Mapping of the cerebral response to hypoxia measured using graded asymmetric spin echo EPI.
Graded asymmetric spin echo-echo planar imaging (ASE-EPI) was used to measure transient alterations in cerebral oxygenation resulting from 60 seconds of anoxia in alpha-chloralose anaesthetised rats. The anoxic period induced a transient fall ( approximately 1 min) in signal intensity followed by a prolonged signal overshoot consistent with an autoregulatory response to oxygen deprivation. The magnitude of signal response, integrated over the entire brain, increased linearly with the echo asymmetry (t(ge)). However, that increase in sensitivity was offset by a reduced signal to noise ratio and quality of the image data. The responses of four regions of interest within the brain to the anoxic stimulus, and the effect of increasing the echo asymmetry, were compared. A comparable magnitude of signal decrease was observed in all brain regions except the superficial cortex that included pial vessels. As t(ge) was incremented differences in signal attenuation between regions became more pronounced. The signal overshoot observed upon restoration of normal breathing gases showed similar trends, producing similar normalised vascular responses for all regions of interest studied. Different regions of interest showed comparable time courses of the signal overshoot suggesting that similar autoregulatory vascular mechanisms operate in all brain regions. These findings additionally show that the use of graded ASE-EPI produced a characteristic profile of maximum signal change measured during and following the anoxic period for each brain region. They suggest that the shape of this profile was determined by the local vasculature within each region of interest; this feature could be exploited in activation studies to eliminate regions with significant signal changes originating from large draining vessels. Finally, the consistent physiological response observed, when the overshoot was compared to the magnitude of the signal drop, demonstrated that modification of the spin echo offset parameter did not mask or detrimentally alter the signal change resulting from the underlying physiological perturbation.
Houston
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GC
Herchel Smith Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Cambridge Clinical School, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 2PZ, Cambridge, UK.
Papadakis
N G
NG
Carpenter
T A
TA
Hall
L D
LD
Mukherjee
B
B
James
M F
MF
Huang
C L
CL
D000818:Animals; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
D010100:Oxygen