title: Impact of risperidone on seclusion and restraint at a state psychiatric hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of risperidone on seclusion and restraint in patients at a state psychiatric facility, shortly after risperidone's release.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who were in the hospital for at least 3 months prior to receiving risperidone and subsequently received risperidone for at least 3 months formed the cohort. A mirror-image design was used with duration to a maximum of 1 year before and 1 year after initiation of risperidone. The hospital population that did not receive either risperidone or clozapine during the same time period was used for comparison of trends of seclusion and restraint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four patients (most with schizophrenia) met the inclusion criteria of the risperidone group. There were statistically significant decreases in the number of seclusion hours (2.2 [SD 5.5] to 0.26 [SD 0.06]) and of events (0.23 [SD 0.59] to 0.05 [SD 0.14]) per person per month during risperidone treatment, compared with the prerisperidone treatment period (P = 0.01). The comparison group also evidenced decreases on these measures during the same time period, but the risperidone-treated cohort achieved a proportionally greater reduction. There were similar trends toward reduction in the restraint measures during risperidone treatment compared with prerisperidone, but these did not achieve statistical significance. The comparison group also showed slightly decreased use of restraints over the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risperidone appears to have had a positive impact on seclusion in this state-hospital psychiatric population. These data support the positive impact of risperidone on violence found in other studies. Violence and aggression are major factors that affect morale among psychiatric patients and staff. So, any benefit in this regard as a result of antipsychotic drug treatment is salutary for patients, families, and health care providers.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, Special Studies Center @ Mayview State Hospital, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593, USA. chengappakn@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Chengappa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parepally
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atzert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brienzo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gopalani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006783:Hospitals, State; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D018967:Risperidone