title: Elucidation of the HIV-1 virucidal mechanism of methylene blue photosensitization and the effect on primary isolates.
abstract: The antiviral activity for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 of a combination of methylene blue and light irradiation was investigated, in comparison with their virucidal effects on laboratory-adapted HIV-1. The antiviral mechanism was evaluated in terms of reverse transcriptase activity and viral RNA in the same viral stock. Despite a marked reduction in RNA (>3.07 Log(10)) and infectivity (6.10 Log(10)) under conditions of 1 microM methylene blue and 5 J/cm(2) irradiation when HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) as a representative HIV-1 was employed, relatively little degradation of the viral envelope (0.20 Log(10)) and reverse transcriptase activity (1.52 Log(10)) was observed. Because no difference in the reduction of infectivity was found between primary isolates and laboratory-adapted HIV-1 (including HIV-2(ROD)), the antiviral mechanism of methylene blue photosensitization may be similar for all types of HIVs. Methylene blue photosensitization seems to deprive HIVs of infectivity, mainly due to RNA damage, and weak structural and functional damage of viral proteins.
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido Red Cross Blood Center, Hokkaido, Japan. JZG00166@nifty.ne.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Owada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikebuchi
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D015488:HIV Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000378:metabolism; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000378:metabolism; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015488:HIV Antigens; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D008751:Methylene Blue