title: Bony orbital development after early enucleation in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the extent of bony orbital volume reduction after enucleation in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volumetric studies on bony orbital volumes based on three dimensional reconstructions acquired from high resolution computed tomograph (CT) scans were performed in 29 patients with acquired anophthalmia and four patients before enucleation (controls). Eight patients (follow up 25-52 years) were enucleated in childhood aged between 0.4 and 8 years (group I), 21 in adulthood aged between 15 and 53 years. Fifteen of these patients (group IIa) had long standing anophthalmia (follow up 7-53 years), six patients (group IIb) were enucleated 9 months to 4 years before CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bony orbital volumes were reduced in all patients with long standing anophthalmia. The median percentage reduction in enucleated orbits was 7.0% in group I, 3.8% in group IIa, and 1.9% in group IIb. In patients with long standing anophthalmia (I and IIa) the reductions were statistically significantly different (p <0.01) from zero. There was some evidence of a correlation between orbital volume reduction and age at enucleation (rho = 0.36, p = 0.09, Spearman rank correlation coefficient) and a statistically significant correlation between volume reduction and time interval since enucleation (rho = -0.5, p = 0.003). Clinically none of the patients showed significant facial asymmetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide strong evidence that enucleation both in children and adults is associated with a reduction of bony orbital volume and that this decrease in volume is associated with increasing time. However, the reduction is smaller than generally assumed and does not cause obvious facial asymmetry. It is more related to the time interval since enucleation than the age at enucleation, which makes a mechanism of volume adaptation more likely than just retardation of growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-80336 Munich, Germany. c.hintsch@ak-i.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hintschich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zonneveld
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baldeschi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bunce
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koornneef
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed