title: Refinements in transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction: projection and contour improvements.
abstract: A surgical procedure with the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap for breast reconstruction is presented using parameters from the opposite normal breast to achieve a better cone shape in the new breast to project the nipple-areola complex. This cone projection is obtained through a vertical plication of both skin/fat halves of the TRAM flap and with two supraumbilical fat flaps to avoid cone collapse. The infraclavicular and axillary regions are filled with a de-epithelialized "fish-fin" cutaneous-fat or fat-only flap, which is placed as a lateral TRAM extension. The de-epithelialized lateral extremity of the TRAM flap folded over itself gives a mound shape to the lateral aspect of the new breast, and the inverted umbilical stalk attached to the TRAM flap imitates a nipple. This procedure is based on six breast reconstructions with a 2-year follow-up. The procedure is a simple, safe, and versatile way to mimic the opposite breast. It is mostly indicated for thin patients who have small to moderate breasts without ptosis or hypertrophy who refuse breast implants or request a mastopexy or reduction mammaplasty on the opposite normal breast during the same procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital do Cancer, São Paulo, Brazil. alicharanek@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Charanek
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Carramaschi
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Curado
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps