title: Menstrual patterns and fecundity among non-lactating and lactating cycling women in rural highland Bolivia: implications for contraceptive choice.
abstract: Choosing an appropriate contraceptive method, particularly one based on fertility awareness, depends in part upon the degree of a woman's cycling regularity. However, while the suppressive effect of lactation on ovarian function is well established, the potential influence of continued breastfeeding on menstrual patterns once post-partum cycling has resumed is largely unexamined. This longitudinal study in a population of non-contracepting Aymara women (n = 191 providing 665 non-truncated menstrual segments) identified conceptions and fetal loss via urine tests for hCG and classified segments accordingly to test the hypotheses that (1) cycles in lactating women are significantly different in length and regularity from those of non-lactating women, and (2) cycles in women living at high altitude are significantly different in length and regularity from those at lower altitudes. Analyses found that segments are significantly longer and regularity tends to be less common among lactating than non-lactating women; however, the rate of conception is twice as great among the former than the latter, and the distribution of conception outcomes does not differ between the two groups. Menstrual regularity is not the norm in this population, even among those who are not currently breastfeeding. High altitude per se does not appear to influence menstrual cycling as both regularity and segment length are comparable to other populations, hence women indigenous to high altitude are suitable candidates for a wide variety of contraceptive choices. In addition, these findings suggest that studies of fecundability limited to non-lactating women may be biased towards those of relatively lower fecundity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA. vitzthum@binghamton.edu
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Vitzthum
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spielvogel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caceres
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaines
mesh_terms: D001838:Bolivia; D003267:Contraception; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*