Effect of dwell time on carbonyl stress using icodextrin and amino acid peritoneal dialysis fluids.
BACKGROUND
Deterioration of the peritoneal membrane limits the technical survival of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Advanced glycation of the membrane has been incriminated in this evolution. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) develop under the influence of glucose and of its degradation products, mainly reactive carbonyl compounds (RCOs) such as glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of recently developed glucose-free PD fluids on AGE generation.


METHODS
Recently developed glucose-free PD fluids containing either icodextrin or amino acids were investigated. GO, MGO, and 3-DG [high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)] and total RCOs (spectrophotometry) were measured in fresh solutions and in effluents after various dwell duration. The AGE formation potential of PD fluids and effluents was assessed by incubation at 37 degrees C, for one week, with bovine serum albumin and by the eventual measurement of pentosidine (HPLC) and Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry).


RESULTS
GO, MGO, and 3-DG (P < 0. 001) as well as total RCOs levels (P < 0.01) were significantly lower in icodextrin and amino acid PD fluid than in commercial, heat-sterilized, 1.36% glucose PD fluid. Pentosidine and CML generation were also significantly lower (P < 0.001) in icodextrin and amino acid PD fluid than in conventional 1.36% glucose PD fluid. The levels of total RCOs, however, increased in icodextrin and amino acid PD fluid effluents with dwell time. AGE formation potential rose accordingly, as demonstrated by a parallel increase in the generation of pentosidine and CML during incubation of PD effluents.


CONCLUSIONS
The present data demonstrate lower RCO contents and AGE formation potential in fresh icodextrin and amino acid PD fluids than in fresh heat-sterilized glucose PD fluids. However, this difference decreases progressively during dwell time, mainly as a result of the influx of total RCOs.
Ueda
Y
Y
Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
Miyata
T
T
Goffin
E
E
Yoshino
A
A
Inagi
R
R
Ishibashi
Y
Y
Izuhara
Y
Y
Saito
A
A
Kurokawa
K
K
Van Ypersele De Strihou
C
C
D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D005936:Glucans / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006037:Glyoxal / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D000077607:Icodextrin; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013242:Sterilization; D013997:Time Factors
D000596:Amino Acids; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005936:Glucans; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000077607:Icodextrin; D006037:Glyoxal; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D001120:Arginine; D003847:Deoxyglucose; C062187:pentosidine; C016350:3-deoxyglucosone; D005947:Glucose; D008239:Lysine