title: Evaluation of the rhodopsin knockout mouse as a model of pure cone function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine a time window in the rhodopsin knockout (Rho(-/-)) mouse during which retinal function is already sufficiently developed but cone degeneration is not yet substantial, thus representing an all-cone retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained from 14 homozygous Rho(-/-) mice and eight C57Bl/6 control mice. The same individuals were tested every 7 days, beginning as early as postnatal day (P)14. The ERG protocols included flash and flicker stimuli, both under photopic and scotopic conditions. Retinal and choroidal morphology was observed in animals of comparable age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functionally, the developmental phase lasted until postnatal week (PW)3 in both the Rho(-/-) mice and the control animals. During PW4 to 6, the Rho(-/-) mice showed a plateau in ERG parameters with normal or even supernormal cone responses and complete absence of rod contributions. At PW7, there was a marked onset of degeneration, which progressed so that no ERG signals were left at PW13, when the control eyes still had normal ERG responses. Microscopically, cone degeneration paralleled the functional changes, beginning at approximately PW6 and almost complete at PW13, whereas retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid did not show any abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From PW4 to 6, Rho(-/-) mice appear to have normal cone and no rod function. Despite the missing rod outer segment (OS), the structure of retina, RPE, and choroid remained unchanged. Therefore, the Rho(-/-) mice can serve during this age period as a model for pure cone function. Such a model is particularly useful to evaluate rod-cone interaction and to dissect rod- from cone-mediated signaling pathways in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department II, University Eye Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jaissle
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fauser
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lütjen-Drecoll
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zrenner
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Seeliger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004596:Electroretinography; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D023421:Models, Animal; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010781:Photography; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012243:Rhodopsin