title: Raptors and "campo-cerrado" bird mixed flock LED BY Cypsnagra hirundinacea (Emberizidae:Thraupinae).
abstract: Bird mixed flocks including Cypsnagra hirundinacea and Neothraupis fasciata as species with sentinels were studied in "campo-cerrado" in order to investigate the possible relationship between alertness and the mixed flock leadership. This study was conducted from March to September 1996 and mixed flocks were observed on average for 2:30h. The time with sentinels were recorded for C. hirundinacea and N. fasciata. The sentinels of Cypsnagra hirundinacea performed most of the vigilance (time with sentinel was on average 42 +/- 17%, 41 +/- 17% of which by C. hirundinacea, whereas only 1.2% by N. fasciata) and gave all the alarm calls recorded (54% of the encounters with raptors stimulated alarm calls). A relationship was verified between time with sentinel and the rate of encounters with raptor (ANOVA, F = 3.0. P < 0.05). The results of this study are an evidence for the anti-predatory function of mixed flocks, in campo-cerrado, and the alertness as a major feature of a leader species, since C. hirundinacea always led those flocks.
authors.affiliation: IB, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. ragusa@pantanalnet.com.br
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ragusa-Netto
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D001938:Brazil; D007857:Leadership; D020304:Raptors