title: The Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography During Port-Access Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: A New Challenge for the Echocardiographer.
abstract: The recent development of endovascular catheters that are placed via the femoral artery and vein has enabled patients to be placed on cardiopulmonary bypass without the need for direct visualization of the heart or great vessels via sternotomy. This has allowed cardiac surgery to be performed through smaller, thoracotomy incisions. Placement of these catheters initially was performed under fluoroscopic guidance, which has major imaging limitations. Now, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has replaced fluoroscopy as the primary imaging technique to assist in the placement of endovascular catheters during minimally invasive, port-access cardiac surgery. In our institution, 449 port-access procedures have been performed from May 1996 through July 1998. We found that TEE is able to adequately visualize the cardiac structures and assist in the placement of the endovascular catheters in all patients. Fluoroscopy is helpful only as an aid to the use of TEE for placement of the coronary sinus catheter.
authors.affiliation: New York University Medical Center, Tisch Hospital, Room HW 228, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016.
authors.forename: Robert M.
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Applebaum
authors.forename: Stephen B.
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Aubrey C.
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: Greg H.
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ribakove
authors.forename: Eugene A.
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: Paul A.
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tunick
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.lastname: Kronzon