title: Antibiotic susceptibility and genotypic characterization of Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from nasopharyngeal specimens from children in day-care centers in eastern France.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the overall carriage rate for Haemophilus influenzae in young children in day-care centers, the frequency of resistance to various classes of antibiotic, and the clonal relationship between isolates of the various resistant phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens were obtained and cultured on chocolate agar with bacitracin. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and serotyping were performed for all isolates. The genetic polymorphism of ampicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-producing isolates was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using SmaI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 596 NP secretion cultures, 152 (25.5%) were positive for H. influenzae. Sixty-four (42.1%) isolates produced beta-lactamase and two (1.3%) were ampicillin resistant but did not produce beta-lactamase. We were unable to serotype 150 isolates; one isolate belonged to capsular serotype e and one to serotype f. Forty-six major DNA patterns were identified among 76 randomized isolates. beta-lactamase producing isolates more frequently showed EP than ampicillin-susceptible isolates P < 10(-4). The frequency of isolates with EP was significantly lower in day-care centers attended by less than 20 children than in those attended by more than 20 children (P = 0.020).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance due to beta-lactamase production has disseminated in some day-care centers, mostly by person-to-person spread but also via the possible conjugal transfer of large plasmids between strains. The size of day-care centers may affect the risk of transmission.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière et d'Epidémiologie moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Talon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mermet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thouverez
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Estavoyer
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012703:Serotyping; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000667:Ampicillin; D001618:beta-Lactamases