title: Pyrogenic reactions associated with single daily dosing of intravenous gentamicin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors associated with an unexpected outbreak of pyrogenic reactions (PR) following intravenous gentamicin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted two cohort studies. PRs were defined as chills, rigors, or shaking within 3 hours after initiating the gentamicin infusion during the preepidemic (December 1, 1997-January 15, 1998) or epidemic (May 1-June 15, 1998) periods. We tested gentamicin vials for endotoxin using the limulus amebocyte lysate assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient services of a large community hospital in Los Angeles, California.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the epidemic period, 22 (15%) of 152 patients developed documented PRs following intravenous gentamicin. PRs were more likely among patients receiving single daily dosing (SDD) than multiple daily dosing gentamicin (20/73 [27%] vs. 2/79 [3%]; relative risk, 10.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.6 44.7). Laboratory analysis of gentamicin vials found endotoxin levels that were higher among Fujisawa-brand gentamicin (implicated brand) than gentamicin used after the outbreak terminated (non-implicated brand). Although endotoxin levels in the vials did not exceed US Pharmacopeia limits (1.7 endotoxin units/mg gentamicin), the use of SDD gentamicin may place patients at greater risk of receiving doses of endotoxin above the threshold for PRs in humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reassessment of the acceptable amounts of endotoxin in gentamicin and other parenteral products should be considered when dosing intervals used in clinical practice change.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arduino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pon
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fontanilla
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pegues
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boghossian
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mascola
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D023341:Chills / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D005839:Gentamicins