title: Use of an implanted marker and real-time tracking of the marker for the positioning of prostate and bladder cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A real-time tracking radiotherapy was investigated to assess its usefulness in precise localization and verification of prostate and bladder cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The real-time tracking radiation therapy (RTRT) system consists of implantation of a 2.0-mm gold marker into a clinical target volume (CTV), three-dimensional radiation treatment planning (3DRTP) system, and the use of two sets of diagnostic x-ray television systems in the linear accelerator room, image processing units, and an image display unit. The position of the patient can be corrected by adjusting the actual marker position to the planned marker position, which has been transferred from the 3DRTP and superimposed on the fluoroscopic image on the display unit of the RTRT system. The position of the markers can be visualized during irradiation and after treatment delivery to verify the accuracy of the localization. Ten patients with prostate cancer and 5 patients with bladder cancer were examined using this system for the treatment setup on 91 occasions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After manual setup using skin markers, the median of absolute value of discrepancies between the actual position of the marker and the planned position of the marker for prostate cancer was 3.4 (0.1-8.9) mm, 4.1 (0.2-18.1) mm, and 2.3 (0.0-10.6) mm for the lateral, anteroposterior, and craniocaudal directions, respectively. The 3D median distance between the actual and planned positions of the marker was 6.9 (1.1-18.2) mm for prostate cancer and 6.9 (1.7-18.6) mm for bladder cancer. After relocation using RTRT, the 3D distance between the actual and planned position of the marker was 0.9 +/- 0.9 mm. Median 3D distances between actual positions after treatment delivery and planned positions were 1.6 (0.0-6.3) mm and 2.0 (0.5-8.0) mm during daily radiotherapy for the marker in patients with prostate cancer and bladder cancer, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe the new positioning system can reduce uncertainty due to setup error and internal organ motion, although further improvement is needed for the system to account for the rotational and elastic changes of the affected tissues.
authors: Department of Radiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Shimizu
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Shirato
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kitamura
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Shinohara
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Harabayashi
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Tsukamoto
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Koyanagi
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Miyasaka
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*