title: Cellular distribution of constitutively active mutant parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptors and regulation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate signaling by beta-arrestin2.
abstract: PTH promotes endocytosis of human PTH receptor 1 (PTH1Rc) by activating protein kinase C and recruiting beta-arrestin2. We examined the role of beta-arrestin2 in regulating the cellular distribution and cAMP signaling of two constitutively active PTH1Rc mutants, H223R and T410P. Overexpression of a beta-arrestin2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) conjugate in COS-7 cells inhibited constitutive cAMP accumulation by H223R and T410P in a dose-dependent manner, as well as the response to PTH of both mutant and wild-type PTH1Rcs. The cellular distribution of PTH1Rc-GFP conjugates, fluorescent ligands, and ssarrestin2-GFP was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in HEK-293T cells. In cells expressing either receptor mutant, a ligand-independent mobilization of beta-arrestin2 to the cell membrane was observed. In the absence of ligand, H223R and wild-type PTH1Rcs were mainly localized on the cell membrane, whereas intracellular trafficking of T410P was also observed. While agonists promoted beta-arrestin2-mediated endocytosis of bot PTH1Rc mutants, antagonists were rapidly internalized only with T410P. The protein kinases inhibitor, staurosporine, significantly decreased internalization of ligand-PTH1Rc mutant complexes, although the recruitment of beta-arrestin2 to the cell membrane was unaffected. Moreover, in cells expressing a truncated wild-type PTH1Rc lacking the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, agonists stimulated translocation of beta-arrestin2 to the cell membrane followed by ligand-receptor complex internalization without associated beta-arrestin2. In conclusion, cAMP signaling by constitutively active mutant and wild-type PTH1Rcs is inhibited by a receptor interaction with beta-arrestin2 on the cell membrane, possibly leading to uncoupling from G(s)alpha. This phenomenon is independent from protein kinases activity and the receptor C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. In addition, there are differences in the cellular localization and internalization features of constitutively active PTH1Rc mutants H223R and T410P.
authors.affiliation: Harvard-Thorndike and Charles A. Dana Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. sferrar2@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bisello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019390:Arrestins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019556:COS Cells; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009154:Mutation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; D018016:Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
chemical_list: D019390:Arrestins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; D018016:Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000071557:beta-Arrestins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019311:Staurosporine