title: Spectrum of Aspergillus infection in lung transplant recipients: case series and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To define the incidence and natural history of Aspergillus colonization and infection in lung transplant recipients, and (2) to assess the impact of prophylaxis, surveillance, and therapy on the incidence and outcome of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 133 consecutive single or bilateral lung transplantations performed at a single institution, and review of the published literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Airway colonization, isolated tracheobronchitis, and invasive pneumonia due to Aspergillus species occurred in 29%, 5%, and 8% of our series, and in 26%, 4%, and 5% of the pooled published data (all series, including ours), respectively. Greater than 50% of all diagnoses were made in the first 6 months after transplantation in both our series and the published literature. Incidence of progression from airway colonization to invasive disease was 1 in 38 in our series and 3 of 97 (3%) in the pooled published data. In patients with isolated tracheobronchitis, all 6 patients in our series and 41 of 50 patients (82%) in all published series, including ours, responded to antifungal therapy and/or surgical debridement. Among patients with invasive pneumonia or disseminated disease, however, 5 of 10 patients in our series and 26 of 64 patients (41%) in the pooled series survived their infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of antifungal therapy in Aspergillus airway colonization in lung transplant recipients is unclear. Data support a strategy of scheduled screening bronchoscopy followed by aggressive treatment for isolated Aspergillus tracheobronchitis in lung transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mehrad
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paciocco
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ojo
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Iannettoni
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors