title: In utero exposure to coumarins and cognition at 8 to 14 years old.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cognitive abilities in school-aged children who have been exposed to coumarins in utero.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Coumarin derivatives are an effective option for anticoagulant therapy in pregnant women. However, case reports describe anomalies of the fetal central nervous system after in utero exposure to coumarins. It is unclear whether prenatal exposure has an effect on cognitive functioning later in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The exposed cohort consisted of 291 children from mothers who were prospectively registered because of coumarin treatment during pregnancy. The nonexposed cohort included 253 age-matched peers. An IQ was estimated using subtests of the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Educational achievement was examined with tests for reading, spelling, and arithmetic. In addition, schoolteachers were asked to judge performance on language and arithmetic. The observers were not aware of the exposure status of the child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in mean IQ were found between the exposed and nonexposed cohort (mean difference: -1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.2-1.1), but an IQ score below 80 was found in 11 children in the exposed compared with 3 children in the nonexposed cohort (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1; CI: 0.8-11.6). Regarding the tests for educational achievement, exposed children as a group performed as well as nonexposed controls. Exposed boys, in comparison with nonexposed boys, showed a higher frequency of poor performance on reading (OR = 2.9; CI: 1.1-7.4) and spelling (OR = 2.5; CI: 1.0-6.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive functioning in coumarin-exposed children does not differ from nonexposed controls, but a minority of children seem to be prone to the potential negative effects of coumarins during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. p.j.j.sauer@bkk.azg.nl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Driel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Der Veer
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Touwen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smrkovsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003374:Coumarins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D003374:Coumarins