title: Case presentations of retinal artery occlusions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinal artery occlusions typically result in sudden, unilateral painless loss of vision and may have varying presentations. They are associated with systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and valvular heart disease. Additional risk factors include diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, giant-cell arteritis, and hyperlipidemia. They most often occur in persons 60 to 80 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients have come to our clinics with varying degrees of visual loss as a result of retinal artery occlusions. The types of arteriolar occlusions presented include: precapillary arteriole occlusion, cilioretinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, and central retinal artery occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were followed for their ocular involvement, but also included was medical management of the underlying systemic disease condition. Workup of retinal artery occlusion included laboratory testing, carotid duplex scans, and echocardiograms to uncover the possible systemic etiologies of the artery occlusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optometrists should recognize the signs and symptoms of the various arterial obstructions and refer patients for systemic treatment as indicated. Patients who manifest retinal or pre-retinal artery occlusions should undergo thorough systemic evaluations for vascular disease, including: atherosclerotic disease, hypertension, and valvular heart disease.
authors: Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, California, USA.
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Wong
authors: P F
authors: PF
authors: Ilsen
authors: D C
authors: DC
authors: Bright
authors: S F
authors: SF
authors: Anderson
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Townsend
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014792:Visual Acuity; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields