title: Reduced severity of oxygen-induced retinopathy in eNOS-deficient mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure of premature human infants to hyperoxia results in the obliteration of developing retina capillaries, leading to a vision-threatening retinopathy termed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The authors hypothesized that this process may be mediated in part by endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-derived oxidants such as peroxynitrite and tested this hypothesis in a mouse model of ROP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal mice, mice treated with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N:(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), and knockout mice carrying a homozygous targeted disruption of the gene for endothelial NOS (eNOS) were studied in an experimental model of ROP. Retinas were compared for extent of capillary obliteration in hyperoxia, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, nitrotyrosine formation, and vitreous neovascularization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxygen-induced retinal vaso-obliteration was significantly reduced by L-NNA treatment (43% decrease from controls). The eNOS-deficient mice showed a similar reduction in vaso-obliteration (46% decrease from controls), and vitreous neovascularization was also substantially reduced (threefold decrease). Retinal nitrotyrosine formation, a measure of in situ peroxynitrite modification of proteins, was significantly elevated in normal mice during hyperoxia, in a spatial and temporal pattern consistent with a role in oxygen-induced vaso-obliteration. This was not seen in eNOS-deficient mice. VEGF expression was similar in both groups of mice, although suppression in hyperoxia was slightly blunted in eNOS-deficient mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a role for NO and peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of ROP. Therapies aimed at modulation of eNOS activity may have therapeutic potential for preventing ROP.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology, Pediatrics, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. sbrooks@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Caldwell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000150:complications; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019335:Nitroarginine; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse