title: Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of the association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis are contradictory. We studied stiffness of the aorta and the common carotid artery in relation to several indicators of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted within the Rotterdam Study in >3000 elderly subjects aged 60 to 101 years. Aortic stiffness was assessed by measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and common carotid artery stiffness was assessed by measuring common carotid distensibility. Atherosclerosis was assessed by common carotid intima-media thickness, plaques in the carotid artery and in the aorta, and the presence of peripheral arterial disease. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA with adjustment for age, sex, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both aortic and common carotid artery stiffness were found to have a strong positive association with common carotid intima-media thickness, severity of plaques in the carotid artery, and severity of plaques in the aorta (P: for trend <0.01 for all associations). Subjects with peripheral arterial disease had significantly increased aortic stiffness (P:=0.001) and borderline significantly increased common carotid artery stiffness (P:=0.08) compared with subjects without peripheral arterial disease. Results were similar after additional adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and after exclusion of subjects with prevalent cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This population-based study shows that arterial stiffness is strongly associated with atherosclerosis at various sites in the vascular tree.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (Netherlands).
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: van Popele
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bots
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asmar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Topouchian
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Reneman
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hoeks
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: van der Kuip
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001027:Aortography; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011187:Posture; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014463:Ultrasonography