title: Factors affecting pregnancy rates and early embryonic death after equine embryo transfer.
abstract: In the present study, 638 embryo transfers conducted over 3 yr were retrospectively examined to determine which factors (recipient, embryo and transfer) significantly influenced pregnancy and embryo loss rates and to determine how rates could be improved. On Day 7 or 8 after ovulation, embryos (fresh or cooled/transported) were transferred by surgical or nonsurgical techniques into recipients ovulating from 5 to 9 d before transfer. At 12 and 50 d of gestation (Day 0 = day of ovulation), pregnancy rates were 65.7% (419 of 638) and 55.5% (354 of 638). Pregnancy rates on Day 50 were significantly higher for recipients that had excellent to good uterine tone or were graded as "acceptable" during a pretransfer examination, usually performed 5 d after ovulation, versus recipients that had fair to poor uterine tone or were graded "marginally acceptable." Embryonic factors that significantly affected pregnancy rates were morphology grade, diameter and stage of development. The incidence of early embryonic death was 15.5% (65 of 419) from Days 12 to 50. Embryo loss rates were significantly higher in recipients used 7 or 9 d vs 5 or 6 d after ovulation. Embryos with minor morphological changes (Grade 2) resulted in more (P<0.05) embryo death than embryos with no morphological abnormalities (Grade 1). Between Days 12 and 50, the highest incidence of embryo death occurred during the interval from Days 17 to 25 of gestation. Embryonic vesicles that were imaged with ultrasound during the first pregnancy exam (5 d after transfer) resulted in significantly fewer embryonic deaths than vesicles not imaged until subsequent exams. In the present study, embryo morphology was predictive of the potential for an embryo to result in a viable pregnancy. Delayed development of the embryo upon collection from the donor or delayed development of the embryonic vesicle within the recipient's uterus was associated with a higher incidence of pregnancy failure. Recipient selection (age, day after ovulation, quality on Day 5) significantly affected pregnancy and embryo loss rates.
authors.affiliation: Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Vanderwall
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McCue
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020964:Embryo Loss / Q000662:veterinary*; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D000075:Acepromazine