title: The anti-HIV-1 activity of chloroquine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  there is a dramatic need for drugs with anti-HIV-1 activity that are affordable for resource-poor countries. Chloroquine (CQ) is one such drug.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to review the data indicating that CQ has anti-HIV-1 activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are endowed with a broad anti-HIV-1 activity inhibiting X4, R5, and X4/R5 stains in lymphocytic and monocytic cells. Interestingly, CQ is capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication at concentrations within the range reported in plasma of individuals chronically treated with doses of the drug which have well-known and limited toxicity. These effects have been confirmed in vivo in two clinical trials. The principal mechanism of HIV-1 inhibition by CQ seems to be an effect on gp120 on a post-transcriptional level. Because CQ and HCQ appear to have a novel site of action (i.e. post-transcriptional inhibition of gp120), these drugs may be particularly useful in combination with other anti-retroviral agents (e.g. ZDV, ddI and HU).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  combining these drugs with other anti-HIV-1 agents, especially HU and ddI, may be an interesting option for the treatment for HIV-1 infected individuals in the developing world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savarino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gennero
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sperber
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Boelaert
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D002738:Chloroquine