Applications of pharmacogenetics to drug development: the Glaxo Wellcome experience.
The Genetics Directorate was established at Glaxo Wellcome (GW) in 1997. The goals of the Directorate are to identify susceptibility genes for common diseases with large unmet therapeutic need, apply genetic methods for the targeted development of medicines so that the right medicine is developed for the right patient, assist in translating gene discoveries into target selection, and represent genetics accurately internally within GW and externally (to laypersons, the medical community, the business community, government representatives, and regulatory agencies). As part of the goal of developing the right medication for the right patient, GW has added genetic research to its clinical drug studies in every major therapeutic area. GW worked closely with international ethicists experienced in the area of genetic research to develop the process and documents that are currently in use; these undergo frequent, rigorous review in light of the changing regulatory and legal environment and the needs of clinical investigators and patients. The addition of genetic research to clinical studies was accompanied by significant education efforts within GW and for study-site personnel, ethics committees, and regulatory authorities. Feedback from all those involved is an integral part of implementing GW's genetic research and is used to fine-tune the processes and protocol and consent document templates. A recently completed review of the approval rate from ethics committees in several countries has revealed trends in EC/IRB (Ethics Committees/Institutional Review Boards) questions and concerns about genetic research. This article will focus on the lessons learned from incorporating genetic research into clinical studies at over 1,500 international sites and will include summaries of the feedback from investigators, EC/IRBs, and regulatory authorities. It also will include a discussion of the potential applications of SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) map technologies to pharmacogenetics by increasing the ability to correlate patients' genetic information with their response to medicines.
Arledge
T
T
Glaxo Wellcome, Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA.
Freeman
A
A
Arbuckle
J
J
Mosteller
M
M
Manasco
P
P
D015195:Drug Design; D004345:Drug Industry; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide