title: Albuminuria in Australian Aboriginal people: prevalence and associations with components of the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence and associations with the metabolic syndrome of albuminuria among Australian Aboriginal people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early-morning urine specimens were collected as part of community-based risk factor surveys assessing the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in eight remote communities, with a sample size of 1,075 people. Microalbuminuria was defined as urinary albumin : creatinine ratio 3.4-33.9 mg/mmol, macroalbuminuria as albumin: creatinine ratio equal to or greater than 34 mg/mmol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were high prevalences of microalbuminuria (men 22.2 %, women 26.9 %) and of macroalbuminuria (men 10.4%, women 13.5%). There were highly statistically significant linear associations of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria with increasing number of coexisting components of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity): among people with zero, one, two and three to five of these conditions, respectively, prevalence of microalbuminuria was 16%, 20%, 36% and 32% (p < 0.001); prevalence of macroalbuminuria was 2%, 6%, 12% and 32% (p < 0.001). There were independent associations of microalbuminuria with hypertension (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval = 2.36, 1.63-3.42) and diabetes (2.10, 1.28-3.45): macroalbuminuria was independently associated with hypertension (6.39, 3.93-10.4), diabetes (3.49, 1.93-6.28) and abdominal obesity (4.56, 2.40-8.64) and had a weaker association with insulin resistance (1.99, 1.12-3.54). Dyslipidaemia and impaired glucose tolerance were neither independently associated with microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria, nor was insulin resistance or abdominal obesity independently associated with microalbuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a strong clustering of albuminuria with components of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, hypertension and abdominal obesity are major contributors to high rates of albuminuria among Australian Aboriginal people.
authors: The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
authors: K G
authors: KG
authors: Rowley
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Iser
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Best
authors: K
authors: K
authors: O'Dea
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Leonard
authors: R
authors: R
authors: McDermott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine