title: Noninvasive estimation of transmitral pressure drop across the normal mitral valve in humans: importance of convective and inertial forces during left ventricular filling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that color M-mode (CMM) images could be used to solve the Euler equation, yielding regional pressure gradients along the scanline, which could then be integrated to yield the unsteady Bernoulli equation and estimate noninvasively both the convective and inertial components of the transmitral pressure difference.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pulsed and continuous wave Doppler velocity measurements are routinely used clinically to assess severity of stenotic and regurgitant valves. However, only the convective component of the pressure gradient is measured, thereby neglecting the contribution of inertial forces, which may be significant, particularly for nonstenotic valves. Color M-mode provides a spatiotemporal representation of flow across the mitral valve.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, high-fidelity left atrial and ventricular pressure measurements were obtained synchronously with transmitral CMM digital recordings. The instantaneous diastolic transmitral pressure difference was computed from the M-mode spatiotemporal velocity distribution using the unsteady flow form of the Bernoulli equation and was compared to the catheter measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 56 beats in 16 hemodynamic stages, inclusion of the inertial term ([deltapI]max = 1.78+/-1.30 mm Hg) in the noninvasive pressure difference calculation significantly increased the temporal correlation with catheter-based measurement (r = 0.35+/-0.24 vs. 0.81+/-0.15, p< 0.0001). It also allowed an accurate approximation of the peak pressure difference ([deltapc+I]max = 0.95 [delta(p)cathh]max + 0.24, r = 0.96, p<0.001, error = 0.08+/-0.54 mm Hg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inertial forces are significant components of the maximal pressure drop across the normal mitral valve. These can be accurately estimated noninvasively using CMM recordings of transmitral flow, which should improve the understanding of diastolic filling and function of the heart.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Firstenberg
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vandervoort
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Smedira
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000502:physiology*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure