title: Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1,4-butanediol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  1,4-Butanediol is an industrial solvent that, when ingested, is converted to gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a drug of abuse with depressant effects, primarily on the central nervous system. After reports of toxic effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and its resultant regulation by the federal government, 1,4-butanediol and gamma-butyrolactone, another precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and an industrial solvent, began to be marketed as dietary supplements. We investigated reports of toxic effects due to the ingestion of 1,4-butanediol and reviewed the related health risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 1999 through December 1999, we identified cases of toxic effects of 1,4-butanediol involving patients who presented to our emergency departments with a clinical syndrome suggesting toxic effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and a history of ingesting 1,4-butanediol and patients discovered through public health officials and family members. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure 1,4-butanediol or its metabolite, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, in urine, serum, or blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified nine episodes of toxic effects in eight patients who had ingested 1,4-butanediol recreationally, to enhance bodybuilding, or to treat depression or insomnia. One patient presented twice with toxic effects and had withdrawal symptoms after her second presentation. Clinical findings and adverse events included vomiting, urinary and fecal incontinence, agitation, combativeness, a labile level of consciousness, respiratory depression, and death. No additional intoxicants were identified in six patients, including the two who died. The doses of 1,4-butanediol ingested ranged from 5.4 to 20 g in the patients who died and ranged from 1 to 14 g in the nonfatal cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The health risks of 1,4-butanediol are similar to those of its counterparts, gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone. These include acute toxic effects, which may be fatal, and addiction and withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55415-1829, USA. dzvosec@hotmail.com
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zvosec
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McCutcheon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spillane
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Peacock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000139:chemically induced; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D002072:Butylene Glycols; D012978:Sodium Oxybate; C039681:1,4-butanediol