title: Effects of human papillomavirus-associated cells on human immunodeficiency virus gene expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of soluble factors secreted by human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cells on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supernatants collected from cultured cervical biopsies and cervical cancer cell lines, and HPV-immortalized and normal keratinocytes were tested for the ability to induce HIV p24 production in two cell lines that contained latent HIV (the U1 monocytic line and the ACH-2 T cell line). Levels of HIV p24 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Culture supernatants were also assayed for the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 1 beta by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supernatants from all epithelial cells tested upregulated HIV p24 expression in the U1 line but not in the ACH-2 cells. Only differentiated normal keratinocytes induced p24 production by ACH-2 cells. Neutralization of the cytokines, particularly interleukin 6, partially reduced the level of HIV-inducing activity in the culture supernatants. Additionally, cervical biopsies from HIV-infected women cultured in vitro also were able to induce HIV in U1 cells but not ACH-2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that HPV infection of the cervix might influence HIV pathogenesis by inducing the production of immune and inflammatory factors that enhance HIV expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1747, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nihira
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonecini-Almeida M da
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cristoforoni
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Montz
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Martínez-Maza
mesh_terms: D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics*; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24