title: Children's use of PCA following spinal fusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in relieving postoperative pain for children and adolescents following spinal fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A one-group, descriptive design was used with a convenience sample of 93 children (ages 8 to 21 years) who had undergone spinal fusion over a 2-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  All of the patients were using PCA postoperatively with morphine sulfate, the most common opioid analgesic prescribed for use in the infusion pump. Data were collected for the first 4 postoperative days on four outcome variables: use of PCA, self-report of pain, observed pain-related behaviors, and satisfaction with PCA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite aggressive pain management, findings showed that neither children's pain nor their analgesic use diminished significantly over time. Children continued to report moderate-to-severe pain over the 4-day measurement period. Likewise, children reported their satisfaction with PCA for pain relieve as "fair" to "good."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of high technology and aggressive pharmacologic treatment alone may not be adequate for managing severe pain following spinal fusion. As proposed by the Gate Control Theory, pain stimuli produce not only physiologic, but also psychologic and emotional responses. Relief for severe pain, therefore, may require multidimensional therapies that include nonpharmacologic approaches together with precise titration of available pharmacologic agents.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, School of Nursing, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kotzer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000298:Adolescent, Hospitalized / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000523:psychology; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid