title: Factor structure and ammonia-related modulation of the human retinal oscillatory potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate in man the factor structure of retinal oscillatory potentials (OPs) to full-field luminance stimulation (0.9-9.5 cd.s.m(-2)) and the correlation with the spontaneous fluctuations of plasma ammonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six male healthy volunteers were studied. Five OP recordings and ammonia determinations (GLDH method) were obtained for each subject at 2 h interval during an 8 h experimental session. A standard factor analysis was applied on the OP latency (time from stimulus to peak) and amplitudes values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two consecutive factors on latencies and two factors on amplitudes were identified, consistent with reported differences between the earlier and later OP waves. The model explained a large portion of the OP variance. Both factors on latencies and factor 1 on amplitudes were directly correlated to the stimulus intensity and the ammonia plasma concentration in the 15.8-39.5 micromol/l range. Factors 1 and 2 on latencies decreased and factor 1 on amplitude increased at increasing stimulus intensities. The latency factors decreased and the amplitude factor increased with increasing ammonia concentration. Factor 2 on amplitudes did not correlate with the stimulus intensity or ammonia concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The factor structure further supports the evidence of functional differences between early and late OP waves. The observed correlation conceivably reflects a role of ammonia in the modulation of retinal electrophysiology in physiological conditions and potentially accounts for spontaneous variability in otherwise controlled electrophysiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuropsychoactive Drugs, DISMR - Neurophysiopathology, University of Genoa, Ospedale S. Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, I-16132, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beelke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carozzo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Carli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Massimilla
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nobili
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ogliastro
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Sannita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004596:Electroretinography; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009991:Oscillometry; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011930:Reaction Time; D012016:Reference Values; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia