title: p38 MAP kinase and MKK-1 co-operate in the generation of GM-CSF from LPS-stimulated human monocytes by an NF-kappa B-independent mechanism.
abstract: 1. The extent to which the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and MAP kinase kinase (MKK)-1-signalling pathways regulate the expression of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from LPS-stimulated human monocytes has been investigated and compared to the well studied cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha). 2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) evoked a concentration-dependent generation of GM-CSF from human monocytes. Temporally, this effect was preceded by an increase in GM-CSF mRNA transcripts and abolished by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. 3. LPS-induced GM-CSF release and mRNA expression were associated with a rapid and time-dependent activation of p38 MAP kinase, ERK-1 and ERK-2. 4. The respective MKK-1 and p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, PD 098059 and SB 203580, maximally suppressed LPS-induced GM-CSF generation by >90%, indicating that both of these signalling cascades co-operate in the generation of this cytokine. 5. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that LPS increased nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) : DNA binding. SN50, an inhibitor of NF-kappa B translocation, abolished LPS-induced NF-kappaB : DNA binding and the elaboration of TNFalpha, a cytokine known to be regulated by NF-kappaB in monocytes. In contrast, SN50 failed to affect the release of GM-CSF from the same monocyte cultures. 6. Collectively, these results suggest that the generation of GM-CSF by LPS-stimulated human monocytes is regulated in a co-operative fashion by p38 MAP kinase- and MKK-1-dependent signalling pathways independently of the activation of NF-kappa B.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, SW3 6LY.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Meja
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Seldon
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nasuhara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Giembycz
mesh_terms: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; C482125:MAP2K1 protein, human; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one