title: Surgically created double-orifice left atrioventricular valve: a valve-sparing repair in selected atrioventricular septal defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some features of the left atrioventricular valve (large mural leaflet, dystrophic tissue) represent a challenge for repair of atrioventricular septal defects without postoperative regurgitation. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the results of surgically creating a double-orifice left atrioventricular valve in such circumstances. Clinical results were analyzed according to valvular and subvalvular left atrioventricular valve measurements in pathologic specimens with atrioventricular septal defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 157 patients operated on for atrioventricular septal defect since October 1989, 10 patients underwent primary repair (n = 8) or reoperation (n = 2) by this procedure. Median age at repair was 3.3 years (0.1-33 years). Anatomic types were complete (n = 3), intermediate (n = 5), and partial (n = 2). Preoperative moderate to severe left atrioventricular valve regurgitation was present in 6 patients. After the repair (two-patch technique in complete atrioventricular septal defect, cleft closed in each case), these 10 patients were found to have moderate to severe residual regurgitation not amenable to repair by annuloplasty. The top edge of the mural leaflet was anchored to the facing free edge of the cleft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No hospital death or morbidity was observed. Left atrioventricular valve regurgitation was absent or trivial (8 patients) and mild (2 patients). Color-coded echocardiography did not show significant left atrioventricular valve stenosis. The mean diastolic pressure gradient across the left atrioventricular valve was 3.2 +/- 1.1 mm Hg (1.4-4.5 mm Hg). At a median follow-up of 72 months (6-91 months), there was 1 late death, unrelated to left atrioventricular valve malfunction, due to pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. Left atrioventricular valve regurgitation did not increase over time, except in 1 patient in whom regurgitation recently progressed from mild to moderate. At rest, the mean diastolic pressure gradient across the left atrioventricular valve was 3.8 +/- 2.9 mm Hg (1.5-11.2 mm Hg). One child had an early moderate stenosis without pulmonary hypertension. Studies on pathologic specimens (n = 34) indicated that long chordal lengths and large mural leaflet size are essential independent anatomic features to assess its feasibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical creation of a double-orifice left atrioventricular valve is an effective additional procedure for repair of atypical cases of atrioventricular septal defect. The operation may decrease the need for reoperation or left atrioventricular valve replacement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Paris-Sud University, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, 133 avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, Paris, France. mace@ccml.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macé
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dervanian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Houyel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chaillon-Fracchia
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piot
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Losay
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Neveux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019738:Surgically-Created Structures / Q000502:physiology