title: Predictors of mortality and end-stage diabetic complications in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus on intensified insulin therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess predictors of mortality and end-stage diabetic complications in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus on intensified insulin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 3,674 patients (insulin treatment before age 31) who had participated in a 5-day in-patient group treatment and teaching programme for intensification of insulin therapy between 9/1978 and 12/1994 were reassessed after 10 +/- 3 (mean +/- SD) years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vital status and data on blindness, amputations, and renal replacement therapy were documented for 97% patients; 7% patients had died, 1.3% had become blind, 2% had amputations and 4.6% started renal replacement therapy. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, the following risk factors of mortality as assessed at baseline were identified: nephropathy (at least macroproteinuria), hazard ratio 3.8 (95% confidence interval 2.6-5.6); smoking, 1.9 (1.4-2.6); diabetes duration, 1.5 (1.2-1.8) for a difference of 10 years; serum cholesterol, 1.1 (1.0-1.2) for a difference of 1 mmol/l; lower social status, 1.4 (1.1-1.8) for a difference of 1 out of 3 levels; age, 1.3 (1.1-1.6) for a difference of 10 years; male sex, 1.4 (1.1-1.9); systolic blood pressure, 1.1 (1-1.2) for a difference of 10 mmHg. For the combined endpoint - blindness or amputations or renal replacement therapy - predictors were: nephropathy, foot complications, HbA1c, smoking, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, retinopathy, hypertension, and social status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Type 1 diabetic patients who start intensified insulin therapy, nephropathy remains the strongest predictor of mortality and end-stage complications. Glycosylated haemoglobin is a risk factor of end-stage complications but not of mortality. Conventional risk factors comparable to the general population, particularly smoking become operative as predictors of both mortality and end-stage complications.
authors: Department of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases WHO Collaborating Centre for Diabetes, University of Düsseldorf, Germany. Ingrid_Muehlhauser@uni-hamburg.de
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Mühlhauser
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Overmann
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Bender
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Jörgens
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012907:Smoking; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin