title: Nicotine is more reinforcing in smokers with a past history of alcoholism than in smokers without this history.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether smokers with a past history (PH) but not current history of alcohol dependence are more nicotine dependent than smokers with no such history (NH) is unclear. The present study was an experimental test of this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty PH and 10 NH smokers abstained from smoking for 16 hr on each of 4 days. On each of 3 days, participants received three doses per day of 0, 2, or 4 mg nicotine gum in a within-subjects, randomized, double-blind, crossover design. To examine subjective effects, participants completed the Profile of Mood States, Addiction Research Inventory, and other ratings before and after each dose. To examine nicotine reinforcement, participants reported preference among the gums, reported on money versus gum choices, and, on the 4th day, underwent a double-blind self-administration test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across the 21 subjective measures, with one exception, PH and NH smokers did not differ in subjective response to nicotine. However, across all three reinforcement measures, nicotine was a more potent reinforcer in PH than NH smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide a behavioral mechanism to explain prior findings that PH smokers are more nicotine dependent than NH smokers.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401-1419, USA. john.hughes@uvm.edu
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Hughes
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Rose
authors: P W
authors: PW
authors: Callas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002638:Chewing Gum; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002638:Chewing Gum; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011145:Polyvinyls; D009538:Nicotine