title: Extracellular concentrations of taurine, glutamate, and aspartate in the cerebral cortex of rats at the asymptomatic stage of thioacetamide-induced hepatic failure: modulation by ketamine anesthesia.
abstract: Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) was produced in rats by two intraperitoneal injections of TAA at 24 h intervals and the animals were examined 21 days later. Concentrations of the neuroactive amino acids taurine (Tau), glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp), were measured in the cerebral cortical microdialysates of thioacetamide (TAA)-treated and untreated control rats. During microdialysis some animals were awake while others were anesthetized with ketamine plus xylazine. There was no difference in the water content of cerebral cortical slices isolated from control and SHE rats, indicating a recovery from cerebral cortical edema that accompanies the acute, clinical phase of hepatic encephalopathy in this model. When microdialysis was carried out in awake rats, dialysate concentrations of all the three amino acids were 30% to 50% higher in SHE rats than in control rats. Ketamine anesthesia caused a 2.2% increase of water content of cerebral cortical slices and increased Asp, Glu, and Tau concentration in microdialysates of control rats. In SHE rats, ketamine anesthesia produced a similar degree of cerebral edema, however, it did not alter Asp and Glu concentrations in the microdialysates. These data may reflect on one hand a neuropathological process of excitotoxic neuronal damage related to increased Glu and Asp, on the other hand neuroprotection from neuronal swelling indicated by Tau redistribution in the cerebral cortex. The reduction of the effects of SHE on Glu and Asp content in ketamine-anesthesized rats is likely to be due to interference of ketamine with the NMDA receptor-mediated component of the SHE-evoked excitatory neurotransmitter efflux and/or reuptake of the two amino acids. By contrast, the SHE-related increase of Tau content was not affected by ketamine anesthesia, indicating that the mechanism(s) underlying SHE-evoked accumulation of Tau must be different from the mechanism causing release of excitatory amino acids. The results with ketamine advocate caution when using this anesthetic in studies employing the cerebral microdialysis technique for measurement of extracellular amino acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurotoxicology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. jalb@cmdik.pan.pl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hilgier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zielińska
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Januszewski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hesselink
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Quack
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D001834:Body Water; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013853:Thioacetamide / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D013853:Thioacetamide; D013654:Taurine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007649:Ketamine