title: Protection of normal proliferating cells against chemotherapy by staurosporine-mediated, selective, and reversible G(1) arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major limiting factor in human cancer chemotherapy is toxicity in normal tissues. Our goal was to determine whether normal proliferating cells could be protected from chemotherapeutic agents by taking advantage of the differential drug sensitivity of cell cycle G(1) checkpoint in normal and cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal mammary epithelial cells and mammary cancer cells were initially treated with staurosporine at a cytostatic (i.e., nonlethal) concentration, which preferentially arrests normal cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle without affecting the proliferation of tumor cells. After the selective arrest of normal cells in G(0)/G(1), both normal and tumor cells were treated with doxorubicin or camptothecin, two cytotoxic (i.e., lethal) chemotherapeutic agents. Cells were then allowed to recover in drug-free medium for 12 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After pretreatment of both normal and tumor cells with staurosporine followed by treatment with doxorubicin or camptothecin, tumor cells were selectively killed by chemotherapeutic agents, whereas normal cells resumed proliferation after the drugs were removed. Pretreatment with staurosporine also protected normal circulating lymphocytes that had been induced to proliferate in vitro with phytohemagglutinin from chemotherapeutic agents. Staurosporine-induced arrest of normal cells in G(0)/G(1) phase was reversible, and arrested cells tolerated doses of camptothecin that were more than 100-fold higher than necessary to eradicate all tumor cells in culture. Staurosporine-mediated G(0)/G(1) arrest targets the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) pathway and was accompanied by a rapid decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 protein levels, increased binding of CDK inhibitors p21 and p27 to CDK2, and inhibition of CDK2 activity in normal cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast cancer cells with defective checkpoints regulated by the pRb pathway can be targeted specifically with chemotherapeutic agents, following staurosporine-mediated, selective and reversible G(0)/G(1) arrest in normal cells.
authors: Laboratory of Diagnostic Oncology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lowe
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Herliczek
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Hall
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Danes
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Lawrence
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Keyomarsi
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000009:adverse effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000009:adverse effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase / Q000187:drug effects*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004317:Doxorubicin; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D019311:Staurosporine; D002166:Camptothecin