title: Subcutaneous enoxaparin once or twice daily compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolic disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-molecular-weight heparins administered subcutaneously once or twice daily have been reported to be as safe and efficacious as intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolic disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether subcutaneous enoxaparin administered once or twice daily is as effective as continuously infused unfractionated heparin in acute symptomatic venous thromboembolic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled, partially blinded equivalence trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  74 hospitals in 16 countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  900 patients with symptomatic lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis, including 287 (32%) with confirmed pulmonary embolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial therapy with dose-adjusted intravenous unfractionated heparin compared with subcutaneous enoxaparin at fixed dosages of 1.0 mg/kg of body weight twice daily or 1.5 mg/kg once daily. Long-term oral anticoagulation was started in all patients within 72 hours of randomization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical end points assessed during a 3-month follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Equivalent efficacy was seen in the heparin group and both enoxaparin groups. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism recurred in 12 of 290 patients receiving unfractionated heparin (4.1%), 13 of 298 patients receiving once-daily enoxaparin (4.4%), and 9 of 312 patients receiving twice-daily enoxaparin (2.9%). Compared with unfractionated heparin, the treatment difference was 0.2% (95% CI, -3.04% to 3.49%) for once-daily enoxaparin and -1.2% (CI, -4.2% to 1.7%) for twice-daily enoxaparin. Incidence of major hemorrhage did not differ among the three treatment groups. Major hemorrhage occurred in 6 of 290 patients (2.1%) in the unfractionated heparin group, 5 of 298 patients (1.7%) in the once-daily enoxaparin group, and 4 of 312 patients (1.3%) in the twice-daily enoxaparin group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subcutaneous enoxaparin once or twice daily is as effective and safe as dose-adjusted, continuously infused unfractionated heparin in the prevention of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolic disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 3rd Floor, 211 South Ninth Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merli
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Spiro
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Abildgaard
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eldor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grigg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musset
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Trowbridge
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Yusen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zawilska
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D017984:Enoxaparin; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight