title: Microfabrication of individual 200 microm diameter transdermal microconduits using high voltage pulsing in salicylic acid and benzoic acid.
abstract: We describe an extension of semiconductor fabrication methods that creates individual approximately 200 microm diameter aqueous pathways through human stratum corneum at predetermined sites. Our hypothesis is that spatially localized electroporation of the multilamellar lipid bilayer membranes provides rapid delivery of salicylic acid to the keratin within corneocytes, leading to localized keratin disruption and then to a microconduit. A microconduit penetrating the isolated stratum corneum supports a volumetric flow of order 0.01 ml per s with a pressure difference of only 0.01 atm (about 10(2) Pa). This study provides a method for rapidly microengineering a pathway in the skin to interface future devices for transdermal drug delivery and sampling of biologically relevant fluids.
authors.affiliation: Harvard-MIT Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ilic
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Gowrishankar
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D001565:Benzoates / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D018274:Electroporation; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008832:Microchemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D014867:Water; D020156:Salicylic Acid