title: Flow cytometric analysis of the human articular chondrocyte phenotype in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop flow cytometry for the study of human articular cartilage cell phenotype and to validate the method on chondrocytes cultured in different in-vitro systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chondrocyte phenotype was modulated by culturing the cells under different in-vitro conditions: i.e. in monolayer and in suspension culture in gelled agarose. Monolayer cultured chondrocyte phenotype was assayed by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against chondrocyte-specific aggrecan, type II and I collagen. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the proportions of chondrocytes expressing these extracellular matrix molecules in both culture conditions. To exclude the effects of cell-harvesting methods on the presence of cell-bound ECM molecules, non-proteolytic isolation procedures were used to obtain the chondrocytes for flow cytometry. Subconfluent cells from monolayer cultures were detached with EDTA. Chondrocytes cultured in gelled agarose were obtained after the agarose was enzymatically digested with agarase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical staining showed that monolayer-cultured chondrocytes, in the presence of serum, gradually lost the expression of chondrocyte-specific aggrecan and type II collagen, while type I collagen was increasingly expressed. Flow cytometry allowed monolayer cultured chondrocyte phenotype to be assessed reproducibly. Chondrocyte phenotype was characterized through the cell membrane-associated extracellular matrix antigens. EDTA, used to obtain single cells from monolayer cultures, did not affect the cell-associated matrix. Where the chondrocytes had been cultured in gelled agarose, flow cytometry allowed quantification of the percentages of chondrocytes maintaining or reexpressing their original phenotype. The agarase digestion procedure used to isolate the cells from the agarose gel did not affect the plasma membrane-associated extracellular matrix antigens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow cytometry allows quantification of cells expressing aggrecan, type II and I collagen in their cell-associated extracellular matrix. A continuously increasing number of specific monoclonal antibodies will broaden the range of applications offered by this method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Almqvist
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elewaut
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Broddelez
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Veys
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D053674:Aggrecans; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007223:Infant; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D011509:Proteoglycans; D003094:Collagen