title: [Tissue engineering and gene therapy of the musculoskeletal system with muscle cells].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Muscle-based somatic gene therapy is a novel way to alleviate a biochemical deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Muscle-derived cells are very promising in the field of gene therapy and tissue engineering. First, most muscle tissue is accessible by injection. Second, muscle tissue consists of multinucleated, postmitotic myofibers, which enable a long-term expression of the transduced gene. Third, muscle tissue can be biopsied easily. It is available in abundance and the biopsy does not compromise the health and function of the patient. Finally, muscle tissue is highly vascularized, which makes systemic delivery feasible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle-derived cells can promote muscle healing and bone healing. Implanted cells maintain a long-term transgene expression of therapeutic proteins. Isolated, muscle-derived stem cells can differentiate in osteoblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these characteristics, we present four possible applications: inherited muscular diseases, muscle injury, bone healing, and intraarticular disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pelinkovic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martinek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huard
mesh_terms: D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D014161:Transduction, Genetic