title: Late rejection is a predictor of transplant coronary artery disease in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objectives were to determine posttransplant coronary artery disease (TxCAD) incidence, predisposing factors and optimal timing for retransplantation (re-Tx) in pediatric heart transplantation (Tx) recipients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The TxCAD limits long-term survival following heart Tx, with re-Tx being the primary therapy. Information on risk factors and timing of listing for re-Tx is limited in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of children who survived >1 year post-Tx at Loma Linda University were reviewed. Nonimmune and immune risk factors were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TxCAD was documented in 24 of 210 children. Freedom from TxCAD was 92 +/- 2% and 75 +/- 5% at 5 and 10 years' post-Tx, respectively. The TxCAD diagnosis was established at autopsy in 10 asymptomatic patients who died suddenly within nine months following the most recent negative angiograms. The remaining 14 children had angiographic diagnoses of TxCAD and had symptoms and/or graft dysfunction (n = 10) or positive stress studies (n = 4). Three of 14 died within three months after the diagnosis was made. Eleven patients underwent re-Tx within seven months of diagnosis; nine survived. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only late rejection (>1 year posttransplant) frequency (p = 0.025) and severity (hemodynamically compromising) (p < 0.01) were independent predictors of TxCAD development. Freedom from TxCAD after severe late rejection was 78 +/- 8% one year postevent and 55 +/- 10% by two years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late rejection is an independent predictor of TxCAD. Patients suffering severe late rejection develop angiographically apparent TxCAD rapidly and must be monitored aggressively. Both TxCAD mortality and morbidity occur early; therefore, we recommend immediate listing for re-Tx upon diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, California, USA. Nmulla@ahs.llumc.edu
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Mulla
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vander Dussen
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Beeson
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chinnock
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis