title: Effect of radiologic contrast material on cell volume regulation in proximal renal tubules from trout (Salmo trutta).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most radiographic contrast media (CM) are hyperosmotic and pose an osmotic threat to cells they are in contact with. To study these effects at the cellular level, cell volume regulatory mechanisms were observed in proximal renal tubules following exposure to the CM iohexol, ioxaglate, and iodixanol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated renal tubules from trout (Salmo trutta) were exposed to 5% vol/vol iohexol (326 mOsm), ioxaglate (314 mOsm), or iodixanol (300 mOsm) or mannitol (to achieve the same osmolalities), and cell volume changes were observed videometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iohexol and ioxaglate solutions induced a rapid shrinkage (12%-13%) not followed by cell volume regulation. Without CM (same osmolality), the cells shrank 11% but then showed a 77%-88% volume recovery. This reswelling was inhibited by 55% with the Na+, K+, Cl- symporter inhibitor bumetanide (50 micromol/L). Iodixanol did not significantly affect cell volume. Tubules preincubated with CM or mannitol were then stimulated with a hypoosmotic Ringer solution (160 mOsm) resulting in a 26%-36% cellular volume increase. Compared with results of experiments without mannitol and CM, preexposure to iohexol or ioxaglate almost completely inhibited the expected regulatory shrinkage phase, while previous exposure to hyperosmotic solutions with mannitol reduced the shrinkage response by 40%-53%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this system, the hyperosmotic iohexol and ioxaglate cause cell shrinkage followed by an impaired cell volume regulatory response. Exposure to these two CM also inhibits cell volume regulation on hypoosmotic stimulation. The isosmotic iodixanol has no such effects. These changes appear to some extent to be a result of the CM's degree of hyperosmolality, but this property alone does not explain these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Galtung
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Løken
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Sakariassen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000378:metabolism*; D007472:Iohexol / Q000378:metabolism; D007485:Ioxaglic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009995:Osmosis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D014337:Trout / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D007472:Iohexol; C044834:iodixanol; D007485:Ioxaglic Acid