title: Postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutrient intakes meeting recommended dietary intakes (RDIs) take time to establish and once established are rarely maintained throughout hospital stay in preterm infants. A nutrient deficit, therefore, accrues. RDI are based on needs for maintenance and growth, with no provision to replace this deficit. We, therefore, hypothesized that postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation were inevitable in infants fed current RDI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intakes were prospectively collected, by a single observer (N.P.), on a daily basis in a group of preterm infants (n = 105; birth weight </=1750 g; gestational age </=34 weeks) admitted to neonatal intensive care unit over a 6-month period. Actual was subtracted from recommended energy (120 kcal/kg/day) and protein (3 g/kg/day) intakes and nutritional deficits calculated. Infants were weighed on admission and throughout hospital stay. The data were analyzed using a combination of repeated measures analysis of variance and stepwise regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nutrient intakes meeting current RDIs were rarely achieved during early life. By the end of the first week, cumulative energy and protein deficits were 406 +/- 92 and 335 +/- 86 kcal/kg and 14 +/- 3 and 12 +/- 4 g/kg in infants </=30 and those at >/=31 weeks. By the end of the fifth week, cumulative energy and protein deficits were 813 +/- 542 and 382 +/- 263 kcal/kg and 23 +/- 12 and 13 +/- 15 g/kg and the z scores were -1.14 +/-.6 and -.82 +/-.5 for infants at </=30 and >/=31 weeks. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that variation in dietary intake accounted for 45% of the variation in changes in z score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preterm infants inevitably accumulate a significant nutrient deficit in the first few weeks of life that will not be replaced when current RDIs are fed. This deficit can be directly related to subsequent postnatal growth retardation.postnatal growth retardation, preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Special Care Baby Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Embleton
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cooke
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D004739:England; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005865:Gestational Age; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008895:Milk, Human; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins