title: Dependence of the yield of DNA double-strand breaks in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells on the photon energy of ultrasoft X rays.
abstract: Induction of DNA DSBs by low-LET radiations reflects clustered damage produced predominantly by low-energy, secondary electron "track ends". Cell inactivation and induction of DSBs and their rejoining, assayed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, were determined in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells irradiated as a monolayer with characteristic carbon K-shell (CK) (0.28 keV), aluminum K-shell (AlK) (1.49 keV), and titanium K-shell (TiK) (4.55 keV) ultrasoft X rays under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Relative to (60)Co gamma rays, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for cell inactivation at 10% survival and for induction of DSBs increases as the photon energy of the ultrasoft X rays decreases. The RBE values for cell inactivation and for induction of DSBs by CK ultrasoft X rays are 2.8 +/- 0.3 and 2.7 +/- 0.3, respectively, and by TiK ultrasoft X rays are 1.5 +/- 0.1 and 1.4 +/- 0.1, respectively. Oxygen enhancement ratios (OERs) of approximately 2 for cell inactivation and induction of DSBs by ultrasoft X rays are independent of the photon energy. The time scale for rejoining of DNA DSBs is similar for both ultrasoft X rays and 60Co gamma rays. From the size distribution of small DNA fragments down to 0.48 kbp, we concluded that DSBs are induced randomly by CK and AlK ultrasoft X rays. Therefore, ultrasoft X rays are more efficient per unit dose than gamma radiation at inducing DNA DSBs, the yield of which increases with decreasing photon energy.
authors.affiliation: MRC Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Lara
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Jenner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papworth
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017785:Photons; D014965:X-Rays