title: Autoclaved Leishmania major vaccine for prevention of visceral leishmaniasis: a randomised, double-blind, BCG-controlled trial in Sudan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visceral leishmaniasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Sudan. Drug treatment is expensive, and drug resistance is becoming increasingly common. Safe, effective, and cheap vaccines are needed. We report the results of a vaccine trial against human visceral leishmaniasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a double-blind randomised trial to test the safety and efficacy of an autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) promastigote vaccine (1 mg per dose). Of 5093 volunteers screened, 2306 had negative leishmanin skin tests and reciprocal titres of less than 6400 in the direct agglutination test. They were randomly assigned two doses of ALM mixed with BCG or BCG alone. Volunteers were followed up for 2 years. The primary endpoint was clinical visceral leishmaniasis or post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Analyses were by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Side-effects were confined to the injection site. The cumulative frequency of visceral leishmaniasis at 2 years did not differ significantly between the group assigned ALM plus BCG and that assigned BCG alone (133/1155 [11.5%] vs 141/1151 [12.3%], p=0.6). The vaccine efficacy was 6% (95% CI -18 to 25). The proportion of individuals showing leishmanin skin conversion was significantly higher in the ALM plus BCG group than in the BCG alone group throughout follow-up (303 [30%] vs 72 [7%] at 42 days). Individuals whose leishmanin test converted after vaccination (induration > or =5 mm) had a significantly lower frequency of visceral leishmaniasis than non-responders (27/375 [7.2%] vs 210/1660 [12.7%], p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence that two doses of ALM plus BCG offered significant protective immunity against visceral leishmaniasis compared with BCG alone. Leishmanin skin conversion with an induration of 5 mm or more in either group was associated with protection from the disease.
authors.affiliation: Leishmaniasis Research Group/Sudan, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Khartoum. <eltahir@usa.net
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El Hassan
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Ghalib
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kamil
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elsheikh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Babiker
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Modabber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054332:Leishmaniasis Vaccines; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines; D012882:Skin Tests; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014765:Viral Vaccines
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D054332:Leishmaniasis Vaccines; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C416262:autoclaved Leishmania major vaccine