title: Inhibitory effects of apple polyphenols and related compounds on cariogenic factors of mutans streptococci.
abstract: The inhibitory effects of apple polyphenols (APP) on the synthesis of water-insoluble glucans by glucosyltransferases (GTF) of streptococci of the mutans group and on the sucrose-dependent adherence of the bacterial cells were examined in vitro. APP markedly inhibited the activity of GTF purified from the cariogenic bacterial cells. However, APP showed no significant effect on the growth of the cariogenic bacteria. The strongest GTF inhibitors in APP were apple condensed tannins (ACT), a mixture of procyanidins. The 50% inhibitory doses of ACT against the GTF of S. sobrinus and that of S. mutans were 1.5 microgram/mL and 5 microgram/mL, respectively. The ACT efficacy largely depended upon the degree of polymerization. Interestingly, while the other polyphenols known to inhibit GTF such as tannic acid markedly inhibited salivary alpha-amylase activity, APP and ACT only scarcely inhibited that enzyme activity. This means that APP and ACT might selectively inhibit the bacterial GTF activity under oral conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Production Research and Development, The Nikka Whisky Distilling Co., Ltd., 967 Matsuyama, Masuo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0033 Japan. yanagida@ps.toyaku.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yanagida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matsudaira
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Oliveira Cordeiro
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D044946:Biflavonoids; D002392:Catechin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology*; D005419:Flavonoids; D005638:Fruit; D005936:Glucans / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000201:enzymology; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D005419:Flavonoids; D005936:Glucans; D010636:Phenols; D011108:Polymers; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; D000516:alpha-Amylases