title: Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between antecedent head injury and AD is inconsistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between early adult head injury, as documented by military hospital records, and dementia in late life; and to evaluate the interaction between head injury and APOE epsilon4 as risk factors for dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study had a population-based prospective historical cohort design. It included men who were World War II Navy and Marine veterans, and were hospitalized during their military service with a diagnosis of either a nonpenetrating head injury or another unrelated condition. In 1996 to 1997, military medical records were abstracted to document the occurrence and details of closed head injury. The entire sample was then evaluated for dementia and AD using a multistage procedure. There were 548 veterans with head injury and 1228 without head injury who completed all assigned stages of the study. The authors estimated risk of dementia, specifically AD, using proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both moderate head injury (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.32; CI = 1.04 to 5.17) and severe head injury (HR = 4.51; CI = 1.77 to 11.47) were associated with increased risk of AD. Results were similar for dementia in general. The results for mild head injury were inconclusive. When the authors stratified by the number of APOE epsilon4 alleles, they observed a nonsignificant trend toward a stronger association between AD and head injury in men with more epsilon4 alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate and severe head injuries in young men may be associated with increased risk of AD and other dementias in late life. However, the authors cannot exclude the possibility that other unmeasured factors may be influencing this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. brenda.plassman@duke.edu
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Plassman
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Havlik
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Steffens
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Helms
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drosdick
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gau
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Welsh-Bohmer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guralnik
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Breitner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E