title: Echocardiographic evaluation of the fetus with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of nonimmune hydrops is a known complication of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) in the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of CCAM on hemodynamics in the fetus and to determine whether cardiac dysfunction contributes to the development of hydrops in this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The echocardiographic data from 41 consecutive fetuses diagnosed prenatally with CCAM were reviewed. The presence or absence of hydrops was noted in each patient. Two-dimensional ultrasonographic and Doppler data were compared between the two groups (with or without hydrops).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean gestational age for the study group at the time of imaging was 23.2 +/- 3.0 weeks. Hydrops was noted in 15 of 41 fetuses (36.5%). The fetuses that developed hydrops had a lower cardiac/thoracic ratio than those which did not develop hydrops (0.18 vs. 0.23, P = 0.001). The fetuses with hydrops also demonstrated an increase in early ventricular filling. The ratio of early ventricular filling to atrial contraction (E/A ratio) at both the tricuspid and mitral valves was significantly higher in the fetuses with hydrops (P = 0.005 and P = 0.03, respectively). Doppler interrogation of the inferior vena cava demonstrated a greater degree of reversal with atrial contraction in the hydrops group (29.7% vs. 15.1%, P = 0.003). The development of significant atrioventricular valve insufficiency was rare in the fetuses with hydrops (one of 15 cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cystic adenomatoid malformation can result in significant cardiac compression in the fetus. This alters hemodynamics and may result in hydrops on the basis of elevated central venous pressure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Mahle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rychik
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Crombleholme
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Flake
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Adzick
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015615:Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000209:etiology*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal