title: The temporal and spatial epidemiology of lip cancer in England and Wales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trends in lip cancer mortality and incidence during the 20th century, and its geographical distribution, in England and Wales as a prerequisite to establishing any essential differences in the aetiology of lip and intra-oral cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-standardised rates for lip cancer mortality by gender from 1901 to 1991 were derived from archived OPCS data. Standardised incidence rates from 1962 to 1986 were also calculated. Registrations of lip cancer between 1979 and 1983 in the 15 RHAs covering England and Wales were obtained from the same source and standardised incidence ratios (SIR) computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressive and sustained falls in lip cancer mortality and incidence were recorded in the period covered. In males, these related particularly to cohorts born after 1856. In addition, the incidence of lip cancer in both genders was found to be raised in a band stretching from East Anglia to the South West and also in the Trent and Wales RHAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support an hypothesis that employment in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries, and also pipe smoking, were the major risk factors for lip cancer in the 20th century. Further research is required to differentiate between the aetiological risk factors for lip and intra-oral cancer.
authors: Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, University Dental Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Hindle
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Downer
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Speight
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008048:Lip Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology