title: Cytokine profiles in parotid saliva from HIV-1-infected individuals: changes associated with opportunistic infections in the oral cavity.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantitate levels of cytokines in parotid saliva of subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and to determine if the cytokine profiles differ in subjects with an oral opportunistic infection, i.e., candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia. Parotid saliva samples were obtained from HIV-infected individuals with or without candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and from healthy controls and were assessed by ELISA for levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Saliva from HIV-infected subjects with oral candidiasis had significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma than that seen in HIV-infected individuals with no oral disease and significantly higher levels of IL-2, IL-5 and IFN-gamma than saliva of healthy controls. No significant difference was seen in cytokine levels in saliva from HIV-infected subjects with no oral infections and healthy controls. The HIV-infected subjects with oral hairy leukoplakia displayed significantly higher levels of both IL-1 alpha and IFN-gamma compared with the HIV and no oral disease group and a higher level of IFN-gamma than seen in saliva from the healthy control group. In comparing cytokine levels from both HIV and oral disease groups, significant differences were detected in levels of IL-5 and IL-10. These results indicate that the profile of salivary cytokines is altered as a result of the oral opportunistic infection candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and also by concurrent HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-2170, USA.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000032:analysis; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000276:immunology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015848:Interleukin-5; D016753:Interleukin-10