title: Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of the scarcity of data available from direct comparisons of age and gender groups using the same relative training stimulus, it is unknown whether older individuals can increase their muscle mass as much as young individuals and whether women can increase as much as men in response to strength training (ST). In addition, little is known about whether the hypertrophic response to ST is affected by myostatin genotype, a candidate gene for muscle hypertrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven young men (25 +/- 3 years, range 21-29 years), 11 young women (26 +/- 2 years, range 23-28 years), 12 older men (69 +/- 3 years, range 65-75 years), and 11 older women (68 +/- 2 years, range 65-73 years) had bilateral quadriceps muscle volume measurements performed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after ST and detraining. Training consisted of knee extension exercises of the dominant leg three times per week for 9 weeks. The contralateral limb was left untrained throughout the ST program. Following the unilateral training period, the subjects underwent 31 weeks of detraining during which no regular exercise was performed. Myostatin genotype was determined in a subgroup of 32 subjects, of which five female subjects were carriers of a myostatin gene variant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly greater absolute increase in muscle volume was observed in men than in women (204 +/- 20 vs 101 +/- 13 cm3, p < .01), but there was no significant difference in muscle volume response to ST between young and older individuals. The gender effect remained after adjusting for baseline muscle volume. In addition, there was a significantly greater loss of absolute muscle volume after 31 weeks of detraining in men than in women (151 +/- 13 vs 88 +/- 7 cm3, p < .05), but no significant difference between young and older individuals. Myostatin genotype did not explain the hypertrophic response to ST when all 32 subjects were assessed. However, when only women were analyzed, those with the less common myostatin allele exhibited a 68% larger increase in muscle volume in response to ST (p = .056).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aging does not affect the muscle mass response to either ST or detraining, whereas gender does, as men increased their muscle volume about twice as much in response to ST as did women and experienced larger losses in response to detraining than women. Young men were the only group that maintained muscle volume adaptation after 31 weeks of detraining. Although myostatin genotype may not explain the observed gender difference in the hypertrophic response to ST, a role for myostatin genotype may be indicated in this regard for women, but future studies are needed with larger subject numbers in each genotype group to confirm this observation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Maryland College Park 20742, USA.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ivey
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ferrell
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lemmer
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hurlbut
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fozard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jeffrey Metter
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fleg
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hurley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D055435:Myostatin; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012737:Sex Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C525911:MSTN protein, human; D055435:Myostatin; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta