title: Cognitive and visual processing skills and their relationship to mutation size in full and premutation female fragile X carriers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fragile X gene contains an unstable trinucleotide (CGG) repeat that expands as it is passed from female carriers to the affected offspring. Obligate female carriers may have a premutation or full mutation genotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, fragile X premutation and full mutation female carriers were compared on three tasks of visual processing and cognitive skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each case, there were significant differences between premutation and full mutation carriers on a number of the subtests or the full test scores. Specifically, full mutation female carriers performed more poorly in visual-motor processing and analysis-synthesis on the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised, The Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration, and on five of the seven subtests of the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills. Regression analyses revealed significant negative correlations between mutation size and cognitive ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have implications in educational planning decisions for full mutation carriers who may present with specific cognitive deficits.
authors.affiliation: Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago 60616-3816, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brusca-Vega
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Pizzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berry-Kravis
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maino
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Treitman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*