title: Nitric oxide synthase-2 in human optic nerve head astrocytes induced by elevated pressure in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether astrocytes of the human optic nerve head can induce nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) in response to elevated hydrostatic pressure as a mechanism for directly damaging the axons of the retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of astrocytes from human optic nerve heads were placed in chambers, either pressurized at elevated hydrostatic pressure (60 mm Hg) or maintained at ambient pressure. The induction of NOS-2 was studied by immunocytochemistry, immunoblot, and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In astrocyte cultures under ambient pressure, NOS-2 was almost undetectable. In astrocyte cultures under elevated hydrostatic pressure for 24, 48, and 72 hours, intensive labeling of NOS-2 in the Golgi body and the cytoplasm was observed by immunocytochemistry and intense bands of NOS-2 were detected by immunoblotting. As detected by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the messenger RNA level of NOS-2 increased significantly in the astrocytes under elevated hydrostatic pressure within 12 hours, peaking earlier than the protein level of NOS-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated hydrostatic pressure induces the astrocytes of the human optic nerve head to express NOS-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In glaucoma, the appearance of the neurodestructive NOS-2 in astrocytes of the optic nerve head may be a primary response to elevated intraocular pressure, in vivo, and therefore damaging to the axons of the retinal ganglion cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Box 8096, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. neufeld@vision.wustl.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Neufeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008875:Middle Aged; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II