title: Psychosomatic symptoms and breathing pattern.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Study of the links between breathing pattern, negative affectivity, and psychosomatic complaints at rest and following hyperventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 819 patients with anxiety and somatoform disorders and 159 healthy subjects, self-reported symptoms, breathing pattern, and end-tidal CO(2) concentration (FetCO(2)) were recorded during rest and following a hyperventilation provocation test (HVPT). The relationship between disorder category, symptoms, age, and score of STAI-trait (as a measure of negative affectivity) on the one hand, and breathing pattern on the other was investigated, separately in men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anxiety disorders, and to a lesser extent, somatoform disorders, were characterized by breathing instability (progressive decrease of FetCO(2) at rest during mouthpiece breathing, delayed recovery of FetCO(2) following HVPT), the mean values of respiratory frequency, and FetCO(2) being modulated by STAI-trait. After grouping the symptoms into independent factors, links were observed between symptoms and breathing pattern, independently from the presence of an anxiety or somatoform disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some symptom factors appeared to be related to a lower FetCO(2) during hyperventilation, others likely directly influenced the breathing pattern. Among those, mainly respiratory symptoms were accompanied by a reduction of FetCO(2) at rest, with slower recovery of FetCO(2) following HVPT. The latter was observed also in the presence of marked anxiety. In contrast, subjects complaining of dizziness, fainting, and paresthesias in daily life presented higher values of FetCO(2) following HVPT, probably due to a voluntary braking of ventilation during HVPT.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pneumology, U.Z. Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Louven, Belgium.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schepers
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stegen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Van de Woestijne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D012119:Respiration; D012146:Rest; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors