title: Relationships between quantitative measures and neurologist's clinical rating of tremor and standing steadiness in two epidemiological studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present investigation was to 1) compare a neurologist's physical examination (NPx) rating of severity of postural tremor to several summary measures derived from quantitative measurements of tremor and 2) compare a NPx rating of standing steadiness and related clinical findings to quantitative sway speed measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparisons were performed on data obtained from two epidemiological field studies: 1) retired heavy industrial workers (n= 198, approximately half previously exposed to elemental mercury), and 2) small town residents (n=234, approximately 40% with environmental exposure to arsenic). A commercially available tremor measurement instrument was used in both studies. To obtain standing steadiness measures, a head position monitoring device was used in the mercury study, and a force platform was used in the arsenic study. The NPx included assessment of postural tremor, as well as evaluation of vibration perception and proprioception of the great toe, Achilles tendon reflex activity, Romberg test status, and tandem gait. One neurologist performed all the NPx in both studies and results were graded as normal, equivocal, or abnormal. The square root of the proportion of variance accounted for by a linear trend term in ANOVA models was used as an estimate of association between quantitative tests and clinical examination grade. An estimate of agreement, kappa, was also calculated after both NPx and quantitative test results were dichotomized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most tremor summary measures varied monotonically with NPx tremor severity grade. Moderately good associations were observed between the tremor acceleration measure and NPx postural tremor grade (correlations up to approximately 0.5). Sway speed with eyes open and with eyes closed increased monotonically with NPx grade for most of the clinical signs. The NPx signs showing the strongest relationships with sway speed were Romberg test performance, tandem gait, and proprioception and vibration sensation of the great toe (correlations up to approximately 0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative tremor measurements were related to a neurologist's grading of postural tremor. Sway speed was associated with several NPx findings related to standing stability. Quantitative measurements of tremor and standing stability may provide more precise and objective measures of neurological function than NPx by a neurologist and are likely to be more consistent across times and examiners.
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. fgerr@sph.emory.edu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Letz
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008630:Mercury Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010465:Perception; D011187:Posture; D011434:Proprioception; D044469:Racial Groups; D012018:Reflex; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014202:Tremor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic