title: Simultaneous cytofluorometric measurement of phagocytosis, burst production and killing of human phagocytes using Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus as target organisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) play a central role in the elimination of most extracellular pathogens, and an impairment of their functions predisposes an individual towards local and systemic bacterial and fungal infections. Here we describe a rapid and easy-to-perform cytofluorometric assay for investigation of PMN activity using Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus as target organisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phagocytes were stained with anti-CD13-RPE antibody, and microorganisms were stained with calcein-AM. Oxidative burst production was measured by oxidation of dihydroethidium. The percentage of killed target organisms after ingestion was determined by staining with ethidium-homodimer-1 after lysis of human cells. The dyes and procedures used in this method were chosen after comparison of different stains and cell preparation techniques described in previous assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concerning phagocytosis, the percentages of active phagocytes and of ingested microorganisms were determined. Furthermore, the method allowed measurement of the resulting percentage of PMNs producing respiratory burst, and of the percentage of killed microorganisms. We minimized artifactual changes, which might have been the reason for the difficulties and conflicting results of other cytofluorometric methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described method provides a new whole blood cytofluorometric assay, which combines rapid and simple handling with high reproducibility of results obtained by investigation of PMN activity using Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus as target organisms.
authors.affiliation: Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Abt. für antimikrobielle Therapie und Infektionsimmunologie, 80337 München, Germany.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Salih
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Husfeld
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors