title: The relationship between mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases and two climatic factors in densely populated areas in Norway and Ireland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seasonal variations in mortality due to cardiovascular disease have been demonstrated in many countries, with the highest levels occurring during the coldest months of the year. It has been suggested that this can be explained by cold climate. In this study, we examined the relationship between mortality and two different climatic factors in two densely populated areas (Dublin, Ireland and Oslo/Akershus, Norway).
  
  
  METHODS
  Meteorological data (mean daily air temperatures and wind speed) and registered daily mortality data for three groups of cardiovascular disease for the period 1985-1994 were obtained for the two respective areas. The daily mortality ratio for both men and women of 60 years and older was calculated from the mortality data. The wind chill temperature equivalent was calculated from the Siple and Passels formula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seasonal variations in mortality were greater in Dublin than in Oslo/Akershus, with mortality being highest in winter. This pattern was similar to that previously shown for the two respective countries as a whole. There was a negative correlation between mortality and both air temperature and wind chill temperature equivalent for all three groups of diseases. The slopes of the linear regression lines describing the relationship between mortality and air temperature were a lot steeper for the Irish data than for the Norwegian data. However, the difference between the steepness of the linear regression lines for the relationship between mortality and wind chill temperature equivalent was considerably less between the two areas. This can be explained by the fact that Dublin is a much windier area than Oslo/Akershus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that the inclusion of two climatic factors rather than just one changes the impression of the relationship between climate and cardiovascular disease mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mercer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002980:Climate; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014505:Urban Population