title: Conformational color polymorphism and control of crystallization of 5-methyl-2-[(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile.
abstract: 5-Methyl-2-[(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile is an example of conformational and color polymorphism. The compound crystallizes in red (R), dark red (DR), light red (LR), and orange (O) modifications. There are two specific goals for this study. One is to characterize the complex thermodynamic relationship among these four known forms, and the other is to use the knowledge of the thermodynamic relationship to control the crystallization of these forms. The different forms were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry as well as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy; their complex thermodynamic relationships were determined by thermal analysis, solubility measurements, and slurry conversion studies. According to the solubility results, all forms are enantiotropically related: R is the thermodynamically most stable form above 60 degrees C, O is the most stable form between room temperature and 60 degrees C, LR is the most stable form below -15 degrees C, and DR is metastable throughout the entire temperature range. DR, LR, and O have very similar free energy at ambient temperature, which is the reason for the complex transition behavior. Finally, a schematic energy-temperature diagram was constructed that combines all experimental data in a comprehensive thermodynamic picture and provides insights into how to control the crystallization of the individual forms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial & Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1336. xiaorong.he@am.pnu.com
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: U J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Griesser
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Stowell
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Borchardt
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Byrn
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C429326:5-methyl-2-((4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)amino)-3-thiophenecarbonitrile; D013876:Thiophenes