title: Pneumococcal otitis media and pneumococcal vaccines, a historical perspective.
abstract: Although pneumococcal otitis media was recognized in the 19th century, the illness stimulated little interest in prophylaxis until recently. Whole cell vaccines of killed pneumococci, developed to prevent pneumonia, were replaced by vaccines of capsular polysaccharides following demonstration of their antigenicity in adults. Failure of the latter to stimulate antibodies in infants and young children and demonstration of the efficacy of capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in preventing infection with Hemophilus influenzae type b has led to the development of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Preliminary studies have shown them to be highly effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease in the first 2 years of life, and studies of their impact on otitis media are currently in progress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6088, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Austrian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000276:immunology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000276:immunology; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000266:history; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000266:history*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000150:complications / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology; D011817:Rabbits; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology; D014857:Warfare
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated