title: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes is modulated by cyclic AMP, prostaglandin E(2), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: Using human blood monocytes (for determination of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA by RT-PCR) and human whole blood (for prostanoid determination), the present study investigates the influence of the second messenger cAMP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced COX-2 expression with particular emphasis on the role of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in this process. Elevation of intracellular cAMP with a cell-permeable cAMP analogue (dibutyryl cAMP), an adenylyl cyclase activator (cholera toxin), or a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) substantially enhanced LPS-induced PGE(2) formation and COX-2 mRNA expression, but did not modify COX-2 enzyme activity. Moreover, up-regulation of LPS-induced COX-2 expression was caused by PGE(2), butaprost (selective agonist of the adenylyl cyclase-coupled EP(2) receptor) and 11-deoxy PGE(1) (EP(2)/EP(4) agonist), whereas sulprostone (EP(3)/EP(1) agonist) left COX-2 expression unaltered. Abrogation of LPS-induced PGE(2) synthesis with the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 caused a decrease in COX-2 mRNA levels that was restored by exogenous PGE(2) and mimicked by S(+)-flurbiprofen and ketoprofen. Overall, these results indicate a modulatory role of cAMP in the regulation of COX-2 expression. PGE(2), a cAMP-elevating final product of the COX-2 pathway, may autoregulate COX-2 expression in human monocytes via a positive feedback mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen, D-91054, Germany. hinz@pharmakologie.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brune
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pahl
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000527:Alprostadil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000201:enzymology; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D005480:Flurbiprofen; D003994:Bucladesine; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000527:Alprostadil; C048491:butaprost; D015232:Dinoprostone; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine