title: Apoptosis index is a predictor of metastatic phenotype in patients with early stage squamous carcinoma of the tongue: a hypothesis to support this paradoxical association.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue in clinical stages TIN0M0 and T2N0M0 with a tumor thickness < or = 3 mm usually do not have lymph node (LN) metastasis. However, factors that are useful in predicting LN metastasis in thicker tumors (> 3 mm thick) need to be identified. The authors investigated the clinical relevance of the apoptotic index (AI), the proliferation index, and tumor grade in relation to LN metastasis in patients with early stage squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients with squamous carcinoma of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue measuring < 2 cm in height and > 3 mm in thickness were evaluated for tumor grade, AI (by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling technique), and proliferation index (by proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] expression).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean AI value was significantly higher in LN positive patients compared with LN negative patients (P = 0.012). The LN positive and LN negative subgroups did not differ in the mean PCNA index, and there was no significant difference in the distributions of tumor grade between LN positive and LN negative subsets. Four of 12 tumors with an AI < or = 5% and 10 of 11 tumors with an AI > 5% had LN metastasis (P = 0.009; risk ratio, 20). The AI maintained its significance with respect to LN metastasis in the multivariate analysis (P = 0.003). The 4-year recurrence free survival was significantly better in patients with tumors that had an AI value < or = 5% compared with patients with tumors that had an AI > 5% (92% vs. 32%) (P = 0.033). However, the AI lost its impact on recurrence free survival within a Cox proportional hazards model (P = 0.068).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher AI value is a predictor of LN metastasis and may serve as a prognostic factor in patients with early stage squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. The authors present a hypothesis to explain this rather surprising finding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr. E. Borges Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400 012(Bombay), India. knnaresh@hotmail.com
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Naresh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lakshminarayanan
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Borges
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D002455:Cell Division; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*