title: Analysis of Ca++-dependent gain changes in PDE activation in vertebrate rod phototransduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent biochemical and physiological data point to the existence of one or more Ca++-mediated feedback mechanisms modulating gain at stages early in the vertebrate phototransduction cascade, i.e., prior to activation of cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE). The present study is a computational analysis that combines quantitative optimization to key data with a qualitative evaluation of each candidate model's ability to capture "signature" features of representative rod responses obtained under a broad range of dark- (DA) and light-adapted (LA) conditions. The primary data motivating the analyses were the two-flash data of Murnick & Lamb. These data exhibited strikingly nonlinear behavior: the period of complete photocurrent saturation (Tsat) in response to a Test flash was reduced substantially when preceded by a less-intense saturating Pre-flash. Depending on the delay between Pre- and Test flashes, the change in Tsat (DTsat) could exceed the magnitude of the delay, and could be reduced by as much as approximately 50%, corresponding to a large reduction in gain by a factor of 10-15. The overall goal of the study was to evaluate what model structure(s) were commensurate with both the Murnick & Lamb data and the salient qualitative features of rod responses obtained under a broad range of DA and LA conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three candidate models were quantitatively optimized to the Murnick & Lamb saturated toad rod flash responses and, simultaneously, to a set of sub-saturated flash responses. Using the parameters from these optimizations, each candidate model was then used to simulate a suite of DA and LA responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyses showed that: (1) Within the context of a model with Ca++ feedback onto rhodopsin (R*) lifetime (tR), the salient features of the Murnick & Lamb data can only be accounted for if the rate-limiting step is not the Ca++-sensitive step in the early cascade reactions, i.e., if PDE* lifetime, and not tR, is rate-limiting. (2) With tR rate-limiting, the model cannot account for DTsat exceeding the delay. (3) The Ca++-dependent reduction in tR required to effect the large gain is incommensurate with the empirical dynamics of dim-flash responses. (4) Regardless of which reaction is rate-limiting, a model using solely modulation of R* lifetime puts strong constraints on the domain of biochemical parameters commensurate with the large gain changes Murnick & Lamb observed. (5) The analyses show that, in principle, the Murnick & Lamb data can be accounted for when tR is both rate-limiting and Ca++-sensitive if, in addition to the feedback onto tR, there is an earlier, stronger Ca++ feedback that does not affect R* inactivation kinetics (e.g., gain at R* activation or transducin (T*) activation). (6) Ca++-modulation of R* activation or T* activation as the sole early gain mechanism can also account for the Murnick & Lamb data, but fails to predict the data of Matthews, and can thus be rejected along with any model of comparable form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results imply that the Murnick & Lamb data per se are insufficient to rule out rate-limitation by (Ca++-sensitive) R* lifetime; evaluation of a broader set of responses is required. The analyses illustrate the importance of evaluating candidate models in relation to sets of data obtained under the broadest possible range of DA and LA conditions. The analyses are aided by the presence of reproducible signature, qualitative features in the data since these tend to constrain the domain of acceptable model structures and/or parameter sets. Some implications for vertebrate photoreceptor light-adaptation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. russ@ski.org
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hamer
mesh_terms: D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002025:Bufonidae; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D019295:Computational Biology; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000502:physiology; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012455:Salamandridae; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D015106:3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases; D002118:Calcium