title: Emergence of domestically acquired ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections associated with AmpC beta-lactamase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ceftriaxone, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, is an antimicrobial agent commonly used to treat severe Salmonella infections, especially in children. Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections have recently been reported in the United States, but the extent of the problem is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize national surveillance data for ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections in the United States and to describe mechanisms of resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series and laboratory evaluation of human isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 17 state and community health departments participating in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria between 1996 and 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections between 1996 and 1998 were interviewed and isolates with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility were further characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposures and illness outcomes, mechanisms of resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella was 0.1% (1 of 1326) in 1996, 0.4% (5 of 1301) in 1997, and 0.5% (7 of 1466) in 1998. Ten (77%) of the 13 patients with ceftriaxone-resistant infections were aged 18 years or younger. The patients lived in 8 states (California, Colorado, Kansas, Massachusetts, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, and Oregon). Nine (82%) of 11 patients interviewed did not take antimicrobial agents and 10 (91%) did not travel outside the United States before illness onset. Twelve of the 15 Salmonella isolates with ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16 microg/mL or higher were serotype Typhimurium but these isolates had different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Thirteen of these 15 isolates collected between 1996 and 1998 were positive for a 631-base pair polymerase chain reaction product obtained by using primers specific for the ampC gene of Citrobacter freundii.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Domestically acquired ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella has emerged in the United States. Most ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolates had similar AmpC plasmid-mediated resistance.
authors.affiliation: Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kludt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reporter
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mostashari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shillam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wicklund
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stamey
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rasheed
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tenover
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ribot
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Angulo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018550:Cephalosporin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007525:Isoelectric Focusing; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012703:Serotyping; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001618:beta-Lactamases
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002511:Cephalosporins; D002443:Ceftriaxone; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases