title: Effect of grapefruit juice on Sandimmun Neoral absorption among stable renal allograft recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The oral formulation of cyclosporin A (CsA)-Sandimmun-has a highly variable absorption. The development of a CsA microemulsion-Sandimmun Neoral-resulted in increased bioavailability, and decreased variability of absorption. The first oral formulation (Sandimmun) interacted with numerous other drugs and grapefruit juice. Several of these interactions might be explained by decreased pre-systemic metabolism by a cytochrome-enzyme (e.g. CYP3A4) located in the enteral mucosa, and/or via the P-glycoprotein-mediated decreased transport of CsA back from enterocytes into the gut lumen. The purpose of this pharmacokinetic study was to investigate the interaction between Sandimmun Neoral and grapefruit juice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight stable renal transplant recipients were studied during two 8-h sessions in a randomized cross-over design with 4 weeks interval. Following an overnight fast the patients ingested their habitual morning dose of Neoral either with water or with grapefruit juice. During the 8-h study period 10 blood samples were taken for determination of CsA concentration. These results formed the basis for calculation of area under curve (AUC), and half-life (t(1/2)). Maximum concentration (C(max)) and time until C(max) (t(max)) were obtained from the concentration-time profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median AUC increased by 38% (12-194%) (P<0.05) following co-administration of Neoral with grapefruit juice. There were no significant changes in C(max), t(max), and t((1/2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-administration of Sandimmun Neoral with grapefruit juice resulted in an increased bioavailability of CsA, indicating unchanged pre-systemic enterocyte first-pass metabolism as compared to Sandimmun. There was no impact of an oral grapefruit juice load on systemic clearance of CsA. It seems prudent to advise renal allograft recipients treated with Sandimmun Neoral not to ingest their medication with grapefruit juice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology Y, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. Claus.Bistrup@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bistrup
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: U E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Jeppesen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dieperink
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D002957:Citrus; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014867:Water; D016572:Cyclosporine