title: Sandbed Consolidation with Mineral Precipitation.
abstract: A new method has been developed to prevent sand reentrainment during oil production from unconsolidated or poorly consolidated reservoir formations. Consolidation of the zformation around the well is achieved through in situ precipitation of a sparingly soluble salt, namely, calcium phosphate. Control of the depth of salt formation is achieved by alternating injection, mixing, and reaction of two aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and potassium phosphate. Calcium phosphate crystals precipitate and grow on the grain surfaces, forming sufficiently uniform coatings. The formation of relatively uniform coatings on the grains causes an acceptably small decrease of the permeability, which is a feature of primary importance for oil production. The grains are gradually "cemented" with bridges of calcium phosphate crystallites and form a consolidated and still porous structure. As a result, the rate of hydrocarbon production for the problematic reservoir can be increased considerably without undesirable reentrainment of sand. The proposed method for consolidation has been successfully tested in sandbeds. Several series of experiments have been carried out under diverse conditions to establish the optimum parameter values for the implementation of this method. A set of optimum conditions at 25 degrees C were determined and these conditions gave satisfactory consolidation with permeability loss of ca. 60% of the initial value. The conditions of precipitation were chosen so that the precipitated phase was octacalcium phosphate [Ca(4)H(PO(4))(3).2.5H(2)O], along with its byproduct hydroxyapatite [Ca(5)(PO(4))(3)OH]. Experiments were also carried out at 70 degrees C and have shown that it is feasible to consolidate loose sandpacks at oil reservoir conditions. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Processes-FORTH, Patras, GR 26 500, Greece
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Paraskeva
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Stokka
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Klepetsanis
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Koutsoukos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Read
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ostvold
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Payatakes