title: Hepatotoxic substance(s) removed by high-flux membranes enhances the positive acute phase response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute phase proteins (APPs) are enhanced in end-stage renal disease patients (ESRD) requiring dialysis treatment. They are involved in a variety of pathologic processes like muscle proteolysis, cachexia, regulation of appetite, and atherosclerosis. They are predictive for mortality. APPs are not only makers but also active substances. They are mainly produced in liver cells and are primarily, but not exclusively, regulated by proinflammatory cytokines. To what extent hepatic APPs are influenced by uremic toxins is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of different ultrafiltrates (UFs) on the synthesis of alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) in HepG2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional as well as a crossover study with high-/low-flux membranes was conducted to investigate the impact of UFs on bioactivity of liver cell cultures. Metabolic activity (MTT test), cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), and the positive APP AGP were measured in HepG2 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cultured hepatocytes treated with UFs from high-flux membranes exhibited a higher cytotoxicity (18.6 +/- 0.3% high-flux vs. 13.9 +/- 0.2% low-flux, P < 0.001) and a lower metabolic activity (29.3% high-flux vs. 50.3% low-flux, P < 0.001) in comparison with low-flux UFs. In addition, enhanced APP secretion could be observed under costimulatory conditions (high-flux 5.0 +/- 0.7 vs. low-flux 3.1 +/- 0.6 ng/microg protein, P < 0.05). The effects of high- and low-flux UFs were strongly expressed at the beginning and were still significantly different after 120 minutes of hemodialysis (HD) treatment. The crossover experiments confirmed that UFs collected during high-flux HD had a higher capacity to stimulate AGP synthesis in liver cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of UFs from dialysis patients demonstrate that hepatotoxic substances can be removed by dialysis. Stimulating the acute phase response UF collected during high-flux HD had a higher impact on liver cells in comparison with low-flux UF. These substances are putative cofactors involved in cytokine regulation.
authors.affiliation: Innere Medizin IV, Universitätsklinik Homburg/Saar, Homburg, and Klinikum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. w.riegel@klinikum.darmstadt.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauernheimer
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Deppisch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köhler
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000209:etiology*; D000368:Aged; D002460:Cell Line; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D007688:Kidneys, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014462:Ultrafiltration
chemical_list: D009961:Orosomucoid; D014118:Toxins, Biological