title: Citrus peel use is associated with reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
abstract: Limonene has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of breast and colon cancers. The principal sources of d-limonene are the oils of orange, grapefruit, and lemon. The present case-control study was designed to determine the usual citrus consumption patterns of an older Southwestern population and to then evaluate how this citrus consumption varied with history of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. In this Arizona population, 64.3% and 74.5% of the respondents reported weekly consumption of citrus fruits and citrus juices, respectively. Orange juice (78.5%), orange (74.3%), and grapefruit (65.3%) were the predominant varieties of citrus consumed. Peel consumption was not uncommon, with 34.7% of all subjects reporting citrus peel use. We found no association between the overall consumption of citrus fruits [odds ratio (OR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.73-1.32] or citrus juices (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.71-1.31) and skin SCC. However, the most striking feature was the protection purported by citrus peel consumption (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.45-0.95). Moreover, there was a dose-response relationship between higher citrus peel in the diet and degree of risk lowering. This is the first study to explore the relationship between citrus peel consumption and human cancers. Our results show that peel consumption, the major source of dietary d-limonene, is not uncommon and may have a potential protective effect in relation to skin SCC. Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to more completely evaluate the interrelationships between peel intake, bioavailability of d-limonene, and other lifestyle factors.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control, Arizona Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA. ihakim@azcc.arizona.edu
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ritenbaugh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077222:Limonene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015206:Southwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013729:Terpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene