title: Effect of post-treatment isoniazid on prevention of recurrent tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected individuals: a randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with HIV-1 infection respond well to treatment for active tuberculosis, but whether such patients are at increased risk of disease recurrence after complete cure is uncertain. We did a randomised trial in Port au Prince, Haiti, to determine whether recurrent tuberculosis after curative tuberculosis treatment is more common in HIV-1-infected individuals than HIV-1-uninfected individuals, and to determine whether post-treatment isoniazid prophylaxis decreases the risk of recurrent tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients older than 18 years who were diagnosed with a first episode of tuberculosis at the national HIV testing centre in Haiti, and who successfully completed a 6-month rifampicin-containing regimen for active pulmonary tuberculosis, were randomly assigned 1 year of post-treatment isoniazid prophylaxis or placebo. The primary outcome measure was rate of recurrent tuberculosis after at least 24 months. An intention-to-treat analysis was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 354 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, 274 successfully completed treatment, and 233 were randomised. Of 142 HIV-1-positive patients, 68 were assigned isoniazid and 74 placebo. Of 91 HIV-1-negative individuals, 51 were assigned isoniazid and 40 placebo. The rate of recurrent tuberculosis was 4.8 per 100 person-years in HIV-1-infected individuals and 0.4 per 100 person-years in uninfected individuals (relative risk 10.7 [95% CI 1.4-81.6]). Among HIV-1-positive patients receiving isoniazid, the tuberculosis recurrence rate was 1.4 per 100 person-years, and among HIV-1-positive patients receiving placebo, it was 7.8 per 100 person-years (0.18 [0.04-0.83]). Among HIV-1-positive individuals, all cases of recurrent tuberculosis occurred in individuals with a history of HIV-1-related symptoms before initial tuberculosis diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of recurrent tuberculosis is higher in HIV-1-positive individuals than in HIV-1-negative individuals, and is strongly associated with a history of symptomatic HIV-1 disease before initial tuberculosis diagnosis. Post-treatment isoniazid prophylaxis decreases the risk of recurrence in HIV-1-positive individuals, and should be considered for HIV-1-positive individuals with a history of HIV-1-related symptoms at the time of tuberculosis diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desvarieux
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Severe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pape
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D015497:HIV-1; D006205:Haiti; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007538:Isoniazid