Choose and prepare foods with less salt: dietary advice for all Americans.
The Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans have included dietary guidance on salt and sodium since they were first released in 1980. This paper briefly reviews the impetus for including sodium guidelines, changes in them over time and factors influencing these changes. Although guidance appears to have changed little over the five editions, differences in wording reflect changes in knowledge of the link between sodium and blood pressure, a shift in public health policy toward prevention and increased consumption of processed and prepared foods. We examine methods to monitor sodium intake and assess whether Americans are following these guidelines. Available data indicate that American adolescents and adults are consuming more sodium than recommended and are unable to judge whether the amount of sodium in their diet is appropriate. Although Americans avoid adding salt to food at the table, their efforts may have little effect given that the majority of salt consumed is added during commercial processing and preparation. Thus, changes to the Dietary Guidelines that emphasize the major sources of sodium in U.S. diets and advice to "choose and prepare foods with less salt" may help all Americans meet recommended sodium intake levels in the future.
Loria
C M
CM
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7934, USA. loriac@nih.gov
Obarzanek
E
E
Ernst
N D
ND
D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007802:Language; D011939:Mental Recall; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012737:Sex Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000652:urine; D014481:United States
D012982:Sodium, Dietary