title: Cloacal exstrophy: a 25-year experience with 50 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of reconstruction of all cloacal exstrophy cases seen by the authors from 1974 to 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review and personal follow-up was conducted on all 50 patients, who ranged in age from newborn to 35 years. Thirty-eight were secondary cases, 12 were primary (no previous surgery). Twenty-eight (56%) were genetic boys; 6 were raised as boys and 22 as girls. Forty patients underwent extensive reconstructive surgery; 6 await reconstruction, and 4 were seen only in consultation. For urinary continence, 21 had bladder neck narrowing, 7 received a bowel nipple, and 12 had a Mitrofanoff catheterizable conduit on the abdominal wall, using tapered intestine in 8, ureter in 3 and the appendix in 1. Four patients had a urostomy. Bladder augmentation was performed in 35 patients (18 with stomach, 11 small bowel, and 6 with both). Twenty-five patients had pull-through of their colon to the perineum. Thirty-two have had a vagina constructed. Forty-seven of the 50 patients had spinal cord tethering, and most underwent neurosurgical release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall survival rate was 98%; 1 patient died preoperatively at another institution. Acceptable bowel continence was achieved with enema washouts in 19 of 25 pullthroughs; 4 failed and were reversed. One case is too recent to judge. Of 40 reconstructed cases, 31 were dry, 3 had slight leakage, and 1 is too early to evaluate. Five had enough leakage to require further surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The once hopeless anomaly of cloacal exstrophy is treatable with extensive reconstructive surgery. Continence of urine (mainly by catheterization) and stool (mainly by enema washouts) is achievable in most. The hindgut, including the cecum and the usually rudimentary distal colon, should be saved and used as colon, not for urinary or vaginal reconstruction. In genetic boys, the authors continue to believe that gender assignment should depend on the likelihood for reconstructing an adequate phallus.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital and University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hendren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002988:Cloaca / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery