title: Detection of microchimerism by PCR is a function of amplification strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suitable detection methods are needed to support larger studies of microchimerism and the allogeneic exposures that may be etiologically related to it.
  
  
  METHODS
  A twotier PCR strategy for microchimerism detection was developed on the basis of the observation that assay sensitivity for the detection of microchimerism depends on the specificity with which primer pairs recognize sequences unique to the minor population. First, specimens are tested to determine the host HLA class II genotype by using a locus-specific PCR strategy with low sensitivity for microchimerism. Then, a sequence-specific PCR analysis having high sensitivity for detection of microchimerism is applied to detect and quantitate the minor population. Locus-specific, group-specific, and sequence-specific amplification strategies for the detection of distinct minor WBC populations prepared ex vivo were compared. In addition, 39 clinical samples from patients with known transfusion-associated microchimerism and 20 umbilical cord blood (CB) specimens containing maternal WBCs were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Locus-specific amplification detected 17 (94%) of 18 cases in which microchimerism was present at 10 percent, but only 1 of 51 cases with microchimerism < or = 1 percent. Group-specific amplification detected all 63 cases with minor populations present at > or = 0.10 percent, but only 16 of 21 cases at the 0.01 percent level. Sequence-specific amplification detected 100 percent of cases down to the 0.01 percent level. When applied to clinical samples, locus-specific amplification reliably identified the major population but proved insensitive to low-level minor populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the detection of microchimerism, assay sensitivity is a function of amplification strategy. These results suggest a simple approach to population screening for microchimerism: the background population of WBCs is typed by a locus-specific method, while minor population(s) can then be sought by using one or several sequence-specific amplifications.
authors.affiliation: Blood Centers of the Pacific, Irwin Center, San Francisco, California 94118, USA. wmreed@lmi.net
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trachtenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinson
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Busch
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002678:Chimera / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D017931:DNA Primers; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains