title: Automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis reveal a cluster of group A streptococci in intravenous drug abusers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1998, an unexpected increase of group A streptococci (GAS) in blood cultures was observed at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether they were from unrelated sporadic cases or attributable to a common source, all isolates were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by automated ribotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two clusters were found. All isolates, except one, of cluster 2 had been isolated from intravenous drug abusers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients were hospitalized either in different hospitals or at different times in the same hospitals indicating that the putative common source is to be found in the drug community rather than in a particular hospital.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland. sbrunner@immv.unizh.ch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fleisch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruef
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altwegg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D021521:Ribotyping; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000382:microbiology*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology