title: [Experimental and clinical experiences with the Er:YAG laser otoscope].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laserotoscopes are suitable for low-pain outpatient surgery of otitis media with effusion (OME) under topical anesthesia. The myringotomy perforations should have a diameter greater than 2 mm to ventilate the middle ear for approximately 3 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the clinical applicability of a prototype of an Er:YAG laserotoscope (Baasel Lasertechnik, Starnberg, Germany) was tested. Formalin-fixed human tympanic membranes yielded the parameters suitable for clinical application of an Er:YAG laserotoscope in patients. With a focussed laser beam (beam diameter 500 microns), one is able to achieve perforations of 50-micron diameter with one single laser pulse applying pulse energies of 70 mJ (energy density 36 J/cm2). The ablation rate, i.e., the tissue layer that is ablated per laser pulse, is 100 microns using pulse energies of 70 mJ. This means that formalin-fixed human tympanic membrane can be perforated with one single laser pulse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients with OME (otitis media with effusion) were treated under topical anesthesia of the tympanic membrane (8% tetracainbase in Isopropanol for 15 min) with focussed laser pulses (beam diameter 500 microns) with energies of 100 mJ (energy density 52 J/cm2). A sufficient perforation diameter of 2 mm could be achieved with an average of 15 juxtaposed laser applications. The enlargement of the perforations was made difficult by extruding middle ear secretions and slight bleeding of the tympanic membrane. Between laser applications, the target tissue had to be cleaned by suctioning using the operation microscope. The healing of the tympanic membrane was verified and compared in postoperative clinical follow-ups. With a perforation diameter of 2 mm, the Er:YAG laser myringotomies healed within 14 days. The used parameters did not generate side effects such as inner ear hearing loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An effective, easy, and practical performance of laser myringotomy is not currently possible with the Er:YAG laserotoscope.
authors.affiliation: Hals-Nasen-Ohrenklinik mit Polikliniken, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sedlmaier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tägl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutzler
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schönfeld
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019720:Otoscopes; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery