title: The flow cytometry of Bacillus anthracis spores revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential use of Bacillus anthracis spores as a weapon of terror has rekindled interest in the rapid detection and identification of the spores of these bacteria. Prior efforts to utilize flow cytometry (FCM) for this purpose resulted in tedious and time-consuming protocols. Advances in rapid immunoassays suggest a reinvestigation of the use of FCM because this may allow for the development of a rapid and sensitive system for detection and/or identification of spores in suspect samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, antiserum was raised in goats using three different strains of B. anthracis spores as the immunogen. The resultant antibodies were purified, labeled with fluorescein, and evaluated for use in an immunoassay on a Coulter Epics XL flow cytometer. In the protocol that was developed, fluorescein-labeled antibodies are simply mixed with the sample, allowed to incubate, and then analyzed on the flow cytometer. Washes and centrifugation were eliminated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that a rapid (5 min) and sensitive immunological analysis was feasible. The detection limit (approximately 10(3) colony-forming units [CFU]/ ml) varied with strain, but there was no difference in the detection limit between live and irradiated spores. In addition, the power of FCM was utilized to minimize false-positive reactions among similar species of Bacillus by placing constraints on scatter and fluorescence intensity. The data also suggest that scatter might be useful to determine spore viability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that FCM may be an effective platform on which to perform immunological analysis for the detection and/or presumptive identification of B. anthracis spores. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: The U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, USA. Peter.Stopa@sbccom.apgea.army.mil
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stopa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001694:Biological Warfare; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005453:Fluorescence; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006041:Goats; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007106:Immune Sera; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate