title: Mothers and daughters from breast cancer families: a qualitative study of their perceptions of risks and benefits associated with minor's participation in genetic susceptibility research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine: 1) the views of daughters at increased risk of developing breast cancer regarding the benefits and risks of participating in genetic susceptibility research; 2) mothers' views about enrolling their daughters in genetic susceptibility research; and 3) any important areas of agreement and disagreement between mothers and daughters in their assessment of risks and benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted separate interviews of mothers and daughters from 12 breast cancer families recruited primarily through the Breast Center at Johns Hopkins University. Daughters were between the ages of 10 and 17. Interviews were transcribed and coded and analyzed qualitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that mothers and daughters had a range of reactions to the prospect of enrolling children and adolescents in genetic susceptibility research, that perceptions of benefits and risks were fairly concordant between mothers and daughters, and that daughters initially identified no risks of participating, but their perceptions of the risks and benefits of genetic susceptibility research evolved over the course of conversation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings underscore the view that informed consent ought to be a "process" rather than a single event, and that children's first reactions to the prospect of participating in genetic testing research should not be taken as evidence that they have adequately considered the risks and benefits of participation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tambor
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wissow
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006306:Health Surveys; D006805:Human Experimentation; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010358:Patient Participation; D011247:Pregnancy; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors