title: Osteoporosis therapies for rheumatoid arthritis patients: minimizing gastrointestinal side effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This manuscript identifies characteristics that put people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at high risk for osteoporosis or gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances. The manuscript then reviews therapies available for osteoporosis in the United States and makes recommendations about choosing therapies that minimize GI adverse effects in RA patients at high risk for such events.
  
  
  METHODS
  References identified through MEDLINE, abstracts, and prescribing information for individual drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Characteristics that predispose patients to osteoporosis and GI problems were identified. Data on individual osteoporosis therapies were assessed by risk-benefit analysis and appropriateness for use in patients at risk for GI disturbances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High risk of osteoporosis in people with RA is caused by disease activity, medication effects, physical inactivity, and standard risk factors such as postmenopausal status and increased age. Patients with RA are frequently at high GI risk if they are receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids. Because of the high potential for erosive esophagitis and other upper GI disorders with alendronate, caution is warranted in prescribing alendronate to RA patients with high GI risk. In such patients, estrogen replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, or calcitonin should be considered for treatment, and either estrogen replacement therapy or selective estrogen receptor modulators should be considered for osteoporosis prevention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of GI risk is important in patients with RA and osteoporosis. Risk factors should be considered when choosing osteoporosis therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gerontology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sewell
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Schein
mesh_terms: D019386:Alendronate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D019386:Alendronate