title: Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma.
abstract: METHODS
  A total of 208 consecutive coccydynia patients were examined with the same clinical and radiologic protocol.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study radiographic coccygeal lesions in the sitting position, to elucidate the influence of body mass index on the different lesions, and to establish the effect of coccygeal trauma.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A protocol comparing standing radiographs and radiographs subsequently taken in the painful sitting position in coccydynia patients and in controls has shown two culprit lesions: posterior luxation and hypermobility. Obesity and a history of trauma have been identified as risk factors for luxation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic radiographs were obtained. The body mass index was compared with the coccygeal angle of incidence, sagittal rotation of the pelvis when sitting down, and the presence and time of previous trauma. The patients with the newly described lesions were examined after an anesthetic block under fluoroscopic guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two new coccygeal lesions are described (anterior luxation and spicules). Obesity was found to be a risk factor. The body mass index determines the way a subject sits down, and lesion patterns were different in obese, normal-weight, and thin patients (posterior luxation: 51%, 15.2%, 3.7%; hypermobility: 26.5%, 30.3%, 14.8%; spicules: 2%, 15.9%, 29.6%; normal: 16.3%, 32.6%, 48.1%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Trauma affected the type of lesion only if it was recent (<1 month before the onset of coccydynia), in which case the instability rate increased from 55.6% to 77.1%. Backward-moving coccyges were at greatest risk of trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This protocol allows identification of the culprit lesion in 69.2% of cases. The body mass index determines the causative lesion, as does trauma sustained within the month preceding the onset of the pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine, Hotel-Dieu University Hospital, the Paris, France. jy.maigne@htd.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Maigne
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Doursounian
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chatellier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003050:Coccyx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011187:Posture; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology