title: Centrosome hyperamplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a potential phenotypic marker of tumor aggressiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is currently no single histological or genotypic marker that reliably predicts the biological behavior of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). While multiple genetic mutations have been investigated, no single genotypic alteration has consistently correlated with tumor aggressiveness. Phenotypic markers may prove more predictive, because they can represent many different genetic alterations. We investigated the frequency of centrosome hyperamplification in HNSCC and examined its usefulness as a marker for tumor recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of archived paraffin blocks using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients who underwent resection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed. Ten patients had cancers that recurred locally within 1 year of resection, and 8 patients were tumor free at 5 years. The amount of centrosome hyperamplification in the cancer specimens and all surgical margins was graded as follows: 0, none; 1+, rare hyperamplification; 2+, greater than 10% of cells per high-powered field; and 3 +, greater than 20% of cells per high-powered field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Centrosome hyperamplification was found in 17 of 18 tumors (94%). Grade 2+ or 3+ hyperamplification was found more in cancers that recurred (9 of 10) than in those that did not (3 of 8) and was more prevalent in the histologically normal margins of patients with recurrence (8 of 10) than in those without recurrent cancer (3 of 8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the extremely frequent occurrence of centrosome hyperamplification in HNSCC. Centrosome hyperamplification is a phenotypic marker for HNSCC and can reflect multiple genotypic changes. Its presence in histologically normal margins suggests that it may be useful for analysis of primary tumors and tumor margins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0528, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gleich
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukasawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chadwell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stambrook
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gluckman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018385:Centrosome / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis