title: Regulation of invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer by transforming growth factor-beta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The metastatic process in epithelial ovarian cancer is thought to involve surface shedding and subsequent dissemination of ovarian cancer cells, facilitated by localized proteolysis at the interface between ovarian cancer cells and peritoneal surfaces. The factors regulating the metastatic process, however, are not well understood. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional peptide that elicits numerous cellular effects pertinent to the metastatic process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regulatory role of TGF-beta on metastasis in ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the effect of TGF-beta on the metastatic characteristics (adhesion, invasion, motility, proteolysis) of five ovarian cancer cell lines (DOV-13 and OVCA 420, 429, 432, and 433), two short-term primary ovarian cancer cell cultures (OVCA 10 and OVCA 208), and five normal ovarian surface epithelial (NOSE) cell cultures (OSE 133, 185, 186, 188, and 189). The effect of TGF-beta on invasion and proteolysis was quantified using a modified Boyden chamber invasion assay, zymography, a coupled colorimetric activity assay, and an HPLC-based quantitation of synthetic substrate cleavage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta significantly increased invasion in five of seven ovarian cancer cell lines in amounts ranging from 2- to 20-fold. In contrast, TGF-beta significantly decreased invasion in two of five NOSE isolates by 50 to 80% and had no significant effect on invasion in three. TGF-beta treatment increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in OVCA 420 and 433 and DOV-13, resulting in MMP-dependent collagen cleavage and invasive activity. Addition of the MMP inhibitor GI12947 neutralized the enhancing effect of TGF-beta on invasion. TGF-beta had no effect on ovarian cancer cell motility and only increased adhesion in DOV-13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that TGF-beta may enhance the invasiveness of ovarian cancers through induction of MMP activity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haisley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hurteau
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bast
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Stack
mesh_terms: D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000166:cytology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases