title: Sexual assault and physical health: findings from a population-based study of older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior reports have pointed to an adverse effect of sexual assault on subsequent health, particularly depression and obesity, in women. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between self-reported sexual assault history and objective parameters of physical health in a sample of older men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study of white, middle to upper middle class, older (median age 75 years) men (N = 533) and women (N = 826) within a defined community setting. Sex-specific, age-adjusted risks were calculated for 11 common chronic medical conditions (10 for each sex: coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, asthma, migraine, thyroid disease, and arthritis in all subjects; breast cancer in women; and prostate cancer in men) and confirmed by physical or laboratory examination or review of medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sexual assault was reported by 5.4% of men and 12.7% of women; repeated exposure was reported by 10.3 and 21.9% of sexually assaulted men and women, respectively. In women, a history of sexual assault was associated with an increased risk of 2 of 10 conditions: arthritis (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.13-2.76) and breast cancer (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.12-4.33). A "dose-response" effect was observed: Multiple episodes of sexual assault carried a two- to three-fold increased risk of these diseases compared with a single episode. In men, the only statistically significant association was between sexual assault and thyroid disease (OR = 4.68, 95% CI = 1.08-20.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data partially replicate findings from other studies of adverse effects of sexual trauma on health, although the specific diseases are different. Causal mechanisms cannot be inferred from these data. Studies in other cohorts are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0985, USA. mstein@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001168:Arthritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012803:Sick Role; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology