title: Survival in children with perinatal HIV infection and very low CD4 lymphocyte counts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical conditions associated with mortality in HIV-infected children with CD4+ counts <100 cells/microl.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Project is a longitudinal medical record review study with eight study sites in the United States, which have been enrolling children since 1989. Survival time from baseline very low CD4 count (<100 cells/microl) to death was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effect of clinical variables on mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 522 children (>/=1 year of age) with serial CD4+ T-lymphocyte measurements, the median age at the first very low CD4 count was 4.8 years. The estimated median survival following the first very low CD4 count was 36 months. The following factors present at the first very low CD4 count were independently associated with a higher risk of death: younger age, weight-for-age >2 standard deviations below the mean, and previously diagnosed AIDS. The subsequent development of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated disease, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection, wasting syndrome, or esophageal candidiasis was also independently associated with a higher risk of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival in HIV-infected children with very low CD4 counts before introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy was highly variable. Poor nutritional status and the development of CMV disease or MAI infection were associated with the shortest survival times.
authors: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. howen.hsu@state.ma.us
authors: H W
authors: HW
authors: Hsu
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Pelton
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Williamson
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Thomas
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Mascola
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Ortiz
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Rakusan
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Melville
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bertolli
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001835:Body Weight; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000635:transmission; D019247:HIV Wasting Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015270:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States