title: Increased incidence of numerical chromosome abnormalities in spermatozoa injected into human oocytes by ICSI.
abstract: The potential risk of transmitting chromosomally abnormal spermatozoa from infertile males into oocytes through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has prompted us to investigate the male pronuclei of tripronuclear zygotes (3PN) obtained after ICSI. To specify the type of anomalies, we used triple colour fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) with three specific probes for chromosomes X, Y and 18. From a total of 163 paternal complements of ICSI-3PN zygotes, 90 (55.2%) had Y-chromosome signals. Eighty-three of these were normal, four had the disomy XY and three were diploid. In the remaining 73 ICSI-3PN zygotes without Y-chromosome signals, the origin of paternal pronuclei was extrapolated through chromosome constitution of the first polar body. Five anomalies were found in this group of zygotes, giving a total rate of numerical chromosome aberrations for fertilizing spermatozoa of 7.4%. In contrast to ICSI, only two disomies (1.5%) were found in the control group of IVF-3PN zygotes. Compared with the incidence of chromosome anomalies between paternal-derived pronuclei of ICSI- and IVF-3PN zygotes, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.025). This study provides the first direct evidence of a higher incidence of numerical chromosome anomalies in sperm-fertilized human oocytes after ICSI.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Endocrinology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. Ervin.Macas@fhk.usz.ch  
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Imthurn
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D012744:Sex Ratio; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000009:adverse effects; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000235:genetics; D015053:Zygote / Q000648:ultrastructure