title: Contribution to the surgical anatomy of the ligaments of the rectum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many authors have discussed the presence and the importance of the lateral ligaments of the rectum. Our contribution aims at clarifying some aspects of surgical anatomy that help in the preservation of the urogenital functions and may influence the surgical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1994 to 1998 we examined 27 fresh cadavers and five embalmed pelves. We performed all dissections with a technique similar to that used for the surgical mobilization of the rectum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lateral ligaments of the rectum are trapezoid structures originating from mesorectum and are anchored to the endopelvic fascia; as lateral extensions of the mesorectum, they must be included in the surgical specimen. According to our results, three main structures can be recognized laterally to the rectum: 1) the lateral ligament, which does not contain important structures; 2) the inferior hypogastric plexus and the urogenital bundle; and 3) the lateral neurovascular pedicle of the rectum that comprises the nervi recti and the middle rectal artery, both running under the lateral ligament, although at different angles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the point of insertion into the endopelvic fascia, the lateral ligaments run close to the urogenital bundle. Nevertheless, the dissection at its attachment is safe if the urogenital bundle is kept under visual control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nano
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dal Corso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lanfranco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferronato
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hornung
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D012007:Rectum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery