title: Socioeconomic status and type 2 diabetes in African American and non-Hispanic white women and men: evidence from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the associations of poverty income ratio (PIR), education, and occupational status with type 2 diabetes prevalence among African American and non-Hispanic White (White) women and men aged 40 to 74 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, controlling for age and examination-related variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among African American women, there was a strong, graded association between PIR and diabetes, which remained significant after other risk factors were adjusted for. All 3 variables were significantly associated with diabetes among White women. Among White men, only PIR was significantly associated with diabetes. Controlling for risk factors substantially attenuated these associations among White women. There were no significant associations for African American men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic status is associated with type 2 diabetes prevalence among women, but not consistently among men. Diabetes prevalence is more strongly associated with PIR than with education or occupational status. These associations are largely independent of other risk factors, especially among African American women. Economic resources should be addressed in efforts to explain and reverse the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USA. jessica_robbins@pop.upenn.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kasl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American