title: Morphological changes of cerebral penetrating arteries in a canine double hemorrhage model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphological presentations of cerebral vasospasm, such as dystrophy and desquamation of endothelial cells, corrugation of the internal elastic layer, and necrotic changes in smooth muscle cells, are well defined in large cerebral arteries. This study was undertaken to examine pathological changes in cerebral penetrating arteries in a canine double hemorrhage model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen mongrel dogs were subjected to an autologous arterial blood (0.4 mL/kg) injection into the cisterna magna on day 0 and day 2 after withdrawal of an equivalent amount of cerebrospinal fluid. Angiogram was performed on day 0 before the blood injection and on the day the dogs were sacrificed. The dogs were divided into four groups: control (day 0) (n = 4), hemorrhage and sacrificed on day 3 (n = 4), day 5 (n = 5), and day 7 (n = 5). The penetrating arteries were removed and found to be spastic on days 3, 5, and 7, but not in the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelial dystrophy and partial desquamation were recorded in all dogs sacrificed on days 5 and 7. Condensation of chromatin, blebbing of the membrane, and condensation of cytoplasm were identified in many endothelial cells, features that are consistent with apoptosis. The morphological changes in the penetrating arteries were more pronounced on days 5 and 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vasospasm occurred in cerebral penetrating arteries in a canine double hemorrhage model. The morphological change in penetrating arteries, especially apoptosis in endothelial cells, is consistent with an early phase of vasospasm. Vasospasm in a penetrating artery may contribute to the cerebral ischemia that occurs during vasospasm.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
authors: A Y
authors: AY
authors: Zubkov
authors: R E
authors: RE
authors: Tibbs
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Aoki
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000473:pathology*