title: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure devices do not maintain the set pressure dynamically when tested under simulated clinical conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is standard therapy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The effective nasal mask pressure may be adversely affected by factors that increase system resistance (eg, long tubing and/or water condensation) and by dynamic variables (breathing frequency [f] and tidal volume [VT]). The present study was conducted in order to assess the performance of CPAP machines throughout a range of simulated clinical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four currently used CPAP machines were tested at settings of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H(2)O using a pulmonary waveform generator to produce VTs of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 L at frequencies of 10, 20, and 30 breaths/min. Machines were tested under five conditions: 6-foot and 12-foot tubing, with and without an in-line humidifier, and 12-foot tubing with humidifier and water condensation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maximum and minimum mask pressure measurements were obtained during five respiratory cycles for each dynamic variable under each of the five conditions and CPAP settings (180 experiments on each of four CPAP models).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using typical clinical parameters (VT, 0.4 L and 0.8 L; f, 10 breaths/min and 20 breaths/min; and CPAP, 5 to 15 cm H(2)O), mask pressure consistently varied above and below the set point when additional tubing and/or a humidifier were added to the system (0.7 to 2.9 cm H(2)O below and 0.5 to 1.0 cm H(2)O above the set pressure). Water condensation caused large pressure deviations (inspiratory pressure ranged from 3.5 to 5.6 cm H(2)O below set pressure, and expiratory pressure ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm H(2)O above set pressure).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapy and compliance could be adversely affected because some CPAP machines in current use do not maintain constant continuous mask pressure when tested using simulated conditions, especially when water condenses in the tubing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Utah Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Farney
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Cloward
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D001239:Inhalation; D007440:Intubation / Q000295:instrumentation; D008397:Masks; D008422:Materials Testing; D009666:Nose; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011312:Pressure; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012119:Respiration; D013499:Surface Properties; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water