title: Isolation and characterization of five Erwinia amylovora bacteriophages and assessment of phage resistance in strains of Erwinia amylovora.
abstract: Phages able to infect the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora were isolated from apple, pear, and raspberry tissues and from soil samples collected at sites displaying fire blight symptoms. Among a collection of 50 phage isolates, 5 distinct phages, including relatives of the previously described phages phiEa1 and phiEa7 and 3 novel phages named phiEa100, phiEa125, and phiEa116C, were identified based on differences in genome size and restriction fragment pattern. phiEa1, the phage distributed most widely, had an approximately 46-kb genome which exhibited some restriction site variability between isolates. Phages phiEa100, phiEa7, and phiEa125 each had genomes of approximately 35 kb and could be distinguished by their EcoRI restriction fragment patterns. phiEa116C contained an approximately 75-kb genome. phiEa1, phiEa7, phiEa100, phiEa125, and phiEa116C were able to infect 39, 36, 16, 20, and 40, respectively, of 40 E. amylovora strains isolated from apple orchards in Michigan and 8, 12, 10, 10, and 12, respectively, of 12 E. amylovora strains isolated from raspberry fields (Rubus spp.) in Michigan. Only 22 of 52 strains were sensitive to all five phages, and 23 strains exhibited resistance to more than one phage. phiEa116C was more effective than the other phages at lysing E. amylovora strain Ea110 in liquid culture, reducing the final titer of Ea110 by >95% when added at a ratio of 1 PFU per 10 CFU and by 58 to 90% at 1 PFU per 10(5) CFU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312, USA.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001433:Bacteriolysis; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D003470:Culture Media; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004885:Erwinia / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*; D008242:Lysogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D019685:Rosales / Q000382:microbiology*; D014197:Trees / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004279:DNA, Viral