title: Intracranial hemorrhage after stenting and angioplasty of extracranial carotid stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transluminal angioplasty and stenting procedure has been recently advocated as a potential alternative to surgical endarterectomy for the treatment of severe extracranial carotid stenosis. This study assesses the incidence and significance of intracranial hemorrhage occurring after this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 104 carotid arteries (96 internal, two external, and six common) in 90 patients (63 male; mean age, 69.4 years; range, 48-88 years) who underwent primary stenting and angioplasty by use of Wallstents (103/104) at three centers between January 1996 and January 1999. Seventy-five (83%) patients were referred by neurosurgery departments. Seventy-one (68%) arteries were symptomatic; the mean stenosis percentage was 85% (range, 40-99%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four intraparenchymal hemorrhages occurred, representing 4.4% of patients and 3.8% of vessels, after angioplasty and stent placement. The mean preoperative stenosis percentage was 95% (range, 90-99%). One hemorrhage occurred immediately after stent placement, whereas the three other hemorrhages occurred in a delayed fashion (mean, 2.8 days). The mean hematoma size was 4.8 cm (range, 2-8 cm). Three patients had associated subarachnoid or intraventricular bleeding; the fourth had associated subdural hemorrhage. Three hemorrhages were fatal; the fourth experienced two seizures only. No acute neurologic symptoms were present prior to hemorrhages, and there was no postprocedural hypertension in these patients. All had been receiving antiplatelet agents as well as intraprocedural IV heparin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracranial hemorrhage can occur after carotid angioplasty and stenting. We speculate that this represents cerebral hyperperfusion injury. The 3.8% incidence of cerebral hemorrhage observed is approximately sixfold greater than that reported post endarterectomy (0.6%) (95% CI, 0.2-8.7%). This is not statistically significant in this small study group. This trend may reflect patient selection, different anticoagulation protocols, and/or study population size. Additional data are needed to determine the safety and efficiency of carotid stenting as a treatment for carotid stenosis.
authors: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Morrish
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Grahovac
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Douen
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Cheung
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Hu
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Farb
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Kalapos
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Wee
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hudon
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Agbi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Richard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed