title: Age and sex differences in the relationship between inherited and lifestyle risk factors and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: the Tromsø study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound measurement of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is regarded as a valid index of atherosclerosis. Age and sex differences in the distribution of, and risk factors for, IMT have not been investigated thoroughly.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1994-1995 a total of 6408 men and women aged 25-84 years living in the municipality of Tromsø, Norway, underwent ultrasound examination of carotid artery IMT and measurements of cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, body mass index, and smoking were independent predictors of IMT in both sexes. Fibrinogen levels and physical activity were associated with IMT in men only, whereas triglyceride levels were associated with IMT independently of HDL cholesterol in women only. A family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was an independent predictor of IMT in both sexes, also when controlling for traditional CVD risk factors. The magnitude of the association between most risk factors and IMT did not differ depending on age, but the effects of physical activity and triglycerides were more pronounced at higher age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that there are significant age and sex differences in the distribution and the determinants of subclinical atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway. eva.stensland-bugge@ism.uit.no
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stensland-Bugge
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bønaa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Joakimsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D005340:Fibrinogen