title: Health and economic benefits of increased beta-blocker use following myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  beta-blockers are underused in patients who have myocardial infarction (MI), despite the proven efficacy of these agents. New evidence indicates that beta-blockers can have benefit in patients with conditions that have been considered relative contraindications. Understanding the consequences of underuse of beta-blockers is important because of the implications for current policy debates over quality-of-care measures and Medicare prescription drug coverage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the potential health and economic impact of increased use of beta-blockers in patients who have had MI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Policy Model, a computer-simulation Markov model of CHD in the US population, to estimate the epidemiological impact and cost-effectiveness of increased beta-blocker use from current to target levels among survivors of MI aged 35 to 84 years. Simulations included 1 cohort of MI survivors in 2000 followed up for 20 years and 20 successive annual cohorts of all first-MI survivors in 2000-2020. Mortality and morbidity from CHD were derived from published meta-analyses and recent studies. This analysis used a societal perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevented MIs, CHD mortality, life-years gained, and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained in 2000-2020.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initiating beta-blocker use for all MI survivors except those with absolute contraindications in 2000 and continuing treatment for 20 years would result in 4300 fewer CHD deaths, 3500 MIs prevented, and 45,000 life-years gained compared with current use. The incremental cost per QALY gained would be $4500. If this increase in beta-blocker use were implemented in all first-MI survivors annually over 20 years, beta-blockers would save $18 million and result in 72,000 fewer CHD deaths, 62,000 MIs prevented, and 447,000 life-years gained. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the cost-effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy would always be less than $11,000 per QALY gained, even under unfavorable assumptions, and may even be cost saving. Restricting beta-blockers only to ideal patients (those without absolute or relative contraindications) would reduce the epidemiological impact of beta-blocker therapy by about 60%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our simulation indicates that increased use of beta-blockers after MI would lead to impressive gains in health and would be potentially cost saving. JAMA. 2000;284:2748-2754.
authors: School of Pharmacy and Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. kathryn@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Phillips
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Shlipak
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Coxson
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Heidenreich
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Hunink
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Goldman
authors: L W
authors: LW
authors: Williams
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Weinstein
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D017741:Survivors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists