title: SR proteins Asf/SF2 and 9G8 interact to activate enhancer-dependent intron D splicing of bovine growth hormone pre-mRNA in vitro.
abstract: The alternative splicing of the last intron (intron D) of bovine growth hormone (bGH) pre-mRNA requires a down-stream exonic splicing enhancer (FP/ESE). The presence of at least one SR protein has been shown to be essential for FP/ESE function and splicing of intron D in in vitro splicing assays. However, in vitro reconstitution of splicing using individual purified SR proteins may not accurately reflect the true complexity of alternative splicing in an intact nucleus, where multiple SR proteins in varying amounts are likely to be available simultaneously. Here, a panel of recombinant baculovirus-expressed SR proteins was produced and tested for the ability to activate FP/ESE-dependent splicing. Individual recombinant SR proteins differed significantly in their activity in promoting intron D splicing. Among the recombinant SR proteins tested, SRp55 was the most active, SC35 showed very little activity, and ASF/SF2 and 9G8 individually had intermediate activity. At least one SR protein (ASF/SF2) bound to the FP/ESE with characteristics of a cooperative interaction. Most interestingly, low concentrations of ASF/SF2 and 9G8 acted synergistically to activate intron D splicing. This was due in part to synergistic binding to the FP/ESE. Splicing of bGH intron D is inherently complex, and is likely controlled by an interaction of the FP/ESE with several trans-acting protein factors acting both independently and cooperatively. This level of complexity may be required for precise control of alternative splicing by an exon sequence, which simultaneously is constrained to maintain translational integrity of the mature mRNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4960, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shambaugh
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rottman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bokar
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002417:Cattle; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics*; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D000068103:Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; D012322:RNA Precursors; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000068103:Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005914:Globins