title: The combined effects of N-type calcium channel blockers and morphine on A delta versus C fiber mediated nociception.
abstract: Intrathecal mu opiates produce analgesia presynaptically by inhibiting calcium ion influx and postsynaptically by increasing potassium flux. Mu receptors are expressed on presynaptic terminals of unmyelinated (C), but not myelinated (A delta) nociceptors. Thus, mu-opioids such as morphine may act presynaptically to inhibit C, but not A delta, neurotransmission, and postsynaptically on dorsal horn cells that receive input from A delta and/or C fiber nociceptors. N-type calcium ion channel blockers, such as omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CTX), produce analgesia by impeding flux of calcium ions into A delta and C fiber nociceptor terminals. Thus, morphine and omega-CTX attenuated C fiber nociception additively, possibly indicating the same presynaptic site of action. Conversely, morphine and omega- CTX were supraadditively analgesic on an A delta test, indicating that these agents probably have different sites of action. We conclude that although intrathecal application of either morphine or omega-CTX attenuates both A delta and C fiber mediated nociception in rats, the combined effects are quite different for the two fiber types. Specifically, although coadministration of morphine with omega-CTX produces an additive, apparently presynaptic antinociception for C fiber-mediated responses, the combination produces a clearly supraadditive, and likely synergistic effect on A delta mediated nociception, probably by acting at pre and postsynaptic sites, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that combined spinal administration of mu opioids and N-type calcium channel blockers may be useful in providing analgesia for A delta mediated (first, sharp) pain while minimizing the side effects of both drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pirec
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Laurito
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yeomans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000187:drug effects; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000187:drug effects*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020866:omega-Conotoxin GVIA / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type; D009020:Morphine; D020866:omega-Conotoxin GVIA