title: Androgenic anabolic steroids and arterial structure and function in male bodybuilders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examined arterial and cardiac structure and function in bodybuilders using androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS), compared to non-steroid-using bodybuilder controls.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Adverse cardiovascular events have been reported in bodybuilders taking anabolic steroids. The cardiovascular effects of AAS, however, have not been investigated in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 20 male bodybuilders (aged 35 +/- 3 years), 10 actively using AAS and 10 who denied ever using steroids. Serum lipid and hormone levels, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), arterial reactivity, and left ventricular (LV) dimensions were measured. Vessel diameter was measured by ultrasound at rest, during reactive hyperemia (an endothelium-dependent response, leading to flow-mediated dilation, FMD), and after sublingual nitroglycerin (GTN, an endothelium-independent dilator). Arterial reactivity was also measured in 10 age-matched non-bodybuilding sedentary controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of AAS was associated with significant decreases in high density lipoprotein cholesterol, sex hormone binding globulin, testosterone and gonadotrophin levels, and significant increases in LV mass and self-reported physical strength (p < 0.05). Carotid IMT (0.60 +/- 0.04 mm vs. 0.63 +/- 0.07 mm), arterial FMD (4.7 +/- 1.4% vs. 4.1 +/- 0.7%) and GTN responses (11.0 +/- 1.9% vs. 14.4 +/- 1.7%) were similar in both bodybuilding groups (p > 0.2). The GTN responses were significantly lower and carotid IMT significantly higher in both bodybuilding groups, however, compared with the non-bodybuilding sedentary controls (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although high-level bodybuilding is associated with impaired vascular reactivity and increased arterial thickening, the use of AAS per se is not associated with significant abnormalities of arterial structure or function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McCredie
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Handelsman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Celermajer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000187:drug effects*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*; D014891:Weight Lifting
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones