title: Risk factors for osteoporosis: prevalence, change, and association with bone density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of risk factors for osteoporosis in a population-based cohort of Australian-born midlife women; determine the effect of these risk factors on premenopausal and early perimenopausal bone mineral density (BMD); and describe changes in risk factors and any effect of these on bone loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  4-year longitudinal community-based study. BMD of the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Melbourne, Australia
  
  
  METHODS
  224 Australian-born women aged 46-56 years
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk factors for osteoporosis, LS-BMD, FN-BMD, and change in risk factors and BMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 52% reported a calcium intake of less than 800 mg/day and 46% reported a caffeine intake of more than 360 mg/day; 29% exercised less than 1.5 hours/week; 5% had a body mass index (BMI) of less than 20; 14% were current smokers; 23% were past smokers; 10% reported abnormal menstrual histories; and 25% reported a family history of osteoporosis. BMD was positively associated with weight; BMI; and waist, hip, and trunk skin-fold measure (P less than .0005). At 4-year follow-up, there were increases in weight (P less than .0005), waist/hip ratio (P less than. 05), trunk skin-fold measurements (P less than.005), and calcium intake (P less than.05). In women who became late perimenopausal or postmenopausal, bone loss was associated with time in relation to the final menstrual period but not with other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are multiple risk factors for osteoporosis in this Australian-born population of midlife women, but only anthropometric variables were associated with BMD at baseline. Significant changes during the menopausal transition in anthropometric variables and calcium intake were in the direction that could decrease the risk of osteoporosis but were not found to affect menopausal bone loss.
authors: Melbourne Women's Women's Midlife Health Project, Australia.
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Guthrie
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Ebeling
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Dennerstein
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Wark
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D002118:Calcium