Unraveling peroxynitrite formation in biological systems.
Peroxynitrite promotes oxidative damage and is implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases that involve accelerated rates of nitric oxide and superoxide formation. The unambiguous detection of peroxynitrite in biological systems is, however, difficult due to the combination of a short biological half-life, limited diffusion, multiple target molecule reactions, and participation of alternative oxidation/nitration pathways. In this review, we provide the conceptual framework and a comprehensive analysis of the current experimental strategies that can serve to unequivocally define the existence and quantitation of peroxynitrite in biological systems of different levels of organization and complexity.
Radi
R
R
Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. rradi@fmed.edu.uy
Peluffo
G
G
Alvarez
M N
MN
Naviliat
M
M
Cayota
A
A
D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005609:Free Radicals; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009566:Nitrates; D016877:Oxidants; D010636:Phenols; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C039642:peroxynitric acid; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine