title: Treatment of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia by fetal tracheal occlusion: clinical experience with fifteen cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine whether prenatal tracheal occlusion improves survival in a selected population of fetuses affected by severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetuses with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia were selected as candidates for fetal intervention by specific criteria designed to predict a 90% mortality rate with conventional postnatal treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen fetuses underwent tracheal occlusion with 5 survivors (33%). Two fetuses were lost to early preterm labor. In 13 mothers, postoperative gestation ranged from 19 to 68 days, with a mean duration of pregnancy after tracheal occlusion of 38 days. The 5 survivors were hospitalized for an average of 76 days. Despite dramatic lung growth in some fetuses after tracheal occlusion, intensive management was required, and most deaths were caused by respiratory insufficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal tracheal occlusion can result in impressive lung growth in a subset of fetuses with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. However, survival remains compromised by pulmonary functional abnormality and the consequences of prematurity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Departments of Surgery and Obstetrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Flake
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Crombleholme
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Adzick
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003250:Constriction; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000601:surgery*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000196:embryology* / Q000601:surgery*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D016019:Survival Analysis