title: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-mediated activation of estrogen receptor alpha: a new model for anti-estrogen resistance.
abstract: Estrogen receptors (ERs) mediate most of the biological effects of estrogen in mammary and uterine epithelial cells by binding to estrogen response elements in the promoter region of target genes or through protein-protein interactions. Anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen inhibit the growth of ER-positive breast cancers by reducing the expression of estrogen-regulated genes. However, anti-estrogen-resistant growth of ER-positive tumors remains a significant clinical problem. Here we show that phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and AKT activate ERalpha in the absence of estrogen. Although PI 3-kinase increased the activity of both estrogen-independent activation function 1 (AF-1) and estrogen-dependent activation function 2 (AF-2) of ERalpha, AKT increased the activity of only AF-1. PTEN and a catalytically inactive AKT decreased PI 3-kinase-induced AF-1 activity, suggesting that PI 3-kinase utilizes AKT-dependent and AKT-independent pathways in activating ERalpha. The consensus AKT phosphorylation site Ser-167 of ERalpha is required for phosphorylation and activation by AKT. In addition, LY294002, a specific inhibitor of the PI 3-kinase/AKT pathway, reduced phosphorylation of ERalpha in vivo. Moreover, AKT overexpression led to up-regulation of estrogen-regulated pS2 gene, Bcl-2, and macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1. We demonstrate that AKT protects breast cancer cells from tamoxifen-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results define a molecular link between activation of the PI 3-kinase/AKT survival pathways, hormone-independent activation of ERalpha, and inhibition of tamoxifen-induced apoptotic regression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhat-Nakshatri
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Constantinidou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakshatri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019556:COS Cells; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D002867:Chromones; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D009025:Morpholines; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D010710:Phosphates; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D012694:Serine; D013629:Tamoxifen; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494929:PTEN protein, human