title: Transcriptional activation of the rat vesicular monoamine transporter 2 promoter in gastric epithelial cells: regulation by gastrin.
abstract: Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 is important for the accumulation of monoamine neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles and histamine transport into secretory vesicles of the enterochromaffin-like cell of the gastric corpus. In this study we have investigated the mechanisms regulating the transcriptional activation of the rat vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) promoter in gastric epithelial cells. Maintenance of basal levels of transcription was dependent on the presence of SP1, cAMP-response element (CRE), and overlapping AP2/SP1 consensus sequences within the region of promoter from -86 to +1 base pairs (bp). Gastrin stimulation increased transcriptional activity, and responsiveness was shown to be dependent on the CRE (-33 to -26 bp) and AP2/SP1 (-61 to -48 bp) consensus sites but independent of the SP1 site at -86 to -81 bp. Gastrin-induced transcription was dependent on the cooperative interaction of an uncharacterized nuclear factor of approximately 23.3 kDa that bound to the putative AP2/SP1 site, CRE-binding protein (CREB), and CREB-binding protein/p300. Gastrin stimulation resulted in the increased binding of phosphorylated CREB to the promoter, but it did not result in the increased binding of the AP2/SP1-binding protein. The gastrin responsiveness of the promoter was shown to be dependent on both the protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-signaling pathways, which may converge on the AP2/SP1-binding protein.
authors: Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom. watso@liv.ac.uk
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Watson
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Kiernan
authors: D G
authors: DG
authors: Deavall
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Varro
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Dimaline
mesh_terms: D017500:Adenovirus E1A Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D005755:Gastrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D050492:Vesicular Biogenic Amine Transport Proteins; D050493:Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins
chemical_list: D017500:Adenovirus E1A Proteins; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005755:Gastrins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; C493452:SLC18A2 protein, human; C493454:Slc18a2 protein, rat; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050492:Vesicular Biogenic Amine Transport Proteins; D050493:Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases; D011493:Protein Kinase C