title: Isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms, and lung-cancer risk: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary isothiocyanates inhibit lung carcinogenesis in laboratory animals but human data are limited. Glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 (GSTM1 and GSTT1) conjugate isothiocyanates leading to more rapid elimination. Common deletion polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 abolish enzyme activity. We hypothesised that chemopreventive effects of isothiocyanates might be heightened when enzymes that enhance their elimination are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relation between total isothiocyanate concentrations in urine, collected before diagnosis, and the subsequent risk of lung cancer among 232 incident cases of lung cancer and 710 matched controls from a cohort of 18,244 men in Shanghai, China, followed from 1986 to 1997. Homozygous deletion of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were determined by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with detectable isothiocyanates in the urine were at decreased risk of lung cancer (smoking-adjusted relative risk for lung cancer=0.65 [95% CI 0.43-0.97]). This protective effect of isothiocyanates was seen primarily among individuals with homozygous deletion of GSTM1 (0.36 [0.20-0.63]) and particularly with deletion of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 (0.28 [0.13-0.57]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isothiocyanates appeared to reduce lung-cancer risk in this cohort of Chinese men. Reduction in risk was strongest among persons genetically deficient in enzymes that rapidly eliminate these chemopreventive compounds.
authors.affiliation: USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Coetzee
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000652:urine*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D017879:Isothiocyanates; D005982:Glutathione Transferase