title: Ventral surgical approach to the caudal brain stem in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a safe neurosurgical procedure that accessed the ventral pons and medulla of the dog primarily for the removal of brain stem neoplasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cadaver study was performed on mesocephalic dog heads to develop a neurosurgical approach to the ventral brain stem. Based on this study, an approach to the ventral brain stem was developed by basioccipital craniectomy. This procedure was performed on 4 young neurologically normal Beagle dogs to assess morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure. Morbidity was evaluated by subjective criteria, daily complete neurologic examinations, comparison of preoperative and postoperative brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER) tests, and postmortem examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three dogs developed a transient cough but were neurologically normal after surgery. One dog was euthanatized within 12 hours of surgery because of severe postoperative morbidity associated with basilar artery disruption due to improper development of the craniectomy. Prolongations of postoperative BAER latencies were observed in 2 dogs but did not appear to be associated with clinical deficits or histopathologic changes in the brain stem. Minimal histopathologic changes were observed except in the dog with basilar artery disruption. Results of this study indicate that, although technically challenging, this procedure can be performed with minimal morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main indication for this procedure is surgical reduction or biopsy of ventrally located brain stem neoplasms in dogs. The major disadvantage is anatomic restrictions that prevent access to laterally oriented ventral brain stem masses.
authors: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA.
authors: L S
authors: LS
authors: Klopp
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Simpson
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Sorjonen
authors: S D
authors: SD
authors: Lenz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020295:Brain Stem Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D002102:Cadaver; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000601:surgery*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000662:veterinary*; D011149:Pons / Q000601:surgery*; D011187:Posture