title: Comparison of three methods to recover vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from perianal and environmental samples collected during a hospital outbreak of VRE.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish an efficient and sensitive technique for recovering vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from perianal and environmental samples collected during implementation of control measures for an outbreak of VRE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perianal and environmental samples were collected in triplicate on sterile swabs. One swab was used to inoculate a selective broth medium containing 6 pg of vancomycin and 8 pg of ciprofloxacin per mL, one to inoculate Campylobacter agar containing 10 microg/mL of vancomycin, and one to inoculate Enterococcosel agar containing 8 microg/mL of vancomycin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were collected in the intensive care units of a 600-bed university hospital over a period of 2 months. SAMPLE SELECTION: Patients and their immediate environment were sampled if they resided in a ward with a patient known to be colonized or infected with VRE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 88 perianal samples obtained from 63 patients, 37 were positive for VRE by broth culture, with 36 also recovered on both types of solid media (sensitivity, 97.3%; negative predictive value, 98.1%). Of the initial samples collected from each of the 63 patients, 20 were positive for VRE by all methods. Of the 500 environmental samples cultured, 139 were positive for VRE in broth, with only 33 recovered on Campylobacter agar (sensitivity, 23.7%; negative predictive value, 77.2%) and 22 on Enterococcosel agar (sensitivity, 15.8%; negative predictive value, 75.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that, when performing surveillance cultures during an outbreak of VRE, use of an enrichment broth medium is required to recover VRE contaminating environmental surfaces; however, direct inoculation to selective solid medium is adequate to recover VRE in patient perianal specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Reisner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Woodmansee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Mayhall
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance
chemical_list: D000362:Agar