title: Effects of vitamin D (calcitriol) on transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D (calcitriol) has significant antiproliferative effects on various tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In the clinical situation a major impediment to systemic administration of calcitriol is the side effect of hypercalcemia. To test the potential usefulness of calcitriol for bladder cancer treatment, we studied the antiproliferative effect of vitamin D on 2 human bladder cancer cell lines, 253j and T-24, in vitro. We also examined the in vivo effects of calcitriol in an animal model of bladder cancer using intravesical administration to avoid the toxicity of systemic calcitriol therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of vitamin D receptors in normal and neoplastic human bladder tissue, and tumor cells T-24 and 253j was determined by immunoblot analysis. Tumor cell proliferation in the presence or absence of calcitriol was determined using a crystal violet assay. Calcitriol induced apoptosis was determined by morphology, polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase cleavage and annexin V binding. In vivo studies were performed by weekly intravesical instillation of calcitriol in female Fischer 344 rats after induction of tumors by N-methyl nitrosourea. Calcitriol administration was started 3 weeks after tumor induction for 7 doses at weekly intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal and neoplastic human bladder tissue, and the cell lines expressed vitamin D receptors. In the 253j and T-24 cell lines proliferation was significantly inhibited by calcitriol. Progressive cleavage of full length polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase was observed in calcitriol treated cells starting as early as 4 hours after exposure. Similar changes were not observed in the control cells treated with vehicle (ethanol) alone. After 24 hours of treatment with calcitriol 45.8% of 253j cells bound annexin compared to 16.5% of control cells (chi-square p <0.001). Of the control animals 66% developed bladder tumors and 55% of the animals treated with calcitriol early (3 weeks) after tumor induction developed bladder tumors. Almost all of the tumors that developed in the calcitriol group were unifocal, and only 20% were invasive compared to 50% of those in the control animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that calcitriol inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human bladder tumor cells in vitro, and may have therapeutic potential in bladder cancer. In vivo studies using an N-methylnitrosourea induced model of bladder cancer demonstrate that early institution of intravesical calcitriol therapy after carcinogen exposure results in fewer tumors, which are also less likely to be multifocal, high grade or invasive. With our protocol a short course of intravesical calcitriol administration did not result in any significant toxicity.
authors: Departments of Urology, Surgery, Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: B R
authors: BR
authors: Konety
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Lavelle
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Pirtskalaishvili
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Dhir
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Meyers
authors: T S
authors: TS
authors: Nguyen
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Hershberger
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Shurin
authors: C S
authors: CS
authors: Johnson
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Trump
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Zeidel
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Getzenberg
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D002117:Calcitriol