title: New approaches to phenotypic analysis in adult mice.
abstract: Gain- and loss-of-function strategies using transgenic over-expression and targeted ablation of candidate genes in in the mouse have provided important mechanistic insights into cardiovascular development, physiology and disease. An essential, but challenging step is the functional analysis of the resultant phenotype. The methods described in this review permit the study of integrated cardiovascular physiology in the adult mouse. A critical review of the available in vivo methods that assay cardiac volume (echocardiography, conductance volumetry, sonomicrometry, magnetic resonance imaging) pressure (micromanometers), flow (Doppler echocardiography), and bioelectricity (electrophysiologic studies) are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. bdh6@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hoit
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000662:veterinary; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains / Q000235:genetics; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D010641:Phenotype; D010991:Plethysmography / Q000662:veterinary; D012016:Reference Values; D013045:Species Specificity; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left