title: Serotonin increases interleukin-6 synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key molecule in chronic inflammation and has been implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) causes vascular contraction and proliferation, but its role in atherogenesis has not been clarified. We investigated the effects of 5-HT on IL-6 synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-6 levels in the culture medium of VSMCs were determined by ELISA. IL-6 mRNA accumulation was determined by use of a Quantikine mRNA colorimetric quantification kit. NF-kappaB activation was tested by gel retardation assay. 5-HT induced IL-6 production by VSMCs in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with increased IL-6 mRNA accumulation and nuclear factor-kappaB activation. The effect of 5-HT on IL-6 production was significantly inhibited by the 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist ketanserin and the selective 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist sarpogrelate. Conversely, the 5-HT(2) receptor agonist alpha-methyl-5-HT increased IL-6 production. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor calphostin C, but not the protein kinase A inhibitor KT5720, suppressed 5-HT-induced IL-6 production. The effect of 5-HT was also abolished in PKC-depleted VSMCs after pretreatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  5-HT acts on 5-HT(2A) receptors and increases IL-6 synthesis in human VSMCs at least partially through a PKC-dependent pathway. These results suggested that 5-HT may contribute to inflammatory activation of the vessels during atherogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimpo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D012701:Serotonin; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate