title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor amplifies lipopolysaccharide-induced bronchoconstriction by a neutrophil- and cyclooxygenase 2-dependent mechanism.
abstract: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is used to ameliorate neutropenia in patients after antineoplastic treatment. It has also been suggested as an adjunct treatment in septic patients; however, the recruitment and priming of leukocytes by GM-CSF bears the hazard of a hyperinflammatory response. In particular, the role of GM-CSF in pulmonary functions in septic lungs is still unclear. Therefore, we pretreated rats in vivo with GM-CSF (50 microg/kg, intravenous) and assessed the pulmonary functions of their subsequently prepared isolated perfused lungs when exposed to subtoxic concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 microg/ml). These lungs showed enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), a significant increase in thromboxane (TX) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release into the venous perfusate, and bronchoconstriction. COX-2 inhibition or blocking of the TX receptor abolished the GM-CSF/LPS-induced bronchoconstriction, but not the TNF release. Neutralizing antibodies against TNF did not prevent GM-CSF/LPS-induced bronchoconstriction. After GM-CSF pretreatment, massive neutrophil invasion into the lung occurred. Neutropenic rats were protected against GM-CSF/ LPS-induced lung injury. Similar results were obtained in rats pretreated with G-CSF instead of GM-CSF. We conclude that GM-CSF pretreatment exacerbates pulmonary injury by low-dose LPS via COX-2 expression, TX release, and bronchoconstriction by initiating neutrophil invasion and activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wollin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uhlig
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nüsing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wendel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000276:immunology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010477:Perfusion; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases