title: Biochemical and palaeopathological investigations on weaning and infant mortality in the early Middle Ages.
abstract: Weaning age of the children of the early medieval population at Wenigumstadt (Ldkr. Aschaffenburg, southern Germany, 500-700 AD) was estimated by stable nitrogen isotope analysis of bone collagen. The onset of weaning was by one year of age, when solid vegetal food subsequently replaced breast milk. In total, the change from mother's milk to solid adult food took about three years, the infants being fully weaned at this age. While the growing infant was sufficiently supported in utero and during the first months of life, the weanling's diet was insufficient for further growth and development. Starting with about 18 months of age, more and more symptoms of malnutrition are detectable on the skeletal remains, and the peak of both morbidity and mortality is reached at four years of age. Especially unspecific stress markers like Harris' lines and enamel hypoplasia clearly indicate the infants' risk of falling ill or die between three and four years of age. Malnutrition weakens the immune response, therefore the majority of inflammations detectable on the skeleton are found among the inadequately nourished children. The assumption that weaning is responsible for pathological skeletal lesions and early death in history is thus supported by archaeometry.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Anthropologie und Humangenetik der Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dittmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grupe
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000266:history*; D007226:Infant Mortality; D008297:Male; D010164:Paleopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000266:history*; D014886:Weaning