title: The Yugoslavia Prospective Lead Study: contributions of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure to early intelligence.
abstract: To investigate associations between the timing of lead (Pb) exposure on early intelligence, we examined the results of psychometric evaluations at ages 3, 4, 5, and 7 years, from 442 children whose mothers were recruited during pregnancy from a smelter town and a non-lead-exposed town in Yugoslavia. We compared the relative contribution of prenatal blood lead (BPb) with that of relative increases in BPb in either the early (0-2 years) or the later (from 2 years on) postnatal period to child intelligence measured longitudinally at ages 3 and 4 (McCarthy GCI), 5 (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised, WPPSI-R IQ), and 7 (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-version III, WISC-III IQ), controlling for: Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) quality; maternal age, intelligence, education, and ethnicity; and birthweight and gender. Elevations in both prenatal and postnatal BPb were associated with small decrements in young children's intelligence.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. wassermg@child.cpmc.columbia.edu
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Wasserman
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Popovac
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Factor-Litvak
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kline
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Waternaux
authors: N
authors: N
authors: LoIacono
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Graziano
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects*; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D015022:Yugoslavia
chemical_list: D007854:Lead