title: Epigenetic regulation of androgen receptor gene expression in human prostate cancers.
abstract: Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone deacetylation are thought to play important roles in gene transcriptional inactivation. Heterogenous expression of androgen receptor (AR), which appears to be related to variable responses to endocrine therapy in prostate cancer (PCa) may also be due to epigenetic factors. The methylation status of the 5' CpG island of the AR in 3 prostate cancer cell lines and 10 primary and 14 hormone-refractory PCa samples was determined using the bisulfite PCR methods. In DU145, CpG-rich regions of the AR were hypermethylated. By an immunohistochemical analysis, only one PCa sample had no AR expression, the others being heterogenous. Bisulfite sequencing and methylation-specific PCR analysis showed aberrant methylation of AR 5'-regulatory region in 20% of 10 primary and 28% of 14 hormone-refractory PCa samples. To clarify the effect of epigenetic regulation on AR expression, we treated three prostate cancer cell lines with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (azaC), and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A (TSA). In DU145, re-expression of AR mRNA was detected after treatment with azaC and/or TSA. Our results suggest that epigenetic regulations including CpG methylation and histone acetylation may play important roles in the regulation of the AR.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Pathology, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toyota
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sekita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mizokami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yatani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000633:toxicity; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D001374:Azacitidine; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D000077209:Decitabine; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C015772:CpG dinucleotide; C012589:trichostatin A