Associative learning and latent inhibition in a conditioned suppression paradigm in humans.
A paradigm based on conditioned suppression of ongoing motor activity, sensitive to latent inhibition (LI), was developed and tested in healthy volunteers. Subjects were trained to move disks from one peg to another with a high degree of regularity in the Tower of Toronto puzzle, a well-known cognitive skill learning task. Once this was achieved, they were submitted to a Pavlovian conditioning procedure. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was a pure tone and the unconditioned stimulus (US) a loud white noise. The resulting response suppression was assessed by a transient increase in latency of the hand movements. In control subjects, there was non-contingent CS and US presentation. The results evidenced conditioning after a single CS-US pairing. Following five preexposures to the to-be-conditioned CS, however, conditioning was abolished, seemingly expressing LI. Because a weak unconditioned response to the tone was observed after its first two presentations, an additional experiment was performed with two preexposures to the to-be-conditioned CS. With such procedure, conditioning was obtained, supporting the existence of LI in the preceding experiment. These results indicate that the present paradigm may be useful for the study of LI in human subjects, having the advantage of being similar to the experimental conditions used in the majority of LI studies in experimental animals.
Salgado
J V
JV
Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Campus USP, 14040-901, SP, Brazil.
Vidal
M
M
Oberling
P
P
Graeff
F G
FG
Danion
J M
JM
Sandner
G
G
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001245:Association Learning; D003071:Cognition; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012033:Refractory Period, Psychological