title: Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of weekly oral fluorouracil given with eniluracil and low-dose leucovorin to patients with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluorouracil (5-FU) given as a weekly, high-dose 24-hour infusion is active and tolerable. We evaluated an oral regimen of eniluracil (which inactivates dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [DPD]), 5-FU, and leucovorin to simulate this schedule.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received a single 24-hour infusion of 5-FU (2,300 mg/m(2) on day 2) with leucovorin (15 mg orally [PO] bid on days 1 through 3) to provide reference pharmacokinetic data. Two weeks later, patients began treatment with eniluracil (20 mg) and leucovorin (15 mg) (PO bid on days 1 through 3) and 5-FU (10 to 15 mg/m(2) PO bid on day 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose-limiting toxicity (diarrhea, neutropenia, and fatigue) was seen with 5-FU 15 mg/m(2) PO bid on day 2 given weekly for either 6 of 8 weeks or 3 of 4 weeks, whereas five of seven patients tolerated 5-FU 10 mg/m(2) PO bid given weekly for 3 of 4 weeks. Eniluracil led to a 35-fold reduction in 5-FU clearance. Fluoro-beta-alanine, a 5-FU catabolite, was not detected in plasma during oral 5-FU-eniluracil therapy. DPD activity was markedly suppressed in all patients during eniluracil therapy; the inactivation persisted after the last eniluracil dose; percentages of baseline values were 1.8% on day 5, 4.5% on day 12, and 23.6% on day 19.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recommended oral dosage of 5-FU (10 mg/m(2) PO bid) given with eniluracil and leucovorin is approximately 115-fold lower than the reference dosage for 24-hour infusional 5-FU. This difference is greater than expected given the reduction in 5-FU clearance. DPD inactivation persisted for several weeks after completion of eniluracil therapy.
authors: Medicine Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA. jgrem@helix.nih.gov
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Grem
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Harold
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Shapiro
authors: D Q
authors: DQ
authors: Bi
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Quinn
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zentko
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Keith
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Hamilton
authors: B P
authors: BP
authors: Monahan
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Donavan
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Grollman
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Morrison
authors: C H
authors: CH
authors: Takimoto
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014498:Uracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C073482:eniluracil; D014498:Uracil; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil