title: Clinical features and etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma arising in patients with membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava: in reference to hepatitis viral infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) comprises hepatic vein thrombosis and inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction known as membranous obstruction of the IVC (MOVC). The latter is frequently complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The etiology of MOVC-associated HCC in relation to hepatitis viral infection is not known. In this study, we investigated the clinical features and etiology of HCC in MOVC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Membranous obstruction of IVC and HCC were diagnosed and studied by using imaging techniques. Sera from patients with MOVC, complicated by HCC, were examined for hepatitis viral antigens and antibodies (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and third generation antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV)) and for hepatitis viral nucleic acids (hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA, hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA, hepatitis G virus (HGV)-RNA and TT virus DNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 12 patients with BCS who were seen between April 1968 and February 1999. All of them had MOVC. Hepatocellular carcinoma developed in three (25%) of them. There were no obvious differences in the clinical features and imaging findings concerning MOVC between patients with and without HCC. Hepatocellular carcinoma in these three patients showed no clear trend in clinical features and imaging findings. Of the hepatitis viral markers examined, HBsAg, anti-HBc and HBV-DNA were positive in only one of three patients with HCC and all of the viral markers were negative in the other two patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic congestion in the liver, caused by an outflow block of hepatic veins and subsequent histopathologic change, must have led to HCC in two patients without any hepatitis viral markers. Patients with MOVC should be followed closely as a high-risk group for HCC.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine III, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata City, Japan.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Matsui
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Ichida
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Watanabe
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sugitani
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Suda
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Takahashi
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Asakura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D006502:Budd-Chiari Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D018067:Flaviviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications*; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; C008208:acarboxyprothrombin; D011516:Prothrombin