[Pediatric kidney transplantation and living donors--invaluable by virtue of necessity].
Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for paediatric patients with end-stage renal failure. Living donor transplantation (LDT) has become an important therapeutic option due to the shortage of cadaver donors and increasingly long waiting times.


METHODS
Between 1992 and 1999, a total of 48 paediatric and adolescent patients underwent renal transplantation in Zurich. Of these, 21 patients (44%) received a kidney from a living related donor. 11 patients had been dialysed before LDT over a period of 0.2-5.7 years (median 0.6), and 10 were transplanted preemptively. Triple immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine A, azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; since 1998), and prednisone. The observation period was 0.5-7.3 years (median 2).


RESULTS
Recipients were 2-18 (median 10.5) years old at transplantation. One third had either a congenital malformation, an inherited disease, or an acquired disorder. One patient died of an associated cardiac disease at 4 months with functioning graft, and one functional graft loss occurred after 2.8 years. 9 patients were switched from cyclosporine to tacrolimus, 7 for biopsy-proven rejection and 2 for cosmetic reasons (hypertrichosis). No antibody preparations were used. Median glomerular filtration rate (51Cr-EDTA), measured after one year in 11 donor/recipients, was 64 (55-95) and 54 (32-82) ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The most recent estimated renal function (Schwartz formula) of 19 functioning grafts was 37-79 ml/min/1.73 m2 (median 63). Median body height of 16 patients with no associated extrarenal disease was -0.9 SDS (standard deviation score); the remaining 3--with serious extra-renal disease--were considerably growth retarded. Main complications were reversible rejection episodes in 19 (90%), arterial hypertension (16), CMV disease (2) and asymptomatic CMV infection (3), pyelonephritis (3), and recurrence of the primary renal disease, seizures, diabetes mellitus and non-compliance (one each). Actuarial patient and graft survival (Kaplan-Meier) after 3 years was 95 and 83% respectively. This was not statistically different from the cadaveric donor group (n = 27) with 100 and 80% survival respectively. Overall rehabilitation was excellent. The donors were 12 mothers, 8 fathers and one grandmother aged 31 to 50 (median 39) years; none of them experienced serious postoperative problems.


CONCLUSIONS
The paediatric transplantation programme would no longer be feasible in Switzerland without LDT. The results are very encouraging; preemptive transplantation makes it possible to avoid dialysis in half of the patients. The risk for the donor is small, and careful evaluation without putting pressure on the family is essential.
Leumann
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E
Abteilung für Nephrologie, Universitäts-Kinderklinik Zürich. ernst.leumann@kispi.unizh.ch
Goetschel
P
P
Neuhaus
T J
TJ
Ambühl
P M
PM
Candinas
D
D
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000401:mortality / Q000502:physiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019520:Living Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013557:Switzerland; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000600:supply & distribution