title: The H19 methylation imprint is erased and re-established differentially on the parental alleles during male germ cell development.
abstract: Differences in DNA methylation distinguish the maternal and paternal alleles of many imprinted genes. Allele-specific methylation that is inherited from the gametes and maintained throughout development has been proposed as a candidate imprinting mark. To determine how methylation is established in the germline, we have analyzed the allelic methylation patterns of the maternally expressed, paternally methylated H19 gene during gametogenesis in the mouse embryo. We show here that both parental alleles are devoid of methylation in male and female mid-gestation embryonic germ cells, suggesting that methylation imprints are erased in the germ cells prior to this time. In addition, we demonstrate that the subsequent hypermethylation of the paternal and maternal alleles in the male germline occurs at different times. Although the paternal allele becomes hypermethylated during fetal stages, methylation of the maternal allele begins during perinatal stages and continues postnatally through the onset of meiosis. The differential acquisition of methylation on the parental H19 alleles during gametogenesis implies that the two unmethylated alleles can still be distinguished from each other. Thus, in the absence of DNA methylation, other epigenetic mechanism(s) appear to maintain parental identity at the H19 locus during male germ cell development.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McCarrey
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bartolomei
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D005718:Gametogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*; D013093:Spermatogonia / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated