title: Retrieval of lost medial rectus muscles with a combined ophthalmologic and otolaryngologic surgical approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report retrieval of a medial rectus muscle completely detached from the globe and lost in the orbital tissue in four eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A lost medial rectus muscle was retrieved in four eyes of four patients with either a transcutaneous medial orbitotomy approach or a transnasal endoscopic ethmoid sinus approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lost medial rectus muscle was successfully retrieved in all four patients. One patient lost the medial rectus muscle secondary to trauma, and the other three cases resulted from complications of strabismus surgery. The mean preoperative angle of exotropia was 44 prism diopters. The endoscopic approach was attempted in three patients, and the medial rectus muscle was successfully found in two of these patients. In one case in which the endoscopic approach was used, an image guidance system was used to aid in finding the lost medial rectus muscle. The endoscopic approach was abandoned in one case in which the medial rectus muscle could not be identified after extensive searching, but the muscle was subsequently found by means of the transcutaneous medial orbitotomy approach. A transcutaneous medial orbitotomy alone was used to find the lost medial rectus muscle in one of the cases. The postoperative ocular deviation for primary position at distance fixation was a mean of 24 prism diopters of exotropia. With one additional operation in two patients, the mean ocular deviation was less than 12 prism diopters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We successfully retrieved a lost medial rectus muscle in four patients with the use of nontraditional strabismus surgical techniques. We effectively combined techniques taken from both ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology to help solve this difficult problem.
authors.affiliation: Children's Eye Doctors and Adult Strabismus Center, Redmond, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Lenart
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Reichman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome