title: Mutations in FOXC2 (MFH-1), a forkhead family transcription factor, are responsible for the hereditary lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome.
abstract: Lymphedema-distichiasis (LD) is an autosomal dominant disorder that classically presents as lymphedema of the limbs, with variable age at onset, and double rows of eyelashes (distichiasis). Other complications may include cardiac defects, cleft palate, extradural cysts, and photophobia, suggesting a defect in a gene with pleiotrophic effects acting during development. We previously reported neonatal lymphedema, similar to that in Turner syndrome, associated with a t(Y;16)(q12;q24.3) translocation. A candidate gene was not found on the Y chromosome, and we directed our efforts toward the chromosome 16 breakpoint. Subsequently, a gene for LD was mapped, by linkage studies, to a 16-cM region at 16q24.3. By FISH, we determined that the translocation breakpoint was within this critical region and further narrowed the breakpoint to a 20-kb interval. Because the translocation did not appear to interrupt a gene, we considered candidate genes in the immediate region that might be inactivated by position effect. In two additional unrelated families with LD, we identified inactivating mutations-a nonsense mutation and a frameshift mutation-in the FOXC2 (MFH-1) gene. FOXC2 is a member of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcription factors, whose members are involved in diverse developmental pathways. FOXC2 knockout mice display cardiovascular, craniofacial, and vertebral abnormalities similar to those seen in LD syndrome. Our findings show that FOXC2 haploinsufficiency results in LD. FOXC2 represents the second known gene to result in hereditary lymphedema, and LD is only the second hereditary disorder known to be caused by a mutation in a forkhead-family gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dagenais
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gorski
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Seaver
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004487:Edema / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007223:Infant; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D020795:Photophobia / Q000235:genetics; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D013577:Syndrome; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C082078:mesenchyme fork head 1 protein