title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in a suburban community in southern Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of drug resistance (DR) on the clinical outcome and transmission of tuberculosis under programmatic conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort and molecular epidemiologic study in the Orizaba Health Jurisdiction of Mexico. Between March 1995 and July 1999, chronic coughers with positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) detected in sputum smear underwent clinical and mycobacteriologic evaluation (species identification, drug susceptibility testing and IS6110-based genotyping). Treatment was provided in accordance with official norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from 326/387 AFB-positive cases. The rate of DR was 24.2% and that of multidrug resistance (MDR, defined as resistance to both isoniazid and rifampin at least) was 7.7%; 78% were cured, 8% abandoned treatment, 6% failed treatment, and 5% died. An additional 13.5% received retreatment and 8.9% died during a median 28.6 months of follow up. Factors associated with DR by multivariate analysis were chronicity of tuberculosis (OR 4.8, 95%CI 2.7-8.4, P < 0.001), age >40 years (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.1-3.2, P = 0.02) and indigenous origin (OR 0.3, 95%CI 0.13-0.75, P = 0.01). Cox-adjusted relative risks showed that MDR (RR 2.5, 95%CI 1.02-6.16, P = 0.04), HIV infection (RR 31.3, 95%CI 11.6-84.8, P < 0.001), and chronicity of tuberculosis (RR 2.1, 95%CI 1.0-4.4, P = 0.06) were associated with mortality, controlling for age. Predictors of retreatment were DR (not including MDR) (RR 2.2 95%CI 0.89-5.31, P < 0.087), MDR (RR 12.6, 95%CI 5.46-28.88, P < 0.001), and living in a household with an earthen floor (RR 2.8, 95%CI 1.27-6.13, P = 0.011). Being infected with MDR-TB was the only factor associated with a decreased likelihood of being in an RFLP cluster (OR 0.31, 95%CI 0.12-0.81, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although MDR-TB may have a decreased propensity to spread and cause disease, it has a profoundly negative impact on tuberculosis control.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexicó. garcigar@insp3.insp.mx
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: García-García
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Corona
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponce-de-León
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Corona
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palacios-Martínez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balandrano-Campos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferreyra-Reyes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Juárez-Sandino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sifuentes-Osornio
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olivera-Díaz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Valdespino-Gómez
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial