title: The effect of tizanidine on chronic vasospasm in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with SAH. Excitatory neurotransmitters are gathered in the extracellular space during ischemia due to cerebral vasospasm and initiate or stimulate a series of pathophysiological biochemical processes which consequently lead to neuronal death. Tizanidine (Sandoz compound DS 103-282, 5-chloro-4,2 (2-imidazolin-2-yl-amino)-2,1,3-benzothiazol hydrochloride) is a centrally-acting muscle relaxant and a selective alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonist which shows its effect by stimulating presynaptic alpha 2 adrenoreceptors in central ASPergic and GLUergic system by inhibiting aspartic acid and glutamic acid release. In this study, the effect of Tizanidine on vasospasm was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a femoral artery vasospasm model in rats which has been described by Okada et al. 60 rats were examined in three groups. The first group was used as control group (Control) (n = 20), in the second group subarachnoid hemorrhage was performed (SAH) (n = 20), in the third group Tizanidine was administered in addition to SAH (SAH + Tizanidine administration) (n = 20). Animals in SAH + Tizanidine administration group received 0.3 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 7 days. Seven days after the experiment, after perfusion-fixation, 10 mm segments of both femoral arteries were removed and the femoral artery was prepared for light microscope examination, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and for morphometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant difference between the electron, scanning and light microscopic observations and morphometric analysis of SAH + Tizanidine administration group and SAH group, and no statistically significant difference between SAH + Tizanidine administration group and control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has disclosed that Tizanidine administration before the vasospasm reduces ultrastructural and morphometric vasospastic insult significantly. However, the clinical application of Tizanidine as a protective and therapeutic agent in cerebral vasospasm needs further studies including the employment of clinically more relevant SAH models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Okmeydani Social Security Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Berkman
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Iplikçioğlu
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Berkman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erbengi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: San
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sav
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003000:Clonidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010784:Photomicrography; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; C023754:tizanidine; D003000:Clonidine