title: Aminergic tone correlates of migraine and tension-type headache: a study using the tridimensional personality questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aminergic neurotransmitter activity has been studied in many neuropsychiatric diseases by means of a self-administered questionnaire proposed by Cloninger. Given that central aminergic modulation plays a major role in the pathophysiology of primary headaches, we investigated the personality dimensions related to aminergic neurotransmitter activity in patients with migraine and tension-type headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a consecutive series of 230 patients, we selected those presenting with migraine and tension-type headache according to the International Headache Society criteria. All patients were assessed by means of the Cloninger 100-item self-report Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and a depression scale. The four dimensions of personality are novelty seeking (dopaminergic), harm avoidance (serotonergic), reward dependence (noradrenergic), and persistence (glutaminergic).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty-one patients presenting with migraine and 42 with tension-type headache were recruited. The results indicate significantly higher harm avoidance scores (P<.001) in both patients with migraine and those with tension-type headache than in controls. Furthermore, patients with migraine had a significantly low score in the novelty seeking dimension (P<.001). When we compared only the two groups of patients with headache, we found that the persistence dimension alone was significantly higher in patients with migraine than in those with tension-type headache (P<.05). No differences were observed either in the overall scores of the other personality dimensions or in the depression scale scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire results support a role of the serotonergic system in both migraine and tension-type headache pathophysiology. A dysfunction of dopaminergic and glutaminergic tone seems to be a specific feature of migraine.
authors.affiliation: Centro Interuniversitario per lo Studio delle Cefalee e dei Disordini Neurotrasmettitoriali del Sistema Nervoso, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Piero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bruti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venturi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Talamonti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Legge
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Lenzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality; D010556:Personality Tests; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines