title: Apolipophorin-III and the interactions of lipoteichoic acids with the immediate immune responses of Galleria mellonella.
abstract: We investigated the effects of lipoteichoic acids, surface components of Gram-positive bacteria, on the hemocytes and phenoloxidase activity in last instar Galleria mellonella larvae, as well as the binding of apolipophorin-III, an insect lipid-binding protein, to lipoteichoic acids. Binding of apolipophorin-III to lipoteichoic acid was studied using an assay based on 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue. Apolipophorin-III bound the lipoteichoic acids from Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus hirae, and Streptococcus pyogenes and to intact cells of E. hirae. E. hirae lipoteichoic acid promoted the binding of apolipophorin-III to the cells of this species. All lipoteichoic acids tested caused a dose- and time-dependent drop in the total counts of hemocytes and, depending on the species of lipoteichoic acid, partial or complete depletion of plasmatocytes. Granulocyte counts were not affected. Apolipophorin-III prevented partially the loss of plasmatocytes due to B. subtilis lipoteichoic acid. All three lipoteichoic acids studied activated phenoloxidase in vitro; injections of B. subtilis lipoteichoic acid into the larvae elevated the phenoloxidase activity, whereas injections of E. hirae or S. pyogenes lipoteichoic acid, or apolipophorin-III alone, suppressed it. Apolipophorin-III decreased the activation of phenoloxidase by B. subtilis lipoteichoic acid.
authors: Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Halwani
authors: D F
authors: DF
authors: Niven
authors: G B
authors: GB
authors: Dunphy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013682:Teichoic Acids; C042470:apolipophorin III; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase