title: Thyroid disease and female reproduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the menstrual function and fertility in thyroid disease, mainly in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Also to register the consequences of (131)I therapy, which is used widely in the treatment of Graves' disease and thyroid cancer, on subsequent pregnancies and on fertility in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE computer search was used to identify relevant studies. The type of menstrual disturbances and the status of fertility were recorded from all the studies found. Also, the fertility and genetic hazard of female patients with Graves' disease and thyroid cancer who were treated with (131)I were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism may result in menstrual disturbances. Menstrual abnormalities are less common now than in previous series. In a recent study, we found that only 21.5% of 214 thyrotoxic patients had some type of menstrual disturbance, compared to 50 to 60% in some older series. The most common manifestations are hypomenorrhea and oligomenorrhea. According to the results of endometrial biopsies, most thyrotoxic women remain ovulatory. Moreover, the genetic hazard incident to radioiodine therapy in Graves' disease and thyroid carcinoma is very small; exposure to (131)I does not cause reduced fecundity, and the risk of loss of fertility is not a contraindication for its use in these patients. mIn hypothyroidism, the frequency of menstrual irregularities has very recently been reported to be 23.4% among 171 hypothyroid patients studied. This is much less than that reported in previous studies, which showed that 50 to 70% of hypothyroid female patients had menstrual abnormalities. The most common manifestation is oligomenorrhea. Severe hypothyroidism is commonly associated with failure of ovulation. Ovulation and conception can occur in mild hypothyroidism. These pregnancies are, however, often associated with abortions, stillbirths, or prematurity. The latter may be of greater clinical importance in infertile women with unexplained infertility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new data, mainly concerning menstrual abnormalities in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, are inconsistent with what is generally believed and written in the classic thyroid textbooks and indicate that such opinions should be revised.
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Panagia Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. Krassas@the.forthnet.gr
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Krassas
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008598:Menstruation; D012098:Reproduction; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes