title: Intestinal toxicity of ketoprofen-trometamol vs its enantiomers in rat. Role of oxidative stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastrointestinal damage and bleeding are the major side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), however the mechanisms of this ulcerogenic action are not fully understood. It has recently been proposed that neutrophil-and oxygen radical-dependent microvascular injuries may be important prime events that lead to mucosal injury. In addition, other factors like bile flow, intact bacterial flora or feeding conditions may contribute to the formation of lesions. Ketoprofen is a NSAID that exists as a pair of R(-) and S (+) enantiomers; like other 2-arylpropionic acids, its anti-inflammatory effects resides almost exclusively in the S (+) isomer. The present study was undertaken to explore the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of intestinal injury induced by oral administration of racemic ketoprofen and its enantiomers given as their water soluble tromethamine salts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of intestinal damage and activities of oxidative stress related enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), xanthine-oxidase (XO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were studied in an experimental animal model using refed rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the oral treatment followed by a refeeding period of 24 h, ketoprofen (100, 50, 25 mg/Kg b.w.) dose-dependently caused longitudinal ulcers on the mesenteric side of the middle and lower intestine lumen. The intestinal toxicity caused by S(+)-ketoprofen was significantly lower than the effect observed after racemate and R(-) enantiomer treatments (P <0.001), though the bioinversion of R(-)-ketoprofen to S(+)-enantiomer that occurs in the rat has to be considered. XO activity was unaffected by the studied drugs. Enhanced enteropathy by the racemate and its R (-)-enantiomer was correlated with a significant increase of MPO activity as an index of neutrophil infiltration, and a decrease in SOD activity (p<0.05 Vs control). S(+)-ketoprofen did not significantly change these parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that reactive oxygen metabolites can contribute significantly to the development of intestinal lesions, and that R(-)-ketoprofen present in racemic preparations can enhance the toxic intestinal effects of S (+)-enantiomer via modification of neutrophil migration and oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de la Lastra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Motilva
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Herrerías
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cabré
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mauleón
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D014456:Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014325:Tromethamine; D007660:Ketoprofen; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase