title: Diazepam increases the number of punished responses in a conflict-operant paradigm during late proestrus and estrus in the Wistar rat.
abstract: Both anxiety-like behavior and the response to anxiolytic drugs vary according to the estrus cycle in the rat. Consequently, anxiety-like behavior and the sensitivity to anxiolytic drugs may be related to hormone level fluctuations occurring during the estrus cycle. In male rats tested in a conflict-operant paradigm, anxiolytic drugs increase immediate punished responding. However, it is unknown whether estrus phases impinge on the immediate punished responses in a conflict-operant paradigm. Therefore, in this study female rats were trained in a conflict-operant paradigm; after training all animals received vehicle or diazepam. Then the number of immediate punished reinforcers was evaluated during the estrus cycle. Results showed that vehicle-treated rats evaluated during late proestrus and estrus obtained a higher (p < 0.05) number of immediate punished reinforcers than rats evaluated during metestrus and diestrus. A low dose of diazepam (1.3 mg/kg; i.p) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the immediate punished responses only in late proestrus and estrus. The highest dose of diazepam tested (2.0 mg/kg; i.p.) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the immediate punished reinforcement in any estrus phase. These results suggest that a lower level of anxiety-like and an increased sensitivity to an anxiolytic drug occurred only in late proestrus and estrus in rats tested in a conflict-operant paradigm.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Conducta, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México. mimoli@bugs.invest.uv.mx
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molina-Hernández
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Téllez-Alcántara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004971:Estrus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D009042:Motivation; D011359:Proestrus / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D003975:Diazepam