title: The effects of common medical interventions on pain, back function, and work resumption in patients with chronic low back pain: A prospective 2-year cohort study in six countries.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective cohort study with identical questionnaires and inclusion criteria was performed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare in six different countries the frequencies and effects of the common medical interventions used for patients with low back pain who are work incapacitated.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Low back pain is a huge problem with increasing costs for health care, industry, and society.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohorts of employed men and women ages 18 to 59 years who had been sick-listed (100%) for a minimum of 90 days because of low back pain were recruited in Denmark, Germany, Israel, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United States. The subjects received three separate questionnaires with identical questions after 90 days, 1 year, and 2 years. The questionnaires included separate questions about background factors, treatment, and the like, as well as validated scales such as the Hannover Activities of Daily Living, von Korff pain score, Short Form-36, and Karasek-Theorell. Working status was obtained from registers. Main outcome measures were working/not working, back function, and pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three questionnaires were completed by 2080 subjects in the six countries. With few exceptions, there were great similarities in the appointments, examinations, and treatments in the different countries. Considerable differences were found between the back surgery rates, which ranged from 6% in Sweden to 32% in the United States during the first 90 days of the study. Very few of the interventions had any noticeable positive effects on work resumption, pain, or back function. Back surgery in Sweden was a striking exception, positively affecting all three outcome measures. The frequencies of work resumption within the first year ranged from 73% in the Netherlands to 32% in Denmark.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost none of the commonly occurring and frequently practiced medical interventions for patients who are sick-listed because of low back pain had any positive effects on either the recorded health measures or work resumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. Tommy.Hansson@orthop.gu.se
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Hansson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance