title: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the differentiating agent vesnarinone in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the maximum-tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic profile of vesnarinone given once daily in combination with gemcitabine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients were treated with oral vesnarinone once daily on a continuous schedule at doses of 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 mg in combination with intravenous (IV) gemcitabine at a dose of 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks. To determine whether biologically relevant concentrations were being achieved, predose concentrations (C(min)) of vesnarinone were obtained weekly. Plasma gemcitabine and 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine concentrations were obtained during courses 1 and 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients were treated with 92 courses of vesnarinone/gemcitabine. The principal toxicities of the regimen consisted of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, which were dose-limiting in two of eight heavily pretreated new patients treated at the 90 mg/1,000 mg/m(2) dose level and one of 10 minimally pretreated new patients at the 120 mg/1,000 mg/m(2) dose level. None of three patients treated with 15 courses at the vesnarinone/gemcitabine dose levels of 60 mg/1,000 mg/m(2) experienced DLT. Pharmacokinetic studies of vesnarinone revealed significant interpatient variability at any given dose level. There was evidence of a linear relationship between vesnarinone dose and mean C(min) at dosages of vesnarinone less than 150 mg, with plateauing of mean C(min) values at higher dosages. There was no impact of vesnarinone on gemcitabine concentrations, and the vesnarinone pharmacokinetics did not change with gemcitabine between weeks 1 and 2. Two partial responses occurred in patients with refractory breast and non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When combined with gemcitabine, the recommended dose of vesnarinone for phase II evaluations is 90 mg orally once daily with gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) IV on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks. There is no evidence of pharmacokinetic interaction between vesnarinone and gemcitabine. Further studies of vesnarinone as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine and other antineoplastic agents are warranted.
authors: Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, and The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229, USA. apatnaik@saci.org
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Patnaik
authors: E K
authors: EK
authors: Rowinsky
authors: B K
authors: BK
authors: Tammara
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hidalgo
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Drengler
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Garner
authors: L L
authors: LL
authors: Siu
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Hammond
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Felton
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Mallikaarjun
authors: D D
authors: DD
authors: Von Hoff
authors: S G
authors: SG
authors: Eckhardt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D011719:Pyrazines; D011804:Quinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D011719:Pyrazines; D011804:Quinolines; D003841:Deoxycytidine; C041667:vesnarinone; D000093542:Gemcitabine