title: Infectious disease issues in xenotransplantation.
abstract: Xenotransplantation, the transplantation of living organs, tissues, or cells from one species to another, is viewed as a potential solution to the existing shortage of human organs for transplantation. While whole-organ xenotransplantation is still in the preclinical stage, cellular xenotransplantation and extracorporeal perfusion applications are showing promise in early clinical trials. Advances in immunosuppressive therapy, gene engineering, and cloning of animals bring a broader array of xenotransplantation protocols closer to clinical trials. Despite several potential advantages over allotransplantation, xenotransplantation encompasses a number of problems. Immunologic rejection remains the primary hindrance. The potential to introduce infections across species barriers, another major concern, is the main focus of this review. Nonhuman primates are unlikely to be a main source for xenotransplantation products despite their phylogenetic proximity to humans. Genetically engineered pigs, bred under special conditions, are currently envisaged as the major source. Thus far, there has been no evidence for human infections caused by pig xenotransplantation products. However, the existence of xenotropic endogenous retroviruses and the clinical evidence of long-lasting porcine cell microchimerism indicate the potential for xenogeneic infections. Thus, further trials should continue under regulatory oversight, with close clinical and laboratory monitoring for potential xenogeneic infections.
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. rrb5@cdc.gov
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Boneva
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Folks
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019976:Cloning, Organism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D017053:Infection Control; D011323:Primates; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine / Q000235:genetics; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission*