title: Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leukotriene-prostacyclin ratio in humans and human aortic endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polyphenolic phytochemicals inhibit vascular and inflammatory processes that contribute to disease. These effects are hypothesized to result from polyphenol-mediated alterations in cellular eicosanoid synthesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine and compare the ability of cocoa procyanidins to alter eicosanoid synthesis in human subjects and cultured human aortic endothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  After an overnight fast, 10 healthy subjects (4 men and 6 women) consumed 37 g low-procyanidin (0.09 mg/g) and high-procyanidin (4.0 mg/g) chocolate; the treatments were separated by 1 wk. The investigation had a randomized, blinded, crossover design. Plasma samples were collected before treatment and 2 and 6 h after treatment. Eicosanoids were quantitated by enzyme immunoassay. Endothelial cells were treated in vitro with procyanidins to determine whether the effects of procyanidin in vivo were associated with procyanidin-induced alterations in endothelial cell eicosanoid synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to the effects of the low-procyanidin chocolate, high-procyanidin chocolate induced increases in plasma prostacyclin (32%; P<0.05) and decreases in plasma leukotrienes (29%; P<0.04). After the in vitro procyanidin treatments, aortic endothelial cells synthesized twice as much 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1alpha) (P<0.01) and 16% less leukotriene (P<0.05) as did control cells. The in vitro and in vivo effects of procyanidins on plasma leukotriene-prostacyclin ratios in culture medium were also comparable: decreases of 58% and 52%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from this short-term investigation support the concept that certain food-derived flavonoids can favorably alter eicosanoid synthesis in humans, providing a plausible hypothesis for a mechanism by which they can decrease platelet activation in humans.
authors: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis 95616-8669, USA. derek@ipworld.com
authors: D D
authors: DD
authors: Schramm
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Wang
authors: R R
authors: RR
authors: Holt
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Ensunsa
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Gonsalves
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Lazarus
authors: H H
authors: HH
authors: Schmitz
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: German
authors: C L
authors: CL
authors: Keen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants; D001011:Aorta; D044946:Biflavonoids; D002099:Cacao / Q000378:metabolism*; D002392:Catechin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000097:blood*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D044946:Biflavonoids; D015777:Eicosanoids; D015289:Leukotrienes; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin; D011464:Epoprostenol