title: Telephone counseling as an adjunct to antidepressant treatment in the primary care system. A pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many clinical and logistical barriers exist in the primary care model for treating adult depression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the feasibility and clinical effects of a telephone counseling and medication monitoring program for adults starting treatment for depression in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilot study with a contemporaneous control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group Health Cooperative, an HMO serving more than 450,000 persons in western Washington.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight adult primary care patients starting antidepressant treatment (telephone counseling group) were compared with 94 patients receiving usual care (control group).
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone counseling participants received written educational materials addressing depression, followed by six weekly counseling and support sessions delivered over the telephone by a master's-level therapist. The intervention used the transtheoretical model of behavioral change and cognitive-behavioral strategies to enhance self-monitoring, self-management, and coping skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone interviews and computerized pharmacy and visit records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participation rate and retention, Hopkins symptom checklist depression scores, medication adherence and dose thresholds, and visits made for depression treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-three percent of telephone counseling participants contacted agreed to participate, and 92% completed the intervention. Telephone counseling patients showed significantly lower depressive symptoms than did control group patients at 3-month follow-up (0.89 vs. 1.13) and 6-month follow-up (0.79 vs. 0.95; P = 0.03). Telephone counseling patients were twice as likely to adhere to antidepressant medication with adequate dose thresholds (25% vs. 13%) and half as likely to meet criteria for major depression than were control group patients across time (8% vs. 16%), although these differences were not statistically significant. Total outpatient visits made for depression treatment between groups across time did not differ. Overall program cost per patient was estimated at about $150.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A telephone counseling and medication monitoring intervention was well accepted by adult patients starting treatment for depression in primary care. The intervention seems to significantly improve depression outcomes without affecting the number of visits for treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: Group Health Cooperative Center for Health Studies, Seattle, Wash., USA. tutty.s@ghc.org
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tutty
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ludman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019090:Case Management; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003376:Counseling; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012107:Research Design; D013689:Telephone; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents