Social epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1935-1997: trends and differentials by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and alcohol consumption.
This study examines trends and ethnic and socioeconomic differentials in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis mortality in the United States. Age-adjusted death rates from the National Vital Statistics System were used to analyze race and sex-specific mortality trends from 1968 through 1997. Age-adjusted liver cirrhosis mortality and per capita alcohol consumption data from 1935 through 1996 were modeled using time-series regression. Moreover, the Cox hazards regression was applied to the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979-1989, to examine socioeconomic differentials at the individual level, whereas multivariate ordinary least squares regression was used to model state-specific cirrhosis mortality from 1990 to 1992 as a function of socioeconomic variables and alcohol consumption at the ecological level. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis continues to be an important cause of death in the United States, even after three decades of consistently declining mortality rates. For both men and women aged 25 years and older, significant mortality differentials were found by age, race/ethnicity, marital status, family income, and employment status. For men, marked differentials were also found by nativity, rural-urban residence, and education. Unemployment, minority concentration, and alcohol consumption were major predictors of state-specific cirrhosis mortality. Both time-series and cross-sectional data indicate a strong correlation between alcohol consumption and US cirrhosis mortality. Substantial ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cirrhosis mortality suggest the need for social and public health policies and interventions that target such high-risk groups as American Indians, Hispanic Americans, the socially isolated, and the poor.
Singh
G K
GK
National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892-7352, USA.
Hoyert
D L
DL
D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*