title: Natural and induced allergic responses increase the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis out of season had a reduced ability to warm and humidify air compared with normal subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to investigate whether allergic reactions induced by either seasonal exposure or nasal challenge with antigen would decrease the capacity of the nose to condition cold, dry air.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed two prospective studies comparing the effects of allergic inflammation, induced by either seasonal exposure or nasal challenge with antigen, on nasal conditioning capacity (NCC). The total water gradient (WG) across the nose was used to represent the NCC. In the first study, the NCC was measured and compared before and during the allergy season in 10 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis. In the second study, 20 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis were recruited outside of the allergy season. NCC was measured and compared before and 24 hours after challenge with antigen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study, seasonal allergic subjects in season showed a significant increase in NCC when compared with their preseason baseline (total WG in season: 2050 +/- 138 mg vs total WG preseason: 1524 +/- 100 mg; P <.01). In the second study, antigen challenge led to early-phase and late-phase responses. There was a statistically significant increase in NCC 24 hours after antigen challenge compared with that before antigen challenge (total WG after antigen challenge: 1938 +/- 101 mg vs total WG before antigen challenge: 1648 +/- 84 mg; P =.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allergic reactions induced by either seasonal exposure or antigen challenge increase the ability of the nose to condition inspired air. We speculate that allergic inflammation increases this ability by changing the perimeter of the nasal cavity.
authors: Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Assanasen
authors: F M
authors: FM
authors: Baroody
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Abbott
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Naureckas
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Solway
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Naclerio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration / Q000276:immunology; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens