title: Brain magnetic resonance imaging and manganese exposure.
abstract: Due to its paramagnetic properties, manganese (Mn) can be effectively visualized by MRI. Mn accumulates selectively in the globus pallidus of basal ganglia, where it can produce high signals at brain magnetic resonance. These hyperintensities are bilateral, symmetrical, and visible in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of different manganese overload conditions. A review of the literature shows identical findings in manganese exposed workers, hepatopatic patients, and patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition with excessive amount of manganese. Two indicators of exposure and hyperintensity were considered, represented respectively by the concentration of Mn in total blood (MnB), and the pallidal index (PI). These two indicators show a positive association, which indicates a possible continuum from normality to clinical stages both in workers occupationally exposed to Mn and in patients suffering from chronic liver disease. Since both MnB and PI show a high degree of variability, further research should be focused on the identification of more accurate indicators.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Italy. lucchini@cci.unibs.it
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucchini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Placidi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gasparotti
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pigozzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alessio
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000378:metabolism; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020149:Manganese Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D014018:Tissue Distribution