title: Inflammatory response to intramuscular implantation of polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration probes in sheep.
abstract: Polyacrylonitrile is used in the manufacture of dialysis membranes. These membranes are fundamental to the functioning of implantable probes for microdialysis and ultrafiltration sampling of tissue fluids. Although in vivo experimentation using polyacrylonitrile has been reported to cause little inflammatory response when implanted subcutaneously, such information is not available for intramuscular implantation in sheep. The procaine and benzathine salts of penicillin are formulated for intramuscular injection. These salts of penicillin or the formulation excipients may cause inflammatory reactions. Use of polyacrylonitrile probes to draw samples from sites at which these formulations have been injected may be compromised by inflammation or direct interaction between formulation excipients and the dialysis membrane. The aim of this project was to describe tissue responses to intramuscular implantation of polyacrylonitrile in the presence and absence of either procaine or procaine plus benzathine salts of penicillin G. Each of 20 normal sheep was implanted with two ultrafiltration probes, one at the site of an injection of procaine or benzathine plus procaine penicillin G. Similar injections were also made at remote intramuscular sites. After 8, 9, and 11 days of the experiment, sheep were killed and the injection and implantation site muscle were excised and prepared for histopathological examination. The implantation of the probe alone caused greater inflammatory response than the injection of procaine or procaine plus benzathine penicillin G at remote intramuscular sites. The histopathological lesions were greatest where the implantation site was coupled with the injection of either formulation of penicillin G. Polyacrylonitrile may not be a suitable dialysis membrane material for intramuscular implantation in sheep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61802, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imsilp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Whittem
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Koritz
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zachary
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D003956:Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010402:Penicillin G Procaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010406:Penicillins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D010406:Penicillins; D010402:Penicillin G Procaine; C010504:polyacrylonitrile; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine