title: Stress Echocardiography in Aortic Stenosis: Insights into Valve Mechanics and Hemodynamics.
abstract: Stress interventions have been classically combined with cardiac catheterization recordings to understand the hemodynamic principles of valvular stenosis. Indices of aortic stenosis such as pressure gradient and valve area were based on simple hydraulic principles and have proved to be clinically useful for patient management during a number of decades. With the advent of Doppler echocardiography, these hemodynamic indices can be readily obtained noninvasively. Abundant evidence obtained using exercise and pharmacological stress echocardiography has demonstrated that the assumptions of classic hemodynamic models of aortic stenosis were wrong. Consequently, it is recognized that conventional indices may be misleading indicators of aortic stenosis significance in particular clinical situations. To improve diagnostic accuracy, several alternative hemodynamic models have been developed in the past few years, including valve resistance and left ventricular stroke work loss, among others. Nevertheless, these more-accurate indices should be obtainable noninvasively and need to demonstrate greater diagnostic and prognostic power than conventional indices; preliminary data suggest such superiority. Stress echocardiography is well established as the tool of choice for testing hypothesis and physical models of cardiac valve function. Although the final role of alternative indices is not yet well established, the new insights into valvular hemodynamics provided by this technique may change the clinical assessment of aortic stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Echocardiography, Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.forename: Miguel A.
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: García-Fernández
authors.forename: J. Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Antoranz
authors.forename: M. Mar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Juan Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Delcán