title: Intraoperative radiation therapy for locally advanced recurrent rectal or rectosigmoid cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To update and summarize the experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital of a treatment program of high-dose preoperative irradiation, surgical re-resection, and intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) as a salvage treatment for patients with recurrent rectal or rectosigmoid carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 1978 to February 1997, the records of 69 patients with locally recurrent rectal carcinomas or rectosigmoid carcinomas without metastases referred for consideration of IORT were reviewed. Forty-nine patients received IORT and local control and disease-free survival curves were calculated using the actuarial method of Kaplan-Meier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year overall survival, local control and disease-free survival rates of 49 patients receiving IORT were 27, 35, and 20%, respectively. Thirty-four patients who underwent a macroscopic complete resection had a significantly better 5-year overall survival than the remaining 15 patients with gross residual disease (33 vs. 13%, P=0.05, log rank). For those patients, local control and disease-free survival rates were 46 and 27%, respectively. Patients with a microscopic complete resection had a superior 5-year overall survival than partially resected patients (40 vs. 14%, P=0.0001, log rank). Chemotherapy had no significant influence on overall or disease-free survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current analysis shows the importance of a microscopic complete resection in a multi-modality approach with IORT for survival and local control. Salvage is rare for patients undergoing subtotal resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindel
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Shellito
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grossbard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ancukiewicz
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D012811:Sigmoid Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005472:Fluorouracil