title: Effect of gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormones on baroreflex sensitivity and cerebral blood flow autoregulation in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present paper, we are interested in the effects of gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (gamma-MSHs) on cardiovascular regulatory systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and heart rate (HR) were measured in urethane-anaesthetised rats after intravenous administration of lysgamma(2)-MSH, gamma(2)-MSH, gamma(2)-MSH(6-12) or phenylephrine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gamma-MSHs caused an increase in MAP, CBF and HR, whereas phenylephrine caused an increase in MAP and CBF and baroreceptor reflex-mediated bradycardia. All tested gamma-MSHs showed a significant impairment of the baroreceptor reflex sensitivity and CBF autoregulation as compared to the phenylephrine group. gamma(2)-MSH shows identical effects on the baroreceptor reflex and CBF as the endogenous occurring lysgamma(2)-MSH. In addition, the C-terminal fragment of gamma(2)-MSH, gamma(2)-MSH(6-12), induced similar effects as gamma(2)-MSH. The level of increase in MAP was comparable between the gamma-MSHs and the phenylephrine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that gamma(2)-MSH and the shorter fragment gamma(2)-MSH(6-12) impair baroreceptor reflex sensitivity, due to a strong increase in sympathetic tone and/or change in baroreceptor reflex setpoint, and induce cerebrovasodilatation, which can counteract an autoregulation-mediated cerebrovasoconstriction due to systemic pressor effects. Furthermore, the results indicate that the C-terminal site of gamma(2)-MSH is relevant for its central-mediated inhibitory effects on the baroreceptor reflex and CBF.
authors: Department of Medical Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands. nijsen@med.ruu,nl
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Nijsen
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: de Ruiter
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Kasbergen
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: de Wildt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019825:gamma-MSH / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019825:gamma-MSH; D009599:Nitroprusside; D010656:Phenylephrine