title: Early detection and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: 1. The major identified risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Western countries is primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). 2. The diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in PSC requires a high index of suspicion because endoscopic brush cytology and/or biopsies and imaging studies are often negative for malignancy. Positron emission tomography is a promising imaging modality for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, even in patients with PSC. 3. A serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 value greater than 100 U/mL has a sensitivity and specificity for cholangiocarcinoma of approximately 75% and 80%, respectively. 4. Liver transplantation is a viable therapeutic option for selected patients with early-stage cholangiocarcinoma. Outcomes are optimized by using preoperative radiation and chemotherapy and ensuring the absence of metastases by an exploratory laparotomy.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Foundation, and Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. gores.gregory@mayo.edu
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
mesh_terms: D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications; D003582:Cytogenetics; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor