title: Dyspnea duration, distress, and intensity in emergency department visits for heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dyspnea is the most common symptom among patients with heart failure (HF) who present to the emergency department (ED), but it is not clear which dimensions of the symptom prompt ED visits, or whether dyspnea characteristics are related to visit disposition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to explore the influence of dyspnea duration, distress, and intensity on decisions of patients with HF to come to an ED and the disposition of visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of patients treated for HF in an urban university hospital ED (N = 57) who were interviewed retrospectively. Open-ended questions pertained to symptoms in general and dyspnea at the time of the visit. Subjects rated recalled dyspnea distress (0 = not at all bothered by breathing; 4 = bothered very much by breathing) for when they decided to come to the ED (Decision) and a week before the visit (Week Before), as well as duration--the number of days before the visit that dyspnea was recalled as having been as severe as at Decision. After the interviews, a subsample (n = 34) rated the intensity of a set of dyspnea sensory quality descriptors for Decision and Week Before (0 = not endorsed; 1 = very mild; 10 = very severe). Charts were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy percent recalled dyspnea as the most distressing symptom at Decision, or the primary reason for the visit; 88% were admitted. Dyspnea duration was unrelated to admission. Duration was 3 days or less for 65% of the sample, but 6 days or more for 35%. There was no duration-related difference in dyspnea distress or intensity at Decision, but subjects with a duration < or =3 days reported lower levels of both dimensions for Week Before with significant increases from Week Before to Decision. Those with longer episodes reported high levels of distress and intensity in both time frames with no significant change in either dimension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects reported high levels of distress and intensity at Decision, regardless of dyspnea duration. Differences in recalled duration were associated with 2 distinct patterns in distress and intensity ratings but were not associated with admission. Dyspnea duration does not appear to be a valid criterion for judging condition severity in HF-related visits to the ED.
authors.affiliation: University of New Mexico College of Nursing, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5688, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Parshall
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Brockopp
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Heiser
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schooler
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000523:psychology*; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007629:Kentucky; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors