title: Characterization of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-binding determinants.
abstract: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a potent insulinotropic hormone currently under study as a therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes. Since an understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to high-affinity receptor (R) binding and activation may facilitate the development of more potent GLP-1R agonists, we have localized specific regions of GLP-1R required for binding. The purified N-terminal fragment (hereafter referred to as NT) of the GLP-1R produced in either insect (Sf9) or mammalian (COS-7) cells was shown to bind GLP-1. The physical interaction of NT with GLP-1 was first demonstrated by cross-linking ((125)I-GLP-1/NT complex band at approximately 28 kDa) and secondly by attachment to Ni(2+)-NTA beads. The GLP-1R NT protein attached to beads bound GLP-1, but with lower affinity (inhibitory concentration (IC(50)): 4.5 x 10(-7) M) than wild-type (WT) GLP-1R (IC(50): 5.2 x 10(-9)M). The low affinity of GLP-1R NT suggested that other receptor domains may contribute to GLP-1 binding. This was supported by studies using chimeric glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptors. GIP(1-151)/GLP-1R, but not GIP(1-222)/GLP-1R, exhibited specific GLP-1 binding and GLP-1-induced cAMP production, suggesting that the region encompassing transmembrane (TM) domain 1 through to TM3 was required for binding. Since it was hypothesized that certain charged or polar amino acids in this region might be involved in binding, these residues (TM2-TM3) were analyzed by substitution mutagenesis. Five mutants (K197A, D198A, K202A, D215A, R227A) displayed remarkably reduced binding affinity. These studies indicate that the NT domain of the GLP-1R is able to bind GLP-1, but charged residues concentrated at the distal TM2/extracellular loop-1 (EC1) interface (K197, D198, K202) and in EC1 (D215 and R227) probably contribute to the binding determinants of the GLP-1R.
authors: Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Xiao
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Jeng
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002678:Chimera / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D015870:Gene Expression; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta; D008024:Ligands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; C000593835:Glp1r protein, rat; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D008024:Ligands; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; C041086:gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor