title: Ovine hourly fetal urine production: relation to  fetal electrocortical activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasound studies of hourly urine production rate in human fetuses have suggested that a fall in urine production occurs in state 2F (fetal quiet sleep) secondary to a state-dependent decrease in renal blood flow. We sought to ascertain the relationship between fetal hourly urine production rate and behavioral state in the near-term ovine fetus, a model in which urine production and fetal brain activity can be directly measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six ewes with singleton pregnancies were prepared with vascular and amniotic fluid catheters. Fetuses were prepared with hindlimb vascular catheters, a bladder catheter, and biparietal ECoG electrodes. After at least 5 days of recovery (ga 130 +/- 2 days; term = 145-150 days), each animal was monitored for a 6-h period. Urine production was measured by draining the bladder catheter through a drop counter and fetal ECoG was continuously recorded (sampling rate of 50 Hz). ECoG activity was analyzed using power spectral analysis and periods of active and quiet sleep identified using both signal amplitude and corresponding 85% spectral edge frequency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal fetal arterial pH (7.36 +/- 0.01), pO2 (22.0 +/- 1.2 mmHg) and pCO2 (47.0 +/- 1.6 mmHg) and plasma (295 +/- 2 mOsm/kg) and urine (179 +/- 3 mOsm/kg) osmolalities were within normal ranges. Active and quiet sleep comprised 50 +/- 2 and 43 +/- 1% time, respectively. There was no difference in hourly urine production rate in active sleep (21.4 +/- 9.7 ml/h) and quiet sleep (18.8 +/- 7.7 ml/h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) Hourly fetal urine production rate is independent of ECoG activity state in the near-term ovine fetus. 2) Assuming only minor species differences, ultrasound measurement of human fetal hourly urine production rate can be performed without concern for fetal neurobehavioral state changes.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. mjn19@cornell.edu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nijland
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D016104:Oligohydramnios; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*