title: Radiologic placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters in occluded neck, chest, or small thyrocervical collateral veins in central venous occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate interventional radiologic placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters in small thyrocervical collateral veins or in occluded veins in the neck or chest in patients with limited venous access.
  
  
  METHODS
  A femoral venous approach was used to recanalize occluded veins or catheterize small collateral veins in 24 patients in whom all major central veins were occluded. A loop snare or catheter was used as a target for antegrade puncture. Metallic stents were deployed if necessary. Once antegrade access was secured, catheters were placed in a conventional fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technical success was achieved in 22 (88%) of 25 procedures (one patient underwent two procedures). All catheters functioned immediately after placement. There were two procedural complications: a vasovagal episode requiring intravenously administered atropine sulfate and an episode of respiratory distress requiring intubation. There were no instances of pneumothorax, nerve injury, or bleeding complications. Catheter malfunction requiring exchange occurred at a rate of 0.67 per 100 catheter days. Infection requiring catheter removal occurred at a rate of 0.06 per 100 catheter days. Primary patency was 90% at 1 month, 71% at 6 months, and 25% at 12 months. Secondary patency was 100% at 6 months and 70% at 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing hemodialysis in whom conventional venous access sites have been exhausted, interventional radiologic venous recanalization for the placement of permanent catheters is safe and effective. Catheters placed in recanalized veins or small collateral veins have shorter primary patency rates compared with those of conventionally placed catheters, but the former can be maintained for relatively long periods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, the University of Chicago Hospitals, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. bfunaki@midway.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Funaki
authors.forename: G X
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Zaleski
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Leef
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Ha
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
mesh_terms: D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014680:Veins