title: The Work Limitations Questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this work was to develop a psychometrically sound questionnaire for measuring the on-the-job impact of chronic health problems and/or treatment ("work limitations").
  
  
  METHODS
  Three pilot studies (focus groups, cognitive interviews, and an alternate forms test) generated candidate items, dimensions, and response scales. Two field trials tested the psychometric performance of the questionnaire (studies 1 and 2). To test recall error, study 1 subjects were randomly assigned to 2 different questionnaire groups, a questionnaire with a 4-week reporting period completed once or a 2-week version completed twice. Responses were compared with data from concurrent work limitation diaries (the gold standard). To test construct validity, we compared questionnaire scores of patients with those of healthy job-matched control subjects. Study 2 was a cross-sectional mail survey testing scale reliability and construct validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study subjects were employed individuals (18-64 years of age) from several chronic condition groups (study 1, n = 48; study 2, n = 121) and, in study 1, 17 healthy matched control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1 included the assigned questionnaires and weekly diaries. Study 2 included the new questionnaire, SF-36, and work productivity loss items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In study 1, questionnaire responses were consistent with diary data but were most highly correlated with the most recent week. Patients had significantly higher (worse) limitation scores than control subjects. In study 2, 4 scales from a 25-item questionnaire achieved Cronbach alphas of > or = 0.90 and correlated with health status and self-reported work productivity in the hypothesized manner (P < or = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With 25 items, 4 dimensions (limitations handling time, physical, mental-interpersonal, and output demands), and a 2-week reporting period, the Work Limitations Questionnaire demonstrated high reliability and validity.
authors.affiliation: The Health Institute, Division of Clinical Care Research, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. dlerner@lifespan.org
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Amick
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malspeis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bungay
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cynn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000145:classification*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D011897:Random Allocation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation