title: C2-ceramide induces apoptosis in a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated that synthetic cell-permeable analogues of ceramide promote differentiation and inhibit proliferation of keratinocytes, and that the vitamin D3 inducible sphingomyelin cycle generates ceramide in keratinocytes. Although it has been suggested that exogenous ceramide induces apoptosis of keratinocytes, which is similar to their effect on other cell types, such as leukaemia cells, only a few studies have reported ceramide-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether ceramide induces apoptosis of keratinocytes, we used the synthetic ceramide analogue, C2-ceramide (N-acetylsphingosine) and a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line, HSC-I.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated HSC-I cells with C2-ceramide, followed by a viability assay, morphological observations, nick end-labelling (TUNEL), DNA electrophoresis, and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the viability assay, C2-ceramide was toxic to HSC-I cells in a dose-dependent manner. Manifestations of apoptotic morphology occurred in the ceramide-treated cells, whereas these morphological changes did not occur in cells treated with dihydroceramide (N-acetylsphinganine). TUNEL revealed that many of the ceramide-treated cells showed positive reactivity. DNA electrophoresis demonstrated that C2-ceramide caused internucleosomal fragmentation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Electron microscopy revealed that the ceramide-treated cells manifested morphological characteristics typical of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results demonstrate that C2-ceramide induces apoptosis of transformed human keratinocytes, whereas C2-dihydroceramide does not have such an effect. The fact that ceramide induces apoptosis of keratinocyctes raises the possibility that intracellular ceramide, which is increased with differentiation of the epidermis, might be involved in terminal differentiation, a specialized form of apoptosis of keratinocytes.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Sugiki
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Hozumi
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Maeshima
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Katagata
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Mitsuhashi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kondo
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D048429:Cell Size; D002470:Cell Survival; D002518:Ceramides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C064769:N-acetylsphingosine; C109343:dihydroceramide; D013110:Sphingosine