title: Twenty-four hour intraesophageal pH monitoring in children and adolescents with scleroderma and mixed connective tissue disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate esophageal dysmotility and gastroesophageal reflux, which are important, but often occult features of gastrointestinal (GI) involvement in children and adolescents with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and scleroderma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out intraesophageal 24 h pH monitoring of 14 patients with scleroderma and MCTD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed an elevated reflux index in 64% of the patients. An increased number of reflux events was found in 85%. Reflux events > 5 min were noted in 50% of the patients, which is indicative of possible development of esophagitis. Only 3 patients presented clinical symptoms. Four of 5 patients with localized scleroderma revealed a pathological reflux index. We found no relationship between gastroesophageal reflux, age of patients, duration of disease, and Raynaud's phenomenon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GI involvement in children with scleroderma or MCTD is more frequent than clinical symptoms indicate. An active diagnostic investigation for GI dysmotility and gastroesophageal reflux is necessary to detect these complications.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ganser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frosch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hülskamp
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Zimmer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004947:Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008947:Mixed Connective Tissue Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012594:Scleroderma, Localized / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006859:Hydrogen