title: Procalcitonin (PCT) in cardiac surgery: diagnostic value in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and after heart transplantation (HTX).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since it is of great importance to distinguish between a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and an infection caused by microbes especially after heart transplantation (HTX), we examined patients following heart surgery by determining procalcitonin (PCT), because PCT is said to be secreted only in patients with microbial infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and 14 patients after heart transplantation were included in this prospective study. In the CABG group we had 30 patients without any postoperative complications (group A). Furthermore we took samples of 30 patients who suffered postoperatively from a sepsis (group B, n=15) or a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (C, n=15). In addition we measured the PCT-levels in 65 blood samples of 14 patients after heart transplantation (Group I: rejection > IIa, II: viral infection (CMV), III: bacterial/fungal infection, IV: controls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients of group A the pre- and intraoperative PCT-values and the measurement at arrival on intensive care unit (ICU) were less than 0.2 ng/ml. On the second postoperative day the PCT-value was 0.33+/-0.15 ng/ml in the control group. At the same time it was 19.6+/-6.2 ng/ml in sepsis and 0.7+/-0.4 ng/ml in systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients (P<0.05). In transplanted patients we could find the following PCT-values: Gr.I: 0.18+/-0.06 II: 0.30+/-0.09 III: 1.63+/-1.16 IV: 0.21+/-0.09 ng/ml (P<0.05 comparing group III with I, II and IV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome do not initiate a PCT-secretion. Septic conditions cause a significant increase of PCT. In addition, PCT is a reliable indicator concerning the essential differentiation of bacterial or fungal--not viral--infection and rejection after heart transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. boeken@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Boeken
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feindt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Micek
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gams
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D006023:Glycoproteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002116:Calcitonin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide