title: Analysis of the causes of treatment failure in gamma knife radiosurgery for intracranial arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to analyze causes for treatment failure following gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), in cases in which the nidus could still be observed on angiography 3 years postsurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred fifteen patients with AVMs were treated with GKS between April 1990 and March 2000. The mean margin dose was 23.6 Gy (range 10-25 Gy), and the mean nidus volume was 5.3 cm3 (range 0.4-41.7 cm3). The KULA treatment planning system and conventional subtraction angiography were used in treatment planning. One hundred twenty-three of these 415 patients underwent follow-up angiography after GKS. After 3 years the nidus was totally obliterated in 98 patients (80%) and partial obliteration was noted in the remaining 25. There were several reasons why complete obliteration was not achieved in all cases: inadequate nidus definition in four patients, changes in the size and location of the nidus in five patients due to recanalization after embolization or reexpansion after hematoma reabsorption, a large AVM volume in five patients, a suboptimal radiation dose to the thalamic and basal ganglia in eight patients, and radioresistance in three patients with an intranidal fistula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The causes of failed GKS for treatment of AVMs seen on 3-year follow-up angiograms include inadequate nidus definition, large nidus volume, suboptimal radiation dose, recanalization/reexpansion, and radioresistance associated with an intranidal fistula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea. ykwon@www.amc.seoul.kr
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ra
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kwun
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure