title: Detection and quantification of cardiovascular calcifications with electron beam tomography to estimate risk in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in dialysis patients, accounting for nearly half of all deaths among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Even young dialysis patients are at risk. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure patients has been associated with elevated serum phosphorus levels and elevated calcium-phosphorus (Ca x P) product, and mismanagement of calcium and phosphorus metabolism has been implicated as a major factor in the development of soft tissue calcification and cardiovascular disease. ESRD patients frequently face hyperphosphatemia as well as excess calcium load, which elevate the Ca x P product, thereby contributing to the development of calcific complications. Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) can be used to detect different calcification stages in a variety of tissues, and is a sensitive tool for detecting calcified coronary artery plaques as well as cardiac and valvular calcifications. Hemodialysis patients have high calcium scores on EBCT imaging, and these are associated with elevations in Ca x P product. In a recent study, patients with calcification were found to have had twice the daily calcium intake from calcium-based phosphate binders than patients without calcification. Strategies to reduce cardiac risk in hemodialysis patients include use of a dialysate low in calcium, use of vitamin D analogs that are less calcemic, and use of calcium-free phosphate binders. EBCT can be a useful adjunct to these therapies, since it permits sensitive and quantitative initial assessment, as well as ongoing monitoring of disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raggi
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed