title: Ceramide: a potential mediator of apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the signal transduction mechanisms involved in the cell death of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells after their exposure to either hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or tri-butyl hydroxperoxide (tBH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured human RPE (hRPE) cells were treated with the chemical oxidants tBH and H(2)O(2) as well as with the synthetic ceramide analogs C(2), C(6), and dihydroceramide for different time periods. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining and annexin-V labeling of phosphatidylserine exposure. Ceramide levels were quantified by the diacylglycerol kinase assay using thin-layer chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H(2)O(2) and tBH caused a high level of apoptosis in the hRPE cells. At the same time, both of these oxidants induced an early and late increase in the intracellular production of ceramide, a lipid second messenger. Moreover, addition of C(2) and C(6) synthetic ceramides caused a high level of apoptosis in these hRPE cells. In contrast, treatment with the immediate precursor of ceramide, dihydroceramide, resulted in no apoptotic response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that H(2)O(2) and tBH induce apoptosis in hRPE cells and suggest that the underlying signaling mechanism involves ceramide generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goldkorn
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D019852:Diacylglycerol Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D002518:Ceramides; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019852:Diacylglycerol Kinase