title: Donor bone marrow-derived chimeric cells present in renal transplant recipients infused with donor marrow. I. Potent regulators of recipient antidonor immune responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even though a number of transplant centers have adopted donor-specific bone marrow cell (DBMC) infusions to enhance donor cell chimerism, to date there has been no direct evidence linking chimerism with tolerance induction in human organ transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells of donor phenotype were isolated 1 year postoperatively from the peripheral blood lymphocytes and iliac crest bone marrow of 11 living-related-donor (LRD) renal transplant recipients, who had received perioperative donor bone marrow cell infusions. These recipient-derived donor (RdD) cells were characterized phenotypically by flow cytometric analysis and functionally as modulators in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The yield of RdD cells ranged from 0.1 to O.9% of the starting material with the majority being TcRalphabeta, CD3 positive T cells, a substantial percentage of which coexpressed CD28. At 1 year posttransplant almost 50% of the LRD-kidney/DBMC recipients tested so far exhibited donor-specific unresponsiveness in MLR (7/17) and CML (6/13) reactions and this trend was further enhanced at 23 years. In the recipients with residual positive antidonor immune responses, the RdD cells inhibited recipient antidonor MLR and CML responses significantly more strongly than freshly isolated and similarly treated iliac crest bone marrow cells from the donor. RdD cells also inhibited the MLR of the recipient to third party allogeneic stimulator cells; however, this nonspecific effect was significantly weaker than specific inhibition. We also established long-term bone marrow cultures stimulated every 2 weeks with irradiated alogeneic feeder cells, that had similar functional properties thus possibly providing us with an in vitro correlate the RdD cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results clearly support the notion that the infused donor cells play a positive role in the induction and/or maintenance of transplant tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, and the Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Morales
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciancio
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carreno
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tzakis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricordi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Esquenazi
mesh_terms: D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002678:Chimera / Q000276:immunology*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000379:methods*; D019520:Living Donors; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous