title: Type 1 fimbriae deliver an LPS- and TLR4-dependent activation signal to CD14-negative cells.
abstract: Fimbriae target bacteria to different mucosal surfaces and enhance the inflammatory response at these sites. Inflammation may be triggered by the fimbriae themselves or by fimbriae-dependent delivery of other host activating molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although LPS activates systemic inflammation through the CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways, mechanisms of epithelial cell activation by LPS are not well understood. These cells lack CD14 receptors and are unresponsive to pure LPS, but fimbriated Escherichia coli overcome this refractoriness and trigger epithelial cytokine responses. We now show that type 1 fimbriae can present an LPS- and TLR4-dependent signal to the CD14-negative epithelial cells. Human uroepithelial cells were shown to express TLR4, and type 1 fimbriated E. coli strains triggered an LPS-dependent response in those cells. A similar LPS- and fimbriae-dependent response was observed in the urinary tract of TLR4-proficient mice, but not in TLR4-defective mice. The moderate inflammatory response in the TLR4-defective mice was fimbriae dependent but LPS independent. The results demonstrate that type 1 fimbriae present LPS to CD14-negative cells and that the TLR4 genotype determines this response despite the absence of CD14 on the target cells. The results illustrate how the host "sees" LPS and other microbial products not as purified molecules but as complexes, and that fimbriae determine the molecular context in which LPS is presented to host cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 23, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden. maria.hedlund@mig.lu.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedlund
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frendéus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wachtler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svanborg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors