title: Repeated measures of horizontal heterophoria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess repeatability, horizontal heterophoria measurements were taken from 31 subjects on five occasions, each between 1 and 4 weeks apart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Distance heterophoria was measured using a Maddox Rod, and near heterophoria was measured using a Maddox Wing. In addition, near measurements were repeated with a +3.00 D lens in front of each eye to place the targets at optical infinity. In each case, the standard deviation of the five values was taken as a metric of the test variability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, the variability of the Maddox Rod was half of the Maddox Wing, both with and without the lenses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This consistency suggests that the difference reflects the test conditions rather than optical differences in the target position.
authors.affiliation: Visual Ergonomics Research Group (VISERG), Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom. p.a.howarth@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Howarth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology*