title: Regulation of endothelin-1 synthesis in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Effects of transforming growth factor-beta and hypoxia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelin-1 (ET-1) potently regulates pulmonary vascular tone and promotes vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Clinical and animal studies implicate increased ET-1 production in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Although pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) synthesize ET-1 under basal conditions, it is unknown whether factors that may be important in pulmonary hypertension, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or hypoxia, augment ET-1 production by these cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the effect of TGF-beta and hypoxia on ET-1 release and preproET-1 mRNA from cultured rat and human PASMCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the basal state, rat and human PASMCs synthesize, on average (mean+/-S.E.M.), 872+/-114 and 563+/-57 pg ET-1/mg cell protein over 24 h, respectively, a level that causes autocrine and paracrine effects in other tissues. TGF-beta significantly increases the expression of preproET-1 mRNA and ET-1 production by both rat and human PASMCs. Hypoxia for 24 h, however, does not affect ET-1 release from rat or human PASMCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cultured rat and human PASMCs are a source of ET-1 production. Enhanced ET-1 release from PASMCs may contribute to the pathophysiology of TGF-beta-induced pulmonary hypertension. ET-1 production by PASMCs is unlikely to contribute to the role of ET-1 in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction.
authors: Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
authors: B A
authors: BA
authors: Markewitz
authors: I S
authors: IS
authors: Farrukh
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Michael
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016232:Endothelins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D016232:Endothelins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta