title: No consistent pattern of mutations in p53 and ras genes in liver tumors of rat treated with the drinking water mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX).
abstract: The frequency of point mutations in p53 (exons 4-7) and in Ki-ras, Ha-ras, and N-ras (exons 1 and 2) and the expression of p53 protein were evaluated in the liver tumors of Wistar rats of a 104-week carcinogenicity study on 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), a chlorine disinfection by-product in drinking water. Mutations were analyzed in 16 hepatocellular adenomas, 7 hepatocellular carcinomas, 23 cholangiomas, and 2 cholangiocarcinomas of the MX-treated animals and one hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma in control animals using PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism) or PCR-TGGE (temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) and direct sequencing. The expression of the p53 protein (wild-type and mutated protein) was detected by immunohistochemistry (CM5 antibody). The expression of p53 and that of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, 19 A2) were also evaluated in livers of female animals exposed to MX for 1 week, 3 weeks, or 18 weeks. Altogether, four mutations were found in p53 in three tumors, in two hepatocellular adenomas, and one cholangiocarcinoma, all in females receiving the highest MX dose (6. 6 mg/kg/day) of the study. Three of the mutations were G:C --> A:T transitions and one was an A:T --> T:A transversion. The mutations were scattered at different codons and positions of the codon. One hepatocellular adenoma contained two p53 mutations. All cholangiomas and cholangiocarcinomas, but no hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, overexpressed the p53 protein. MX treatment did not induce p53 expression at any age in the liver or alter the expression of the PCNA in the liver of younger animals. The p53 protein was overexpressed in hyperplastic bile ducts in aged rats but not in bile ducts of younger rats (up to 24 weeks). No mutations were observed in either Ki-ras, Ha-ras, or N-ras of the liver tumors. These data suggest that point mutations in p53, Ki-ras, Ha-ras, and N-ras are not involved in the MX-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland. Hannu.Komulainen@ktl.fi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komulainen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hakulinen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Servomaa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makkonen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vasara
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mäki-Paakkanen
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D005663:Furans / Q000633:toxicity*; D016158:Genes, p53; D011905:Genes, ras; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005663:Furans; D009153:Mutagens; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; C054121:3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone