title: Combined liver-kidney transplantation for primary hyperoxaluria type 1 in young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare condition in which deficiency of the liver enzyme alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase leads to renal failure and systemic oxalosis. Combined liver-kidney transplantation (LKT) is recommended for end-stage renal failure (ESRF) in adults, but management of infants and young children is controversial. We retrospectively reviewed six children who underwent LKT for PH1.
  
  
  METHODS
  The median age at diagnosis was 1.8 years (range 3 weeks to 7 years). Two children presented with severe infantile oxalosis at 3 and 9 weeks, five patients had ESRF with nephrocalcinosis and systemic oxalosis, (median duration of dialysis 1.3 years), and one had progressive chronic renal failure. Four children underwent combined LKT, one child staged liver then kidney, and one infant had an isolated liver transplant. The median age at transplantation was 8.9 years (range 1.7-15 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall patient survival was four out of six. The two infants with PH1 and severe systemic oxalosis died (2 and 3 weeks post-transplant) due to cardiovascular oxalosis and sepsis. The other four children are well at median follow-up of 10 months (range 6 months to 7.4 years). No child developed hepatic rejection and all have normal liver function. Renal rejection occurred in three patients. Despite maximal medical management, oxalate deposits recurred in all renal grafts, contributing to graft loss in one (one of the infants who died), and significant dysfunction requiring haemodialysis post-transplant for 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LKT is effective therapy for primary oxalosis with ESRF but has a high morbidity and mortality rate in children who present in infancy with nephrocalcinosis and systemic oxalosis. We feel that earlier LKT, or pre-emptive liver transplantation, may be a better therapeutic strategy to improve the outlook for these patients.
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hulton
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McKiernan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Ville de Goyet
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006959:Hyperoxaluria / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D009397:Nephrocalcinosis / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate