title: The effect of epoch length and smoothing on infant sleep and waking state architecture for term infants at 42 to 46 weeks postconceptional age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epoch lengths from 20 seconds to 1 minute, and smoothing strategies from zero to three minutes are encountered in the infant sleep and waking literature. The present study systematically examined the impact of various epoch lengths and smoothing strategies on infant sleep state architecture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overnight polysomnographic recordings were visually assessed by epoch as wake or as each of four sleep state parameters: electroencephalographic patterns, respiration, body movement, and eye movement. From these findings, sleep and waking states were assigned for each of six combinations of epoch length (30-second or 1-minute) and smoothing window length (none, 3-epoch, or 5-epoch).
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 91 term infants, 42-46 weeks postconceptional age, from the Collaborative Home Infant Monitoring Evaluation (CHIME) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A greater epoch length resulted in more active and less quiet sleep as a percentage of total study; however, the size of the smoothing window did not affect the percentage of sleep/waking states. In general, the greater the epoch length and the greater the smoothing window length, the fewer the number of, the greater the mean duration of, and the greater the longest continuous episode of sleep/waking states. Analysis of significant interactions indicated that a 1-minute epoch length relative to a 30-second epoch length resulted in increasingly longer episodes of quiet and especially active sleep with a greater smoothing window length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoothing strategy significantly altered sleep state architecture in infants and may explain part of the variability in infant sleep state findings between laboratories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, MA, USA. tkulp@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Kulp
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Corwin
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peucker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabrikant
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Crowell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoppenbrouwers
mesh_terms: D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017286:Polysomnography; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*