title: Intraoperative ultrasound during renal parenchymal sparing surgery for hereditary renal cancers: a 10-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We review our 10-year experience with intraoperative ultrasound during renal parenchymal sparing surgery in patients with hereditary renal cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1991 and 2000, 68 nephron sparing procedures were performed on 26 women and 27 men, all but 1 of whom had a hereditary predisposition to renal cancer, for example von Hippel-Lindau, hereditary papillary renal cancer. Intraoperative ultrasound was performed after the surgeon removed all visible or palpable lesions. High frequency transducers (7 MHz.) and color Doppler were used in all cases. Lesions were characterized as simple cysts, complex cysts or solid masses, and were recorded on a map.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 935 lesions (mean 12.8 lesions per kidney) were removed in 68 nephron sparing operations performed on 53 patients. Of these lesions 870 were removed without while 65 required intraoperative ultrasound. In 17 of 68 (25%) procedures intraoperative ultrasound identified renal cancers that were not detectable by the surgeon. Mean tumor size of ultrasound detected lesions was 1.0 cm. (range 2 mm. to 4 cm.). Of the 32 cystic lesions identified by intraoperative ultrasound 5 contained renal carcinoma, and 29 of the 33 solid renal masses were renal cell carcinomas. During reoperations ultrasound enabled the surface of the kidney to be evaluated even when it was inaccessible due to scar tissue or adherent perinephric fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative ultrasound can be performed after all visible lesions have been removed and identifies additional tumors in 25% of patients with hereditary renal cancer, thus ensuring that as many tumors as possible have been removed during renal parenchymal sparing surgery.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Radiology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Choyke
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Pavlovich
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Daryanani
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Linehan
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Walther
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation