title: A phase I study of carboplatin and etoposide administered in conjunction with dipyridamole, prochlorperazine and cyclosporine A.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recognition of the variety of available chemotherapeutic modulating agents and their potential to enhance the efficacy of platinum-based therapy, we embarked upon a phase I study to investigate the feasibility of combining fixed doses of carboplatinum (CBDCA) and etoposide (VP-16) with 24-h concurrent infusions of dipyridamole (DP), prochlorperazine (PCZ) and cyclosporine A (CSA) administered in escalating doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received intravenous VP-16 (200 mg/m2) and CBDCA (300 mg/m2), each over 30 min, starting at hour 6 of the modulator infusions. Resistance modulators were escalated sequentially to determine their respective maximally tolerated doses (MTDs). The pharmacokinetics (PK) of VP-16, CBDCA, and the three drug resistance (DR) modifiers were studied in eight patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 59 patients were entered on study. The MTD was established at DP 5 mg/kg per day, PCZ 24 mg/h, and CSA 9.5 mg/kg per day. Dose-limiting toxicities included hypotension and severe sedation, presumably related to PCZ. No objective responses were seen. PK studies were performed when PCZ and DP doses were 24 mg/h and 3.3 mg/kg, and the CSA dose was either 8.5 mg/kg (five patients) or 9.5 mg/kg (three patients). The median clearance of VP-16 was 0.96 l/h per m2 (range 0.8-1.5 l/h per m2), which is lower than for VP-16 alone and similar to previously reported effects of CSA on VP-16 elimination. The median measured CBDCA AUC was 3.0 mg/ml x min (range 2.4-4.8 mg/ml x min). CBDCA AUC predicted by the Calvert formula using measured creatinine clearance underestimated the actual AUC in seven of the eight patients, in one case by as much as twofold. The median end of infusion PCZ and total DP plasma concentrations were 1.2 microM (range 0.5-2.2 microM) and 4.4 microM (range 1.3-5.9 microM), respectively, consistent with in vitro resistance modulatory levels. However, free DP was only 0.02 microM (range 0.004-0.04 microM). The median CSA level at 24 h of 1450 microg/l (range 1075-1640 microg/l) is in agreement with concentrations required for partial DR reversal in vitro, although it is much lower than levels achieved in our previous phase I study of CBDCA + CSA alone using similar doses of CSA. The CSA dose on the current trial was escalated beyond the MTD for the previous phase I study, suggesting that there may be an interaction between CSA and one of the other modulators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that in vitro DR-reversing levels of two of the three agents used in this study can be achieved in vivo, and that this combination of DR modulators has significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of VP-16.
authors: Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Raschko
authors: T W
authors: TW
authors: Synold
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Chow
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Coluzzi
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Hamasaki
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Leong
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Margolin
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Morgan
authors: S I
authors: SI
authors: Shibata
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Somlo
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Tetef
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Yen
authors: A
authors: A
authors: ter Veer
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Doroshow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011346:Prochlorperazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004176:Dipyridamole; D005047:Etoposide; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016190:Carboplatin; D011346:Prochlorperazine