title: Contraceptive and reproductive risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in American Indian women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate contraceptive and reproductive risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in southwestern American Indian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a clinic-based case-control study. Cases were American Indian women with biopsy-proven CIN I, CIN II or CIN III. Controls were from the same clinics and had normal cervical epithelium. All subjects underwent structured interviews focused on contraceptive and reproductive factors. Laboratory assays included polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests for cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 628 women in the study. The strongest risk factors for CIN II/III included HPV infection (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 7.9, 95% CI : 4.7-13.2), and low income (OR = 3.1, 95% CI : 1.7-5.7). The use of an intrauterine device (IUD) ever (OR = 3.0, 95% CI : 1.4-6.1) and currently (OR = 4.1, 95% CI : 1.1-14.6), and > or = 3 vaginal deliveries (OR = 5.2, 95% CI : 2.4-11.1) were associated with CIN II/III. History of infertility was also associated with CIN II/III (OR = 2.1, 95% CI : 1.0-4.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that history of infertility, IUD use and vaginal deliveries were associated with CIN among American Indian women.
authors: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2211 Lomas, NE Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. mschiff@u.washington.edu
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Schiff
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Miller
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Masuk
authors: L
authors: L
authors: van Asselt King
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Altobelli
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Wheeler
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Becker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology*