title: Transfusion-transmitted virus infection in HIV-1-seropositive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence, persistence and genome heterogeneity of transfusion-transmitted (TTV) in HIV-1-infected patients, a group at high risk both of contracting blood-borne viruses and having viral persistence relating to immunodepression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma samples from 238 HIV-1 seropositive subjects and 226 healthy blood donors were examined for TTV-DNA both by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers from the conserved regions in the N22 clone and PCR using primers deduced from the untranslated region (UTR). Direct DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used to characterize 27 TTV isolates from HIV-1 patients or healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using PCR with the UTR primers, TTV DNA was detected in a very high percentage (> 80%) of samples both from HIV-1 seropositive subjects and from blood donors. Using PCR with N22 primers, shown to detect viral strains associated with hepatitis of unknown etiology, TTV DNA was found in 103 of 238 (43.3%) HIV-1-infected patients and in 22 of 226 (9.7%) blood donors. There was no difference in the prevalence of the TTV DNA in HIV seropositive subjects with regard to clinical features related to immunosuppression, markers of HCV infection or intravenous drug use; presence of TTV DNA was associated significantly only with male gender (P = 0.003). Persistent or intermittent viremia was detected in plasma samples taken up over a period of 19 months in all (15 of 15) HIV-infected patients tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The persistence and high frequency of infection detected by PCR with N22 primers in HIV-1 seropositive patients suggest that further clinical investigation of immunocompromised hosts will provide information to clarify the pathogenic role of TTV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Pavia and IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Italy. inftrop@unipv.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Debiaggi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sacchi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazzucco
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poma
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raffaldi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerace
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pistorio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filice
mesh_terms: D001782:Blood Donors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014766:Viremia
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral