title: Calpain inhibitor I reduces the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and organ injury/dysfunction in hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: There is limited evidence that inhibition of the activity of the cytosolic cysteine protease calpain reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury. The multiple organ injury associated with hemorrhagic shock is due at least in part to ischemia (during hemorrhage) and reperfusion (during resuscitation) of target organs. Here we investigate the effects of calpain inhibitor I on the organ injury (kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, intestine) and dysfunction (kidney) associated with hemorrhagic shock in the anesthetized rat. Hemorrhage and resuscitation with shed blood resulted in an increase in calpain activity (heart), activation of NF-kappaB (kidney), expression of iNOS and COX-2 (kidney), and the development of multiple organ injury and dysfunction, all of which were attenuated by calpain inhibitor I (10 mg/kg i.p.), administered 30 min prior to hemorrhage. Chymostatin, a serine protease inhibitor that does not prevent the activation of NF-kappaB, had no effect on the organ injury/failure caused by hemorrhagic shock. Pretreatment (for 1 h) of murine macrophages or rat aortic smooth muscle cells (activated with endotoxin) with calpain inhibitor I attenuated the binding of activated NF-kappaB to DNA and the degradation of IkappaBalpha, IkappaBbeta, and IkappaBvarepsilon. Selective inhibition of iNOS activity with L-NIL reduced the circulatory failure and liver injury, while selective inhibition of COX-2 activity with SC58635 reduced the renal dysfunction and liver injury caused by hemorrhagic shock. Thus, we provide evidence that the mechanisms by which calpain inhibitor I reduces the circulatory failure as well as the organ injury and dysfunction in hemorrhagic shock include 1) inhibition of calpain activity, 2) inhibition of the activation of NF-kappaB and thus prevention of the expression of NFkappaB-dependent genes, 3) prevention of the expression of iNOS, and 4) prevention of the expression of COX-2. Inhibition of calpain activity may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the therapy of hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mota-Filipe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuzzocrea
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdelrahman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Plevin
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yaqoob
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiemermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012151:Resuscitation; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; C039304:calpain inhibitors; D004247:DNA; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D008049:Lipase