title: Vitamin A controls epithelial/mesenchymal interactions through Ret expression.
abstract: Mutations or rearrangements in the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase RET result in Hirschsprung disease, cancer and renal malformations. The standard model of renal development involves reciprocal signaling between the ureteric bud epithelium, inducing metanephric mesenchyme to differentiate into nephrons, and metanephric mesenchyme, inducing the ureteric bud to grow and branch. RET and GDNF (a RET ligand) are essential mediators of these epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Vitamin A deficiency has been associated with widespread embryonic abnormalities, including renal malformations. The vitamin A signal is transduced by nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs). We previously showed that two RAR genes, Rara and Rarb2, were colocalized in stromal mesenchyme, a third renal cell type, where their deletion led to altered stromal cell patterning, impaired ureteric bud growth and downregulation of Ret in the ureteric bud. Here we demonstrate that forced expression of Ret in mice deficient for both Rara and Rarb2 (Rara(-/-)Rarb2(-/-)) genetically rescues renal development, restoring ureteric bud growth and stromal cell patterning. Our studies indicate the presence of a new reciprocal signaling loop between the ureteric bud epithelium and the stromal mesenchyme, dependent on Ret and vitamin A. In the first part of the loop, vitamin-A-dependent signals secreted by stromal cells control Ret expression in the ureteric bud. In the second part of the loop, ureteric bud signals dependent on Ret control stromal cell patterning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Batourina
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gim
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clagett-Dame
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D009154:Mutation; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014801:Vitamin A; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C416649:Ret protein, Drosophila; C494999:Ret protein, mouse; C495001:Ret protein, rat