title: Plasma choline in normal newborns, infants, toddlers, and in very-low-birth-weight neonates requiring total parenteral nutrition.
abstract: Choline deficiency is associated with hepatic abnormalities in adult volunteers and patients administered total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Preliminary investigation has suggested that plasma-free choline concentration (PFCh) is greater in neonatal animals, including humans, than in adults. The aims of this study were to determine the normal PFCh and phospholipid-bound choline concentration (PPLBCh) for newborns, infants, and toddlers and to determine the change during TPN. We also sought to determine the degree of fetal choline extraction, the relation between maternal and newborn plasma choline concentrations, and the relation between plasma choline status and normal newborn length, weight, and gestational age. Blood samples were obtained from 104 full-term newborns in two centers (Ben Taub and Maimonides), 25 mothers, 21 normal infants aged 20.3 +/- 11.8 wk, 12 normal infants aged 62.4 +/- 3.9 wk, and 14 preterm infants (gestational age = 28.9 +/- 2.2 wk) who required TPN. The vein PFChs were 28.1 +/- 13.0 nmol/mL (Ben Taub) and 68.1 +/- 16.9 nmol/mL (Maimonides). The artery PFChs were 27.1 +/- 13.0 nmol/mL (Ben Taub) and 57.9 +/- 11.6 nmol/mL (Maimonides). The vein PPLChs were 1004.7 +/- 246.6 nmol/mL (Ben Taub) and 1121.2 +/- 289.6 nmol/mL (Maimonides). The artery PPLChs were 1065.7 +/- 469.3 nmol/mL (Ben Taub) and 1106.9 +/- 285.8 nmol/mL (Maimonides). The vein-minus-artery differences for PFCh were 1.0 +/- 9.7 nmol/mL (Ben Taub) and 10.2 +/- 10.9 nmol/mL (Maimonides). The vein-minus-artery differences for PPLCh were -51.9 +/- 398.2 nmol/mL (Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas) and 14.4 +/- 254.3 nmol/mL (Maimonides, New York, New York). Maternal venous PFCh was 8.4 +/- 3.1 nmol/mL. Maternal venous PPLCh was 2592.1 +/- 584.0 nmol/mL (range = 1227.8-3729.0). Maternal venous PFCh correlated with newborn arterial PFCh (r = 0.53, P < 0.05) but not with newborn venous PFCh. No correlation was seen between maternal venous and newborn PPLCh. No significant differences were seen in PPLCh or choline extraction in Ben Taub versus Maimonides patients, although PFCh was significantly greater in the newborns from Maimonides (P < 0.05). The mean venous PFCh and PPLCh in the preterm infants before beginning TPN was 21.2 +/- 6.3 and 1366.8 +/- 339.1 nmol/mL, respectively. Just before initiation of tube feeding (4.0 +/- 2.7 d after TPN had been started), mean venous PFCh and PPLCh was 18.4 +/- 5.3 and 2251.8 +/- 686.9 nmol/mL, respectively. When TPN was discontinued and tube feeding increased to goal, after 10.8 +/- 10.4 d, venous PFCh and PPLCh was 22.6 +/- 8.7 and 2072.5 +/- 540.6 nmol/mL, respectively. Venous PFCh and PPLCh was 13.4 +/- 2.5 and 1827.5 +/- 327.0 nmol/mL, respectively in the older infant group. In conclusion, newborn PFCh is significantly greater than PFCh in adults but falls to adult levels within the first year of life. Low maternal PFCh may be associated with low newborn PFCh. Normal newborn plasma choline status has no bearing on intrauterine growth, although the role of maternal choline deficiency in underweight newborns is unknown. Newborn PPLCh is substantially below that of adults, which suggests its use in membrane synthesis during growth.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Buchman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sohel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moukarzel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schanler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Awal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dorman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belfort
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jenden
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Killip
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D002796:Choline Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000097:blood*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010743:Phospholipids; D002794:Choline