title: Sex hormones induce insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by reducing cellular content of IRS proteins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous studies have suggested a relation between sex hormones and insulin sensitivity but the ability of sex hormones to directly influence insulin action in peripheral tissues has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have examined the effects of estriol, estradiol and estrone on insulin action in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, a useful model of adipocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of these cells with each of these sex hormones resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose transport independently of a reduction in total cellular GLUT-4 content. This diminished ability of insulin to stimulate glucose transport was accompanied by a reduction in the total cellular content of insulin receptor substrates -1 and -2 and the p85alpha subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase. By contrast, cellular content of protein kinase B was unchanged by hormone treatment but the magnitude of insulin-stimulated kinase activity was statistically significantly reduced after incubation with each of the sex hormones tested. We have further shown that treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with these hormones alters the subcellular distribution of insulin receptor substrate proteins such that the particulate and soluble pools of these proteins were differentially affected by hormone treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that sex hormones can directly induce a state of insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in culture. The mechanism of this defect seems to be at least in part due to decreased cellular content and altered subcellular distribution of insulin receptor substrate proteins which in turn results in a reduction in proximal insulin-stimulated signalling cascades.
authors: Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Collison
authors: I W
authors: IW
authors: Campbell
authors: I P
authors: IP
authors: Salt
authors: A F
authors: AF
authors: Dominiczak
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Connell
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Lyall
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Gould
mesh_terms: D019325:3-O-Methylglucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004964:Estriol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004970:Estrone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
chemical_list: D019325:3-O-Methylglucose; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D004958:Estradiol; D004964:Estriol; D004970:Estrone; D005947:Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C526295:Irs1 protein, mouse; C526298:Irs2 protein, mouse; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse