title: Comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in a pediatric porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare the effects of vasopressin vs. epinephrine vs. the combination of epinephrine with vasopressin on vital organ blood flow and return of spontaneous circulation in a pediatric porcine model of asphyxial arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized laboratory investigation using an established porcine model for measurement of hemodynamic variables, organ blood flow, blood gases, and return of spontaneous circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen piglets weighing 8-11 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Asphyxial cardiac arrest was induced by clamping the endotracheal tube. After 8 mins of cardiac arrest and 8 mins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a bolus dose of either 0.8 units/kg vasopressin (n = 6), 200 microg/kg epinephrine (n = 6), or a combination of 45 microg/kg epinephrine with 0.8 units/kg vasopressin (n = 6) was administered in a randomized manner. Defibrillation was attempted 6 mins after drug administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SEM coronary perfusion pressure, before and 2 mins after drug administration, was 13 +/- 2 and 23 +/- 6 mm Hg in the vasopressin group; 14 +/- 2 and 31 +/- 4 mm Hg in the epinephrine group; and 13 +/- 1 and 33 +/- 6 mm Hg in the epinephrine-vasopressin group, respectively (p = NS). At the same time points, mean +/- SEM left ventricular myocardial blood flow was 44 +/- 31 and 44 +/- 25 mL x min-(1) x 100 g(-1) in the vasopressin group; 30 +/- 18 and 233 +/- 61 mL x min(-1) x 100 g(-1) in the epinephrine group; and 36 +/- 10 and 142 +/- 57 mL x min(-1) x 100 g(-1) in the epinephrine-vasopressin group (p < .01 epinephrine vs. vasopressin; p < .02 epinephrine-vasopressin vs. vasopressin). Total cerebral blood flow trended toward higher values after epinephrine-vasopressin (60 +/- 19 mL x min(-1) x 100 g(-1)) than after vasopressin (36 +/- 17 mL x min(-1) x 100 g(-1)) or epinephrine alone (31 +/- 7 mL x min(-1) x 100 g(-1); p = .07, respectively). One of six vasopressin, six of six epinephrine, and four of six epinephrine-vasopressin-treated animals had return of spontaneous circulation (p < .01, vasopressin vs. epinephrine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of epinephrine, either alone or in combination with vasopressin, significantly improved left ventricular myocardial blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Return of spontaneous circulation was significantly more likely in epinephrine-treated pigs than in animals resuscitated with vasopressin alone.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Voelckel
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lurie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKnite
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zielinski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Krismer
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wenzel
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000150:complications*; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D004837:Epinephrine