title: Transdermal nicotine patches do not cause clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux or esophageal motor disorders.
abstract: Transdermal nicotine delivery systems are widely used in smoking cessation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether common symptoms of pyrosis and dyspepsia associated with these patches are related to gastroesophageal reflux or esophageal dysmotility. Twenty-seven paid volunteer cigarette smokers (> 15 cigarettes/day) without symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease participated in this single-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Twenty subjects completed the study. Subjects underwent three sequential 24-h intraesophageal pH/motor studies (Synectics model T32342084, Shore View, MN). The pH/motility probe was positioned 5 cm above the manometrically determined LES. A placebo patch was applied for the first 24-h study and a 15-mg nicotine patch (Nicotrol) was applied for the initial 16 h (removed for remaining 8 h) of the second 24-h period. A 21-mg nicotine patch (Nicoderm) was applied for another 24-h study period. All subjects consumed an identical, defined diet documented by meal receipts, and refrained from smoking and tobacco use throughout the study periods (CO breath test confirmation). The Wilcoxon, paired t-test, exact McNemar statistical methods were used. The results showed that there were no significant differences in reflux symptoms (pyrosis, chest pain, nausea, dysphagia), supine gastroesophageal reflux (number of episodes, duration, or cumulative acid exposure), or the total number of reflux episodes between placebo and nicotine patch treatment periods. The number of post-prandial upright acid reflux episodes (p = 004) and number of upright acid reflux episodes lasting more than 5 min (p = 0.007) were statistically higher with the placebo patch compared to the active nicotine patches. No differences in intraesophageal pH or motility indices were noted between the two transdermal nicotine patches (Nicotrol, Nicoderm). It was concluded that dyspeptic symptoms in subjects utilizing transdermal nicotine patches are not related to gastroesophageal reflux or to esophageal motor abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ameen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000139:chemically induced; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D006356:Heartburn / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; D009538:Nicotine