title: Protein kinase C isoform-dependent myocardial protection by ischemic preconditioning and potassium cardioplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemic preconditioning combined with potassium cardioplegia does not always confer additive myocardial protection. This study tested the hypothesis that the efficacy of ischemic preconditioning under potassium cardioplegia is dependent on protein kinase C isoform.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated and crystalloid-perfused rat hearts underwent 5 cycles of 1 minute of ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion (low-grade ischemic preconditioning) or 3 cycles of 5 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion (high-grade ischemic preconditioning) or time-matched continuous perfusion. These hearts received a further 5 minutes of infusion of normal buffer or oxygenated potassium cardioplegic solution. The isoform nonselective protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine (5 micromol/L) was administered throughout the preischemic period. All hearts underwent 35 minutes of normothermic global ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Isovolumic left ventricular function and creatine kinase release were measured as the end points of myocardial protection. Distribution of protein kinase C alpha, delta, and epsilon in the cytosol and the membrane fractions were analyzed by Western blotting and quantified by a densitometric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-grade ischemic preconditioning was almost as beneficial as potassium cardioplegia in improving functional recovery; left ventricular developed pressure 30 minutes after reperfusion was 70 +/- 15 mm Hg (P <.01) in low-grade ischemic preconditioning and 77 +/- 14 mm Hg (P <.001) in potassium cardioplegia compared with values found in unprotected control hearts (39 +/- 12 mm Hg). Creatine kinase release during reperfusion was also equally inhibited by low-grade ischemic preconditioning (18.2 +/- 10.6 IU/g dry weight, P <.05) and potassium cardioplegia (17.6 +/- 6.7 IU/g, P <.01) compared with control values. However, low-grade ischemic preconditioning in combination with potassium cardioplegia conferred no significant additional myocardial protection; left ventricular developed pressure was 80 +/- 17 mm Hg, and creatine kinase release was 14.8 +/- 11.0 IU/g. In contrast, high-grade ischemic preconditioning with potassium cardioplegia conferred better myocardial protection than potassium cardioplegia alone; left ventricular developed pressure was 121 +/- 16 mm Hg (P <.001), and creatine kinase release was 8.3 +/- 5.8 IU/g (P <.05). Chelerythrine itself had no significant effect on functional recovery and creatine kinase release in the control hearts, but it did inhibit the salutary effects not only of low-grade and high-grade ischemic preconditioning but also those of potassium cardioplegia. Low-grade ischemic preconditioning and potassium cardioplegia enhanced translocation of protein kinase C alpha to the membrane, whereas high-grade ischemic preconditioning also enhanced translocation of protein kinase C delta and epsilon. Chelerythrine inhibited translocation of all 3 protein kinase C isoforms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that myocardial protection by low-grade ischemic preconditioning and potassium cardioplegia are mediated through enhanced translocation of protein kinase C alpha to the membrane. It is therefore suggested that activation of the novel protein kinase C isoforms is necessary to potentiate myocardial protection under potassium cardioplegia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osako
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D007527:Isoenzymes; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C018369:potassium cardioplegic solution; C497260:Prkcd protein, rat; C497257:Prkce protein, rat; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon