title: The effect of disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis on the segmental flexibility of the lumbar spine.
abstract: METHODS
  A biomechanical and imaging study of human cadaveric spinal motion segments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of both disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis on lumbar segmental motion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Spinal degeneration includes the osteoarthritic changes of the facet joint as well as disc degeneration. Disc degeneration has been reported to be associated with spinal motion. The association of facet joint osteoarthritis with lumbar segmental motion characteristics and the combined influence of disc degeneration and facet osteoarthritis has not yet been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 110 lumbar motion segments (52 female, 58 male) from 44 human lumbar spines were studied (mean age = 69 years). Magnetic resonance images were used to assess the disc degeneration from Grade I (normal) to Grade V (advanced) and the osteoarthritic changes in the facet joints in terms of cartilage degeneration, subchondral sclerosis, and osteophytes. Disc height, endplate size, and facet joint orientation and width also were measured from the computed tomographic images. Rotational movements of the motion segment in response to the flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotational moments were measured using a three-dimensional motion analysis system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female motion segments showed significantly greater motion (lateral bending: P < 0. 001, flexion: P < 0.01, extension: P < 0.05) and smaller endplate size (P < 0.001) than male ones. The segmental motion increased with increasing severity of disc degeneration up to Grade IV, but decreased in both genders when the disc degeneration advanced to Grade V. In male segments, the disc degeneration-related motion changes were significant in axial rotation (P < 0.001), lateral bending (P < 0.05), and flexion (P < 0.05), whereas female segments showed significant changes only in axial rotation (P < 0.001). With cartilage degeneration of the facet joints, the axial rotational motion increased, whereas the lateral bending and flexion motion decreased in female segments. In male segments, however, motion in all directions increased with Grade 3 cartilage degeneration and decreased with Grade 4 cartilage degeneration. Subchondral sclerosis significantly decreased the motion (female: axial rotation, P < 0. 05; extension, P < 0.05 vs.- male:flexion,P < 0.05). Severity of osteophytes had no significant association with the segmental motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Axial rotational motion was most affected by disc degeneration, and the effects of disc degeneration on the motion were similar between genders. Facet joint osteoarthritis also affected segmental motion, and the influence differed for male and female spines. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the degenerative process of facet joint osteoarthritis differs between genders and how facet joint osteoarthritis affects the stability of the spinal motion segment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3824, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Haughton
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012737:Sex Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*