title: Chinese proprietary medicine in Singapore: regulatory control of toxic heavy metals and undeclared drugs.
abstract: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining popularity as a form of complementary and alternative medicine. Reports of efficacy of TCM are increasing in numbers. TCM includes both crude Chinese medicinal materials (plants, animal parts and minerals) and Chinese proprietary medicine (CPM) [final dosage forms]. Despite the belief that CPM and herbal remedies are of natural origin, unlike Western medicine, and are hence safe and without many adverse effects, there have been numerous reports of adverse effects associated with herbal remedies. Factors affecting the safety of herbal medicines include intrinsic toxicity, adulteration, substitution, contamination, misidentification, lack of standardisation, incorrect preparation and/or dosage and inappropriate labelling and/or advertising. Hence, new regulations on the control of CPM were enforced in Singapore with effect from 1 September 1999. These include licensing and labelling requirements, as well as control of microbial contamination. This article also reviews reports of excessive toxic heavy metals and undeclared drugs in CPM in Singapore between 1990 and 1997. The names, uses, toxic heavy metal or drug detected and the year of detection are tabulated. Information on the brand or manufacturer's name are provided whenever available. The public and healthcare professionals should be better informed of the basic concept of TCM and its usefulness, as well as the potential adverse effects associated with its use. Greater control over the safety and quality of CPM could be achieved through good manufacturing practice, regulatory control, research, education, reporting usage of Chinese medicine (as in drug history) as well as reporting of adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore. phakohhl@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004348:Drug Labeling; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D008297:Male; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011247:Pregnancy; D012846:Singapore; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D019216:Metals, Heavy