title: A case-crossover study of occupational traumatic hand injury: methods and initial findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute hand injury is the leading cause of occupational injury treated in United States' hospital emergency departments (e.g., laceration, crush or fracture). To identify risk factors for traumatic hand injuries, we conducted a case-crossover study of transient exposures (e.g., being rushed) for acute occupational traumatic hand injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case-crossover method, which uses subjects as their own controls, was used to identify risk factors for occupational hand injury. Two hundred and thirty-two subjects were recruited from 17 occupational health clinics in New England and interviewed by telephone a median of 1.2 days after their injury. The a priori hazard period was defined as 10 min before the injury. Two control periods were used: one was 60-70 min prior to the injury (matched-pair interval analysis); the other was the total work-time exposed, on average, in the previous month (usual frequency analysis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the usual frequency analysis, the relative risk for using malfunctioning or different-from-usual equipment or tools in the hazard period was 25.5 (95% confidence interval = 18.4-35.2). Relative risks were also significantly elevated for performing a task using an unusual work method, doing an unusual task, being distracted, or being rushed. Wearing gloves appeared to be protective (relative risk = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.5-1.2). Matched-pair interval analysis, where appropriate, provided similar findings but had much wider confidence intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the case-crossover design is a feasible and efficient method for studying transient risk factors for sudden-onset traumatic occupational hand injury. The usual frequency analysis proved more useful than the match-pair approach to control period selection.
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health, Hopkinton, Massachusetts, USA. gary.sorock@libertymutual.com
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sorock
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Herrick
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012306:Risk; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors