Inflammatory responses in influenza A virus infection.
Influenza A virus causes respiratory tract infections, which are occasionally complicated by secondary bacterial infections. Influenza A virus replicates in epithelial cells and leukocytes resulting in the production of chemokines and cytokines, which favor the extravasation of blood mononuclear cells and the development of antiviral and Th1-type immune response. Influenza A virus-infected respiratory epithelial cells produce limited amounts of chemokines (RANTES, MCP-1, IL-8) and IFN-alpha/beta, whereas monocytes/macrophages readily produce chemokines such as RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MCP-1, MCP-3, IP-10 and cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-18 and IFN-alpha/beta. The role of influenza A virus-induced inflammatory response in relation to otitis media is being discussed.
Julkunen
I
I
Department of Virology, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland. ilkka.julkunen@ktl.fi
Melén
K
K
Nyqvist
M
M
Pirhonen
J
J
Sareneva
T
T
Matikainen
S
S
D017209:Apoptosis; D001424:Bacterial Infections; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000502:physiology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000276:immunology; D015163:Superinfection; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014779:Virus Replication
D016207:Cytokines; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors