title: Comparison of the effect of dietary fat restriction with that of energy restriction on human lipid metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary fat and energy have been implicated as factors controlling circulating total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Whether these factors work independently or synergistically in regulating human cholesterol metabolism remains to be fully elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine whether the effects of fat restriction on circulating lipid concentrations and synthesis differ from those of energy restriction in hypercholesterolemic subjects fed controlled diets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven men (LDL > 3.6 mmol/L) participated in a randomized crossover study. Subjects consumed 4 prepared diets, each for 4 wk and separated by 6 wk, that contained either typical amounts of fat and energy (TF), low amounts of fat but adequate energy (LF), low amounts of fat and energy through carbohydrate restriction (LFE), or typical amounts of fat and low energy through carbohydrate restriction (LE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body weights declined (P < 0.001) after the LE and LFE diets. Total cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between the diets. LDL cholesterol was lower (P < 0.05) after the LF and LFE diets (8.2% and 8.0%, respectively) than after the TF diet. The LE diet increased HDL cholesterol (46.8%) and decreased triacylglycerols (22.7%), whereas the LF diet increased triacylglycerols (23.6%), relative to the TF diet. LDL:HDL decreased after the LE and LFE diets (P < 0.05). Cholesterol fractional synthesis rates after the LF, LE, and LFE diets were lower (35.2%, 27.7%, and 25.5%, respectively; P < 0.05) relative to the TF diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductions in both dietary fat and energy may modify LDL cholesterol by lowering cholesterol biosynthesis; however, the increase in HDL cholesterol and the suppression of triacylglycerol concentrations and LDL:HDL suggests that favorable plasma lipid profiles were also achieved through energy restriction alone.
authors.affiliation: School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raeini-Sarjaz
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vanstone
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Papamandjaris
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wykes
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D002784:Cholesterol