title: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection under general anesthesia for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: long-term results in 268 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) under general anesthesia (One-shot PEI) is a therapy for large and multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by the injection of a large amount of ethanol into the tumor. We report our results with 5-year survival rates in patients with HCC on cirrhosis treated with One-shot PEI.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 1992 to March 1998, 268 cirrhotic patients (age 42-82 years; 191 males; 95 Child-Pugh's A class, 150 B and 23 C class of cirrhosis) with 515 HCC nodules underwent One-shot PEI. Diameter of HCC nodules ranged from 0.6 to 14 cm (mean 5.02 +/- 2.2 cm; median: 4 cm). One hundred and thirty-eight patients had a single nodule (range 3.2-14 cm; mean 5.6 +/- 2.1 cm), 130 had multiple nodules, up to six nodules (mean 2.9 nodules) (range 0.6-11 cm; mean 4.8 +/- 2.1 cm)
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT showed complete necrosis in 357/506 nodules (70%). Five patients (1.8%) with nine nodules died as a result of the procedure (variceal bleeding in three cases, liver failure in one and hemoperitoneum in one). The overall survival rates were 93, 83, 74, 65 and 59% at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively. Survival rates were 90, 84, 82 and 82% at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months, respectively, in patients with a single nodule less than or = 5 cm, and 97, 71, 59, 59 and 59% at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, respectively, in patients with single nodule >5 cm. Patients with multiple nodules had survival rates of 97, 89, 75, 60 and 60% at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PEI of large and multiple HCC showed survivals similar to conventional PEI for patients with smaller tumors.
authors: Interventional Ultrasound Service, 'D. Cotugno' Hospital, Via Quagliariello 54, 80131, Naples, Italy. assanui@infinito.it
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Giorgio
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Tarantino
authors: G
authors: G
authors: de Stefano
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Perrotta
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Aloisio
authors: L
authors: L
authors: del Viscovo
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Alaia
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Lettieri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol