title: Quantification and minimization of magnetic susceptibility artifacts on GRE images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to determine the optimal imaging parameters for minimization of metallic susceptibility artifacts during gradient echo (GRE) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed GRE imaging of titanium screws in a nickel-doped agarose gel phantom, systematically varying several parameters to characterize and quantify susceptibility artifacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest reduction in artifact size came from using a short TE; increasing the frequency matrix and decreasing the slice thickness also contributed substantially to reducing the artifact size. Whenever possible, implanted prostheses should be aligned with the main magnetic field to minimize artifact size. Parameters with negligible effect on artifact size included bandwidth, phase encode matrix, and field of view.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiologists can easily adjust the above parameters in their imaging protocols to improve GRE image quality in patients with implanted metallic devices.
authors: Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. jport@welch.jhu.edu
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Port
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Pomper
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001863:Bone Screws; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008280:Magnetics; D008670:Metals; D009532:Nickel; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012685:Sepharose; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D008670:Metals; D009532:Nickel; D012685:Sepharose; D014025:Titanium