title: Regulation of two carotenoid biosynthesis genes coding for phytoene synthase and carotenoid hydroxylase during stress-induced astaxanthin formation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis.
abstract: Astaxanthin is a high-value carotenoid used as a pigmentation source in fish aquaculture. In addition, a beneficial role of astaxanthin as a food supplement for humans is becoming evident. The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis seems to be a suitable source for natural astaxanthin. Astaxanthin accumulation in H. pluvialis occurs in response to environmental stress such as high light and salt stress. Here, the isolation of the H. pluvialis carotenoid biosynthesis gene phytoene synthase is reported. Furthermore, the expression of phytoene synthase and carotenoid hydroxylase, two key enzymes in astaxanthin biosynthesis, was investigated at the transcriptional level. The application of environmental stress resulted in increased steady-state mRNA levels of both genes. High-light intensity led to a transient increase in carotenoid hydroxylase mRNA followed by moderate astaxanthin accumulation. In contrast, salt stress in combination with high light resulted in a sustained increase in both transcripts. The addition of compounds inducing reactive oxygen species did not influence transcript levels of phytoene synthase and carotenoid hydroxylase. The application of an inhibitor of photosynthesis, 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, indicated that the light-induced expression of these carotenoid biosynthesis genes may be under photosynthetic control.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Physiologie und Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinbrenner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Linden
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D051232:Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D010957:Plasmids; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C005948:astaxanthine; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C079232:beta-carotene hydroxylase; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; D051232:Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase