title: Chronic stress modulates the immune response to a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Influenza and pneumonia account for significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in older individuals. Previous studies have shown that spousal caregivers of patients with dementia have poorer antibody and virus specific T cell responses to an influenza virus vaccine relative to noncaregiving control subjects. This study tested the hypothesis that stress can also significantly inhibit the IgG antibody response to a pneumococcal bacterial vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured antibody titers of current caregivers, former caregivers, and control subjects after vaccination with a pneumococcal bacterial vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregivers showed deficits relative to controls and former caregivers in their antibody responses to vaccination. Although the groups did not differ before vaccination or in the rise in antibody 2 weeks or 1 month after vaccination, current caregivers had lower antibody titers 3 and 6 months after vaccination than either former caregivers or controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data, the first evidence that chronic stress can inhibit the stability of the IgG antibody response to a bacterial vaccine for pneumonia, provide additional evidence of health risks associated with dementia caregiving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. glaser.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Malarkey
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: MacCallum
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kiecolt-Glaser
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines