title: Sex differences in management and outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the 1990s: A prospective observational community-based study. Israeli Thrombolytic Survey Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are less aggressively managed than are men. The aim of this study was to assess sex differences in medical and invasive coronary procedures (angiography, PTCA, and CABG) in AMI patients admitted to cardiac care units (CCUs) in Israel in the mid 1990s and their association with early and 1-year prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 2867 consecutive AMI patients (2125 men, 74%) hospitalized in all 25 CCUs in Israel from 3 prospective nationwide surveys conducted in 1992, 1994, and 1996. Women were, on average, older than men (69 versus 61 years, P:<0.0001) and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, Killip class >/=II on admission, and in-hospital complications. Women received aspirin and beta-blockers less often than did men, but these differences were not significant after age adjustment. The unadjusted rates of thrombolysis, angiography, and PTCA/CABG use were lower in women than in men but not after covariate adjustment: 42% versus 48% (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.92, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.11), 23% versus 31% (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.09), and 15% versus 19% (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.19), respectively. The 30-day mortality was higher in women than in men (17.6% versus 9.6%, respectively; OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.82), but the 30-day to 1-year mortality rate was not (9.1% versus 5.6%, respectively; hazard ratio 1.18, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective nationwide observational community-based study of consecutive AMI patients hospitalized in the CCUs in the mid 1990s indicates that women fare significantly worse than do men at 30 days but not thereafter at 1-year. The difference in 30-day outcome was not influenced by the use of different therapeutic modalities, including thrombolysis and invasive coronary procedures, but was rather due to the older age and greater comorbidity of women; these findings seem also to explain the less frequent use of invasive procedures in women.
authors.affiliation: Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. sgott@md2.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harpaz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shotan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mandelzweig
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mazouz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Behar
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016387:Women's Health