title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta )-mediated regulation of preadipocyte proliferation and gene expression is dependent on cAMP signaling.
abstract: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a key regulator of terminal adipocyte differentiation. PPARdelta is expressed in preadipocytes, but the importance of this PPAR subtype in adipogenesis has been a matter of debate. Here we present a critical evaluation of the role of PPARdelta in adipocyte differentiation. We demonstrate that treatment of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts overexpressing PPARdelta with standard adipogenic inducers led to induction of PPARgamma2 expression and terminal adipocyte differentiation in a manner that was strictly dependent on simultaneous administration of a PPARdelta ligand and methylisobutylxanthine (MIX) or other cAMP elevating agents. We further show that ligands and MIX synergistically stimulated PPARdelta-mediated transactivation. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, simultaneous administration of a PPARdelta-selective ligand and MIX significantly enhanced the early expression of PPARgamma and ALBP/aP2, but only modestly promoted terminal differentiation as determined by lipid accumulation. Finally, we provide evidence that synergistic activation of PPARdelta promotes mitotic clonal expansion in 3T3-L1 cells with or without forced expression of PPARdelta. In conclusion, our results suggest that PPARdelta may play a role in the proliferation of adipocyte precursor cells, whereas activation of endogenous PPARdelta in 3T3-L1 cells appears to have only minor impact on the processes leading to terminal adipocyte differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Flindt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine