title: Management of the African child with true hermaphroditism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A disproportionally high incidence of true hermaphroditism is seen among the South African black people, constituting 51% of children in local study on all intersex types. These patients were different from the commonly reported patients with true hermaphroditism in that the common gonad was a mixed type of ovotestis, making the management of such patients problematic. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for the management for children with true hermaphroditism in Southern Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one children, over a 16-year period, were diagnosed with true hermaphroditism. After a decision on the child gender status, part of the management consisted of excision of all discordant and ovotesticular gonadal tissue. The histology of these gonads was then compared with the initial biopsy results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histology of the initial gonadal biopsies showed that 55% of all gonads were ovotestes, 26% were ovaries, and 19% testes. Thirty-five patients had 44 gonads excised. Comparing the 2 sets of histology showed that the initial histology of the discordant gonads was insufficient to show all the ovotesticular tissue in 22% of gonads. Initial biopsies that showed testicular tissue only were misdiagnosed in 82% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that, in Southern African true hermaphrodites, all ovotestes, discordant gonads, and all gonads that show only testicular tissue be excised as part of the initial corrective management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wiersma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010053:Ovary / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D013019:South Africa; D013737:Testis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D013519:Urogenital Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*