title: Surgical management of substernal goiter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the clinical results and complications associated with different surgical approaches to the treatment of substernal goiter.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 56 patients treated for substernal goiter from 1983 through 1999. Eight had undergone previous thyroidectomy. Posterior mediastinal goiter was diagnosed in eight patients, hyperthyroidism in seven, acute respiratory failure in three, and superior vena cava syndrome in two. All but one of the patients underwent thyroidectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thyroid scan revealed that 88% of patients had substernal goiter. A cervical incision alone was used in 46 of 55 patients. Nine patients underwent thyroidectomy via a thoracic approach. Both lobes were resected in 16 patients. Two deaths occurred: one patient suffered a stroke and another patient developed pneumonia after surgery. The most frequent complication was recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, followed by removal of a normal parathyroid gland and pneumonia. Multinodular goiter occurred in 52 patients. Resected goiter with occult malignancy was found in three patients, two of whom underwent lobectomy only. These three patients had survived at 5, 7, and 11 years postoperatively, respectively. All patients with tracheal lumen narrowing showed a normal sized tracheal lumen 2 to 3 months postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that the presence of a substernal goiter should be considered an indication for resection based on risk of acute respiratory distress, risk of malignancy, and lower surgical morbidity. Most secondary substernal goiters can be simply resected through cervical incision and curation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 160, Section 3, Taichung-Kang Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shai
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006045:Goiter, Substernal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013965:Thyroidectomy