title: Health outcomes associated with calcium antagonists compared with other first-line antihypertensive therapies: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several observational studies and individual randomised trials in hypertension have suggested that, compared with other drugs, calcium antagonists may be associated with a higher risk of coronary events, despite similar blood-pressure control. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effects of calcium antagonists and other antihypertensive drugs on major cardiovascular events.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a meta-analysis of trials in hypertension that assessed cardiovascular events and included at least 100 patients, who were randomly assigned intermediate-acting or long-acting calcium antagonists or other antihypertensive drugs and who were followed up for at least 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nine eligible trials included 27,743 participants. Calcium antagonists and other drugs achieved similar control of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Compared with patients assigned diuretics, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, or clonidine (n=15,044), those assigned calcium antagonists (n=12,699) had a significantly higher risk of acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio 1.26 [95% CI 1.11-1.43], p=0.0003), congestive heart failure (1.25 [1.07-1.46], p=0.005), and major cardiovascular events (1.10 [1.02-1.18], p=0.018). The treatment differences were within the play of chance for the outcomes of stroke (0.90 [0.80-1.02], p=0.10) and all-cause mortality (1.03 [0.94-1.13], p=0.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In randomised controlled trials, the large available database suggests that calcium antagonists are inferior to other types of antihypertensive drugs as first-line agents in reducing the risks of several major complications of hypertension. On the basis of these data, the longer-acting calcium antagonists cannot be recommended as first-line therapy for hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA. mpahor@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pahor
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Psaty
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Alderman
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavazzini
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Furberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control; D013599:Systole; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers