title: Oral administration of dimethylvinyl chloride increases frequency of forestomach papillomas in Tg.AC mice.
abstract: This work was initiated to determine the potential for the Tg.AC mouse model to identify chemical carcinogens by an oral route of administration. Tg.AC v-Ha-ras transgenic mice were exposed to dimethyvinyl chloride (DMVC; 1-chloro-2-methylpropene), a structural analog of the human carcinogen vinyl chloride. In the National Toxicology Program 2-yr bioassay, DMVC induced tumors in the oral, nasal, and gastric epithelia of rats and mice. Initial studies were performed in female Tg.AC mice to determine an appropriate oral dose of DMVC to evaluate the potential for stratified gastric or oral epithelia of Tg.AC mice to serve as a target tissue for a transgene-dependent induced tumorigenic response. DMVC was administered to 13- to14-wk-old Tg.AC mice by gavage at doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg five times a week for 20 wk. The forestomachs of DMVC-treated Tg.AC mice had an increasing number of papillomas, which were associated with an increase in the dose of DMVC. The average numbers of papillomas per mouse per dose were 2.4, 7.6, 14.1, and 12.6 for the 0, 50, 100, and 200-mg/kg dose groups, respectively. The optimum papillomagenic dose of 100 mg/kg DMVC was established and administered for 5, 10, and 15/wk to investigate the kinetics of papilloma induction in Tg.AC mice. The average numbers of papillomas per animal were 1.8, 8.8, and 19.0 at 5, 10, and 15 wk, respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays determined that the v-Ha-ras transgene was transcriptionally active in all tumor tissues but not in nontumor tissues. In situ hybridization assays performed in conjunction with bromodeoxyuridine in vivo labeling localized the transgene-expressing cells of the forestomach papillomas to the proliferating cellular component of the tumors, as previously seen in skin papillomas of Tg.AC mice. The present results confirm that DMVC is tumorigenic and that oral routes of administration can be used to rapidly elicit a transgene-associated tumor response in the forestomach of Tg.AC mice.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Spalding
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Trempus
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Tennant
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010212:Papilloma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics; D014752:Vinyl Chloride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C051950:1-chloro-2-methylpropene; D018631:ras Proteins; D014752:Vinyl Chloride