Transcription of meiotic cell cycle and terminal differentiation genes depends on a conserved chromatin associated protein, whose nuclear localisation is regulated.
The Drosophila always early (aly) gene coordinately regulates meiotic cell cycle progression and terminal differentiation during male gametogenesis. aly is required for transcription of key G2-M cell cycle control genes and of spermatid differentiation genes, and for maintenance of normal chromatin structure in primary spermatocytes. We show that aly encodes a homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans gene lin-9, a negative regulator of vulval development that acts in the same SynMuvB genetic pathway as the LIN-35 Rb-like protein. The aly gene family is conserved from plants to humans. Aly protein is both cytoplasmic and nuclear in early primary spermatocytes, then resolves to a chromatin-associated pattern. It remains cytoplasmic in a loss-of-function missense allele, suggesting that nuclear localisation is critical for Aly function, and that other factors may alter Aly activity by controlling its subcellular localisation. MAPK activation occurs normally in aly mutant testes. Therefore aly, and by inference lin-9, act in parallel to, or downstream of, activation of MAPK by the RTK-Ras signalling pathway. We favour a model where aly may regulate cell cycle progression and terminal differentiation during male gametogenesis by regulating chromatin conformation in primary spermatocytes.
White-Cooper
H
H
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. helen.white-cooper@zoo.ox.ac.uk
Leroy
D
D
MacQueen
A
A
Fuller
M T
MT
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004330:Drosophila / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005260:Female; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis / Q000235:genetics*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C418886:aly protein, Drosophila; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases