title: Calbindin immunoreactivity in the geniculo-extrastriate system of the macaque: implications for heterogeneity in the koniocellular pathway and recovery from cortical damage.
abstract: Although most projection neurons in the primate dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) target striate cortex (V1), a small number project instead to extrastriate visual areas and have been suggested to play a role in the preserved vision ("blindsight") that survives damage to V1. Moreover, the distribution of dLGN cells projecting to extrastriate bears a striking similarity to that of neurons that stain for calbindin D-28K (Cal), a calcium-binding protein involved in regulating neuronal excitability and considered a marker for the koniocellular or "K" pathway of geniculocortical processing. In these studies, we used double-labeling techniques to examine whether Cal content characterizes all or a subset of neurons making up the geniculo-extrastriate pathway in normal macaque monkeys. After injections of cholera toxin B-subunit into the prelunate gyrus, the proportion of retrogradely labeled neurons in the dLGN that were also immunoreactive for Cal varied from less than 40% to over 80%, indicating that only a subset of the geniculo-extrastriate projection falls within the K pathway as defined by Cal content. Analysis of the injected territories indicated that identity of the extrastriate cortical target may be systematically related to Cal content in the geniculo-extrastriate projection. To see whether the Cal-immunoreactive dLGN population might potentially play a role in preserved vision after V1 damage, we also examined the dLGN of a macaque that had sustained a lesion of V1 in infancy and survived until 4 years. In this animal, large, intensely Cal-immunoreactive neurons were found scattered throughout the otherwise degenerated dLGN zones and made up over 95% of the identifiable remaining neurons. The results support an emerging view that the macaque koniocellular system is highly heterogeneous in nature and also suggest that Cal content may be a critical feature of the pathway by which visual information reaches extrastriate cortex in the absence of V1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Emory University, 532 Kilgo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. hrrodman@rmy.emory.edu
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rodman
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sorenson
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hexter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D064026:Calbindins; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008251:Macaca / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D064026:Calbindins; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G