title: Limitations of size as a criterion in the evaluation of adrenal tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Size has been considered to be the single best predictor of malignancy in adrenal neoplasms that have been identified incidentally. However, small adrenal cortical cancers have been reported from multiple centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated the value of tumor size and other clinical parameters in the prediction of the presence of adrenal malignancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The records of 117 patients who underwent evaluation for tumors of the adrenal gland were reviewed. The median tumor size of the adrenal cortical carcinomas (n = 38 carcinomas) was 9.2 cm (range, 1.7-30 cm); 5 cancers (13.5%) were smaller than 5.0 cm. The median overall size of the benign tumors, excluding pheochromocytomas, was 4.0 cm (n = 38 carcinomas); 10 benign tumors (26%) were larger than 5.0 cm. The imaging features of 4 of 5 small adrenal cancers predicted malignancy; the remaining patients had hormonally functioning tumors. The imaging features of 7 of 10 large benign adrenal tumors predicted benign histologic features, including 5 of 5 myelolipomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although size remains a good predictor of the histologic features and clinical behavior of adrenal neoplasms, both small adrenal cortical cancers and large benign tumors occur with measurable frequency. High-quality imaging studies may be helpful in the identification of relatively small adrenal cancers and of characteristic benign lesions that may be selectively followed.
authors: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: Barnett
authors: D G
authors: DG
authors: Varma
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: El-Naggar
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Dackiw
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Porter
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Pearson
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Kudelka
authors: R F
authors: RF
authors: Gagel
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: Evans
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed