title: Rhodococcus equi and HIV-1 infection in Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe three cases of Rhodococcus equi infection in a cohort of HIV-1 infected adults in Entebbe, Uganda and to compare this to the rates and presentation of tuberculosis in this cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive HIV-1 infected adults registering with a community HIV/AIDS clinic in Entebbe were enrolled in a cohort between October 1995 and June 1998 as part of an intervention trial of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Participants were routinely reviewed every 6 months and had open access to the clinic when unwell. Standard protocols were followed for investigation and management of illness. Microbiological investigations followed standard procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1372 (71% female) study participants were followed for 2141 person years of observation (pyo). Rhodococcus equi was isolated from three study participants from blood, a lymph node aspirate and stool. The individuals were undergoing investigation of acute pneumonia, acute cough with cervical lymphadenopathy and chronic fever with wasting, respectively. The clinical features of these cases are described. All had a CD4 T-cell count of <300/ml. The rate of R. equi infection in the cohort was 1.4/1000 pyo. There were 132 cases of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the cohort which were diagnosed either microbiologically or clinically. The rate of laboratory confirmed mycobacterial disease was 50.1/1000 pyo. The ratio of mycobacterial disease to R. equi disease was 36:1 (95% CI 11-113:1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhodococcus equi infection occurs in HIV-1 infected adults in Africa. The infection is clinically indistinguishable from pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in the cohort described here. Although the rate of R. equi disease is much less than that of tuberculosis, it is important to consider it in the differential diagnosis of tuberculous infection in cases which are smear negative. Rhodococcus equi infection is probably underdiagnosed in Africa due to a lack of microbiological facilities and its resemblance to common commensal organisms.
authors: MRC Programme on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Gray
authors: N
authors: N
authors: French
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Lugada
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Watera
authors: C F
authors: CF
authors: Gilks
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000193:Actinomycetales Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016929:Rhodococcus equi; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology