title: Anesthetic-like interaction of the sleep-inducing lipid oleamide with voltage-gated sodium channels in mammalian brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  cis-9,10-Octadecenoamide (cOA) accumulates in cerebrospinal fluid during sleep deprivation and induces sleep in animals, but its cellular actions are poorly characterized. In earlier studies, like a variety of anesthetics, cOA modulated gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors and inhibited transmitter release/burst firing in cultured neurones or synaptoneurosomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, radioligand binding ([3H]batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate and mouse central nervous system synaptoneurosomes) and voltage clamp (whole cell recording from cultured NIE115 murine neuroblastoma) confirmed an interaction with neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  cOA stereoselectively inhibited specific binding of toxin to VGSC (inhibitor concentration that displaces 50% of specifically bound radioligand, 39.5 microm). cOA increased (4x) the Kd of toxin binding without affecting its binding maximum. Rate of dissociation of radioligand was increased without altering association kinetics, suggesting an allosteric effect (indirect competition at site 2 on VGSC). cOA blocked tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents (maximal effect and affinity were significantly greater at depolarized potentials; P < 0.01). Between 3.2 and 64 microm, the block was concentration-dependent and saturable, but cOA did not alter the V50 for activation curves or the measured reversal potential (P > 0.05). Inactivation curves were significantly shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction by cOA (maximum, -15.4 +/- 0.9 mV at 32 microm). cOA (10 microm) slowed recovery from inactivation, with tau increasing from 3.7 +/- 0.4 ms to 6.4 +/- 0.5 ms (P < 0.001). cOA did not produce frequency-dependent facilitation of block (up to 10 Hz).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These effects (and the capacity of oleamide to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors in earlier studies) are strikingly similar to those of a variety of anesthetics. Oleamide may represent an endogenous ligand for depressant drug sites in mammalian brain.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy and Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Sunderland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ganellin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verdon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001496:Batrachotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000378:metabolism; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000187:drug effects*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001496:Batrachotoxins; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009829:Oleic Acids; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D015222:Sodium Channels; C031775:batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate; C029407:oleylamide