title: Cardiac memory in canine atrium : identification and implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Memory is a diverse biological phenomenon whose importance in the ventricle has been demonstrated. We hypothesized its occurrence in the atrium, contributing to the modulation of cardiac rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed P and Ta waves in conscious chronically instrumented dogs with complete heart block. Animals were atrioventricularly sequentially paced at 5% greater than the sinus rate from the lateral right atrium (RA) during control, followed by 2 periods of 1-hour test pacing at 50% greater than the sinus rate, or by equivalent test pacing from the left atrial appendage (LAA) at 5% or 50% greater than the sinus rate. Recovery RA pacing periods of 20- and 30-minute duration, respectively, succeeded each test pacing period. RA test pacing at either rate did not affect the variables measured, but changing the pacing site from RA to LAA altered the P and Ta waves. Displacement of the spatial atrial gradient vector occurred during recovery from LAA pacing, was more marked at rapid pacing rates, and manifested accumulation and resolution consistent with cardiac memory. Concurrently, the right effective refractory period decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Memory is demonstrable in canine atrium, showing rapid onset, accumulation during successive pacing periods, and resolution on cessation of pacing. Given its association with a reduced effective refractory period, it may contribute to the substrate for atrial arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herweg
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Danilo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006327:Heart Block / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors