title: Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of clinical and epidemiological evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper evaluates evidence for two hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis: (i) that heavy cannabis use causes a 'cannabis psychosis', i.e. a psychotic disorder that would not have occurred in the absence of cannabis use and which can be recognised by its pattern of symptoms and their relationship to cannabis use; and (ii) that cannabis use may precipitate schizophrenia, or exacerbate its symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature relevant to drug use and schizophrenia is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is limited clinical evidence for the first hypothesis. If 'cannabis psychoses' exist, they seem to be rare, because they require very high doses of tetrahydrocannabinol, the prolonged use of highly potent forms of cannabis, or a preexisting (but as yet unspecified) vulnerability, or both. There is more support for the second hypothesis in that a large prospective study has shown a linear relationship between the frequency with which cannabis had been used by age 18 and the risk over the subsequent 15 years of receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is still unclear whether this means that cannabis use precipitates schizophrenia, whether cannabis use is a form of 'self-medication', or whether the association is due to the use of other drugs, such as amphetamines, which heavy cannabis users are more likely to use. There is better clinical and epidemiological evidence that cannabis use can exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. W.hall@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology