Epidemiology of trichinellosis in Mexico, Central and South America.
Trichinella species are widely distributed throughout the world and are found in a large number of carnivorous animals, humans and incidental hosts. The data presented in this review show that Trichinella infection has been reported in both humans and animals in Mexico, Argentina and Chile since the end of the 19th century, and more recently in Bolivia. This parasitic infection is still a public health problem in countries such as Argentina and Chile. Although efforts have focused on the control and prevention of trichinellosis in these countries, there were still human cases and outbreaks of trichinellosis reported. Diagnosis of infection in animals such as pigs still includes, in many endemic areas, the use of trichinoscopy. In Argentina, however, artificial digestion has been recently introduced in slaughterhouses to detect Trichinella infection in pigs. In some endemic areas in Mexico, the use of serological assays for human trichinellosis and pig infections have resulted in improved detection. Most of the outbreaks of human trichinellosis in Mexico, Argentina and Chile have occurred as a result of the consumption of undercooked pork or pork products from animals raised under poor hygienic conditions and which are clandestinely slaughtered. In several studies, rats, dogs and cats have been found to be infected with Trichinella and may be considered a risk for transmission of the infection to pigs or other animals intended for human consumption. Another potential source of transmission of Trichinella to humans is horsemeat; however, information related to horse trichinellosis in Latin-American countries is scarce. In most cases the etiological agent of human trichinellosis in Central and South America has been reported to be Trichinella spiralis; however, only in a few cases has the parasite species been properly identified. Based on the reports available, it is clear that there is a need to carry out better controlled epidemiological studies to determine the true prevalence of the infection in this region of the world. Also, more sensitive methods of diagnosis and improvements in conditions for pig production as well as better sanitary inspection systems, are needed for controlling and preventing transmission of trichinellosis in these countries.
Ortega-Pierres
M G
MG
Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados IPN, Apartado Postal No. 14-740, D.F. 07000, Mexico, Mexico. gortega@lambda.gene.cinvestav.mx
Arriaga
C
C
Yépez-Mulia
L
L
D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002489:Central America / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016266:Food Parasitology; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000469:parasitology; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D013020:South America / Q000453:epidemiology; D014235:Trichinellosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology*