title: Differential effects of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on endothelial function in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We determined whether the vascular effects of estradiol depend on the route of administration by comparing the effects of oral estradiol and transdermal placebo, transdermal estradiol and oral placebo, and transdermal placebo and oral placebo on in vivo endothelial function in 27 postmenopausal women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelial function was assessed from blood flow responses to intrabrachial artery infusions of endothelium-dependent (7.5 and 15 microgram/min acetylcholine) and endothelium-independent (3 and 10 microgram/min of sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators at 0, 2, and 12 weeks. In the oral estradiol group, the increase in flow above basal during infusion of the low dose of acetylcholine at 0, 2, and 12 weeks averaged 6.0+/-0.8, 6.9+/-0.8, and 11.3+/-1.2 (P<0.01 versus 0 and 2 weeks) mL. dL(-1). min(-1) at 0, 2, and 12 weeks. The percentage increases versus 0 weeks averaged 21+/-14% at 2 and 120+/-34% at 12 weeks. During the high-dose acetylcholine infusion, the increase in flow above basal averaged 8.6+/-1.3, 10.2+/-1.5, and 15.1+/-1.8 (P<0.05 versus 0 weeks) mL. dL(-1). min(-1), respectively. The percentage increases versus 0 weeks averaged 22+/-10% at 2 weeks and 119+/-46% at 12 weeks. In the oral estradiol group, endothelium-independent vasodilatation also improved significantly, but less markedly than endothelium-dependent responses. In the transdermal and placebo groups, all vascular responses remained unchanged. Oral but not transdermal estradiol also induced significant decreases in LDL cholesterol and Lp(a) concentrations and an increase in HDL cholesterol within 2 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that oral but not transdermal estradiol induces potentially antiatherogenic changes in in vivo endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and lipid concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vehkavaara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hakala-Ala-Pietilä
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virkamäki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergholm
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehnholm
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hovatta
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Taskinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D015200:Fluoroimmunoassay; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000032:analysis; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D002784:Cholesterol