title: Total parenteral nutrition after surgery rapidly increases serum leptin levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In humans, leptin is regulated by long-term changes in energy intake. However, short-term regulation of serum leptin by nutrients has been difficult to show. The aim of this study was to investigate whether short periods of fasting and stress sensitise the leptin response to nutrients. SUBJECTS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL: Fourteen patients of normal weight undergoing elective open cholecystectomy were randomised into two groups. One group received saline infusion during surgery and for 24 h postoperatively. The other group also received saline during the surgical procedure, but total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was started immediately after surgery. Blood samples were drawn before as well as 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after the start of surgery to determine the serum levels of leptin and other hormones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative TPN induced a significant rise in serum leptin within 6 h, reaching a more than fourfold increase within 14 h (P<0.001). Serum glucose and insulin levels increased within 2 h. Growth hormone and IGF-1 serum levels also increased significantly in the group receiving TPN. Serum cortisol levels increased postoperatively in both groups, which may explain why no significant reduction in serum leptin was observed in the group receiving saline. Free tri-iodothyronine (T3) decreased in both groups, while catecholamines were similar in the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During fasting and surgical stress, nutrients rapidly increased the serum leptin levels in humans in a manner similar to that previously reported in rodents. This may be mediated by increases in serum glucose, insulin and cortisol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Endocrine Research Unit, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elimam
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tjäder
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norgren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wernerman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Essen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ljungqvist
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D020738:Leptin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D006854:Hydrocortisone