title: Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Australia, 1978-1997: increasing incidence and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe trends in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence and mortality in Australia between 1978 and 1997, and to delineate the effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by examining cases of HCC in Australian-born and overseas-born people separately.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of national incidence and mortality data in which the underlying cause was coded as HCC (International classification of diseases, ninth revision [ICD-9] code 155.0).
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in age-standardised HCC incidence rates in men and women between 1983 and 1996; age-standardised HCC death rates in Australian-born and overseas-born men and women between 1978 and 1997.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-standardised incidence rates increased in men and women (from 2.06 and 0.57 per 100,000 respectively in 1983-1985 to 3.97 and 0.99 respectively in 1995-1996). Age-standardised death rates increased in Australian-born and overseas-born men and overseas-born women (from 1.43, 2.35 and 0.62 respectively per 100,000 in 1978-1982 to 2.50, 4.41 and 1.36 respectively in 1993-1997). However, death rates in Australian-born women did not increase (0.58 per 100,000 in 1978-1982 and 0.63 in 1993-1997).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCC incidence and death rates in Australia have increased over the past two decades, except in Australian-born women. A likely explanation for at least a portion of this increase is increased prevalences of HBV and HCV infection in Australia.
authors.affiliation: National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney. mlaw@nchecr.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kaldor
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate