title: The community assessment risk screen (CARS): identifying elderly persons at risk for hospitalization or emergency department visit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate an instrument for identifying community dwelling elderly patients at increased risk for hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) encounters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The development cohort consisted of 411 Medicare fee-for-service patients and the validation cohort consisted of 1054 individuals enrolled in a Medicare Risk Demonstration. Baseline demographic, health status, and utilization measures were obtained from telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires. Service utilization data for the development cohort were obtained from Medicare claims files. Utilization and cost data for the validation cohort were obtained from submitted claims.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression identified 3 characteristics that were predictors of hospitalizations or ED visits during the following year in the development cohort: having 2 or more comorbidities, taking 5 or more prescription medications, and having had a hospitalization or ED encounter in the previous 12 months. A scoring system (range 0 to 9) was developed for each predictor variable and patients in the validation cohort were assigned to low (0 to 3) and high (4 to 9) risk categories. When compared with the low-risk group, the high-risk group was significantly (P < .01) more likely to be hospitalized (33% versus 14%), to have an ED visit (34% versus 15%), and to have higher per-member-per-month (PMPM) charges ($977 versus $445) during the following 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Community Assessment Risk Screen (CARS) is a simple instrument that can be used to identify elderly patients who are at higher risk for health service use and increased costs.
authors.affiliation: Coordinated Care Services, Carle Clinic Association, Urbana, Illinois (PS, CS) and the Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, Madison, WI, USA. psshelton@aol.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sager
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schraeder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018672:Community Health Planning; D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment