title: Chronic depolarization induced by veratridine increases the survival of rat retinal ganglion cells 'in vitro'.
abstract: During the last decades it has been shown that trophic molecules released by target, afferent and glial cells play a pivotal role controlling neuronal cell death. Trophic molecules are able to inhibit this regressive event during development as well as during degenerative diseases. One of the mechanisms involved in the control of neuronal survival by afferent cells requires the release of trophic molecules stimulated by electrical activity. It has been demonstrated that veratridine (a depolarizing agent that keeps the Na+ channels opened) induces an increase in neuronal survival. In the present work we show that 3 microM veratridine induced a two-fold increase on the survival of retinal ganglion cells after 48 h in culture. The veratridine effect was inhibited by 50 microM amiloride (an inhibitor of Ca2+ channels), 25 microM benzamil (an inhibitor of Na+ channels), 30 microM dantrolene and 7.5 microM caffeine (both inhibitors of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmatic reticulum) and 10 microM BAPTA-AM (an intracellular Ca2+ chelator). However, 5 microM nifedipine (a selective inhibitor of voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels) and 100 microM MK 801 (an inhibitor of NMDA receptors) did not block the veratridine effect. On the other hand, treatment with 10 microM genistein (an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase enzymes), 20 microM fluorodeoxyuridine (an inhibitor of cell proliferation) or 10 microM atropine (an antagonist of muscarinic receptors) completely abolished the effect of veratridine. Taken together, our results indicate that veratridine increases the survival of rat retinal ganglion cells through mechanisms involving Na+ influx, intracellular Ca2+ release, activation of tyrosine kinase enzymes and cellular proliferation. They also indicate that cholinergic activity plays an important role in the veratridine effect.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fernandez Pereira
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giestal de Araujo
mesh_terms: D000584:Amiloride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type / Q000502:physiology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003620:Dantrolene / Q000494:pharmacology; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000494:pharmacology; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D014701:Veratridine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type; D002614:Chelating Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C013407:benzamil; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D002110:Caffeine; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D014701:Veratridine; D000584:Amiloride; D003620:Dantrolene; D009543:Nifedipine