title: An evaluation of active shape models for the automatic identification of cephalometric landmarks.
abstract: This paper describes an evaluation of the application of active shape models to cephalometric landmarking. Permissible deformations of a template were established from a training set of hand-annotated images and the resulting model was used to fit to unseen images. An evaluation of this technique in comparison to the accuracy achieved by previous methods is presented. Sixty-three randomly selected cephalograms were tested using a drop-one-out method. On average, 13 per cent of 16 landmarks were within 1 mm, 35 per cent within 2 mm, and 74 per cent within 5 mm. It was concluded that the current implementation does not give sufficient accuracy for completely automated landmarking, but could be used as a time-saving tool to provide a first-estimate location of the landmarks. The method is also of interest because it provides a framework for a range of future improvements.
authors: Eastman Dental Institute, UCL, London, UK.
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Hutton
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Cunningham
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Hammond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D003765:Models, Dental; D011897:Random Allocation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results