title: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin induces long-term local formation of nitric oxide in the bladder via the induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in urothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is effective therapy for recurrent superficial bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ. BCG induces nitric oxide synthase activity in the bladder. Nitric oxide is formed from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase. We investigated nitric oxide formation and its localization in bladder cancer patients treated with intravesical BCG instillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The L-citrulline conversion assay was done to assess nitric oxide synthase activity in BCG treated T24 human bladder cancer cells and cultured normal human urothelial cells. Nitrite and nitrate in cell culture medium, urine and plasma were measured by capillary electrophoresis. Nitric oxide formation in the bladder was measured by chemiluminescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 24-hour treatment with BCG induced calcium independent nitric oxide synthase activity in T24 cells in a dose dependent manner. Nitrite and nitrate production by T24 cells also increased in a dose dependent manner after 24-hour BCG treatment. BCG treatment of cultured normal human urothelial cells resulted in the induction of calcium dependent and independent nitric oxide synthase activity. Nitrite in the urine of patients receiving BCG for the first time was increased 5-fold 24 hours after instillation. Furthermore, BCG increased luminal nitric oxide in the bladder. The increase was noted after a single treatment and sustained for 6 months. No changes in plasma nitrite or nitrate were observed after BCG treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCG induces the local formation of nitric oxide in the bladder, whereas no evidence for systemic nitric oxide formation was noted. Increased nitric oxide production in the bladder is likely due to the induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in urothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology, Karolinska Hospital and Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morcos
authors.forename: O T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adolfsson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ehrén
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Wiklund
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000201:enzymology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase