title: Quantitative analysis of rectus extraocular muscle layers in monkey and humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs) consist of orbital (OL) and global (GL) layers. This study enumerated the fibers in both layers along the length of each EOM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four human (ages 17 months-93 years) and three monkey (ages 5-7 years) orbits were serially sectioned in the coronal plane and stained with Masson's trichrome. All fibers of the rectus EOMs were counted using light microscopy at midorbit in all specimens and regular intervals throughout the orbits for one human and one monkey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the GL, human EOMs in midorbit contained 8000 to 16,400 fibers, and monkey EOMs contained 3600 to 6600 fibers, varying little among the four rectus EOMs. In humans and monkeys, the number of OL fibers in midorbit varied widely according to specific EOM, being most numerous for the medial rectus (human: 7400-14,600; monkey: 3700-7000). The GL existed over the entire extent of each EOM from origin in the orbital apex into continuity with the tendon inserting on the globe. The OL was absent in the most anterior portion of each EOM, because OL fibers inserted on the respective EOM pulley.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primate EOMs contain substantial numbers of OL fibers. Numerical similarity of GL fibers is consistent with similar mechanical loading on each of the four rectus EOMs, as required to rotate the globe. Numerical dissimilarity of OL fibers correlates with varying mechanical loading because of varying elasticities of connective tissues onto which these fibers insert.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology and. Neurology, the Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,CA 90095-7002, USA.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Poukens
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Demer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000166:cytology*; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology