title: Routine vs "on demand" postoperative ERCP for small bile duct calculi detected at intraoperative cholangiography. Clinical evaluation and cost analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The detection of small and often asymptomatic gallbladder calculi within the bile duct at intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) frequently poses a management dilemma. Therefore, we set out to compare the outcomes and costs of two management strategies for small stones that remain in the bile duct after LC-routine postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) vs observation alone with "on-demand" ERCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 70 patients with bile duct stones among 922 consecutive patients who underwent LC between 1990 and 1997. Data were collected prospectively. Bile duct calculi were detected in 70 of 705 patients (9.9%) with successful IOC. Of these, 44 patients had large calculi (> or =5 mm in diameter) and were subjected to a laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. The remaining 26 patients had small calculi (<5 mm in diameter); four of them had undergone preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy and duct clearance and were therefore excluded from analysis. Patients with small duct calculi were assigned, according to individual surgeon policy, to either routine postoperative ERCP (group A, n = 8) or observation (group B, n = 14). ERCP was reserved for those who become symptomatic. The two groups were comparable for age and sex distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No complications developed during the follow-up period in patients assigned to observation, although four became symptomatic and underwent ERCP. In group A, ERCP demonstrated a clear biliary tree in four patients and bile duct calculi in three patients; it failed in one patient. In group B, ERCP demonstrated a clear bile duct in one patient and bile duct calculi in two patients; it also failed in one patient. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and duct clearance were achieved in all patients with demonstrable bile duct calculi at ERCP. There was no morbidity or mortality associated with ERCP. The overall hospital stay was significantly longer in group A than in group B (median 5 vs 1.5 days; p = 0.011); however, the number of outpatient clinic visits was significantly greater in group b (median 3 vs 5.5, p = 0.011). The mean hospital costs, including the costs of hospital stay, readmissions, ERCP, and follow-up, were significantly greater in group A than in group B (mean pound2669 vs pound1508, p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A "wait and see" policy of observation alone for patients with small bile duct calculi detected at IOC during LC appears to be safe, and it is more cost-effective than routine postoperative ERCP. ERCP should be reserved for post-LC patients who become symptomatic.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, University of Leeds and Leeds Institute for Minimally Invasive Therapy, The General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, England.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ammori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Birbas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davides
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vezakis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larvin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002758:Cholangiography; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors