title: Inflammatory responses in mice after intratracheal instillation of spores of Streptomyces californicus isolated from indoor air of a moldy building.
abstract: Microbial growth in buildings is associated with respiratory symptoms in the occupants. However, the specific effects of the microbes and the way they provoke clinical manifestations are poorly understood. In the current study, mice were exposed via intratracheal instillation to single doses of the spores of Streptomyces californicus, isolated from indoor air of a moisture-damaged building (2.2 x 10(7), 1.1 x 10(8), and 3.3 x 10(8) spores), or lipopolysaccharide (50 microg). Inflammation and toxicity in lungs were evaluated 24 h later. The time course of the effects was explored with the dose of 1.1 x 10(8) spores for up to 7 days. The microbial spores elevated proinflammatory cytokine (i.e., TNFalpha and IL-6) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in serum in a dose- and time-dependent manner and evoked expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in BAL cells. Both TNFalpha and IL-6 responses peaked at 6 h after instillation, but TNFalpha leveled off more quickly than IL-6. The cytokine surge was followed by inflammatory cell recruitment into airways. Moreover, the spores increased dose- and time-dependently total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations in BALF during the first 24 h. Histopathological examination of lungs confirmed the inflammatory changes. With the exception of macrophage and lymphocyte numbers, all parameters returned to control level at 7 days. In summary, these observations indicate that the spores of S. californicus are capable of provoking an acute inflammation in mouse lungs and can cause cytotoxicity. Thus, S. californicus can be considered as a species with potential to cause adverse health effects in occupants of moisture-damaged buildings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, FIN-70701, Finland. juha.jussila@ktl.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jussila
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komulainen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roponen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hälinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyvärinen
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelkonen
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013171:Spores, Bacterial; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011506:Proteins; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse