title: Protein kinase C-mediated in vitro invasion of human glioma cells through extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and ornithine decarboxylase.
abstract: We investigated the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in the in vitro invasiveness of the A-172, U-87 and U-373 human glioma cell lines, as well as the role of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and/or extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the actions of PKC. Thus, cells were treated under serum-free conditions with the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or with the PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide I (GF 109203X) or calphostin C in the absence or presence of the ODC inhibitor D,L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and/or the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase inhibitor 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD 098059). Subsequently, cells were assessed for membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) mRNA contents, 72-kD latent, and 59/62-kD activated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in conditioned media, as well as invasiveness. For these purposes, we used Northern blot analysis, gelatine zymography, and an in vitro filter invasion assay, respectively. Data were related to those found with untreated cells. PKC activity was 2- to 3-fold stimulated by PMA (100 nM for 30 min), and about 2-fold inhibited by calphostin C (40 nM for 2 h) or GF 109203X (5 microM for 20 min). This was accompanied by a similar increase or decrease, respectively, in MT1-MMP mRNA expression, 59/62-kD MMP-2 activity, and in vitro invasion. Inhibition of ODC activity (about 2-fold by 24 h DFMO 5 mM), ERK activation (almost completely by 20 min PD 098059 50 microM), or both these enzymes simultaneously led to a reduction by about half in levels of MT1-MMP mRNA, 59/62-kD MMP-2 activity, and invasion in untreated as well as PMA-stimulated cells. The use of these compounds did not significantly alter the inhibitory effects of GF 109203X or calphostin C. Modulation of PKC and/or ERK activity resulted in corresponding changes in ERK and/or ODC activities, but interference with ODC affected neither ERK nor PKC. Our data suggest a regulatory role for PKC, in co-operation with ERK and ODC, in glioma cell invasion, by modulation of MT1-MMP mRNA expression and MMP-2 activation.
authors.affiliation: South-American Office for Anticancer Drug Development (SOAD), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil. brondani@zaz.com.br
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mans
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Lima
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Brunetto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodnight
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwartsmann
mesh_terms: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000378:metabolism; D000518:Eflornithine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005910:Glioma / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D005419:Flavonoids; D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D009281:Naphthalenes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase; C058819:calphostin C; C070515:bisindolylmaleimide I; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D000518:Eflornithine