title: Differences in nursing homes with increasing and decreasing use of physical restraints.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article examines the organizational characteristics of nursing homes associated with increasing and decreasing use of physical restraints since the implementation of the Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) in 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative data from the 1992 and 1997 On-Line Survey Certification of Automated Records are used first to provide descriptive analyses and second for multinomial logistic regression analyses of organizational factors associated with an increase or decrease in physical restraint use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that 2,331 nursing homes increased their use of restraints by >4% and 2,100 decreased their use of restraints by >3%. Ownership, Alzheimer's special care units, and average occupancy rates have bidirectional influence and are associated with both decreases and increases in restraint use, depending on their values. Chain membership and staffing levels of rehabilitation services are associated with increases in restraint use, whereas Medicaid census and private-pay census are associated with decreases in restraint use. Change factors were also important. An increase in Medicaid census and a change to chain membership since 1991 have an unsettling effect on care practices, increasing restraint use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the period used in this analysis represents a time frame in which the restraint reduction mandates of the NHRA were in effect, these results show that some nursing homes have increased their use of physical restraints. The organizational characteristics of these nursing homes differ from those that decreased their use of physical restraints.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Castle_Nick@Hotmail.com
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Castle
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006276:Health Facility Size; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000592:standards; D008484:Medicaid; D006278:Medicare; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States