title: Invasive pneumococcal disease in homozygous sickle cell disease: Jamaican experience 1973-1997.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the clinical features and epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease and the efficacy of pneumococcal prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 80 episodes in 68 patients in the Jamaican Sickle Cell Clinic in a 25-year period (1973-1997).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical features included a history of fever (94%), vomiting (70%), an ill appearance (80%), fever (89%), abnormal chest signs (43%), and meningismus (39%). There were 14 deaths-13 among 68 initial episodes (6 of which were deaths on arrival) and one death during a recurrence. Thirteen episodes occurred in patients who should have been receiving antibiotic prophylaxis. Ten were due to failure to adhere to protocols, and 3 occurred during prophylaxis; one patient was receiving oral erythromycin, and two had received injections of benzathine penicillin 4 and 24 days before the episode. All but one of the pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to penicillin. The 32 patients who received pneumococcal vaccine had more mild clinical courses as indicated by a greater chance of being treated as outpatients or surviving after admission (Mann-Whitney U test, P =.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penicillin remains the mainstay of prophylaxis, although breakthroughs occur and will become more common with the increasing frequency of penicillin-resistant organisms. Pneumococcal immunization appears to ameliorate the course of invasive disease.
authors.affiliation: Sickle Cell Unit, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knight-Madden
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Serjeant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines