title: The role of phagocytes in HIV-related oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  in response to a variety of stimuli, phagocytes release large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are essential for bacterial killing. However, excessive ROS production not appropriately compensated by antioxidant molecules can lead to oxidative stress, which may also play an important role in pathogenesis of HIV infection. In fact, ROS participate in chronic inflammation, HIV replication and the apoptosis of cells of the immune system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  we used flow cytometry to study, in whole blood, the activation and redox status of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes at different stages of the disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  we showed that neutrophils and monocytes from HIV-infected patients spontaneously produced increased amounts of H2O2. This increased H2O2 production was associated with alterations of adhesion molecules expression at the cell surface, which also reflected basal activation of phagocytes from the HIV-infected patients. In monocytes, basal H2O2 production correlated with viral load. This increased ROS production was associated with changes in the expression of the antiapoptotic/antioxidant compounds Bcl-2 and thioredoxin along the course of the disease. This modulation could result from a dual regulation by oxidative stress and could explain at least in part why monocyte numbers remain relatively stable throughout the disease. Monocytes expressed a normal maximal capacity to produce ROS in optimal conditions of stimulation. In contrast, after ex vivo priming with TNFalpha or IL-8, neutrophils showed a decreased H2O2 production in response to bacterial N-formyl peptides. This latter impairment correlated with the decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte numbers and with IL-8 and IL-6 plasma levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the increased basal ROS production by phagocytes could participate to the oxidative injury which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of HIV infection. In addition, the decreased priming of H2O2 production by neutrophils could contribute to the increased susceptibility of HIV-infected patients to bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U 479 and Service d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, CHU X. Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elbim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pillet
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Preira
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rogine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gougerot-Pocidalo
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000097:blood; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000097:blood; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D016207:Cytokines; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019041:L-Selectin; D013879:Thioredoxins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide