title: Acute gastrointestinal manifestations associated with use of crack.
abstract: Crack, the free-base form of cocaine, causes pulmonary, cardiac, obstetric, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal complications. As the popularity for crack use increases, it follows that the number of cocaine-related emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and deaths should increase. We report 3 cases of patients arriving to the ED with acute onset of abdominal pain after smoking crack. These patients required surgical correction of their intestinal perforations. Although the exact pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia is not known, cocaine blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine, which leads to mesenteric vasoconstriction and focal tissue ischemia that may lead to perforation. The chronologic relationship of crack consumption to gastrointestinal perforation leads us to surmise that a possible crack-related ischemic event is the cause of perforation in these patients. Physicians examining patients with abdominal pain should be aware of the potential gastrointestinal complications of crack and consider bowel ischemia whenever a cocaine abuser presents with abdominal pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0401, USA. aemuniz@aol.com
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Muñiz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine