title: Atrial fibrillation in the goat induces changes in monophasic action potential and mRNA expression of ion channels involved in repolarization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sustained atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by a marked shortening of the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and a decrease or reversal of its physiologic adaptation to heart rate. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the AF-induced changes in AERP in the goat are associated with changes in the atrial monophasic action potential (MAP) and whether an abnormal expression of specific ion channels underlies such changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following thoracotomy, MAPs were recorded from the free wall of the right atrium both before induction of AF (control) and after cardioversion of sustained AF (>2 months) in chronically instrumented goats. In control goats, MAP duration at 80% repolarization (MAPD80) shortened (P < 0.01) from 132+/-4 msec during slow pacing (400-msec interval) to 86+/-10 msec during fast pacing (180 msec). After cardioversion of sustained AF, the MAPD80 during slow pacing was as short as 67+/-5 msec (electrical remodeling). Increasing the pacing rate resulted in prolongation (P = 0.02) of the MAPD80 to 91+/-6 msec. Also, MAPD20 (20% repolarization) shortened (P = 0.05) from 32+/-4 msec (400 msec) to 14+/-7 msec (180 msec) in the control goats, whereas it prolonged (P = 0.03) from 20+/-3 msec (400 msec) to 33+/-5 msec (180 msec) in sustained AF. mRNA expression of the L-type Ca2+ channel alpha1c gene and Kv1.5 potassium channel gene, which underlie ICa and IKur, respectively, was reduced in sustained AF compared with sinus rhythm by 32% (P = 0.01) and 45% (P < 0.01), respectively. No significant changes were found in the mRNA levels of the rapid Na+ channel, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, or the Kv4.2/4.3 channels responsible for Ito.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AF-induced electrical remodeling in the goat comprises shortening of MAPD and reversal of its physiologic rate adaptation. Changes in the time course of repolarization of the action potential are associated with changes in mRNA expression of the alpha subunit genes of the L-type Ca2+ channel and the Kv1.5 potassium channel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.lastname: van der Velden HMW
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wijffels
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Leuven
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dorland
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jongsma
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Allessie
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016275:Atrial Function; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000235:genetics; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051666:Kv1.5 Potassium Channel; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D007473:Ion Channels; D051666:Kv1.5 Potassium Channel; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D012333:RNA, Messenger