From evil to good: a cytolysin in vaccine development.
Current vaccination strategies mainly target antigens into the phagosomal, major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-processing pathway and thus lead predominantly to humoral immune responses. The elicitation of cytotoxic T-cell responses instead requires introduction of antigens into the cytosol of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes gains access to the host cell cytosol by means of a cytolysin, listeriolysin O. Vaccine researchers have successfully employed listeriolysin in novel vaccination approaches to provide access to the cytosol of professional APCs for purified protein antigens, attenuated bacterial vaccine strains, DNA vaccines and liposome contents.
Dietrich
G
G
Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany. gdietrich@hygiene.uni-wuerzburg.de
Hess
J
J
Gentschev
I
I
Knapp
B
B
Kaufmann
S H
SH
Goebel
W
W
D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D001407:Bacillus / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D003600:Cytosol / Q000382:microbiology; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000276:immunology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology; D008081:Liposomes; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008088:Listeriosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000378:metabolism; D012475:Salmonella / Q000378:metabolism; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D003603:Cytotoxins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D008081:Liposomes; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; C038705:hlyA protein, Listeria monocytogenes