title: Surgical reconstruction of iliofemoral veins and the inferior vena cava for nonmalignant occlusive disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venous reconstructions are rarely performed, and factors affecting long-term results of bypass grafts implanted in the venous system are not well defined. In this report we updated our experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical data of all patients who underwent venous reconstruction for iliofemoral or inferior vena caval (IVC) occlusion due to nonmalignant disease between January 1985 and June 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified, and outcomes were compared according to the guidelines of the Joint Vascular Societies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two patients, 23 males and 19 females (mean age, 40 years; range, 16-81), underwent 44 venous reconstructions. Thirty-six patients had limb swelling or venous claudication, 38 had pain, and 14 had healed or active ulcers. The cause of obstruction was congenital in two and acquired in 40 (deep vein thrombosis, 25; trauma, 5; retroperitoneal fibrosis, 4; IVC occlusion devices, 4; others, 2). Eighteen patients underwent saphenous vein crossover grafts (Palma procedure), 17 had expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts implanted (femorocaval, 8; iliocaval, 5; crossfemoral, 3; cavoatrial, 1), 6 patients had spiral vein grafts (5 iliac/femoral and 1 cavoatrial), and 1 underwent femoral vein patch angioplasty. Clinical follow-up averaged 3.5 years (median, 2.5), and graft follow-up with imaging studies averaged 2.6 years (median, 1.6). Seven patients were lost to follow-up. The secondary 3-year patency rate for all reconstructions was 62%. Palma procedures had a 4-year patency rate of 83%. The secondary patency rate of iliocaval and femorocaval ePTFE bypass grafts at 2 years was 54%. The secondary patency was lower in patients with an arteriovenous fistula (P =.023). All ePTFE grafts had a 45% patency rate at 2 years, not significantly different from saphenous vein grafts (83%, P =.16). Clinical scores improved with graft patency (median, 0.0 vs 1.5; P =.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venous reconstructions for iliofemoral or IVC obstruction offer 3-year patency rates of 62%. The Palma procedure with autologous saphenous vein had the best long-term patency, whereas long-term success with ePTFE was moderate. The use of an arteriovenous fistula to improve graft patency remains controversial.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, and the Section of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gloviczki
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McKusick
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Harmsen
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bower
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007084:Iliac Vein / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014680:Veins / Q000637:transplantation*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000601:surgery*