title: Long-term follow-up after quinacrine sterilization in Vietnam. Part I: interim efficacy analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term efficacy of nonsurgical sterilization with quinacrine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rural provinces in northern Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand seven hundred and nine women who had quinacrine insertions between 1989 and 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews in 1994, 1995, and 1996 and review of available medical records. Pregnancy rates were corrected for problems in detecting and confirming pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 90% of women were interviewed at least once. Uncorrected cumulative pregnancy rates were 12.9% at 5 y after two insertions and 27.3% after one insertion. Effectiveness varied by age group: the partially corrected pregnancy rates after two insertions were 6.8% in women 35 or older at the time of insertion and 13.0% in women under 35. A subgroup of women who received oral papaverine at the time of quinacrine insertion had lower pregnancy rates, with a cumulative uncorrected rate of 5.3% at 4 years among women of all ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efficacy of quinacrine appears reasonable for two insertions of quinacrine in women 35 and older. It may be possible to improve efficacy by the use of papaverine or the Hieu insertion technique.
authors: Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. dsokal@fhi.org
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Sokal
authors: D T
authors: DT
authors: Hieu
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Weiner
authors: D Q
authors: DQ
authors: Vinh
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Huu Vach
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hanenberg
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010208:Papaverine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011796:Quinacrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014599:Uterus; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D010208:Papaverine; D011796:Quinacrine