title: The role of frozen section, gender, age, and tumor size in the differentiation of follicular adenoma from carcinoma: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to reanalyze modern trials and use meta-analysis to determine how well frozen section gender, age, and tumor size could differentiate follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria were studies where patients had a permanent pathologic diagnosis of follicular adenoma or follicular carcinoma and underwent frozen section or had clinical features recorded. Data were pooled, and the random effects model of meta-analysis was used. A probability value of less than.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen studies were included (n = 3486 patients). Frozen section was evaluated in 11 studies (n = 2204 patients). Frozen section had an 87% sensitivity, a 48% specificity, a 92% and 35% positive and negative predictive value, respectively, an 82% accuracy, an odds ratio of 0.181, a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.07 to 0.49, and a probability value of.001. Clinical features were evaluated in 10 studies (n = 1954 patients). Of the patients with follicular carcinoma, 27.5% were male compared with patients with follicular adenoma, of whom 17.7% were male (P <.01; odds ratio, 2.17; CI 1.3-3.6; P =.003). Of the patients with follicular carcinoma, 52.2% were older than 50 years (52.2%) compared with patients with follicular adenoma, of whom 28.5% were older than 50 years (P <.001). Of patients with follicular carcinoma, 36.8% had tumors larger than 3 to 5 cm compared with patients with follicular adenoma, of whom 14.7% had tumors larger than 3 to 5 cm (P <.001; odds ratio, 3.99; CI 1.5-10.8; P =.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meta-analysis suggests that frozen section is not a specific test and cannot be used to confidently rule out follicular carcinoma. Male gender and large tumor size are significantly associated with carcinoma.
authors: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Miltenburg
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Prost
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Graviss
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Arem
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors