title: Injecting misuse of buprenorphine among French drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the extent to which the introduction (February 1996) of ambulatory prescriptions of buprenorphine for drug maintenance treatment (DMT) has been associated with its intravenous illicit use by French injecting drug users (IDUs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey (September 1997), using self-administered questionnaires, in a sample of IDUs recruited at 32 pharmacies, four needle exchange programmes and three syringe vending machines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine sites where IDUs have access to sterile syringes in the city of Marseille (South-Eastern France).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample of IDUs attending community pharmacies, vending machines and needle exchange programs to obtain equipment.
  
  
  METHODS
  To compare characteristics of IDUs who declared that they only injected buprenorphine in the prior 6 months versus the rest of the sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 343 respondents (response rate = 70.7%), 33.8% were polydrug users who occasionally injected buprenorphine in parallel to heroin and/or cocaine, while 23.9% only injected buprenorphine in the previous 6 months. IDUs in this latter group were younger, injected more frequently, and were more frequently on buprenorphine DMT, but they were less likely to be HIV-infected and to declare HIV-related injecting risky behaviours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial risk of injecting misuse is associated with large-scale diffusion of buprenorphine DMT. A more stringent regulation for medical dispensation of buprenorphine than the current French general freedom of prescription for all physicians, including general practiioners in ambulatory care, may be necessary in other countries which are considering the diffusion of buprenorphine DMT.
authors.affiliation: Regional Center for Disease Control of South-Eastern France (ORS PACA), ORS PACA-INSERM U379, 23 rue Stanislas Torrents, 13006 Marseille, France. orspaca@wanadoo.fr
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Obadia
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feroni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moatti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011314:Preventive Health Services; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D002047:Buprenorphine