title: Bioengineered cardiac grafts: A new approach to repair the infarcted myocardium?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The myocardium is unable to regenerate because cardiomyocytes cannot replicate after injury. The heart is therefore an attractive target for tissue engineering to replace infarcted myocardium and enhance cardiac function. We tested the feasibility of bioengineering cardiac tissue within novel 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We isolated and grew fetal cardiac cells within 3D porous alginate scaffolds. The cell constructs were cultured for 4 days to evaluate viability and morphology before implantation. Light microscopy revealed that within 2 to 3 days in culture, the dissociated cardiac cells form distinctive, multicellular contracting aggregates within the scaffold pores. Seven days after myocardial infarction, rats were randomized to biograft implantation (n=6) or sham-operation (n=6) into the myocardial scar. Echocardiography study was performed before and 65+/-5 days after implantation to assess left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function. Hearts were harvested 9 weeks after implantation. Visual examination of the biograft revealed intensive neovascularization from the neighboring coronary network. Histological examination revealed the presence of myofibers embedded in collagen fibers and a large number of blood vessels. The specimens showed almost complete disappearance of the scaffold and good integration into the host. Although control animals developed significant LV dilatation accompanied by progressive deterioration in LV contractility, in the biograft-treated rats, attenuation of LV dilatation and no change in LV contractility were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alginate scaffolds provide a conducive environment to facilitate the 3D culturing of cardiac cells. After implantation into the infarcted myocardium, the biografts stimulated intense neovascularization and attenuated LV dilatation and failure in experimental rats compared with controls. This strategy can be used for regeneration and healing of the infarcted myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. jleor@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aboulafia-Etzion
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Barbash
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Battler
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Granot
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D017690:Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D046508:Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015996:Survival Rate; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates