title: A randomized, double-blind study of triple nucleoside therapy of abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine versus lamivudine and zidovudine in previously treated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. The CNAA3006 Study Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abacavir (ABC) is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase. We compared the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of combination therapy with ABC, lamivudine (3TC), and zidovudine (ZDV) versus 3TC and ZDV in antiretroviral experienced HIV-1-infected children over 48 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred five HIV-1-infected children who had received previous antiretroviral therapy and had CD4(+) cell counts >/=100 cells/mm(3) were stratified by age and by previous treatment. Participants were randomly assigned to receive ABC (8 mg/kg twice daily [BID]) plus 3TC (4 mg/kg BID) and ZDV (180 mg/m(2) BID; ABC/3TC/ZDV group) or ABC placebo plus 3TC (4 mg/kg BID) and ZDV (180 mg/m(2); 3TC/ZDV group). Participants who met a protocol-defined switch criteria (plasma HIV-1 RNA >0.5 log(10) copies/mL above baseline at week 8 or >10 000 copies/mL after week 16) had the option to switch to open-label ABC plus any antiretroviral combination or continue randomized therapy or withdraw from the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% confidence interval) of the proportion of participants who maintained HIV-1 RNA levels </=10 000 copies/mL for 48 weeks or more was significantly better in the ABC/3TC/ZDV group compared with the 3TC/ZDV group: 33% (23%-42%) versus 21% (13%-29%). At week 48, the proportions of participants with HIV-1 RNA </=10 000 copies/mL were 36% versus 26% for the ABC/3TC/ZDV and 3TC/ZDV groups, respectively, by intent-to-treat analysis. For the subgroup of participants with baseline HIV-1 RNA >10 000 copies/mL, a significantly higher proportion of participants in the ABC/3TC/ZDV group had HIV-1 RNA </=10 000 copies/mL compared with the 3TC/ZDV group (29% vs 12%) but no difference was observed in the subgroup of participants with baseline HIV-1 RNA </=10 000 copies/mL (78% vs 72%). The median changes from baseline in CD4(+) cell counts were greater in the ABC/3TC/ZDV group than in the 3TC/ZDV group. Few participants (3%) experienced abacavir-related hypersensitivity reaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABC, in combination with 3TC and ZDV, provides additional antiretroviral activity over 48 weeks, compared with combination therapy with 3TC and ZDV in antiretroviral experienced HIV-1-infected children. ABC was safe and generally well-tolerated and should be considered an active component of combination antiretroviral therapy in this pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Hospital del Niño, Servicio de Infectologia, Panama City, Republic of Panama. xsaez@panama.c-com.net
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sáez-Llorens
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emmanuel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiznia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sleasman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cutrell
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Spreen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hetherington
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000099227:Abacavir
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D019259:Lamivudine; D012367:RNA, Viral; D015215:Zidovudine; D000099227:Abacavir