title: Bonding of all-porcelain crowns: structural characteristics of the substrate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the morphology of dentin in teeth prepared for single-unit all-porcelain crowns (SUAPC) in terms of tubule orientation, density and increase in surface area after etching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty anterior and 20 posterior teeth from adults were prepared 1mm below the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) for SUAPC. The samples were divided into groups based on type of tooth (anterior or posterior) and bonding system employed. The teeth were processed for evaluation of morphology of the substrate, hybrid layer thickness and resin tag formation. The observations were subdivided according to location in the preparation and tubule density was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observations revealed the variability in tubule density and orientation in different areas within any one preparation. The morphology of the cervical margin was less predictable with the presence of cementum and an ill-defined cemento-dentinal junction. Statistically significant differences in the density of tubules were found depending on location. Groups 2, 3, 5 and 6 samples showed that the hybrid layer thickness and resin tag morphology depended on the density and direction of tubules. In those sectors with parallel and oblique tubule orientation and with a low density of tubules, the hybrid layer was significantly thinner than in areas with cross-sectioned tubules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cementum and the peripheral intertubular dentin surface area are likely to be responsible for the bond strength after acid etching of crown preparations, but not all areas exhibited equal responses to etching. In particular, the bonding substrate at the gingival margins may contribute little in terms of micromechanical retention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. md3972@mclink.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cagidiaco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vichi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mannocci
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Mjör
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003442:Crowns; D000044:Dental Abutments; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003806:Dentin Permeability; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019231:Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; D019279:Resin Cements; C084018:Scotchbond Multi-Purpose; D003776:Dental Porcelain