title: Continuous monitoring of the stimulated area in multifocal ERG.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multifocal electroretinography (MF-ERG) is widely used in the detection of local retinal dysfunction. However, the position of the stimulus on the retina and the stability of fixation are usually not directly accessible. Thus, devices have been designed for a continuous fundus visualization during recording.
  
  
  METHODS
  MF-ERGs were recorded with a RetiScan system connected to two different Scanning-laser ophthalmoscopes (SLOs) that use either a red (633 nm) or green (415 nm) laser for stimulation, and a VERIS 4 system connected to a piggyback stimulator prototype that added the stimulus to the optical pathway of the SLO by means of a wavelength-sensitive mirror. Fundus visualization was achieved with the infrared lasers of the SLOs (780 and 835 nm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most extensive study so far with a green laser stimulus in a cat model of retinal degeneration demonstrated the capability of the device to detect retinal landmarks and the different stages of degeneration. Also, the advantages of exactly reproducible stimulus positioning for averaging within and comparison between disease groups became apparent. The results with the same setup in transgenic mice suggest a pure cone origin of the responses. In humans, recordings show that fixation is sufficiently good in most subjects. It is not clear yet whether red or green laser stimulation (or both) is preferable. The results with the prototype were very similar to the MF-ERGs obtained with a standard CRT screen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three devices allowed us to record MF-ERGs with continuous fundus monitoring. Although further refinements are necessary, it is obvious that fundus controlled methods will improve the reliability of MF-ERG in future research on glaucoma, transplantation studies, and evaluation of gene therapy.
authors.affiliation: University Eye Hospital, Dept. II, Tübingen, Germany. see@ieee.org
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Seeliger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narfström
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zrenner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sutter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods; D014794:Visual Fields