Identification and quantification of estrogenic compounds in recycled and virgin paper for household use as determined by an in vitro yeast estrogen screen and chemical analysis.
The use of recycled paper for the manufacture of food contact materials is widespread, but very little is known about the presence of potential contaminants in the paper. The purpose of this study was to assess the worst-case migration of estrogenic active compounds using extracts of paper for household use. Twenty different brands of kitchen rolls, nine of which were made from recycled paper and the remainder from virgin paper, were obtained from retail shops. Paper extracts were subjected to (a) determination of the total estrogenic activity by using an in vitro estrogen screen based on yeast cells stably transfected with the human estrogen receptor alpha and (b) chemical analysis and quantification by GC/MS, GC/FTIR/MS, and GC/FID for detection of a variety of estrogenic compounds. A marked estrogenic response was observed in nine of the extracts, seven of which were made from recycled paper and two from virgin paper. The chemical analysis revealed that extracts made from recycled paper contained levels of bisphenol A ranging from 0.6 to 24 mg/kg of kitchen roll, whereas extracts from virgin paper contained no bisphenol A or only negligible amounts. In contrast, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenols, and di-n-butyl and diisobutyl phthalate were present to a varying degree in both recycled and virgin paper with no apparent preferable distribution between the two paper types. The estrogenic response of the two extracts made from virgin paper appeared to be due partly to the presence of the preservative propyl paraben. Diisopropylnaphthalene, which turned out to be weakly estrogenic active in vitro (EC(50) = 53 microM), was detected in minor amounts in most of the extracts with the major part, ranging from 0.3 to 4.7 mg/kg of paper, found in recycled paper. Our findings that recycled kitchen rolls contain bisphenol A and other xenoestrogens may apply to other types of recycled paper used for food packaging and emphasize the importance of identifying this and other contaminants in recycled paper in general. These data indicate that bisphenol A may be useful as a purity indicator for recycled paper.
Vinggaard
A M
AM
Institute of Food Safety and Toxicology and Institute of Food Research and Nutrition, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Morkhoj Bygade 19, 2860 Soborg, Denmark. amv@fdir.dk
Körner
W
W
Lund
K H
KH
Bolz
U
U
Petersen
J H
JH
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D017743:Equipment Reuse; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006795:Household Products; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010209:Paper; D010226:Parabens / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D010226:Parabens; D010636:Phenols; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C006068:propylparaben