title: Assessing and analysing contamination of a dairy products processing plant by Staphylococcus aureus using antibiotic resistance and PFGE.
abstract: A dairy product processing plant was studied for 2.5 years to examine contamination with Staphylococcus aureus and try to correlate the source of contamination. Cultures were submitted to an antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) and characterised by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Results showed that 35.2% (19/51) of food handlers were asymptomatic carriers of S. aureus, and that 90.4% (19/21) of raw milk sampled was contaminated. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from only 10 samples among more than 3200 investigated dairy products. No S. aureus contamination was found on machinery. The AST analysis demonstrated sensitivity of tested S. aureus to oxacillin, cephalothin, vancomycin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. AST analysis generated eight different phenotypic profiles, but did not allow us to identify the source of contamination in seven of ten final products. PFGE analysis proved to be a sensitive method as it generated 42 different DNA banding profiles among the 48 S. aureus investigated, demonstrating a lack of predominance of endemic strains in the plant, contrary to suggestions raised by antibiotic resistance typing. Based on PFGE genotyping, S. aureus strains isolated from four contaminated final products were similar to four S. aureus isolated from raw milk. Five final products contained S. aureus different from all other strains collected, and one showed similarity to a strain isolated from a food handler. These results suggest contamination by raw milk as the main source of contamination of the final dairy products.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul State, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Tondo
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ayub
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001938:Brazil; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005525:Food-Processing Industry; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial