title: Diagnosing genital ulcer disease in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
abstract: The most common etiologic agents of genital ulcer disease (GUD) are herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, Treponema pallidum, and Haemophilus ducreyi. In an outpatient clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, specimens from 372 patients with GUD were collected from February to November 1996. Sera were collected at the time of the symptoms and, for most patients, also during follow-up visits. Swabs in viral transport medium were used for HSV culture and for detection of DNA. The most prevalent pathogen found was HSV-2, which was detected by culture in 35% of the patients and by PCR in 48% of the patients. Also, HSV-1 infection was more often detected by PCR (7.8%) than by culture (5.6%). Evidence for an active infection with T. pallidum was found in 1.9% of the patients, using serological tests. A multiplex PCR for simultaneous T. pallidum and H. ducreyi DNA detection was positive for T. pallidum in 3.3% of the samples and for H. ducreyi in only 0.9% (3 out of 368) of the samples. The sensitivity of the PCR was superior to that of culture for HSV detection and to that of serology for T. pallidum detection. Specific H. ducreyi immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected in sera of 5.2% of the patients, with no concordance between serology and PCR. In 37% of the cases, none of the tested microorganisms was detected. Performance of PCR in addition to conventional techniques significantly improved the diagnosis of GUD.
authors.affiliation: GG&GD, Regional Laboratory of Public Health, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. sbruisten@gggd.amsterdam.nl
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bruisten
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cairo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fennema
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pijl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buimer
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Peerbooms
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Dyck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ossewaarde
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Doornum
mesh_terms: D002602:Chancroid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D003153:Community Health Services; D005260:Female; D006191:Haemophilus ducreyi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013587:Syphilis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D014210:Treponema pallidum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014456:Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology