title: Etiology of acute pulmonary edema during liver transplantation : a series of cases with analysis of the edema fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical features of a group of patients who acutely developed pulmonary edema during orthotopic liver transplantation and to determine the nature (transudate vs exudate) of the edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of clinical records and radiographic studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room and ICU of a tertiary-care medical center hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  End-stage liver disease patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation under general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulmonary edema fluid obtained from seven patients within 15 min of first appearance was analyzed for protein content and compared with the protein content of a simultaneously obtained plasma sample. Hemodynamic data, fluid administration totals, and length of postoperative intubation and ICU stay were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients were identified. Six of the seven patients whose edema fluid was analyzed had edema fluid/plasma protein ratios > or =0.75, characteristic of increased permeability pulmonary edema (the one other patient had a ratio of 0.73). Hemodynamic monitoring at the time of onset of the edema effectively ruled out a cardiogenic etiology. One patient died intraoperatively; at autopsy, the cause of death was determined to be pulmonary fat embolization. In the other seven patients, production of edema fluid resolved within 6 h of admission to the ICU. The duration of ventilatory support ranged from 23 to 96 h, with a mean of 49 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most likely cause of the reaction is transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). An incidence of TRALI that is higher than previously reported in this population indicates that other elements, such as reperfusion of the newly implanted liver, may be contributing factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Herbert C. Moffitt Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. spyost@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gropper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D003422:Critical Care; D004620:Embolism, Fat / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins