title: The visibility of cancer on previous mammograms in retrospective review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study how many tumours were visible in restrospect on mammograms originally reported as normal or benign in patients coming to surgery with proven breast cancer. The effect of making the pre--operative mammogram available was also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and twenty initial mammograms of consecutive new breast cancer cases were analysed by a group of radiologists in the knowledge that all patients were later diagnosed with breast cancer. The films were read twice, first without and then with the later (pre-operative) mammograms available. The parenchymal density in the location of the tumour was classified as fatty, mixed or dense, and the tumours were classified as visible or not visible. The reasons for the invisibility of the tumour in the earlier examination were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen per cent (45) of cancers were retrospectively visible in earlier mammograms without the pre-operative mammograms having been shown, and 29% (95) when pre-operative mammograms were shown. Breast parenchymal density decreased with age and the visibility of tumours increased with age. When considered simultaneously, the effect of age (over 55 vs under 55) was greater (OR = 2.9) than the effect of density (fatty vs others) (OR = 1.5). The most common reasons for non-detection were that the lesion was overlooked (55%), diagnosed as benign (33%) or was visible only in one projection (26%). Growing density was the most common (37%) feature of those lesions originally overlooked or regarded as benign.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumours are commonly visible in retrospect, but few of them exhibit specific signs of cancer, and are recognized only if they grow or otherwise change. It is not possible to differentiate most of them from normal parenchymal densities. Saarenmaa, I. (2001). Clinical Radiology56, 40-43.
authors.affiliation: Pirkanmaa Cancer Society, Hämeenkatu 5A, 33100 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saarenmaa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyvärinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isola
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kataja
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kokko
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kokko
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kumpulainen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kärkkäinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pakkanen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piironen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Talviala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors