title: Cartoon characters as tobacco warning labels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple studies have indicated that the Joe Camel advertising campaign has been successful in marketing tobacco to children and adolescents, whereas other studies have reported that current tobacco warning messages are ineffective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the importance and believability of familiar and novel tobacco warning messages with and without cartoons that were modeled after Joe Camel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children and adolescents (N = 580) in Chicago, Ill, public schools were surveyed to determine the believability and importance of 3 cartoon tobacco warnings modeled after Joe Camel developed with the messages "Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy" or "Smoking Kills" and the same 2 messages without cartoons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents rated all 3 cartoons significantly more believable than the plain condition regardless of the message (P<.05). Furthermore, respondents rated the "Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy" warning significantly more believable and important than the "Smoking Kills" message across all 4 cartoon conditions (walrus, penguin, bear, and no cartoon) (P<.01). Selected demographic groups found particular cartoon and warning messages more believable and/or important than others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that cartoon tobacco warnings are more believable than plain warnings suggests that it may be desirable to include cartoons in future tobacco warning labels. The lower ratings of believability and importance of the "Smoking Kills" warning is a concern because similar warnings have recently been implemented in at least 2 countries (Australia and Canada) and have been considered for implementation in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:1230-1236.
authors: VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Center for Practice Management and Outcomes Research, PO Box 130170, Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0170, USA. sonia.duffy@med.va.gov
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Duffy
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Burton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000329:Advertising; D002359:Cartoons as Topic; D002641:Chicago; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011634:Public Health; D012044:Regression Analysis; D000074606:Smoking Prevention