title: Anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of balanced anaesthesia with medetomidine-midazolam and butorphanol in dogs.
abstract: The anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of combinations of medetomidine (Me), midazolam (Mi) and butorphanol (Bu) were evaluated in dogs. The characterization of anaesthetic effects was assessed using a scoring system. The combinations tested were 20 or 40 micrograms/kg Me and 0.5 mg/kg Mi (20Me-Mi or 40Me-Mi) followed by either an intravenous injection of physiological saline solution (PSS) or Bu (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg). The mixture of Me and Mi was injected intramuscularly, followed 15 min later by an intravenous injection of Bu or PSS in all six groups. The combined Me-Mi induced deep sedation but not profound anaesthesia. The effect of the subsequent Bu administration was observed in the scores related to its analgesic effect. There were no significant differences between the two doses of Bu, following either 20Me-Mi or 40Me-Mi in the duration of anaesthesia, heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, and anaesthetic and analgesic scores except for palpebral reflex, and interdigital web clamping scores. Therefore, we concluded that the addition of 0.1 mg/kg Bu to Me-Mi elicits adequate anaesthesia with adequate analgesic effect, and side-effects such as bradycardia, hypertension, and slight respiratory acidosis in some dogs.
authors.affiliation: United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hikasa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sakonjyu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakuta
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takase
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001831:Body Temperature; D002077:Butorphanol; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine; D008874:Midazolam; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol; D008874:Midazolam