title: The cytological implications of primary respiration.
abstract: Observing the macroscopic complexities of evolved species, the exceptional continuity that occurs among different cells, tissues and organs to respond coherently to the proper set of stimuli as a function of self/species survival is appreciable. Accordingly, it alludes to a central rhythm that resonates throughout the cell; nominated here as primary respiration (PR), which is capable of binding and synchronizing a diversity of physiological processes into a functional biological unity. Phylogenetically, it was conserved as an indispensable element in the makeup of the subkingdom Metazoa, since these species require a high degree of coordination among the different cells that form their body. However, it does not preclude the possibility of a basal rhythm to orchestrate the intricacies of cellular dynamics of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In all probability, PR emerges within the crucial organelles, with special emphasis on the DNA (5), and propagated and transduced within the infrastructure of the cytoskeleton as wave harmonics (49). Collectively, this equivalent vibration for the subphylum Vertebrata emanates as craniosacral respiration (CSR), though its expression is more elaborate depending on the development of the CNS. Furthermore, the author suggests that the phenomenon of PR or CSR be intimately associated to the basic rest/activity cycle (BRAC), generated by concentrically localized neurons that possess auto-oscillatory properties and assembled into a vital network (39). Historically, during Protochordate-Vertebrate transition, this area circumscribes an archaic region of the brain in which many vital biological rhythms have their source, called hindbrain rhombomeres. Bass and Baker (2) propose that pattern-generating circuits of more recent innovations, such as vocal, electromotor, extensor muscle tonicity, locomotion and the extraocular system, have their origin from the same Hox gene-specified compartments of the embryonic hindbrain (rhombomeres 7 and 8) that produce rhythmically active cardiac and thoracic respiratory circuits. Here, it implies that PR could have been the first essential biological cadence that arose with the earliest form of life, and has undergone a phylogenetic ascent to produce an integrated multirhythmic organism of today. Finally, in its full manifestation, the breathing DNA (1) of the zygote could project itself throughout the cytoskeleton and modify the electromechanical properties of the plasma lamella (26), establishing the primordial axial-voltage gradients for the physiological control of development (53).
authors.affiliation: p.crisera@iol.it
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Crisera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000502:physiology; D010507:Periodicity; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D004247:DNA