title: Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites, vitamins A and E, and carotenoids in six canid and four ursid species at four zoos.
abstract: Nutritional status for six captive canid species (n=34) and four captive ursid species (n=18) were analyzed. The species analyzed included: African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), gray wolf (Canis lupus), maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baleiyi), red wolf (Canis rufus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), polar bear (Ursus maritimus), spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), and sun bear (Ursus malayanus). Diet information was collected for these animals from each participating zoo (Brookfield Zoo, Fort Worth Zoo, Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, and North Carolina Zoological Park). The nutritional composition of the diet for each species at each institution met probable dietary requirements. Blood samples were collected from each animal and analyzed for vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)(2)D, vitamin A (retinol, retinyl stearate, retinyl palmitate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol) and selected carotenoids. Family differences were found for 25(OH)D, retinol, retinyl stearate, retinyl palmitate and gamma-tocopherol. Species differences were found for all detectable measurements. Carotenoids were not detected in any species. The large number of animals contributing to these data, provides a substantial base for comparing the nutritional status of healthy animals and the differences among them.
authors.affiliation: Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Conservation Biology and Research Center, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, IL 60513, USA. znnsouth@ix.netcom.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crissey
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ange
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Slifka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000097:blood; D002335:Carnivora / Q000097:blood*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D013045:Species Specificity; D001503:Ursidae / Q000097:blood*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014807:Vitamin D; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids