title: Reduction of amphetamine hydroxylamine and other aliphatic hydroxylamines by benzamidoxime reductase and human liver microsomes.
abstract: For the reduction of N-hydroxylated derivatives of strongly basic functional groups, such as amidines, guanidines, and aminohydrazones, an oxygen-insensitive liver microsomal system, the benzamidoxime reductase, has been described. To reconstitute the complete activity of the benzamidoxime reductase, the system required cytochrome b(5), NADH-cytochrome b(5)-reductase, and the benzamidoxime reductase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which has been purified to homogeneity from pig liver. It was not known if this enzyme system was also capable of reducing aliphatic hydroxylamines. The N-hydroxylation of aliphatic amines is a well-known metabolic process. It was of interest to study the possibility of benzamidoxime reductase reducing N-hydroxylated metabolites of aliphatic amines back to the parent compound. Overall, N-hydroxylation and reduction would constitute a futile metabolic cycle. As examples of medicinally relevant compounds, the hydroxylamines of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and N-methylamine as model compounds were investigated. Formation of methamphetamine and amphetamine was analyzed by newly developed HPLC methods. All three hydroxylamines were easily reduced by benzamidoxime reductase to their parent amines with reduction rates of 220.6 nmol min(-1) (mg of protein)(-1) for methamphetamine, 5.25 nmol min(-1) (mg of protein)(-1) for amphetamine, and 153 nmol min(-1) (mg of protein)(-1) for N-methylhydroxylamine. Administration of synthetic hydroxylamines of amphetamine and methamphetamine to primary rat neuronal cultures produced frank cell toxicity. Compared with amphetamine or the oxime of amphetamine, the hydroxylamines were significantly more toxic to primary neuronal cells. The benzamidoxime reductase is therefore involved in the detoxication of these reactive hydroxylamines.
authors.affiliation: Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. bclement@pharmazie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cashman
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001550:Benzamidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D006898:Hydroxylamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry; D008744:Methylamines / Q000737:chemistry; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D001550:Benzamidines; D006898:Hydroxylamines; D008744:Methylamines; C117949:amphetamine hydroxylamine; D008694:Methamphetamine; C053561:benzamidoxime; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C418330:NADH-benzamidoxime reductase