title: Small advanced colorectal cancers: clinicopathological characteristics and pathogenetic origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, increasing numbers of small but deeply invading colorectal cancers have been detected. We conducted the present study to examine the hypothesis that these small advanced cancers are more biologically malignant than larger cancers and to elucidate their pathogenetic origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics of 23 advanced cancers not exceeding 2 cm in diameter (Small-Ca) in comparison with 1117 advanced cancers larger than 2 cm (Large-Ca). We compared the frequency of K-ras mutation and the growth pattern (polypoid growth, PG; non-polypoid growth, NPG) between Small-Ca and 60 submucosal cancers not exceeding 2 cm in diameter (Early-Ca).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generally, Small-Ca showed less malignant characteristics than Large-Ca. However, Small-Ca with NPG pattern invaded more deeply and metastasized more frequently than those with PG pattern. In Small-Ca, all ulcerated lesions showed NPG pattern, whereas only 14% of protruded lesions did. In Early-Ca, 90% of non-polypoid lesions showed NPG pattern, whereas only 16% of polypoid lesions did. K-ras mutation was less frequent in ulcerated Small-Ca than in polypoid cancers (33 vs 57%). In Early-Ca, non-polypoid cancers showed a lower frequency of K-ras mutation than polypoid cancers (9% vs 46%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small-Ca, in general, were less malignant clinicopathologically than Large-Ca; however, Small-Ca with NPG pattern showed a tendency to be more aggressive than those with PG pattern. The similarity of the K-ras mutation rate and growth pattern of ulcerated Small-Ca and non-polypoid Early-Ca suggests that the majority of ulcerated Small-Ca may originate from non-polypoid Early-Ca.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Japan. ishihara-1su@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Umetani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002455:Cell Division; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*