title: Characterization of tubular functional capacity in humans using para-aminohippurate and famotidine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal drug excretion by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion may be altered by factors such as acute and chronic renal disease, nephrotoxins, and drug interactions. Thus, accurate and reproducible methods for quantitation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular functional capacity are critical.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a four-step sequential infusion method to characterize anionic [para-aminohippurate (PAH)] and cationic (famotidine) tubular functional capacity in healthy volunteers. Filtration and secretion rates were quantitated from renal clearance and iothalamate-derived GFR determinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration-dependent renal clearance of PAH was observed at plasma concentrations> 100 mg/L; renal clearances were 442 +/- 131 (mean +/- SD), 423 +/- 94, 233 +/- 45, and 152 +/- 18 mL/min/1.73 m2 at plasma concentrations of 18 +/- 2, 92 +/- 5, 291 +/- 47 and 789 +/- 28 mg/L, respectively. The apparent affinity (Km) and maximum secretory capacity (TmPAH) were 141 +/- 70 mg/L and 71 +/- 16 mg/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The unbound renal clearance and tubular secretory clearance of famotidine were 384 +/- 70 and 329 +/- 78 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively, and were not significantly correlated with the unbound plasma concentrations, which ranged from 126 to 2659 ng/mL. The rate of tubular secretion was linear at unbound plasma concentrations up to 2659 ng/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that a sequential infusion method using PAH may be used to characterize the anionic secretory component of proximal tubular function. The tubular clearance of famotidine may be a suitable index of the cationic secretory capacity of the proximal tubule in humans. Saturation of the cationic secretory pathway was not observed, and further investigation into parallel pathways of cationic secretion, such as p-glycoprotein, may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fraley
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Matzke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000618:Aminohippuric Acids; D015738:Famotidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010130:p-Aminohippuric Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000618:Aminohippuric Acids; C024893:4-acetylaminohippuric acid; D015738:Famotidine; D010130:p-Aminohippuric Acid