title: Placebo-associated remissions in a multicentre, randomized, double-blind trial of interferon gamma-1b for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The Canadian Urologic Oncology Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the validity of using an historical maximum spontaneous regression rate (reportedly 0-1.1% in those with lung metastases after nephrectomy) in clinical trials of treatments for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as the eligibility criteria for most studies will select patients with better performance status (and thus excluding those who are unlikely to respond) and more modern staging methods would potentially reduce the number of false-positives.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentre randomized,placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was recently completed in which 197 patients with metastatic RCC from 17 study centres across Canada were randomized to receive placebo or recombinant interferon gamma-1b (60 microg/m2) subcutaneously once every 7 days until disease progression. All tumour responses were validated by an independent response committee unaware of the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (95% confidence interval) overall response rate (complete, CR, and partial, PR) for those on interferon-gamma was 4 (1.4-11.5)% and for those on placebo was 6 (2. 5-13.2)% (P = 0.75). In the six patients who were receiving placebo the CR and PR (three each) was considered to represent spontaneous remission. Of these six patients (aged 44-64 years) five had undergone nephrectomy, one a tumour embolization, four had clear cell carcinoma and one an adenocarcinoma, and all had regression of lung and/or lymph node metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of efficacy of interferon-gamma in this trial underlines the importance of continued research to identify alternative therapeutic agents or combinations of agents in phase II studies. However, the threshold response rate for initiating phase III trials should be increased to 18% in the phase II trials, i.e. three times the response rate on placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology at the Royal Victoria Hospital (MUHC), Canada.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Elhilali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gleave
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fradet
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Paton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009365:Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous; D010919:Placebos; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma