title: Establishment and functional characterization of an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier, comprising a co-culture of brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to establish a flexible, abundantly available, reproducible and functionally characterized in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a first step, bovine brain capillaries and newborn rat astrocytes were isolated. Subsequently, a co-culture of primary brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) on semi-permeable filter inserts, with astrocytes on the bottom of the filter was established. The cell material was characterized on the basis of specific cell-type properties and (functional expression of) specific BBB properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BCEC displayed: (1) characteristic endothelial cell morphology; (2) expression of endothelial cell markers (i.e., CD51, CD62P, CD71 and cadherin 5); (3) marginal F-actin localization; (4) tight junction formation between the cells; (5) expression of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (gamma-GTP); (6) expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp); (7) functional transendothelial transferrin transport and uptake; (8) restriction of paracellular transport; and (9) high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Astrocytes displayed characteristic astrocyte morphology and expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Co-culture with astrocytes increased TEER and decreased paracellular transport. In addition, expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was demonstrated in the endothelial cells of the BBB, while no expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high quality and mass-production in vitro BBB model was established in which experiments with physiological (e.g., regulation of BBB permeability), pharmacological (e.g., pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) and pathophysiological (e.g., disease influence on BBB permeability) objectives can be reproducibly performed.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Gaillard
authors: L H
authors: LH
authors: Voorwinden
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Nielsen
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ivanov
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Atsumi
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Engman
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Ringbom
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: de Boer
authors: D D
authors: DD
authors: Breimer
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002196:Capillaries / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1