title: The presence of morphine in ganglionic tissues of Modiolus deminissus: a highly sensitive method of quantitation for morphine and its derivatives.
abstract: Morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide, a morphine metabolite, have been identified and quantified in Modiolus deminissus pedal ganglia at a level of 2.41 and 0.95 ng/ganglia, respectively. These opiate alkaloids are normally found at low concentrations in invertebrate and vertebrate tissues, including neural. Given this problem, we also describe a new opiate extraction protocol as well as a high-performance liquid chromatography purification procedure that can separate and quantify morphine and its derivatives at sub-nanogram concentrations. Furthermore, both morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide were identified in this mollusk's pedal ganglia by mass spectrometry analysis.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goumon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casares
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Stefano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008974:Mollusca / Q000737:chemistry*; D009020:Morphine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D018847:Opioid Peptides; C035349:morphine-6-glucuronide; D009020:Morphine