title: Enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size, but not obesity itself, predicts type II diabetes independent of insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cross-sectional studies indicate that enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size is associated with hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. To further explore the pathophysiological significance of these associations, we examined prospectively whether enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size predicts Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body composition (hydrodensitometry), mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size (fat biopsy), insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic clamp) and the acute insulin secretory response (25-g i.v. GTT) were assessed in 280 Pima Indians with either normal (NGT), impaired (IGT) or diabetic glucose tolerance (75-g OGTT). Subjects with NGT were then followed prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, sex and per cent body fat, mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size was 19% and 11% higher in subjects with diabetes and IGT, compared with those with NGT (p < 0.001). Insulin sensitivity was inversely correlated with mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size (r = -0.53, p < 0.0001), even after adjusting for per cent body fat (r = -0.31, p < 0.001). In 108 NGT subjects followed over 9.3 +/- 4.1 years (33 of whom developed diabetes), enlarged mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size but not high per cent body fat, was an independent predictor of diabetes, in addition to a low insulin sensitivity and acute insulin secretory response [relative hazard 10th vs 90th centile (95% CI): 5.8 (1.7-19.6), p < 0.005]. In 28 NGT subjects with a 9% weight gain over 2.7 +/- 1.3 years, changes in insulin sensitivity were inversely and independently related to changes in mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size and per cent body fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although enlarged mean subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size is associated with insulin resistance cross-sectionally, prospectively, both abnormalities are independent and additive predictors of Type II diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 N 16th Street. Rm. 5-41, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weyer
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogardus
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tataranni
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pratley
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D048429:Cell Size; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008066:Lipolysis; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin