title: Female and male trunk geometry: size and prediction of the spine loading trunk muscles derived from MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Develop a gender specific database of trunk muscle cross-sectional areas across multiple levels of the thoracic and lumbar spine and develop prediction equations for the physiological cross-sectional area as a function of gender and anthropometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study quantified trunk muscle cross-sectional areas of male and female spine loading muscles.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is a lack of comprehensive data regarding the female spine loading muscle size. Although biomechanical models often assume females are the same as males, little is known regarding gender differences in terms of trunk muscle areas and no data exist regarding the prediction of trunk muscle physiological cross-sectional areas from commonly used external anthropometric measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging scans through the vertebral bodies from T(8) through S(1) were performed on 20 females and 10 males. Muscle fiber angle corrected cross-sectional areas were recorded at each vertebral level. Linear regression techniques taking into account anthropometric measures were utilized to develop prediction equations for the physiological cross-sectional area for each muscle of interest, as well as tests for differences in cross-sectional areas due to gender and side of the body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant gender differences were observed for the prediction of the erector spinae, internal and external obliques, psoas major and quadratus lumborum physiological cross-sectional areas. Anthropometric measures about the xyphoid process and combinations of height and weight resulted in better predictions of cross-sectional areas than when using traditional anthropometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the trunk muscle geometry of females and males are different, and that these differences should be considered in the development of biomechanical models of the torso. Relevance. The prediction of physiological cross-sectional areas from external anthropometric measures provide gender specific equations to assist in estimation of forces of muscles which load the spine for biomechanical purposes.
authors: Biodynamics Laboratory, IWSE Department, The Ohio State University, Rm 210, 1971 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. marras.1@osu.edu
authors: W S
authors: WS
authors: Marras
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Jorgensen
authors: K P
authors: KP
authors: Granata
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Wiand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology