title: Self-monitoring in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-monitoring of blood or urine glucose is widely used by subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the technique at improving blood glucose control through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials were identified that compared the effects of blood or urine glucose monitoring with no self-monitoring, or blood glucose self-monitoring with urine glucose self-monitoring, on glycated haemoglobin as primary outcome in Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight reports were identified. These were rated for quality and data were abstracted. The mean (SD) quality score was 15.0 (1.69) on a scale ranging from 0 to 28. No study had sufficient power to detect differences in glycated haemoglobin (GHb) of less than 0.5%. One study was excluded because it was a cluster randomized trial of a complex intervention and one because fructosamine was used as the outcome measure. A meta-analysis was performed using data from four studies that compared blood or urine monitoring with no regular monitoring. The estimated reduction in GHb from monitoring was -0.25% (95% confidence interval -0.61 to 0.10%). Three studies that compared blood glucose monitoring with urine glucose monitoring were also combined. The estimated reduction in GHb from monitoring blood glucose rather than urine glucose was -0.03% (-0.52 to 0.47%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results do not provide evidence for clinical effectiveness of an item of care with appreciable costs. Further work is needed to evaluate self-monitoring so that resources for diabetes care can be used more efficiently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coster
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gulliford
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Powrie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swaminathan
mesh_terms: D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006029:Glycosuria; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin