title: Surveillance strategies and impact of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonization and infection in critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal site and frequency for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) surveillance to minimize the number of days of VRE colonization before identification and subsequent isolation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The increasing prevalence of VRE and the limited therapeutic options for its treatment demand early identification of colonization to prevent transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a 3-month prospective observational study in medical and surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients with a stay of 3 days or more. Oropharyngeal and rectal swabs, tracheal and gastric aspirates, and urine specimens were cultured for VRE on admission to the ICU and twice weekly until discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 117 evaluable patients, 23 (20%) were colonized by VRE. Twelve patients (10%) had VRE infection. Of nine patients who developed infections after ICU admission, eight were colonized before infection. The rectum was the first site of colonization in 92% of patients, and positive rectal cultures preceded 89% of infections acquired in the ICU. This was supported by strain delineations using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Twice-weekly rectal surveillance alone identified 93% of the maximal estimated VRE-related patient-days; weekly or admission-only surveillance was less effective. As a test for future VRE infection, rectal surveillance culture twice weekly had a negative predictive value of 99%, a positive predictive value of 44%, and a relative risk for infection of 34.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twice-weekly rectal VRE surveillance of critically ill patients is an effective strategy for early identification of colonized patients at increased risk for VRE transmission, infection, and death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Clinical Pharmacology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. chendrix@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hendrix
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Swoboda
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Borschel
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Halczenko
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pelz
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Brower
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lipsett
mesh_terms: D016638:Critical Illness; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; D006801:Humans; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology; D014132:Trachea / Q000382:microbiology; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance