title: Initiation of microvascular protection by nitric oxide in late preconditioning.
abstract: The authors hypothesized that nitric oxide is induced by a brief period of ischemia/reperfusion (ischemic preconditioning, IPC) on postoperative day (POD) 1, and that this released nitric oxide is responsible for initiating a delayed microvascular protection against a prolonged period of ischemia in skeletal muscle on POD day 2. The cremaster muscle of male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 4 hr of ischemia, and then 60 min of reperfusion. IPC consisted of 45 min of ischemia but was done 24 hr before the prolonged ischemia. Local intraarterial infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of nitric oxide) or Nw-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase antagonist) were also given 24 hr before prolonged ischemia. Arteriole diameters and capillary perfusion were measured using intravital microscopy. Four groups were compared: 1) control; 2) IPC; 3) SNP + sham IPC; and 4) L-NA + IPC. Four hours of ischemia followed by reperfusion created a significant vasoconstriction and capillary no-reflow in the microcirculation of cremaster muscles. These alterations were largely prevented by IPC. Local intraarterial infusion of SNP without IPC created a similar microvascular protection to that induced by IPC alone. In contrast, intraarterial infusion of L-NA prior to IPC eliminated the IPC-induced microvascular protection. In conclusion, in late preconditioning, nitric oxide contributes to the initiation of a delayed microvascular protection against prolonged ischemia in skeletal muscle.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas 89102, USA.
authors: W Z
authors: WZ
authors: Wang
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Anderson
authors: S Z
authors: SZ
authors: Guo
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Tsai
authors: F N
authors: FN
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide