title: Microsurgical inguinal varicocele repair in azoospermic men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of microsurgical inguinal varicocele repair in nonobstructive azoospermic men with palpable varicocele and to determine predictive parameters of outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  After standard diagnostic evaluation, 24 pellet (-) completely azoospermic men and 14 pellet (+) virtually azoospermic men underwent microsurgical inguinal varicocele repair. Testicular core biopsy was also performed perioperatively in all patients. The outcome was assessed in terms of improvement in semen parameters and spontaneous pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up of 13.4 +/- 4.7 months, motile sperm in the ejaculate could be identified in 5 (21%) of the completely azoospermic patients, and these patients were rescued from invasive sperm extraction techniques when referred to intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Testicular histopathology of these patients with postoperative improvement revealed maturation arrest at spermatid stage (n = 3), Sertoli-cell-only (SCO) pattern with focal spermatogenesis (n = 1), and hypospermatogenesis (n = 1). None of the patients with pure SCO pattern or maturation arrest at spermatocyte stage had improvement after varicocele repair. However, improvement in semen parameters was observed in 12 (85.7%) patients with virtual azoospermia, 4 (28.6%) achieved a total motile sperm count greater than 5 million, and spontaneous pregnancy occurred with 3 (21.4%) of them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microsurgical inguinal varicocele repair offers completely azoospermic men the chance to provide motile sperm via ejaculate in 21%. Moreover, 28.6% of virtually azoospermic men are rescued from ICSI procedures as an initial treatment modality. Results of varicocele repair in azoospermic men also reveal that a certain threshold of spermatogenesis, requiring the presence of at least spermatids, is necessary for effective varicocele repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical Faculty of Istanbul, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadioglu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tefekli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cayan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kandirali
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Erdemir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tellaloglu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*