title: How to determine ionic dialysance for the online assessment of delivered dialysis dose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ionic dialysance may be equivalent to blood-water urea clearance corrected for recirculation (effective urea clearance); however, this is controversial. The aims of our study were (1) to verify in vivo whether the value of ionic dialysance is affected by the method of determination, given the effect of cardiopulmonary recirculation on inlet plasma water conductivity when the inlet dialysate conductivity is changed; and (2) to define the operative modalities for determining ionic dialysance to obtain an adequate estimate of effective urea clearance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three hemodialysis patients were studied during 186 dialysis sessions with low-flux polysulfone dialyzers using a modified Fresenius Medical Care 4008 B machine equipped with meters to measure inlet and outlet dialysate conductivities. This machine varied inlet dialysate conductivity (Cdi) according to the following pattern: starting from baseline (step 0), Cdi was increased by 8% (step 1). After Cdi had reached the target value, which took 8 to 10 minutes, it was lowered to 8% below the baseline value (step 2). After 8 to 10 minutes, when Cdi had reached the new target, it was returned to its starting value (step 3). Four values of conventional ionic dialysance (using the standard formula) and actual ionic dialysance (taking into account cardiopulmonary recirculation) were obtained for each cycle and were compared among them and with effective urea clearance (Kde).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean conventional dialysance values at steps 0 to 2 and 2 to 3 (190 and 189 mL/min) were similar and higher than those at steps 0 to 1 and 1 to 2 (171 and 181 mL/min). Mean conventional ionic dialysance values underestimated Kde, particularly at steps 0 to 1 (-22.2 mL/min, P < 0.001) and 1 to 2 (-12.6 mL/min, P < 0.001). The actual dialysance values underestimated Kde by no more than 4.3 mL/min (P < 0.001). In steps 0 to 1 and 1 to 2, the underestimate of Kde by conventional dialysance increased at higher values of Kde, but this relationship did not exist when considering actual dialysance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The value of ionic dialysance is affected by the method of determination, given the effect of cardiopulmonary recirculation on inlet plasma water conductivity when inlet dialysate conductivity is changed. As a consequence, to provide a correct and direct estimate of effective urea clearance, ionic dialysance must be determined by changing inlet dialysate conductivity in such a way as to keep inlet plasma water conductivity constant by means of two symmetrical high and low dialysate conductivity steps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, A. Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy. nefrologia@ospedale.lecco.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Filippo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andrulli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pontoriero
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dell'Oro
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: La Milia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bacchini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crepaldi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bigi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Locatelli
mesh_terms: D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008722:Methods; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D007477:Ions; D014508:Urea