title: Increased retinal blood flow in patients with Graves' disease: influence of thyroid function and ophthalmopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), resulting from the inflammation of retro-orbital tissue, is one of the major complications of Graves' disease (GD). We investigated the clinical usefulness of the measurement of retinal blood flow (RBF) in the evaluation of GO and its activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  RBF was quantitated by pulsed Doppler mode at just below the branch of central retinal artery, from which the resistance index (RI) was calculated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven euthyroid GD patients and 70 gender- and age-matched normal controls were measured for RI to investigate the effect of GO on RBF. To investigate the effect of hyperthyroidism, 20 GD patients were measured for RI changes during antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy. Furthermore, 17 GD patients with clinically overt GO were measured for RI changes during treatment with glucocorticoid plus retro-orbital radiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RI and exophthalmos showed a significant positive correlation in 47 treated euthyroid GD patients without clinically overt GO (r=0.307, P<0.05), but not in 70 age- and sex-matched normal subjects (r=0.185, P=0.161). Furthermore, RI, but not exophthalmos, significantly correlated with serum TSH receptor antibodies, an indicator for the disease activity of GO. ATD therapy significantly reduced RI in GD patients from 0.719+/-0.041 in the hyperthyroid state to 0.661+/-0.051 in the euthyroid state, but not to the levels observed in normal subjects having the similar exophthalmos (0.640+/-0.049). The fractional reduction of RI during ATD therapy significantly correlated with those of pulse pressure and ultrasonographic distensibility in carotid artery, but not with those of serum vascular injury markers. In 17 GD patients with clinically overt GO, all four patients having adipose tissue enlargement but not extraocular muscle hypertrophy (inactive GO) showed RI within the mean +/- 1 s.d. for treated GD patients without GO. In the other 13 GD patients having extraocular muscle hypertrophy (active GO), four and eight patients showed RI outside mean +/- 2 s.d. and mean +/- 1 s.d. respectively. Treatment with glucocorticoid plus radiation moved RI in 8 out of 10 patients toward the mean values of GD patients without GO, in spite of little improvement of exophthalmos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was suggested that GD patients showed altered retinal hemodynamics, possibly resulting either from the cardiovascular effect of hyperthyroidism or from retro-orbital inflammation, particularly in extraocular muscle.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurioka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawagishi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumeda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morii
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000528:radiation effects; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000276:immunology; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000097:blood; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000503:physiopathology; D018617:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D005169:Factor VIII