title: Development of California Public Health Goals (PHGs) for chemicals in drinking water.
abstract: As part of a program for evaluation of environmental contaminants in drinking water, risk assessments are being conducted to develop Public Health Goals (PHGs) for chemicals in drinking water, based solely on public health considerations. California's Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 mandated the development of PHGs for over 80 chemicals by 31 December 1999. The law allowed these levels to be set higher or lower than federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), including a level of zero if data are insufficient to determine a specific level. The estimated safe levels and toxicological rationale for the first 26 of these chemicals are described here. The chemicals include alachlor, antimony, benzo[a]pyrene, chlordane, copper, cyanide, dalapon, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 2,4-D, diethylhexylphthalate, dinoseb, endothall, ethylbenzene, fluoride, glyphosate, lead, nitrate, nitrite, oxamyl, pentachlorophenol, picloram, trichlorofluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, uranium and xylene(s). These risk assessments are to be considered by the State of California in revising and developing state MCLs for chemicals in drinking water (which must not exceed federal MCLs). The estimates are also notable for incorporation or consideration of newer guidelines and principles for risk assessment extrapolations.
authors.affiliation: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland 94612, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Howd
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Morry
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bankowska
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Budroe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: DiBartolomeis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jowa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polakoff
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tomar
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D004285:Dogs; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D051379:Mice; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011634:Public Health / Q000592:standards*; D051381:Rats; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D014873:Water Pollutants