title: Chronic hypoxia stimulates periarterial sympathetic nerve development in chicken embryo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological findings suggest an association between low-for-age birth weight and the risk to develop coronary heart diseases in adulthood. During pregnancy, an imbalance between fetal demands and supply may result in permanent alterations of neuroendocrine development in the fetus. We evaluated whether chronic prenatal hypoxia increases arterial sympathetic innervation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chicken embryos were maintained from 0.3 to 0.9 of the 21-day incubation period under normoxic (21% O(2)) or hypoxic conditions (15% O(2)). At 0.9 incubation, the degree of sympathetic innervation of the embryonic femoral artery was determined by biochemical, histological, and functional (in vitro contractile reactivity) techniques. Chronic hypoxia increased embryonic mortality (32% versus 13%), reduced body weight (21.9+/-0.4 versus 25.4+/-0.6 g), increased femoral artery norepinephrine (NE) content (78.4+/-9.4 versus 57.5+/-5.0 pg/mm vessel length), and increased the density of periarterial sympathetic nerve fibers (14.4+/-0.7 versus 12.5+/-0.6 counts/10(4) microm(2)). Arteries from hypoxic embryos were less sensitive to NE (pD(2), 5.99+/-0.04 versus 6. 21+/-0.10). In the presence of cocaine, however, differences in sensitivity were no longer present. In the embryonic heart, NE content (156.9+/-11.0 versus 108.1+/-14.7 pg/mg wet wt) was also increased after chronic hypoxia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the chicken embryo, chronic moderate hypoxia leads to sympathetic hyperinnervation of the arterial system. In humans, an analogous mechanism may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in adult life.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of Growth and Development (GROW), Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ruijtenbeek
authors: F A
authors: FA
authors: le Noble
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Janssen
authors: C G
authors: CG
authors: Kessels
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Fazzi
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Blanco
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: De Mey
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000254:growth & development / Q000294:innervation*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D012307:Risk Factors; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development*