title: Bacterial contamination of amniotic membrane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the light of interest being shown in amniotic membrane grafts for use in ocular surgery, this study aims to identify the bacterial contaminants commonly found on placental membranes from both caesarean and vaginal deliveries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of placental membrane were taken following both elective caesarean and normal vaginal deliveries. Bacterial contaminants were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All samples were contaminated. A greater number of different species were recovered from the vaginal deliveries, including several which were actually or potentially pathogenic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a greater risk of contamination from pathogenic bacteria on placentas from vaginal deliveries. It is recommended that amnion for use in ocular surface procedures should be retrieved only from placentas following elective caesarean deliveries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Queen Mary Westfield College, London E1 4NS, UK. p.j.adds@qmw.ac.uk
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Adds
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartley
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001684:Biological Dressings; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*