title: Hepatitis B immunization coverage among Vietnamese-American children 3 to 18 years old.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at increased risk of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Although HBV infection is relatively uncommon in the United States, the disease is endemic in persons born in Southeast Asia, including Vietnamese-Americans. Current US infant immunization recommendations and state-mandated school-entry programs have left many nontargeted age-cohorts unvaccinated and at risk of infection. To assess the need for catch-up hepatitis B immunizations, this study reports the hepatitis B immunization rates of Vietnamese-American children 3 to 18 years old living in the metropolitan areas of Houston and Dallas, Texas, and the Washington, DC, area.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted 1508 telephone interviews with random samples of Vietnamese households in each of the 3 study sites. We asked for hepatitis B immunization dates for a randomly selected child in each household. Attempts were made to verify immunization dates through direct contact with each child's providers. Low and high estimates of coverage were calculated using reports from providers when reached (n = 720) and for the entire sample (n = 1508).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of having 3 hepatitis B vaccinations ranged from 13.6% (entire sample) to 24.1% (provider reports, Dallas), 10. 3% to 26.4% (Houston), and 18.1% to 37.8% (Washington, DC). Children living in the Texas sites, older children, children whose families had lived in the United States for a longer time, and children whose provider was Vietnamese or who had an institutional provider were less likely to have been immunized. The odds of being immunized were greater, however, for children who had had at least 1 diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and pertussis shot, and whose parents had heard about HBV infection, and were married.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low rates of hepatitis B vaccine coverage among children and adolescents portend a generation which, too old to benefit from infant programs and school entry laws, will grow into adulthood without the protection of immunization. Increased efforts are needed to design successful catch-up campaigns for this population.
authors: Vietnamese Community Health Promotion Project, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.chrisj@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors: C N
authors: CN
authors: Jenkins
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: McPhee
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Wong
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Nguyen
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Euler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004219:District of Columbia; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D011897:Random Allocation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013781:Texas; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines