title: Cardiovascular risk factors and LDL subfraction profile in Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with good glycaemic control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare cardiovascular risk factors and LDL particle size in well-controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-three Type 2 diabetic males and 186 age-matched, male controls were studied. Glycaemic control was stable for at least 3 months prior to recruitment. None were on insulin or lipid lowering therapy. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, apolipoprotein A1 and B, LDL subfraction by density ultracentrifugation were obtained after an overnight fast of 10 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic subjects (mean HbA(1c) 6.6%+/-0.10) did not differ from controls in total cholesterol levels (5.04+/-0.08 vs. 5.16+/-0.05 mmol/l, respectively) but had lower serum HDL cholesterol (0.98+/-0.03 vs. 1.12+/-0.02 mmol/l, P<0.001), higher serum triglyceride (2.38+/-0.16 vs. 1.80+/-0.08 mmol/l, P<0.001), lower LDL(1) and LDL(2) and higher LDL(3) concentration. An LDL(3) concentration exceeding 100 mg/dl was found in 59.1% of diabetics and 39.1% of non-diabetics (P<0.001). Diabetic subjects also had higher body mass index, waist to hip ratio and insulin resistance (HOMA). Difference in LDL subfraction between groups disappeared after adjustments were made for either triglyceride or HDL cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Well controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects exhibit an increased cardiovascular burden through low HDL cholesterol and predominance of small, dense LDL particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore City, Singapore. ce_tan@sgh.gov.sg
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Chio
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jayakumar
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Packard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D011384:Proinsulin; D014280:Triglycerides