title: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: perfluoroalkyl/aryl-substituted derivatives of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides as topical intraocular pressure-lowering agents with prolonged duration of action.
abstract: Reaction of perfluoroalkyl/arylsulfonyl chlorides or perfluoroalkyl/arylcarbonyl chlorides with aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides possessing a free amino/imino/hydrazino/hydroxy group afforded compounds with the general formula C(x)()F(y)()Z-A-SO(2)NH(2), where Z = SO(2)NH, SO(3), CONH, or CO(2) and A = aromatic/heterocyclic moiety. The sulfonyl chlorides used in synthesis included: CF(3)SO(2)Cl, n-C(4)F(9)SO(2)Cl, n-C(8)F(17)SO(2)Cl, and C(6)F(5)SO(2)Cl, whereas the acyl chlorides were C(8)F(17)COCl and C(6)F(5)COCl. A total of 25 different sulfonamides have been derivatized by means of the above-mentioned perfluorosulfonyl/acyl halides. These new series of sulfonamides showed strong affinities toward isozymes I, II, and IV of carbonic anhydrase (CA). For a given sulfonamide derivatized by the above procedures, inhibitory power was greater for the alkyl/arylsulfonylated compounds, as compared to the corresponding perfluoroalkyl/arylcarbonylated ones. In vitro inhibitory activity generally increased with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule of the acylating/sulfonylating agent, with a maximum for the perfluorophenylsulfonylated and perfluorobenzoylated derivatives. Some of the prepared CA inhibitors displayed very good water solubility (in the range of 2%) and strongly lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) when applied topically, directly into the normotensive/glaucomatous rabbit eye, as 2% water solutions. The good water solubility of these new classes of CA inhibitors, correlated with the neutral pH of their solutions used in the ophthalmologic applications, makes them attractive candidates for developing novel types of antiglaucoma drugs devoid of unpleasant ocular side effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121 Florence, Italy. I-50123
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scozzafava
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Menabuoni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mincione
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mincione
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Supuran
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D012995:Solubility; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014602:Uvea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D013449:Sulfonamides; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases