title: Equivalence of single and incremental subfailure stretches of rabbit anterior cruciate ligament.
abstract: Experimental models are often used in the laboratory to produce incomplete soft-tissue injuries simulating those observed clinically. Single and incremental stretch protocols have been utilized. The latter has many advantages over the former. This study was designed to determine if incremental and single ligamentous stretches are biomechanically equivalent. Eleven paired fresh rabbit bone-anterior cruciate ligament-bone preparations were used. One of each pair (single-stretch protocol) was stretched to 88% of the average failure deformation and then stretched to failure. The other ligament (incremental-stretch protocol) was stretched to 55, 66, 77, and 88% of the average failure deformation and then stretched to failure. All stretches were performed at 1.2 m/sec. Stress-relaxation tests were performed before and after the 88% stretch for both stretch protocols. Relaxation curves were parameterized as forces at six time points and were also fitted to a three-element model. Load-deformation curves recorded during stretch to failure were characterized by eight parameters. Each incremental stretch step produced a significant increase in deformation, indicating alteration in the mechanical properties of the ligament. Both groups of ligaments, when intact, exhibited no differences in relaxation curves (p > 0.2). The 88% stretches, produced by each of the two stretch protocols, significantly altered the viscoelastic behavior of the ligaments (p < 0.002). However, after the 88% stretch, there were no differences in either viscoelastic (p > 0.1) or load-deformation (p > 0.1) parameters of the two stretch protocols. In conclusion, the 88% subfailure stretch significantly altered the mechanical properties of ligament, and the incremental and single stretches were biomechanically equivalent.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8071, USA. manohar.panjabi@yale.edu
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Panjabi
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Huang
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cholewicki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D004548:Elasticity; D023421:Models, Animal; D011817:Rabbits; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing