title: Case-control study on radiology work, medical x-ray investigations, and use of cellular telephones as risk factors for brain tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ionizing radiation is a well-established risk factor for brain tumors. During recent years, microwave exposure from the use of cellular telephones has been discussed as a potential risk factor.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for brain tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study, with exposure assessed by questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 233 currently living men and women, aged 20 to 80 years, were included. The case patients had histopathologically verified brain tumors and lived in the Uppsala-Orebro region (1994-1996) or the Stockholm region (1995-1996). Two matched controls to each case were selected from the Swedish Population Register.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ionizing radiation and use of cellular telephones as risk factors for brain tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 209 cases (90%) and 425 controls (91%) answered the questionnaire. Work as a physician yielded an odds ratio (OR) of 6.00, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.62 to 57.7. All three case patients had worked with fluoroscopy. Radiotherapy of the head and neck region yielded an OR of 3.61 (95% CI, 0.65-19.9). Medical diagnostic x-ray examination of the same area yielded an OR of 2.10 (95% CI, 1.25-3.53), with a tumor induction period of 5 years or more. Chemical industry work yielded an OR of 4.10 (95% CI, 1.25-13.4), and laboratory work yielded an OR of 3.21 (95% CI, 1.16-8.85). Ipsilateral use of cellular telephones increased the risk for tumors in the temporal, temporoparietal, and occipital lobes (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 0.97-6.05), ie, the anatomic areas with highest exposure to microwaves from a mobile telephone. The result was further strengthened (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.02-6.71) in a multivariate analysis that included laboratory work and medical diagnostic x-ray investigations of the head and neck.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to ionizing radiation, work in laboratories, and work in the chemical industry increased the risk of brain tumors. Use of a cellular telephone was associated with an increased risk in the anatomic area with highest exposure.
authors: Orebro Medical Center, Department of Oncology, Orebro, Sweden. lennart.hardell@orebroll.se
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Hardell
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Nasman
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pahlson
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hallquist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D013685:Telecommunications / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*