Influence of diabetes on cardiac nitric oxide synthase expression and activity.
There is some evidence that the endothelium dependent vasodilatation of coronary arteries is impaired in both types of diabetes. The underlying mechanisms are not yet clear, in particular whether this defect is caused by a direct effect of diabetes on the activity and the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) or indirectly by an enhanced inactivation of nitric oxide.


METHODS
To study this question we determined the activity (conversion of L-arginine to citrulline) and the mRNAs encoding the isoforms of NOS (using polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of the mRNAs into cDNAs by reverse transcriptase) in hearts of streptozotocin diabetic rats and in rat heart endothelial cells (RHEC). The formation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) was measured by the dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein method.


RESULTS
The activity of total NOS and the amounts of mRNAs encoding ecNOS and iNOS were dependent on the duration of diabetes. After a diabetes duration of 4 to 6 weeks both the total activity as well as the mRNAs encoding ecNOS and iNOS were elevated. A reduction of NOS activity and the amounts of mRNAs of ecNOS and iNOS was only seen after a diabetes duration longer than 20 weeks, a time at which a loss of endothelium has been described. In RHEC, high glucose (22 mM) and H(2)O(2) (100 microM) were able to increase the mRNA encoding ecNOS, but not iNOS. This increase in ecNOS mRNA was inhibited by lipoic acid (1 microM). In addition, high glucose (22 and 30 mM) led to an enhanced formation of ROI and to activation of the transcription NF kappa B.


CONCLUSIONS
These observations suggest that diabetes causes a temporary increase in NOS activity and ecNOS mRNA in the rat heart which is presumably the consequence of an enhanced oxidative stress exerted by hyperglycaemia. Together with previously published observations, our data suggest that the impairment of endothelium dependent vasodilatation in rat heart is not the consequence of a reduced activity and expression of NOS, but is caused by an enhanced inactivation of nitric oxide by ROI.
Stockklauser-Färber
K
K
Clinical Biochemistry, Diabetesforschungsinstitut an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Ballhausen
T
T
Laufer
A
A
Rösen
P
P
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D017364:Collagenases; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000201:enzymology*; D004727:Endothelium / Q000201:enzymology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D010477:Perfusion; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
D000975:Antioxidants; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D017364:Collagenases; D005947:Glucose