title: Clinical evaluation of the Mapleson theoretical ideal fresh gas flow sequence at the start of low-flow anaesthesia with isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane.
abstract: Mapleson used a computer spreadsheet model to predict the theoretical ideal fresh gas flow sequence at the start of low-flow anaesthesia. The aim was to increase the end-expired partial pressure of inhalational agent (PE'an) to one minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) as quickly as practicable and then to keep it constant. Ninety adult patients undergoing elective tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of three groups (n = 30) to receive isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane in oxygen. Fresh gas flow and vaporiser settings as specified by Mapleson were followed in all cases except that the maximum setting for desflurane was 18% (2.7 MAC instead of 3 MAC). Recordings of PE'an were made at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 min. Mean values of PE'an exceeded 1 MAC by 2 min in all three groups and remained above this value throughout. Each group's PE'an measurements were divided by their respective 1-MAC value. A simple two-level model (with patients at level 2 and time at level 1), with measurements at 1 min excluded, showed that the fitted value at 2 min and the time-weighted mean for 2-20 min for PE'iso (1.042 [95% CI 0.980-1.104] and 1.044 [0.984-1.104], respectively) were not significantly different from its 1-MAC value, whereas those of the PE'sevo (1.169 [1.119-1.219] and 1.143 [1.119-1.219]) and PE'des (1.305 [1.261-1.349] and 1.140 [1.098-1.182]) were significantly higher than their respective 1-MAC values. The Mapleson concept of an initial high fresh gas flow and high vaporiser settings, followed first by reduced high fresh gas flow, as followed in this clinical study, results in PE'an values close to or slightly higher than predicted in the spreadsheet model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Surgical Intensive Care, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore. iplee@singnet.com.sg
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ip-Yam
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D000077335:Desflurane; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010313:Partial Pressure; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane