title: Lead- and device-related complications in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantation of transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) by use of a nonthoracotomy approach has become routine therapy for survivors of life-threatening tachyarrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to identify and prospectively characterize the frequency of lead- and ICD-related complications from the Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between June 1, 1993, and April 7, 1997, 539 patients received nonthoracotomy ICDs either as initial treatment assignment (477) or as crossover from medical management (62). A total of 62 first complications occurred. The subclavian route of insertion resulted in more complications than the cephalic vein route, 46 of 339 (14%) versus 6 of 135 (4%), P = .005, as did the abdominal versus pectoral generator site, 31 of 238 (13%) versus 17 of 291 (6%), P<.02. Most dislodgements and system infections tended to occur in the 3 months after implantation, whereas lead fractures continued to occur throughout follow-up. Failure to use perioperative antibiotics was a predictor of system infection (P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that cephalic vein access and pectoral generator site may result in fewer complications. The continued occurrence of lead fractures and the need for premature system revision supports the practice of close routine ICD system surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Ore, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk, VA, USA. AVID Investigators.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kron
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herre
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Renfroe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rizo-Patron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raitt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wathen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilkoff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olarte
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D007854:Lead