title: Estimation of effective radiation dose for physicians and staff members in contrast angiocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to estimate the effective radiation dose for the physicians and staff members in contrast angiocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a quasi-experimental, random assignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical center in Jordan that specializes in cardiology and routinely applies fluoroscopy and contrast angiocardiography was the study setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 235 radiation workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcome measures included thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements of radiation dose to the skin and whole body over the lead apron, as well as dose to the whole body under the lead apron.
  
  
  METHODS
  The period of this study was 6 years (1990 to 1995). Researchers distributed 1880 thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) to 235 radiation workers during this period. The TLDs were positioned on the trunk of each worker between the waist and shoulder, which is the area of the body with the highest exposure rate. The study included results from 65% of the participants; 35% were excluded because analysis of the collected data indicated that in 14.5% of the participants, the TLDs were positioned incorrectly (TLDs specified for under apron were positioned over collar and vice versa), and 20.5% of the participants rarely or never wore the TLDs issued to them from the National Radiation Protection Laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the values of effective dose obtained by the proposed method are in reasonable agreement with other previously published methods. The mean annual effective dose is 2.5 +/- 2.6 millisievert, with a maximum of 16.2 millisievert. The values of mean and maximum effective doses represent approximately 12.5% and 81% of the annual effective radiation dose limit suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of 2 dosimeters, one to measure the dose transmitted through the lead apron and another to sample the dose at the neck, will allow for an estimate of effective dose in reasonable agreement with other published methods. The proposed method is developed from conservative assumptions that result in a slightly higher effective dose than those that result from applying a correction factor for a single-collar dosimeter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Al-Shakhrah
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Abu-Khaled
mesh_terms: D000790:Angiocardiography; D006801:Humans; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010820:Physicians; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry