title: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: the spectrum of imaging findings and the correlation with neuropathologic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe imaging findings and their neuropathologic correlate in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX).
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images in 24 patients with symptoms (mean age at time of imaging, 37 years; mean disease duration, 18 years) were reviewed for site and frequency of brain, spinal cord, and Achilles tendon involvement. Two patients died, and imaging findings were compared with postmortem neuropathologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apart from nonspecific supratentorial atrophy and deep white matter changes, more typical hyperintense lesions were seen on T2-weighted images in the dentate nucleus (in 79% of patients), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and inferior olive and extended into adjacent white matter as disease progressed. In these locations, lipid crystal clefts and perivascular macrophages, neuronal loss, demyelination, fibrosis, and reactive astrocytosis were found at microscopic examination. Hypointensity was sometimes found on T2-weighted images in the dentate nucleus and was related to deposition of hemosiderin and calcifications. CT depicted fewer lesions; all had low attenuation, except for the calcifications. Spinal cord MR imaging revealed increased signal intensity in the lateral and dorsal columns on T2-weighted images. Achilles tendon xanthomas displayed intermediate signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The typical pattern of MR imaging findings reflects the classic histopathologic findings and should prompt the diagnosis of CTX.
authors: Depts of Radiology, Academic Hospital "Vrije Universiteit," De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.barkhof@azvu.nl
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Barkhof
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Verrips
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Wesseling
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: van Der Knaap
authors: B G
authors: BG
authors: van Engelen
authors: F J
authors: FJ
authors: Gabreëls
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Keyser
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Wevers
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Valk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D019294:Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*