title: Regulation of cellular growth by the Drosophila target of rapamycin dTOR.
abstract: The TOR protein kinases (TOR1 and TOR2 in yeast; mTOR/FRAP/RAFT1 in mammals) promote cellular proliferation in response to nutrients and growth factors, but their role in development is poorly understood. Here, we show that the Drosophila TOR homolog dTOR is required cell autonomously for normal growth and proliferation during larval development, and for increases in cellular growth caused by activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. As in mammalian cells, the kinase activity of dTOR is required for growth factor-dependent phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) in vitro, and we demonstrate that overexpression of p70(S6K) in vivo can rescue dTOR mutant animals to viability. Loss of dTOR also results in cellular phenotypes characteristic of amino acid deprivation, including reduced nucleolar size, lipid vesicle aggregation in the larval fat body, and a cell type-specific pattern of cell cycle arrest that can be bypassed by overexpression of the S-phase regulator cyclin E. Our results suggest that dTOR regulates growth during animal development by coupling growth factor signaling to nutrient availability.
authors.affiliation: Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stallock
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Neufeld
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics*; D048429:Cell Size; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000502:physiology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D018390:Gene Targeting; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011494:Protein Kinases; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D019927:Cyclin E; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D011494:Protein Kinases; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C416303:target of rapamycin protein, Drosophila