title: Modulation of LPS-, PHA- and M. tuberculosis-mediated cytokine production by pentoxifylline and thalidomide.
abstract: Pentoxifylline and thalidomide have been used to downregulate the production of TNF-alpha in several disease entities including mycobacterial infections and autoimmune disorders. These drugs inhibit the production of TNF-alpha by different mechanisms, but little is known about possible synergism and modulation of other cytokines. Pentoxifylline and thalidomide inhibited the in vitro stimulated production of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma in blood mononuclear cells. No significant modulation of antiinflammatory cytokines was found. When used together, these agents demonstrated additive inhibition, but no synergism. Modulation of cytokine response was similar when different stimuli were used, including M. tuberculosis in tuberculin-positive individuals. Therefore, the balance between efficacy and toxicity may be more favourable when pentoxifylline and thalidomide are used together instead of either drug alone. Clinical studies are needed to establish this advantage when anti-cytokine strategies are considered.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre St Radboud, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: van Crevel
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Vonk
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Netea
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Kullberg
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: van der Meer
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D013792:Thalidomide; D010431:Pentoxifylline