title: Lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and activation of medullary neurons by subdiaphragmatic vagal stimulation in the mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Isolated lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation associated with belching and vomiting and the transient LES relaxation associated with gastroesophageal reflux are gastric afferent-mediated vagovagal reflexes. We aimed to identify the brain stem vagal subnuclei involved in these reflexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In anesthetized mice, LES pressures were recorded using a manometric technique and response to electrical stimulation of the ventral trunk of subdiaphragmatic vagus was investigated. Anatomy of the vagal subnuclei was defined, and activated subnuclei with ventral subdiaphragmatic vagus stimulation were detected by c-fos immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventral subdiaphragmatic vagal stimulation elicited frequency-dependent LES relaxation without evoking esophageal contractions and induced c-fos expression in interneurons in medial, dorsomedial, and commissural subnuclei along with outer shell of area postrema and motoneurons in the caudal dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. Brain stem subnuclei including interstitial, intermediate, and central subnuclei, and nucleus ambiguous, which have been reported to be involved in the response to swallowing, were not activated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stimulation of the ventral subdiaphragmatic vagus causes isolated LES relaxation and activates neurons in select vagal subnuclei that may represent the brain stem circuit involved in the abdominal vagal-afferent-evoked isolated LES relaxation. These observations suggest that different brain stem circuits are involved in swallow-induced and gastric afferent-mediated isolated LES relaxations.
authors: Center for Swallowing and Motility Disorders, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, USA.
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Sang
authors: R K
authors: RK
authors: Goyal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos