title: Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones on the electroencephalogram during a visual working memory task.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by cellular phones on the event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) responses of the 4-6, 6-8, 8-10 and 10-12Hz EEG frequency bands during cognitive processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four subjects performed a visual sequential letter task (n-back task) with three different working memory load conditions: zero, one and two items. All subjects performed the memory task both with and without exposure to a digital 902 MHz EMF in counterbalanced order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of EMF altered the ERD/ERS responses in the 6-8 and 8-10 Hz frequency bands but only when examined as a function of memory load and depending also on whether the presented stimulus was a target or not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the exposure to EMF modulates the responses of EEG oscillatory activity approximately 8 Hz specifically during cognitive processes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Computational Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland. krause@lce.hut.fi
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sillanmäki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koivisto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Häggqvist
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saarela
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Revonsuo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors