title: Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in space-occupying stroke: an early outcome predictor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) allows bedside imaging of intracranial hemodynamics and parenchymal structures. It provides reliable information regarding midline shift (MLS) in space-occupying hemispheric stroke. We studied the value of MLS measurement to predict fatal outcome at different time points after stroke onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients with acute, severe hemispheric stroke were enrolled. Cranial computed tomography (CCT) and extracranial duplex sonography were performed on admission. TCCS was carried out 8+/-3, 16+/-3, 24+/-3, 32+/-3, and 40+/-3 hours after stroke onset. Lesion size was determined from follow-up CCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients died as the result of cerebral herniation (group 1); 28 survived (group 2). Two patients received decompressive hemicraniectomy and were therefore excluded from further evaluation. MLS was significantly higher in group 1 as early as 16 hours after onset of stroke. Specificity and positive predictive values for death caused by cerebral herniation of MLS >/=2.5, 3.5, 4.0, and 5.0 mm after 16, 24, 32, and 40 hours were 1.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCCS helps to estimate outcome as early as 16 hours after stroke onset and thus facilitates identification of patients who are unlikely to survive without decompressive craniectomy. Because of its noninvasive character and bedside suitability, sonographic monitoring of MLS might be a useful tool in management of critically ill patients who cannot undergo repeated CCT scans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen (Germany).
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerriets
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babacan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fiss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jauss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaps
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*