title: Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on regional brain activity in depressed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High (10-20 Hz) and low frequency (1-5 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have been explored for possible therapeutic effects in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. As part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study evaluating the antidepressant effect of daily rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex, we evaluated changes in absolute regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) after treatment with 1- and 20-Hz rTMS. Based on preclinical data, we postulated that high frequency rTMS would increase and low frequency rTMS would decrease flow in frontal and related subcortical circuits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten medication-free, adult patients with major depression (eight unipolar and two bipolar) were serially imaged using (15)O water and positron emission tomography to measure rCBF. Each patient was scanned at baseline and 72 hours after 10 daily treatments with 20-Hz rTMS and 10 daily treatments with 1 Hz rTMS given in a randomized order. TMS was administered over the left prefrontal cortex at 100% of motor threshold (MT). Significant changes in rCBF from pretreatment baseline were determined by paired t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-hertz rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex was associated only with increases in rCBF. Significant increases in rCBF across the group of all 10 patients were located in the prefrontal cortex (L > R), the cingulate gyrus (L >> R), and the left amygdala, as well as bilateral insula, basal ganglia, uncus, hippocampus, parahippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. In contrast, 1-Hz rTMS was associated only with decreases in rCBF. Significant decreases in flow were noted in small areas of the right prefrontal cortex, left medial temporal cortex, left basal ganglia, and left amygdala. The changes in mood following the two rTMS frequencies were inversely related (r = -.78, p <.005, n = 10) such that individuals who improved with one frequency worsened with the other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that 2 weeks of daily 20-Hz rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex at 100% MT induce persistent increases in rCBF in bilateral frontal, limbic, and paralimbic regions implicated in depression, whereas 1-Hz rTMS produces more circumscribed decreases (including in the left amygdala). These data demonstrate frequency-dependent, opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on local and distant regional brain activity that may have important implications for clinical therapeutics in various neuropsychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20895, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Speer
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kimbrell
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wassermann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D Repella
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herscovitch
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome