title: Homogeneity and diameter of linear lesions induced with multipolar ablation catheters: in vitro and in vivo comparison of pulsed versus continuous radiofrequency energy delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For invasive treatment of atrial fibrillation, linear lesions induced with multipolar ablation catheters (MAC) are needed to prevent recurrence. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of pulsed versus continuous radiofrequency (RF)-energy delivery using MAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro tests were performed using endomyocardial preparations of fresh pig hearts in a 10-liter-bath of physiologic saline solution (37 degrees C) at constant flow conditions (1.5 l/min). The MAC were placed with a constant pressure of 20 ponds onto the endocardium. The energy (generator: Osypka HAT 200 S) was delivered either pulsed (4 electrodes simultaneously, 5ms duty-cycle) or continuously (each electrode separately). In vivo experiments were performed in 6 anesthetized pigs using fluoroscopic positioning of MAC at 40 different intracardial positions and with similar conditions as in vitro experiments. Lesion volume (LV) was calculated after measuring lesion diameter with a microcaliper. The homogeneity of the lesions (LH) was classified from 1-4; with 1 as highest homogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulsed energy delivery produced more homogeneous linear lesions in significantly less time. There was no difference in electrode temperature values (50.2 +/- 0.8 and 51.3 +/- 1.4 degrees C) in vitro and in vivo. In the in vivo experiments, lesion depth and calculated lesion volume were less in both modes of energy delivery but pulsed energy delivery was superior regarding lesion depth and homogeneity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With pulsed energy delivery it is possible to create linear lesions of significantly greater homogeneity. Moreover, larger lesions are induced in less time by pulsed energy delivery in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Kerckhoff-Clinic, Department of Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological Research, D-61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany. ali.erdogan@kerckhoff.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erdogan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grumbrecht
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roederich
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sperzel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berkowitsch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuzner
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Pitschner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011846:Radio Waves; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine