title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the enteropancreatic innervation.
abstract: Pancreatic ganglia are innervated by neurons in the gut and are formed by precursor cells that migrate into the pancreas from the bowel. The innervation of the pancreas, therefore, may be considered an extension of the enteric nervous system. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is present in a subset of enteric neurons. We investigated the presence of PACAP in the enteropancreatic innervation in guinea pigs, and the response of pancreatic neurons to PACAP-related peptides. PACAP immunoreactivity was found in nerve fibers in both enteric and pancreatic ganglia and in nerve bundles that travelled between the duodenum and pancreas. PACAP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were densely distributed in the pancreatic ganglia, where they surrounded a subset of cholinergic cell bodies. Pancreatic ganglia did not contain PACAP-immunoreactive cell bodies; however, neuronal perikarya with PACAP immunoreactivity were found in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum. These cells co-stored vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). PACAP depolarized pancreatic neurons. Pancreatic neurons were also depolarized by VIP; however, PACAP was more efficacious at depolarizing pancreatic cells than VIP. These findings are consistent with the view that the PACAP effects were mediated through PACAP-selective (PAC1) receptors. PACAP-responsive neurons displayed PAC1 receptor immunoreactivity, which was also found in islet cells and enteric neurons. These results provide support for the hypothesis that PACAP modulates reflex activity between the gut and pancreas. The excitatory effect of PACAP would be expected to potentiate pancreatic secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA. akirchgessner@netmail.hscbklyn.edu
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kirchgessner
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004386:Duodenum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000378:metabolism; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000294:innervation*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; D011979:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; D011979:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide