title: Glycated albumin stimulates TGF-beta 1 production and protein kinase C activity in glomerular endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in glomerular mesangial cells has been linked to mesangial matrix expansion in diabetic nephropathy. The role of these mediators in affecting the changes associated with diabetes in the biology of glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs), which synthesize components of the glomerular basement membrane, is not known. We postulated that the PKC and TGF-beta systems promote the increased endothelial cell synthesis of glomerular basement membrane that is evoked by Amadori-modified glycated albumin, which is present in elevated concentrations in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of PKC inhibition on collagen IV and TGF-beta1 production by mouse GEnCs incubated with glycated albumin and the influence of glycated albumin on PKC activity, TGF-beta 1 production, and proliferation by these cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In physiologic (5.5 mmol/L) glucose concentrations, glycated albumin caused an increase in type IV collagen production that was totally prevented by a general PKC inhibitor GF 109203X (GFX), but only partly prevented by a neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibody. Glycated albumin increased the steady-state level of TGF-beta 1 mRNA and stimulated the production of TGF-beta 1 protein, which was also prevented by the PKC inhibitor GFX. Of note, glycated albumin significantly stimulated PKC activity, as measured by the phosphorylation of a PKC-specific substrate. Cell proliferation, measured by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and cell counting, was decreased in the presence of glycated albumin. This effect was completely prevented by GFX and partially reversed by anti-TGF-beta antibody. Exogenous TGF-beta 1 inhibited cell proliferation to a degree similar to that of glycated albumin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PKC signaling and consequent TGF-beta 1 activation participate in the glycated albumin-induced stimulation of basement membrane collagen production by GEnC. By reducing the proliferative capacity, which is likely mediated by PKC and partly by TGF-beta, glycated albumin impedes the ability of the glomerular capillary endothelium to act as a first line of defense against deleterious circulating factors in the diabetic state.
authors.affiliation: Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6144, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Lautenslager
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Shearman
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Ziyadeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000098:blood supply*; D051379:Mice; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012709:Serum Albumin; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D003094:Collagen; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin