title: Nod factor-induced phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate formation: a role for phospholipase C and D in root hair deformation.
abstract: Rhizobium-secreted nodulation factors are lipochitooligosaccharides that trigger the initiation of nodule formation on host legume roots. The first visible effect is root hair deformation, but the perception and signalling mechanisms that lead to this response are still unclear. When we treated Vicia sativa seedlings with mastoparan root hairs deformed, suggesting that G proteins are involved. To investigate whether mastoparan and Nod factor activate lipid signalling pathways initiated by phospholipase C (PLC) and D (PLD), seedlings were radiolabelled with [(32)P]orthophosphate prior to treatment. Mastoparan stimulated increases in phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate, indicative of PLD or PLC activity in combination with diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) and PA kinase. Treatment with Nod factor had similar effects, although less pronounced. The inactive mastoparan analogue Mas17 had no effect. The increase in PA was partially caused by the activation of PLD that was monitored by its in vivo transphosphatidylation activity. The application of primary butyl alcohols, inhibitors of PLD activity, blocked root hair deformation. Using different labelling strategies, evidence was provided for the activation of DGK. Since the PLC antagonist neomycin inhibited root hair deformation and the formation of PA, we propose that PLC activation produced diacylglycerol (DAG), which was subsequently converted to PA by DGK. The roles of PLC and PLD in Nod factor signalling are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, NL-1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hartog@bio.uva.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: den Hartog
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Musgrave
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Munnik
mesh_terms: D011756:Diphosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004963:Estrenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009355:Neomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010455:Peptides; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D010712:Phosphatidic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014862:Wasp Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004963:Estrenes; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C092736:Nod factor, Rhizobium leguminosarum; D010455:Peptides; D010710:Phosphates; D010712:Phosphatidic Acids; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D014862:Wasp Venoms; C408642:diacylglycerol pyrophosphate; C060229:1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione; C037500:mastoparan; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D010739:Phospholipase D; D009355:Neomycin; D005990:Glycerol