title: Endothelial cells inhibit flow-induced smooth muscle cell migration: role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The endothelium may play a pivotal role in hemodynamic force-induced vascular remodeling. We investigated the role of endothelial cell (EC) plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in modulating flow-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human SMCs cocultured with or without human ECs were exposed to static (0 mL/min) or flow (26 mL/min; shear stress 23 dyne/cm(2)) conditions for 24 hours in a perfused capillary culture system. SMC migration was then assessed with a Transwell migration assay. In the absence but not in the presence of ECs, pulsatile flow significantly increased the migration of SMCs (264+/-26%) compared with SMCs under static conditions, concomitant with a 3- and 4-fold increase in PAI-1 mRNA and protein, respectively, in cocultured ECs. In the presence of PAI-1-/- ECs, flow increased wild-type SMC migration (226+/-25%), an effect that was reversed by exogenous PAI-1. To determine whether the antimigratory activity of PAI-1 was dependent primarily on inhibition of PAs or its association with vitronectin, experiments were conducted with PAI-1R (a mutant PAI-1 that binds to vitronectin but does not inhibit PA) and PAI-1K (a mutant that inhibits PA but has reduced affinity for vitronectin). PAI-1R inhibited both basal and flow-induced migration, whereas PAI-1K inhibited flow-induced migration in the absence of any effect on baseline migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow-induced EC PAI-1 inhibits flow-induced SMC migration in vitro. EC PAI-1 expression may be one of the predominant mechanisms responsible for controlling the process of vascular remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642-8410, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Sitzmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stefansson
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger