title: Clinical characteristics of congenital esophageal stenosis distal to associated esophageal atresia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) has been reported to be a rare association in patients with esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula, or both (EA-TEF). This study investigates the clinical characteristics of this association with special reference to its treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of medical and radiographic records of 81 patients who underwent primary repair of EA-TEF was performed. An association of CES was diagnosed when they showed histologic evidence or persistent radiographic images of esophageal narrowing since the neonatal period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven of 81 EA-TEF patients (14%) were identified with CES. Their symptoms were difficulty in swallowing solid food, food impaction, emesis, stridor, repeated respiratory infection, and failure to thrive. Two patients had a recurrence of TEF. Three patients were diagnosed with CES in the neonatal period-2 at the time of primary repair of EA-TEF and 1 on the initial postoperative esophagram. The remaining 8 patients were diagnosed between the ages of 2 months and 3 years. Although esophageal dilatation was attempted in 9 patients, its effectiveness was temporary in all except 2 patients and esophageal laceration occurred in 4 patients. Surgical repair including myotomy and resection of the narrow segment was performed in 7 patients, in 6 of whom Nissen/Collis-Nissen fundoplication was added. A histologic examination was performed in 5 patients, revealing that their CES was due to fibro-muscular hypertrophy (2) or tracheobronchial remnants (3). The long-term outcome was satisfactory in all patients except one who showed wrap herniation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between CES and EA-TEF is not rare. Esophageal dilatation was not universally effective and carried with it a considerable incidence of esophageal leakage. An antireflux operation concomitant with repair of CES may be useful to prevent postoperative gastroesophageal reflux in patients with a narrowing close to the esophagogastric junction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubota
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004106:Dilatation; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery