title: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer with the use of a rectal balloon for prostate immobilization: acute toxicity and dose-volume analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report acute toxicity and to evaluate the relationship between dose-volume effects and acute toxicity in patients with localized prostate cancer, treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute toxicity (both lower gastrointestinal [GI] and genito-urinary [GU]) in 100 patients treated with IMRT definitively to a prescribed dose of 70 Gy were assessed using RTOG scoring criteria. A rectal balloon was used for prostate immobilization. Mean doses to seminal vesicles, prostate, bladder, and rectum were recorded. Average irradiated bladder and rectal volumes above 65, 70, and 75 Gy were assessed. A relationship between dose volume and clinical toxicity was evaluated. All patients completed the full duration of acute toxicity assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean doses to the prostate and seminal vesicles were 75.8 and 73.9 Gy. This represents a moderate dose escalation. Acute GI toxicity profile was very favorable. Eleven percent and 6% of the patients had grade 1 and 2 GI toxicity, respectively, while 83% had no GI complaint. For GU complaints, 38% and 35% had grade 1 and 2 toxicity, respectively, while 27% had no complaints. There was no grade 3 or higher acute GI or GU toxicity. Mean doses to the bladder were 22.8, 23.4, and 26.1 Gy for grade 0, 1, and 2 GU toxicity, respectively (p = 0.132). There is no statistically significant relationship between acute GU toxicity and the bladder volume receiving > 65 Gy, > 70 Gy, or > 75 Gy. In evaluating acute GI toxicity, there are very few grade 1 and 2 events. No relationship was found between acute rectal toxicity and mean rectal dose or irradiated rectal volumes receiving more than 65, 70, and 75 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are important with regard to the safety of IMRT, especially in reducing acute GI toxicity. Dose escalation with IMRT using a prostate immobilization technique is feasible. The findings are also important because they contribute to the clinical and dosimetric correlation aspect in the use of IMRT to treat prostate cancer. A larger cohort may be needed to determine if there is a relationship between acute GU toxicity and (a) mean bladder dose and (b) irradiated bladder volume receiving > 65 Gy, > 70 Gy, or > 75 Gy. A larger cohort of patients treated to a higher dose may be needed to show a relationship between dose volume and acute GI toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Teh
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Augspurger
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000528:radiation effects