title: In vivo effect of alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein on pharmacokinetics of amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor.
abstract: Observations from early clinical pharmacology studies of amprenavir, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease that is highly bound to human plasma proteins (approximately 90%), showed the single-dose pharmacokinetics of amprenavir to be variable between and within individuals. A cross-study analysis of various demographic, laboratory, and clinical covariates was therefore performed. Differences in amprenavir pharmacokinetics could be due to variable concentrations in alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AAG), the predominant plasma protein to which amprenavir binds. Therefore, AAG was considered an important factor to study since the literature suggested that AAG levels vary by race, age, and weight and following trauma or infection, including HIV disease. Pooled data from three single-dose studies analyzed by stepwise linear regression indicated that AAG concentrations significantly correlated with age and race and that only AAG concentrations were a significant predictor of amprenavir apparent total clearance (CL/F). A significant inverse linear relationship was found between AAG and amprenavir CL/F. Compared to white subjects, black subjects had significantly lower AAG concentrations and therefore significantly higher amprenavir CL/F. Although AAG has a significant influence on the variability of total drug pharmacokinetics, unbound, or free, drug concentrations are not affected by AAG concentrations. Incorrect conclusions could be drawn on the pharmacokinetics of highly protein-bound drugs if AAG concentration is not included in the analysis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Glaxo Wellcome Incorporated, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. bms44974@glaxowellcome.com
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gillotin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002219:Carbamates; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005663:Furans; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D005663:Furans; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009961:Orosomucoid; D013449:Sulfonamides; C095108:amprenavir