title: Improvement in cognition associated with novel antipsychotic drugs: a direct drug effect or reduction of EPS?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Administration of novel, versus classic, antipsychotic agents to patients suffering from psychosis is associated both with moderately better scores on cognitive tests, and with fewer extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Because improved motor functioning may enable better performance on some components of cognitive test batteries, and because the advantages of the novel antipsychotics on cognitive performance are not very large, it is sometimes difficult to discern if improvement in a given cognitive task is due to a direct effect of the novel antipsychotic drug, or is secondary to the novel drug's decreased propensity to induce EPS. In an attempt to distinguish between these two possibilities, the present study examined the ability of patients suffering from schizophrenia receiving classic, versus novel antipsychotics, to perform a computerized visuo-motor test (VMT). VMT assesses planning capabilities, attention and executive functions known to be impaired in schizophrenia, which are suggested to be affected by novel antipsychotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six patients suffering from schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder, receiving haloperidol (23 patients, mean dose 10.01+/-6.1mg/day), olanzapine (26 patients, mean dose 10.56 +/- 4.9 mg/day) or risperidone (27 patients, mean dose 4.35 +/- 1.7 mg/day) were assessed for EPS using the parkinsonian subscale of the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Subscale (ESRS), and with the VMT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive functioning as measured by the VMT was better for patients receiving risperidone or olanzapine, compared with those receiving haloperidol (F=6.636, df=2,67, P=0. 002), while the patients receiving haloperidol or risperidone suffered from more severe EPS compared with the patients receiving olanzapine (F=3.996, df=2,71, P=0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the patients receiving risperidone suffered from EPS similar in severity to the EPS of the patients receiving haloperidol, their performance on a task involving visuo-motor and attentional skills was similar to that of the patients receiving olanzapine. This finding implies that there is a dissociation between the antipsychotic drug's ability to affect cognitive functioning, and EPS. This dissociation indirectly suggests that the advantages offered by novel antipsychotics on cognitive performance are a direct effect, rather than being entirely mediated by improved movement abilities.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. mweiser@netvision.net.il
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Weiser
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Shneider-Beeri
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Nakash
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Brill
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Bawnik
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Reiss
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Hocherman
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents