title: Involvement of the endothelin system in experimental critical hind limb ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelin- (ET-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of several ischemic diseases. We investigated the hypotheses that ET-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of experimental critical hind limb ischemia and that ET-1 receptor antagonists have a protective effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical hind limb ischemia was achieved by exclusion of the femoral artery and embolization of collateral vessels in rats. The induction of endothelin system components by ischemia was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (mRNAs) and immunoassay (peptides) in the plasma and ischemic muscles 5 hr (H5), 5 days (D5) and 14 days (D14) after ischemia. Two groups of rats received 100 mg/kg/day of either Bosentan, a mixed ET(A/B) receptor antagonist (n = 12), or LU 135252, a selective ET(A) receptor antagonist (n = 9), and a control group without treatment (n = 12) served as control. Muscle blood flow and ischemia were monitored in the ischemic limb by laser Doppler and phosphorylase activity, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure induced an 80% decrease in muscle blood flow and complete suppression of phosphorylase activity without necrosis. At day 14, the tissue blood flow remained reduced by 70% and phosphorylase activity was suppressed completely. There was up-regulation of preproendothelin-1, preproET-3, endothelin converting enzyme-1, and ET(A). ET(B) receptor mRNAs in ischemic muscle at day 5 and day 14 was accompanied by an increase in muscle concentration of ET-1 at day 5, without significant changes in plasma endothelin. Treatment with Bosentan and LU 135252 increased tissue blood flow and reduced muscle ischemia at day 14.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue production of ET- 1 is up-regulated in experimental critical hind limb ischemia. Inhibition of the endothelin system by a mixed ET(A/B) receptor antagonist may protect, at least in part, against muscle injury.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris, France. u460@bichat.inserm.fr
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Luyt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lepailleur-Enouf
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gaultier
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Valdenaire
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steg
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Michel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D016232:Endothelins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016232:Endothelins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin