title: Integration of care in The Netherlands: the development of transmural care since 1994.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  integration of primary and hospital services has been the subject of health policy in The Netherlands in the 1990s. A bottom-up facilitating approach was chosen to stimulate development of 'transmural care' between traditionally separate sectors. Transmural care has been defined as, care, attuned to the needs of the patient, provided on the basis of co-operation and co-ordination between general and specialised caregivers with shared overall responsibility and the specification of delegated responsibilities'. We conducted a national survey to determine the success of the bottom-up policy and the extent of the development of transmural care.
  
  
  METHODS
  a written questionnaire was distributed among members of two national networks of transmural care executives and project coordinators, which are representative for hospitals and home care organisations in The Netherlands. A total of 271 facilities were included in the study representing 71% of hospitals and 63% of the home care organisations in The Netherlands. The questionnaire covered topics as; type of care provided, participants, population, goals and type of evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  all hospitals in The Netherlands provide one or more of the seven types of transmural care, however, there is a great variation in the number of facilities per organisation. Most facilities cater to one or more groups of chronically ill patients. Project coordinators experience difficulties finding adequate financing options for the facilities. Evidence on the effects of transmural care on quality and efficiency is lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the bottom-up approach towards the development of transmural care has been successful but needs to be followed by top-down measures to insure adequate evaluation and encourage wide-spread implementation.
authors.affiliation: Julius Centre for Patient Oriented Research, Utrecht University, Medical School, P.O. Box 80046, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. b.a.vanderlinden@jc.azu.nl
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spreeuwenberg
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schrijvers
mesh_terms: D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D009313:National Health Programs; D009426:Netherlands; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires