title: Legislative and environmental issues on the use of ash from coal and municipal sewage sludge co-firing as construction material.
abstract: For the economy of any co-firing process, it is important that the common waste management options of ash remain practical. Ash from bituminous coal combustion is typically handed to the construction industry. This paper describes the current European legislation on use of ash for construction purposes. Also, it presents an experimental study on the suitability of fly ash from combustion of mixtures of bituminous coal and municipal sewage sludge as additive to cement and concrete, and for use in open-air construction works, based on the ash chemical composition and the characteristics of the extract of the ash. Presently, two European standards forbid the use of ash from co-firing as additive to cement or concrete. This study shows that ash derived from coal and sewage sludge co-firing contains generally less unburned carbon, alkali, magnesium oxide, chlorine, and sulfate than coal ash. Only the concentration of free lime in mixed ash is higher than in coal, even though, at least up to 25% of the thermal input, still below the requirements of the standards. This ash also meets the requirements for the use of fly ash in open-air construction works--concentration and mobility of few elements--although this management option is forbidden to ash from co-firing. The leaching of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was investigated with three leaching tests. The concentration of these metals in the extracts was below the detection limit in most cases. The concentration of Cu and Zn in the extract from fly ash was found to increase with increasing share of sewage sludge in the fuel mixture. However, the concentration of these two metals in the extract is not regulated. This study indicates that excluding a priori the use of ash from co-firing as a suitable additive for construction material could cause an unnecessary burden on the environment, since probably ash would have to be disposed of in landfill. However, allowing this requires the modification of current European standards to include limitations on all elements and compounds, absent in coal but which might be present in other fuels, that are deleterious for the quality of construction materials.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 23, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. rc@kt.dtu.dk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cenni
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Janisch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spliethoff
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hein
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003031:Coal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D017745:Incineration; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000379:methods; D012722:Sewage
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012722:Sewage