title: Xenon inhibits but N(2)O enhances ketamine-induced c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices.
abstract: Both nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and xenon are N:-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists that have psychotomimetic effects and cause neuronal injuries in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. We investigated the effect of xenon, xenon with ketamine, N(2)O, and N(2)O with ketamine on c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices, a marker of psychotomimetic effects. Brain sections were prepared, and c-Fos expression was detected with immunohistochemical methods. A loss of microtubule-associated protein 2, a marker of neuronal injury, was also investigated. The number of Fos-like immunoreactivity positive cells by ketamine IV at a dose of 5 mg/kg under 70% N(2)O (128 +/- 12 cells per 0.5 mm(2)) was significantly more than those under 30% (15 +/- 2 cells per 0.5 mm(2)) and 70% xenon (2 +/- 1 cells per 0.5 mm(2)). Despite differences in c-fos immunoreactivity, there was no loss of microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in any group examined. Xenon may suppress the adverse neuronal effects of ketamine, and combined use of xenon and ketamine seems to be safe in respect to neuronal adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakao Si
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masuzawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murao
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shingu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007649:Ketamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014978:Xenon / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D014978:Xenon; D007649:Ketamine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide