The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: implications for Parkinson's disease.
Experimental evidence supporting 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium [paraquat (PQ)] as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) is equivocal. Other agricultural chemicals, including dithiocarbamate fungicides such as manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate [maneb (MB)], are widely used in the same geographical regions as paraquat and also impact dopamine systems, suggesting that mixtures may be more relevant etiological models. This study therefore proposed that combined PQ and MB exposures would produce greater effects on dopamine (DA) systems than would either compound administered alone. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated twice a week for 6 weeks with intraperitoneal saline, 10 mg/kg paraquat, 30 mg/kg maneb, or their combination (PQ + MB). MB, but not PQ, reduced motor activity immediately after treatment, and this effect was potentiated by combined PQ + MB treatment. As treatments progressed, only the combined PQ + MB group evidenced a failure of motor activity levels to recover within 24 hr. Striatal DA and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid increased 1-3 d and decreased 7 d after injections. Only PQ + MB reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and DA transporter immunoreactivity and did so in dorsal striatum but not nucleus accumbens. Correspondingly, striatal TH protein levels were decreased only by combined PQ + MB 5 d after injection. Reactive gliosis occurred only in response to combined PQ + MB in dorsal-medial but not ventral striatum. TH immunoreactivity and cell counts were reduced only by PQ + MB and in the substantia nigra but not ventral tegmental area. These synergistic effects of combined PQ + MB, preferentially expressed in the nigrostriatal DA system, suggest that such mixtures could play a role in the etiology of PD.
Thiruchelvam
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M
Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
Richfield
E K
EK
Baggs
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RB
Tank
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Cory-Slechta
D A
DA
D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005911:Gliosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008344:Maneb / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000378:metabolism; D010269:Paraquat / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D008344:Maneb; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D010269:Paraquat; D004298:Dopamine