title: Treatment and outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a challenging condition and is associated with a high mortality rate; optimal therapy remains unclear. This retrospective study describes the clinical characteristics of treatment and outcome in 48 infants with CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight male (58%) and 20 female (42%) infants with CDH were treated from 1987 through 1998. The goals of the ventilator strategy were permissive hypercapnea (PaCO2 < or = 55 mm Hg) and avoidance of hyperventilation. Infants were initially ventilated with an intermittent mandatory rate of 40 to 60 per minute, peak inspiratory pressure of 20 to 25 cm H2O, and positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O. High-frequency positive pressure ventilation was used if hypoxemia or severe hypercapnea (PaCO2 > 60 mm Hg) occurred. Most infants underwent repair after 3 days of age and only four infants underwent early repair within 24 hours of birth. A prophylactic chest tube was placed in the ipsilateral hemithorax postoperatively in all patients treated before 1996. The severity of respiratory distress was estimated by alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, oxygenation index, and alveolar-arterial ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients presented with Bochdalek CDH, and two with Morgangni CDH. Antenatal diagnosis was made in 10 cases. Respiratory distress was the major manifestation and usually occurred immediately after birth. Six cases were diagnosed several months after birth and presented mainly with gastrointestinal symptoms. Eleven patients died before surgery and 37 patients underwent surgical repair. Two infants died postoperatively because of congestive heart failure and tension pneumothorax, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 27%. The major causes of mortality were severe respiratory failure, persistent pulmonary hypertension, pneumothorax, and associated anomalies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly 75% of patients in this series survived. This suggests that noninvasive respiratory care combined with delayed surgery may be an acceptable strategy for the treatment of CDH, and can be used in most medical institutions without equipment for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate