title: Gastric distention correlates with activation of multiple cortical and subcortical regions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia may involve abnormal processing of visceral stimuli at the level of the central nervous system. There is accumulating evidence that visceral and somatic pain processing in the brain share common neuronal substrates. However, the cerebral loci that process sensory information from the stomach are unknown. The aim of this study was to localize the human brain regions that are activated by gastric distention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain (15)O-water positron emission tomography was performed in 15 right-handed healthy volunteers during baseline and distal gastric distentions to 10 mm Hg, 20 mm Hg, threshold pain, and moderate pain. Pain, nausea, and bloating were rated during baseline and distentions (0-5 scale). Statistical subtraction analysis of brain images was performed between distentions and baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms increased with distending stimulus intensity (maximum pain, 2.1 +/- 0.4; nausea, 2.2 +/- 0.4; bloating, 3.7 +/- 0.2). Paralleling increases in distention stimulus and symptoms, progressive increases in activation (P < or = 0.05), were observed in the thalami, insula bilaterally, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nuclei, brain stem periaqueductal gray matter, cerebellum, and occipital cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic gastric distention activates structures implicated in somatic pain processing, supporting the notion of a common cerebral pain network.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. ladabau@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ladabaum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minoshima
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hasler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Chey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Owyang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000503:physiopathology; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D013270:Stomach / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed