title: Physical activity and risk for cardiovascular events in diabetic women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased physical activity has been associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in the general population, but data are limited on its role among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether physical activity decreases risk for cardiovascular disease among diabetic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nurses' Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  5125 female nurses with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical activity was first assessed in 1980 and was updated in 1982, 1986, 1988, and 1992 through validated questionnaires. Average hours of moderate or vigorous exercise and a metabolic equivalent of task (MET) score were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 14 years of follow-up (31 432 person-years), 323 new cases of cardiovascular disease were documented (225 cases of coronary heart disease and 98 cases of stroke). The age-adjusted relative risks according to average hours of moderate or vigorous activity per week (<1, 1 to 1.9, 2 to 3.9, 4 to 6.9, >/=7) were 1.0, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.69 to 1.26), 0.82 (CI, 0.61 to 1.10), 0.54 (CI, 0.39 to 0.76), and 0.52 (CI, 0.25 to 1.09) (P < 0.001 for trend). These figures did not change materially after adjustment for smoking, body mass index, and other cardiovascular risk factors (1.0, 1.02, 0.87, 0.61, and 0.55, respectively; P = 0.001 for trend). In separate analyses, levels of physical activity were inversely associated with coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. Among women who did not exercise vigorously, the multivariate relative risks for cardiovascular disease across quartiles of MET score for walking were 1.0, 0.85, 0.63, and 0.56 (P = 0.03 for trend). Faster usual walking pace was independently associated with lower risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among diabetic women, increased physical activity, including regular walking, is associated with substantially reduced risk for cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Frank.hu@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Speizer
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid