title: Macrophage phenotype during cholestatic injury and repair: the persistent inflammatory response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biliary decompression for congenital or acquired obstruction (eg, biliary atresia) does not uniformly lead to liver repair, restore function, or prevent cholangitis. The authors hypothesize that failed repair is caused by altered macrophage (Mo) phenotypes central to an ongoing inflammatory and fibrogenic response.
  
  
  METHODS
  In adult rats, biliary obstruction was performed by suspension of the common bile duct for 5 or 7 days. Decompression followed release of the loop until death during the course of liver repair. To determine Mo phenotype in the presence or absence of resident macrophages, animals were either administered gadolinium chloride or saline before injury and repair. At death, hepatic Mo were isolated, stained with MAC-1 (CD11b/CD 18) and OX-3 (MHC class II), and quantified with flow cytometry. Liver sections were immunostained for ED-1 and ED2; positive Mo were counted per square millimeter of tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obstruction led to bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammation. Decompression relieved jaundice and ductal hyperplasia. After injury, hepatic Mo showed an 80% phenotypic conversion to MAC-1 and OX-3-positive cells. Cells isolated from livers at 9 days of repair persisted with 60% MAC-1 and 77% OX-3 expression. Gadolinium reduced Kupffer cells at all stages of repair. Recruited Mo in treated animals increased 4-fold greater than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kupffer cells appear to limit the recruitment and persistence of a systemic macrophage phenotype in liver injury and repair. Cell surface markers for systemic macrophages appear after injury and persist during repair, despite adequate biliary decompression. After biliary decompression, this macrophage phenotype accounts for inflammatory complications such as cholangitis and ongoing fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Rhode Island and Hasbro Children's Hospitals, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Roggin
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kurkchubasche
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vezeridis
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tracy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000502:physiology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005682:Gadolinium; C038958:gadolinium chloride; D001663:Bilirubin