title: Risk factors for infective endocarditis: oral hygiene and nondental exposures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risks of infective endocarditis (IE) associated with various conditions and procedures are poorly defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This was a population-based case-control study conducted in 54 Philadelphia, Pa-area hospitals from 1988 to 1990. Community-acquired IE cases unassociated with intravenous drug use were compared with matched community residents. Subjects were interviewed for risk factors. Diagnoses were confirmed by expert review of medical record abstracts with risk factor data removed. Cases were more likely than controls to suffer from prior severe kidney disease (adjusted OR [95% CI]=16.9 [1.5 to 193], P:=0.02) and diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR [95% CI]=2.7 [1.4 to 5.2], P:=0.004). Cases infected with skin flora had received intravenous fluids more often (adjusted OR [95% CI]=6.7 [1.1 to 41], P:=0.04) and had more often had a previous skin infection (adjusted OR [95% CI]=3.5 [0.7 to 17], P:=0.11). No association was seen with pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiac, or genitourinary procedures or with surgery. Edentulous patients had a lower risk of IE from dental flora than patients who had teeth but did not floss. Daily flossing was associated with a borderline decreased IE risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of the available sample size, the data showed that IE patients differ from people without IE with regard to certain important risk factors but not regarding recent procedures.
authors: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelpha 19104-6021, USA. Bstrom@cceb.med.upenn.edu
authors: B L
authors: BL
authors: Strom
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Abrutyn
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Berlin
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Kinman
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Feldman
authors: P D
authors: PD
authors: Stolley
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Levison
authors: O M
authors: OM
authors: Korzeniowski
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Kaye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D015897:Comorbidity; D003691:Delaware / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004733:Enema / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001466:Barium Sulfate