3rd floor Rayne Institute, 5 University Street, London, UK WC1E. rmhadwo@ucl.ac.uk
Humphries
S E
SE
Montgomery
H E
HE
D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*
D007527:Isoenzymes; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A