title: Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: clinical effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the clinical effectiveness of general practitioner care and two general practice based psychological therapies for depressed patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled trial with randomised and patient preference allocation arms.
  
  
  METHODS
  General practices in London and greater Manchester.
  
  
  METHODS
  464 of 627 patients presenting with depression or mixed anxiety and depression were suitable for inclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Usual general practitioner care or up to 12 sessions of non-directive counselling or cognitive-behaviour therapy provided by therapists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beck depression inventory scores, other psychiatric symptoms, social functioning, and satisfaction with treatment measured at baseline and at 4 and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  197 patients were randomly assigned to treatment, 137 chose their treatment, and 130 were randomised only between the two psychological therapies. All groups improved significantly over time. At four months, patients randomised to non-directive counselling or cognitive-behaviour therapy improved more in terms of the Beck depression inventory (mean (SD) scores 12.9 (9.3) and 14.3 (10.8) respectively) than those randomised to usual general practitioner care (18.3 (12.4)). However, there was no significant difference between the two therapies. There were no significant differences between the three treatment groups at 12 months (Beck depression scores 11.8 (9.6), 11.4 (10.8), and 12.1 (10.3) for non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and general practitioner care).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological therapy was a more effective treatment for depression than usual general practitioner care in the short term, but after one year there was no difference in outcome.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Ward
authors: M
authors: M
authors: King
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lloyd
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Bower
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Sibbald
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Farrelly
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gabbay
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Tarrier
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Addington-Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012923:Social Class; D016896:Treatment Outcome