title: Ontogeny of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the frog (Rana ridibunda) tadpole brain: immunohistochemical localization and biochemical characterization.
abstract: The anatomic distribution and biochemical characteristics of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) were investigated in the central nervous system of the frog, Rana ridibunda, during development. Three to four days after hatching, at stages IV-VII, PACAP-immunoreactive perikarya were detected in the dorsal thalamus within the anterior ventral area, and a few fibers were found in the medial pallium. Positive cell bodies were first observed in the hypothalamus at stages VIII-IX, at the level of the dorsal and ventral infundibular nuclei. In these regions, the number of positive perikarya increased during ontogeny. In tadpoles, during the mid- and late premetamorphosis, a more complex organization of the PACAP-immunoreactive system was found in the thalamus with the appearance, at stages IX-XII, of two additional groups of positive neurons in the ventrolateral area and posterocentral nucleus. At stages XIII-XVIII of larval development and subsequent larval stages, PACAP-immunoreactive fibers were found in the median eminence. In newly metamorphosed animals, several additional groups of positive perikarya appeared in the medial pallium, the preoptic nucleus, the torus semicircularis, the tegmentum of the mesencephalon, and the cerebellum. The immunoreactive peptide contained in the tadpole brain was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography analysis combined with radioimmunoassay quantification. At all stages investigated, the predominant form of PACAP-immunoreactive material coeluted with synthetic frog PACAP38. The occurrence of PACAP soon after hatching indicates that the peptide may exert neurotrophic activities. The existence of immunoreactive elements in several thalamic regions at mid- and late premetamorphic stages suggests that PACAP may act as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, or both, during ontogenesis. Finally, the presence of PACAP-immunoreactive perikarya in hypothalamic nuclei and nerve fibers in the median eminence supports the view that PACAP may play a role in the control of pituitary hormone secretion during larval development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biology, Section of Neuroendocrinology and Developmental Biology, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Charifou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trabucchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vallarino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vaudry
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007814:Larva / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development*; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D011895:Rana ridibunda / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide