title: Survival analysis of clinical, pathologic, and genetic features in neuroblastoma presenting as locoregional disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Locoregional neuroblastoma is a clinical subgroup characterized by the absence of distant metastasis (International Neuroblastoma Staging System Stages 1, 2, and 3). Although these patients generally have an excellent survival with minimal therapy, some do experience recurrence with lethal consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify risk factors for disease progression, the authors performed a retrospective analysis of clinical (age and stage) and tumor biologic markers (histology, MYCN, DNA index, and allelic analysis of chromosomes 1p, 11q12-qter, and 14q12-q32) in 44 patients (10 Stage 1, 18 Stage 2, and 16 Stage 3). Allelic analysis was performed using polymorphic polymerase chain reaction markers in a semiautomated, fluorescent detection system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen patients (38%) were younger than 365 days at diagnosis. Seventeen of 39 tumors (43%) had unfavorable histology, 6 (13%) were MYCN amplified, 14 (31%) were diploid, 17 (38%) had 1p36 loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 11 (25%) had 1p22 LOH, 10 (22%) had 11q LOH, and 13 (29%) had 14q LOH. Seventeen patients (38%) progressed, including 6 who progressed to Stage 4 disease (13%). Sixteen patients with progressive disease received cytotoxic therapy. Thirty-seven patients are alive (84%) with a median follow-up of 51 months. By permutation log rank test, both MYCN amplification and diploidy were associated with overall survival (OS), but only diploidy was associated with progression free survival (PFS) and progression to Stage 4 disease. LOH of 1p36, 1p22, 11q, or 14q did not show correlation with either OS or PFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Locoregional neuroblastoma tumors with diploid DNA index, regardless of other biologic features, have increased risk of local recurrence and Stage 4 progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA. MoraJ@MSKCC.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gerald
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002878:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 / Q000235:genetics; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics; D002883:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D011003:Ploidies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis