title: Periodic postpartum separation from the offspring results in long-lasting changes in anxiety-related behaviors and sensitivity to morphine in Long-Evans mother rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to recent studies daily, 3-h separations from the dam on postnatal days 2-14 produce long-lasting changes in responses to stressors and sensitivity to morphine in Long-Evans offspring. It has not been investigated whether daily dam-litter separations can have long-lasting effects also on the mother beyond weaning of the pups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested whether dams that were separated from their litter for 3 h daily (LS) on postpartum days 2-14, like their offspring, exhibit altered anxiety-like behaviors and sensitivity to morphine, compared to dams that experienced only brief (15-min) separations (BS) from the litter or that were left undisturbed (NH) during the same period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four to six weeks after weaning, subjects were tested on the elevated plus-maze, in a novel locomotor activity arena, or were exposed to loud auditory stimuli. Sensitivity to morphine was assessed using hot-plate and tail-flick tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LS dams spent significantly more time in the open arms of the plus-maze and in the center of the locomotor activity arena, and were more likely to emit ultrasonic vocalizations in response to auditory startle stimuli compared to NH dams. Furthermore, LS dams were less sensitive to morphine, primarily in the tail-flick test. Dams that experienced brief litter separations (BS), like LS dams, exhibited altered performance on the plus-maze and elevated ultrasonic vocalizations. However, BS dams were similar to NH controls in locomotor activity and sensitivity to morphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple postpartum separations from the offspring alter the behavior of Long-Evans dams in novel/aversive environments and affect their sensitivity to the antinociceptive effects of morphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. mkalini@emory.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalinichev
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Easterling
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Holtzman
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine