title: Keeping families of heroin addicts together: results of 13 months' intake for community detoxification and rehabilitation at a family centre for drug users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heroin addiction is a major public health problem affecting both the addicted individuals and their children, who have been shown to have poor social, educational and health status and to be at higher risk of abuse than their peers. Whilst the antenatal effects of parental drug use and the overall poor outcomes for these children have been widely studied, there has been little emphasis on the effectiveness of treatment interventions and even less emphasis on evaluating the effect on children of the standard treatments aimed at their parents' drug use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect on heroin-addicted parents and their children of a family-based drug treatment intervention using a records-based methodology, and to identify any factors at admission which may influence outcome. This study is a pilot for a prospective Europe-wide study using a similar methodology prospectively in several treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was carried out using existing clinical and residential record data. The setting was a residential family centre run by the charity Phoenix House in Sheffield, UK, offering a 6-month (180 days) family-based programme for heroin addicts including community detoxification overseen by primary care specialist doctors and residential rehabilitation. All adults and children who entered the centre between July 1997 and July 1998 were included in the study (26 adults and 33 children, in 23 family groups). An analysis was made of clinical records and records kept on the adults and children by the clinicians and staff at the centre. The main outcome measures for the adults were length of stay and reason for departure (treatment complete, early planned discharge, unplanned discharge, eviction); and for the children were reason for departure and discharge destination (with parent or taken into care).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean length of stay was 110 days, and only 11 children (33%) and nine adults (35%) completed 150 days or more. Length of stay was found to be significantly correlated with parental age at admission (P < 0.01). Twelve children (37%) and nine adults (35%) were deemed to have completed treatment successfully. Of the remainder, 14 children (42%) and 11 adults (42%) left because of definite treatment failure. Successful treatment completion was found to be correlated with increased parental age (Pearson's r = 0.612, P = 0. 001). Poly-drug users were significantly less likely to complete treatment successfully (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.012). Twenty children were in the care of their parents on admission, and 24 were able to go home with their parents. There was no association between residence with parents pre- and post-admission (McNemar's chi-squared test = 1.6, P > or = 0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whilst overall high rates of treatment success are not expected in abstinence-based programmes, the outcomes for the adults in this setting are comparable with published results in other residential settings, and there is some evidence that some families may have stayed together who might otherwise have been separated. Older adults who were not poly-drug users had significantly better outcomes. The records-based methodology proved successful, but centres need to keep detailed and preferably long-term records on children if their outcomes are to be evaluated more fully.
authors: Institute of General Practice and Primary Care, Community Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK. J.Keen@shef.ac.uk
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Keen
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Oliver
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Rowse
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Mathers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004739:England; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D012114:Residential Treatment; D012189:Retrospective Studies