title: Gram staining of protected pulmonary specimens in the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
abstract: We evaluated prospectively the use of Gram staining of protected pulmonary specimens to allow the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), compared with the use of 60 bronchoscopic protected specimen brushes (PSB) and 126 blinded plugged telescopic catheters (PTC) obtained from 134 patients. Gram stains were from Cytospin slides; they were studied for the presence of microorganisms in 10 and 50 fields by two independent observers and classified according to their Gram stain morphology. Quantitative cultures were performed after serial dilution and plating on appropriate culture medium. A final diagnosis of VAP, based on a culture of > or = 10(3) c.f.u. ml-1, was established after 81 (44%) samplings. When 10 fields were analysed, a strong relationship was found between the presence of bacteria on Gram staining and the final diagnosis of VAP (for PSB and PTC respectively: sensitivity 74 and 81%, specificity 94 and 100%, positive predictive value 91 and 100%, negative predictive value 82 and 88%). The correlation was less when we compared the morphology of microorganisms observed on Gram staining with those of bacteria obtained from quantitative cultures (for PSB and PTC respectively: sensitivity 54 and 69%, specificity 86 and 89%, positive predictive value 72 and 78%, negative predictive value 74 and 84%). Increasing the number of fields read to 50 was associated with a slight decrease in specificity and positive predictive value of Gram staining, but with a small increase in its sensitivity and negative predictive value. The results obtained by the two observers were similar to each other for both numbers of fields analysed. Gram staining of protected pulmonary specimens performed on 10 fields predicted the presence of VAP and partially identified (using Gram stain morphology) the microorganisms growing at significant concentrations, and could help in the early choice of the treatment of VAP. Increasing the number of fields read or having the Gram stain analysed by two independent individuals did not improve the results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mimoz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: J X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Mazoit
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edouard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leprince
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D005840:Gentian Violet; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010619:Phenazines; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000635:transmission; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C035863:Gram's stain; D010619:Phenazines; D005840:Gentian Violet