title: Effects of repeated withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration on brain reward function in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study of the effects of repeated amphetamine administration and withdrawal on brain reward function has relevance to both amphetamine dependence and non-drug-induced depressions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous amphetamine administration and withdrawal on brain stimulation reward thresholds, and the changes that occur with repeated amphetamine exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were prepared with bipolar electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus and trained in a discrete-trial reward threshold procedure. Then, rats underwent two separate periods of amphetamine administration via subcutaneous osmotic mini-pumps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous amphetamine administration was associated with lowering in brain reward thresholds and decreases in response latencies, while withdrawal was associated with threshold elevations. These effects changed with subsequent amphetamine administration and withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicated that with the amphetamine administration regime used here, rats developed increased sensitivity to the effects of acute amphetamine administration and tolerance to the effects of amphetamine withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. nepater@scripps.edu
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markou
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012201:Reward; D012653:Self Stimulation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine