title: Learning and memory in bipolar and unipolar major depression: effects of aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to examine the effects of aging on neuropsychological functions in bipolar and unipolar major depression.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Earlier studies suggested that neurocognitive deficits in mood disorder patients correlate with duration and severity of illness and also that bipolar disorder has a more virulent course than unipolar disorder. We hypothesized that elderly patients with bipolar disorder will demonstrate greater neurocognitive dysfunction than young patients with bipolar disorder and elderly patients with unipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A battery of tests of general intelligence and learning and memory was administered to 79 inpatients with major depression referred for electroconvulsive therapy. With patients 60 years of age and older defined as elderly, there were 29 young and 24 elderly unipolar patients and 13 young and 13 elderly bipolar patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unipolar and bipolar patients did not differ in measures of general intelligence or global cognitive status. Generally, across tests of memory, young bipolar patients exhibited the best performance and elderly bipolar patients exhibited the poorest performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that over the course of their illness, patients with bipolar disorder experience greater deterioration in memory functions than patients with unipolar disorder. Longitudinal studies are required to support the preliminary findings of this cross-sectional study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York 10032, USA. tal.burt@columbia.edu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prudic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peyser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sackeim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution