title: Transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography for the assessment of straddling tricuspid or mitral valves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advent of 3D echocardiography has provided a technique which, potentially, could afford significant additional information over conventional cross-sectional echocardiography in the assessment of patients with straddling atrioventricular valves prior to surgical correction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients, aged from 1 month to 9.2 years, were examined with 3D echocardiography. All but three had discordant ventriculoarterial connections or double outlet right ventricle. Data suitable for reconstruction was acquired with transthoracic scanning. Right and left ventricular volumes were calculated in the 3D dataset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3D echocardiography proved capable of defining the exact degree of straddling by imaging the proportion of tension apparatus attached to either side of the ventricular septum. It was able also to display the atrioventricular junction "en face", thus permitting identification of the precise site of insertion of the muscular ventricular septum relative to the atrioventricular junction. This made it possible first, to calculate the degree of valvar override, and second, to predict the location of the penetrating atrioventricular bundle. End-diastolic volume of the right ventricle in those with straddling tricuspid valves was 73 (61-83)% of normal, and, of the left ventricle in those with mitral valvar straddling 71 (40-97)% of normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D echocardiography can aid in planning the optimal surgical procedure in patients with straddling or overrriding atrioventricular valves, as it provides diagnostic information superior to standard cross-sectional techniques. It also allows for exact measurement of the volumes of the respective ventricles.
authors: GUCH Department, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK. drmichaelvogel@doctors.net.uk
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Vogel
authors: S Y
authors: SY
authors: Ho
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Lincoln
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Anderson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology