title: Circulating immune complexes in 50-year-old men as a strong and independent risk factor for myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating immune complexes (CICs) and autoantibodies against oxidatively modified LDLs (oxLDLs) and cardiolipin occur in patients with atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI). The ability of such CICs and antibodies to predict myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated in a prospective nested case-control study in which healthy 50-year-old men were followed for 20 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fifty-seven men were included in the study, and 119 developed MI (39 died) between 50 and 70 years of age. One hundred thirty-eight randomly chosen men who did not develop MI up to 70 years of age served as controls. The prevalence of elevated levels of CICs and the concentration of CICs in men who developed MI were higher than in those who remained healthy. The concentration of CICs at age 50 was associated with a marked increased risk for MI, and this risk was independent of other conventionally recognized risk factors. There was a positive correlation between the levels of CIC and IgG antibodies to cardiolipin in men who developed MI. The level of IgG antibodies and the prevalence of elevated IgG and IgM antibodies to cardiolipin were higher in those who developed MI and had CICs than in those without CICs. Among men homozygous for C4 null alleles, those who developed MI had higher concentrations of CICs than did those who remained healthy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study shows that CICs alone or in combination with autoantibodies against cardiolipin in healthy males at 50 years of age predict subsequent MI between the age of and 70 years.
authors.affiliation: Immunological Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nityanand
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lithell
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lefvert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex / Q000097:blood*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex; D001323:Autoantibodies; D002308:Cardiolipins; D003181:Complement C4; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein