title: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of lithium on cognition in healthy subjects: mild and selective effects on learning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown cognitive impairment in short-term memory, long-term memory and psychomotor speed in bipolar patients taking lithium. The aim of the study was to look at the effect of lithium in normal subjects (N=30) taking lithium for 3 weeks. A comprehensive battery was used to assess attention and memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomized to double-blind treatment with either lithium (N=15) or placebo (N=15) for a 3-week period. Thirteen participants in the lithium group and 15 in the placebo group completed the study. The lithium and placebo were administered twice daily in doses varying from 1050 to 1950 mg (mean=1569 mg). The initial daily dose was calculated according to the Pepin formula to achieve a blood serum lithium level of about 0.8 mmol/l. Cognitive performance (attention, memory) was assessed in each subjects during three periods, i.e. at baseline, after 3 weeks of lithium or placebo, and 2 weeks after discontinuation of study medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In short-term memory tasks, the performance of subjects in the lithium group was worst 3 weeks after lithium treatment compared to 2 weeks after discontinuation. In long-term memory, a significantly higher number of words was recalled by the placebo group but not the lithium group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lithium may have an effect on learning when long-term explicit memory test are administered repeatedly. It means that the practice effect when a subject performs the same task several times is less in the lithium-treated group than in the placebo group. This practice effect is related to the learning of a task.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Fernand Seguin, Hopital L.H. Lafontaine, Université de Montréal, 7331 Hochelaga, Québec H1N 3V2, Montréal, Canada. emmanuel.stip@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stip
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dufresne
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lussier
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yatham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate