title: Large-scale evaluation of imprinting status in the Prader-Willi syndrome region: an imprinted direct repeat cluster resembling small nucleolar RNA genes.
abstract: Loss of paternal gene expression at the imprinted domain on proximal human chromosome 15 causes Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a complex multiple-anomaly disorder involving variable mental retardation, hyperphasia leading to obesity and infantile hypotonia with failure to thrive. Although numerous paternally expressed transcripts have been identified that reside in the candidate region, the individual contributions to the development of PWS have not been firmly established. Recent studies of mouse models carrying a cytogenetic deletion suggest that paternal deficiency of the SNRPN-IPW interval is critical for perinatal lethality of potential relevance to PWS. Here we determined the allelic expression profiles of a total of 118 cDNA clones using monochromosomal hybrids retaining either a paternal or maternal human chromosome 15. Our results demonstrated a preponderance of unusual transcripts lacking protein-coding potential that were expressed exclusively from the paternal copy of the critical interval. This interval was also found to encompass a large direct repeat (DR) cluster displaying a potentially active chromatin conformation of paternal origin, as suggested by enhanced sensitivity to nuclease digestion. Database searches revealed an unexpected organization of tandemly repeated consensus elements, all of which possessed well-defined box C and D sequences characteristic of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Southern blot analysis further demonstrated a considerable degree of phylogenetic conservation of the DR locus in the genomes of all mammalian species tested, but not in chicken, Xenopus and Drosophila. These findings imply a potential direct contribution of the DR locus, representing a cluster of multiple snoRNA genes, to certain phenotypic features of PWS.
authors.affiliation: Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology project, Department of Molecular and Cell Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishimachi 86, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meguro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitsuya
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishigaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshimura
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D018244:Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast / Q000235:genetics; D002884:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15 / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D020451:Contig Mapping; D003360:Cosmids / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D020537:RNA, Small Nucleolar / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D020537:RNA, Small Nucleolar