title: Tuberculosis drug issues: prices, fixed-dose combination products and second-line drugs.
abstract: Access to tuberculosis drugs depends on multiple factors. Selection of a standard list of TB drugs to procure is the first step. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of procuring and using fixed-dose combination (FDC) products for both the intensive and continuation phases of treatment. The major advantages are to prevent the emergence of resistance, to simplify logistic management and to reduce costs. The major disadvantage is the need for the manufacturers to assure the quality of these FDCs by bioavailability testing. The paper reports on the inclusion of second-line TB drugs in the 1999 WHO Essential Drug List (EDL). The need to ensure that these drugs are used within established DOTS-Plus programs is stressed. The price of TB drugs is determined by many factors, including producer prices, local taxes and duties as well as mark-ups and fees. TB drug prices for both the public and private sectors from industrialized and developing countries are reported. Price trends over time are also reported. The key findings of this study are that TB drug prices have generally declined in developing countries while they have increased in developed countries, both for the public and private sectors. Prices vary between countries, with the US paying as much as 95 times the price paid in a specific developing country. The prices of public sector first-line TB drugs vary little between countries, although differences do exist due to the procurement methods used. The price of tuberculin, a diagnostic agent, has increased dramatically in the US, with substantial inter-country variations in price. The paper suggests that further research is necessary to identify the reasons for the price disparities and changes over time, and suggests methods which can be used by National Tuberculosis Programme managers to ensure availability of quality assured TB drugs at low prices.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts 02118, USA. richardl@bu.edu
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McGoldrick
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016527:Drug Costs; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations