title: The usefulness of sleep and sleep deprivation as activating methods in electroencephalographic recording: contribution to a long-standing discussion.
abstract: Sedated sleep and sleep deprivation are commonly used methods to increase the diagnostic yield of the electroencephalogram (EEG), especially in the evaluation of people with epilepsy, but the rate of activation achieved by them is controversial, as is the issue of whether it is sleep itself, or sleep deprivation which is responsible for their alleged efficacy. We retrospectively studied the EEGs of epileptic patients, examined in our laboratory, who, after having undergone an inconclusive initial routine recording, had then been examined with a second recording. This was after either: (1) sleep deprivation with evidence of drowsiness in the recordings, (2) sleep deprivation without drowsiness (indicative of the effect which sleep deprivation per se has in eliciting abnormal patterns), or (3) drug-induced sedation. The activation rates found were (1) 22.5%, (2) 24% (22.6% for sleep deprivation collectively, regardless of the presence or not of subsequent drowsiness) and (3) 27% respectively. Only the sleep deprivation rate was statistically different from the 9.6% increased rate of abnormal patterns elicited by the simple repeating of a second routine recording, while the rate of drug-induced sleep was not. Although, sleep deprivation appeared to be more effective as an activating method of EEG compared with sedated sleep, no conclusions could be drawn about which stage of sleep, wakefulness or drowsiness, is primarily responsible for the method's efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, 72 vas.Sofias av., Athens 11528, Greece.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Roupakiotis
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gatzonis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Triantafyllou
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mantouvalos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chioni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zournas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siafakas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives