title: Socioeconomic inequality in voting participation and self-rated health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the hypothesis that disparities in political participation across socioeconomic status affect health. Specifically, the association of voting inequality at the state level with individual self-rated health was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multilevel study of 279,066 respondents to the Current Population Survey (CPS) was conducted. State-level inequality in voting turnout by socioeconomic status (family income and educational attainment) was derived from November CPS data for 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals living in the states with the highest voting inequality had an odds ratio of fair/poor self-rated health of 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 1.68) compared with individuals living in the states with the lowest voting inequality. This odds ratio decreased to 1.34 (95% CI = 1.14, 1.56) when state income inequality was added and to 1.27 (95% CI = 1.10, 1.45) when state median income was included. The deleterious effect of low individual household income on self-rated health was most pronounced among states with the greatest voting and income inequality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic inequality in political participation (as measured by voter turnout) is associated with poor self-rated health, independently of both income inequality and state median household income.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, and Harvard Center for Society and Health, Boston, Mass., USA. tblakely@wnmeds.ac.nz
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Blakely
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011057:Politics; D012933:Social Identification; D012935:Social Justice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology