title: Ensuring safety of patients receiving sedation for procedures: evaluation of clinical practice guidelines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1995 The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore convened an interdisciplinary task force to evaluate sedation practices, create a comprehensive set of sedation guidelines, and evaluate patient safety outcomes following guideline implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data were collected on all procedures in which sedation was administered by a nonanesthesiologist for a 6-month period, using scanning technology to automate data entry. Sedation practices were reviewed, and four critical events were examined: unresponsiveness, obstructed airway, airway placement, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In 1998 data collection procedures were repeated to evaluate the impact of the guidelines on sedation practices and patient safety outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1995 sedation practices varied, and one or more critical events occurred in 45 (1.4%) of 3,255 procedures. Steps taken included development and dissemination of a clinical sedation guideline, including monitoring criteria to guide nonanesthesiologists, and evaluation planning. In 1998 sedation practices were more consistent. One or more critical events occurred in 50 (1.6%) of 3,134 procedures, representing a small increase in critical events from 1995. More events of unresponsiveness were identified, and no event required CPR. Although not statistically significant, this trend suggests that critical events were being identified earlier, preventing patients from progressing to a more serious event requiring CPR. Steps taken included further refinement of clinical practice guidelines and establishment of ongoing monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standardization of sedation practices is a complex and resource-intensive activity, requiring ongoing oversight and monitoring. Commitment from medical staff, nursing staff, and administration is essential to successful implementation of sedation guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), Baltimore, USA. spoe@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Poe
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schauble
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Oechsle
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kress
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Larkins
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Feroli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000592:standards*; D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*