[Detection of microembolus with transcranial doppler].
OBJECTIVE
To review techniques and the most important clinical applications of microembolus detection with transcranial Doppler.


METHODS
Technical aspects of microembolus detection are discussed initially; clinical circumstances in which embolus detection is currently used follow, such as carotid stenosis, cardiac pathology, monitoring during neuroangiography, coronary revascularization surgery and endarterectomy. Lastly, the potential clinical applications of this technique are reviewed: localization of an embolic source, risk of recurrent ischemia in patients with unstable atherosclerotic plaques, intraoperative monitoring and potential surgical technique modifications based on this information, contributions to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the fat embolism syndrome, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy of antithrombotics and thrombolytics.


CONCLUSIONS
The ability to detect cerebral emboli with transcranial ultrasound has increased significantly our understanding about the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Microembolus detection with transcranial Doppler is a powerful and novel diagnostic technique that allows to study the embolic process in vivo and in real time, instead of using indirect indicators of embolism (clinical and radiological features, possible embolic sources, etc.).
Forteza
A M
AM
Departamento de Neurología, División de Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares, Universidad de Miami, Miami, Florida, USA. aforteza@med.miami.edu
Koch
S
S
Romano
J G
JG
Babikian
V L
VL
D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D004620:Embolism, Fat / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013903:Thoracic Surgery; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial