title: Decreased use of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): how new treatment modalities have affected ECMO utilization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the last decade, several new therapies, including high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), exogenous surfactant therapy, and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), have become available for the treatment of neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure. The purpose of this retrospective study was to ascertain to what extent these modalities have impacted the use of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients from 2 time periods were evaluated: May 1, 1993 to November 1, 1994 (group 1) and May 1, 1996 to November 1, 1997 (group 2). During the first time period (group 1), HFOV was not consistently used; beractant (Survanta) use for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), and pneumonia was under investigation; and iNO was not yet available. During the second time period (group 2), HFOV and beractant treatment were considered to be standard therapies, and iNO was available to patients with oxygenation index (OI) >/=25 x 2 at least 30 minutes apart, or on compassionate use basis. Patients were included in the data collection if they met the following entry criteria: 1) OI >15 x 1 within the first 72 hours of admission; 2) EGA >/=35 weeks; 3) diagnosis of MAS, PPHN or sepsis/pneumonia; 4) <5 days of age on admission; and 5) no congenital heart disease, diaphragmatic hernia, or lethal congenital anomaly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 49 patient in group 1, 21 (42.8%) required ECMO therapy. Of these ECMO patients, 14 (66.6%) had received diagnoses of MAS or PPHN. Only 3 of the patients that went on to ECMO received beractant before the initiation of bypass (14.3%). All ECMO patients in group 1 would have met criteria for iNO had it been available. Of all patients in group 1, 18 (36.7%) were treated with HFOV, and 13 (26.5%) received beractant. Of the 47 patients in group 2, only 13 (27.7%) required ECMO therapy (compared with group 1). Of these ECMO patients, only 5 (38.5%) had diagnoses of MAS or PPHN, with the majority of patients (61.5%) requiring ECMO for sepsis/pneumonia, with significant cardiovascular compromise. Only 5 of these ECMO patients, all outborn, did not receive iNO before cannulation because of the severity of their clinical status on admission. Of all patients in group 2, 41 (87.2%) were treated with HFOV (compared with group 1), 42 (89.3%) received beractant (compared with group 1), and 18 (44.7%) received iNO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that ECMO was used less frequently when HFOV, beractant and iNO was more commonly used. The differences in treatment modalities used and subsequent use of ECMO were statistically significant. We speculate that, in this patient population, the diagnostic composition of neonatal ECMO patients has changed over time.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Hintz
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Suttner
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Sheehan
authors: W D
authors: WD
authors: Rhine
authors: K P
authors: KP
authors: Van Meurs
mesh_terms: D001688:Biological Products; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008471:Meconium Aspiration Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C072197:beractant