title: High prevalence of trichomoniasis in rural men in Mwanza, Tanzania: results from a population based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the prevalence of urethral infections including trichomoniasis in rural Tanzanian men, to assess the prevalence of symptoms and signs among men with Trichomonas vaginalis, and to analyse the risk factors for trichomoniasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study of 1004 men aged 15-54 years in a rural community in north west Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were interviewed about sexual behaviour and symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases. First fraction urine samples and urethral swabs were collected and used to test for T vaginalis by wet preparation and culture, Neisseria gonorrhoeae by culture, Chlamydia trachomatis by ligase chain reaction and non-specific urethritis by Gram stain. Urine was also tested for the presence of leucocytes using a leucocyte esterase dipstick. Men were re-interviewed 2 weeks later to document new symptoms and signs of urethritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete laboratory results were available on 980 men. One in four men had laboratory evidence of urethritis. T vaginalis was found in 109 individuals (11%), gonorrhoea in eight (0.8%), and chlamydial infection in 15 (1.5%). Over 50% of men with urethritis were asymptomatic. The prevalence of signs and symptoms was similar among men with T vaginalis alone compared with men with other urethral infections. The sensitivity and specificity of the leucocyte esterase dipstick (LED) test for detecting T vaginalis were 80% and 48% respectively in symptomatic men and 60% and 68% in asymptomatic men. Factors associated with trichomoniasis included religion, type of employment, and marital status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of urethritis was found in men in this community based study. More than half of the urethral infections detected were asymptomatic. The most prevalent pathogen was T vaginalis. Studies are needed on the prevalence of trichomoniasis in men presenting to health services with complaints suggestive of urethritis since treatment for T vaginalis is not included in the syndromic management of urethritis in most countries. The performance of the LED test as a screening test for trichomoniasis was unsatisfactory in both symptomatic and asymptomatic men. Improved screening tests are urgently needed to identify urethral infections that are asymptomatic and which are not covered by current syndromic management algorithms.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson-Jones
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mugeye
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayaud
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ndeki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosha
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cleophas-Frisch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grosskurth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laga
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mabey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buvé
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic