Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I.
OBJECTIVE
To review empirical findings on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD).


METHODS
Selected summaries of the literature over the past decade are presented.


RESULTS
Evidence supports a distinction between the symptoms of ODD and many symptoms of CD, but there is controversy about whether aggressive symptoms should be considered to be part of ODD or CD. CD is clearly heterogenous, but further research is needed regarding the most useful subtypes. Some progress has been made in documenting sex differences. Symptoms that are more serious, more atypical for the child's sex, or more age-atypical appear to be prognostic of serious dysfunction. Progress has been made in the methods for assessment of ODD and CD, but some critical issues, such as combined information from different informants, remains to be addressed. A proportion of children with ODD later develop CD, and a proportion of those with CD later meet criteria for antisocial personality disorder. ODD and CD frequently co-occur with other psychiatric conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
Although major advances in the study of the prevalence and course of ODD and CD have occurred in the past decade, some key issues remain unanswered.
Loeber
R
R
Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA.
Burke
J D
JD
Lahey
B B
BB
Winters
A
A
Zera
M
M
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012737:Sex Factors