title: The origin and development of the upper lateral incisor and premaxilla in normal and cleft lip/palate monkeys induced with cyclophosphamide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cleft lip/palate (CLP) is a common human congenital defect in which the maxillary lateral incisors are often absent, malformed, and malpositioned. The present study was designed to examine the origin of the upper primary lateral incisor relative to the medial nasal process (MNP) and maxillary process (MP) fusion area and to the premaxillary/maxillary (incisive) suture in monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanning electron microscopy, histology, skeletal staining, and drying techniques were used to study facial development in embryo and fetal monkey specimens. A teratogenic dose of cyclophosphamide was administered to pregnant monkeys prior to fusion of the MNP and MP and fetuses were examined for CLP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Formation of the anterior maxilla involved fusion of the MNP and MP at stages 14-18. At stages 18-20, the palatal portion of the MNP had formed the medial and lateral incisive mounds. By stage 22, the upper primary lateral incisor has formed within the MP, lateral to the MNP/MP fusion area and to the ossifying premaxilla. Ossification of the premaxilla begins in the MNP and subsequently spreads laterally across the MNP/MP fusion area into the MP. Accordingly, the lateral incisor undergoes a complex positional shift (mainly medial) relative to the incisive suture both prenatally and postnatally and is finally located medial to the suture. Examination of the cyclophosphamide-induced CLP fetuses showed that the lateral incisor is located lateral to the alveolar cleft and does not shift medial to the incisive suture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the origin of the lateral incisor (the tooth closest to the cleft) and the shift after its formation provides clues to high incidence of malformations and ectopia of this incisor in cleft patients.
authors: California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis 95616-8542, USA.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Wei
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Senders
authors: G O
authors: GO
authors: Owiti
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Z N
authors: ZN
authors: Wei
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Dillard-Telm
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: McClure
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Hendrickx
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000196:embryology; D000818:Animals; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000196:embryology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000196:embryology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005145:Face / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008437:Maxilla / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009666:Nose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010159:Palate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013723:Teratogens; D014085:Tooth Migration / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D013723:Teratogens; D003520:Cyclophosphamide