title: The risk of urinary incontinence of parous women who delivered only by cesarean section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association of route of delivery with prevalence of urinary incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with menopause who consulted at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, were interviewed and examined to detect urinary incontinence. Obstetrics history and other possible factors that could influence incontinence were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary incontinence was diagnosed in 98 women (cases) while 91 were free of this problem. The risk of urinary incontinence was approximately five times higher among women with one or more pregnancies than among nulligravida, and 3.5 times higher among women who had had only cesarean sections than among nullipara.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women cannot prevent urinary incontinence by delivering exclusively by cesarean section.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas das Doenças Materno-Infantis de Campinas (CEMICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil. afaundes@unicamp.br
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faúndes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guarisi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pinto-Neto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*