title: Migration-inhibitory factor gene-deficient mice are susceptible to cutaneous Leishmania major infection.
abstract: To determine the role of endogenous migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) in the development of protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis, we analyzed the course of cutaneous Leishmania major infection in MIF gene-deficient mice (MIF(-/-)) and wild-type (MIF(+/+)) mice. Following cutaneous L. major infection, MIF(-/-) mice were susceptible to disease and developed significantly larger lesions and greater parasite burdens than MIF(+/+) mice. Interestingly, antigen-stimulated lymph node cells from MIF(-/-) mice produced more interleukin-4 (IL-4) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) than those from MIF(+/+) mice, although the differences were statistically not significant. IFN-gamma-activated resting peritoneal macrophages from MIF(-/-) mice showed impaired macrophage leishmanicidal activity and produced significantly lower levels of nitric oxide and superoxide in vitro. The macrophages from MIF(-/-) mice, however, produced much more IL-6 than macrophages from wild-type mice. These findings demonstrate that endogenous MIF plays an important role in the development of protective immunity against L. major in vivo. Furthermore, they indicate that the susceptibility of MIF(-/-) mice to L. major infection is due to impaired macrophage leishmanicidal activity rather than dysregulation of Th1 and Th2 responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Masschusetts 02115, USA. asatoska@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Satoskar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozza
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez Sosa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: David
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018320:Leishmania major; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology*; D007961:Leukocyte Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D007961:Leukocyte Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma