title: Contrast-Enhanced Doppler Ultrasound of Renal Artery Stenosis: Prologue to a Promising Future.
abstract: Over the past few years, there has been extensive research for a reliable, noninvasive, and nonionizing imaging method to screen for renal artery stenosis (RAS). Doppler ultrasound (US) is one of many modalities that have been evaluated for the detection of RAS. The lack of standardization in examination protocols and diagnostic criteria, as well as the wide differences in reported accuracy among different laboratories, however, have prevented universal acceptance of this technique as a reliable screening test for RAS. Recently, the introduction of US contrast agents has substantially expanded the potentials of color Doppler US. The use of microbubble echo enhancers in combination with harmonic Doppler imaging has been shown to improve diagnostic confidence by improving the operator's ability to visualize the renal arteries, and to significantly reduce the number of equivocal examinations. In addition, contrast-enhanced harmonic Doppler US can currently provide objective functional assessment of RAS through analysis of time-intensity renal enhancement curve. State-of-the-art contrast-enhanced Doppler US seems to have the potential to become a useful screening test for patients at risk from renovascular hypertension and a tool for follow-up of patients who undergo revascularization procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, I-56125 Pisa, Italy. Lencioni@do.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lencioni
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Dania
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cioni
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartolozzi