title: The anti-proliferative effect of calcitriol on HL-60 cells is neutralized by uraemic biological fluids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been demonstrated that uraemic serum/ultrafiltrate inhibits cell-mediated immune response in vitro, and that it suppresses calcitriol synthesis and its biological actions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present in vitro study, the effect of calcitriol, uraemic ultrafiltrate (UUF) and a combination of both on the human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line, HL-60, was studied by evaluating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into the DNA, luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (CL) production, expression of CD14, and levels of vitamin D receptor mRNA (VDR mRNA) and CD14 mRNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ability of calcitriol to block cell proliferation (37.4+/-5.4 to 30.5+/-5.6% cells incorporating BrdU, P:<0.01) was neutralized when UUF was applied together with calcitriol (53.4+/-21.3% cells incorporating BrdU, P:<0.01 vs calcitriol alone). Similarly to what was observed for BrdU incorporation, the CL production of HL-60 cells was enhanced in the presence of calcitriol (20126+/-10154 to 61528+/-24021 cpm, P:<0.01), and was suppressed again in the presence of calcitriol and UUF (20916+/-12075 cpm, P:<0.01 vs calcitriol alone); finally UUF also inhibited the calcitriol-induced CD14 expression (71.1+/-11.2 to 54.9+/-17.7% CD14 positive cells, P:<0.05). On the other hand, the calcitriol-induced CD14 mRNA levels were not significantly different in the presence of calcitriol and UUF compared to calcitriol alone. This points to an inhibition by UUF at a post-transcriptional level. Similar data were found for VDR mRNA levels. UUF was fractionated by HPLC in four fractions, hydrophilic uraemic solutes being eluted first (F1) and hydrophobic solutes being eluted last (F4); fractions 1, 2 and 3 simultaneously affected both BrdU incorporation and CL production in a significant way.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that UUF contains factors that impair calcitriol-activated function of HL-60 cells. Hence, the differentiation and immune response of these promyelocytic leukaemia cells, as induced by the supplementation of calcitriol, is neutralized in the presence of uraemic biological fluids. This may be of relevance for the propensity to infection and malignancy of the uraemic patient.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glorieux
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Smet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhondt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Emmelo
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Waterloos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lameire
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plum
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
mesh_terms: D001685:Biological Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014462:Ultrafiltration; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D002117:Calcitriol; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine