title: An annotated history of craniofacial surgery and intentional cranial deformation.
abstract: The history of craniofacial surgery and the use of intentional cranial deformation is a long and varied one. Researching some of the earliest medical writings and reviews of early terracotta and stone figures from throughout the world clearly revealed that these two forms of treatment were widely extant. Intentional cranial deformation was used for a number of reasons including beautification, tribal identification, and social stature. The development of craniofacial surgery is a more modern practice and its historical evolution is reviewed in the context of techniques and the personalities involved.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Leo Davidoff Department of Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA. goodrich@aecom,yu.edu
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Goodrich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tutino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000266:history*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000266:history*