title: Biomechanics of grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Part 2: treatment with threaded interbody cages/dowels and pedicle screws.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to determine the biomechanical effectiveness of threaded interbody cages or dowels compared with that achieved using pedicle screw instrumentation in resisting Grade I lumbar spine degenerative spondylolisthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three levels obtained from seven cadaveric lumbar spines were instrumented with cages or dowels, pedicle screw/rod instrumentation, or both. Entire specimens were loaded with nonconstraining torques. Each level was loaded with anteroposterior shear forces while an optical system was used to measure the specimen's motion at individual levels. Pedicle screw/rods outperformed interbody cages and dowels in treating spondylolisthesis. Cages or dowels alone provided only moderate biomechanical stability, and their effectiveness depended heavily on the integrity of the ligaments and remaining annulus, whereas the success of pedicle screw fixation relied predominantly on the integrity of the bone for solid fixation. Little biomechanical difference was demonstrated between cages and dowels; both devices were susceptible to loosening with cyclic fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomechanically, cages or dowels alone were suboptimal for treating lumbar spondylolisthesis, especially compared with pedicle screw/rods. Threaded cages or dowels used together with pedicle screws/rods created the most stable construct.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013-4496, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cagli
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sonntag
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dickman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D004867:Equipment Design; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical