title: Effect of 5-fluorouracil on carcinoembryonic antigen expression and shedding at clonal level in colon cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker largely utilized for the detection of minimal disease or as a target of immunotherapeutic approaches. In preclinical models CEA has been found to be up-regulated after exposure of cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In the present study, the clonal distribution of CEA and its regulation by 5-FU at clonal level was investigated using human HT-29 colon cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The extent of CEA expression was measured in terms of: (a) antigen levels on plasma membrane, by flow cytometry; (b) cytoplasm and membrane protein, by Western blot analysis: (c) transcript, by Northern blot analysis; (d) CEA shedding by radioimmunossay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CEA protein and gene transcript were variably expressed among different clones. In all cases 5-FU was able to increase the percentage of CEA-positive cells, the amount of antigen, either in the membrane or cytosolic fractions, and the corresponding transcript. Moreover, a marked increase of CEA shedding was found in drug-treated cells with respect to that of controls. The increase of CEA induced by the antimetabolite was not the result of a selection mechanism based on preferential killing of CEA negative cells. The antimetabolite was capable of enhancing antigen expression also in other CEA-positive tumor cell lines with different basal levels of the marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings could be of potential value to increase the sensitivity of diagnostic procedures based on detection of CEA positive tumor cells. Moreover, the antimetabolite might be included in immunotherapeutic protocols to facilitate recognition of CEA-positive cancer cells by immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Section of Pharmacology and Medical Oncology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via di Tor Vergata 135, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Prete
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guadagni
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Santis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonmassar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graziani
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002999:Clone Cells; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019073:HT29 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D005472:Fluorouracil