title: Depression, hopelessness, and desire for hastened death in terminally ill patients with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding why some terminally ill patients desire a hastened death has become an important issue in palliative care and the debate regarding legalization of assisted suicide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of desire for hastened death among terminally ill cancer patients and to identify factors corresponding to desire for hastened death. Design Prospective survey conducted in a 200-bed palliative care hospital in New York, NY.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two terminally ill cancer patients (60% female; 70% white; mean age, 65.9 years) admitted between June 1998 and January 1999 for end-of-life care who passed a cognitive screening test and provided sufficient data to permit analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores on the Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death (SAHD), a self-report measure assessing desire for hastened death among individuals with life-threatening medical illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen patients (17%) were classified as having a high desire for hastened death based on the SAHD and 15 (16%) of 89 patients met criteria for a current major depressive episode. Desire for hastened death was significantly associated with a clinical diagnosis of depression (P=.001) as well as with measures of depressive symptom severity (P<.001) and hopelessness (P<.001). In multivariate analyses, depression (P=.003) and hopelessness (P<.001) provided independent and unique contributions to the prediction of desire for hastened death, while social support (P=.05) and physical functioning (P=.02) added significant but smaller contributions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Desire for hastened death among terminally ill cancer patients is not uncommon. Depression and hopelessness are the strongest predictors of desire for hastened death in this population and provide independent and unique contributions. Interventions addressing depression, hopelessness, and social support appear to be important aspects of adequate palliative care, particularly as it relates to desire for hastened death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. breitbaw@mskcc.org
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Breitbart
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pessin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaim
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Funesti-Esch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galietta
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brescia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010166:Palliative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012944:Social Support; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013727:Terminal Care; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*