title: The costs of cancer to a major employer in the United States: a case-control analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detailed data will be increasingly important in determining the cost of cancer care in the managed care setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the full cost of cancer to a major employer in the United States and to determine the nature of the expenditures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of medical, pharmaceutical, and disability claims data from 1995 to 1997 for a major employer with more than 100,000 employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cost of cancer is determined on a per-patient and per-employee basis. Based on a case-control method, cancer patients are matched to individuals with no record of cancer diagnosis or treatment. The incremental cost per employee and the percentage of total healthcare expenditures for cancer are quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately $224 per active employee, or 6.5% of the corporation's total healthcare costs, was spent on incremental care for cancer patients in 1997. Medical conditions not directly related to cancer account for approximately half the total excess expenditures for patients with cancer. On average, annual healthcare and disability costs for persons with cancer were approximately 5 times higher than for their counterparts without cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The costs of cancer care are a substantial proportion of healthcare costs for employers. When the full cost of cancer is included in a cost-benefit analysis, expenditures for programs to reduce the risk of cancer in the working population may be justified. Expenditures to reduce the incidence and severity of conditions indirectly associated with cancer may also reduce overall employer healthcare expenses.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA. pcremieux@ag-inc.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Cremieux
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fendrick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slavin
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D017049:Employer Health Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States