title: Quantitative comparison of anti-fading mounting media for confocal laser scanning microscopy.
abstract: Fading is one of the major obstacles to reliable observation in fluorescence microscopy. Using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) coupled to a computer, we quantitatively measured fading of fluorescence to formulate an equation, evaluated the anti-fading ability of several anti-fading media, and restored the faded images to the original level according to this equation. NIH 3T3 cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-phalloidin, mounted with several commercial and homemade anti-fade media, and observed with CLSM under repeated illumination. With any mounting medium, attenuation of fluorescence intensity at a certain pixel occurred stepwise and the decrease was proportional to the intensity of the previous scan. From these results, we formulated an equation that has three coefficients: anti-fading factor (A), indicating the ability to retard fading; fluorescent intensity at the first scan (EM(1)); and background fluorescence (B). The fluorescent intensity at a certain point following nth scan is given as EM(n) = EM(1) * A ((n-1)). This equation was available for restoring faded images to their original states, even after the image had faded to only 60% of its original intensity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isshiki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Segawa
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D010590:Phalloidine
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010590:Phalloidine; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate