title: Limb malformations and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in frogs.
abstract: Declines in amphibian populations, and amphibians with gross malformations, have prompted concern regarding the biological status of many anuran species. A survey of bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, and green frogs, Rana clamitans, conducted in central and southern New Hampshire showed malformed frogs at 81% of the sites sampled (13 of 16 sites). Brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the synthesis of androgens and estradiol, hormones essential to reproductive processes, were measured from limb-malformed and normal (no limb malformation) frogs. Normal frogs had significantly higher concentrations (nearly 3-fold) of in vitro produced androgens and of brain GnRH than malformed frogs. Because most malformations are thought to occur during development, we propose that environmental factors or endocrine-disrupting chemicals that may cause developmental abnormalities also act during early development to ultimately cause abnormally reduced GnRH and androgen production in adult frogs. The consequences of reduced GnRH and androgens on anuran reproductive behavior and population dynamics are unknown but certainly may be profound and warrant further research.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA. sasower@cisunix.unh.edu
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Sower
authors: K L
authors: KL
authors: Reed
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Babbitt
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009513:New Hampshire; D011892:Rana catesbeiana / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011898:Ranidae / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013737:Testis / Q000002:abnormalities
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D004958:Estradiol