title: Cardiovascular effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The psychoactive stimulant 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as "ecstasy," is widely used in nonmedical settings. Little is known about its cardiovascular effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the acute cardiovascular effects of MDMA by using transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-session, ascending-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy adults who self-reported MDMA use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiographic effects of dobutamine (5, 20, and 40 microg/kg of body weight per minute) were measured in a preliminary session. Oral MDMA (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg of body weight) or placebo was administered 1 hour before echocardiographic measurements in three weekly sessions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate and blood pressure were measured at regular intervals before and after MDMA administration. Echocardiographic measures of stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, and meridional wall stress were obtained 1 hour after MDMA administration and during dobutamine infusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, MDMA increased mean heart rate (by 28 beats/min), systolic blood pressure (by 25 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (by 7 mm Hg), and cardiac output (by 2 L/min). The effects of MDMA were similar to those of dobutamine, 20 and 40 microg/kg per minute. Inotropism, measured by using meridional wall stress corrected for ejection fraction, decreased after administration of dobutamine, 40 microg/kg per minute, but did not change after either dose of MDMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modest oral doses of MDMA increase heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption in a magnitude similar to dobutamine, 20 to 40 microg/kg per minute. In contrast to dobutamine, MDMA has no measurable inotropic effects.
authors: Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Cardiology 3A, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Lester
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Baggott
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Welm
authors: N B
authors: NB
authors: Schiller
authors: R T
authors: RT
authors: Jones
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Foster
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Mendelson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine