title: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder: sex differences and onset patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine sex differences in the rate and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma exposure, and onset patterns in youth with conduct disorder (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Youth admitted to a clinical facility for severe behaviour problems completed the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents--Revised (DICA-R) to assess the presence of CD and PTSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over one-half of CD youth reported exposure to trauma, yet only 17% met criteria for PTSD. PTSD was more frequent in CD girls (28%) than in boys (10%), and girls experienced greater symptom intensity and anhedonia, difficulty feeling love or affection, and disturbance of sleep and concentration. Girls more frequently reported sexual assault, while boys were more likely to report accidents, physical assaults, and witnessing the death of a loved one. Retrospective reports indicated that PTSD tended to develop subsequent to CD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to trauma is common among CD youth; however, diagnostic procedures should be adapted for increased sensitivity to PTSD. The development of CD may increase the risk for PTSD, particularly in girls, by exposing youth to situations in which they are traumatized. The role of trauma in CD should be routinely examined by clinicians and warrants further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, BC's Children's Hospital, Vancouver.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reebye
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Wiebe
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lessard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*