title: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of polyethylene glycol-hirudin in patients with chronic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hirudin selectively inhibits thrombin without cofactors and is eliminated via the kidneys. Recombinant hirudin (r-hi) has a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of about 50 to 100 minutes. Coupling of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to r-hi, giving PEG-hirudin (PEG-Hi), prolongs its t1/2 while enhancing efficacy. We looked at the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic behavior of PEG-Hi in patients with impaired renal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anticoagulant activity and the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single intravenous bolus injection of 0.05 mg/kg body weight PEG-Hi were studied in 38 subjects. They were assigned to five groups: group IA, creatinine clearance (CCr) >/= 80 mL/min, 8 healthy volunteers; group IB, CCr >/= 80 mL/min, 8 patients with normal renal function); group II, CCr 79 to 50 mL/min, 7 patients with mild chronic renal failure (CRF); group III, CCr 49 to 20 mL/min, 10 patients with moderate CRF; and group IV, CCr </= 19 mL/min, 5 patients with severe CRF. Plasma and urine samples were collected from patients for up to 120 hours after dosing and from healthy volunteers for up to 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PEG-Hi was well tolerated in all groups. No serious adverse events were noted. Cmax values were similar in all groups; area under the curve (AUC) increased in patients from 2.9 +/- 1.0 microg. h/mL (IB) to 21.3 +/- 5.0 microg h/mL (IV). According to the severity of renal function, t1/2 was prolonged from 2 hours (IB) to 38.4 hours (IV), while total body clearance (CTB), renal clearance (CRenal), and recovery of PEG-Hi in the urine (FEo-t) decreased as follows: CTB from 23.3 +/- 6.6 (IB) to 2.9 +/- 0.6 mL/min (IV), CRenal from 7.8 +/- 5.0 (IB) to 0.8 +/- 0.5 mL/min (IV), and FEo-t from 40.2 +/- 18. 9% (IB) to 12.6 +/- 13.0% (IV). Total plasma clearance of PEG-Hi was well correlated with CCr. Anti-IIa activity of PEG-Hi showed a closer linear relationship to ecarin clotting time than to activated partial thromboplastin time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hence, PEG-Hi is considered safe in patients with CRF, but dosing and/or dose intervals should be adjusted according to the severity of renal impairment. Ecarin clotting time is well suited for safe and reliable monitoring of PEG-Hi.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine IV, Research Unit "Pharmacological Haemostaseology," Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Pöschel
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Bucha
authors: H U
authors: HU
authors: Esslinger
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Nörtersheuser
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Jansa
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Schindler
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Nowak
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D010450:Endopeptidases; D005079:Excipients / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006629:Hirudins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D005079:Excipients; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006629:Hirudins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D005340:Fibrinogen; D003404:Creatinine; D010450:Endopeptidases; C020097:ecarin