title: Cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 in normal, inflamed, and ulcerated human gastric mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Constitutive cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 is believed to mediate prostaglandin dependent gastric protection. However, gastric mucosa contains cells capable of expressing inducible COX-2. We therefore investigated COX-1 and COX-2 expression, localisation, and activity in normal and abnormal human gastric mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  COX-1 and COX-2 distribution was investigated by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and by western blot analysis, and their contribution to prostaglandin (PG)E(2) synthesis using selective enzyme inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was strong parietal cell COX-1 and COX-2 immunoreactivity in all sections and isolated cells, with macrophage and myofibroblast reactivity in some sections. Immunostaining was specifically abolished by antigen absorption. Western blot analysis confirmed COX-1 and 2 expression. COX-1 and COX-2 immunostaining was increased in Helicobacter pylori gastritis, particularly the mid glandular zone and lamina propria inflammatory cells. This was associated with increased ex vivo PGE(2) synthesis (62.4 (13.5) pg/mg v 36.3 (15.5) pg/mg in uninflamed mucosa; p=0. 017) which was significantly inhibited by COX-1 but not COX-2 inhibition. Increased COX-2 immunostaining in macrophages, endothelial cells, and myofibroblasts (with reduced epithelial expression) was seen at the rim of ulcers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COX-2, as well as COX-1, is expressed by normal human gastric mucosa and is increased at the rim of ulcers. Although both are increased with H pylori, COX-1 contributes more than COX-2 to gastric PGE(2) production.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Y R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Mahida
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hawkey
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology; D005756:Gastritis / Q000201:enzymology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000201:enzymology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone