title: Cloning of human preprotachykinin-I promoter and the role of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate response elements in its expression by IL-1 and stem cell factor.
abstract: Preprotachykinin-I gene (PPT-I) encodes several peptides with organ-specific functions that link the neuroendocrine-immune-hemopoietic axis. We cloned upstream of the initiation site of human PPT-I promoter and identified consensus sequences for two cAMP response elements (CRE). PPT-I is induced by cytokines including those that signal through the cAMP pathway. Therefore, we studied the role of the two CRE in IL-1alpha and stem cell factor (SCF) stimulation of bone marrow stroma because both cytokines induce endogenous PPT-I in these cells and activate the cAMP pathway. Furthermore, bone marrow stroma expresses the transcription factors regulated by the cAMP pathways such as the repressor (ICERIIgamma) and activator (CREMtau). Mutagenesis of the two CRE and/or cotransfection with vectors that express ICERIIgamma or CREMtau indicated that the two CRE have major roles in PPT-I expression. The two CRE are also required for optimal promoter activity by SCF and IL-1alpha. A particular cytokine could concomitantly induce PPT-I and the high affinity G protein-coupled receptor for PPT-I peptides, NK-1R. We showed that SCF, a representative cytokine, induced PPT-I and NK-1R leading to autocrine and/or paracrine cell activation. Because NK-1R activates cAMP through the G protein, the results suggest that the presence of CRE sequences within PPT-I promoter could be important in the regulation of PPT-I expression by cytokines, irrespective of their ability to signal through cAMP. As PPT-I is implicated in hemopoietic regulation, immune responses, breast cancer, and other neural functions, these studies add to the basic biology of these processes and could provide targets for drug development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yehia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anjaria
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gascon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rameshwar
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000276:immunology; D019898:Autocrine Communication / Q000276:immunology; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018448:Models, Immunological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020218:Response Elements / Q000276:immunology*; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D015320:Tachykinins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D011498:Protein Precursors; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D015320:Tachykinins; C044206:preprotachykinin