title: Long-term treatment with warfarin in Chinese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the incidence of and risks for bleeding and thromboembolic events after warfarin anticoagulation. We also explored the dosage and international normalized ratio (INR) among Chinese patients during long-term warfarin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population in this retrospective study consisted of inpatients of the only medical center for northern Taipei City, whose initial course of warfarin therapy continued for more than four weeks. Enrollment began in June 1995 and ended in February 1996. Follow-up was completed in March 1998. Relevant data were collected by chart review. The rate of events was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and risk factors were identified by the Cox proportional hazard model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 226 patients were identified. The total follow-up time was 248.7 patient-years. Sixty-one patients (27.0%) received anticoagulation for mechanical prosthetic valve, but their duration of therapy accounted for 48.6% of the total patient-years of follow-up. The starting dosage (mean +/- SD) was 3.4+/-1.4 mg/d (range 1.3-10); the maintenance dosage was 3.1+/-1.2 mg/d (range 1.2-7.7). There were 1060 dosing adjustments and 3398 INR measurements collected for these patients. The independent determinants of maintenance dosage were age, body weight, and indication of mechanical prosthetic valve. The INR was 1.9+/-0.5 (range 1.0-3.7). The cumulative probabilities for hemorrhage at 12, 24, and 34 months were 24.5%, 32.3%, and 38.4%, respectively. The corresponding figures for thromboembolism were 8.5%, 10.7%, and 10.7%, respectively. Three hemorrhages were fatal. After adjusting for other patient characteristics, increasing age was the only independent risk factor identified for bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antithrombotic efficacy seemed to be maintained, although the mean INR was 1.9. Even so, the substantial incidence of bleeding, especially fatal bleeding, remains a concern. Low-intensity anticoagulation might be needed for Chinese patients during long-term warfarin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1112, USA. rchenhsu@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Chenhsu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D044466:Asian People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin