title: Influence of glutamine on cytokine production by human gut in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  glutamine modulates cytokine production by immune cells in vitro and protects the gut from experimental enterocolitis, but data on the effect of glutamine on cytokine production in human gut are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to assess the effect of glutamine pre-treatment in vivo and in vitro on cytokine production by intestinal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  nine fasted volunteers received either enteral glutamine or saline over 6 h in a cross-over design. Duodenal biopsies were cultured for 24 h with or without glutamine. Cytokine content of culture media was analysed by ELISA, and the expression of cytokine mRNA in biopsies was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  glutamine given in vivo and in vitro significantly decreased IL-6 [1.4 (0.8-8.5) vs 8.9 (1.0-43.9)] and IL-8 production [5.8 (0-51.4) vs. 53.0 (2.5-114.6), pg/mg wet tissue], median (range), both P< or =0.01, in comparison to no glutamine experiments. Glutamine did not influence IL-4 production. IL-1beta, IL-10 and TNF-alpha were not detectable in culture media. The expression of any cytokine mRNA was not influenced by glutamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  glutamine reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production by human intestinal mucosa, probably by a post-transcriptional pathway. Glutamine could be useful to modulate inflammatory conditions with imbalanced cytokine production.
authors.affiliation: Appareil Digestif Environnement et Nutrition group (ADEN), France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coëffier
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miralles-Barrachina
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Le Pessot
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lalaude
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daveau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavoinne
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lerebours
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Déchelotte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005973:Glutamine; D015847:Interleukin-4