title: Impact of humoral alloreactivity early after transplantation on the long-term survival of renal allografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The contribution of humoral alloreactivity to the rejection of renal allografts is not well defined because humoral antigraft reactions are not easily detectable in transplant biopsies, and serial measurements of circulating allo-antibodies in the post-transplantation period are not routinely performed. We have developed diagnostic techniques that improve the assessment of humoral alloreactivity in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Humoral alloreactivity in transplant biopsies derived from 218 single kidney grafts was detected by assessing the deposition of complement fragment C4d in interstitial capillaries. Circulating alloantibodies were determined in corresponding serum samples by flow cytometry using lymphoblastoid cell lines of donor DR-type as target cells and by a conventional microcytotoxicity test. The impact of capillary C4d and other selected variables on renal graft survival was calculated by univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Capillary C4d, present in 46% of biopsies from first grafts and 72% of regrafts, is related to circulating alloantibodies. Grafts with capillary C4d have a markedly shorter survival than grafts without capillary C4d (50% graft survival, 4 vs. 8 years, P = 0.0001). Among several risk factors, capillary C4d is the strongest predictor of subsequent graft loss in a multivariate analysis (relative risk, 2.1, 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.1). Humoral alloreactivity detectable within six months after transplantation has a much stronger impact on graft survival than alloreactivity detected beyond this period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Humoral alloreactivity, manifested by the capillary deposition of complement C4d in about 50% of biopsied renal grafts, exerts a strong impact on graft survival when it operates within six months after transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, Institut für Immunologie, Kinderpoliklinik, and Abteilung für Transplantationschirurgie, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lederer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kluth-Pepper
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneeberger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Feucht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001706:Biopsy; D002196:Capillaries / Q000378:metabolism; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000378:metabolism; D015935:Complement C4b; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000276:immunology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D012079:Renal Circulation; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D003181:Complement C4; D007519:Isoantigens; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D015935:Complement C4b; C032261:complement C4d