title: Ischemic preconditioning with opening of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels or Na/H exchange inhibition: which is the best protective strategy for heart transplants?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare ischemic preconditioning with opening of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibition in an isolated heart model of cold storage, simulating the situation of cardiac allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven isolated isovolumic buffer-perfused rat hearts were arrested with and stored in Celsior solution (Imtix-Sangstat) at 4 degrees C for 4 hours before a 2-hour reperfusion. Group I hearts served as controls and were arrested with and stored in Celsior solution. In group II, hearts were preconditioned by two 5-minute episodes of global ischemia, each separated by 5 minutes of reperfusion before arrest with Celsior solution. Group III hearts were arrested with and stored in Celsior solution supplemented with 100 micromol/L of the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener diazoxide. In group IV, hearts received an infusion of diazoxide (30 micromol/L) during the first 15 minutes of reperfusion. Group V hearts underwent a protocol combining both interventions used in groups III and IV. In group VI, hearts were arrested with and stored in Celsior solution supplemented with 1 micromol/L of the Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor cariporide. Group VII hearts received an infusion of cariporide (1 micromol/L) during the first 15 minutes of reperfusion. In group VIII, hearts underwent a protocol combining both interventions used in groups VI and VII. Group IX hearts were ischemically preconditioned as in group II, and sustained Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibition during both storage and early reperfusion was used as in group VIII.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of comparisons of postischemic left ventricular contractility and diastolic function, coronary flow, total creatine kinase leakage, and myocardial water content, values indicative of improved protection were obtained by combining ischemic preconditioning with Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibition by cariporide given during storage and initial reperfusion. The endothelium-dependent vasodilatory postischemic responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine or acetylcholine and endothelium-independent responses to papaverine were not affected by these interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that cardioprotection conferred by the Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor cariporide is additive to that of ischemic preconditioning and might effectively contribute to improve donor heart preservation during cardiac transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kevelaitis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oubénaissa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mouas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peynet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Menasché
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005971:Glutamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006639:Histidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; C088453:Celsior; D004187:Disaccharides; D004573:Electrolytes; D005971:Glutamates; D006146:Guanidines; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D015221:Potassium Channels; D013450:Sulfones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D008353:Mannitol; D006639:Histidine; C093373:cariporide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D005978:Glutathione; D003981:Diazoxide