title: Phase I study of chimeric human/murine anti-ganglioside G(D2) monoclonal antibody (ch14.18) with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in children with neuroblastoma immediately after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a Children's Cancer Group Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ganglioside G(D2) is strongly expressed on the surface of human neuroblastoma cells. It has been shown that the chimeric human/murine anti-G(D2) monoclonal antibody (ch14.18) can induce lysis of neuroblastoma cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The purposes of the study were (1) to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of ch14.18 in combination with standard dose granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for patients with neuroblastoma who recently completed hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT), and (2) to determine the toxicities of ch14.18 with GM-CSF in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients became eligible when the total absolute phagocyte count (APC) was greater than 1, 000/microL after HSCT. ch14.18 was infused intravenously over 5 hours daily for 4 consecutive days. Patients received GM-CSF 250 microg/m(2)/d starting at least 3 days before ch14.18 and continued for 3 days after the completion of ch14.18. The ch14.18 dose levels were 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/m(2)/d. In the absence of progressive disease, patients were allowed to receive up to six 4-day courses of ch14.18 therapy with GM-CSF. Nineteen patients with neuroblastoma were treated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 79 courses were administered. No toxic deaths occurred. The main toxicities were severe neuropathic pain, fever, nausea/vomiting, urticaria, hypotension, mild to moderate capillary leak syndrome, and neurotoxicity. Three dose-limiting toxicities were observed among six patients at 50 mg/m(2)/d: intractable neuropathic pain, grade 3 recurrent urticaria, and grade 4 vomiting. Human antichimeric antibody developed in 28% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ch14.18 can be administered with GM-CSF after HSCT in patients with neuroblastoma with manageable toxicities. The MTD is 40 mg/m(2)/d for 4 days when given in this schedule with GM-CSF.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Ozkaynak
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Sondel
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Krailo
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Gan
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Javorsky
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Reisfeld
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Matthay
authors: G H
authors: GH
authors: Reaman
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Seeger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D000920:Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000276:immunology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005732:Gangliosides; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C019403:ganglioside, GD2; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor