title: Effect of pressure of helium, argon, krypton, and xenon on the porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium castings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Porosity is a frequently observed casting defect in dental titanium alloys.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of pressure of helium, argon, krypton, and xenon on the porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) castings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight groups (A-H) of 16 rectangular wax patterns each (30 mm in length, 3 mm in width, and 1 mm in depth) were prepared. The wax patterns were invested with a magnesia-based material and cast with cp Ti (grade II). Groups A, C, E, and G were cast under a pressure of 1 atm, and groups B, D, F, and H were cast under a pressure of 0.5 atm of He, Ar, Kr, and Xe, respectively. The extent of the porosity of the cast specimens was determined radiographically and quantified by image analysis. Three specimens of each group and 3 cylinders of the as-received cp Ti used as a reference were embedded in resin and studied metallographically after grinding, polishing, and chemical etching. These surfaces were used for determination of the Vickers hardness (VHN) as well. Eight specimens from each group were fractured in the tensile mode, and the 0.2% yield strength, fracture stress, and percentage elongation were calculated. Porosity was analyzed with 2-way ANOVA and the Newman-Keuls multiple range test. VHN measurements and tensile properties for specimen groups were compared with 1-way ANOVA and the Newman-Keuls multiple range test (95% significance level).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The porosity levels per group were (%): A = 5.50 +/- 4.34, B = 0.77 +/- 1.27, C = 2.44 +/- 3.68, D = 0.06 +/- 0.12, E-H = 0. Two-way ANOVA showed that there was no detectable interaction (P<.05) between gas type and applied pressure. Metallographic examination revealed no differences in microstructure among the groups studied. A finer grain size was observed in all cast groups compared with the original cp Ti. The VHN of the as-received cp Ti was significantly greater than all the cast groups tested. Groups cast under He showed the highest VHN, yield strength, and fracture stress. No significant differences were found in percentage elongation values among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Porosity and mechanical properties of cp Ti castings are dependent on the gas type and pressure, whereas the microstructure remains unaffected.
authors: Research Center for Biomaterials, Athens, Greece. ekevyl@hol.gr
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zinelis
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001128:Argon / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D006245:Hardness Tests / Q000379:methods; D006371:Helium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007726:Krypton / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019563:Mechanics; D016062:Porosity; D011312:Pressure; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014978:Xenon / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D006371:Helium; D014978:Xenon; D007726:Krypton; D001128:Argon; D014025:Titanium