title: Effects of different dihydropyridine calcium antagonists on plasma norepinephrine in essential hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the chronic effects of four dihydropyridine calcium antagonists with different pharmacologic characteristics, amlodipine, felodipine, lacidipine and manidipine,on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a 4-week placebo period, 60 patients of both sexes were randomly administered amlodipine 5-10 mg once daily (o.d.) (n = 15); felodipine 5-10 mg o.d. (n = 15); lacidipine 4-6 mg o.d. (n = 15); manidipine 10-20 mg o.d. (n = 15), for 24 weeks, according to a double blind, parallel group design. Initially, for the first 2 weeks, the lowest dose of each drug was used, then higher doses were administered if sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was > 90 mmHg. BP, HR and plasma NE were evaluated at the end of the placebo and active treatment periods. NE was assessed at trough, at peak and after 12 h from drug ingestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of all four drugs reduced clinic BP to the same level after 24 weeks, whereas HR increased only with felodipine (+ 3.1 bpm; P< 0.05). Significant increases in plasma NE levels were observed after chronic therapy with amlodipine and felodipine (+ 34.9 and + 39.4% respectively; P< 0.01 versus placebo) but not with lacidipine (+ 7.1%, NS) and manidipine (+ 2.9%, NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that sympathetic activation occurred during chronic treatment with amlodipine and felodipine, whereas manidipine and lacidipine did not increase plasma noradrenaline at the times measured. The reasons for this difference are unclear; they could be related to the different pharmacological characteristic of the two drugs, lacidipine and manidipine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Clinica Medica I (IRCCS), Policlinico S. Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fogari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zoppi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corradi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Preti
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Malalamani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mugellini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015736:Felodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D010879:Piperazines; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D010879:Piperazines; D017311:Amlodipine; C060285:lacidipine; C054218:manidipine; D015736:Felodipine; D009638:Norepinephrine