title: [Endoscopic pretherapeutic clipping for gastrointestinal tumors. A method for exact definition of the target volume].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many cases it is not possible to exactly define the extension of carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract with the help of computertomography scans made for 3-D-radiation treatment planning. Consequently, the planning of external beam radiotherapy is made more difficult for the gross tumor volume as well as, in some cases, also for the clinical target volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with macroscopic tumors (rectal cancer n = 5, cardiac cancer n = 6) were included. Just before 3-D planning, the oral and aboral border of the tumor was marked endoscopically with hemoclips. Subsequently, CT scans for radiotherapy planning were made and the clinical target volume was defined. Five to 6 weeks thereafter, new CT scans were done to define the gross tumor volume for boost planning. Two investigators independently assessed the influence of the hemoclips on the different planning volumes, and whether the number of clips was sufficient to define the gross tumor volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients, the implantation of the clips was done without complications. Start of radiotherapy was not delayed. With the help of the clips it was possible to exactly define the position and the extension of the primary tumor. The clinical target volume was modified according to the position of the clips in 5/11 patients; the gross tumor volume was modified in 7/11 patients. The use of the clips made the documentation and verification of the treatment portals by the simulator easier. Moreover, the clips helped the surgeon to define the primary tumor region following marked regression after neoadjuvant therapy in 3 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic clipping of gastrointestinal tumors helps to define the tumor volumes more precisely in radiation therapy. The clips are easily recognized on the portal films and, thus, contribute to quality control.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Rostock.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riepl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klautke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fehr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fietkau
mesh_terms: D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed