title: A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric tonsillectomy patient.
abstract: We compared the effects of oral clonidine (4 microg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) on the preanesthetic sedation and postoperative recovery profile in children during tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. In a double-blinded, double-dummy study design, 134 ASA physical status I-II children aged 4-12 yr were randomized to receive a combination of either clonidine and placebo (Group A), or placebo and midazolam (Group B) at 60-90 min and 30 min, respectively, before the induction of anesthesia. Children in the clonidine group exhibited more intense anxiety on separation and during induction of anesthesia via a mask as measured by the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scores. They also had significantly lower mean intraoperative arterial blood pressures, shorter surgery, anesthesia, and emergence times, and a decreased need for supplemental oxygen during recovery compared with the midazolam group. However, the clonidine group had larger postoperative opioid requirements, maximum excitement and pain scores based on the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario scale in the Phase 1 postanesthetic care unit. There were no differences between the two groups in the times to discharge readiness, postoperative emesis, unanticipated hospital admission rates, postdischarge maximum pain scores, and 24 h analgesic requirements. The percentage of parents who were completely satisfied with the child's preoperative experience was significantly higher in the midazolam group. There were no differences in parental satisfaction with the recovery period. We conclude that under the conditions of this study, oral midazolam is superior to oral clonidine as a preanesthetic medication in this patient population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We compared preanesthetic sedation and postoperative recovery after oral clonidine (4 microg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) in children during tonsillectomy. The clonidine group had greater preoperative anxiety and shorter surgery and anesthesia times, but required more postoperative analgesia. Delayed recovery and discharge times did not differ. Midazolam was superior to clonidine as oral preanesthetic medication for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fazi
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Jantzen
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Watcha
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010919:Placebos; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010919:Placebos; D003000:Clonidine; D008874:Midazolam