title: Fetal cerebral cortex: normal gestational landmarks identified using prenatal MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few investigators have analyzed the MR imaging patterns of fetal gyration. Our purpose was to establish, with a large prospective series, the normal sulcation landmarks according to gestational age by using in utero MR imaging and to correlate our findings with established neuroanatomic timetables.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized fetal cerebral MR examination was performed in 173 normal fetuses at 22 to 38 weeks' gestation. Eight T1- and T2-weighted coronal, axial, and sagittal slices were obtained for each fetus and systematically analyzed. The sequential development of the different fissures and sulci of the cerebral cortex with respect to gestational age were tabulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sulcation of the medial, lateral, and inferior surfaces of the brain was depicted, and a timetable for the MR depiction of the primary and secondary sulci was established for the 22- to 38-week gestational period. This timetable was in good agreement with the neuroanatomic standards of reference, with a mean lag time of 1 week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis of fetal brain sulcation in a large series of fetuses contributes to a better understanding of the maturation of the fetal cortex on MR imaging studies. It furthermore provides a standard of reference that can be used to assess the normality of fetal sulcation and to diagnose gyrational abnormalities with prenatal MR imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Radiology and Developmental Imaging Research Laboratory (JE 2149) URF Lariboisière-Saint-Louis, Université Paris VII, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chantrel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brisse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elmaleh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luton
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Oury
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sebag
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000196:embryology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values