title: Independent checking of the delivered dose for high-energy X-rays using a hand-held PC.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The requirements on the delivered dose in radical radiation therapy are extremely high. The dose should be within a few percent and also delivered with high accuracy in space. Vendors and users have successfully managed to implement radiation therapy systems, which are able to achieve these demands with high accuracy and reproducibility. These systems include computerized tomography scanners, treatment planning systems, simulators, treatment machines, and record and verify systems. More and more common are also computer networks to assure data integrity when transferring information between the systems. Even if these systems are commissioned and kept under quality assurance programs to maintain their accuracy, errors may be introduced. Especially, the human factor is an uncontrolled parameter that may introduce errors. Thus, unintentional changes or incorrect handling of data may occur during clinical use of the equipment. Having an independent dose calculation system implemented in the daily quality assurance process may assure a high quality of treatments and avoidance of severe errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  To accomplish this, a system of equations for calculating the absorbed dose to the prescription point from the set-up information, has been compiled into a dose-calculation engine. The model is based on data completely independent of the treatment planning system (TPS). The fundamental parameter in the dose engine is the linear attenuation coefficient for the primary photons. This parameter can readily be determined experimentally. The dose calculation engine has been programmed into a hand-held PC allowing direct calculation of the dose to the prescription point when the first treatment is delivered to the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model is validated with measurements and is shown to be within +/-1.0% (1 SD). Comparison against a state-of-the-art TPS shows an average difference of 0.3% with a standard deviation of +/-2.1%. An action level covering 95% of the cases has been chosen, i.e. +/-4.0%. Deviations larger than this are with a high probability due to erroneous handling of the patient set-up data. This system has been implemented into the daily clinical quality control program.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knöös
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Johnsson
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ceberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomaszewicz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008838:Microcomputers; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D055656:Prescriptions; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011786:Quality Control; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D014965:X-Rays