title: Noninvasive ultrasound imaging of inflammation using microbubbles targeted to activated leukocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipid microbubbles used for perfusion imaging with ultrasound are retained within inflamed tissue because of complement-mediated attachment to leukocytes within venules. We hypothesized that incorporation of phosphatidylserine (PS) into the microbubble shell may enhance these interactions by amplifying complement activation and thereby allow ultrasound imaging of inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 6 mice, intravital microscopy of tissue necrosis factor-alpha-treated cremaster muscle was performed to assess the microvascular behavior of fluorescein-labeled lipid microbubbles with and without PS in the shell. Ten minutes after intravenous injection, microbubble attachment to leukocytes within inflamed venules was greater for PS-containing than for standard lipid microbubbles (20+/-4 versus 10+/-3 per 20 optical fields, P<0.05). The ultrasound signal from retained microbubbles was assessed in the kidneys of 6 mice undergoing renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and in 6 control kidneys. The signal from retained microbubbles in control kidneys was low (<2.5 video intensity units) for both agents. After ischemia-reperfusion, the signal from retained microbubbles was 2-fold higher for PS-containing than for standard lipid microbubbles (18+/-6 versus 8+/-2 video intensity units, P<0.05). An excellent relation was found between the ultrasound signal from retained microbubbles and the degree of renal inflammation, assessed by tissue myeloperoxidase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  -We conclude that noninvasive assessment of inflammation is possible by ultrasound imaging of microbubbles targeted to activated leukocytes by the presence of PS in the lipid shell.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA. jlindner@virginia.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Klibanov
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singbartl
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D009195:Peroxidase