title: Clinical trial simulation of docetaxel in patients with cancer as a tool for dosage optimization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses conducted during the development of docetaxel showed that patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with high baseline alpha1-acid glycoprotein levels had shorter time to progression and time to death. To assess whether such patients might benefit from dose intensification, we initiated a series of clinical trial simulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for time to progression, death, and drop-out were developed and validated with the use of phase II data from 151 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. The simulation process, in which these models were combined with a previously reported model for safety, was evaluated by comparison of the original phase II data with the predicted results. Simulations were undertaken for the evaluation of whether a trial (phase III) of 125 mg/m2 of docetaxel versus 100 mg/m2 of docetaxel in patients with high alpha1-acid glycoprotein levels would show improved survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hazard models showed that lower alpha1-acid glycoprotein levels, fewer number of organs involved, and higher docetaxel cumulative area under plasma concentration-time curve were significantly associated with enhanced time to progression and time to death. The simulation process produced data patterns similar to actual patterns. In the simulated phase III trial, although median survival was slightly longer in the 125 mg/m2 docetaxel group than in the 100 mg/m2 group (5.49 months versus 5.31 months, respectively), the difference was significant in only 6 of 100 trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low power to detect a difference due to dose intensification was the basis for the decision not to perform such a trial. The simulation exercise yielded valuable insight into how pharmacokinetic- and pharmacodynamic-based simulation of clinical trials may have an impact on decision making in drug development.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacometry Unit, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Statistics and Clinical Research Aventis Pharma, Antony, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veyrat-Follet
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaikin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D000077143:Docetaxel; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016019:Survival Analysis; D043823:Taxoids
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009961:Orosomucoid; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; D017239:Paclitaxel