title: Effect of neutropenia and granulocyte colony stimulating factor-induced neutrophilia on blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema after traumatic brain injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) has been used to increase systemic absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury to reduce nosocomial infection risk. However, the effect of increasing systemic ANC on the pathogenesis of experimental traumatic brain injury has not been studied. Thus, we evaluated the effect of systemic ANC on blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and brain edema after traumatic brain injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh, PA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three adult male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protocol I: rats were randomized to receive either vinblastine sulfate to reduce ANC, GCSF to increase ANC, or saline before controlled cortical impact (CCI) of moderate overall severity. Evans blue was used to assess BBB damage at 4-24 hrs after CCI. Protocol II: rats received GCSF or saline before CCI. Brain edema was estimated at 24 hrs using wet - dry) / wet weight method. Protocol III: rats received GCSF or saline before CCI. Brain neutrophil accumulation was estimated at 24 hrs using a myeloperoxidase assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physiologic variables were controlled before CCI was maintained at normal in all animals before traumatic brain injury. No rats were anemic, hypoglycemic, or hypotensive before CCI. Protocol I: compared with control, systemic ANC decreased in vinblastine-treated rats and increased in GCSF-treated rats. BBB damage correlated with systemic ANC. Protocol II: mean systemic ANC before traumatic brain injury increased 15-fold in rats given GCSF vs. control; however no difference in brain edema was observed at 24 hrs after injury between groups. Protocol III: median systemic ANC at the time of CCI was increased ten-fold in rats given GCSF vs. control. No difference in brain myeloperoxidase activity 24 hrs after CCI was observed in rats treated with GCSF vs. control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic ANC influences BBB damage after traumatic brain injury produced by CCI. Because BBB damage and brain edema are discordant, mechanisms other than BBB damage likely predominate in the pathogenesis of brain edema after contusion. The implications of increased BBB permeability with the administration of GCSF in our model remains to be determined. Increasing systemic ANC before CCI with GCSF administration does not increase posttraumatic brain neutrophil accumulation or brain edema after CCI in rats. The finding that neutrophil infiltration is not enhanced by systemic neutrophilia suggests that the ability of GCSF-stimulated neutrophils to migrate into injured tissue may be impaired. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of GCSF administration on secondary injury and functional outcome in experimental models of traumatic brain injury.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, PA 15260, USA.
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Whalen
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Carlos
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Wisniewski
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Clark
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Mellick
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Marion
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Kochanek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000276:immunology*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000276:immunology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000276:immunology*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000276:immunology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor