title: The use of trypanocides and antibiotics by Maasai pastoralists.
abstract: Information was collected on the use of veterinary drugs by Maasai pastoralists in an area of Kenya where tsetse flies and trypanosomosis occur. Three herds of cattle were followed for between 4 and 5 years and records were kept of every veterinary drug treatment given by the livestock owners. Almost all treatments were either with the trypanocides homidium or diminazene, or with oxytetracycline by intramuscular injection. The rate of trypanocide use varied between 0.66 and 1.56 treatments per animal per year, while oxytetracycline use was between 0.20 and 1.00 treatments per animal per year. Farmers were injecting these drugs in the absence of veterinary supervision, obtaining their supplies mainly from local village shops or informal traders. Underdosing with trypanocides appeared to be uncommon and the indications were that farmers generally gave the drugs at dosage rates above the recommended standard dose. Accurate information on the dose rates of oxytetracycline could not be obtained, but it was noted that in most cases farmers gave a single injection rather than a course of treatment. In a proportion of cases, trypanocides and antibiotics were mixed together before injection. The farmers administered the drugs when disease was recognized and were rarely using trypanocides as prophylactics. Although necessity forces the livestock owners to obtain and use these drugs without veterinary supervision, there are concerns with regard to the possibility of drug misuse and the development of drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Economics and Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 236, Reading, RG6 6AT, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roderick
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mwendia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Okech
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002417:Cattle; D004133:Diminazene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004996:Ethidium / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015994:Incidence; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014354:Trypanosomiasis, Bovine / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; D004996:Ethidium; C003915:diminazene aceturate; D010118:Oxytetracycline; D004133:Diminazene