title: Adenosine diphosphate strongly potentiates the ability of the chemokines MDC, TARC, and SDF-1 to stimulate platelet function.
abstract: Platelet activation is normally induced by primary agonists such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, and collagen, whereas other agonists, such as epinephrine, can play important accessory roles. It is now reported that the macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), thymus activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and stromal cell-derived factor one (SDF-1) are highly effective activators of platelet function under a variety of conditions, stimulating platelet shape change, aggregation, and adhesion to collagen or fibrinogen. Chemokine-mediated platelet activation was rapid and maximal (less than 5 seconds) under arterial flow conditions and depended strongly on the presence of low levels of primary agonists such as ADP or thrombin. Concentrations of ADP (0.05-0.25 microM) or thrombin (0.005-0.02 U/mL) that induced minimal aggregation caused major aggregation acting in combination with the chemokines. The ability of apyrase to block chemokine-dependent aggregation or adhesion was consistent with an important role for ADP. Chemokine-stimulated aggregation was also insensitive to indomethacin, suggesting that the activation of cyclo-oxygenase is not involved. TARC, MDC, and SDF-1 increased intracellular calcium concentrations [Ca(2+)](i) when combined with low levels of ADP. The MDC and TARC receptor CCR4 was expressed on platelets, and an anti-CCR4 antibody blocked aggregation induced by TARC or MDC. Treatment of platelets with SDF-1 and MDC rapidly exposed P-selectin (CD62P) on the cell surface but did not induce the secretion of serotonin. These findings suggest that the chemokines MDC, TARC, and SDF-1, which may be produced during inflammatory responses, coupled with low levels of ADP or thrombin, can serve as strong stimuli for activating platelet function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gear
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suttitanamongkol
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viisoreanu
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Polanowska-Grabowska
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raha
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camerini
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001081:Apyrase / Q000494:pharmacology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D054414:Chemokine CCL17; D054422:Chemokine CCL22; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000819:agonists* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000819:agonists* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness / Q000187:drug effects; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C106230:CCL17 protein, human; C515482:CCL22 protein, human; C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054414:Chemokine CCL17; D054422:Chemokine CCL22; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D019007:P-Selectin; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D005340:Fibrinogen; D003094:Collagen; D013917:Thrombin; D001081:Apyrase; D002118:Calcium; D007213:Indomethacin