title: Direct visualization of sarcoplasmic reticulum regions discharging Ca(2+)sparks in vascular myocytes.
abstract: Localized Ca(2+)-release events, Ca(2+)sparks, have been suggested to be the 'elementary building blocks' of the calcium signalling system in all types of muscles. In striated muscles these occur at regular intervals along the fibre corresponding to the sarcomeric structures which do not exist in smooth muscle. We showed previously that in visceral and vascular myocytes Ca(2+)sparks occurred much more frequently at certain sites (frequent discharge sites [FDSs]). In this paper, we have related the position of FDSs to the distribution of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the same living myocyte. The three-dimensional distribution of the SR in freshly isolated rabbit portal vein myocytes was visualized by means of high-resolution confocal imaging after staining with DiOC(6)and/or BODIPY TR-X ryanodine. Both fluorochromes revealed a similar staining pattern indicating a helical arrangement of well-developed superficial SR which occupied about 6% of the cell volume. Computing the frequency of spontaneous Ca(2+)sparks detected by means of fluo-4 fluorescence revealed that in about 70% of myocytes there was only one major FDS located on a prominent portion of superficial SR network usually within 1-2 microm of the nuclear envelope, although a few sparks occurred at other sites scattered generally in superficial locations throughout the cell. Polarized mitochondria were readily identified by accumulation of tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE). These were closely associated with the SR network in extra-nuclear regions. TMRE staining, however, failed to reveal any mitochondria near the FDS-related SR element. When observed, propagating [Ca(2+)](i)waves and associated myocyte contractions were initiated at FDSs. This study provide first insight into the three-dimensional arrangement of the SR in living smooth muscle cells and relates the peculiarity of the structural organization of the myocyte to the features of Ca(2+)signalling at subcellular level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK. gordienk@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Gordienko
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000818:Animals; D001896:Boron Compounds; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002232:Carbocyanines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000166:cytology; D011817:Rabbits; D012433:Ryanodine; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D014966:Xanthenes
chemical_list: C095489:4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D001896:Boron Compounds; D002232:Carbocyanines; C409648:Fluo 4; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D014966:Xanthenes; C110932:tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester; D012433:Ryanodine; C007392:3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine; D002118:Calcium