title: Effect of localized defocus on detection thresholds for different sized targets in the fovea and periphery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies of optical blur in perimetry have measured the effect of foveal refractive error on peripheral perimetric detection thresholds. Since peripheral refractive error can be significantly different from that of the fovea we wished to remove the ambiguity of previous results by correcting the actual peripheral refractive error first before adding blur.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured detection thresholds in the fovea and at 30 degrees in the horizontal temporal field in two trained observers. Peripheral refractive error was determined at each location and thresholds measured at the same locations for stimuli ranging in size from 0.2 to 6.4 degrees and refractive errors between +/-4.00 diopters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Foveal thresholds increased immediately with increasing refractive error, particularly for smaller stimulus sizes. At 30 degrees, thresholds for smaller stimuli were less affected by defocus initially and then increased more sharply. Larger stimuli were relatively unaffected by defocus such that when stimulus size reached 1.6 degrees there was little or no increase in threshold for refractive error between +/-4.00 diopters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral refractive error, largely forgotten by perimetrists, has a significant effect on performance, particularly for smaller stimuli. Differences in foveal vs peripheral viewing can be explained by differences in ganglion cell receptive field sizes.
authors.affiliation: Vision Science Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster at Coleraine, N. Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ennis
mesh_terms: D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields