title: Transmitral Doppler: a new transthoracic contrast method for patent foramen ovale detection and quantification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared a new transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) method for detection of right to left bubble passage, transmitral Doppler (TMD), against two-dimensional (2D) TTE contrast study and the gold standard, of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and assessed its utility in quantitative assessment of patent foramen ovales (PFO).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current TTE methods are relatively insensitive in PFO detection and do not allow quantitative assessment of right to left shunt.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 44 patients (59 years, range 34 to 76 years) saline contrast and color Doppler studies were performed in three conditions--TTE TMD, TTE 2D and TEE. Bubble transit on the TMD was measured semiquantitatively by a visual bubble score and objectively by integrating the acoustic power within the mitral velocity envelope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By TEE it was determined that 17 patients (39%) had PFOs; 16 had right to left contrast passage, and only 1 had left to right flow by color Doppler. Against TEE contrast study, the sensitivity of TMD and 2D contrast studies were 100% and 75%, respectively, with specificity of 96% and 100%. Greater than 10 bubbles on a single beat of the resting contrast TMD identified patients with a maximum resting TEE PFO opening diameter >2 mm with 78% sensitivity and 100% specificity. There was a strong correlation (r2 = 0.72, p<0.01) between the TMD acoustic power and PFO opening diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transmitral Doppler is a sensitive and specific method for TTE PFO detection that allows quantification of right to left bubble passage and may obviate the need for TEE in many patients after stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Picard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted