title: Capillary and microchip electrophoresis for rapid detection of known mutations by combining allele-specific DNA amplification with heteroduplex analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detection of mutations by gel electrophoresis and allele-specific amplification by PCR (AS-PCR) is not easily scaled to accommodate a large number of samples. Alternative electrophoretic formats, such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microchip electrophoresis, may provide powerful platforms for simple, fast, automated, and high-throughput mutation detection after allele-specific amplification.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA samples heterozygous for four mutations (185delAG, 5382insC, 3867G-->T, and 6174delT) in BRCA1 and BRCA2, and homozygous for one mutation (5382insC) in BRCA1 and two mutations (16delAA and 822delG) in PTEN were chosen as the model system to evaluate the capillary and microchip electrophoresis methods. To detect each mutation, three primers, of which one was labeled with the fluorescent dye 6-carboxyfluorescein and one was the allele-specific primer (mutation-specific primer), were used to amplify the DNA fragments in the range of 130-320 bp. AS-PCR was combined with heteroduplex (HD) analysis, where the DNA fragments obtained by AS-PCR were analyzed with the conditions developed for CE-based HD analysis (using a fluorocarbon-coated capillary and hydroxyethylcellulose). The CE conditions were transferred into the microchip electrophoresis format.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three genotypes, homozygous wild type, homozygous mutant, and heterozygous mutant, could be identified by CE-based AS-PCR-HD analysis after 10-25 min of analysis time. Using the conditions optimized with CE, we translated the AS-PCR-HD analysis mutation detection method to the microchip electrophoresis format. The detection of three heterozygous mutations (insertion, deletion, and substitution) in BRCA1 could be accomplished in 180 s or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to develop a CE-based method that exploits both AS-PCR and HD analysis for detecting specific mutations. Fast separation and the capacity for automated operation create the potential for developing a powerful electrophoresis-based mutation detection system. Fabrication of multichannel microchip platforms may enable mutation detection with high throughput.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Landers
mesh_terms: D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D024682:BRCA2 Protein; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D024682:BRCA2 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors