title: Recurrent germinoma in the optic nerve: report of two cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial germinomas often disseminate via the ventricular and subarachnoid pathways, but seeding to the perioptic arachnoid space is extremely unusual. We report two cases of recurrent germinoma seeding in the optic nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two men with pure germinoma were initially treated with three cycles of a three-drug regimen of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin, and a complete response was achieved. Patient 1 experienced ventricle wall dissemination 10 months after undergoing the initial treatment and was successfully treated with three cycles of carboplatin and etoposide and then by 24-Gy whole-ventricle radiation. Twelve months later, he complained of progressive visual acuity loss, and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bilateral enhancement of the optic nerves. Patient 2 also experienced ventricle wall dissemination 3 months after undergoing the initial chemotherapy, but he exhibited a complete response after undergoing 24-Gy whole-ventricle radiation. Two years later, he complained of progressive visual acuity loss. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bilateral enhancement of the optic nerves and cerebellar hemispheres.
  
  
  METHODS
  None of the locations of recurrence were included in the irradiation field, whereas there was no recurrence within the radiation field. Complete responses were obtained with three cycles of a three-drug regimen of ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide and then by 24-Gy whole-brain radiation that included the bilateral optic nerves. The visual acuity of each patient improved slightly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delayed seeding in the optic nerve may result from germinoma cells that remain dormant, so they cannot be destroyed by chemotherapy regimens alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumabe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jokura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002551:Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018237:Germinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009366:Neoplasm Seeding; D019574:Optic Nerve Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014792:Visual Acuity