title: Interplay between bone morphogenetic proteins and cognate binding proteins in bone and cartilage development: noggin, chordin and DAN.
abstract: This commentary is a concise discussion of the interactions between bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their binding proteins in bone and cartilage morphogenesis. BMPs are a family of growth and differentiation factors, and they act on mesenchymal cells to induce cartilage and bone differentiation in concentration-dependent thresholds. The BMP-BMP receptor binding leads to a cascade of signaling and transcription of BMP response genes. BMP binding proteins, noggin, chordin and DAN, act as antagonists and determine the bioavailability of BMPs for binding to cognate receptors to elicit the biological response. Noggin null mice with unrestricted action of BMPs exhibit defects in joint morphogenesis. BMPs and their binding proteins may reciprocally regulate the dynamic topography of joints, muscle, tendons and ligaments during morphogenesis of the skeleton. In addition, BMP actions may be potentiated by twisted gastrulation. BMPs and their binding proteins may play a critical role in regeneration of cartilage in osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA. ahreddi@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Reddi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C490087:NBL1 protein, human; C054234:chordin