title: Adrenocortical dysfunction following etomidate induction in emergency department patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess adrenocortical function following intravenous etomidate use in emergency department (ED) patients requiring intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of consecutive patients presenting to the ED requiring intubation. Patients were randomized to receive a single bolus induction dose of either 0.05-0.1 mg/kg midazolam (control group) or 0.3 mg/kg etomidate (etomidate group) during a standardized rapid-sequence intubation (RSI) with succinylcholine. The primary outcome variable was adrenocortical function at 4, 12, and 24 hours post-induction as assessed by measured serum cortisol response to exogenous cosyntropin (cosyntropin stimulation test, CST). Fisher's exact test was used to compare CST results between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one patients were enrolled: 8 control, 10 etomidate, and 13 excluded from analysis for either incomplete data or steroid use during the study period. The 4-hour CST results were significantly different between study groups, with a normal response in 100% of control patients vs 30% of etomidate patients (p = 0.004). The 12- and 24-hour CSTs did not differ significantly between groups: normal CST in 100% of control patients at 12 and 24 hours vs 100% and 90% among etomidate patients at 12 and 24 hours, respectively (p = 1.0 at 12 and 24 hours). Measured cortisol levels of patients with abnormal CSTs remained within normal laboratory reference ranges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of etomidate in ED patients requiring RSI results in adrenocortical dysfunction. However, cortisol levels remain within normal laboratory levels during this period of dysfunction. Adrenocortical dysfunction appears to resolve within 12 hours of a single bolus dose of 0.3 mg/kg etomidate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-4700, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Schenarts
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Riker
mesh_terms: D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003366:Cosyntropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004630:Emergencies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005045:Etomidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D003366:Cosyntropin; D008874:Midazolam; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D005045:Etomidate