Fatty acid derivatives of clozapine: prolonged antidopaminergic activity of docosahexaenoylclozapine in the rat.
Stable amides of clozapine derived from fatty acids prominent in cerebral tissue might enhance the central activity of clozapine and reduce its exposure to peripheral tissues. Such derivatives might enhance the safety of this unique drug, which is the only agent with securely established superior antipsychotic effectiveness, but with a risk of potentially lethal systemic toxicity. Amide derivatives of clozapine were prepared from structurally varied fatty acid chlorides and evaluated for ability to inhibit behavioral arousal in rat induced by dopamine agonist apomorphine and to induce catalepsy. Their duration-of-action and potency were compared to free clozapine, and concentrations of clozapine were assayed in brain and blood. Selected agents were also evaluated for affinity at dopamine receptors and other potential drug-target sites. Clozapine-N-amides of linoleic, myristic, oleic, and palmitic acids had moderate initial central depressant activity but by 6 h, failed to inhibit arousal induced by apomorphine. However, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derivative was orally bioavailable, 10-times more potent (ED(50) 5.0 micromol/kg) than clozapine itself, and very long-acting (>/= 24 h) against apomorphine, and did not induce catalepsy. DHA itself was inactive behaviorally. Clozapine showed expected dopamine receptor affinities, but DHA-clozapine was inactive at these and other potential target sites. After systemic administration of DHA-clozapine, serum levels of free clozapine were very low, and brain concentrations somewhat lower than after administering clozapine. DHA-clozapine is a long-acting central depressant with powerful and prolonged antidopaminergic activity after oral administration or injection without inducing catalepsy, and it markedly reduced peripheral exposure to free clozapine. It lacked the receptor-affinities shown by clozapine, suggesting that DHA-clozapine may be a precursor of free, pharmacologically active clozapine. Such agents may represent potential antipsychotic drugs with improved central/peripheral distribution, and possibly enhanced safety.
Baldessarini
R J
RJ
Consolidated Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Campbell
A
A
Webb
N L
NL
Swindell
C S
CS
Flood
J G
JG
Shashoua
V E
VE
Kula
N S
NS
Hemamalini
S
S
Bradley
M O
MO
D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002375:Catalepsy / Q000139:chemically induced; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D000577:Amides; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D003024:Clozapine; D001058:Apomorphine