title: Regulated apical secretion of zymogens in rat pancreas. Involvement of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein GP-2, the lectin ZG16p, and cholesterol-glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains.
abstract: We examined the role of glycosphingolipid- and cholesterol-enriched microdomains, or rafts, in the sorting of digestive enzymes into zymogen granules destined for apical secretion and in granule formation. Isolated membranes of zymogen granules from pancreatic acinar cells showed an enrichment in cholesterol and sphingomyelin and formed detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched complexes. These complexes floated to the lighter fractions of sucrose density gradients and contained the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein GP-2, the lectin ZG16p, and sulfated matrix proteoglycans. Morphological and pulse-chase studies with isolated pancreatic lobules revealed that after inhibition of GPI-anchor biosynthesis by mannosamine or the fungal metabolite YW 3548, granule formation was impaired leading to an accumulation of newly synthesized proteins in the Golgi apparatus and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, the membrane attachment of matrix proteoglycans was diminished. After cholesterol depletion or inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis by fumonisin B1, the formation of zymogen granules as well as the formation of detergent-insoluble complexes was reduced. In addition, cholesterol depletion led to constitutive secretion of newly synthesized proteins, e.g. amylase, indicating that zymogens were missorted. Together, these data provide first evidence that in polarized acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas GPI-anchored proteins, e.g. GP-2, and cholesterol-sphingolipid-enriched microdomains are required for granule formation as well as for regulated secretion of zymogens and may function as sorting platforms for secretory proteins destined for apical delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University of Marbury, Robert-Koch Strasse 5, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D037341:Fumonisins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006595:Hexosamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D037102:Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008954:Models, Biological; D017830:Octoxynol / Q000494:pharmacology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D013109:Sphingomyelins / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D003902:Detergents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D037341:Fumonisins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols; D006595:Hexosamines; D007783:Lactones; D037102:Lectins; D013109:Sphingomyelins; D013729:Terpenes; C109532:YW 3548; C008322:mannosamine; C056933:fumonisin B1; D017830:Octoxynol; D002784:Cholesterol