title: Primitive quiescent leukemic cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia spontaneously initiate factor-independent growth in vitro in association with up-regulation of expression of interleukin-3.
abstract: It was previously shown that patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have a rare but consistently detectable population of quiescent (G0) leukemic (Philadelphia chromosome-positive and BCR-ABL-positive [BCR-ABL+]) CD34+ cells. In the study described here, most such cells expressed a primitive phenotype (CD38-, CD45RA-, CD71-, and HLA-DR(lo)) and cultures of these cells containing growth factors produced ultimately larger, but initially more slowly growing clones than do cultures of initially cycling CD34+ leukemic cells. Initially quiescent leukemic cells expressing BCR-ABL proliferated in single-cell cultures in the absence of added growth factors, thereby demonstrating their ability to spontaneously exit G0 and enter a continuously cycling state. Interestingly, on isolation, few of these quiescent BCR-ABL+ cells contained either interleukin-3 (IL-3) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) transcripts, whereas both were present in most cycling BCR-ABL+ CD34+ cells. However, after 4 days of culture in the absence of added growth factors and in association with their entry into the cell cycle (as indicated by up-regulation of Ki-67 and cdc25 transcripts), IL-3 transcripts became detectable. These findings show that entry of leukemic (BCR-ABL-expressing) progenitors into a quiescent (G0) state in vivo is highest among the most primitive leukemic cell populations, associated with a down-regulation of IL-3 and G-CSF gene expression, and spontaneously reversible in association with up-regulation of IL-3 expression. These results highlight the potential physiologic relevance of quiescent CML progenitors, even in treated patients, in whom these cells would be predicted to have a proliferative advantage over their quiescent normal counterparts when cytokine concentrations are low.
authors.affiliation: Academic Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom. tlhig@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holyoake
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alcorn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Eaves
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Eaves
mesh_terms: D036541:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; D015703:Antigens, CD; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002455:Cell Division; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000378:metabolism; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009244:NAD+ Nucleosidase / Q000032:analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D007377:Interleukin-3; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; D036541:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; C498154:CD38 protein, human; D009244:NAD+ Nucleosidase; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1