title: Medication errors in a paediatric teaching hospital in the UK: five years operational experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past 10 years, medication errors have come to be recognised as an important cause of iatrogenic disease in hospital patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and type of medication errors in a large UK paediatric hospital over a five year period, and to ascertain whether any error prevention programmes had influenced error occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of medication errors documented in standard reporting forms completed prospectively from April 1994 to August 1999. Main outcome measure was incidence of error reporting, including pre- and post-interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication errors occurred in 0.15% of admissions (195 errors; one per 662 admissions). While the highest rate occurred in neonatal intensive care (0.98%), most errors occurred in medical wards. Nurses were responsible for most reported errors (59%). Errors involving the intravenous route were commonest (56%), with antibiotics being the most frequent drug involved (44%). Fifteen (8%) involved a tenfold medication error. Although 18 (9.2%) required active patient intervention, 96% of errors were classified as minor at the time of reporting. Forty eight per cent of parents were not told an error had occurred. The introduction of a policy of double checking all drugs dispensed by pharmacy staff led to a reduction in errors from 9.8 to 6 per year. Changing the error reporting form to make it less punitive increased the error reporting rate from 32.7 to 38 per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall medication error rate was low. Despite this there are clear opportunities to make system changes to reduce error rates further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill NHS Trust, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK. LINDAROSS@cqm.co.uk
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Paton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology