title: Specificity of panic response to CO(2) inhalation in panic disorder: a comparison with major depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The behavioral response to CO(2) inhalation has been used to differentiate panic disorder patients from normal subjects and other clinical populations. This study extended examination of the diagnostic specificity of CO(2)-induced anxiety by testing panic disorder patients and clinical populations with reported low and high sensitivity to CO(2) inhalation (patients with major depression and patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, respectively).
  
  
  METHODS
  The behavioral responses to inhalation of 5% and 7% CO(2), administered by means of a respiratory canopy, were studied in 50 patients with panic disorder, 21 with major depression, and 10 with premenstrual dysphoric disorder and in 34 normal comparison subjects. Occurrence of panic attacks was judged with DSM-IV criteria by a blind rater. Subjects were rated on three behavioral scales at baseline and after each CO(2) inhalation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Panic disorder patients had a higher rate of CO(2)-induced panic attacks than depressed patients and normal subjects, whose panic rates were not distinguishable. The panic rate for patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder was similar to that for panic disorder patients and higher than that for normal subjects. Subjects with CO(2)-induced panic attacks had similarly high ratings on the behavioral scales, regardless of diagnosis, including the small number of panicking normal subjects. Seven percent CO(2) was a more robust panicogen than 5%, and response to 7% CO(2 )better distinguished panic disorder patients from normal subjects than response to 5% CO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with panic disorder and patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder are highly susceptible to CO(2)-induced panic attacks, and depressed patients appear to be insensitive to CO(2) inhalation. The symptoms of CO(2)-induced panic attacks have a similar intensity regardless of the subject's diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Biological Studies Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA. jmk14@columbia.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Coplan
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide