title: Prandial glucose effectiveness and fasting gluconeogenesis in insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Impaired glucose effectiveness (i.e., a diminished ability of glucose per se to facilitate its own metabolism), increased gluconeogenesis, and endogenous glucose release are, together with insulin resistance and beta-cell abnormalities, established features of type 2 diabetes. To explore aspects of the pathophysiology behind type 2 diabetes, we assessed in a group of healthy people prone to develop type 2 diabetes (n = 23), namely first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients (FDR), 1) endogenous glucose release and fasting gluconeogenesis measured using the 2H2O technique and 2) glucose effectiveness. The FDR group was insulin resistant when compared with an age-, sex-, and BMI-matched control group without a family history of type 2 diabetes (n = 14) (M value, clamp: 6.07 +/- 0.48 vs. 8.06 +/- 0.69 mg x kg(-1) lean body weight (lbw) x min(-1); P = 0.02). Fasting rates of gluconeogenesis (1.28 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.41 +/- 0.07 mg x kg(-1) lbw x min(-1); FDR vs. control subjects, P = 0.18) did not differ in the two groups and accounted for 53 +/- 2 and 60 +/- 3% of total endogenous glucose release. Glucose effectiveness was examined using a combined somatostatin and insulin infusion (0.17 vs. 0.14 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1), FDR vs. control subjects), the latter replacing serum insulin at near baseline levels. In addition, a 360-min labeled glucose infusion was given to simulate a prandial glucose profile. After glucose infusion, the integrated plasma glucose response above baseline (1,817 +/- 94 vs. 1,789 +/- 141 mmol/l per 6 h), the ability of glucose to simulate its own uptake (1.50 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.32 +/- 0.16 ml x kg(-1) lbw x min(-1)), and the ability of glucose per se to suppress endogenous glucose release did not differ between the FDR and control group. In conclusion, in contrast to overt type 2 diabetic patients, healthy people at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes are characterized by normal glucose effectiveness at near-basal insulinemia and normal fasting rates of gluconeogenesis.
authors: Department of Medicine M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark.
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Nielsen
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Nyholm
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Caumo
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Chandramouli
authors: W C
authors: WC
authors: Schumann
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Cobelli
authors: B R
authors: BR
authors: Landau
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Rizza
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Schmitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005943:Gluconeogenesis; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006728:Hormones; D005947:Glucose