title: The retrosigmoid approach for auditory brainstem implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe our experience with the retrosigmoid-transmeatal (RS-TM) approach in auditory brainstem implantation (ABI) as well as the anatomosurgical guidelines for this route.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ear, Nose, and Throat Department of the University of Verona.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) were operated on for vestibular schwannoma removal with ABI implantation from April 1997 to June 1999. The patients were four men and one woman, whose ages ranged from 22 to 37 years. The tumor sizes ranged from 12 to 30 mm. The records of a total of 179 patients operated on for vestibular schwannoma (VS) removal via the RS-TM approach from January 1990 to June 1999 were also evaluated. Their ages ranged from 18 to 88 years (average 54 years). The tumor sizes ranged from 4 to 50 mm. Five patients had a solitary VS in the only hearing ear.
  
  
  METHODS
  The classic RS-TM approach was used in all patients. After tumor excision, for ABI implantation, the landmarks (seventh, eighth, and ninth cranial nerves, choroid plexus) for the foramen of Luschka were carefully identified. The choroid plexus was then partially removed, and the tela choroidea was divided and bent back. The floor of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle and the convolution of the dorsal cochlear nucleus became visible. The electrode array was then inserted into the lateral recess and correctly positioned with the aid of electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative EABR and postoperative speech perception evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Auditory sensations were induced in all patients with various numbers of electrodes. Different pitch sensations could be identified with different electrode stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the authors' experience, the RS-TM approach is the route of choice for patients who are candidates for ABI when there is a chance of hearing preservation during surgery. If auditory function is lost during surgery, anatomical preservation of the cochlear nerve may allow hearing restoration with a cochlear implant. Direct intraoperative recording of cochlear nerve action potentials (CNAPs) and round window electrical stimulation are mandatory for these purposes. In addition, decompression of the intrameatal portion of the vestibular schwannoma and planned partial tumor resection with hearing preservation are also possible with the RS-TM approach.
authors.affiliation: Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, University of Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Colletti
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fiorino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giarbini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sacchetto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cumer
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000601:surgery; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000601:surgery*; D017626:Cochlear Nucleus / Q000601:surgery*; D012809:Colon, Sigmoid; D004867:Equipment Design; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016518:Neurofibromatosis 2 / Q000601:surgery; D009464:Neuroma, Acoustic / Q000601:surgery; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology