title: The "vanishing counting bead" phenomenon: effect on absolute CD34+ cell counting in phosphate-buffered saline-diluted leukapheresis samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using a single-platform protocol to count absolute CD34+ hematopoietic precursor cell (HPC) levels with different reference microbeads, we recorded occasionally artifactually high CD34+ HPC counts in some leukapheresis bags, whereas dual-platform calculations were always consistent. Abnormal countings were observed only when phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-diluted leukapheresis samples were vortexed before analysis. A large series of blood samples analyzed similarly for CD34+ and CD4+ absolute counts did not show any sample or vortexing effect. With the volumetric absolute counting cytometer Partec-PAS, lower counts were also observed when different reference beads were vortexed before the instrument checking procedures. The counting abnormality was caused by a drop in microbead concentration (the "vanishing bead phenomenon"). This phenomenon reduced the total and relative bead event number in experimental and routine samples and in calibration procedures. This altered the bead denominator used to calculate absolute CD34+ HPC levels and it also reduced the concentration of standard calibration beads.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Partec-PAS to measure volumetrically the actual bead concentration, we studied the vanishing bead phenomenon. Different types of counting and reference microbeads were resuspended in media with or without proteins or cells. Replicates were submitted either to gentle manual mixing or to vortexing before counting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vortex agitation almost invariably induced the vanishing bead phenomenon when beads were resuspended in saline media or when an insufficient protein concentration was present, such as in diluted leukapheresis samples. Different bead types showed various degrees of sensitivity to vortexing. The bead disappearance was not caused by bubble formation or disruption. The addition of small amounts of protein completely prevented the vanishing bead phenomenon. The causative effect of the electrostatic charging of tube induced by vortexing is hypothesized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sample suspensions containing counting beads for single-platform analysis must be resuspended in media with protein supplements to prevent the vanishing bead phenomenon and to ensure accurate counting.
authors.affiliation: Transplant Immunology and Hematology Laboratory, Niguarda-Ca'Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy. bruno.brando@iol.it
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brando
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Göhde
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scarpati
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Avanzo
mesh_terms: D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis*; D016477:Artifacts; D002021:Buffers; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007937:Leukapheresis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008863:Microspheres; D010710:Phosphates; D012015:Reference Standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D002021:Buffers; D010710:Phosphates; D012965:Sodium Chloride