title: Uncontrolled reoxygenation by initiating cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with higher protein S100 in cyanotic versus acyanotic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The systemic reoxygenation injury produced by initiating cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants with cyanotic heart disease may be associated with cerebral dysfunction and injury. Increased protein S100 (S100) serum levels may indicate cerebral and blood brain barrier damage as well as inflammatory changes, therefore serving to quantify these changes. The present clinical study assessed S100 in cyanotic patients undergoing CPB with normoxic versus hyperoxic paO2 in acyanotic cases and in controls without CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  43 patients with congenital heart disease aged 5 days to 15 years (mean 4.4 years) were enrolled consecutively and divided in four groups: (1) Cyanotic infants undergoing controlled normoxic reoxygenation on CPB (n = 12), (2) cyanotic infants undergoing uncontrolled hyperoxic reoxygenation on CPB (n = 9), (3) acyanotic infants operated with CPB (n = 16) and (4) patients operated without CPB (n = 6). Blood samples were collected after induction of anesthesia (A), up to 4 hours after surgery (B) and at postoperative day one (C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative S100 serum levels [microg/l] in all groups were below clinical relevance. S100 increased markedly after surgery in groups 1 and 2. Differences in postoperative S100 levels were significant between groups 1 (0.45 +/- 0.13) and 3 (0.35 +/- 0.09; p = 0.018), between groups 2 (1.41 +/- 0.47) and 3 (p = 0.01), and between groups 2 and 4 (0.29 +/- 0.09; p = 0.045). There were no significant differences in postoperative S100 levels (B) between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.05), groups 1 and 4 (p = 0.05), or groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uncontrolled hyperoxic reoxygenation on CPB for surgical correction of congenital heart defects is associated with higher S100 levels in cyanotic infants as compared to acyanotic patients undergoing comparable operations.
authors: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Matheis
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Abdel-Rahman
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Braun
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Wimmer-Greinecker
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Esmaili
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Seitz
authors: C K
authors: CK
authors: Bastanier
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Moritz
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hofstetter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000097:blood*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood*; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009418:S100 Proteins; C110294:S100A1 protein; D010100:Oxygen