title: Doppler US gating of cardiac MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electrocardiographic (ECG) gating of cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been problematic for many reasons. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using Doppler ultrasound (US) gating, either directly off the moving cardiac wall or the systolic upstroke of the arterial signal from the great vessels in neck, in alternative gating modes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2.5-MHz, range-gated Doppler US device was used with A-mode guidance for gating directly off left ventricular wall motion. A 4- or 8.1-MHz, continuous-wave (CW) Doppler US device was used for gating off the systolic upstroke from the great vessels in the neck. The subject undergoing imaging held the transducer against his chest for range-gated Doppler US and against his neck for 8.1-MHz CW Doppler US. The 4-MHz transducer was strapped to the subject's neck. Modified Doppler signals were fed back into the gating circuitry of the MR imager to achieve cardiac synchrony.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac gating was achieved by using both the range-gated technique directly off the cardiac wall and the CW method off blood flow from the great vessels. Problems occurred with radiofrequency shielding during the range-gated method; however, these problems were almost completely removed by use of the CW Doppler probes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doppler US gating of MR images is possible and potentially could overcome many shortcomings of ECG gating. Subsequent embodiments of the technique will require improved radiofrequency shielding in the range-gated technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals and Clinics, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fowlkes
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chenevert
mesh_terms: D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*