title: Men may be more vulnerable to seizure-associated brain damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Repetitive seizures may be associated with progressive neuronal damage measurable by quantitative MRI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether gender is a risk factor for this damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) (28 men, 32 women) and 54 healthy controls (28 men, 26 women) were compared by quantitative MRI methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male patients had ipsilateral hemicranial volume loss of 12% (CI 8% to 16%) and contralateral volume loss of 7% (CI:3% to 11%) compared with male controls (p < or =0.004, analysis of variance). Female patients were 4% (CI:0.3% to 8%, p = 0.04) smaller than controls in the ipsilateral hemicranium, and not different contralaterally. The patient-to-control difference was greater in men than in women for the ipsilateral (p = 0.003) and contralateral hemicranial volume (p = 0.02). In men, 14% of the ipsilateral (F = 4.7, p = 0.004) and 16% of the contralateral (F = 5.1, p = 0.03) hemicranial volume loss could be attributed to generalized tonic clonic seizures. Compared with controls, patients averaged a 29% smaller ipsilateral and a 5% smaller contralateral hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with TLE have more brain atrophy than women with TLE. Seizure frequency is a factor contributing to reduced brain volumes in men but not in women. Men, therefore, may be more vulnerable to seizure-associated brain abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Brain Research Institute, and Department of Neurology, Austin and Repatriation Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Briellmann
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Berkovic
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution