title: Dietary exposures to food contaminants across the United States.
abstract: Food consumption is an important route of human exposure to pesticides and industrial pollutants. Average dietary exposures to 37 pollutants were calculated for the whole United States population and for children under age 12 years by combining contaminant data with food consumption data and summing across food types. Pollutant exposures were compared to benchmark concentrations, which are based on standard toxicological references, for cancer and noncancer health effects. Average food ingestion exposures for the whole population exceeded benchmark concentrations for arsenic, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls, when nondetects were assumed to be equal to zero. For each of these pollutants, exposure through fish consumption accounts for a large percentage of food exposures. Exposure data for childhood age groups indicated that benchmark concentrations for the six identified pollutants are exceeded by the time age 12 years is reached. The methods used in this analysis could underestimate risks from childhood exposure, as children have a longer time to develop tumors and they may be more susceptible to carcinogens; therefore, there may be several additional contaminants of concern. In addition, several additional pollutants exceeded benchmark levels when nondetects were assumed to be equal to one half the detection limit. Uncertainties in exposure levels may be large, primarily because of numerous samples with contaminant levels below detection limits.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Economics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henricks Holtz
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Panyacosit
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Axelrad
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Woodruff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000592:standards; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010575:Pesticides; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D010575:Pesticides