title: Effect of protein binding on renal extraction of 131I-OIH and 99mTc-labeled tubular agents.
abstract: The clearance of 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) is less than the clearances of o-131I-iodohippurate (OIH) and 99mTc-labeled DD- and LL-ethylenedicysteine (EC). This difference could be associated with the lower affinity of MAG3 for the tubular transport receptor, but MAG3 is more highly protein bound than OIH and the EC isomers; protein binding could also be an important factor governing tubular extraction. To separate the effects of protein binding from tubular receptor affinity, the extraction fractions (EFs) of MAG3, OIH, and the DD, LL, and DL isomers of 99mTc-EC were measured in an isolated perfused rat kidney model using a protein-free perfusate and perfusates containing bovine serum albumin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The right kidney was removed from the rat and perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffers containing 7.5 or 2.5 g/dL bovine serum albumin or a protein-free perfusate. OIH was coinjected into the renal artery with each of the 99mTc-tracers. Protein binding was measured in each of the perfusates, and the venous outflow was collected to determine the EF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The protein binding of MAG3 in the albumin perfusates ranged from 87% to 95%, significantly higher than the 20%-34% range of protein binding observed with the three EC complexes (P < 0.05). In the 2.5 g/dL albumin perfusate, the EF of MAG3 was 44%, significantly less than the 57%-77% EF of the three EC complexes; in the 7.5 g/dL perfusate, the MAG3 EF fell to 18% versus 39%-45% for the EC complexes (P < 0.05). However, in the protein-free perfusate, the EF of MAG3 was 64%, equal to or higher than the 46%-62% EF of the three EC complexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein binding modulates the tubular extraction of renal tracers. Protein binding and receptor affinity must be considered in the design of future renal radiopharmaceuticals as well as radiopharmaceuticals targeting other receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eshima
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eshima
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipowska
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Marzilli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007465:Iodohippuric Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007536:Isomerism; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017263:Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; C073806:technetium Tc 99m-ethylenedicysteine; D007465:Iodohippuric Acid; D017263:Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide; D003545:Cysteine