title: Indirect cost of HIV infection in England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have estimated the indirect costs of care for HIV infection in England by stage of infection at a population level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study estimated annual indirect costs of the HIV epidemic in England in 1997-1998 from both a public-sector and societal perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Service costs for HIV-infected individuals were indexed to 1997-1998 English prices. Average annual indirect costs included the costs of statutory, community, and informal services; disability payments; and lost economic productivity by stage of HIV infection. Disability payments were excluded from the societal perspective, whereas the degree of lost economic productivity was varied for the sensitivity analyses. Total average annual indirect costs by stage of HIV infection were calculated, as were population-based costs by stage of HIV infection and overall population costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual indirect costs from the public-sector and societal perspectives, respectively, ranged from pound sterling 3169 (dollars 5252) to pound sterling 3931 (dollars 6515) per person-year for asymptomatic individuals, pound sterling 5302 (dollars 8787) to pound sterling 7929 (dollars 13,140) for patients with symptomatic non-AIDS, and pound sterling 9956 (dollars 16,499) to pound sterling 21,014 (dollars 34,825) for patients with AIDS. Estimated population-based indirect costs from the public-sector perspective varied between pound sterling 109 million (dollars 181 million) and pound sterling 145 million (dollars 241 million) for 1997-1998, respectively, comprising between 58% and 124% of direct treatment costs for triple drug therapy in England during 1997. From the societal perspective, estimated population-based costs varied between pound sterling 84 million (dollars 138 million) and pound sterling 119 million (dollars 198 million) in 1997-1998, comprising between 45% and 102% of direct treatment costs and cost of care, respectively, during 1997.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Average indirect costs increase as HIV-infected individuals' illness progresses. Whether one takes a public-sector or societal perspective, indirect costs add a considerable amount to the cost of delivering health care to HIV-infected individuals. Both direct and indirect costs, when obtainable, should be used to assess the economic consequences of HIV infection and treatment interventions.
authors: University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore 21201, USA. dmullins@rx.umaryland.edu
authors: C D
authors: CD
authors: Mullins
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Whitelaw
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Cooke
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Beck
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D004739:England; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000191:economics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014478:Unemployment; D026712:Value of Life