title: Reduction of radiation exposure in the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of various protective measures on patient and operator radiation dose levels in catheter ablation procedures. Catheter ablation procedures are associated with significant radiation levels. The patient's skin and operator radiation levels were measured (1) at baseline, (2) after primary beam filtration by 0.3-mm copper sheet and 2-mm aluminium plate and implementation of the LocaLisa system, and (3) after reduction of the left anterior oblique fluoroscopic pulse rate and installation of a lead glass screen. Additionally, a comparative analysis of radiation exposure levels was performed in the seven Dutch catheter ablation centers. Filtration of both primary beams resulted in a more than two-fold reduction in patient skin dose. Together with the LocaLisa system, this resulted in a six-fold reduction in patient and operator dose. As expected, lowering of the left anterior oblique pulse rate from 25 to 12.5 Hz reduced the corresponding patient skin dose with a factor 2 while the lead-glass protection caused an extra factor 2 reduction for the operator. Large differences were observed between fluoroscopy systems used for catheter ablation in the Netherlands. Depending on patient body mass and fluoroscopy system, patient skin dose varied between 0.2 and 8.4 Gy/hour. Proper measures may allow for a significant reduction of patient and operator radiation exposure in catheter ablation procedures. The large influence of body mass and equipment on patient's skin dose requires a more direct monitoring of skin dose than total fluoroscopy time.
authors.affiliation: Heart Lung Center Utrecht, Department of Cardiology E03.406, University Hospital Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands. fredwittkampf@compuserve.com
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Wittkampf
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wever
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geleijns
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Tol
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Robles de Medina
mesh_terms: D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000517:prevention & control; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*