title: Considerations for the implementation of target volume protocols in radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Uncertainties in patient repositioning and organ motion are accounted for by defining a planning target volume (PTV). We make recommendations on issues not explicitly discussed in existing protocols for PTV design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A quantity called "coverage" is defined to quantify how effectively a PTV encompasses the clinical target volume, and is applied to examine the impact of several factors. A stochastic simulation is used to determine the coverage required for a desirable balance between tumor control probability (TCP) and the irradiated volume. Using a sample anatomy, we assess the importance of the method used to add uncertainties, the shape of the uncertainty distribution, the effect of systematic uncertainties, and the use of nonuniform margins. Additionally, we examine the benefit of patient immobilization techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our example indicates that 95% coverage is a reasonable goal for treatment planning. Using this as a comparison value, our example indicates quadrature addition of uncertainties predicts smaller margins (7 mm) than linear addition (11 mm), Gaussian distribution of uncertainties (7 mm) require the same margin as a uniform distribution (7 mm), systematic uncertainties have a small effect on TCP below a threshold value (4 mm), and nonuniform margins allow only a slight reduction of irradiated volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend that uncertainties should generally be added in quadrature, the exact shape of the uncertainty distribution is not critical, systematic uncertainties should be maintained below some threshold value, and nonuniform margins may be effective when uncertainties are anisotropic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, London Regional Cancer Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Battista
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moiseenko
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Dyk
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009068:Movement; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D013269:Stochastic Processes