title: Profile of anemia in children after liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical and hematological profile of chronic anemia in children after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied children after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with hemoglobin levels < 2 standard deviation of age appropriate mean for > 6 months. Investigations included hemogram, reticulocyte count, peripheral blood smear, serum vitamin B-12, folic acid levels, iron studies, Coomb's tests, serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels, and stool and urine tests for occult blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six participants (22 male and 34 female, mean age 82.9 months, range 20-232, mean post-OLT duration 48.8 months, range 6-132) were studied. The causes of anemia were idiopathic (32), iron deficiency (4), viral infections (2, HIV=1, parvovirus=1), and lymphoproliferative disease (2). Fifteen participants showed spontaneous recovery within 1-6 months. Thirty-one children with idiopathic anemia had low or normal EPO levels (mean 7.33 mmicro/L, range <2.5 to 15.9, normal 4-24). When outliers (iron deficiency=4, HIV disease= 1) were excluded, there was no statistical correlation between hematocrits and EPO levels. Serum vitamin B-12 levels (n=52) were elevated (normal 110-930 pg/ml) (mean=1,186 pg/ml) in 32 (61.5%) and were significantly higher in those with abnormal liver function tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anemia is a common problem in children after OLT. More than half the participants had anemia of unknown etiology with an inappropriate EPO response for the degree of anemia. The normal negative correlation between hematocrit and EPO was lost in these children. The observation regarding serum vitamin B-12 levels requires further study.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, and Dumont-UCLA Liver Transplant Center, Los Angeles, California 90095-1752, USA.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Misra
authors: T B
authors: TB
authors: Moore
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Ament
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Vargas
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Busutill
authors: S V
authors: SV
authors: McDiarmid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D005293:Ferritins; D005492:Folic Acid; D007501:Iron; D014805:Vitamin B 12