title: Population norms for the MMSE in the very old: estimates based on longitudinal data. Mini-Mental State Examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the percentile distribution of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in older people by age, sex, and education level, estimated from longitudinal data, after correcting for loss due to dropout.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cambridge City over 75 Cohort is a population-based study of a cohort of 2106 subjects age 75 years and older at study entry followed up over 9 years. At each of the four waves, cognitive function was assessed using MMSE. Based on these data, the relationship between age and MMSE score was modeled. Percentile distributions by age, sex, and education level were provided using inverse probability weighting to correct for dropouts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance on MMSE was related to age in men and women. In women, at age 75, MMSE score ranged from 21 (10th percentile) to 29 (90th percentile). At age 95, the range was 10 (10th percentile) to 27 (90th percentile). The upper end of MMSE distribution was slightly modified with age, whereas the lower end of the distribution was very sensitive to age effect. A similar pattern was observed in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide norms for MMSE scores in subjects age 75 years and older from longitudinal population-based data. Such norms can be used as reference values to determine where an individual's score lies in relation to his or her age, sex, and education level.
authors: MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK. dufouil@chups.jussieu.fr
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Dufouil
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Clayton
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Brayne
authors: L Y
authors: LY
authors: Chi
authors: T R
authors: TR
authors: Dening
authors: E S
authors: ES
authors: Paykel
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: O'Connor
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ahmed
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: McGee
authors: F A
authors: FA
authors: Huppert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values