title: Age-dependent cardiomyopathy and heart failure phenotype in mice overexpressing beta(2)-adrenergic receptors in the heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore long-term cardiac phenotype in transgenic (TG) mice with 300-fold overexpression of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (AR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography was performed serially on a cohort of wild-type and TG mice (n=26 each) between 4 and 15 months of age. Survival was monitored and autopsy and histological examinations were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate was higher in TG than in wild-type mice throughout the study period. The left ventricular dimensions and fractional shortening were similar between TG and wild-type groups during 4-6 months. Starting at 9 months, however, TG mice showed progressive reduction in fractional shortening and systolic wall thickening, and increase in left ventricular dimensions and left ventricular mass, indicating onset of heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling. Abnormal waveforms in the electrocardiogram and episodes of ventricular ectopic beats were also observed in TG mice. Death of TG mice started at 8.5 months, and the cumulative mortality was 81% by 15 months (P<0.0001 vs. 4% in wild-type mice). The majority of deaths were due to severe heart failure, indicated by cardiac dilatation, lung congestion, pleural effusion and atrial thrombus. Left ventricular sections showed widespread interstitial fibrosis, loss of myocytes and myocyte hypertrophy in TG mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high level of beta(2)AR overexpression results in cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The onset was slower and the expression levels of receptors required are much higher than previously described for the beta(1)AR overexpression.
authors.affiliation: Baker Medical Research Institute and the Alfred Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. xiaojun.du@baker.edu.au
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dart
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005355:Fibrosis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2