title: Evaluation of the effectiveness of decontamination of dental syringes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Steam autoclaving is the gold standard for decontaminating dental instruments, but worldwide disinfection is still widely employed. We have evaluated a range of procedures for their ability to inactivate duck hepatitis B virus contaminating dental syringes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residual infectivity of virus suspensions following 2% glutaraldehyde treatment, ultrasonication or steam sterilisation at 121 degrees or 134 degrees was assayed by injecting day-old ducklings and examining their livers for viral DNA 2.5 weeks later. Dental syringes were contaminated with DHBV positive blood, then treated by the same methods. An anaesthetic cartridge containing water was loaded into the syringe and 400microl aliquots used to inject day-old ducklings. Used dental syringes were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suspension test:- ultrasonic treatment failed to inactivate DHBV in suspension, but complete inactivation was achieved by 2% glutaraldehyde and autoclaving. Syringe test:- neither ultrasonic treatment nor glutaraldehyde inactivated DHBV. Autoclaving at 134 degrees (3 minutes) permitted transmission to 1/16 ducklings but steam sterilisation at 121 degrees (15 minutes) was effective. Electronmicroscopy demonstrated organic debris (biofilm) in the lumen of used syringes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short autoclaving cycles, albeit at raised temperatures, may fail to inactivate the virus because of poor steam penetration, inadequate heat transfer and the accumulation of protective biofilm.
authors.affiliation: The Australian Centre for Hepatitis Virology and the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vickery
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pajkos
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cossart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D004372:Ducks; D005976:Glutaral; D004371:Hepatitis Virus, Duck; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D019552:Infection Control, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013227:Steam; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods; D013594:Syringes / Q000821:virology*; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D013227:Steam; D005976:Glutaral