title: Classification and treatment of pooling of contrast material on computed tomographic scan of blunt hepatic trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pooling of contrast material on computed tomographic (CT) scan represents free extravasation of blood as a result of active bleeding. For patients with blunt hepatic injury, aggressive management such as angiography or celiotomy is usually indicated if this sign is detected. The purposes of this study were to further categorize this CT scan finding and to correlate its characteristics with clinical outcomes. This CT scan classification might be helpful for the selection of appropriate management.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 42-month period, 276 patients with blunt hepatic injury were treated. Two hundred twelve of them were hemodynamically stable after initial resuscitation and underwent abdominal CT scan examination. Pooling of contrast material was detected on the CT scans of 15 patients. The CT scans and medical records were reviewed. Special attention was paid to the presence, location, and character of the extravasated contrast material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The finding of pooling of contrast material on CT scan was categorized into three types according to its location and character. Type I showed extravasation and pooling of contrast material in the peritoneal cavity (six patients). All patients with type I CT scan findings became hemodynamically unstable soon after CT scan examination and required emergent laparotomy. Type II findings showed simultaneous presence of hemoperitoneum and intraparenchymal contrast material pooling (six patients). Four patients with type II CT scan findings required laparotomy for hemostasis. Type III findings showed intraparenchymal contrast material pooling without hemoperitoneum (three patients). All patients with type III CT scan signs remained hemodynamically stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the use of a high-speed spiral CT scanner, it is possible to predict the necessity of operative management or angiography for patients with blunt hepatic injury before deterioration of hemodynamic status. The presence of pooling of contrast material within the peritoneal cavity indicates active and massive bleeding. Patients with this CT scan finding show rapid deterioration of hemodynamic status. Most of these patients might require emergent surgery. Pooling of contrast material in a ruptured hepatic parenchyma indicates active bleeding. Close monitoring and emergent angiography should be performed. Deterioration of hemodynamic status in these patients usually requires prompt surgical intervention. Intraparenchymal pooling of contrast material with unruptured liver capsule often indicates a self-limited hemorrhage. Patients with this CT scan finding have a high possibility of successful nonoperative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media