title: Modeling age differences in cost-effectiveness analysis. A review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cost-effectiveness analysts often present cost-effectiveness results by age to help inform decisions about the use of an intervention. Yet it is not known how well studies model the risks and costs associated with age. We reviewed published studies to examine their modeling of age differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE searches identified all cost-effectiveness analyses published between 1985 and 1997 that included adults 50 years of age and older, were based on data for developed countries, and compared cost-effectiveness ratios for adults of different ages or for initiation of an intervention at different ages; 36 articles met these criteria. They were reviewed to determine the extent to which they incorporated age-specific data. Studies that justified using the same data for all ages were counted as having varied the data element by age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All studies varied life expectancy by age. Most also varied the incidence/prevalence of the target condition and the case fatality rate. Only 36% varied the effectiveness rate of the intervention by age. Costs were usually assumed constant: 42% of studies varied the cost of treating adverse effects and 17% varied the cost of treating the target condition. Whether a data element was varied did not appear to be related to the pattern of cost-effectiveness ratios by age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many studies have not modeled age differences in sufficient detail to ensure that differences in cost-effectiveness ratios by age are accurate and a sound basis for decisions. As cost-effectiveness analysis becomes more widespread, analysts should strive to incorporate more complete age-specific data.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, USA.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sisk
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009026:Mortality; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D026712:Value of Life