title: [Echocardiographic follow-up of patients with heart failure. Which parameters should be measured? How often?].
abstract: The echocardiographic evaluation keeps a relevant place in the evaluation of patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, not only for its contribution to the diagnosis, prognostic stratification and comprehension of pathogenetic mechanisms, but also for the analysis of the evolution of the disease and the response to optimal medical therapy. On the other hand, the role of echocardiography in the follow-up of patients with diastolic dysfunction is still unclear. In patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction the analysis of changes in left ventricular function and dimension during follow-up is particularly relevant to recognize the potential benefit of optimal medical therapy with ACE-inhibitors and beta-blockers and their prognostic significance. The echo-Doppler hemodynamic evaluation is also of clinical and prognostic value particularly for the recognition of the persistence or (re)appearance of restrictive filling pattern during follow-up. Moreover, in patients with persistent severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, the evaluation of right ventricular function may allow for the identification of a subset of patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. A practical flow-chart of echocardiographic assessment of patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction includes the following steps: 1) after 3 to 6 months on optimal therapy, to detect the persistence of restrictive filling pattern, if present at diagnosis; 2) after 12 to 24 months, to analyze the response of left ventricular function and dimension to optimal medical treatment; 3) serial examinations, according to the stage of the disease or to the episodes of worsening heart failure, to identify echocardiographic indicators of disease progression, such as worsening of left ventricular and/or right ventricular function or (re)appearance of restrictive filling pattern. The changes in these parameters seem to have a relevant prognostic significance to define the risk profile of patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
authors: Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale Maggiore, Università degli Studi, Trieste.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Di Lenarda
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Sabbadini
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Pinamonti
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Sinagra
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D013599:Systole; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right