title: Household exposure to passive cigarette smoking and serum micronutrient concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The associations observed between passive smoking and adverse health outcomes have generated controversy. In part, this could be because the diets of passive smokers, like those of active smokers, differ from those of persons who are not exposed to cigarette smoke, especially with regard to antioxidants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to assess the relation between household exposure to passive smoking and serum concentrations of retinol, tocopherols, and carotenoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in Washington County, MD, to compare exposure to passive smoking at home, recorded in a private census of county residents in 1975, with micronutrient concentrations assayed in serum collected in 1974. This comparison was possible for 1590 control subjects in nested case-control studies conducted between 1986 and 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among persons who were not current smokers, those who lived with smokers tended to have lower serum total carotenoid, alpha-carotene, ss-carotene, and cryptoxanthin concentrations than did those who lived in households with no smokers. There was little evidence that exposure to passive smoking was associated with reduced serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, lycopene, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, or gamma-tocopherol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among nonsmokers, exposure to passive smoking tended to be associated with lower serum concentrations of the carotenoids most strongly associated with active smoking (total carotenoids, alpha-carotene, ss-carotene, and cryptoxanthin). The associations were weaker for passive smoking than for active smoking. The consistency of the associations observed for active and passive smoking indicates that exposure to passive smoking may result in decreased circulating concentrations of selected micronutrients.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. aalberg@jhsph.edu
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Alberg
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Chen
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Zhao
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Hoffman
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Comstock
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Helzlsouer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids