title: Cost-effectiveness model of cytomegalovirus management strategies in renal transplantation. Comparing valaciclovir prophylaxis with current practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease may occur following renal transplantation and has been shown to have health and cost consequences in this setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cost effectiveness of different CMV management strategies for renal transplant patients: prophylaxis with (i) oral valaciclovir or (ii) intravenous ganciclovir; viral testing for CMV followed by (iii) pre-emptive therapy with intravenous ganciclovir or (iv) adjustment of immunosuppression and intensive monitoring; or (v) waiting to treat when CMV disease develops.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision-tree model was constructed that included the different management strategies for the donor seropositive/recipient seronegative (D+R-) population. Clinical outcomes for the D+R- population came from clinical trials. Treatment algorithms and costs for CMV syndrome and tissue invasive disease were developed from published literature and UK physician interviews. One- and 2-way sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  UK National Health Service.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prophylaxis with either oral valaciclovir or intravenous ganciclovir dominated (lower costs and fewer cases of CMV disease) the pre-emptive treatment and wait-and-treat strategies. The cost per patient was from 157 Pounds to 438 Pounds higher with oral valaciclovir prophylaxis compared with intravenous ganciclovir prophylaxis and the incremental cost per case of CMV disease avoided with valaciclovir prophylaxis ranged from 2243 Pounds to 8111 Pounds (1996 values). These results are sensitive to the efficacy of intravenous ganciclovir prophylaxis and CMV management costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For D+R- renal transplant patients, prophylaxis is the dominant (more effective and less costly) management strategy compared with pre-emptive and wait-and-treat strategies. The cost per patient with oral valaciclovir prophylaxis compared with intravenous ganciclovir prophylaxis is slightly higher in our base case scenario, but may be lower under reasonable alternative assumptions.
authors.affiliation: Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA. JOM@RTI.ORG
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mauskopf
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Annemans
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maclaine
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000465:Algorithms; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003663:Decision Trees; D016527:Drug Costs; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D011292:Premedication / Q000191:economics; D000077483:Valacyclovir; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D014633:Valine; D000077483:Valacyclovir; D015774:Ganciclovir; D000212:Acyclovir