title: Perioperative determinants and outcome of cardiopulmonary arrest in children after heart surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify perioperative factors associated with postoperative cardiopulmonary arrest (CA) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in children undergoing cardiovascular surgery, and to report the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of all patients under 16 years of age who had undergone cardiovascular surgery and sustained CA in PICU in an urban, tertiary care children's hospital over a 5-year period. We used two control groups of patients who recovered without CA. (1) Sixty-five patients, who were operated under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) during the study period. (2) All patients who underwent repair of congenital heart lesions without DHCA in 1994 (n=278).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two children experienced CA during postoperative care in PICU, mainly from cardiovascular causes. Thirty-four (41%) were declared dead without attempted resuscitation, CPR was initiated in 48 (59%). The primary survival rate was 56% and 1 year survival rate was 19%. The incidence of CA was 3.6% for closed heart operations, 4.9% for intra-cardiac surgery without DHCA, and 27% for operations involving DHCA. Thirty-three per cent of patients with CA arrested during the first 24 postoperative h. Preoperative mechanical ventilation (P=0.03), prostaglandin E1 (P=0.001) and inotropic support (P=0.04) were given significantly more frequently to patients who postoperatively required CPR, compared to control groups. Patients in whom CPR was attempted were younger than the 1994 controls (0.4 vs. 1.2 years; P<0.04), had longer mean aortic-cross-clamp times (76 vs. 51 min; P<0.0001) and cardiopulmonary bypass times (124 vs. 85 min; P<0.0002), and required more inotropic support upon leaving the operating room (P<0.0001). Patients who received CPR had significantly longer DHCA times (53 vs. 32 min; P<0.0002) and required more inotropic support than patients in the DHCA control group (P<0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CA after pediatric cardiac surgery is associated with repair of complex congenital heart anomalies in patients who require preoperative mechanical ventilation and vasoactive agents, prolonged aortic cross-clamp, circulatory arrest; and heavy postoperative inotropic support.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hospital for Children and Adolescent, University of Helsinki, Stenbäckinkatu 9, Finland 00029 HUS, Finland. pertii.suominen@huch.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sairanen
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Olkkola
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Räsänen
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents