title: Exercise mitigates the association of abdominal obesity with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in premenopausal women: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between abdominal obesity, as measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level within the context of age, body fatness, exercise, saturated fat intake, and other plasma lipids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were premenopausal, white, non-Hispanic women from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Smokers, heavy drinkers, and women who took lipid-altering drugs were excluded. Of 1,188 subjects who met the inclusion criteria, complete data were available for 435 women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Means were calculated using all subjects for each variable, then F-protected t tests and linear contrasts were performed to test differences in means between subgroups. A P < .05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age was not significantly associated with HDL-C level. Comparisons of HDL-C by WHR, percentage body fat (%BF), and exercise level revealed that HDL-C level was significantly lower at the higher levels of WHR and %BF and higher at the highest levels of exercise. Higher levels of HDL-C were generally accompanied by lower levels of triacylglycerol. When HDL-C was compared by exercise level within each WHR tertile and %BF tertile, the association of exercise with HDL-C diminished. Saturated fat intake was not associated with HDL-C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased exercise is associated with a lower WHR and subsequently a higher HDL-C level. This association between WHR and HDL-C appears to be mediated through %BF. Women exercisers with the highest WHR had consistently more favorable plasma lipid profiles and lower mean body mass index and %BF than nonexercisers. Thus, for women who exhibit abdominal obesity, exercise mitigates the association of WHR with HDL-C level. Vigorous exercise in the premenopausal years may promote a more favorable lipid profile, even in the presence of increased body fat and abdominal girth.
authors: Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-1407, USA.
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Heim
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Holcomb
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Loughin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008055:Lipids