title: Short-term effects of yoghurt containing a novel fat emulsion on energy and macronutrient intakes in non-obese subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The satiating properties of fat remain poorly understood, particularly with reference to its physicochemical characteristics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the short-term effects of consumption of yoghurt containing either a novel fat emulsion or normal milk fat, on the energy and macronutrient intakes of non-obese subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover studies were conducted three months apart. Twenty-nine (15 F, 14 M) and thirty (16 F, 14 M) subjects participated in Study 1 and Study 2 respectively. In each study, subjects were given in random order, 7 days apart, either a 200g portion of a test (5g of a novel fat emulsion + 1 g milk fat) or control (6g milk fat) yoghurt at 1300 h. At 4h post-consumption subjects were given ad libitum access to a range of foods. Amounts of food consumed by individuals were determined by pre- and post-covert weighing of individual serving dishes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean energy intakes were significantly lower after the test yoghurt compared with the control yoghurt in Study 1 (6.4 vs 7.6 MJ; P< 0.001), Study 2 (6.9 vs 7.9 MJ; P<0.001), and for both studies combined (6.7 vs 7.7 MJ; P<0.001). The corresponding fat intakes in Study 1, Study 2 and in the combined studies were all significantly reduced (P< 0.001). Protein and carbohydrate intakes were also significantly reduced in Study 1 (P< 0.05), Study 2 (P< 0.01), and for the combined studies (P< 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the physicochemical characteristics of small amounts of dietary fat affect short-term satiety.
authors: Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co Londonderry, Northern Ireland.
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Burns
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Livingstone
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Welch
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Dunne
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Robson
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Lindmark
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Reid
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Mullaney
authors: I R
authors: IR
authors: Rowland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004655:Emulsions; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015014:Yogurt / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004655:Emulsions