title: Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor, was recently identified in the rat stomach. We examined the effects of the gastric peptide ghrelin on energy balance in association with leptin and vagal nerve activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Food intake, oxygen consumption, gastric emptying, and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) messenger RNA expression were measured after intra-third cerebroventricular or intraperitoneal injections of ghrelin in mice. The gastric vagal nerve activity was recorded after intravenous administration in rats. Gastric ghrelin gene expression was assessed by Northern blot analysis. Repeated coadministration of ghrelin and interleukin (IL)-1 beta was continued for 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Ghrelin exhibited gastroprokinetic activity with structural resemblance to motilin and potent orexigenic activity through action on the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Y(1) receptor, which was lost after vagotomy. Ghrelin decreased gastric vagal afferent discharge in contrast to other anorexigenic peptides that increased the activity. Ghrelin gene expression in the stomach was increased by fasting and in ob/ob mice, and was decreased by administration of leptin and IL-1 beta. Peripherally administered ghrelin blocked IL-1 beta-induced anorexia and produced positive energy balance by promoting food intake and decreasing energy expenditure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Ghrelin, which is negatively regulated by leptin and IL-1 beta, is secreted by the stomach and increases arcuate NPY expression, which in turn acts through Y(1) receptors to increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure. Gastric peptide ghrelin may thus function as part of the orexigenic pathway downstream from leptin and is a potential therapeutic target not only for obesity but also for anorexia and cachexia.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asakawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuzuriha
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimiya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niijima
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasuga
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D054439:Ghrelin; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009037:Motilin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000235:genetics; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000235:genetics; D013270:Stomach / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; C050802:motilin receptor; D009037:Motilin