title: Biomechanical comparison of quadriceps tendon fixation with patellar tendon bone plug interference fixation in cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to use current fixation techniques and compare the stiffness and ultimate tensile failure of the tendinous end of the quadriceps tendon (QT) with the bone plug end of the bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft using current techniques of fixation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trial of elderly cadaver knees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tibial and femoral biodegradable interference fixation and femoral EndoButton (Smith & Nephew, Acufex, Mansfield, MA) fixation in bone tunnels with the QT and the BPTB graft were compared by using 10 pairs of elderly cadavers and biomechanical testing. Two groups, fixation at time zero (simulating fixation in the operating room) and testing after 1, 000 loading cycles (simulating patient rehabilitation exercises), were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At time zero fixation, stiffness of the soft tissue QT tibial tunnel interference fixation was 59% less stiff than the stiffness of the interference fixation of a BPTB plug in a femoral tunnel (P =.11). The EndoButton femoral fixation resulted in a decrease in stiffness at time zero compared with femoral tunnel interference fixation of the soft tissue QT (P =.03). All groups improved stiffness with cycling the construct to 1,000 cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of the QT tendinous end of the graft in the femoral bone tunnel when using a interference fixation will approximate the stiffness of a bone plug in the tibial bone tunnel with interference fixation. The EndoButton fixation is not as stiff as either of the femoral interference fixation options. The addition of more than 20 loading cycles could remove laxity from the graft fixation-graft cruciate ligament complex and improve its stiffness.
authors.affiliation: Alexandria Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Alexandria, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pienkowski
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Caborn
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery*; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000637:transplantation*; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery / Q000637:transplantation*; D013848:Thigh / Q000601:surgery*; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*