title: Smoking-related cues elicit craving in tobacco "chippers": a replication and validation of the two-factor structure of the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reliability and validity of the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU), a multi-factorial measure of cravings to smoke cigarettes has recently been called into question.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the first phase of the present study, the reliability of the two-factor structure of QSU was examined. The new and original factor structures were then used to investigate the effects of 2 h of abstinence from smoking, and exposure to smoking-related cues, in a subset of the same sample of regular smokers. The present study also investigated the effects of smoking-related cues on QSU measures in tobacco "chippers" (occasional non-dependent smokers).
  
  
  METHODS
  The factor structure of the QSU was investigated with a factor analysis of responses to the 32 QSU items produced by a sample of 271 regular smokers. A subset of these data was used to assess the influence of abstinence and cues on QSU factor scores. The final study used a sample of 32 tobacco chippers to assess the effect of smoking-related cues on their QSU factor scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed a two-factor structure almost identical to that published by Tiffany and Drobes. In the second experiment, a brief period of abstinence significantly elevated factor 1 scores, but not factor 2 scores, compared to the non-abstinent condition. Exposure to smoking-related cues significantly elevated factor 2 scores and also tended to elevate factor 1 scores. In experiment 3, exposure to smoking-related cues significantly elevated factor 1 scores, but not factor 2 scores, in tobacco chippers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The QSU is a psychometrically sound instrument for the assessment of urges to smoke, which shows good construct validity. The two factors of the QSU show differential discriminative properties.
authors: Centre for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, South Wales, UK.
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Davies
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Willner
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires