title: Inhibition of epstein-barr virus early antigen activation promoted by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: As part of our screening program for cancer inhibitory agents effective specifically in the promotion stage of cancer development, we have evaluated the possible inhibitory effects of 36 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation which was induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells. All the drugs were observed to inhibit the EBV-EA activation at low doses with low toxicity. The two most active anti-tumor promoting agents were the arylacetic acid derivatives, etodolac and sulindac. We also report for the first time the activities of 14 new NSAIDs belonging to different classes as potential cancer chemopreventive agents. A structure-activity relationship study showed that among the salicylic acid derivative tested, the oxidation of the thiol group to dithiol derivatives results in the reduction of the activity. Introduction of amino group on the salicylic acid molecules also results in the reduction of activity in the EBV-EA assay. The results are of great interest in the development of NSAIDs as cancer chemopreventive agents, which halt cancer progression in multistage carcinogenesis, where successive activities are required to evolve into fully-fledged and metastatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Natural Drug Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2300 4th Street, NW. Washington, DC 20059, USA. gkapadia@howard.edu
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Azuine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takayasu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Konoshima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokuda
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D001554:Benzene / Q000494:pharmacology; D002273:Carcinogens; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D017308:Etodolac / Q000494:pharmacology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013467:Sulindac / Q000494:pharmacology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C115293:1-(carboxymethyl)-3,5-diphenyl-2-methylbenzene; D000085:Acetates; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D002273:Carcinogens; C033305:Epstein-Barr virus early antigen; D012459:Salicylates; D013467:Sulindac; D017308:Etodolac; D001554:Benzene; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate