Factors considered important at the end of life by patients, family, physicians, and other care providers.
BACKGROUND
A clear understanding of what patients, families, and health care practitioners view as important at the end of life is integral to the success of improving care of dying patients. Empirical evidence defining such factors, however, is lacking.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the factors considered important at the end of life by patients, their families, physicians, and other care providers.


METHODS
Cross-sectional, stratified random national survey conducted in March-August 1999.


METHODS
Seriously ill patients (n = 340), recently bereaved family (n = 332), physicians (n = 361), and other care providers (nurses, social workers, chaplains, and hospice volunteers; n = 429).


METHODS
Importance of 44 attributes of quality at the end of life (5-point scale) and rankings of 9 major attributes, compared in the 4 groups.


RESULTS
Twenty-six items consistently were rated as being important (>70% responding that item is important) across all 4 groups, including pain and symptom management, preparation for death, achieving a sense of completion, decisions about treatment preferences, and being treated as a "whole person." Eight items received strong importance ratings from patients but less from physicians (P<.001), including being mentally aware, having funeral arrangements planned, not being a burden, helping others, and coming to peace with God. Ten items had broad variation within as well as among the 4 groups, including decisions about life-sustaining treatments, dying at home, and talking about the meaning of death. Participants ranked freedom from pain most important and dying at home least important among 9 major attributes.


CONCLUSIONS
Although pain and symptom management, communication with one's physician, preparation for death, and the opportunity to achieve a sense of completion are important to most, other factors important to quality at the end of life differ by role and by individual. Efforts to evaluate and improve patients' and families' experiences at the end of life must account for diverse perceptions of quality. JAMA. 2000;284:2476-2482.
Steinhauser
K E
KE
Veterans Affairs Medical Center (152), 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705, USA. karensteinhauser@mindspring.com
Christakis
N A
NA
Clipp
E C
EC
McNeilly
M
M
McIntyre
L
L
Tulsky
J A
JA
D000368:Aged; D001293:Attitude to Death; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013727:Terminal Care; D019452:Terminally Ill; D014481:United States