title: Metformin increases the ovulatory rate and pregnancy rate from clomiphene citrate in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who are resistant to clomiphene citrate alone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether metformin treatment increases the ovulation and pregnancy rates in response to clomiphene citrate (CC) in women who are resistant to CC alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anovulatory women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who were resistant to CC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received placebo or metformin, 500 mg three times daily, for 7 weeks. Information on reproductive steroids, gonadotropins, and oral glucose tolerance testing was obtained at baseline and after treatment. Metformin or placebo was continued and CC treatment was begun at 50 mg daily for 5 days. Serum P level > or =4 ng/mL was considered to indicate ovulation. With ovulation, the daily CC dose was not changed, but with anovulation it was increased by 50 mg for the next cycle. Patients completed the study when they had had six ovulatory cycles, became pregnant, or experienced anovulation while receiving 150 mg of CC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovulation and pregnancy rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the metformin and placebo groups, 9 of 12 participants (75%) and 4 of 15 participants (27%) ovulated, and 6 of 11 participants (55%) and 1 of 14 participants (7%) conceived, respectively. Comparisons between the groups were significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In anovulatory women with PCOS who are resistant to CC, metformin use significantly increased the ovulation rate and pregnancy rate from CC treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Vandermolen
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ratts
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Stovall
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kauma
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nestler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010062:Ovulation Induction; D010919:Placebos; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D002996:Clomiphene; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D008687:Metformin