title: In vivo measurement of the effect of intra-abdominal pressure on the human spine.
abstract: In humans, intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is elevated during many everyday activities. This experiment aimed to investigate the extent to which increased IAP--without concurrent activity of the abdominal or back extensor muscles--produces an extensor torque. With subjects positioned in side lying on a swivel table with its axis at L3, moments about this vertebral level were measured when IAP was transiently increased by electrical stimulation of the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve. There was no electromyographic activity in abdominal and back extensor muscles. When IAP was increased artificially to approximately 15% of the maximum IAP amplitude that could be generated voluntarily with the trunk positioned in flexion, a trunk extensor moment (approximately 6 Nm) was recorded. The size of the effect was proportional to the increase in pressure. The extensor moment was consistent with that predicted from a model based on measurements of abdominal cross-sectional area and IAP moment arm. When IAP was momentarily increased while the trunk was flexed passively at a constant velocity, the external torque required to maintain the velocity was increased. These results provide the first in vivo data of the amplitude of extensor moment that is produced by increased IAP. Although the net effect of this extensor torque in functional tasks would be dependent on the muscles used to increase the IAP and their associated flexion torque, the data do provide evidence that IAP contributes, at least in part, to spinal stability.
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, High Street, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Sydney, Australia. p.hodges@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cresswell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Daggfeldt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thorstensson
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D010791:Phrenic Nerve; D011312:Pressure; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque