title: Ceramide-enhanced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) release is mediated by protein kinase C in cultured microglia.
abstract: As described previously, a relatively high dose of neurotrophins increased the release of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) from cultured microglia. This biological response is suggested to be caused by ceramide, which is a metabolite of nerve growth factor low-affinity receptor (NGFRp75)-associated sphingomyelin turnover. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of ceramide on the release of uPA from cultured microglia. Treatment of the cells with permeable C8-ceramide (D-erythro-Sphingosine, N-octanoyl-) enhanced uPA release in a dose-dependent manner. This effect of C8-ceramide was mimicked by treatment with bacterial sphingomyelinase. A pharmacological study using a specific PKC activator, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, and a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide, showed that PKC activation is required in order to release uPA from ceramide-stimulated microglia as well as from nonstimulated microglia. Further study using a specific conventional PKC (cPKC) activator, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), and a specific cPKC inhibitor, Gö 6976, suggested that PKC-delta and/or -epsilon is involved in uPA release. As opposed to the apoptotic pathway, however, no activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor kappa B was observed in C8-ceramide-stimulated microglia. The findings suggest that uPA release from microglia is regulated by a mechanism in which PKC-delta and/or -epsilon are activated and further signals are transduced subsequently.
authors: Institute of Life Science, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan. nakajima@t.soka.ac.jp
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Nakajima
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Honda
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Tohyama
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kurihara
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kohsaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D051381:Rats; D020800:Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000494:pharmacology; D013109:Sphingomyelins / Q000378:metabolism; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C066099:2,3-N-octanoylsphingosine; D002227:Carbazoles; D002273:Carcinogens; D004075:Diglycerides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008301:Maleimides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D020800:Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor; D013109:Sphingomyelins; C081021:Go 6976; C038237:1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol; C497260:Prkcd protein, rat; C497257:Prkce protein, rat; C087857:protein kinase C gamma; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; C088060:bisindolylmaleimide; D013110:Sphingosine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate