title: Five-year follow-up of a food-based vitamin A intervention in Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : To evaluate the long-term effects of a horticultural and nutrition education intervention in rural Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  : A quasi-experimental post-test design was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  : The research was carried out in 10 villages in Singida region, Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Mothers and their children aged 6-71 months (n = 236) from an experimental (Ilongero) and control (Ihanja) area were interviewed regarding knowledge and practices related to vitamin A nutrition. Intake of vitamin A-rich foods by the children during the 7 days prior to the interview was recorded. Stools were examined for helminths and serum samples were analysed for retinol and C-reactive protein (CRP) (n = 146) for the children aged 12-71 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Knowledge and practices were more favourable to vitamin A intake in the experimental area than in the control area, and an increased frequency of intake of green leaves was associated with higher serum retinol values. The experimental area had lower mean serum retinol levels (13.7 microg dl(-1), n = 75) than the control area (19.3 microg dl(-1), n = 71). One likely confounder was the higher helminth infestation in the experimental area (n = 75, 79%) than in the control area (n = 71, 49%) (P < 0.001). Children with helminths (n = 94) had a lower mean serum retinol level than those without (n = 52) (12.3 +/- 5 vs. 24 +/- 10 microg dl(-1); P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Food-based vitamin A programmes can make sustainable improvements in knowledge and dietary practices but these may not necessarily be reflected in increases in serum retinol. Programme implementation and evaluation should take confounders into consideration as, in this case, helminth infestation.
authors.affiliation: Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kidala
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebre-Medhin
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000193:education*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006373:Helminthiasis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000193:education*; D011203:Poverty; D015397:Program Evaluation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D002097:C-Reactive Protein