title: Exposure to benzene in urban workers: environmental and biological monitoring of traffic police in Rome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the contribution of traffic fumes to exposure to benzene in urban workers, an investigation on personal exposure to benzene in traffic police from the city of Rome was carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed from December 1998 to June 1999. Diffusive Radiello personal samplers were used to measure external exposures to benzene and alkyl benzenes during the workshift in 139 policemen who controlled medium to high traffic areas and in 63 office police. Moreover, as biomarkers of internal exposure to benzene, blood benzene, and urinary trans, trans-muconic and S-phenyl mercapturic acids were measured at the beginning and at the end of the workshift in 124 traffic police and 58 office police.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time weighted average (TWA) exposure to benzene was consistently higher among traffic police than among indoor workers (geometric mean 6.8 and 3.5 microg/m(3), respectively). Among the traffic police, the distribution of individual exposures was highly asymmetric, skewed toward higher values. Mean ambient benzene concentrations measured by municipal air monitoring stations during workshifts of traffic police were generally higher (geometric mean 12.6 microg/m(3)) and did not correlat with personal exposure values. In particular, no association was found between highest personal exposure scores and environmental benzene concentrations. Among the exposure biomarkers investigated, only blood benzene correlated slightly with on-shift exposure to benzene, but significant increases in both urinary trans, trans-muconic and S-phenylmercapturic acids were found in active smokers compared with non-smokers, irrespective of their job.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exposure to traffic fumes during working activities in medium to high traffic areas in Rome may give a relatively greater contribution to personal exposure to benzene than indoor sources present in confined environments. Smoking significantly contributed to internal exposure to benzene in both indoor and outdoor workers.
authors.affiliation: National Health Institute, Rome, Italy. crebelli@iss.it
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crebelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zijno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghittori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imbriani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gamberale
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carere
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001554:Benzene / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D016495:Police; D012384:Rome / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D001554:Benzene