title: 3-Foot standing AP versus 45 degrees PA radiograph for osteoarthritis of the knee.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flexion and erect standing radiographs were evaluated in the current study to compare their sensitivity in detecting articular cartilage wear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary care hospital outpatient orthopedic clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with osteoarthritis of the knee ages 40 to 75 scheduled for arthroscopic debridement between March 1995 and November 1997 were considered for the current study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographs were obtained 1 week preoperatively in both the 3-foot standing anteroposterior (AP) and a 45 degrees posteroanterior (PA) flexion weight-bearing projection. Joint space height was measured with a ruler in millimeters at the narrowest point of each compartment. All radiographs were assessed by two independent observers who were blinded to the arthroscopic findings and clinical symptoms of the subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prediction accuracy of each radiograph for severe Grade IV articular cartilage wear in tibio-femoral compartments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty-two patients with a mean (+/- SD) age of 60.5+/-8.5 years were enrolled in the study. Fifty-one percent were female. Twelve patients were categorized as having severe lateral compartment articular chondropathy (Grade IV) at the time of arthroscopy. The lateral joint space height averaged 1.0+/-1.7 mm SD on the 45 degrees PA radiograph compared with 2.7+/-1.1 mm SD on the 3-foot standing AP view. Using a cutoff of 2 mm or less, the 45 degrees PA view was much more sensitive (83% versus 42%) at correctly detecting the most severe chondropathy. Forty-one patients were classified with severe Grade IV medial compartment chondropathy at arthroscopy. There was little difference in the average joint space height measured by the 45 degrees PA view (1.4+/-1.4 mm SD) or the 3-foot standing AP view (1.9+/-1.6 mm SD). A number of cutoff measures were evaluated, but no significant advantage could be found for either view in evaluating the medial compartment severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bilateral 45 degrees PA is superior for detecting lateral compartment wear but offers no advantage on the medial side. This view should be considered as the screening radiograph of choice in evaluating osteoarthritis of the knee.
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Hospital-General Site, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Dervin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Feibel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rody
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grabowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity