title: Technical aspects of the deep inspiration breath-hold technique in the treatment of thoracic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this paper is to describe our initial experience with the deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technique in conformal treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with particular emphasis on the technical aspects required for implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the DIBH technique, the patient is verbally coached through a modified slow vital capacity maneuver and brought to a reproducible deep inspiration breath-hold level. The goal is to immobilize the tumor and to expand normal lung out of the high-dose region. A physicist or therapist monitors and records patient breathing during simulation, verification, and treatment using a spirometer with a custom computer interface. Examination of internal anatomy during fluoroscopy over multiple breath holds establishes the reproducibility of the DIBH maneuver for each patient. A reference free-breathing CT scan and DIBH planning scan are obtained. To provide an estimate of tumor motion during normal tidal breathing, additional scan sets are obtained at end inspiration and end expiration. These are also used to set the spirometer action levels for treatment. Patient lung inflation is independently verified over the course of treatment by comparing the distance from the isocenter to the diaphragm measured from the DIBH digitally reconstructed radiographs to the distance measured on the portal films. Patient breathing traces obtained during treatment were examined retrospectively to assess the reproducibility of the technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from the first 7 patients, encompassing over 250 treatments, were analyzed. The inferred displacement of the centroid of gross tumor volume from its position in the planning scan, as calculated from the spirometer records in over 350 breath holds was 0.02 +/- 0.14 cm (mean and standard deviation). These data are consistent with the displacements of the diaphragm (-0.1 +/- 0.4 cm; range, from -1.2 to 1.1 cm) relative to the isocenter, as measured on the (92) portal films. The latter measurements include the patient setup error. The patient averaged displacement of the tumor during free breathing, determined from the tumor displacement between end inspiration and end expiration, was 0.8 +/- 0.5 cm in both the superior-inferior and anterior-posterior directions and 0.1 cm (+/- 0.1 cm) medial-laterally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of patients with the DIBH technique is feasible in a clinical setting. With this technique, consistent lung inflation levels are achieved in patients, as judged by both spirometry and verification films. Breathing-induced tumor motion is significantly reduced using DIBH compared to free breathing, enabling better target coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. d_mah@fccc.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mah
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yorke
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Braban
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leibel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mageras
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D011786:Quality Control; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013147:Spirometry / Q000379:methods