title: Toxicity following high-dose three-dimensional conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the toxicity profile of patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) or intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) receiving doses of 82 Gy or more to portions of their prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer between June 1992 and August 1998 at the University of California, San Francisco received a maximal dose within the target volume (Dmax) of 82 Gy or more. Eighteen patients were boosted selectively to a limited portion of their prostate using IMRT, whereas 26 patients were treated with 3D-CRT and had unselected "hot spots" within their prostate. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) acute and late toxicity scales were used to score gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up and Dmax were 23.1 months (range 10.0 to 84.7) and 84.5 Gy (range 82.0 to 96.7), respectively. Of the patients, 59.1% and 34.1% developed some level of acute GU and GI toxicity, respectively. One patient experienced grade 3 acute GI toxicity. No other grade 3 or greater acute toxicity was observed. The 2-year actuarial rates for freedom from late GI and GU morbidity were 77.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 60.4% to 87.5%) and 79.5% (95% CI 62.7% to 89.3%), respectively. Although no grade 3 or greater late GU morbidity has been observed to date, 3 patients experienced grade 3 late GI morbidity. However, these cases involved rectal bleeding and were effectively managed with laser coagulation/fulguration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doses of 82 Gy or more to a portion of the prostate gland can be tolerated with acceptable morbidity. This observation supports the continued investigation of IMRT as a means for improving disease control in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vigneauly
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pickett
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies