title: The intracellular activation of lamivudine (3TC) and determination of 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (dCTP) pools in the presence and absence of various drugs in HepG2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lamivudine (3TC, 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine) requires intracellular metabolism to its active 5'-triphosphate, 3TC-5'-triphosphate (3TCTP), to inhibit the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV). We have investigated the activation of 3TC, in the presence and absence of a range of compounds, in HepG2 cells. The intracellular levels of the endogenous competitor of 3TCTP, 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (dCTP), were also determined and 3TCTP/dCTP ratios calculated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of a number of compounds on 3TC (3H; 1 microM) phosphorylation were investigated by radiometric h.p.l.c. dCTP levels were determined using a template primer extension assay. 3TCTP/dCTP ratios were calculated from these results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phosphorylation of 3TC was significantly increased in the presence of either hydroxyurea (HU), methotrexate (MTX), or fludarabine (FLU). For example, at 100 microM HU, control 3TCTP levels were increased to 361% of control, whereas at 100 microM FLU, control 3TCTP levels were increased to 155%. dCTP pools were significantly reduced in the presence of HU and FLU, at 100 microM concentrations only. However, for all the above three compounds investigated, the ratio of 3TCTP/dCTP was favourably enhanced (e.g. at 1 microM MTX, 255% of control). Neither ganciclovir (GCV), lobucavir (LCV), penciclovir (PCV), adefovir dipivoxil (ADV), nor foscarnet (FOS) had any significant effects on 3TC phosphorylation or dCTP pools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the activity of 3TC may be potentiated when combined with one of the modulators studied. The lack of an interaction between 3TC and the other anti-HBV agents is reassuring. These in vitro studies can be used as an initial screen to examine potential interactions at the phosphorylation level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, New Medical Building, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK. UK. S.Kewn@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kewn
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Hoggard
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Back
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003570:Cytidine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis*; D003845:Deoxycytosine Nucleotides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D003845:Deoxycytosine Nucleotides; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; C417268:lamivudine triphosphate; C024107:2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate; D019259:Lamivudine; D003570:Cytidine Triphosphate; D014740:Vidarabine; C024352:fludarabine; D006918:Hydroxyurea; D008727:Methotrexate