title: Heparin-free DALI LDL-apheresis in hyperlipidemic patients: efficacy, safety and biocompatibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In routine DALI apheresis--the first technique for direct adsorption of lipoproteins from whole blood--heparin plus citrate (ACD-A) is used as anticoagulation regimen. However, recently several publications have warned of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia as a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of heparin administration (HIT type 2). The aim of the present study was therefore to test the efficacy and biocompatibility of DALI using a heparin-free anticoagulation regimen consisting exclusively of citrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four symptomatic hypercholesterolemic patients on regular DALI apheresis were switched to the heparin-free protocol for two sessions each. Two of the patients were on oral anticoagulation using phenprocoumon. In the weekly sessions, 1.3 patient blood volumes were processed at a blood flow rate of 60 ml/min using ACD-A at a ratio of 1:20 (v/v) during adsorber priming and the session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically, all sessions were essentially uneventful. Uncorrected lipoprotein reductions amounted to 65% for LDL-C, 62% for Lp(a), 53% for VLDL-C, 24% for HDL-C, 17% for triglycerides and 19% for fibrinogen. Cell counts remained virtually constant. No signs of hemolysis or clotting could be detected. Thromboplastin time (Quick) was slightly prolonged and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) moderately elevated in all patients. In contrast, whole blood coagulation time acc. to Lee-White and activated clotting times were increased only in orally anticoagulated patients. Biocompatibility in terms of complement, leukocyte and thrombocyte activation was excellent. Bradykinin activation was moderate peaking at 3038 pg/ml in the efferent line. Systemic thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) reflected perfect anticoagulation in orally anticoagulated patients and adequate anticoagulation in the patients without phenprocoumon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, heparin-free DALI apheresis was safe and effective and may thus be performed in LDL-apheresis dependent patients who suffer from heparin intolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wendler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lennertz
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duhr
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Samtleben
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001781:Blood Component Removal / Q000379:methods*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001810:Blood Volume; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000628:therapy*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008074:Lipoproteins; D019343:Citric Acid; D006493:Heparin