title: The causes of obvious jaundice in South West Wales: perceptions versus reality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) A prospective analysis of clinically obvious jaundice (bilirubin >120 micromol/l) in South Wales to determine accuracy of diagnosis, referral pattern, treatment, and outcome. (2) To compare British gastroenterologists' and local general practitioners' perceptions of common causes of jaundice with our study findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a seven month period all patients with bilirubin >120 micromol/l (excluding neonates with physiological jaundice) were identified by a biochemistry laboratory serving three general hospitals and the community. Clinical data were recorded prospectively. Sixty nine consultant gastroenterologists and 67 local general practitioners (GPs) were asked to cite the commonest causes of bilirubin >120 micromol/l in their experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 121 patients were identified of whom 95 were admitted to hospital because of jaundice, 22 developed jaundice while in hospital, and four remained in the community. Causes of jaundice were: malignancy 42, sepsis/shock 27, cirrhosis 25, gall stones 16, drugs 7, autoimmune hepatitis 2, and viral hepatitis 2. One in five was wrongly diagnosed, often as viral hepatitis. Although 30% were under surgical care only 4% required surgery. Overall mortality was high (31%) and greatest in sepsis/shock (51%). Gastroenterologists and GPs both perceived malignancy and gall stones to be the commonest causes of marked jaundice followed by viral hepatitis and cirrhosis; sepsis/shock was hardly mentioned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are important discrepancies between gastroenterologists' and GPs' perceptions of likely causes of jaundice and the actual causes we have shown. In particular, sepsis/shock is common in hospital practice but is overlooked whereas viral hepatitis is rare but perceived as common and overdiagnosed. Gall stones usually cause mild jaundice with bilirubin levels less than 120 micromol/l. Many patients are referred to surgical services for historical reasons yet rarely require surgery and are usually treated by physicians or endoscopists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Singleton Hospital, Sketty, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hainsworth
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kingham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005762:Gastroenterology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D007223:Infant; D007565:Jaundice / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014852:Wales