title: Levels of GATA-1/GATA-2 transcription factors modulate expression of embryonic and fetal hemoglobins.
abstract: GATA transcription factors bind the consensus sequence WGATAR, present in the flanking regions of most erythroid specific genes. GATA-1 and GATA-2, coexpressed in erythroid cells, are important for expression of erythroid genes. To elucidate the role of specific GATA transcription factors on globin gene expression, we examined the human alpha- and beta-globin gene clusters for all GATA sites. Conserved GATA sites were found in each of the hypersensitive sites in both beta-and alpha clusters and in proximal regulatory regions of the zeta-, epsilon- and gamma-globin but not the alpha, delta or beta-globin genes. We then tested the effect of increasing levels of GATA-1 and GATA-2 on the expression of endogenous globin genes in human erythroid cells. Increasing GATA-1 levels in K562 cells decreased the levels of epsilon-globin mRNA but had no effect on the levels of expression of gamma, zeta or alpha-globin genes. Increasing GATA-2 levels increased epsilon-globin and gamma-globin transcripts. Increasing levels of GATA-1 also caused a decrease in the expression of endogenous GATA-2, while increased levels of GATA-2 had no effect on GATA-1 mRNA. Our results indicate a differential role of GATA-1 and -2 transcription factors on globin transcripts and suggest a correlation between the conservation of GATA sites in the regulatory regions and the ability of endogenous globin genes to respond to GATA transcription factors. They also suggest that quantitative changes in the levels of GATA-1 or GATA-2 can result in alterations of globin target gene expression and may participate in the ontogenic control of the globin genes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 9N-307, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1822, MD, Bethesda 20892-1822, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ikonomi
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kassahun
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardison
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Schechter
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D015153:Blotting, Western; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D050982:GATA1 Transcription Factor; D050989:GATA2 Transcription Factor; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D051379:Mice; D005810:Multigene Family; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D050982:GATA1 Transcription Factor; C494688:GATA1 protein, human; D050989:GATA2 Transcription Factor; C494711:GATA2 protein, human; C494689:Gata1 protein, mouse; C494690:Gata1 protein, rat; C494712:Gata2 protein, mouse; C494713:Gata2 protein, rat; D006454:Hemoglobins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005914:Globins