title: Heart motion-adapted MR velocity mapping of blood velocity distribution downstream of aortic valve prostheses: initial experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate blood flow velocities and shear rates at two distances downstream of an artificial aortic valve in patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood velocity was quantified downstream of the valve prosthesis (for replacement after aortic valve stenosis or combined stenosis and regurgitation) in 10 patients by using a magnetic resonance (MR) cine velocity mapping method in which the imaging section position is adapted according to the excursion of the valvular plane of the heart. Two acquisitions were performed to display the blood velocity distributions one-fourth valve diameter and one valve diameter downstream of the valve and to quantify blood volumes and shear rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The velocity profiles measured during flow acceleration one-fourth valve diameter downstream were characterized by a distinct pattern of two lateral jets and one central jet of antegrade flow. High shear rates were found along the leaflet tips. The profiles obtained one valve diameter downstream were skewed, with varying velocity patterns among patients. Peak shear rates were found close to the vessel wall. With correction for through-plane motion of the valve, the mean apparent regurgitant fraction (+/- SD) was 14% +/- 6; the mean regurgitant fraction without correction was 9% +/- 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described noninvasive procedure for velocity mapping enables measurements close to the valve and thus evaluation of blood flow patterns with respect to valve design in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kozerke
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hasenkam
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nygaard
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boesiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001021:Aortic Valve; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011474:Prosthesis Design