title: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 phenotypically resembling parkinson disease in a black family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), can present with parkinsonism. However, classically, atypical features, including pyramidal and cerebellar signs, peripheral neuropathy, and/or anterior horn cell dysfunction, are also seen. Levodopa responsiveness is unusual in this disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cause of apparent parkinsonism suggestive of Parkinson disease (PD) in a large family of African origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a large family in which apparent autosomal dominant parkinsonism suggestive of PD occurs in order to find the causal genetic mutation. Affected and unaffected family members were screened for the presence of a pathogenic expansion at the MJD/SCA3 locus using a polymerase chain reaction polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-based assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of the 4 individuals who were examined have a phenotype reminiscent of PD. Specifically, they have at least 2 of the cardinal features, are levodopa responsive, and have no atypical features. All affected family members were shown to possess pathogenic expansions in the MJD/SCA3 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parkinsonism suggestive of PD due to MJD/SCA3 has not been previously reported, to our knowledge. However, atypical, though also levodopa-responsive, parkinsonism has been previously reported to occur in African American families, suggesting that that this phenotype is associated with African ancestry. In this regard, it is perhaps significant that all the individuals with parkinsonism have relatively low numbers of repeats (normal, 16-34; pathologic, 60-84). In families in which linkage analysis is being performed to determine a locus for autosomal dominant parkinsonism suggestive of PD, evaluation for the MJD/SCA3 mutation is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. gwinn.katrina@mayo.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gwinn-Hardy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Suilleabhain
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boss
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nicholl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farrer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000067699:Ataxin-3; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017827:Machado-Joseph Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C092341:ATXN3 protein, human; D000067699:Ataxin-3