title: Sex differences in risk factors, treatment and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: an observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary heart disease is the major cause of death of postmenopausal women in industrialised countries. Although acute myocardial infarction (AMI) affects men in greater numbers, the short-term outcomes for women are worse. In the longer term, studies suggest that mortality risk for women is lower or similar to that of men. However, length of follow up and adjustment for confounding factors have varied and more importantly, the association between treatment and outcomes has not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between sex differences in risk factors and hospital treatment and mortality after AMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study collecting demographic and clinical data on cases of AMI admitted to hospitals in Yorkshire. The main outcome measures were mortality status at discharge from hospital and two years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  All district and university hospitals accepting emergency admissions in the former Yorkshire National Health Service (NHS) region of northern England.
  
  
  METHODS
  3684 consecutive patients with a possible diagnosis of AMI admitted to hospitals in Yorkshire between 1 September and 30 November 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AMI was confirmed by the attending consultant for 2196 admissions (2153 people, 850 women and 1303 men). Women were older and less likely than men to be smokers or have a history of ischaemic heart disease. Crude inhospital mortality was higher for women (30% versus 19% for men, crude odds ratio of death before discharge for women 1.78, 95% confidence intervals 1.46, 2.18, p=0.00). This difference persisted after adjustment for age, risk factors and comorbidities (adjusted OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04, 1.63, p=0.02), but was not significant when treatment was taken into account. Women were less likely to be given thrombolysis (37% versus 46%, p<0.01) and aspirin (83% versus 90%, p<0.01), discharged with beta blockers (33% versus 47%, p<0.01) and aspirin (82% versus 88% p<0.01) or be scheduled for angiography, exercise testing or revascularisation. Adjustment for age removed much of the disparity in treatment. Crude mortality rate at two years was higher for women (OR 1.81, 95%CI 1.41, 2.31, p=0.00). Age, existing risk factors and acute treatment accounted for most of this difference, with treatment on discharge having little additional influence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients admitted to hospital with AMI should be offered optimal treatment irrespective of age or sex. Women have a worse prognosis after AMI and under-treatment of older people with aspirin and thrombolysis may be contributing to this.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Quadrangle, Liverpool L69 3GB. B.hanratty@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanratty
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sapsford
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors