title: Single-dose pharmacokinetics of sotalol in a pediatric population with supraventricular and/or ventricular tachyarrhythmia.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics (PK) of the antiarrhythmic sotalol, which elicits Class III and beta-blocking activity, has not been adequately defined in a pediatric population with tachyarrhythmias. The goal of this single-dose study with administration of sotalol HCl at a dose level of 30 mg/m2 body surface area (BSA) was to define the PK of the drug in the following four age groups: neonates (0-30 days), infants (1 month to 2 years), younger children (> 2 to < 7 years), and older children (7-12 years) with tachyarrhythmias of either supraventricular or ventricular origin. The drug was administered in an extemporaneously compounded syrup formulation prepared from the tablets containing sotalol HCl. For safety, vital signs and adverse events were recorded and the QTc interval and heart rate telemetrically monitored. Scheduled blood samples were taken over a 36-hour time interval following dose administration. The drug concentrations in plasma were measured by a sensitive and specific LC/MS/MS assay. Standard compartment model-independent methods were applied to compute the salient PK parameters of sotalol. Twenty-four clinical sites enrolled 34 patients. Thirty-three had analyzable data. Sotalol was rapidly absorbed, with mean peak concentrations occurring 2 to 3 hours after administration. The elimination of sotalol was characterized by an average half-life of between 7.4 and 9.2 hours in the four age groups. There existed statistically significant linear relationships between apparent total clearance (CL/f) or apparent volume of distribution (V lambda z/f) after oral administration and the covariates BSA, creatinine clearance (CLcr), body weight (BW), or age. The best predictors for CL/f were CLcr and BSA, whereas BW best predicted the V lambda z/f. The total area under the drug concentration-time curve in the smallest children with a BSA < 0.33 m2 was significantly greater than that in the larger children. This finding indicated that the BSA-based dose adjustment used in this study led to a larger exposure in the smallest children, whereas the exposure to the drug was similar in the larger children. The dose of 30 mg/m2 was tolerated well. No serious drug-related adverse events were reported. It can be concluded that the PK of sotalol in the pediatric patients depended only on body size, except for the neonates and smallest infants in whom the disposition of sotalol was determined by both body size and maturation of eliminatory processes.
authors.affiliation: Children's Heart Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Saul
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Karpawich
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Melikian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Karara
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hinderling
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D013015:Sotalol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013015:Sotalol