title: Proteasome inhibition interferes with gag polyprotein processing, release, and maturation of HIV-1 and HIV-2.
abstract: Retrovirus assembly and maturation involve folding and transport of viral proteins to the virus assembly site followed by subsequent proteolytic cleavage of the Gag polyprotein within the nascent virion. We report that inhibiting proteasomes severely decreases the budding, maturation, and infectivity of HIV. Although processing of the Env glycoproteins is not changed, proteasome inhibitors inhibit processing of Gag polyprotein by the viral protease without affecting the activity of the HIV-1 viral protease itself, as demonstrated by in vitro processing of HIV-1 Gag polyprotein Pr55. Furthermore, this effect occurs independently of the virus release function of the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu and is not limited to HIV-1, as proteasome inhibitors also reduce virus release and Gag processing of HIV-2. Electron microscopy analysis revealed ultrastructural changes in budding virions similar to mutants in the late assembly domain of p6(gag), a C-terminal domain of Pr55 required for efficient virus maturation and release. Proteasome inhibition reduced the level of free ubiquitin in HIV-1-infected cells and prevented monoubiquitination of p6(gag). Consistent with this, viruses with mutations in PR or p6(gag) were resistant to detrimental effects mediated by proteasome inhibitors. These results indicate the requirement for an active proteasome/ubiquitin system in release and maturation of infectious HIV particles and provide a potential pharmaceutical strategy for interfering with retrovirus replication.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0440, USA. uschubert@nih.gov
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Chertova
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Welker
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tessmer
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Princiotta
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bennink
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Krausslich
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yewdell
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000378:metabolism; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011498:Protein Precursors; D014452:Ubiquitins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C059767:p55 gag precursor protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins