title: Consistent and selective expression of the discoidin domain receptor-1 tyrosine kinase in human brain tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few molecular targets are both consistently and selectively expressed in a majority of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in brain tumor oncogenesis. We previously isolated one such receptor, discoidin domain receptor-1 (DDR1), from high-grade pediatric brain tumors. Here, we analyze the cellular origin and distribution of DDR1 expression in human brain tumors and its expression in tumor cells relative to surrounding brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  By use of a digoxigenin-labeled DDR1 riboprobe, we investigated the expression of DDR1 messenger ribonucleic acid in a prospective series of 30 resected human primary and metastatic brain neoplasms, nonneoplastic human brain, and mouse embryonic brain, as well as a mouse glioblastoma model, by in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the high-grade primary brain and metastatic brain tumors showed unequivocal, intense DDR1 expression within the majority of tumor cells, whereas expression was not observed in hyperplastic tumor blood vessels, normal brain blood vessels, inflammatory cells, or in the normal brain tissue that surrounded the tumor. Receptor expression was limited to tumor cells located within solid tumor tissue. Overall, 27 of 29 resected CNS tumors exhibited tumor cell-specific DDR1 expression, whereas one specimen composed of isolated glioblastoma cells within invaded brain parenchyma showed no detectable staining for this receptor. DDR1 was also expressed preferentially in the ventricular zone (a region of highly proliferating precursor cells) of mice at embryonic Day 15.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that DDR1 is consistently expressed in all high-grade brain neoplasms studied and is selective for tumor cells in the specimens analyzed. The expression of DDR1 by tumor cells of CNS neoplasms and by primitive cells of the embryonic ventricular zone suggests that DDR1 is a potentially useful marker of tumor cells within the CNS.
authors: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA. howard.weiner@med.nyu.edu
authors: H L
authors: HL
authors: Weiner
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Huang
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Zagzag
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Boyce
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Lichtenbaum
authors: E B
authors: EB
authors: Ziff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D002551:Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000070818:Discoidin Domain Receptors; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D005910:Glioma / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000196:embryology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C403503:FAM107A protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen; D000070818:Discoidin Domain Receptors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases