title: CT or EUS for the initial staging of esophageal cancer? A cost minimization analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with advanced (T4 and/or M1) esophageal cancer are offered palliative therapy. Computed tomography (CT) is sensitive for distant metastases but is less sensitive than endosonography for T4 disease and celiac lymphadenopathy. The aim of this study was to determine whether initial CT or endosonography costs less to diagnose advanced esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision model compared the costs of the 2 strategies. Sensitivity analysis and threshold analysis were used to identify the most important determinants of the overall cost of identifying advanced disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial CT is the least costly strategy if the probability of finding advanced disease by initial CT is greater than 20%, if the probability of finding advanced disease by initial endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is less than 30%, or if the cost of EUS is greater than 3.5 times the cost of CT. However, in our referral center population, endosonography found advanced disease more frequently than CT (44% vs. 13%; p < 0.0001) and the least costly strategy was initial endosonography (expected cost $804 vs. $844).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT remains as the initial staging test of choice in most clinical settings. However, in referral centers, initial EUS may be reasonable, but individualized model inputs must be obtained before reliable conclusions can be drawn.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology/Digestive Disease Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Hadzijahic
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Wallace
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Hawes
authors: A
authors: A
authors: VanVelse
authors: M
authors: M
authors: LeVeen
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Marsi
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Hoffman
authors: A V
authors: AV
authors: Sahai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D019160:Endosonography / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States