title: Effect of renal failure and cirrhosis on the pharmacokinetics and neuromuscular effects of rapacuronium administered by bolus followed by infusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent trials indicate that rapacuronium's pharmacokinetic characteristics are influenced by both renal failure and cirrhosis but the time course of a single bolus dose of 1.5 mg/kg is affected minimally. The authors reassessed these pharmacokinetic findings and examined the time course of the same bolus dose followed by a 30-min infusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  During nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia, patients with normal renal and hepatic function (n = 25), those with renal failure (n = 28), and those with cirrhosis (n = 6) received a bolus dose of rapacuronium (1.5 mg/kg) followed by a 30-min infusion adjusted to maintain 90-95% twitch depression. At 25% recovery, neostigmine was administered. Blood was sampled until 8 h after the infusion to determine concentrations of rapacuronium and its active metabolite ORG9488. Rapacuronium's pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using mixed-effects modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Onset and facilitated recovery of twitch depression were similar in the three groups. Patients with renal failure required 22% less rapacuronium to maintain target twitch depression during the infusion. Rapacuronium's plasma clearance was 24% smaller in renal failure and decreased 0.5%/yr of age; rapid distribution clearance was 51% smaller in men than in women. After the infusion, ORG9488 concentrations decreased markedly more slowly in patients with renal failure. Cirrhosis did not alter the pharmacokinetics of rapacuronium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapacuronium's plasma clearance and infusion requirement were decreased by renal failure. By dosing to maintain target twitch depression, recovery was not prolonged. Cirrhosis does not affect the pharmacokinetics or neuromuscular effects of rapacuronium. Persistence of ORG9488 in patients with renal failure might prolong recovery after rapacuronium if target twitch depression is not maintained or with administration of rapacuronium for more than 30 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, USA. fisher@zachary.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abengochea
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D013997:Time Factors; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; C117887:Org 9488; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide; C082938:rapacuronium; D009609:Nitrous Oxide