title: Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worsening drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major threat to health in tropical countries. We did a prospective study of malaria incidence and treatment in an area of highly multidrug-resistant P. falciparum malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed incidence of P. falciparum malaria and the in-vivo responses to mefloquine treatment over 13 years in two large camps for displaced Karen people on the northwest border of Thailand. During this time, the standard mefloquine dose was first increased, and then combined artesunate and mefloquine was introduced as first-line treatment for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early detection and treatment controlled P. falciparum malaria initially while mefloquine was effective (cure rate with mefloquine [15 mg/kg] and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in 1985, 98% [95% CI 97-100]), but as mefloquine resistance developed, the cure rate fell (71% [67-77] in 1990). A similar pattern was seen for high-dose (25 mg/kg) mefloquine monotherapy from 1990-94. Since the general deployment of the artesunate-mefloquine combination in 1994, the cure rate increased again to almost 100% from 1998 onwards, and there has been a sustained decline in the incidence of P. falciparum malaria in the study area. In-vitro susceptibility of P. falciparum to mefloquine has improved significantly (p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this area of low malaria transmission, early diagnosis and treatment with combined artesunate and mefloquine has reduced the incidence of P. falciparum malaria and halted the progression of mefloquine resistance. We recommend that antimalarial drugs should be combined with artemisinin or a derivative to protect them against resistance.
authors.affiliation: Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nosten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Vugt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luxemburger
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Thway
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brockman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McGready
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: ter Kuile
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Looareesuwan
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D037621:Artemisinins; D000077332:Artesunate; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015767:Mefloquine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000077332:Artesunate; D015767:Mefloquine