title: Injury initiation and progression in the anterior cruciate ligament.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a theoretical model to identify mechanisms by which total and partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament could occur.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sagittal-plane knee model was used to investigate anterior cruciate ligament injury due to excessive anterior tibial translation. The ligament was modelled as an ordered array of fibres linking femur and tibia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite years of research, the detailed biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament injury is not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A "critical strain criterion" was used to identify the onset and progression of model ligament fibre disruption. The associated forces were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At low flexion angles (<20 degrees ), the posterior fibre of the model ligament failed first, and the tear progressed anteriorly through the ligament. At higher flexion angles, the anterior fibre failed first, and the tear progressed posteriorly. Near the flexion angle at which the progression of injury changed direction, all fibres failed at approximately the same anterior tibial translation. At all but very high flexion angles, the force supported by the injured ligament was maximum when initial fibre failure occurred; the force then decreased with increasing anterior tibial translation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Near (20 degrees ) flexion, all model anterior cruciate ligament fibres fail at approximately the same anterior tibial translation, implying that a partial ligament tear may be impossible in this flexion region. Relevance. This study provides insight into possible mechanisms of initiation and progression of anterior cruciate ligament injury. It suggests that a partial tear of the posterior half of the ligament may be difficult to detect clinically.
authors: Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford Orthopaedic Engineering Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre NHS Trust, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK. amy.zavatsky@eng.ox.ac.uk
authors: A B
authors: AB
authors: Zavatsky
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Wright
mesh_terms: D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000150:complications*