title: The pharmacokinetics and metabolic disposition of tacrolimus: a comparison across ethnic groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to compare the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus among subjects of three different ethnic backgrounds, African American, white, and Latin American.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten African American, 12 white, and 12 Latin American subjects received intravenous and oral tacrolimus in an open-label, two-period, parallel group study. All of the subjects received intravenous tacrolimus (0.015 mg/kg) as a constant infusion over 4 hours and oral tacrolimus capsules (5 mg) as single doses in randomized order. Concentrations of tacrolimus and its metabolites were measured in whole blood with the use of a validated HPLC-mass spectrometry assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters among the three study groups after intravenous administration of the drugs. After oral administration, the tacrolimus maximum concentration was significantly lower (P < .01) in the African American subjects (20.8 microg/L) than in the white subjects (37.8 microg/L) and Latin American subjects (33.0 microg/L). Absolute bioavailability was significantly lower (P = .01) in the African American subjects (11.9%) and in the Latin American subjects (14.4%) than in the white subjects (18.8%). After the oral dose, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve was lower in the African American subjects (179 microg/L x h, geometric mean) than in the white (293 microg/L x h) and Latin American subjects (239 microg/L x h, differences not statistically significant). Maximum concentration (P < .02) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (not statistically significant) of the main tacrolimus metabolite 13-O-desmethyl tacrolimus was lower in the African American subjects than in the white and Latin American subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics exist among the three different ethnic groups. Our results indicate that this may result from differences in intestinal CYP3A or P-glycoprotein activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mancinelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frassetto
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Floren
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dressler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bekersky
authors.forename: L Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Benet
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Christians
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D044383:Black People; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus