title: Temperament and adolescent substance use: an epigenetic approach to risk and protection.
abstract: We outline an epigenetic approach to understanding the relation between simple dispositional characteristics and complex problem behaviors, with a focus on adolescent substance use. Epigenetic theory predicts that effects of temperament are mediated through self-control and risk-taking tendency, isomorphic attributes that are based in temperament but represent developmental elaborations of these characteristics. We describe how the research program has confirmed predictions from epigenetic theory, addressed additional questions embodied in the theory, and clarified the multiple pathways from temperament characteristics to life stress, social relationships, and motives for substance use. In a final section, we discuss implications for the study of problem behavior and psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology and Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. wills@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sandy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaeger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013694:Temperament