title: Intestinal ischemia induces late preconditioning against myocardial infarction: a role for inducible nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery induces late preconditioning against myocardial infarction and examined the effects of pharmacological modifiers of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity on the late preconditioning in anesthetized rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats underwent an intestinal ischemia preconditioning protocol (30 min occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery) or were sham-operated. They were subjected to a sustained 30 min of coronary occlusion and 180 min of reperfusion 24 h later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rats receiving no pharmacological intervention, the percentage of myocardial infarct within the area at risk and left ventricle was 72+/-4% and 31+/-2%, respectively, in sham-operated rats, and these were significantly reduced to 44+/-4% and 23+/-2% (P<0.01) 24 h after intestinal ischemia preconditioning. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly reduced by intestinal ischemia preconditioning. Administration of aminoguanidine (300 mg/kg, s.c.) or S-methylisothiourea sulfate (3 mg/kg, i.v.), both relative inducible NO synthase inhibitors, 60 or 30 min before sustained myocardial ischemia not only abolished the late preconditioning afforded by intestinal ischemia, but also inhibited the ability of intestinal ischemia preconditioning to significantly reduce neutrophil infiltration. A change in inducible NO synthase activity was not observed in normal myocardium 24 h after intestinal ischemia, but 30 min of coronary occlusion significantly increased the inducible NO synthase activity in the preconditioned group, which was abolished by aminoguanidine or S-methylisothiourea sulfate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide pharmacological evidence that induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase, following intestinal ischemia, is associated with increased myocardial tolerance to infarction 24 h later.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Kagawa Medical University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeta
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D007550:Isothiuronium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D007550:Isothiuronium; D009195:Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C027744:S-methylisothiopseudouronium; C004479:pimagedine