title: Phase II prospective study of the use of conformal high-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for the treatment of favorable stage prostate cancer: a feasibility report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the technical feasibility and tolerance of image-guided transperineal conformal high-dose-rate (C-HDR) brachytherapy as the sole treatment modality for favorable, localized cancer of the prostate, and to analyze possible intrafraction and interfraction volume changes in the prostate gland which may affect dosimetric quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were eligible for this prospective Phase II trial if they had biopsy proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate with favorable prognostic factors (Gleason score < or =7, PSA < or =10 ng/ml and Stage < or =T2a). The technique consisted of a transperineal implant procedure using a template with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guidance. An interactive on-line real-time planning system was utilized with geometric optimization. This allowed dosimetry to be generated and modified as required intraoperatively. Prescription was to the minimum dose point in the implanted volume, assuring conformal coverage of the prostate at its widest dimension with no margin. Total dose was 3800 cGy in 4 fractions of 950 cGy each, delivered twice a day over 2 days. The dose to any segment of rectum and urethra was limited to < or =75% and < or =125% of the prescription dose, respectively. Before each fraction, needle positions were verified under fluoroscopy and adjusted as required. For the last 10 patients, the adjustments required were measured in a prospective fashion in representative extrema of the gland. TRUS images were recorded for all patients before any needle manipulation, again just before delivering the first fraction and immediately after the last fraction. This typically meant approximately 36 h to pass between the first and last measurements. Implant quality was assessed via dose-volume histograms (DVH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 3/99 and 6/00, 41 patients received C-HDR interstitial brachytherapy as their only treatment for prostate cancer at our institution. Median age was 64 years (range 51-79). Stage distribution was 27 T1c patients and 14 T2a patients. Three patients had Gleason score (GS) of 5; 34 had GS of 6; 4 patients had GS of 7. Median pretreatment PSA was 4.7 ng/ml (range 0.8-13.3). All patients tolerated the treatment well with minimal discomfort. For 23 patients, data on volume changes in the gland during the implant were tabulated. They demonstrated a mean prostate volume of 30.7 cc before any manipulation with needles, 37.0 cc at the end of fraction 1, and 38.2 cc at the end of fraction 4. In addition, for those 10 patients prospectively evaluated for required adjustments, the overall mean adjustment between fraction 1 and fraction 2 was 2.0 cm, between fraction 2 and 3 was 0.4 cm, and between fractions 3 and 4 was 0.4 cm. For 10 consecutive patients, the average prescriptions dose -D90 for fractions 1 and 4 were 104% and 100%, respectively. The corresponding average urethral D10 for fractions 1 and 4 were 122% and 132%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our protocol using C-HDR interstitial brachytherapy as monotherapy for early cancer of the prostate was feasible and well tolerated by 41 patients treated. Changes in interfraction prostate volume do not appear to be significant enough to warrant modification of dosimetry for each fraction. Both excellent dose coverage of the prostate gland and low urethral dose are achieved as measured by DVH. However, paramount attention should be given to needle displacement before each fraction. Needle movement is most significant between fractions 1 and 2. Acute toxicity (RTOG) has been modest. Late toxicity and tumor control rates will be reported as longer follow-up allows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA. amartinez@beaumont.edu
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pataki
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edmundson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sebastian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brabbins
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gustafson
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*