title: Substitutes for human cadaveric bone in maxillofacial rigid fixation research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various materials have been used as human bone substitutes in rigid fixation research. We hypothesize that these substitutes behave differently than human cadaveric bone in maxillofacial research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screw insertion torque and pull-out strength of titanium maxillofacial self-tapping bone screws (1.0 mm and 2.4 mm outer diameter) were measured in cadaveric mandible and in the following materials: bovine rib, porcine rib, photoelastic epoxy, red oak, and 2 types of synthetic mandibles. Results were tested for statistically significant differences (unpaired t test, P <.05) in comparison with human bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 1.0-mm screws, statistically significant differences were found for the synthetic mandibles groups and oak groups for insertion torque and porcine rib for pull-out strength. For 2.4-mm screws, statistically significant differences were found for the porcine rib and oak groups for insertion torque and the bovine rib and epoxy groups for pull-out strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that human bone can be simulated in fixation studies with bone substitute materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Metrohealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bredbenner
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Haug
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002102:Cadaver; D002417:Cattle; D018865:Dental Research / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020878:Device Removal; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D006801:Humans; D019248:Jaw Fixation Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D012272:Ribs; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength; D019415:Torque; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D004853:Epoxy Resins