title: Motor thresholds in humans: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study comparing different pulse waveforms, current directions and stimulator types.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the stimulation effectiveness of different magnetic stimulator devices with respect to pulse waveform and current direction in the motor cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 8 normal subjects we determined motor thresholds of transcranial magnetic stimulation in a small hand muscle. We used focal figure-of-eight coils of 3 common stimulators (Dantec Magpro, Magstim 200 and Magstim Rapid) and systematically varied current direction (postero-anterior versus antero-posterior, perpendicular to the central sulcus) as well as pulse waveform (monophasic versus biphasic). The coil position was kept constant with a stereotactic positioning device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motor thresholds varied consistently with changing stimulus parameters, despite substantial interindividual variability. By normalizing the values with respect to the square root of the energy of the capacitors in the different stimulators, we found a homogeneous pattern of threshold variations. The normalized Magstim threshold values were consistently higher than the normalized Dantec thresholds by a factor of 1.3. For both stimulator types the monophasic pulse was more effective if the current passed the motor cortex in a postero-anterior direction rather than antero-posterior. In contrast, the biphasic pulse was weaker with the first upstroke in the postero-anterior direction. We calculated mean factors for transforming the intensity values of a particular configuration into that of another configuration by normalizing the different threshold values of each individual subject to his lowest threshold value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our transformation factors allow us to compare stimulation intensities from studies using different devices and pulse forms. The effectiveness of stimulation as a function of waveform and current direction follows the same pattern as in a peripheral nerve preparation (J Physiol (Lond) 513 (1998) 571).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institut for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 38, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany. thomas.kammer@tuebingen.mpg.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kammer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thielscher
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Laubis-Herrmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Topka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004056:Differential Threshold; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation