title: Phase II trial of neoadjuvant estramustine and etoposide plus radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the results of a Phase II trial of neoadjuvant estramustine and etoposide before radical prostatectomy in patients with locally advanced disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment consisted of three cycles of estramustine (10 mg/kg/day) and etoposide (50 mg/m(2)/day) orally on days 1 through 21, repeated every 28 days, followed by radical prostatectomy. The eligibility criteria included locally advanced prostate cancer (clinical Stage T2b/c or T3, prostate-specific antigen [PSA] level of 15 ng/mL or greater, or Gleason score of 8 or higher) without evidence of metastatic disease. The median PSA level was 14 ng/mL (range 5.3 to 50), the median Gleason score was 7 (range 6 to 9), and 44% had Stage T2b/c or T3 disease. The primary endpoint was feasibility of neoadjuvant therapy and radical prostatectomy, including drug and surgery-related toxicities. Secondary endpoints included the pre-prostatectomy PSA level, local response, pathologic outcomes, and time to PSA failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients were entered and completed all three cycles of therapy, and 16 (89%) underwent radical prostatectomy. A local response occurred in 15 (94%) of 16 patients with palpable tumors, and the serum PSA reached undetectable levels after therapy and before radical prostatectomy in 9 patients (50%). Five patients (28%) experienced grade 3 toxicity (two with deep venous thrombosis, two with neutropenia, and one with diarrhea) and one (6%) experienced grade 4 toxicity (pulmonary embolus) before surgery. The median operative time was 125 minutes, the mean blood loss was 665 mL, and the mean length of stay was 2.5 nights. Five minor surgical complications occurred in 4 patients. The pathologic analysis demonstrated residual carcinoma with squamous metaplasia and androgen deprivation effect in all patients. Five patients (31%) had organ-confined disease and 9 patients (56%) had specimen-confined disease. All patients achieved an undetectable PSA level postoperatively and at a median follow-up of 14 months (range 5 to 20) and without additional therapy, all 14 patients with negative lymph nodes were disease free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial confirms the feasibility of radical prostatectomy with acceptable surgical morbidity after neoadjuvant therapy with estramustine and etoposide in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. However, this regimen is associated with estramustine-induced thromboembolic toxicity. The results of the pathologic analysis suggest a higher than expected rate of organ-confined and specimen-confined disease, but little histologic evidence of antitumor effect beyond that associated with androgen deprivation. Additional study of this paradigm with other drug regimens is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Urology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Peereboom
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dreicer
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004961:Estramustine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004961:Estramustine; D005047:Etoposide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen