title: CTGF and SMADs, maintenance of scleroderma phenotype is independent of SMAD signaling.
abstract: In normal adult fibroblasts, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) induces the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). CTGF independently promotes fibroblast proliferation and matrix deposition, and in acute models of fibrosis promotes cell proliferation and collagen deposition acting synergistically with TGFbeta. In contrast to normal fibroblasts, fibroblasts cultured from fibrotic tissues express high basal levels of CTGF, even in the absence of added TGFbeta. Induction of transcription by TGFbeta requires the action of SMAD proteins. In this report we have investigated the role of SMADs in the TGFbeta-induction of CTGF in normal fibroblasts and in the elevated levels of CTGF expression found in dermal fibroblasts cultured from lesional areas of patients with scleroderma, a progressive fibrotic disorder that can affect all organs of the body. We have identified a functional SMAD binding site in the CTGF promoter. TGFbeta-induction of CTGF is dependent on SMAD3 and SMAD4 but not SMAD2 and is p300-independent. However, mutation of the SMAD binding site does not reduce the high level of CTGF promoter activity observed in dermal fibroblasts cultured from lesional areas of scleroderma patients. Conversely, the previously termed TGFbetaRE in the CTGF promoter is required for basal CTGF promoter activity in normal fibroblasts and for the elevated level of CTGF promoter activity in scleroderma fibroblasts. Thus, the maintenance of the fibrotic phenotype in scleroderma fibroblasts, as visualized by excess CTGF expression, appears to be independent of SMAD-dependent TGFbeta signaling. Furthermore, given CTGF's activities, the high level of CTGF expression observed in scleroderma lesions may contribute to the excessive scarring observed in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Center for Rheumatology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sa
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shiwen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leask
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C526317:CCN2 protein, human; C526318:CCN2 protein, mouse; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor