title: Collateral and collateral-adjacent hyperemic vascular resistance changes and the ipsilateral coronary flow reserve. Documentation of a mechanism causing coronary steal in patients with coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this clinical study was to assess the influence of hyperemic ipsilateral, collateral and contralateral vascular resistance changes on the coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) of the collateral-receiving (i.e. ipsilateral) artery, and to test the validity of a model describing the development of collateral steal.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 20 patients with one- to two-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing angioplasty of one stenotic lesion, adenosine induced intracoronary (i.c.) CFVR during vessel patency was measured using a Doppler guidewire. During stenosis occlusion, simultaneous i.c. distal ipsilateral flow velocity and pressure (P(occl), using a pressure guidewire) as well as contralateral flow velocity measurements via a third i.c. wire were performed before and during intravenous adenosine. From those measurements and simultaneous mean aortic pressure (P(ao)), a collateral flow index (CFI), and the ipsilateral, collateral, and contralateral vascular resistance index (R(ipsi), R(coll), R(contra)) were calculated. The study population was subdivided into groups with CFI<0.15 and with CFI> or =0.15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage-diameter coronary artery stenosis (%-S) to be dilated was similar in the two groups: 78+/-10% versus 82+/-12% (NS). CFVR was not associated with %-S. In the group with CFI> or =0.15 but not with CFI<0.15, CFVR was directly and inversely associated with R(coll) and R(contra), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A hemodynamic interaction between adjacent vascular territories can be documented in patients with CAD and well developed collaterals among those regions. The CFVR of a collateralized region may, thus, be more dependent on hyperemic vascular resistance changes of the collateral and collateral-supplying area than on the ipsilateral stenosis severity, and may even fall below 1.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Cardiology, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Billinger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fleisch
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Eberli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seiler
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine