title: Severity, manifestations, and consequences of violence among pregnant adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the severity, manifestations, and consequences of prenatal violence among adolescent and adult participants in a county health department prenatal care coordination program.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective cohort study design included all Medicaid-eligible program participants from 1994 to 1996. Care coordinators screened participants for prenatal violence using a validated, systematic violence assessment protocol at three times during pregnancy. This protocol was linked with prenatal care and hospital delivery records to document pregnancy outcomes. The main outcome variables were low birth weight (<2500 g) and preterm delivery (before 37 weeks' gestation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among teens, 16.1% reported prenatal violence, including 9.4% who reported severe violence such as hitting, kicking, or stabbing. Among adults, 11.6% reported prenatal violence, including 4.8% who reported severe violence. Teens were more likely than adults to report abdominal trauma (56% vs. 22%) and violence perpetrated by a relative (23% vs. 5%). Teens who reported severe prenatal violence were more likely to report alcohol use. They were significantly more likely to deliver preterm than teens who reported "other" or "no" prenatal violence (odds ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1-10.8) when adjusting for race, adequacy of prenatal care, prior preterm delivery, and alcohol use. For adults, the relationship between prenatal violence and preterm delivery was not statistically significant. The relationship between prenatal violence and low birth weight was not significant for either age cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal violence was a significant risk factor for preterm birth in this population, especially among teens.
authors.affiliation: Coastal Area Health Education Center, Wilmington, North Carolina 28402-9025, USA. covi@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Covington
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Justason
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009657:North Carolina; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data