title: Characterization of retinal injury using ERG measures obtained with both conventional and multifocal methods in chronic ocular hypertensive primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize, using both conventional and multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) recordings as well as histologic measures, retinal injury in the chronic ocular hypertensive primate model for experimental glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular hypertension was induced in the right eye of 7 cynomolgous monkeys, Macaca fascicularis, using laser injury to the aqueous outflow tissue at the anterior chamber angle. At 16 months after IOP elevation, ERG recordings were made from both eyes of all animals using both conventional and multifocal methods. After electrophysiological recording, animals were killed and retinal samples were radially sectioned for histologic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic measures showed that ocular hypertensive injury was largely or completely limited to a loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The degree of RGC loss was similar in central and peripheral retina. Amplitudes of conventional ERG responses were mostly unaffected in eyes having severe loss of RGCs, a finding that is consistent with limited injury to photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells. Peaks in both the first- and second-order multifocal ERG responses were attenuated in ocular hypertensive eyes, and amplitude of these peaks was highly correlated with the density of surviving RGCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with a conclusion that both first- and second-order components of the multifocal ERG response from the monkey reflect a significant contribution from activity in RGCs and may provide a useful measure for the clinical diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California 92713, USA. hare_william@allergan.com
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wijono
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: WoldeMussie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D023421:Models, Animal; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*