Detection of acetylcodeine in urine as an indicator of illicit heroin use: method validation and results of a pilot study.
BACKGROUND
Acetylcodeine (AC), an impurity of illicit heroin synthesis, has been suggested as an interesting biomarker of illicit heroin use.


METHODS
Procedures were developed for quantification of (a) morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM), and codeine in urine and (b) diacetylmorphine and AC in urine. Solid-phase extraction of the analytes was performed, and the extracted analytes were analyzed by selected-ion monitoring with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This procedure required prior derivatization with propionic anhydride.


RESULTS
Different validation parameters were determined, such as linearity, reproducibility, extraction recoveries, and cutoffs. Seventy-one urine specimens of illicit heroin abusers and 44 urine specimens of subjects in a heroin maintenance program were analyzed. AC was detected in 85.9% of the samples of the first group but not in any of the samples from subjects taking medical heroin. In the two groups, there were 94.4% and 84.1% 6-AM positive urine specimens, respectively. Detection times were determined for AC and codeine by parallel administration of heroin containing various percentages of AC to four voluntary patients in a heroin maintenance program. The measured detection times were 8 and 23 h for AC and codeine, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that, together with detection of 6-AM in urine, AC is a suitable marker of illicit heroin use.
Staub
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C
Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale, 9 Avenue de Champel, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. christian.staub@medecine.unige.ch
Marset
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M
Mino
A
A
Mangin
P
P
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003061:Codeine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
D015415:Biomarkers; C053740:acetylcodeine; D003061:Codeine