title: Patterning the pharyngeal arches.
abstract: The presence of a muscularised pharynx with skeletal support is a fundamental vertebrate characteristic. Developmentally, the pharynx arises from the pharyngeal arches on either side of the head of vertebrate embryos. The development of the pharyngeal arches is complex involving a number of disparate embryonic populations, ectoderm, endoderm, neural crest and mesoderm, which must be co-ordinated to generate the components and overall identity of each of the arches. Previous studies suggested that it is the neural crest that plays a pivotal role in patterning the pharyngeal arches. It is now also becoming clear, however, that there are crest-independent patterning mechanisms. Therefore, pharyngeal arch patterning is more complex than was previously believed and there must be an integration of crest-dependent and -independent patterning mechanisms. BioEssays 23:54-61, 2001.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurobiology Group, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Kings College, London, UK. anthony.graham@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001934:Branchial Region / Q000196:embryology*; D016923:Cell Death; D004475:Ectoderm; D004707:Endoderm; D008648:Mesoderm; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000502:physiology; D012249:Rhombencephalon / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology