title: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system activity in disruptive children and matched controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether a pattern of lower autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is found in children with disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) under nonstressful and stressful conditions, and whether such a pattern would correspond with their feelings of control and negative emotionality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of stress were studied by comparing cortisol response, heart rate (HR), skin conductance level (SCL), and subjective feelings of 26 children with DBD and 26 matched normal controls. An additional 12 normal control children were studied in a nonstress control condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline HR and SCL but not cortisol were lower in the DBD group. Stress significantly affected cortisol, HR, SCL, and negative moods, although children with DBD showed a weaker HPA stress response and the difference between the groups was greater under stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with DBD are characterized by lower ANS activity and HPA axis responsivity, but higher levels of emotional arousal. It is possible that in children with DBD the HPA axis and ANS, on the one hand, and their emotional arousal, on the other, are less well coordinated. It is speculated that this could be due to differences in genetic makeup or to stressful conditions during pre- or postnatal life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Utrecht University Medical Centre, and the Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands. S.H.M.vangoozen@psych.azu.nl
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: van Goozen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matthys
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Cohen-Kettenis
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Engeland
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D001143:Arousal / Q000235:genetics*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone