title: The effects of noradrenergic activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius on memory and in potentiating norepinephrine release in the amygdala.
abstract: Although it is known that norepinephrine (NE) modulates memory by acting on limbic areas, few studies describe how structures supplying NE to the limbic system, such as the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) contribute to this process. The present study examined the effects on memory of activating the NE pathway between the NTS and the amygdala (AMYG). Rats received buffer or the beta-noradrenergic agonist clenbuterol (CLN; 10, 50, or 100 ng/0.5 microl) into the NTS after footshock training in a Y-maze discrimination task. Infusion of 100 ng CLN significantly improved memory when retention was tested in the absence or presence of cues associated with the footshock. Experiment 2 used in vivo microdialysis to determine whether the mnemonic effects of CLN are mediated by influencing NE output in the AMYG. Subjects were given an intra-NTS infusion of CLN or phosphate buffered saline, footshock (0.8 mA, 1 s), and injected with epinephrine (EPI; 0.3 mg/kg ip) or saline. CLN or EPI injection produced a significant increase in NE sampled from the AMYG. These findings indicate that activation of NTS neurons that project to and release NE in the AMYG modulates memory storage processing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904, USA. clw3b@virginia.edu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Men
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Clayton
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine