title: Endogenous IL-4 is necessary for effective drug therapy against visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: It is well established that a fully competent immune response is required for the successful drug treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. However, recent studies have cast some doubt as to which elements of the immune response synergize with chemotherapeutic treatment. The role of the Th2 response and IL-4 in particular during visceral leishmaniasis awaits clarification. We, therefore, examined the effectiveness of sodium stibogluconate treatment on Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c wild-type and IL-4-/- mice. Parasite burdens in L. donovani-infected IL-4+/- and IL-4-/-, as we have previously shown for B6/129 mice, were similar, despite an apparent type 1 antibody response in infected IL-4-/- mice, demonstrated by increased levels of parasite-specific IgG2a and decreased IgG1. Unexpectedly IL-4-/- mice responded poorly to sodium stibogluconate treatment with increased parasite burdens in all tissues examined. Furthermore, drug therapy of IL-4-/- but not IL-4+/+ mice resulted in significant reductions in splenocyte IFN-gamma mRNA transcripts and in serum IFN-gamma levels. These results demonstrate that IL-4 has an important role in effective anti-leishmanial chemotherapy which seems to be related to modulation of IFN-gamma production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, GB. j.alexander@strath.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Fasi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Satoskar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brombacher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000276:immunology; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate