title: Hyperhomocysteinemia in type 2 diabetes: relationship to macroangiopathy, nephropathy, and insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients and to assess whether high tHcy values were related to chronic complications (particularly macroangiopathy and nephropathy) and/or the degree of insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting tHcy levels were measured in 122 type 2 diabetic patients in whom the presence of chronic complications (e.g., macroangiopathy, microalbuminuria, macroproteinuria, decreased creatinine clearance, hypertension, retinopathy, and neuropathy) was recorded alongside an assessment of insulin resistance by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 31% of the cohort (group 1) had raised tHcy (mean +/- 1 SD) values (20.8 +/- 5.1 micromol/l), whereas 69% (group 2) had normal values (10.2 +/- 2.0 micromol/l). The prevalence of macroangiopathy was higher in group 1 than in group 2 subjects (70 vs. 42%, P < 0.01); the prevalence of coronary artery disease was particularly higher in group 1 (46 vs. 21%, P < 0.02). The prevalence of impaired renal function, evidenced by decreased creatinine clearance, was higher in group 1 (32 vs. 10%, P < 0.005). Other clinical and biological characteristics of both groups were comparable, although group 1 had lower levels of folic acid than group 2 (5.2 +/- 2.9 vs. 7.0 +/- 3.4 ng/ml, P < 0.01). No differences were found for microalbuminuria (33 vs. 31%), retinopathy (45 vs. 42%), or neuropathy (70 vs. 59%) between groups 1 and 2, respectively The degree of insulin resistance was similar in groups 1 and 2 (46 +/- 21 and 42 +/- 20% of HOMA-insulin sensitivity) as was the assessment of beta-cell function (63 +/- 28 and 65 +/- 46%, respectively). No differences in tHcy levels were found between subjects receiving metformin and those not receiving metformin. In contrast, the plasma tHcy level was higher in diabetic patients treated with fibrates (P = 0.0016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated plasma tHcy levels in type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher prevalence of macroangiopathy and nephropathy when assessed from creatinine clearance indexes and is not associated with different degrees of insulin resistance.
authors: Service d'Endocrinologie et Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. buysschaert@diab.ucl.ac.be
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Buysschaert
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Dramais
authors: P E
authors: PE
authors: Wallemacq
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Hermans
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006706:Homeostasis; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D006710:Homocysteine; D008687:Metformin; D005492:Folic Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D014805:Vitamin B 12