title: Human albumin therapy of acute ischemic stroke: marked neuroprotective efficacy at moderate doses and with a broad therapeutic window.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the neuroprotective efficacy of moderate-dose human albumin therapy in acute focal ischemic stroke and defined the therapeutic window after stroke onset, within which this therapy would confer neurobehavioral and histopathological neuroprotection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane/nitrous oxide and received 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) by a poly-L-lysine-coated intraluminal suture. Neurological status was evaluated during occlusion (60 minutes) and daily for 3 days after MCAo. In the dose-response study, human albumin doses of either of 0.63 or 1.25 g/kg or saline vehicle (5 mL/kg) were given intravenously immediately after suture removal. In the therapeutic window study, a human albumin dose of 1.25 g/kg was administered intravenously at 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, or 5 hours after onset of MCAo. Three days after MCAo, brains were perfusion-fixed, and infarct volumes and brain swelling were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate-dose albumin therapy significantly improved the neurological score at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours and significantly reduced total infarct volume (by 67% and 58%, respectively, at the 1.25- and 0.63-g/kg doses). Cortical and striatal infarct volumes were also significantly reduced by both doses. Brain swelling was virtually eliminated by albumin treatment. Even when albumin therapy (1.25 g/kg) was initiated as late as 4 hours after onset of MCAo, it improved the neurological score and markedly reduced infarct volumes in cortex (by 68%), subcortical regions (by 52%), and total infarct (by 61%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate-dose albumin therapy markedly improves neurological function and reduces infarction volume and brain swelling, even when treatment is delayed up to 4 hours after onset of ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belayev
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busto
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012709:Serum Albumin