title: Drug enterocyte adducts: possible causal factor for diclofenac enteropathy in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enteropathy is a frequent complication of diclofenac and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. One possibility is that reactive metabolites of diclofenac form adducts with enterocyte macromolecules, as previously shown for liver. We addressed this possibility by using immunohistochemistry to detect diclofenac adducts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were treated orally with diclofenac (10-100 mg/kg) and killed after 1-24 hours, and their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were evaluated for ulcer number and area. Adduct distribution and intensity were assessed by immunohistochemistry by using a technique to simultaneously process and stain multiple intestinal rings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug treatment led to dose-dependent formation of both adducts and ulcers only in small intestine and only in animals with intact enterohepatic circulation. Adducts formed within enterocytes by 1 hour, translocated to the brush border, preceded ulceration and vascular protein leakage, and were intense at sites of ulceration. Adducts and ulcers exhibited a parallel distribution within intestinal quintiles: 3rd > 5th >> 1st.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diclofenac treatment resulted in the formation of drug adducts in enterocytes. Because this molecular change occurred before ulceration, was dose dependent, and exhibited concordant distribution with extent of ulceration, the results suggest a causal role for drug adduct formation in diclofenac enteropathy.
authors: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Atchison
authors: A B
authors: AB
authors: West
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Balakumaran
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Hargus
authors: L R
authors: LR
authors: Pohl
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Daiker
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Aronson
authors: W E
authors: WE
authors: Hoffmann
authors: B K
authors: BK
authors: Shipp
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Treinen-Moslen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014456:Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac