title: Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene knockout mice have increased resistance to gut injury and bacterial translocation after an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion after severe shock states is often associated with bacterial translocation and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Our previous studies showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene knockout mice were resistant to endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation and ileal mucosal damage. The goal of this study was to test whether iNOS mediates bacterial translocation after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, using iNOS knockout mice (iNOS-/-) and their wild-type littermates (iNOS+/+).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective animal study with concurrent controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Small animal laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight iNOS knockout mice and 51 wild-type littermates.
  
  
  METHODS
  iNOS+/+ mice or iNOS-/- mice were subjected to a sham operation or 30 mins of superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, ileal villous damage, and cecal bacterial population were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sham operation did not induce bacterial translocation, change cecal bacterial population levels, or cause ileal villous damage. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion caused bacterial translocation in 72% of the iNOS+/+ mice but only 28% of the iNOS-/- mice. Both iNOS+/+ and iNOS-/- mice subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) in which bacterial translocation occurred had cecal bacterial population levels that were three logs higher than mice subjected to sham SMAO or mice subjected to SMAO in which bacterial translocation did not occur. The magnitude of villous injury was less in the iNOS-/- mice than the iNOS+/+ mice after SMAO, although the incidence of ileal villous damage was significantly higher in both the iNOS+/+ and iNOS-/- mice in which bacterial translocation occurred after SMAO than in the mice in which bacterial translocation did not occur after SMAO. iNOS+/+ mice subjected to SMAO had increased plasma concentrations of nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), and the plasma concentrations of NO2- and NO3- were highest in the mice in which bacterial translocation had occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iNOS knockout mice were more resistant to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-induced bacterial translocation and mucosal injury than wild-type mice, suggesting that iNOS might play a role in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-induced loss of gut barrier function.
authors: Department of Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Newark 07103-2714, USA.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Suzuki
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Deitch
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Mishima
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Lu
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D007082:Ileum / Q000098:blood supply; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior; D008641:Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase