title: Surgeon predictions on growth of minimal invasive therapy: the difficulty of estimating technologic diffusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare five-year predictions made in 1992 by academic surgeon leaders in UK, US and Canada, with actual experiences in 1997, of increased rates of minimal invasive therapy (MIT) for surgical operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 1992 predictions of percent of operations done by minimal invasive therapy and length of stay in the US with actual 1997 percents found by literature searches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found sufficient data on 12 operations done by MIT in 1997 of the original 34 operations predicted in 1992 by surgeon experts to be to be amenable to this technique. These 12 operations were among the top 20 most commonly performed procedures in 1992 and 1997. Of these 12 operations, ten had 40-60% lower 1997 percentages than predicted, one had about 10% lower rate, and two had 18% and 100% higher rates of MIT than predicted. Overall mean length of stay (LOS) for all 34 study operations fell from 6.8 days in 1992 to 5.2 days in 1997. Mean LOS in 1997 was 2.5 days by MIT and 6.7 days by open technique (OT).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the predictions made in 1992 by surgical leaders in Canada, US and UK were incorrect when examined 5 years later. The rate of MIT diffusion and its effect on length of stay were overestimated for most operations, while for two procedures the predictions underestimated extent of diffusion. Also, much of the declines of LOS for surgical care paralleled declines in length of stay for all care, supplemented by the individual contributions of MIT specifically. Relying on expert opinion alone to predict the acceptability, rapidity, scope and extent of technological change is fraught with uncertainty. Unexpected consequences occur when one or a few parts of complex systems are changed. This is a particular problem when predictions are a main basis for informed decision making in the absence of any supporting data from appropriately designed empirical or controlled study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676, USA. bs.bloom@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Pouvourville
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Libert
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fendrick
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D005544:Forecasting; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States