title: [New concepts in the interpretation of the cardiovascular and respiratory response to acute physical exercise. Implications in chronic heart failure].
abstract: Exercise provides a powerful stress that permits the study of the regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems under rigorously and highly reproducible conditions. In this review the cardiopulmonary adjustments to acute exercise loads and control mechanisms operating in normal subjects have been reviewed. A comparison with the responses of chronic heart failure has been made with the aim of highlighting the origin of reduced exercise tolerance and early occurrence of dyspnea, characteristic features of this syndrome. The clinical and therapeutic implications of cardiopulmonary exercise test are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale Civile Polichirurgica, Cantone del Cristo, 29100 Piacenza. piepolim@tin.it
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Piepoli
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000465:Algorithms; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate