title: Application of peroral cholangioscopy in an endemic area with high prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma and choledocholithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peroral cholangioscopy with a mother-baby scope system has been introduced for two decades. The paper presents the experience of peroral cholangioscopy at a university hospital in Taiwan where the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma and choledocholithiasis was high.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 27 sessions of peroral cholangioscopy were performed in 26 patients during a period of 4 years. Of them, 20 patients were for diagnosis and the rest 6 for removing the retained biliary stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall successful rate was 96.3%. The post-procedure complication rate was 11.5% with 2 cholangitis and 1 gram-negative septicemia. There were a total of 19 successful diagnostic sessions. These resulted in definite histological diagnosis in 5 patients and more precise diagnoses subsequently confirmed by surgery in 5 patients. In the remaining 9 patients with tentative diagnoses, 5 confirmed their diagnoses but 4 patients changed their diagnoses after peroral cholangioscopy. By this procedure, hepatocellular carcinoma and choledocholithiasis can be well identified and differentiated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peroral cholangioscopy is a safe and valuable modality in diagnosing and treating difficult biliary tract disease when handled with care. It is particularly useful in an endemic area with high prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma and choledocholithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University of Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10016.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Shun
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology