title: Acute and chronic effects of transmyocardial laser revascularization in the nonischemic pig myocardium by using three laser systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) improves symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease. It is based on the hypothesis of direct perfusion of ischemic myocardium by means of laser-created channels. Three different lasers were used to study alternative effects on myocardium.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was conducted to evaluate comprehensively and compare the short and long-term tissue effects and the basic interaction mechanisms of CO2, Ho:YAG, and Er:YAG laser radiation with myocardium. The dynamics of laser-induced impacts in gel used as tissue phantom was visualized by time-resolved flash photography. Pressure measurements performed during perforation of myocardium in vitro revealed the explosive character of the ablation process. Channels made into the left ventricle of normal pig hearts were examined immediately and 6 weeks after creation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of laser source, all channels became occluded within 6 weeks by scar. Minimal acute thermal damage by Er:YAG laser corresponded to smaller scars. Pulsed Ho:YAG caused stronger tissue tearing than continuous wave CO2 irradiation. An increased volume density of intramyocardial vessels was found about the scars 6 weeks after treatment with all lasers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The laser sources permitted to study outcome of pressure effects and thermal damage in vivo. There were only minor differences between the three laser systems used. Rapid channel occlusion suggests that rather than revascularization, subsidiary physiologic tissue effects elicited by the thermal, oxidative, or mechanical action of the laser impact may contribute to the beneficial clinical effects of TMLR.
authors: Switzerland Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Bern.
authors: I A
authors: IA
authors: Genyk
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Frenz
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Ott
authors: B H
authors: BH
authors: Walpoth
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Schaffner
authors: T P
authors: TP
authors: Carrel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000379:methods; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D013552:Swine