title: alpha-synuclein is phosphorylated by members of the Src family of protein-tyrosine kinases.
abstract: alpha-Synuclein (alpha-Syn) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease, genetically through missense mutations linked to early onset disease and pathologically through its presence in Lewy bodies. alpha-Syn is phosphorylated on serine residues; however, tyrosine phosphorylation of alpha-Syn has not been established (, ). A comparison of the protein sequence between Synuclein family members revealed that all four tyrosine residues of alpha-Syn are conserved in all orthologs and beta-Syn paralogs described to date, suggesting that these residues may be of functional importance (). For this reason, experiments were performed to determine whether alpha-Syn could be phosphorylated on tyrosine residue(s) in human cells. Indeed, alpha-Syn is phosphorylated within 2 min of pervanadate treatment in alpha-Syn-transfected cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation occurs primarily on tyrosine 125 and was inhibited by PP2, a selective inhibitor of Src protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) family members at concentrations consistent with inhibition of Src function (). Finally, we demonstrate that alpha-Syn can be phosphorylated directly both in cotransfection experiments using c-Src and Fyn expression vectors and in in vitro kinase assays with purified kinases. These data suggest that alpha-Syn can be a target for phosphorylation by the Src family of PTKs.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Diseases Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Schwartzberg
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Grider
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nussbaum
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051843:Synucleins; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051843:Synucleins; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D019061:src-Family Kinases