title: Factors influencing psychological stress levels of Italian peacekeepers in Bosnia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated the factors that contribute to stress and the psychological difficulties of the Italian military component of the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This group was compared with a homogeneous group stationed in Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed in two groups of career military personnel: 452 subjects who were stationed in Bosnia as peacekeepers and 166 who were stationed in Italy. All subjects completed two multiple-choice questionnaires (a stress self-evaluation test and a socioeconomic questionnaire) during various periods of duty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The responses to the stress self-evaluation test indicated that the peacekeepers did not show a statistically significant increase in stress. Those who were affected by stress, though, indicated that the level was high. The principal variables that were associated with a greater level of stress were length of the mission, lack of recreational or athletic activities during the mission, more than three family members, and unemployment before enrollment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peacekeepers come from an economically poor environment, have large families, and usually have a history of unemployment. Along with these preenrollment risk factors, the effective time spent in recreational activities and the length of the mission also influence stress levels. Individual and group techniques for stress management should be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Università di Chieti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Epidemiologia e Sanità Pubblica, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ballone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valentino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Occhiolini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Mascio
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cannone
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Schioppa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017522:Bosnia and Herzegovina; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007899:Leisure Activities; D016015:Logistic Models; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012066:Relief Work; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014480:United Nations