title: Optic pathway hypothalamic gliomas in children under three years of age: the role of chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optic pathway/hypothalamic gliomas (OPHGs) tend to occur in young children. Treatment options consist of surgical resection, radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy. Due to complications induced by surgery and RT, chemotherapy has gained significant recognition for the treatment of OPHG in young children. Chemosensitivity of OPHG in very young children under 3 years of age has not been well documented. We analyzed 14 patients who were treated with chemotherapy with or without surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen children younger than 3 years (median age of 10 months) with OPHG were treated between 1988 and 1998. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in all cases. Hydrocephalus was present in 8 patients and diencephalic syndrome was noted in 6. Only 3 of these had evidence of neurofibromatosis-1. Five patients had partial tumor resection and 4 had endoscopic biopsy at the time of ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Pathological examination revealed low-grade astrocytoma in 5 and juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma in 4. All patients received chemotherapy: carboplatin in 8, a combination of carboplatin and vincristine in 4 and a combination of other agents in 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight (57%) of 14 patients had a sustained reduction of tumor during the follow-up time between 15 months and 8 years. The 5-year progression-free survival was 63%. These tumor reductions were often accompanied by clinical improvements. Diencephalic syndrome responded to chemotherapy alone in 4 of 6 patients. However, 5 others had progressive disease; 3 during the treatment and 2 following the treatment (9 months and 2 years, respectively). All these 5 patients had a partial tumor resection prior to chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A majority of OPHGs responds to chemotherapy. Due to slow progression of these tumors and adverse effects of other therapeutic modalities, we recommend chemotherapy as a primary treatment for OPHGs. Our present data indicates that partial surgical resection does not enhance chemotherapy effectiveness for OPHGs in infants or children younger than 3 years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marymont
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalapurakal
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomita
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007029:Hypothalamic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020339:Optic Nerve Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome