title: The calpain small subunit gene is essential: its inactivation results in embryonic lethality.
abstract: Creation of transgenic (knockout) mice deficient in calpain small (30 kDa) subunit gene was undertaken to clarify the proposed role of the small subunit for calpain proteolytic activity and to gain insight into the importance of the gene in the whole animal. The gene was targeted and disrupted in embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination, and chimeric mice were generated. Heterozygous F1 generation mice were crossed to obtain F2 generation. Among F2 generation mice, we found only wild-type and heterozygous animals in the 80 pups genotyped to date; no homozygous mice have been found, although 20 were expected. The heterozygotes had no apparent phenotypic abnormalities. Analysis of their tissues revealed no significant difference in mRNA expression, protein content, or proteolytic activity in comparison with their wild-type littermates. Genotyping of fetuses at different stages of development also revealed only wild-type and normal heterozygous fetuses. No moribund embryos or resorption sites were observed in the uterine cavity. The results indicate that at least one normal allele is essential for postnatal survival. Disruption of both alleles appears to be lethal in very early fetal development.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6068, USA. unjin@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: U J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boring
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mukerjee
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002154:Calpain / Q000235:genetics*; D002678:Chimera; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002154:Calpain