title: Effects of ambient temperature, arginine-to-lysine ratio, and electrolyte balance on performance, carcass, and blood parameters in commercial male turkeys.
abstract: The effects of ambient temperature (T; 15 C vs. 30 C from 6 wk of age onwards), dietary Arg:Lys ratio (Arg:Lys ratio; 1.00 vs. 1.25), dietary electrolyte balance (DEB: 164 vs. 254 meq/kg), and their interactions on growth performance and carcass yields of male turkeys were studied. The experiment was designed as a split plot, including T x DEB as the main plot and Arg:Lys ratio as the sub-plot, with 24 pens containing 35 male turkeys each. Feed consumption, BW gain, mortality, and processing yields were measured. Temperature had a clear effect on performance during all age periods. Feed intake was significantly lower for the high T group compared with the low T group (322.7 vs. 432.3 g/bird per day; P < 0.001). Consequently, BW gain during the experimental period (28 to 140 d of age) was significantly lower for the high T group compared with the low T group (14.54 vs. 18.74 kg; P < 0.001). Feed:gain during the period of 28 to 140 d of age was significantly lower for the high T group compared with the low T group (2.51 vs. 2.61; P < 0.001). The high dietary Arg:Lys ratio increased feed intake significantly until 56 d of age (200.6 vs. 197.6; P < or = 0.034). A high Arg:Lys ratio resulted in significantly higher BW gain until 98 d of age (10.03 vs. 9.84 kg; P < or = 0.024). The Arg:Lys ratio did not affect feed:gain throughout the experiment. Dietary electrolyte balance did not affect performance parameters. No consistent two- or three-way interactions were observed. Processing yields were only affected significantly by T, and not by Arg:Lys ratio or DEB main effects. High T resulted in lower cold carcass (73.2 vs. 74.9%) and breast meat yields (33.5 vs. 36.0%), and higher thigh (18.9 vs. 18.1%), drumstick (14.5 vs. 13.2%), and wing yields (11.7 vs. 10.6%) compared with low T. We concluded that growth performance is compromised by higher T, and altering the Arg:Lys ratio or DEB does not alleviate this impaired performance. Dietary Arg levels seem to be important when dietary Lys is marginal relative to the requirement.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Poultry Research, Het Spelderholt, Spelderholt 9, Beekbergen, The Netherlands. t.veldkamp@pv.agro.nl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veldkamp
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kwakkel
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ferket
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Noordhuizen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pijpers
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards*; D008834:Microclimate; D013696:Temperature; D014422:Turkeys / Q000254:growth & development*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D001120:Arginine; D008239:Lysine