Comparison of Y chromosome and mtDNA phylogenies leads to unique inferences of macaque evolutionary history.
We report here the results of one of the first analyses to use male-specific nuclear markers in elucidating primate phylogenetic relationships at the intrageneric level. Two closely linked Y chromosome markers, TSPY and SRY, were sequenced for a total of 3100 bases. Forty-four macaques, representing 18 of the 19 recognized species, were sequenced for the full 3.1 kb, as was 1 individual from each of the following outgroup genera: Papio, Theropithecus, Mandrillus, Allenopithecus,Cercopithecus, Trachypithecus, Presbytis, and Homo. In contrast to recent mtDNA phylogenies, Y chromosome loci support four monophyletic species groups, including a sinica group containing M. arctoides-a classification largely congruent with those of Fooden and Delson. Comparison of mtDNA and Y chromosome phylogenies highlight (1) a potential hybrid origin of Macaca arctoides from M. fascicularis and proto-M. assamensis/thibetana and (2) cases of mitochondrial paraphyly in macaque species whose Y chromosome lineages are monophyletic-a probable evolutionary consequence of philopatric females vs dispersing males. These results raise the question of whether a phylogenetic tree should be a topology of species origins or a depiction of more current species relationships, including subsequent episodes of introgression.
Tosi
A J
AJ
Department of Anthropology, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York 10027, USA.
Morales
J C
JC
Melnick
D J
DJ
D000818:Animals; D016663:Cercopithecinae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D008251:Macaca / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*
D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA