title: Fraction of the dark current carried by Ca(2+) through cGMP-gated ion channels of intact rod and cone photoreceptors.
abstract: The selectivity for Ca(2+) over Na(+), PCa/PNa, is higher in cGMP-gated (CNG) ion channels of retinal cone photoreceptors than in those of rods. To ascertain the physiological significance of this fact, we determined the fraction of the cyclic nucleotide-gated current specifically carried by Ca(2+) in intact rods and cones. We activated CNG channels by suddenly (<5 ms) increasing free 8Br-cGMP in the cytoplasm of rods or cones loaded with a caged ester of the cyclic nucleotide. Simultaneous with the uncaging flash, we measured the cyclic nucleotide-dependent changes in membrane current and fluorescence of the Ca(2+)-binding dye, Fura-2, also loaded into the cells. The ratio of changes in fura-2 fluorescence and the integral of the membrane current, under a restricted set of experimental conditions, is a direct measure of the fractional Ca(2+) flux. Under normal physiological salt concentrations, the fractional Ca(2+) flux is higher in CNG channels of cones than in those of rods, but it differs little among cones (or rods) of different species. Under normal physiological conditions and for membrane currents </=200 pA, the Ca(2+) fractional flux in single cones of striped bass was 33 +/- 2%, and 34 +/- 6% in catfish cones. Under comparable conditions, the Ca(2+) fractional flux in rod outer segments of tiger salamander was 21 +/- 1%, and 14 +/- 1% in catfish rods. Fractional Ca(2+) flux increases as extracellular Ca(2+) rises, with a dependence well described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. KCa, the concentration at which Ca(2+) fractional flux is 50% was 1.98 mM in bass cones and 4.96 mM in tiger salamander rods. Because Ca(2+) fractional flux is higher in cones than in rods, light flashes that generate equal photocurrents will cause a larger change in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) in cones than in rods.
authors: Department of Physiology and Graduate Program in Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Ohyama
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Hackos
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Frings
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Hagen
authors: U B
authors: UB
authors: Kaupp
authors: J I
authors: JI
authors: Korenbrot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001492:Bass; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002397:Catfishes; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D003624:Darkness; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000502:physiology; D014562:Caudata / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D007473:Ion Channels; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium