title: Development of resistance to chlorhexidine diacetate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the effect of a "residual" concentration.
abstract: Stable resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIMB 10421 was obtained by step-wise exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX). Repeated exposure to a proposed "residual" (sub-MIC) concentration of CHX also created stable resistance. Resistance was also developed by a single exposure to the "residual" concentration of CHX, but this was unstable. Similar experiments with Escherichia coli and CHX or cetylpyridinium chloride resulted in no significant increase in resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the CHX-resistant P. aeruginosa cultures showed no cross-resistance, although some of the cultures were resistant to benzalkonium chloride.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Microbiology Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK. russellD2@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004202:Disinfectants; D002710:Chlorhexidine