title: Determination of wall shear rate in the human carotid artery by magnetic resonance techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to measure wall shear rates around the circumference of the human carotid bifurcation throughout the heart cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  prospective, open study. Materials eight healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  wall shear rates were determined at the carotid bifurcation using magnetic resonance techniques with high resolution and individually adjusted velocity encoding for imaging and haemodynamic mapping. Wall shear stresses were calculated assuming a constant value of 4 centiPoise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  data suitable for postprocessing were obtained in all subjects. The main findings were: unidirectional wall shear rate waveforms and high wall shear rate (775 s(-1)+/-167 s(-1)) at the flow divider; low wall shear rate (60 s(-1+/-40 s(-1)) and a high oscillation index with huge interindividual variation (85+/-65) at the lateral wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  these are the first in vivo data describing, in detail, the forces of the blood acting on the wall of the carotid bifurcation. The results do not contradict the hypotheses associating low and oscillating wall shear stress with the development of atherosclerosis.)
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery T, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Stokholm
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Oyre
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ringgaard
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Flaagoy
authors: W P
authors: WP
authors: Paaske
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies