title: Anti-apoptotic signaling by hepatocyte growth factor/Met via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
abstract: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a ligand of the receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the c-Met protooncogene. HGF/Met signaling has multifunctional effects on various cell types. We sought to determine the role of HGF/Met in apoptosis and identify signal transducers involved in this process. In experiments with human SK-LMS-1 leiomyosarcoma cells, we show that the Akt kinase is activated by HGF in a time- and dose-dependent manner by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). Akt is also activated by active tumorigenic forms of Met, i.e., ligand-independent Tpr-Met, a truncated and constitutively dimerized form of Met, and a mutationally activated version of Met corresponding to that found in human hereditary papillary renal carcinoma. In NIH 3T3 cells transfected with wild-type Met, HGF inhibits apoptosis induced by serum starvation and UV irradiation. HGF-induced survival correlates with Akt activity and is inhibited by the specific PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, indicating that HGF inhibits cell death through the PI3-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, transiently transfected Tpr-Met activates Akt (both Akt1 and Akt2) and protects cells from apoptosis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) also is activated by HGF and rescues cells from apoptosis, although the cytoprotective effect is less marked than for PI3-kinase/Akt. Blocking MAPK with the specific MAPK kinase inhibitor PD098059 impairs the ability of HGF to promote cell survival. Similar results were obtained with NIH 3T3 cells expressing the fusion protein Trk-Met and stimulated with nerve growth factor, the Trk ligand. These results demonstrate that HGF/Met is capable of protecting cells from apoptosis by using both PI3-kinase/Akt and, to a lesser extent, MAPK pathways.
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeffers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellacosa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mitsuuchi
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Vande Woude
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Testa
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D005419:Flavonoids; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D008024:Ligands; D009025:Morpholines; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494921:AKT2 protein, human; C494922:Akt2 protein, mouse; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one