title: Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem brain study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reelin (RELN) is a glycoprotein secreted preferentially by cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) interneurons (layers I and II) that binds to integrin receptors located on dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons or on GABAergic interneurons of layers III through V expressing the disabled-1 gene product (DAB1), a cytosolic adaptor protein that mediates RELN action. To replicate earlier findings that RELN and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)(67), but not DAB1 expression, are down-regulated in schizophrenic brains, and to verify whether other psychiatric disorders express similar deficits, we analyzed, blind, an entirely new cohort of 60 postmortem brains, including equal numbers of patients matched for schizophrenia, unipolar depression, and bipolar disorder with nonpsychiatric subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reelin, GAD(65), GAD(67), DAB1, and neuron-specific-enolase messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and respective proteins were measured with quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or Western blot analyses. Reelin-positive neurons were identified by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prefrontal cortex and cerebellar expression of RELN mRNA, GAD(67) protein and mRNA, and prefrontal cortex RELN-positive cells was significantly decreased by 30% to 50% in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with psychosis, but not in those with unipolar depression without psychosis when compared with nonpsychiatric subjects. Group differences were absent for DAB1,GAD(65) and neuron-specific-enolase expression implying that RELN and GAD(67) down-regulations were unrelated to neuronal damage. Reelin and GAD(67) were also unrelated to postmortem intervals, dose, duration, or presence of antipsychotic medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selective down-regulation of RELN and GAD(67) in prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who have psychosis is consistent with the hypothesis that these parameters are vulnerability factors in psychosis; this plus the loss of the correlation between these 2 parameters that exists in nonpsychotic subjects support the hypothesis that these changes may be liability factors underlying psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Room 256, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. aguidotti@psych.uic.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guidotti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Auta
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di-Giorgi-Gerevini
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Grayson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Impagnatiello
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pesold
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uzunov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: DiGiorgi Gerevini
mesh_terms: D051697:Activating Transcription Factor 1; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases
chemical_list: D051697:Activating Transcription Factor 1; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C106740:atf1 protein, S pombe; C000717127:RELN protein, human; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase