title: Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in renal failure in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main causes of death in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) are cardiovascular complications. The aim of the present study was to compare endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDV) in patients with chronic renal failure with a control population controlling for hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six patients with moderate CRF (mean creatinine clearance 29.4 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) underwent evaluation of EDV and endothelium-independent vasodilatation (EIDV) by means of forearm blood flow (FBF) measurements with venous occlusion plethysmography during local intra-arterial infusions of methacholine (Mch, 2 and 4 microg/min evaluating EDV) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 5 and 10 microg/min evaluating EIDV). Fifty-six control subjects without renal impairment underwent the same investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infusion of Mch increased FBF significantly less in patients with renal failure than in controls (198 vs 374%, P<0.001), whereas no significant difference was seen regarding the vasodilatation induced by SNP (278 vs 269%). The differences in EDV between the groups were still significant after controlling for hypertension, blood glucose, and serum cholesterol in multiple regression analysis (P<0.001). EDV was related to serum creatinine (r=-0.37, P<0.01), creatinine clearance (r=0.45, P<0.005) and to serum triglyceride levels (r=-0.29, P<0.005) in the CRF group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with moderate CRF have an impaired EDV even after correction for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and this impairment is related to the degree of renal failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Annuk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fellström
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010991:Plethysmography; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D014664:Vasodilation; D014680:Veins
chemical_list: D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D009599:Nitroprusside; D003404:Creatinine