title: Outcomes and cost-effectiveness of ventilator support and aggressive care for patients with acute respiratory failure due to pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many patients with acute respiratory failure die despite prolonged and costly treatment. Our objective was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of providing rather than withholding mechanical ventilation and intensive care for patients with acute respiratory failure due to pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 1,005 patients enrolled in a five-center study of seriously ill patients (the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments [SUPPORT]) with acute respiratory failure (pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome and an Acute Physiology Score > or =10) who required ventilator support. We estimated life expectancy based on long-term follow-up of SUPPORT patients. Utilities were estimated using time-tradeoff questions. Costs (in 1998 dollars) were based on hospital fiscal data and Medicare data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 963 patients who received ventilator support, 48% survived for at least 6 months. At 6 months, survivors reported a median of 1 dependence in activities of daily living, and 72% rated their quality of life as good, very good, or excellent. Among the 42 patients in whom ventilator support was withheld, the median survival was 3 days. Among patients whose estimated probability of surviving at least 2 months from the time of ventilator support ("prognostic estimate") was 70% or more, the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) saved by providing rather than withholding ventilator support and aggressive care was $29,000. For medium-risk patients (prognostic estimate 51% to 70%), the incremental cost-effectiveness was $44,000 per QALY, and for high-risk patients (prognostic estimate < or =50%), it was $110,000 per QALY. When assumptions were varied from 50% to 200% of baseline estimates, the results ranged from $19,000 to $48,000 for low-risk patients, from $29,000 to $76, 000 for medium-risk patients, and from $67,000 to $200,000 for high-risk patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ventilator support and intensive care for acute respiratory failure due to pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome are relatively cost-effective for patients with >50% probability of surviving 2 months. However, for patients with an expected 2-month survival < or =50%, the cost per QALY is more than threefold greater at >$100,000.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Hamel
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Phillips
authors: R B
authors: RB
authors: Davis
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Teno
authors: A F
authors: AF
authors: Connors
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Desbiens
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Lynn
authors: N V
authors: NV
authors: Dawson
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Fulkerson
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Tsevat
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003422:Critical Care / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000191:economics*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States