title: The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on cardiac autonomic regulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and sleep stage on autonomic cardiac regulation. SRUDY DESIGN: Seventy-one healthy postmenopausal women received transdermal ERT and placebo separated by a washout in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Polysomnography was conducted at the end of each treatment. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed in epochs of the awake state, stage 2, slow wave and REM sleep. The effects of estradiol and sleep stages on HRV were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERT decreased heart rate in the awake state and quiet sleep, but not in REM sleep. ERT did not change the heart rate variability. Heart rate decreased and HRV increased during stage 2 and slow wave sleep compared with the awake state with placebo. In REM sleep, similarly, heart rate increased above awake values and the values of HRV parameters fell back to awake levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that ERT increases vagal tone, but does not change cardiac vagal modulation. Changes in HRV suggest a strong vagal influence in non-REM and a sympathetic influence in REM sleep.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University Central Hospital of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland. iripas@utu.fi
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Virtanen
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Polo
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Polo-Kantola
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kuusela
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Ekholm
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D017698:Postmenopause; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol