title: Elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in myocardium and serum of malfunctioning donor hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial dysfunction is a common and important problem in donor hearts. The mechanisms responsible remain unclear. We have studied the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the myocardium and serum from donors with myocardial dysfunction (unused donors) and compared them with donors with good ventricular function (used donors) and patients with advanced heart failure (HF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical details and ventricular function were assessed in 46 donors (31 used, 15 unused). Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry were performed on myocardium and immunoassays on serum. TNF-alpha mRNA was 1.6-fold higher in unused than in used donors (P:<0.005) and 1.74-fold higher than in 36 patients with HF. IL-6 mRNA was 2.4-fold higher in unused than in used donors (P:<0.0001) and 4.67-fold higher than in HF (P:<0.0001). Western blotting showed higher TNF-alpha in unused (218. 3+/-6.4, n=4 versus 187.3+/-5.4, n=3 OD units) than used donors (P:<0.05). TNF-alpha expression was localized to cardiac myocytes. Serum TNF-alpha was higher in unused (8.72+/-1.3 pg/mL, n=13) than in used (6.12+/-0.8 pg/mL, n=25, P:<0.05) donors and HF (4.0+/-0.4 pg/mL, n=17, P:<0.005). Serum TNF-alpha receptors did not differ between unused (4.3+/-0.8 and 8.6+/-1.6 ng/mL, n=10) and used (3. 5+/-0.4 and 6.5+/-1.1 ng/mL, n=24) donors. There was a trend for higher serum IL-6 in unused (16.5+/-2.9 pg/mL, n=9) compared with used (13.9+/-1.6 pg/mL, n=26, P:=NS) donors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documented an increase in the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the myocardium of all donor hearts that was more marked in the dysfunctional (unused) donor hearts. This was accompanied by similar changes in the serum. This might have important therapeutic implications.
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College School of Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Birks
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Banner
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yacoub
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015153:Blotting, Western; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000145:classification*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha