title: Gender specificity of tolterodine on micturition and the diurnal variation of urine production of the conscious rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of the oral administration of tolterodine on the diurnal micturition characteristics of the male and female conscious rat, and to examine the relative effect of tolterodine in influencing water consumption and urine production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline micturition volume and frequency characteristics of nine male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley age-matched adult rats (body weight 399 +/- 15 and 249 +/- 3 g, respectively) were evaluated over 24-h. Initial hydration conditions were standardized with an oral dose (5 mL) of water. Rats were subsequently placed in a metabolic cage and had free access to water. Micturition volume/frequency characteristics were derived from the measurements of voided volume (measured using a digital balance below the metabolic cage and connected to a computer). The total volume of water consumed over the 24 h was also measured. Two separate baseline studies were conducted, followed by the administration of a single oral dose of 1 mg/mL of tolterodine dissolved in 5 mL of water. The mean frequency of micturition and mean volume voided per micturition were computed in 3-h periods and plotted over the 24-h period. In addition, the mean values of the number of micturitions and voided volumes during the day/dark cycle were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline data showed that females (when corrected for body weight) consistently imbibed significantly more water (83%) than did male rats. Tolterodine did not significantly affect water consumption in the males but significantly reduced water consumption in females by 42%. Tolterodine did not significantly affect the amount of urine produced by male rats but significantly reduced the total amount of urine production in females by 26%. Tolterodine significantly increased the number of voids in male rats compared with baseline during the day but not during the night. More importantly tolterodine produce no significant effect on the volume voided per micturition in male rats either during the day or night cycle, but significantly decreased the volume voided per micturition in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the effect of tolterodine on micturition is gender-specific, suppressing water consumption and urine production in female but not male rats, and decreasing bladder volume. There is a possibility that the reported clinical effects of tolterodine arise through the suppression of fluid consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical College, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Constantinou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003243:Consciousness; D003408:Cresols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D000068737:Tolterodine Tartrate; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003408:Cresols; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; D000068737:Tolterodine Tartrate