title: Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: therapeutic management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common condition, and its diagnosis must be based more on regular in-time epiphora than mattering. The purpose of this study is to better define the diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have retrospectively evaluated 1563 subjects treated from 1990-1997 at the Pediatric Ophthalmological Service of Modena University Eye Clinic. The mean age at first examination was 5.7 months. According to symptoms and age, patients were treated with antibiotic therapy, office probing, or general anesthesia probing. Recovery was confirmed only after a 3-month symptom-free period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 29% of patients recovered spontaneously or with topical antibiotic therapy. Office probing reduced the number of patients who needed a general anesthesia probing (from 62.97% from 1990-1993 to 33.61% from 1994-1997). In the period from 1994-1997, we changed the technique and especially the age of patients, obtaining a clearing of the obstruction in about 86% of cases compared with a 39% rate in the earlier period. Since 1994, in cases of general anesthesia probing, we have used a midazolam and ketamine anesthesiologic technique that has reduced risks and increased parental satisfaction and cost-effectiveness. Also, our data show that age at first attempt highly influenced probing failure rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the first ophthalmologic examination is precocious and correctly timed, the possibility of curing the patient using the simplest method is increased. Better results can be obtained with cooperation among pediatricians, ophthalmologists, and anesthesiologists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiesi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Longanesi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornaciari
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Morano
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome