title: Plasma pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in cats.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the dispositions of S-warfarin and R-warfarin in normal cats following intravenous and oral administrations of racemic warfarin. Citrated blood samples were collected from 10 cats prior to and at times 5, 15, and 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following a single intravenous bolus of 0.5 mg/kg of racemic warfarin. After a 21-day washout period, samples were then similarly collected in three groups of four cats for 120 h following oral administration of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg racemic warfarin. S-warfarin and R-warfarin were detected using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay validated for cat plasma. Drug concentration-time curves were subjected to non-compartmental analysis. Median pharmacokinetic parameters associated with the intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg racemic warfarin were as follows: t1/2 (S:28.2, R:18.3 h), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC; S:33.0, R:24.6 h*microg/mL), area under the moment curve (AUMC; S:1889, R:527.8 h*h*microg/mL), and mean residence time (MRT; S:38.7, R:20.9 h). For each parameter, S-warfarin was significantly different from R-warfarin (P<0.05). Warfarin was absorbed rapidly after oral administration, and the dosage did not affect the time to maximum concentration (S:0.87, R:0.75 h). Oral dosage significantly influenced maximum plasma concentration (ng/mL, S:1267, R:1355 at 0.5 mg/kg; S:614.9, R:679.4 at 0.25 mg/kg; S:250.5, R:367.6 at 0.1 mg/kg), AUC (h*microg/mL, S:45.12, R:30.91 at 0.5 mg/kg; S:22.98:, R:18.99 at 0.25 mg/kg; S:3.922, R:3.570 at 0.1 mg/kg) and AUMC (h*h*microg/mL, S:2135, R:1062 at 0.5 mg/kg; S:943.1, R:599.9 at 0.25 mg/kg; S:132.2, R:59.03 at 0.1 mg/kg), but not t1/2 (S:23.5, R:11.6 h) nor MRT (S:26.3, R:13.5 h). Both warfarin enantiomers were highly (>96.5%) protein-bound. Quantitation of the warfarin content in commercially available tablets indicated an unequal distribution of the drug throughout the tablet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Denison Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002415:Cats; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D011485:Protein Binding; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014859:Warfarin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin