title: Exposure to febrile temperature modifies endothelial cell response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
abstract: Fever is an important regulator of inflammation that modifies expression and bioactivity of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Pulmonary vascular endothelium is an important target of TNF-alpha during the systemic inflammatory response. In this study, we analyzed the effect of a febrile range temperature (39.5 degrees C) on TNF-alpha-stimulated changes in endothelial barrier function, capacity for neutrophil binding and transendothelial migration (TEM), and cytokine secretion in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (EC). Permeability for [(14)C]BSA tracer was increased by treatment with TNF-alpha, and this effect was augmented by incubating EC at 39.5 degrees C. Treating EC with 2. 5 U/ml TNF-alpha stimulated an increase in subsequent neutrophil adherence and TEM. Incubating EC at 39.5 degrees C caused a 30% increase in TEM but did not modify the enhancement of neutrophil adherence or TEM by TNF-alpha treatment. Analysis of cytokine expression in EC cultures exposed to TNF-alpha at either 37 degrees or 39.5 degrees C revealed three patterns of temperature and TNF-alpha responsiveness. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-8 were not detectable in untreated EC but were increased after TNF-alpha exposure, and this increase was enhanced at 39.5 degrees C. IL-6 expression was also increased with TNF-alpha exposure, but IL-6 expression was lower in 39.5 degrees C EC cultures. Transforming growth factor-beta(1) was constitutively expressed, and its expression was not influenced either by TNF-alpha or exposure to 39.5 degrees C. These data demonstrate that clinically relevant shifts in body temperature might cause important changes in the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hasday
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bannerman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakarya
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Drysdale
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Goldblum
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005334:Fever / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013696:Temperature; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha