title: Activation of retinoic X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibits nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rat Kupffer cells.
abstract: Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), which forms a heterodimer with retinoic X receptor (RXR), inhibit the production of certain inflammatory mediators. To clarify the role of the PPAR gamma:RXR signaling pathway in Kupffer cells, we studied the effect of an RXR agonist and PPARgamma agonist on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. An RXR-specific agonist, Ro47-5944, and a PPAR gamma-specific agonist, AD4833 (pioglitazone hydrochloride), each inhibited LPS-induced NO and TNF-alpha production. The combined treatment of Ro47-5944 and AD4833 resulted in enhanced inhibition, and suppressed the mRNA levels of NO and TNF-alpha. PPAR gamma:RXR activation did not affect the level of LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. PPAR gamma:RXR activation also did not affect nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) nuclear translocation nor NF-kappa B and activator protein 1 (AP-1) activation in the electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. Finally, PPAR gamma:RXR activation suppressed the LPS-induced promoter activity of the NF-kappa B-luciferase reporter gene in RAW 264.7 cells. These data imply that PPARgamma:RXR activation suppresses LPS-induced NO and TNF-alpha production in Kupffer cells, and that this inhibition occurred at the transcriptional level. Although no consensus PPAR gamma:RXR-responsive element in the promoter regions of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-alpha genes was found, PPAR gamma:RXR may interfere with NF-kappa B and AP-1 transcriptional activity. Our data also suggest a potential therapeutic approach for moderating hepatic injury such as endotoxin shock in which Kupffer cell activation has been implicated.
authors: Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Uchimura
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nakamuta
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Enjoji
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Irie
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sugimoto
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Muta
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Iwamoto
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Nawata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004586:Electrophoresis; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008156:Luciferases; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat