title: Hemodynamics of in-tandem stenosis of the internal carotid artery: when is carotid endarterectomy indicated?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent publications have pointed out the importance of evaluating patients with in-tandem stenosis and in particular the association of moderate stenosis of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) with moderate or severe stenosis of the intracranial internal carotid artery. Such evaluations are needed in symptomatic patients before planning carotid endarterectomies because observations have shown that in some cases the removal of an extracranial lesion does not necessarily improve these symptoms. This paper examines the hemodynamic effects of in-tandem stenosis in the internal carotid artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Equations describing flow in arteries are modified to accommodate two regions of stenosis in tandem. An equivalent value of stenosis is derived such that two stenoses in tandem behave as a single stenosis with similar hemodynamic properties. The solution to this problem is solved mathematically and this was used to analyze the observations made in five studies published on in-tandem stenosis of the internal carotid artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Equivalent stenoses for various values of extracranial and intracranial stenoses are presented. It was found that two stenotic lesions in tandem are not equivalent to a simple summation of both values. A graphical solution is presented to show the hemodynamic effects of both stenoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most critical determinant of hemodynamic compromise when two lesions are in tandem is the larger one. Hence removal of a more proximal lesion may have little effect on a larger distal lesion if the symptoms are due to hypoperfusion. It is important that one distinguish between hypoperfusion and thromboembolic causes of the symptoms. No conclusions about the risk of thromboembolic events after a carotid endarterectomy in the setting of a distal stenosis can be made from this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7329, USA.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Guppy
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Charbel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loth
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Ausman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical