title: Tear film MMP accumulation and corneal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) accumulate in the tears of patients with active peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) but it is unknown whether these enzymes have a central role in disease progression. The aims of the present investigation were to determine the source of these enzymes and to ascertain whether their accumulation in tears is a phenomenon specific to PUK or a general feature of other anterior segment diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental samples were obtained from the culture media of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells, from fractionated blood plasma and leucocytes of healthy subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and from the tears of healthy subjects and patients with a variety of anterior segment diseases. The MMPs of all samples were visualised by zymography and tear samples were assayed using nitrophenol acetate and an MMP-9 susceptible quenched fluorescent peptide as substrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major MMPs that accumulate in the tears of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with active ocular disease are MMP-9 and a species of M(r) 116,000. By comparing the zymographic activity profiles of the gelatinases present in the samples obtained, it was deduced that the main source of these MMPs was granulocytes. Their accumulation in tears was not unique to patients with PUK; detectable amounts of the enzymes also occurred in the tears of patients with keratoconus with associated atopic disease, patients undergoing treatment for herpetic eye disease, and patients with systemic and non-systemic dry eye disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MMPs that accumulate in tears are mainly derived from granulocytes. This may be effected by autoimmune diseases that involve ocular tissue or by ocular diseases that induce an inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Division of Ophthalmology, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol BS1 2LX, UK. Val.Smith@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rishmawi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Easty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000201:enzymology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000201:enzymology; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000201:enzymology*; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000201:enzymology; D046508:Culture Techniques; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D013666:Tears / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9