title: Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dementia with Lewy bodies is a common form of dementia in the elderly, characterised clinically by fluctuating cognitive impairment, attention deficits, visual hallucinations, parkinsonism, and other neuropsychiatric features. Neuroleptic medication can provoke severe sensitivity reactions in patients with dementia of this type. Many deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission are seen in the brain of patients with Lewy-body dementia; therefore, drugs enhancing central cholinergic function represent a rationally-based therapeutic approach to this disorder. Rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, was tested in a group of clinically characterised patients with Lewy-body dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre study was done in 120 patients with Lewy-body dementia from the UK, Spain, and Italy. Individuals were given up to 12 mg rivastigmine daily or placebo for 20 weeks, followed by 3 weeks rest. Assessment by means of the neuropsychiatric inventory was made at baseline, and again at weeks 12, 20, and 23. A computerised cognitive assessment system and neuropsychological tests were also used, and patients underwent close medical and laboratory safety analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients taking rivastigmine were significantly less apathetic and anxious, and had fewer delusions and hallucinations while on treatment than controls. Almost twice as many patients on rivastigmine (37, 63%), than on placebo (18, 30%), showed at least a 30% improvement from baseline. In the computerised cognitive assessment system and the neuropsychological tests, patients were significantly faster and better than those on placebo, particularly on tasks with a substantial attentional component. Both predefined primary efficacy measures differed significantly between rivastigmine and placebo. After drug discontinuation differences between rivastigmine and placebo tended to disappear. Known adverse events of cholinesterase inhibitors (nausea, vomiting, anorexia) were seen more frequently with rivastigmine than with placebo, but safety and tolerability of the drug in these mostly multimorbid patients were judged acceptable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rivastigmine 6-12 mg daily produces statistically and clinically significant behavioural effects in patients with Lewy-body dementia, and seems safe and well tolerated if titrated individually.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Health of the Elderly, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. i.g.mckeith@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: McKeith
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Del Ser
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emre
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wesnes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cicin-Sain
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spiegel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002219:Carbamates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D000068836:Rivastigmine