title: Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: two-fold higher incidence in men. ILSA Working Group. Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of parkinsonism and PD in the Italian elderly, and to explore the relation with age and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight Italian municipalities, a population-based, parkinsonism-free cohort was followed for an average of 3 years. At the end of the follow-up, the cohort survivors were directly contacted (screening and clinical examination). Cohort members who had died were studied using death certificates, clinical records, and information gathered from relatives and general practitioners. Parkinsonism diagnosis and subtyping were made according to specified diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort consisted of 4,341 individuals (65 to 84 years of age): 596 died before the examination, 2,863 (76.4% of the survivors) completed the screening procedure, and 882 refused to participate. The authors found 68 incident cases of parkinsonism: 42 PD (62%), 7 drug-induced parkinsonism (10%), 8 parkinsonism in dementia (12%), 8 vascular parkinsonism (12%), and 3 parkinsonism, unspecified (5.8%). Average annual incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) in the population aged 65 to 84 years, adjusted to the 1992 Italian population, was 529.7 (95% CI, 400.5 to 658.9) for parkinsonism, and 326.3 (95% CI, 224.1 to 427.5) for PD. Incidence rates for both parkinsonism and PD increased with age in both men and women; men had higher rates in every age group. Age-adjusted relative risk in men compared with women was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.02 to 2.70) for parkinsonism and 2.13 (95% CI, 1.11 to 4.11) for PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incidence of parkinsonism and PD increased with age, PD was the most common type of parkinsonism, and men had a risk of developing PD twice that of women.
authors.affiliation: Italian National Research Council (CNR CSFET-ILSA Study), Florence, Italy. baldereschi@mail.area.fi.cnr.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baldereschi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vanni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perissinotto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grigoletto
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amaducci
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020379:Risk Adjustment