title: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and schizophrenia: what have we learnt?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been increasingly used to investigate the in vivo biochemistry of particular regions of the brain in patients with schizophrenia. We review the literature and discuss the theoretical constructs that form the presumed impetus for these studies in light of the current methodological limitations. Future directions are noted.
  
  
  METHODS
  The available published literature in English formed the basis for this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of 31P-MRS have been interpreted as reflecting a relative increase in cell membrane degradation in prefrontal cortical regions at certain phases of schizophrenia. 1H-MRS studies, though less consistent, provide evidence suggestive of a decrease in neuronal cell mass in the hippocampal region, which supports the findings of volumetric studies. Both groups of MRS studies support a neuro-developmental hypothesis of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. However, current methodological problems limit the reliable interpretation of MRS data. A clear understanding of the methodology and its reliable interpretation is yet to emerge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRS remains a research instrument that is yet to be fully utilised in schizophrenia research. A few replicated findings are emerging, although the interpretation of these spectroscopic findings needs to be validated.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Unit, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Australia. alasdair.vance@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vance
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Velakoulis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maruff
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantelis
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology