title: Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and compare the effects of candesartan or lisinopril, or both, on blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion in patients with microalbuminuria, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomised, parallel group, double blind study with four week placebo run in period and 12 weeks' monotherapy with candesartan or lisinopril followed by 12 weeks' monotherapy or combination treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary hospitals and primary care centres in four countries (37 centres).
  
  
  METHODS
  199 patients aged 30-75 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Candesartan 16 mg once daily, lisinopril 20 mg once daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 weeks mean (95% confidence interval) reductions in diastolic blood pressure were 9.5 mm Hg (7.7 mm Hg to 11.2 mm Hg, P<0.001) and 9.7 mm Hg (7.9 mm Hg to 11.5 mm Hg, P<0.001), respectively, and in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio were 30% (15% to 42%, P<0.001) and 46% (35% to 56%, P<0.001) for candesartan and lisinopril, respectively. At 24 weeks the mean reduction in diastolic blood pressure with combination treatment (16.3 mm Hg, 13.6 mm Hg to 18.9 mm Hg, P<0. 001) was significantly greater than that with candesartan (10.4 mm Hg, 7.7 mm Hg to 13.1 mm Hg, P<0.001) or lisinopril (mean 10.7 mm Hg, 8.0 mm Hg to 13.5 mm Hg, P<0.001). Furthermore, the reduction in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio with combination treatment (50%, 36% to 61%, P<0.001) was greater than with candesartan (24%, 0% to 43%, P=0.05) and lisinopril (39%, 20% to 54%, P<0.001). All treatments were generally well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candesartan 16 mg once daily is as effective as lisinopril 20 mg once daily in reducing blood pressure and microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Combination treatment is well tolerated and more effective in reducing blood pressure.
authors: Department of Medicine, M, Kommunehospitalet, University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. cem@afdm.au.dk
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Mogensen
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Neldam
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Tikkanen
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Oren
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Viskoper
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Watts
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; D017706:Lisinopril; C081643:candesartan