title: Dose-dependent effects of flumazenil on cognition, mood, and cardio-respiratory physiology in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the possible effects of flumazenil on cognitive processing, physiology, and mood. Design A double-blind, placebo controlled, four-way cross-over study, using healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  On each of 4 separate visits, 16 participants received 0.5 mg, 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg of flumazenil, or normal saline. They then performed a computerised test battery assessing cognitive function. Measures of pulse rate, arterial oxygen saturation and mean arterial pressure were also taken. Finally, participants completed visual analogue scales assessing their subjective mood state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of cognitive tasks showed dose-dependent declines in performance. Mean arterial pressure was significantly reduced, as was pulse rate. Subjective alertness showed a similar decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flumazenil has been clinically described as an agent with few intrinsic properties, whose primary effect lies in its ability to reverse benzodiazepine-induced states. This study has shown that flumazenil does possess intrinsic activity which have a significant effect on cognition, cardiovascular physiology and mood. Clinicians need to be aware of these effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. nick.neave@unn.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neave
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Scholey
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayre
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wesnes
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Girdler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D018757:GABA Modulators; D005442:Flumazenil; D010100:Oxygen