title: The effects of ulnar axial malalignment on supination and pronation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Forearm fractures are common injuries in both adults and children. Despite efforts to obtain anatomical alignment, axial rotational malunions occur, resulting in a decreased range of motion and a poor appearance. The objective of this study was to quantify loss of forearm rotation after simulation of ulnar malunions in supination and pronation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities (mean age at the time of death, 79.4+/-2.8 years) were used to quantify loss of forearm rotation after simulation of axial rotational malunions of the ulna. First, maximum forearm rotation in supination and pronation was measured at torques of 6.8, 13.6, and 20.4 kilograms-centimeter applied with use of a custom jig. Following a midshaft ulnar osteotomy, a custom adjustable internal fixation plate was used to simulate axial rotational malunions of the ulna of 0, 15, 30, and 45 degrees in both directions. Measurements in supination and pronation were then repeated at the prespecified torques. Analysis of variance, with a p value of 0.05, was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all instances, a decrease in forearm rotation after simulation of the ulnar rotational malunion was accompanied by an increase in rotation in the opposite direction. Supination and pronation were significantly influenced, whereas the total arc of rotation was not affected by ulnar rotational malunion. At a torque of 20.4 kilograms-centimeter, pronation malunions of 15, 30, and 45 degrees resulted in a mean loss of supination (and standard error of the mean) of 5+/-1, 11+/-1, and 20+/-1 degrees, respectively, and supination malunions of 15, 30, and 45 degrees resulted in a mean loss of pronation of 4+/-1, 10+/-2, and 18+/-4 degrees, respectively. The ratio of the simulated rotational malunion to the loss of motion was larger than one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ulnar rotational malunions do not lead to a significant change in the total arc of forearm rotation. Instead, loss of motion in one direction is accompanied by increased motion in the opposite direction. Even with a 45-degree ulnar rotational malunion, forearm rotation decreases no more than 20 degrees.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory--VA Long Beach Healthcare System, California 90822, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tynan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fornalski
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Utkan
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: T Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005542:Forearm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D017759:Fractures, Malunited / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010027:Osteotomy; D012399:Rotation; D014457:Ulna / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery