title: Standardization of the physicochemical parameters to assess in vitro the beta-hematin inhibitory activity of antimalarial drugs.
abstract: Intraerythrocytic plasmodia form hemozoin as a detoxification product of hemoglobin-derived heme. An identical substance, beta-hematin (BH), can be obtained in vitro from hematin at acidic pH. Quinoline-antimalarials inhibit BH formation. Standardization of test conditions is essential for studying the interaction of compounds with this process and screening potential inhibitors. A spectrophotometric microassay of heme polymerization inhibitory activity (HPIA) (Basilico et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 42, 55-60, 1998) previously reported was used to investigate the effect of pH and salt concentration on BH formation. The yield of BH formation decreased with pH. Moreover, under conditions used in the above HPIA assay (18 h, 37 degrees C, pH = 2.7), several salts including chloride and phosphate inhibited the process. Aminoquinoline drugs formulated as salts (chloroquine-phosphate, primaquine-diphosphate), but not chloroquine-base, also inhibited the reaction. Interference by salts was highest at low pH and decreased at higher pH (pH 4). Here, we describe different assay conditions that eliminate these problems (BHIA, beta-hematin inhibitory activity). By replacing hematin with hemin as the porphyrin and NaOH solution with DMSO as solvent, the formation of BH was independent of pH up to pH 5.1. No interference by salts was observed over the pH range 2.7-5.1. Dose-dependent inhibition of BH formation was obtained with chloroquine-base, chloroquine-phosphate, and chloroquine-sulfate at pH 5.1. Primaquine was not inhibitory. The final product, characterized by solubility in DMSO, consists of pure BH by FT-IR spectroscopy. The BHIA assay (hemin in DMSO, acetate buffer pH 5 +/- 0.1, 18 h at 37 degrees C) is designed to screen for those molecules forming pi-pi interactions with hematin and thus inhibiting beta-hematin formation.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Microbiologia, Universitá di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parapini
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Basilico
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pasini
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olliaro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taramelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monti
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012015:Reference Standards; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000592:standards; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D006420:Hemeproteins; C020753:hemozoin