title: Cytoplasmic signaling pathways that regulate cardiac hypertrophy.
abstract: This review discusses the rapidly progressing field of cardiomyocyte signal transduction and the regulation of the hypertrophic response. When stimulated by a wide array of neurohumoral factors or when faced with an increase in ventricular-wall tension, individual cardiomyocytes undergo hypertrophic growth as an adaptive response. However, sustained cardiac hypertrophy is a leading predictor of future heart failure. A growing number of intracellular signaling pathways have been characterized as important transducers of the hypertrophic response, including specific G protein isoforms, low-molecular-weight GTPases (Ras, RhoA, and Rac), mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, protein kinase C, calcineurin, gp130-signal transducer and activator of transcription, insulin-like growth factor I receptor pathway, fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor beta receptor pathways, and many others. Each of these signaling pathways has been implicated as a hypertrophic transducer, which collectively suggests an emerging paradigm whereby multiple pathways operate in concert to orchestrate a hypertrophic response
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA. jeff.molkentin@chmcc.org
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Molkentin
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dorn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*