title: Intervertebral disc herniation: studies on a porcine model exposed to highly repetitive flexion/extension motion with compressive force.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether repeated motion with low magnitude joint forces, and flexion/extension moments consistently produce herniation in a non-degenerated, controlled porcine spine motion segment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combined loading (flexion/extension motions and compressive forces) was applied to in vitro porcine functional spinal units. Biomechanical and radiographic characteristics were documented.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  While most studies performed in vitro have examined uniaxial or fixed position loading to older specimens, there have been few studies that have examined whether 'healthy' intervertebral discs can be injured by low magnitude repeated combined loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine cervical spine motion segments (C3-C4) were mounted in a custom jig which applied axial compressive loads with pure flexion/extension moments. Dynamic testing was conducted to a maximum of 86400 bending cycles at a rate of 1 Hz with simultaneous torques, angular rotations, axial deformations recorded for the duration of the test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Herniation (posterior and posterior-lateral regions of the annulus) occurred with relatively modest joint compression but with highly repetitive flexion/extension moments. Increased magnitudes of axial compressive force resulted in more frequent and more severe disc injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the notion that intervertebral disc herniation may be more linked to repeated flexion extension motions than applied joint compression, at least with younger, non-degenerated specimens. Relevance. While intervertebral disc herniations are observed clinically, consistent reproduction of this injury in the laboratory has been elusive. This study was designed to examine the biomechanical response and failure mechanics of spine motion segments to highly repetitive low magnitude complex loading.
authors: Occupational Biomechanics and Safety Laboratories, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ont., N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Canada.
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Callaghan
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: McGill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D046508:Culture Techniques; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology