title: Effect of Lactobacillus ingestion on the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier alterations induced by indometacin in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ingestion strongly affects the gastrointestinal mucosa as a first stage before ulceration. Some Lactobacillus strains may stabilize the mucosal barrier by increasing mucin expression, reducing bacterial overgrowth, stimulating mucosal immunity and synthetizing antioxidant substances; these events are altered in NSAID-associated gastroenteropathy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether ingestion of the probiotic Lactobacillus GG (LGG) protects the gastrointestinal mucosa against indometacin-induced alterations of permeability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four gastrointestinal permeability tests were carried out in random order in 16 healthy volunteers: (i) basal; (ii) after indometacin; (iii) after 5 days of living LGG ingestion before indometacin administration; (iv) after 5 days of heat-killed LGG ingestion before indometacin administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indometacin significantly increased basal sucrose urinary excretion (29.6 mg [17.1-42.1] vs. 108.5 mg [68.2-148.7], P=0.0030) (means [95% CI]) and lactulose/mannitol urinary excretion (1.03% [0.73-1. 32] vs. 2.93% [1.96-3.90], P=0.00012). Heat-killed LGG did not modify the indometacin-induced increase of gastrointestinal permeability, while live bacteria significantly reduced the alteration of gastric (47.8 mg [31.1-64.6], P=0.012) but not intestinal permeability induced by NSAID.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular ingestion of LGG protects the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier against indometacin, but has no effect at the intestinal level.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. mgottela@uec.inta.uchile.cl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gotteland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cruchet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verbeke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010539:Permeability
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007213:Indomethacin