title: Mechanism of metabolic control. Target of rapamycin signaling links nitrogen quality to the activity of the Rtg1 and Rtg3 transcription factors.
abstract: De novo biosynthesis of amino acids uses intermediates provided by the TCA cycle that must be replenished by anaplerotic reactions to maintain the respiratory competency of the cell. Genome-wide expression analyses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal that many of the genes involved in these reactions are repressed in the presence of the preferred nitrogen sources glutamine or glutamate. Expression of these genes in media containing urea or ammonia as a sole nitrogen source requires the heterodimeric bZip transcription factors Rtg1 and Rtg3 and correlates with a redistribution of the Rtg1p/Rtg3 complex from a predominantly cytoplasmic to a predominantly nuclear location. Nuclear import of the complex requires the cytoplasmic protein Rtg2, a previously identified upstream regulator of Rtg1 and Rtg3, whereas export requires the importin-beta-family member Msn5. Remarkably, nuclear accumulation of Rtg1/Rtg3, as well as expression of their target genes, is induced by addition of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinases. We demonstrate further that Rtg3 is a phosphoprotein and that its phosphorylation state changes after rapamycin treatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate that target of rapamycin signaling regulates specific anaplerotic reactions by coupling nitrogen quality to the activity and subcellular localization of distinct transcription factors.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komeili
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wedaman
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Powers
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005838:Genotype; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000641:Ammonia; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005973:Glutamine; D009584:Nitrogen; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D020123:Sirolimus; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014508:Urea; C079378:RTG1 protein, S cerevisiae; C104438:RTG3 protein, S cerevisiae; C083324:TOR1 protein, S cerevisiae; C081135:TOR2 protein, S cerevisiae