title: Recessive ataxia with ocular apraxia: review of 22 Portuguese patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recessive ataxias are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cerebellar ataxia associated with a number of different neurologic, ophthalmologic, or general signs. They are often difficult to classify in clinical terms, except for Friedreich ataxia, ataxia-telangiectasia, and a relatively small group of rare conditions for which the molecular basis has already been defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinical presentation and to define diagnostic criteria in a group of Portuguese patients with ataxia and ocular apraxia, an autosomal recessive form without the essential clinical and laboratory features of ataxia-telangiectasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 22 patients in 11 kindreds, identified through a systematic survey of hereditary ataxias being conducted in Portugal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at onset ranged from 1 to 15 years, with a mean of 4.7 years. The duration of symptoms at the time of last examination varied from 5 to 58 years. All patients presented with progressive cerebellar ataxia, the characteristic ocular apraxia, and a peripheral neuropathy. Associated neurologic signs included dystonia, scoliosis, and pes cavus. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 16 patients, all of whom showed cerebellar atrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ataxia with ocular apraxia may be more frequent than postulated before, and may be identified clinically using the following criteria: (1) autosomal recessive transmission; (2) early onset (for most patients in early childhood); (3) combination of cerebellar ataxia, ocular apraxia, and early areflexia, with later appearance of the full picture of peripheral neuropathy; (4) absence of mental retardation, telangiectasia, and immunodeficiency; and (5) the possibility of a long survival, although with severe motor handicap.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Hospital de São Sebastião, 4520-211 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbot
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chorão
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fineza
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: do Céu Moreira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sequeiros
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001072:Apraxias / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001284:Atrophy; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D004421:Dystonia / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010375:Pedigree; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011174:Portugal; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013132:Spinocerebellar Degenerations / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology