title: Childhood sexual abuse and pathogenic parenting in the childhood recollections of adult twin pairs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and interviewees' recollections of pathogenic parenting, testing for possible retrospective biases in the recollections of those who have experienced CSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information about CSA, parental divorce and interviewees' recollections of parental rejection, parental overprotection and perceived autonomy (as assessed through a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument) was obtained through telephone interviews with 3626 Australian twins who had also returned self-report questionnaires several years earlier. Recollections of parental behaviours were compared for individuals from pairs in which neither twin, at least one twin, or both twins reported CSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations were noted between CSA and paternal alcoholism and between CSA and recollections of parental rejection. For women, individuals from CSA-discordant pairs reported levels of parental rejection that were significantly higher than those obtained from CSA-negative pairs. The levels of parental rejection observed for twins from CSA-discordant pairs did not differ significantly from those obtained from CSA-concordant pairs, regardless of respondent's abuse status. For men from CSA-discordant pairs, respondents reporting CSA displayed a tendency to report higher levels of parental rejection than did respondents not reporting CSA. Other measures of parenting behaviour (perceived autonomy and parental overprotection) failed to show a clear relationship with CSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between CSA and respondents' recollections of parental rejection is not due solely to retrospective bias on the part of abused individuals and, consistent with other studies, may reflect a pathological family environment with serious consequences for all siblings.
authors.affiliation: Missouri Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis 63108, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bierut
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Slutske
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dinwiddie
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Statham
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires