title: In-vitro assessment of a registration protocol for image guided implant dentistry.
abstract: In this study a computer aided navigation technique for accurate positioning of oral implants was assessed. An optical tracking system with specially designed tools for monitoring the position of surgical instruments relative to the patient was used to register 5 partially or completely edentulous jaw models. Besides the accuracy of the tracking system, the precision of localizing a specific position on 3-dimensional preoperative imagery is governed by the registration algorithm which conveys the coordinate system of the preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan to the actual patient position. Two different point-to-point registration algorithms were compared for their suitability for this application. The accuracy was determined separately for the localization error of the position measurement hardware (fiducial localization error-FLE) and the error as reported by the registration algorithm (fiducial registration error-FRE). The overall error of the navigation procedure was determined as the localization error of additional landmarks (steel spheres, 0.5 mm diameter) after registration (target registration error-TRE). Images of the jaw models were obtained using a high resolution CT scan (1.5 mm slice thickness, 1 mm table feed, incremental scanning, 120 kV, 150 mAs, 512 x 512 matrix, FOV 120 mm). The accuracy of the position measurement probes was 0.69 +/- 0.15 mm (FLE). Using 3 implanted fiducial markers, FRE was 0.71 +/- 0.12 mm on average and 1.00 +/- 0.13 mm maximum. TRE was found to be 1.23 +/- 0.28 mm average and 1.87 +/- 0.47 mm maximum. Increasing the number of fiducial markers to a total of 5 did not significantly improve precision. Furthermore it was found that a registration algorithm based on solving an eigenvalue problem is the superior approach for point-to-point matching in terms of mathematical stability. The experimental results indicate that positioning accuracy of oral implants may benefit from computer aided intraoperative navigation. The accuracy achieved compares well to the resolution of the CT scan used. Further development of point-to-point/point-to-surface registration methods and tracking hardware has the potential to improve the precision of the method even further. Our system has potential to reduce the intraoperative risk of causing damage to critical anatomic structures, to minimize the efforts in prosthetic modelling, and to simplify the task of transferring preoperative planning data precisely to the operating room in general.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Wolfgang.Birkfellner@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Birkfellner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gahleitner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kainberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kettenbach
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Homolka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diemling
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watzek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergmann
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D007575:Jaw, Edentulous / Q000601:surgery; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000601:surgery; D003765:Models, Dental; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface