title: Phenotypic markers as risk factors in schizophrenia: neurocognitive functions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on neurocognitive measures as risk markers for schizophrenia and to present data from the Perth family study of schizophrenia. Of all the risk markers that have been identified, the most promising are deficits in sustained attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion in the review was determined by whether the research addressed a number of key questions: methods of assessing sustained attention; evidence of sustained attention deficits in patients and first-degree relatives including children; the importance of attentional dysfunction in the schizophrenic process and functional outcome; and the biological basis of sustained attention deficits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sustained attention deficits are evident in both patients and a proportion of their first-degree relatives, a finding replicated in preliminary data from the Perth family study. The literature suggests that the attention deficit is a stable enduring trait that is independent of clinical state. The neural basis of the deficit may be a functional disconnection between prefrontal and parietal cortex. Attention impairment is an important predictor of functional outcome in patients and the development of social dysfunction in adulthood in the at-risk offspring of patients. However, sustained attention deficits that are measured in childhood results in an unacceptable high false-positive rate (21%) when predicting which at-risk offspring of parents with schizophrenia will develop a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, although the overall classification accuracy (78%) is impressive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main findings are that sustained attention deficits are important risk markers for schizophrenia but need to be supplemented by other neurocognitive risk markers to improve predictive accuracy.
authors: The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. pat@psy.uwa.edu.au
authors: P T
authors: PT
authors: Michie
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kent
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Stienstra
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Castine
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Johnston
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Dedman
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Wichmann
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Box
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Rock
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Rutherford
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Jablensky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers