title: Topical hepatic hypothermia attenuates pulmonary injury after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolonged periods of hepatic ischemia are associated with hepatocellular injury and distant organ dysfunction in experimental models. Neutrophils (PMN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha have been implicated, mostly because of their local deleterious effects on the hepatocyte after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesize that topical hepatic hypothermia (THH) reduces ischemia and reperfusion-induced hepatic necrosis, PMN infiltration, TNF-alpha release, and consequent acute pulmonary injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats (250 to 300g) were evenly divided into three groups: 90 minutes of normothermic (37 degrees C) partial hepatic ischemia (normothermic I/R), 90 minutes of hypothermic (25 degrees C) partial hepatic ischemia (hypothermic I/R), and sham laparotomy (without ischemia). There were six animals in each experimental group per time point unless otherwise specified. Hepatic necrosis and PMN infiltration were evaluated and scored on hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver specimens 12 hours after reperfusion. Serum TNF-alpha levels were determined by ELISA at 0 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 12 hours postreperfusion. Pulmonary PMN infiltration and vascular permeability were measured by myeloperoxidase activity and Evans blue dye extravasation, respectively, to quantitate pulmonary injury 12 hours after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normothermic I/R results in a significant increase in TNF-alpha at 15 and 30 minutes (p < 0.005), PMN infiltration (p < 0.001), and hepatic necrosis (p < 0.001), compared with sham. Institution of THH reduced peak serum TNF-alpha levels by 54% at 15 minutes (p < 0.005) and by 73% at 30 minutes (p < 0.001) postreperfusion compared with normothermic I/R. Similarly, hepatic PMN infiltration and necrosis at 12 hours were reduced by 60% (p < 0.05) and 47% (p < 0.05), respectively. Myeloperoxidase activity and Evans blue extravasation (measures of acute lung injury) were reduced by 42% and 39%, respectively, with institution of THH compared with animals undergoing normothermic I/R (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that THH protects the liver from ischemia and reperfusion-induced necrosis and PMN infiltration. In addition, THH reduces the serum levels of TNF-alpha and associated pulmonary injury. These data suggest that the ischemic liver is a potential source of inflammatory mediators associated with hepatic ischemia and reperfusion-induced pulmonary injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Pachter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shamamian
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009195:Peroxidase