title: Redundancy in the signaling pathways and promoter elements regulating cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in endotoxin-treated macrophage/monocytic cells.
abstract: Macrophage expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible isoform of COX, is up-regulated by pro-inflammatory stimuli both in vivo and in vitro. Here we investigated the mechanisms regulating COX-2 gene expression in macrophage/monocytic cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to induce de novo COX-2 mRNA expression in these cells. Transient cotransfections with a COX-2 promoter-luciferase construct and different expression vectors showed that LPS up-regulates COX-2 transcription through both mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. Cotransfections with expression vectors for dominant negative mutants of MAPK and PKC isoforms did not suppress the effects of LPS on COX-2. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient transfection experiments with deleted and mutated variants of a COX-2 promoter-luciferase construct showed that NFkappaB, NF-IL6, and CRE promoter sites mediate gene transcription independently in response to LPS treatment. In these experiments, isolated NFkappaB, NF-IL6, and CRE promoter sites were less effective than the intact promoter in mediating COX-2 transcription. Cotransfections with mutated COX-2 promoter-luciferase constructs and expression vectors showed that each one of these promoter elements can be activated by LPS through both MAPK and PKC pathways to induce gene expression. In summary, there is redundancy in the signaling pathways and promoter elements regulating COX-2 transcription in endotoxin-treated cells of macrophage/monocytic lineage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mestre
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mackrell
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rivadeneira
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D017931:DNA Primers; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004731:Endotoxins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D008156:Luciferases; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases