title: Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the effects of individual foods or nutrients on the development of diseases and their risk factors have been investigated in many studies, little attention has been given to the effect of overall dietary patterns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to examine the associations of 2 major dietary patterns, Western and prudent, with biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used factor analysis to define major dietary patterns for a subsample of men (n = 466) from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by using dietary information collected from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in 1994. We calculated partial correlation coefficients between pattern scores and biomarker values adjusted for age, smoking status, energy and alcohol intake, physical activity, hours of television watching, and body mass index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We derived 2 major dietary patterns that were generally reproducible over time. The first pattern (prudent) was characterized by higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and poultry. The second pattern (Western) was characterized by higher intakes of red meats, high-fat dairy products, and refined grains. Using pattern scores from 1994 and adjusting for potential confounders, we found significant positive correlations between the Western pattern and insulin, C-peptide, leptin, and homocysteine concentrations, and an inverse correlation with plasma folate concentrations. The prudent pattern was positively correlated with plasma folate and inversely correlated with insulin and homocysteine concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major dietary patterns are predictors of plasma biomarkers of CVD and obesity risk, suggesting that the effect of overall diet on CVD risk may be mediated through these biomarkers.
authors: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA. fung@simmons.edu
authors: T T
authors: TT
authors: Fung
authors: E B
authors: EB
authors: Rimm
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Spiegelman
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Rifai
authors: G H
authors: GH
authors: Tofler
authors: W C
authors: WC
authors: Willett
authors: F B
authors: FB
authors: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004435:Eating; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers