title: Role of transforming growth factor-alpha in von Hippel--Lindau (VHL)(-/-) clear cell renal carcinoma cell proliferation: a possible mechanism coupling VHL tumor suppressor inactivation and tumorigenesis.
abstract: Mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene occur in patients with VHL disease and in the majority of sporadic clear cell renal carcinomas (VHL(-/-) RCC). Loss of VHL protein function is associated with constitutive expression of mRNAs encoding hypoxia-inducible proteins, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. Overproduction of angiogenic factors might explain why VHL(-/-) RCC tumors are so highly vascularized, but whether this overproduction is sufficient for oncogenesis still remains unknown. In this report, we examined the activity of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), another VHL-regulated growth factor. We show that TGF-alpha mRNA and protein are hypoxia-inducible in VHL(-/-) RCC cells expressing reintroduced VHL. In addition to its overexpression by VHL(-/-) RCC cells, TGF-alpha can also act as a specific growth-stimulatory factor for VHL(-/-) RCC cells expressing reintroduced wild-type VHL, as well as primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, the likely site of origin of RCC. This role is in contrast to those of other growth factors overexpressed by VHL(-/-) RCC cells, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and TGF-beta1, which do not stimulate RCC cell proliferation. A TGF-alpha-specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotide blocked TGF-alpha production in VHL(-/-) RCC cells, which led to the dependence of those cells on exogenous growth factors to sustain growth in culture. Growth of VHL(-/-) RCC cells was also significantly reduced by a drug that specifically inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor, the receptor through which TGF-alpha stimulates proliferation. These results suggest that the generation of a TGF-alpha autocrine loop as a consequence of VHL inactivation in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells may provide the uncontrolled growth stimulus necessary for the initiation of tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Paulsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brychzy
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Klausner
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gnarra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pause
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D018262:Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms; D008025:Ligases; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012643:Selenium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014168:Transferrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000494:pharmacology; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; D006623:von Hippel-Lindau Disease
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006133:Growth Substances; D007328:Insulin; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D011506:Proteins; D011799:Quinazolines; D014168:Transferrin; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D020032:Tyrphostins; C106250:6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D008025:Ligases; C497446:VHL protein, human; D012643:Selenium; C088860:4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline