title: In situ measurement of linezolid and vancomycin concentrations in intravascular catheter-associated biofilm.
abstract: We describe a new method for the measurement of antimicrobial concentrations in the biofilm associated with the endoluminal surface of intravascular catheters. We quantified endoluminal planktonic bacteria in haemodialysis catheters using the acridine orange method on catheter blood. After catheter removal, separate lumens were perfused in vitro with either vancomycin or linezolid to simulate in vivo antibiotic infusion. Biofilm was recovered using endoluminal brushes, weighed and assayed by fluoroimmunoassay for vancomycin and by bioassay for linezolid. Viable bacteria were counted by serial dilution and agar plating. Biofilm had measurable amounts of vancomycin in 11/11 catheter lumens post-infusion (0.3-18.2 mg biofilm per lumen, mean 6.8 mg; vancomycin concentration 0.2-89 mg/g biofilm, median 19 mg/g). By comparison, linezolid was detected in 4/11 catheter lumens post-infusion (0.5-18.1 mg biofilm per lumen, mean 5.9 mg; linezolid concentration 0.9-6.1 mg/g biofilm, median 1.5 mg/g). Percentage reductions in biofilm-associated bacterial counts post-antibiotic were 84-100%, median 95% (vancomycin) and 0-98%, median 91% (linezolid). We found a significant difference (P = 0.05; Wilcoxon rank sum test) in vancomycin concentrations in coagulase-negative staphylococcal biofilm (median 17.0 mg/g, mean 27.9 mg/g) compared with glycopeptide levels found in biofilm associated with other microorganisms (median 5.5 mg/g, mean 6.9 mg/g). Biofilm concentrations of vancomycin are generally higher than linezolid after antibiotic infusion, which can be explained partly by glycopeptide binding to glycocalyx. Neither antibiotic achieved consistent 100% kill of biofilm bacteria after single infusions, even when a very high concentration was present. The endoluminal brush technique can be used to measure antibiotic concentration in intravascular catheter-associated biofilm in situ. This approach can be exploited to measure biofilm antibiotic concentrations in vivo, without the need for catheter removal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds and The General Infirmary, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kite
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugden
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002404:Catheterization; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D000069349:Linezolid; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D014640:Vancomycin; D000069349:Linezolid