title: Three-dimensional lumbar spinal kinematics: a study of range of movement in 100 healthy subjects aged 20 to 60+ years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The three-dimensional (3D) range of movement of the non-pathological lumbar spine was established using the Polhemus Navigation Sciences 3Space Isotrak system.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred subjects (50 male, 50 female) ranging in age from 20 to 77 yr and with no history of recent low back pain participated in the study. Each subject performed the gross movements of forward flexion, backward extension, side-flexion to the left and right and axial rotation to the left and right. All movements were carried out at the subject's own pace.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated consistently greater flexibility in females than males throughout the age range. Differences in ranges of motion were recorded between younger and older age groups. The recorded ranges of motion showed a good level of agreement with X-ray data, indicating concurrent validity and reasonable similarity with previous 3D studies using electromagnetic goniometers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It would appear that the methods used in this study are capable of measuring the lumbar spinal range of motion routinely in the clinical environment.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, Queen Margaret University College, Leith Campus-Duke Street, Edinburgh EH6 8HF.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Herp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salter
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018583:Pliability; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*