title: Constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappaB in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor that plays important roles in cell proliferation and in immunity against viral infections. NF-kappaB is a dimer of Rel proteins that is sequestered in the cytoplasm as an inactive form through interaction with an inhibitory kappaB (IkappaB) protein. When IkappaB is degraded, the NF-kappaB dimer will enter the nucleus to activate the target genes. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may activate NF-kappaB and, thus, may modulate cell apoptosis and may be associated with oncogenesis. The role of NF-kappaB in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical staining to search for active nuclear RelA and nuclear IkappaBalpha proteins were done on formalin fixed liver tissues from 65 patients with HCC and from 9 normal control participants. Nuclear extracts of fresh-frozen tumor and nontumor liver tissues from 37 patients with HCC and from 7 normal controls were tested for NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The RelA and IkappaBalpha protein expressions were studied by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear NF-kappaB stainings were significantly more abundant in HBV-infected or HCV-infected tumors as well as nontumor parts of HCC compared with normal controls. Nuclear NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and nuclear RelA protein expression were greater in tumor tissue compared with nontumor tissue, whereas cytosolic IkappaBalphs protein expression was generally greater in nontumor tissue compared with tumor tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB was found more frequently in tumor tissue compared with nontumor tissue. It is possible that NF-kappaB overexpression accompanied by dysregulation of IkappaBalpha may play a role in the hepatocarcinogenesis of HBV or HCV infection.
authors.affiliation: Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Liaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012367:RNA, Viral; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA