title: The thoracoscopic approach for internal mammary nodes in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This pilot study was conducted to estimate the use of the thoracoscopic surgery as a new approach for the internal mammary nodes (IMN) in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 21 women with breast cancer who underwent the approach for nodes IMN were enrolled. All the women had suspicious IMN metastasis and no distant metastasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thoracoscopic IMN dissection was performed safely for 20 of the women, with an average operative time of 44 min. One woman was excluded from the procedure because of pleural adhesion. The patients were restricted from walking for 1.3 days because of chest drainage, but no patients had severe complication or chest wall deformity after the operation. Six patients had positive IMN outcomes. After surgery, 10 of the 20 patients had a lower tumor node metastases (TNM) staging. Two patients who tested positive for IMN and three who tested negative experienced a relapse, but none had pleural dissemination in a median follow-up period of 24 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracoscopic surgery may be useful in managing patients with IMN.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishiguchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020708:Thoracoscopes; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*