title: The effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the gender difference in coronary artery calcification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the gender difference in coronary artery calcification, a measure of atherosclerotic plaque burden, is lost in type 1 diabetic patients, and whether abnormalities in established coronary heart disease risk factors explain this.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Type 1 diabetes abolishes the gender difference in coronary heart disease mortality because it is associated with a greater elevation of coronary disease risk in women than men. The pathophysiological basis of this is not understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronary artery calcification and coronary risk factors were compared in 199 type 1 diabetic patients and 201 nondiabetic participants of similar age (30 to 55 years) and gender (50% female) distribution. Only one subject had a history of coronary disease. Calcification was measured with electron beam computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nondiabetic participants there was a large gender difference in calcification prevalence (men 54%, women 21%, odds ratio 4.5, p < 0.001), half of which was explained by established risk factors (odds ratio after adjustment = 2.2). Diabetes was associated with a greatly increased prevalence of calcification in women (47%), but not men (52%), so that the gender difference in calcification was lost (p = 0.002 for the greater effect of diabetes on calcification in women than men). On adjustment for risk factors, diabetes remained associated with a threefold higher odds ratio of calcification in women than men (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 1 diabetes coronary artery calcification is greatly increased in women and the gender difference in calcification is lost. Little of this is explained by known coronary risk factors.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, United Kingdom. helen@public-health.ucl.ac.uk
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Colhoun
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Rubens
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Underwood
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000473:pathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography