title: Public health and clinical implications of high hemoglobin A1c levels and weight in younger adult Native American people with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue for Native American people. Because glycemic levels are predictive of diabetes outcome, understanding determinants of high hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels may provide targets for prevention efforts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate determinants of high HbA(1c) levels in Native American people.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study of 206 participants with diabetes from 8 Native American communities in New Mexico. We used linear regression to assess the relationship of HbA(1c) level with age, body mass index (BMI), treatment type, duration of diabetes, physical activity, and diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, dietary pattern, and treatment type were determinants of HbA(1c) levels. Participants younger than 55 years had the highest adjusted HbA(1c) levels at 9.5% and those 65 years and older had the lowest levels at 7.8%. According to a participant's dietary intake, HbA(1c) levels were highest for those who consumed the most fat and sugar, and high consumption of fat and sugar affected HbA(1c) levels most among those younger than 55 years. Participants treated with insulin had the highest hemoglobin A(1c) levels. Physical activity was not associated with HbA(1c) level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found an increasing severity of diabetes among younger people. To avoid increased morbidity and mortality in the future, young Native American adults with diabetes need vigorous therapy to maintain tight glucose control. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3471-3476.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. jscarter@unm.edu
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Carter
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Gilliland
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Perez
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Skipper
authors: F D
authors: FD
authors: Gilliland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011634:Public Health
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin