title: Iron status and the outcome of HIV infection: an overview.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Theoretical considerations and experiments in the laboratory suggest that excessive iron stores may have an adverse effect on immunity. If so, high iron stores might be especially a problem in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Review published clinical studies that provide information regarding the effect of iron status on the outcome of HIV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four clinical observations have provided some perspective on the effect of iron status on the outcome of HIV-1 infection. First, in a retrospective study of HIV-positive thalassemia major patients, the rate of progression of HIV disease was significantly faster in patients with lower doses of desferrioxamine and higher serum ferritin concentrations. Second, the inadvertent simultaneous administration of low doses of oral iron with dapsone for the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-positive patients may have been associated with excess mortality. Third, a study of haptoglobin polymorphisms in HIV-positive subjects indicated that the haptoglobin 2-2 polymorphism is associated with higher iron stores and shortened survival as compared with the haptoglobin 1-1 or 2-1 phenotypes. Fourth, a retrospective study of bone marrow macrophage iron in HIV-positive patients suggested that survival is shorter with high iron stores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These four observations raise the possibility that high iron status may adversely influence the outcome of HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sickle Cell Disease and Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Gordeuk
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Delanghe
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Boelaert
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000378:metabolism; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003622:Dapsone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015996:Survival Rate; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002614:Chelating Agents; D006242:Haptoglobins; D003622:Dapsone; D007501:Iron; D003676:Deferoxamine