title: The effect of biogenic amine production by single bacterial cultures and metabiosis on cold-smoked salmon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biogenic amines are important indicators of spoilage in vacuum-packed cold-smoked salmon. It is the aim of this study to identify bacteria responsible for biogenic amine production in cold-smoked salmon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study identified spoilage microflora from cold-smoked salmon and determined biogenic amine production of single and co-cultures growing in cold-smoked salmon. Photobacterium phosphoreum was the only species that produced histamine when inoculated on sterile cold-smoked salmon. Production of putrescine was enhanced 10-15 times when cultures of Serratia liquefaciens or Hafnia alvei were grown with Carnobacterium divergens or Lactobacillus sakei subsp. carnosus. This phenomenon was explained by interspecies microbial metabolism of arginine, i.e., metabiosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amounts of biogenic amines produced by single and co-cultures corresponded to those observed during spoilage of naturally-contaminated cold-smoked salmon. Photobacterium phosphoreum and Lact. curvatus were identified as the specific spoilage organisms in cold-smoked salmon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of the specific spoilage organism is needed before a model can be developed for shelf-life predictions of cold-smoked salmon.
authors: Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Department of Seafood Research, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. LasseVigel.Joergensen@dk.Chr-Hansen.com
authors: L V
authors: LV
authors: Jørgensen
authors: H H
authors: HH
authors: Huss
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Dalgaard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D011700:Putrescine / Q000378:metabolism; D012474:Salmon / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001679:Biogenic Amines; D006632:Histamine; D001120:Arginine; D011700:Putrescine