title: Expression of the Per1 gene in the hamster: brain atlas and circadian characteristics in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
abstract: Recent progress in study on the molecular component of mammalian clocks has claimed that mammals and Drosophila share the similar fundamental clock oscillating system. In the present study, we investigated expression of Per1, the first gene of the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila clock gene period, in the hamster brain, and we also examined its circadian expression pattern in the mammalian clock center, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In situ hybridization using isotope-labeled cRNA probes revealed a wide and region-specific distribution of Per1 in the hamster brain and spinal cord. High levels of Per1 were found in the internal granular layer of the granular cells of the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, tenia tecta, olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and gyrus dentatus of hippocampus. Moderate levels of expression were detected in many brain regions including the granular layer of the cerebellum, anterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus, caudate-putamen, inferior colliculus, pontine nuclei, inferior olive, and nucleus of the solitary tract. We examined the circadian profile of hamster Per1 mRNA in the SCN in constant darkness and found that Per1 expression showed a peak at subjective day (circadian time [CT] 4) and formed a trough at subjective night (CT16-CT20). A brief exposure of light at CT16 could acutely induce large quantities of Per1 mRNA in the hamster SCN, except for its dorsomedial subdivision. These findings suggest that the characteristics of Per1 gene expression in the mammalian circadian center (showing a peak in the daytime and a trough in the nighttime and a rapid inducibility by light) are common among mammalian species. Lastly, in hamster brain, Per1 gene is also inducible in extra-SCN brain nuclei, since light at night also elicited Per1 mRNA in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shigeyoshi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takashima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D006224:Cricetinae; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000502:physiology; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger