title: Lens opacifications detected by slitlamp biomicroscopy are associated with exposure to organic nitrate explosives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unusual cataracts (flecks) have been reported to occur at very low levels of trinitrotoluene exposure, but prevalence estimates vary widely. Cataracts have not been reported among workers in the United States exposed to organic nitrate explosives.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of unusual cataracts in a population of workers in the United States exposed to organic nitrate explosives, to determine whether associations exist with reported cataract risk factors, and to determine if other eye effects (eg, retinal hemorrhage) are associated with exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort prevalence study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-based ophthalmologic clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one workers from an explosives plant comprised the exposed group. The comparison group consisted of 56 workers using chemicals other than organic nitrate explosives.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was opacifications (flecks) of the crystalline lens, graded clinically on a scale of 0 to 4 +. Additional measures included visual acuity, applanation tonometry, and clinical evaluation using standard examination techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three percent of the workers had anterior cortical lens opacifications in a pattern of peripheral flecks. Exposed subjects were 18 times more likely to exhibit changes than those not exposed, a statistically significant association (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.0-65.0; P<.001). A statistically significant association with the duration of exposure was also found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asymptomatic, low-grade cataracts (flecks) were identified in 63% of the workers exposed to pentolite. No other eye effects were found to be associated with exposure. Cataracts were not associated with other known risk factors, but were associated with the duration of exposure. Biomicroscopy is widely available and useful for detecting changes in the asymptomatic stages.
authors: Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah, 75 S 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. cyounger@dfpm.utah.edu
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Lewis-Younger
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Mamalis
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Egger
authors: D O
authors: DO
authors: Wallace
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002386:Cataract / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005107:Explosions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010417:Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012307:Risk Factors; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D010417:Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate; D014303:Trinitrotoluene