title: Soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 and IL-6 plasma levels in humans subjected to the sleep deprivation model of spaceflight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extent to which sleep loss may predispose astronauts to a state of altered immunity during extended space travel prompts evaluation with ground-based models.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to measure plasma levels of selected cytokines and their receptors, including the putative sleep-regulation proteins soluble TNF-alpha receptor (sTNF-alpha R) I and IL-6, in human subjects undergoing 2 types of sleep deprivation during environmental confinement with performance demands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adult men (n = 42) were randomized to schedules that varied in severity of sleep loss: 4 days (88 hours) of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) involving two 2-hour naps per day or 4 days of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Plasma samples were obtained every 6 hours across 5 days and analyzed by using enzyme-linked immunoassays for sTNF-alpha RI, sTNF-alpha RII, IL-6, soluble IL-2 receptor, IL-10, and TNF-alpha.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interactions between the effects of time and sleep deprivation level were detected for sTNF-alpha RI and IL-6 but not for sTNF-alpha RII, soluble IL-2 receptor, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. Relative to the PSD condition, subjects in the TSD condition had elevated plasma levels of sTNF-alpha RI on day 2 (P =.04), day 3 (P =.01), and across days 2 to 4 of sleep loss (P =.01) and elevated levels of IL-6 on day 4 (P =.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total sleep loss produced significant increases in plasma levels of sTNF-alpha RI and IL-6, messengers that connect the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. These changes appeared to reflect elevations of the homeostatic drive for sleep because they occurred in TSD but not PSD, suggesting that naps may serve as the basis for a countermeasures approach to prolonged spaceflight.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reuben
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mullington
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Szuba
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Van Dongen
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Dinges
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000097:blood*; D012995:Solubility; D013026:Space Flight; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor