title: Functional imaging studies: linking mind and basic neuroscience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The imaging of brain activity with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging has assumed a central position in psychiatry. Functional imaging signals arise from changes in the neurophysiological parameters of glucose and oxygen consumption mediated by blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent in vivo (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) neurochemical studies have established a quantitative coupling between the rates of glucose oxidation and glutamate neurotransmitter flux in rats and humans, thereby linking measured neurophysiological parameters to brain function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These results show that in the awake, resting, and unstimulated states, 70%-80% of brain energy consumption is devoted to the same glutamate/glutamine neurotransmitter signaling as are the small percentages stimulated by tasks. Furthermore, in anesthetized animals, in which unstimulated activity is reduced, the total signal rather than a particular increment is required for a response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On this basis, the total signal, as well as the difference in the signal, measures cortical neurotransmitter flux. The total signal in a region therefore contains valuable information about required brain activity. Although signal change is often more easily measured, certain PET and (13)C NMR methods can quantify total regional signal activity and thereby provide another measure of neurotransmitter activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA. robert.shulman@yale.edu
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Shulman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008967:Molecular Biology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011603:Psychophysiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D051381:Rats; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014473:Unconscious, Psychology
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005971:Glutamates; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D005973:Glutamine; D005947:Glucose