Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the national conference on cardiovascular disease prevention.
A workshop was held September 27 through 29, 1999, to address issues relating to national trends in mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular diseases; the apparent slowing of declines in mortality from cardiovascular diseases; levels and trends in risk factors for cardiovascular diseases; disparities in cardiovascular diseases by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography; trends in cardiovascular disease preventive and treatment services; and strategies for efforts to reduce cardiovascular diseases overall and to reduce disparities among subpopulations. The conference concluded that coronary heart disease mortality is still declining in the United States as a whole, although perhaps at a slower rate than in the 1980s; that stroke mortality rates have declined little, if at all, since 1990; and that there are striking differences in cardiovascular death rates by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography. Trends in risk factors are consistent with a slowing of the decline in mortality; there has been little recent progress in risk factors such as smoking, physical inactivity, and hypertension control. There are increasing levels of obesity and type 2 diabetes, with major differences among subpopulations. There is considerable activity in population-wide prevention, primary prevention for higher risk people, and secondary prevention, but wide disparities exist among groups on the basis of socioeconomic status and geography, pointing to major gaps in efforts to use available, proven approaches to control cardiovascular diseases. Recommendations for strategies to attain the year 2010 health objectives were made.
Cooper
R
R
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2482, Bethesda, MD 20892-2482, USA.
Cutler
J
J
Desvigne-Nickens
P
P
Fortmann
S P
SP
Friedman
L
L
Havlik
R
R
Hogelin
G
G
Marler
J
J
McGovern
P
P
Morosco
G
G
Mosca
L
L
Pearson
T
T
Stamler
J
J
Stryer
D
D
Thom
T
T
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000639:trends; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000639:trends; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology