title: Generalization of acquired somatic symptoms in response to odors: a pavlovian perspective on multiple chemical sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Somatic symptoms that occur in response to odors can be acquired in a pavlovian conditioning paradigm. The present study investigated 1) whether learned symptoms can generalize to new odors, 2) whether the generalization gradient is linked to the affective or irritant quality of the new odors, and 3) whether the delay between acquisition and testing modulates generalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conditional odor stimuli (CS) were (diluted) ammonia and niaouli. One odor was mixed with 7.4% CO2-enriched air (unconditional stimulus) during 2-minute breathing trials (CS+ trial), and the other odor was presented with air (CS- trial). Three CS+ and three CS- trials were conducted in a semirandomized order (acquisition phase). The test phase involved one CS+-only (CS+ without CO2) and one CS- test trial, followed by three trials using new odors (butyric acid, acetic acid, and citric aroma). Half of the subjects (N = 28) were tested immediately, and the other half were tested after 1 week. Ventilatory responses were measured during and somatic symptoms were measured after each trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants had more symptoms in response to CS+-only exposures, but only when ammonia was used as the CS+. Also, generalization occurred: More symptoms were reported in response to butyric and acetic acid than to citric aroma and only in participants who had been conditioned. Both the selective conditioning and the generalization effect were mediated by negative affectivity of the participants. The delay between the acquisition and test phases had no effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms that occur in response to odorous substances can be learned and generalize to new substances, especially in persons with high negative affectivity. The findings further support the plausibility of a pavlovian perspective of multiple chemical sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devriese
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stegen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van Diest
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Veulemans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nemery
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eelen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van de Woestijne
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D001364:Awareness; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018777:Multiple Chemical Sensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D009812:Odorants; D012153:Retention, Psychology