title: Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of lymphotactin.
abstract: We have modeled the structure of human lymphotactin (hLpnt), by homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. This chemokine is unique in having a single disulfide bond and a long C-terminal tail. Because other structural classes of chemokines have two pairs of Cys residues, compared to one in Lpnt, and because it has been shown that both disulfide bonds are required for stability and function, the question arises how the Lpnt maintains its structural integrity. The initial structure of hLpnt was constructed by homology modeling. The first 63 residues in the monomer of hLpnt were modeled using the structure of the human CC chemokine, RANTES, whose sequence appeared most similar. The structure of the long C-terminal tail, missing in RANTES, was taken from the human muscle fatty-acid binding protein. In a Protein Data Bank search, this protein was found to contain a sequence that was most homologous to the long tail. Consequently, the modeled hLpnt C-terminal tail consisted of both alpha-helical and beta-motifs. The complete model of the hLpnt monomer consisted of two alpha-helices located above the five-stranded beta-sheet. Molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated initial model have indicated that the stability of the predicted fold is related to the geometry of Pro78. The five-stranded beta-sheet appeared to be preserved only when Pro78 was modeled in the cis conformation. Simulations were also performed both for the C-terminal truncated forms of the hLpnt that contained one or two (CC chemokine-like) disulfide bonds, and for the chicken Lpnt (cLpnt). Our MD simulations indicated that the turn region (T30-G34) in hLpnt is important for the interactions with the receptor, and that the long C-terminal region stabilizes both the turn (T30-G34) and the five-stranded beta-sheet. The major conclusion from our theoretical studies is that the lack of one disulfide bond and the extension of the C-terminus in hLptn are mutually complementary. It is very likely that removal of two Cys residues sufficiently destabilizes the structure of a chemokine molecule, particularly the core beta-sheet, to abolish its biological function. However, this situation is rectified by the long C-terminal segment. The role of this long region is most likely to stabilize the first beta-turn region and alpha-helix H1, explaining how this chemokine can function with a single disulfide bond.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, NCI-FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
authors.lastname: Buyong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lubkowski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nussinov
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000737:chemistry; D019744:Chemokines, C; D002645:Chickens; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004220:Disulfides; D000071438:Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012984:Software; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019744:Chemokines, C; D004220:Disulfides; C107608:FABP7 protein, human; D000071438:Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C092390:XCL1 protein, human; C486249:Xcl1 protein, mouse; C018997:lymphotactin; D003545:Cysteine