title: Soccer ball-related retinal injuries: a report of 13 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical characteristics and management of retinal injuries caused by soccer ball impact as well as the mechanism of injury, prognostic features, risk factors, and possible prevention strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen cases of soccer ball injuries from retina referral practices were retrospectively reviewed, with attention to the mechanism of associated ocular complications and the anatomic and visual outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soccer ball injuries occurred in both male and female patients (9 male, 4 female) with ages ranging from 8 to 21 years (median 14 years). These patients were observed from 0 to 64 months (median follow-up, 8 months). Four patients had traumatic macular holes, two eyes had retinal detachment associated with retinal dialysis, two had retinal tears associated with hemorrhage, one had a choroidal rupture, and one had only vitreous hemorrhage and Berlin's edema. Although six eyes had some degree of traumatic retinal pigment epitheliopathy, it was the primary diagnosis in only three. Visual acuity at presentation ranged from 20/20 to count fingers, with 7/13 (54%) having 20/200 or worse vision. Seven eyes underwent surgical procedures; the remainder were observed. Final visions ranged from 20/20 to count fingers, with 3/13 (23%) having 20/200 or worse vision. Six eyes (46%) improved by two or more lines by the last follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soccer ball-related ocular injuries disproportionately affect young players, are more frequent in females than previously reported, and have more severe visual consequences than previously recognized. Injury prevention strategies to minimize contact between the eye and the soccer ball may reduce the incidence and severity of eye injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rubsamen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Bhisitkul
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Mieler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries*; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery