title: A transvaginal approach to repair of apical and other associated sites of pelvic organ prolapse with uterosacral ligaments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were (1) to describe a group of women with pelvic organ prolapse associated with apical loss of support through grading with the Baden-Walker halfway system before, during, and after the corrective operation, (2) to describe the operative repair of the support defects, (3) to report the morbidity associated with the operative repair, and (4) to assess the durability of the repair at each site.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1998, a total of 302 consecutive women with apical and associated other support defects were evaluated before, during, and after the corrective operation by the senior author (Bob L. Shull). All patients underwent transvaginal reconstructive surgery with native tissue. Two hundred eighty-nine patients (96%) returned for at least one postoperative visit, and they constitute the group used for the follow-up data. Perioperative morbidity was considered to include hemorrhage necessitating homologous blood transfusion, visceral injury, neurologic impairment, or death. Durability was assessed by means of life-table analysis for each of 5 sites in the vagina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had preoperative or intraoperative evidence of grade 1 or greater apical loss of support of and at least one other site of pelvic organ prolapse. Two hundred eighty-nine patients (96%) returned for at least one postoperative visit. Two hundred fifty-one patients (group 1, 87%) had optimal anatomic outcomes, with no persistent or recurrent support defects at any site. Thirty-eight patients (group 2, 13%) had one or more sites with at least grade 1 loss of support during the follow-up interval. Twenty-four of these 38 patients had grade 1 defects that were detectable only on careful pelvic examination. Fourteen of these patients (5%) had grade 2 or greater persistent or recurrent support defects. The anterior segment (bladder) was the site with the most persistent or recurrent support defects, which means that it was the site of the least durable repair. The urethra and cuff had the most durable repairs. Morbidity included a 1% transfusion rate, a 1% ureteral injury or ureteral kinking rate, and a 0.3% postoperative death rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of pelvic support defects and the use of native connective tissue and uterosacral ligaments are associated with excellent anatomic outcomes. The durability of the surgical correction varies according to the individual site of repair and the duration of postoperative follow-up.
authors: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott and White Clinic and Memorial Hospital, Texas A & M University System Health Sciences Center College of Medicine Temple, TX 76508, USA.
authors: B L
authors: BL
authors: Shull
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Bachofen
authors: K W
authors: KW
authors: Coates
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Kuehl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008022:Ligaments / Q000637:transplantation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014599:Uterus; D014621:Vagina