title: Venous saturation and the anaerobic threshold in neonates after the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduction in oxygen delivery can lead to organ dysfunction and death by cellular hypoxia, detectable by progressive (mixed) venous oxyhemoglobin desaturation until extraction is limited at the anaerobic threshold. We sought to determine the critical level of venous oxygen saturation to maintain aerobic metabolism in neonates after the Norwood procedure (NP) for the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective perioperative database was maintained for demographic, hemodynamic, and laboratory data. Invasive arterial and atrial pressures, arterial saturation, oximetric superior vena cava (SVC) saturation, and end-tidal CO2 were continuously recorded and logged hourly for the first 48 postoperative hours. Arterial and venous blood gases and cooximetry were obtained at clinically appropriate intervals. SVC saturation was used as an approximation of mixed venous saturation (SvO2). A standard base excess (BE) less than -4 mEq/L (BElo), or a change exceeding -2 mEq/L/h (deltaBElo), were used as indicators of anaerobic metabolism. The relationship between SvO2 and BE was tested by analysis of variance and covariance for repeated measures; the binomial risk of BElo or deltaBElo at SvO2 strata was tested by the likelihood ratio test and logistic regression, with cutoff at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete data were available in 48 of 51 consecutive patients undergoing NP yielding 2,074 valid separate determinations. BE was strongly related to SvO2 (model R2 = 0.40, p < 0.0001) with minimal change after adjustment for physiologic covariates. The risk of anaerobic metabolism was 4.8% overall, but rose to 29% when SvO2 was 30% or below (p < 0.0001). Survival was 100% at 1 week and 94% at hospital discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of acid-base changes revealed an apparent anaerobic threshold when SvO2 fell below 30%. Clinical management to maintain SvO2 above this threshold yielded low mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA. ghoffman@mcw.edu
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ghanayem
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kampine
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mussatto
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tweddell
mesh_terms: D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen