title: Coping with head and neck cancer during different phases of treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about how patients cope with head and neck cancer despite its devastating impact on basic functioning. This study examined coping patterns among patients at different phases of illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 120 patients with advanced disease, who were grouped according to the following phases of illness: (1) pretreatment, (2) on treatment, (3) <6 months after treatment, and (4) >6 months after treatment. Coping was assessed with the COPE questionnaire, and outcome measures assessed general distress (Profile of Mood States) and illness-specific distress (Impact of Events Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of specific coping responses differed among the groups. Denial (p <.05), behavioral disengagement (ie, giving up or withdrawing, p <.05), suppression of competing activities (ie, focusing exclusively on the illness, p <.01), and emotional ventilation (p <.10) were most characteristic of patients who were receiving or had recently completed treatment. There were no differences in flexibility of coping or overall effort expended, but patients who were on treatment or who had recently completed treatment used the greatest number of strategies. Generally, denial, behavioral disengagement, and emotional ventilation were associated with greater distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that phase of illness may be important in shaping patients' responses to life-threatening illness.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 756, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. ShermanAllen@exchange.UAMS.edu
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simonton
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vural
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hanna
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires