title: A complex multienzyme system encoded by five polyketide synthase genes is involved in the biosynthesis of the 26-membered polyene macrolide pimaricin in Streptomyces natalensis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polyene macrolides are a class of large macrocyclic polyketides that interact with membrane sterols, having antibiotic activity against fungi but not bacteria. Their rings include a chromophore of 3-7 conjugated double bonds which constitute the distinct polyene structure. Pimaricin is an archetype polyene, important in the food industry as a preservative to prevent mould contamination of foods, produced by Streptomyces natalensis. We set out to clone, sequence and analyse the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of this tetraene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large cluster of 16 open reading frames spanning 84985 bp of the S. natalensis genome has been sequenced and found to encode 13 homologous sets of enzyme activities (modules) of a polyketide synthase (PKS) distributed within five giant multienzyme proteins (PIMS0-PIMS4). The total of 60 constituent active sites, 25 of them on a single enzyme (PIMS2), make this an exceptional multienzyme system. Eleven additional genes appear to govern modification of the polyketide-derived framework and export. Disruption of the genes encoding the PKS abolished pimaricin production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall architecture of the PKS gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the 26-membered polyene macrolide pimaricin has been determined. Eleven additional tailoring genes have been cloned and analysed. The availability of the PKS cluster will facilitate the generation of designer pimaricins by combinatorial biosynthesis approaches. This work represents the extensive description of a second polyene macrolide biosynthetic gene cluster after the one for the antifungal nystatin.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, France. degjfa@unileon.es
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fouces
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olivera
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martín
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016386:Chromosome Walking; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D015723:Gene Library; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005810:Multigene Family; D010866:Natamycin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003062:Codon; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D010866:Natamycin