title: Age-related macular degeneration in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and control subjects: a 10-year follow-up on evolution, risk factors, and prognostic significance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the evolution of visual acuity, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and its relation to 10-year cardiovascular mortality and risk factors in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year prospective study consisting of a representative group of 133 (70 men, 63 women) newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients diagnosed at health centers between 1979 and 1981 and 144 (62 men, 82 women) nondiabetic control subjects recruited from the population register was performed. The frequency of AMD was determined by grading of 45 degrees stereoscopic fundus photographs. The subjects were studied at baseline and after 5 and 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By the 10-year follow-up, visual acuity had declined more markedly in the diabetic patients than in the control subjects. Although the frequency of AMD was nearly the same in both groups (11-19%), it decreased visual acuity earlier in the diabetic patients than in the control group. AMD at baseline predicted 10-year cardiovascular mortality independently of adjustment for other risk factors in the diabetic patients (odds ratio [95% CI] 4.7 [1.1-19.3], P = 0.033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual acuity deteriorated earlier in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients than in the control group although the cross-sectional frequency of AMD was nearly the same in both groups. Interestingly, AMD was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic patients, but the background mechanism(s) behind this association is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Voutilainen-Kaunisto
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Teräsvirta
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Niskanen
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids