title: Efficacy of three insect repellents against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis.
abstract: Three commercial repellents marketed in South Africa: Bio-Skincare (BSC, oils of coconut, jojoba, rapeseed and vitamin E), Mosiguard towelletes with 0.574 g quwenling (p-menthane-3,8-diol, PMD) and the standard deet (15% diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, Tabard lotion), were compared against a laboratory colony of the mosquito Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae), the predominant malaria vector in South Africa. Human forearms were treated with 1.2 g BSC, 0.8 g PMD towelette or 0.5 g deet and exposed to 200 hungry An. arabiensis females for 1 min, at intervals of 1-6 h post-treatment. Tests were conducted by three adult male volunteers (aged 30-45 years, crossover controlled test design for 3 consecutive days), using their left arm for treatment and right arm for untreated control. Biting rates averaged 39-52 bites/min on untreated arms. All three repellents provided complete protection against An. arabiensis for up to 3-4 h post-application; deet and PMD gave 90-100% protection up to 5-6h, but BSC declined to only 52% protection 6h post-treatment. These results are interpreted to show that all three repellent products give satisfactory levels of personal protection against An. arabiensis for 4-5 h, justifying further evaluation in the field.
authors.affiliation: Mpumalanga Department of Health, Nelspruit, South Africa.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Govere
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Durrheim
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coetzee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003671:DEET / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013019:South Africa; D013729:Terpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; D003671:DEET