title: Preserving transfer independence among individuals with spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Upper extremity (UE) joint degeneration, particularly at the shoulder, detrimentally influences functional independence, quality of life, cardiovascular disease risk, and life expectancy of individuals following spinal cord injury (SCI). This review (1) describes UE use for transfers among individuals with SCI; (2) describes contributing factors associated with UE joint degeneration and loss of transfer independence; (3) summarizes and identifies gaps in existing research; and (4) provides suggestions for future research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Investigations of wheelchair transfer related UE joint and function preservation among individuals with SCI should consider factors including age and length of time from SCI onset, interface between subject-wheelchair, pain, shoulder joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength deficiencies or imbalances, exercise capacity and tolerance for the physical strain of activities of daily living (ADL), body mass and composition, previous UE injury or disease history, and transfer techniques. Existing studies of transfers among individuals with SCI have relied on small groups of either asymptomatic or non-impaired subjects, with minimal integration of kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic data. Descriptions of UE joint ROM, forces, and moments produced during transfers are lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomechanical measurement and computer modeling have provided increasingly accurate tools for acquiring the data needed to guide intervention planning to prevent UE joint degeneration and preserve function among individuals with SCI. The identification of stressful sub-components during transfers will enable intervening clinicians and engineers who design and modify assistive and adaptive devices to better serve individuals with SCI.
authors: School of Physical Therapy, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612-4766, USA.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Nyland
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Quigley
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Huang
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Lloyd
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Harrow
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014910:Wheelchairs