title: Long-term assessment of psychological well-being in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of cholesterol reduction with pravastatin. The LIPID Study Investigators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is controversial evidence that a low serum cholesterol level is associated with an increased risk of depression, suicide, and violence. The aim of this study was to identify or exclude any small or infrequent adverse effect of long-term reduction of serum cholesterol with pravastatin sodium on psychological well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 1130 respondents from a representative sample of 1222 patients with stable coronary artery disease participating in the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) study. Subjects were randomized in a double-blind manner to treatment with pravastatin sodium, 40 mg/d (n = 559), or placebo (n = 571) for at least 4 years. Psychological well-being was assessed with a standard self-administered questionnaire at baseline and after 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 4 years. The questionnaire assessed anxiety and depression, anger, impulsiveness, alcohol consumption, and adverse life events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum cholesterol levels decreased by an average of 1.3 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) with pravastatin therapy and did not change with placebo. During follow-up there was no significant difference by treatment group in measures of anxiety and depression, anger expression, or impulsiveness (95% confidence interval excluded differences of >0.2 SD) and no difference in the proportion of subjects with excessive alcohol consumption or adverse life events (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.2). There was no evidence of a treatment effect for persons whose baseline serum cholesterol level was in the lowest 10% (<4.6 mmol/L [178 mg/dL]) or whose scores for anxiety and depression, anger, or impulsiveness were in the highest 10% at baseline. There was no association between change in the serum cholesterol level and measures of anxiety and depression, anger, or impulsiveness during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term reduction of serum cholesterol with pravastatin has no adverse effect on psychological well-being.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Unit, Green Lane Hospital, Private Bag 92189, Auckland 1030, New Zealand. ralph.stewart@ahsl.co.nz
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sharples
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Menkes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D002784:Cholesterol; D017035:Pravastatin