title: Chronic therapy with metoprolol attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis in dogs with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine if therapy with beta-blockade is associated with reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chronic treatment with beta-adrenergic blocking agents has been shown to improve left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and attenuate progressive LV remodeling in heart failure (HF). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis has also been shown to occur in the failing heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Moderate HF was produced in 14 dogs by intracoronary microembolizations. Dogs were randomized to three months therapy with metoprolol (MET, 25 mg twice daily, n = 7) or to no therapy at all (n = 7). At the end of three months, dogs were sacrificed, and nuclear DNA fragmentation (nDNAf), a marker of apoptosis, was assessed in LV tissue using the TUNEL assay. The number of cardiomyocytes with positive nDNAf labeling per 1,000 was quantified in LV regions bordering old infarcts and in regions remote from infarcts. Endonuclease activity and expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 were also evaluated in LV tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of nDNAf events per 1,000 cardiomyocytes was lower in dogs treated with MET compared with untreated dogs with HF in the border regions (0.35 +/- 0.07 vs. 5.32 +/- 0.77, p < 0.001) as well as the remote regions (0.07 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.12, p < 0.05). Endonuclease activity was also significantly lower in MET-treated compared with untreated dogs (25 +/- 3 vs. 37 +/- 2 ng [3H]DNA rendered soluble/min/mg protein). Western blotting for Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 showed increased expression of Bcl-2, decreased expression of caspase-3 and no change in Bax in MET-treated compared with untreated dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic therapy with MET attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis in dogs with moderate HF. Attenuation of ongoing cardiomyocyte loss through apoptosis may be one mechanism through which beta-blockers elicit their benefits in HF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA. HSABBAH1@hfhs.org
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Sabbah
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Sharov
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todor
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002155:Calsequestrin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D019254:Genes, bcl-2; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002155:Calsequestrin; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D004247:DNA; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D008790:Metoprolol