title: Daytime urinary incontinence in primary school children: a population-based survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and severity of, and risk factors for, daytime urinary incontinence in children starting primary school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional survey of new entrant primary school children in Sydney, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random cluster sample of 2020 primary school children was surveyed by using a daytime incontinence questionnaire with known substantial repeatability (mean kappa = 0.70).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was returned for 1419 (70%) children with a mean age of 5.9 years; 16.5% of children had experienced one or more episodes of wetting in the last 6 months (mild), 2.0% had wet twice or more per week (moderate), and 0.7% were wet every day (severe) (overall prevalence of 19.2%). On multivariate analysis, recent emotional stress (odds ratio 5.7), a history of daytime wetting along the paternal line (odds ratio 9.3), and a history of wetting among male siblings (odds ratio 5.3) were independent risk factors for moderate to severe daytime wetting. Expressed as population attributable risk, 59% and 28% of moderate-severe and mild daytime wetting, respectively, can be attributed to these 3 factors. Only 16% of families with affected children had sought medical help.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daytime urinary incontinence in the first year of primary school is more common than previously reported, and only a small proportion of affected children seek medical help. Emotional stress and family history are likely to be major causal factors.
authors: Centre for Kidney Research, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney, Australia.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Sureshkumar
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Craig
authors: L P
authors: LP
authors: Roy
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Knight
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*