title: Cost-effectiveness of combined outreach for the pneumococcal and influenza vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis as part of a randomized, controlled trial of a community-based outreach initiative to promote the pneumococcal and influenza vaccines for people aged 65 years or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis was based on primary data from the trial on the increase in vaccination rates and cost of the intervention, and published estimates of the effectiveness of the vaccines and cost of treatment. We performed partial stochastic analyses based on the confidence intervals (CIs) of the effectiveness of the intervention and of the vaccines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cost-effectiveness ratio of the combined-outreach initiative as implemented was $35 486 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), whereas it was $53 547 per QALY for the pneumococcal vaccine and $130 908 per QALY for the influenza vaccine. In partial stochastic analyses, the quasi-CI of the combined-outreach initiative ranged from $15 145 to $152 311 per QALY. The cost-effectiveness ratio of the intervention targeted to people who had never received the pneumococcal vaccine or who had not received the influenza vaccine in the previous year was $11 771 per QALY, with a quasi-CI of $3330 to $46 095 per QALY. With the use of the projected cost of replicating the intervention, the cost-effectiveness ratio was $26 512 per QALY for the initiative as implemented and $7843 per QALY for a targeted initiative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The community-based outreach initiative to promote the pneumococcal and influenza vaccines was reasonably cost-effective. Further improvements in cost-effectiveness could be made by targeting the initiative or through lessons learned during the first year that would reduce the cost of the initiative in subsequent years.
authors.affiliation: mweaver@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castorina
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ciske
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018803:Models, Economic; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines