title: Left vagus nerve stimulation suppresses experimentally induced pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether electric stimulation of the vagus nerve has an antinociceptive effect in humans.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In a variety of animal studies, vagus nerve stimulation was shown to inhibit nociceptive behavior as well as electric responses of spinal nociceptive neurons. In humans, chronic left vagus nerve stimulation is used to treat pharmacologically refractory epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors investigated experimental pain in 10 patients with seizures before and twice after implantation of a vagus nerve stimulator by using different controlled stimuli, including noxious heat, tonic pressure, and short impact. Pain was quantified on a visual analogue scale. Twelve nonepileptic age- and gender-matched individuals served as control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vagus nerve stimulation reduced increasing pain associated with trains of five consecutive stimuli at 1.5-second intervals ("wind-up"; p < 0.001). In a similar manner, pain on tonic pressure was reduced by vagus nerve stimulation (p < 0.03). Pain associated with single-impact stimuli as well as heat pain thresholds were unaltered under vagus nerve stimulation. Thus, vagus nerve stimulation led to pain relief predominantly in experimental procedures in which pain magnitude was amplified by central processing. The antinociceptive effect was independent of the acute on-off cycles of vagus nerve stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vagus nerve stimulation is effective in reducing pain in humans. In humans, the antinociceptive effect might rely on central inhibition rather than alterations of peripheral nociceptive mechanisms. These results indicate a promising, potential future role of vagus nerve stimulation in pain treatment.
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Klinik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Birklein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Handwerker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013997:Time Factors; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*