title: The evaluation of effects on driver behavior and accidents of concentrated general enforcement on interurban roads in Israel.
abstract: The study deals with the evaluation of the effects of a new deployment of the National Traffic Police in Israel--a concentrated general enforcement on 700 km of interurban roads, which contain 60% of all rural accidents and about half of the severe accident locations. The enforcement project began in April 1997 and lasted for 1 year, aiming at a 10% reduction of severe accidents on those roads. The evaluation study consisted of three main parts: (a) monitoring of everyday police operations on the project roads; (b) periodic evaluation of the project's influence on drivers' behavior and attitudes; and (c) the evaluation of accident changes within the project area, at the end of the project year. Speed measurements, performed before the police project launch, demonstrated that, depending on road type, up to 85% of drivers violated the rural road speed limits. Two rounds of field observations, before and during the project, took place at 32 sites throughout the project area and comprised eight behavior types: turning performance; signaling while turning; compliance with 'stop' and 'yield' signs; safety belt use by drivers and front-seat passengers, at the intersections; 'keeping to the right' on dual carriageway roads; and 'not-crossing of the white separating line' at single carriageway roads. A comparison revealed a general reduction in violation rates of most behaviors, during-the-project, except for compliance with 'stop' signs and signaling. Concurrently, two rounds of driver surveys were performed which examined the project's influence on the drivers' attitudes towards the police enforcement effectiveness and risk connected with traffic rule violations. An improvement was identified in perceived general level of police activity, during the project, whereas a lower or similar risk of apprehension was attributed by drivers to most specific violations of the traffic rules. Three groups of indices of police activity were estimated monthly during the study: inputs; outputs; and efficiency indices, which characterized the police presence on the project roads, the citations produced and the usage rates of the vehicle fleet and the enforcement tools. Analyzing these indices, two periods in the project performance were determined, and three criteria were proposed to subdivide the project roads into two groups, according to the level of enforcement intensity. Both periods and enforcement levels, as well as geographic zone, were accounted for in the analysis of accident trends on the project roads. For the accident analysis, a statistical model combining the odds ratio and longitudinal methods, was developed and applied to the severe accident counts, all injury accidents and severe casualties. A statistically significant reduction in severe accidents and severe casualties, as opposed to the comparison group, was found on the highly enforced roads in the center of the country. At the same time, since the police project began, an increase in accidents was observed on most interurban roads, including the northern parts of the project area. However, it was noted that in four of the five project road groups the mean value of the odds ratio was much less than one. Thus, although the enforcement project did not attain its full purpose, it seemed to be a deterrent factor for the increasing accident trend that appeared that year on the interurban roads. The findings pointed out that the National Traffic Police did not exhaust its potential in the project's performance and needs more flexible enforcement and deployment tactics.
authors.affiliation: Transportation Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hakkert
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gitelman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doveh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umansky
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001290:Attitude; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016495:Police; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012309:Risk-Taking; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012926:Social Control, Formal; D013996:Time and Motion Studies