title: Subarachnoid sufentanil for early postoperative pain management in orthopedic patients: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study using spinal microcatheters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous spinal anesthesia is frequently used for intraoperative anesthesia but rarely for postoperative pain management. Because even small doses of local anesthetics can be associated with motor deficits, subarachnoid opioid injection may be an alternative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients randomly received a subarachnoid injection of 10 microg sufentanil, 5 mg bupivacaine, 2.5 microg sufentanil plus 2.5 mg bupivacaine, or saline through 28-gauge spinal microcatheters for early postoperative pain relief after major lower-limb surgery (n = 20 in each group). Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, pain scores, and motor function were monitored, and sufentanil concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were measured. Ten additional patients received up to three repetitive injections of 10 microg sufentanil over 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All drugs provided excellent pain relief within 15 min after injection, lasting 128 +/- 61 min with sufentanil, 146 +/- 74 min with bupivacaine, and 167 +/- 78 min with the mixture. Patients receiving bupivacaine showed the highest cephalad extension of sensory block (median, T6) and the most intense motor block, whereas patients given only sufentanil had no motor deficit. The duration of analgesia was shorter after subsequent sufentanil injection (100-115 min) than after the first injection (198 +/- 70 min). Six of 50 patients with sufentanil experienced a short episode of respiratory depression within 30 min after the first injection. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of sufentanil peaked at 5 min after injection (183 +/- 167 ng/ml) but were at the level of detection in the plasma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sufentanil injected through microspinal catheters provided profound pain relief without impairing motor function when compared with bupivacaine. However, close monitoring remains mandatory in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. standl@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Standl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luckmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burmeister
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulte am Esch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013346:Subarachnoid Space; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D017409:Sufentanil