title: Provider encouragement of breast-feeding: evidence from a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of provider encouragement on breast-feeding among women of different social and ethnic backgrounds in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative sample of 2017 parents with children younger than 3 years was surveyed by telephone. The responses of the 1229 women interviewed were included in the analysis. Respondents were asked to recall whether their physicians or nurses had encouraged or discouraged them from breast-feeding. The effects of provider encouragement on breast-feeding initiation and duration were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. The sample was then stratified to allow subset analyses by race and ethnicity, education, income class, age group, and marital status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than one-third (34.4%) of respondents did not initiate breast-feeding. Three-fourths (73.2%) of women reported having been encouraged by their physicians or nurses to breast-feed; 74.6% of women who were encouraged initiated breast-feeding, compared with only 43.2% of those who were not encouraged (P < 0.001). Women who were encouraged to breast-feed were more than four times (relative risk 4.39; 95% confidence interval 2.96, 6.49) as likely to initiate breast-feeding as women who did not receive encouragement. The influence of provider encouragement was significant across all strata of the sample. In populations traditionally less likely to breast-feed, provider encouragement significantly increased breast-feeding initiation, by more than threefold among low-income, young, and less-educated women; by nearly fivefold among black women; and by nearly 11-fold among single women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provider encouragement significantly increases breast-feeding initiation among American women of all social and ethnic backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. mclud@ucla.edu
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Slusser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Halfon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009042:Motivation; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010819:Physician's Role; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011247:Pregnancy