title: One-stage revision surgery for pediatric cholesteatoma: long-term results and comparison with primary surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies report on revision surgery for pediatric cholesteatoma, even if most studies of primary surgery show high recurrence rates. We present independently evaluated long-term results of revision surgery and compare the results with those of primary surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The series consisted of 42 consecutive pediatric (age <16 years) cholesteatoma revision operations in the Helsinki University ENT Department. The primary and revision surgery was non-staged, all mastoids were obliterated and the bony ear canals were reconstructed. The preoperative, surgical and annual control data were recorded in a database. The last control was independently performed (J.S.) with an average follow-up of 4.3 years and 87% attendance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recurrence rate for revision operations was 38%. A retraction process developed in 38% of the ears and 67% of these retractions turned into active cholesteatomas. There was a non-significant difference for these figures as compared with primary surgery. Postoperative discharge and poor middle ear ventilation were associated with recurrence. The following factors showed significant differences between primary and revision surgery: increased number of bare facial nerve in the revision group, lower recurrence rate for experienced surgeons (as for both groups together) and improved hearing results for ears without recurrence in the revision group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recurrent disease after revision surgery appears either in the attic or in the mesotympanum, or develops from a retraction pocket in a similar manner as was seen in patients receiving primary surgery. Recurrence is associated with discharging and poorly ventilated ears. Pediatric cholesteatoma surgery should be done or be supervised by experienced surgeons. The present operation methods result in many recurrences after primary and revision surgery. New surgical methods are needed to create additional aeration pathways to the epitympanum in order to improve middle ear aeration and to prevent some of the retractions.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Tromso, N 9037, Tromso, Norway.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Silvola
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Palva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies