title: Impact of noninvasive studies to distinguish volume overload from ARDS in acutely ill patients with pulmonary edema: analysis of the medical literature from 1966 to 1998.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of substituting noninvasive diagnostic studies for Swan-Ganz catheter (SGC) placement in the evaluation of acutely ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Modified decision analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using published studies that define effectiveness of clinical examination, echocardiography, and SGC placement to diagnose pulmonary edema, an analysis of the impact of substituting three diagnostic approaches using (1) clinical assessment (CA), (2) M-mode two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (EC), or (3) CA then EC if necessary for SGC placement was considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with acute respiratory distress and radiographic findings of pulmonary edema, and ICU patients with hypotension and/or pulmonary edema without acute cardiac ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three approaches using noninvasive studies were substituted for placement of SGC in the initial evaluation of pulmonary edema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of SGCs placed, the number of tests needed to diagnose (NTND) all cases of volume overload, and the total number of procedure-related adverse events were calculated for each diagnostic approach and compared to SGC placement. EC, and CA then EC approaches produced fewer procedure-related serious complications and deaths, compared to the SGC approach; however, these approaches also produced a higher NTND and total procedures performed than did the SGC or CA approaches. The CA approach led to reduced NTND and procedure-related adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substituting noninvasive studies for SGC placement in the initial evaluation of acutely ill patients may slightly reduce procedure-related adverse events, but it may also increase the number of procedures performed. Studies of SGC use are warranted and need to include a clinical assessment control group and an analysis of resource utilization.
authors: Pulmonary Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55417, USA. duane001@tc.umn.edu
authors: P G
authors: PG
authors: Duane
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Colice
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000009:adverse effects; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity