title: Pilot trial of interleukin-2 with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the mobilization of progenitor cells in advanced breast cancer patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy: expansion of immune effectors within the stem-cell graft and post-stem-cell infusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) improves mobilization of immune effector cells into the stem-cell graft of patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autografting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a trial of stem-cell mobilization with IL-2 and G-CSF in advanced breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and carboplatin and stem cells followed by IL-2. The trial defined immune, hematologic, and clinical effects of IL-2 in this setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 32 patients enrolled, nine received G-CSF alone for mobilization. Twenty-one of 23 patients mobilized with IL-2 plus G-CSF had stem cells collected with more mononuclear cells than those receiving G-CSF (19.3 v 10.4 x 10(8)/kg; P =.006), but fewer CD34(+) progenitor cells (6.9 v 22.0 x 10(6)/kg; P =.049). The IL-2 plus G-CSF-mobilized patients had greater numbers of activated T (CD3(+)/CD25(+)) cells (P =.009), natural killer (NK; CD56(+)) cells (P =.007), and activated NK (CD56 bright(+)) cells (P: =.039) than those patients mobilized with G-CSF. NK (P =.042) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) (P =.016) activity was increased in those mobilized with IL-2 + G-CSF, whereas G-CSF-mobilized patients had a decline in cytolytic activity. In the third week posttransplantation, immune reconstitution was superior in those mobilized with IL-2 plus G-CSF based on greater numbers of activated T cells (P =.003), activated NK cells (P =.04), and greater LAK activity (P =.003). The 16 of 21 IL-2 + G-CSF-mobilized patients with adequate numbers of stem cells (> 1.5 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg) collected engrafted rapidly posttransplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that G-CSF + IL-2 can enhance the number and function of antitumor effector cells in a mobilized autograft without impairing the hematologic engraftment, provided that CD34 cell counts are more than 1.5 x 10(6) cells/kg. Mobilization of CD34(+) stem cells does seem to be adversely affected. In those mobilized with IL-2 and G-CSF, post-stem-cell immune reconstitution of antitumor immune effector cells was enhanced.
authors.affiliation: Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago 60612, USA. jasosman@tigger.cc.uic.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sosman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stiff
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sorokin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martone
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Besien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peace
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gustin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013852:Thiotepa / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D013852:Thiotepa; D016190:Carboplatin