title: Tramadol added to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia.
abstract: Sixty volunteers, divided into four groups of 15 each, received IV regional anesthesia of the upper limb with 40 mL tramadol 0.25%, sodium chloride 0.9%, lidocaine 0.5%, or 100 mg tramadol-containing lidocaine 0.5%. By using a double-blinded method, we tested the onset and recovery of sensory block at six sites of the forearm and hand as well as onset of complete motor block. The symptoms after deflation of the tourniquet were recorded. The onset and recovery of sensory block and the onset of motor block were similar in the tramadol and saline groups. However, in the Tramadol-Lidocaine Group, the speed of onset of sensory block was faster than in the Lidocaine Group. In the Tramadol and the Tramadol-Lidocaine Groups, the incidence of skin rash and painful or burning sensation at the injection site was increased. We conclude that tramadol 0.25% does not have a local anesthetic effect when used as a sole drug for IV regional anesthesia, but might modify the action of local anesthetic, providing a shorter onset time of sensory block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic, might have local anesthetic properties, as do some opioid drugs. We demonstrated that 0.25% tramadol solution containing 100 mg tramadol is not effective as a sole drug, but may improve the action of 0.5% lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia. The increased incidence of side effects may limit the clinical use of tramadol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Clinical Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Acalovschi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cristea
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Margarit
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gavrus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014147:Tramadol; D008012:Lidocaine