title: Gene expression in human alcoholism: microarray analysis of frontal cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in brain gene expression are thought to be responsible for the tolerance, dependence, and neurotoxicity produced by chronic alcohol abuse, but there has been no large scale study of gene expression in human alcoholism.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA was extracted from postmortem samples of superior frontal cortex of alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Relative levels of RNA were determined by array techniques. We used both cDNA and oligonucleotide microarrays to provide coverage of a large number of genes and to allow cross-validation for those genes represented on both types of arrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression levels were determined for over 4000 genes and 163 of these were found to differ by 40% or more between alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Analysis of these changes revealed a selective reprogramming of gene expression in this brain region, particularly for myelin-related genes which were down-regulated in the alcoholic samples. In addition, cell cycle genes and several neuronal genes were changed in expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These gene expression changes suggest a mechanism for the loss of cerebral white matter in alcoholics as well as alterations that may lead to the neurotoxic actions of ethanol.
authors.affiliation: Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lewohl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D009185:Myelin Proteins