title: Polymeric protein-polyamine conjugates: a new class of uremic toxins affecting erythropoiesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preliminary evidence on the accumulation of polyamine-protein conjugates (PPCs) was obtained in uremic patients. The presence of these substances in the plasma of hemodialysis (HD) patients was evaluated, and their possible contribution to uremic anemia was investigated by testing the effect of PPC synthesized in vitro on erythroid cell proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma PPC was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The in vitro synthesis of PPC from human plasma was carried out by means of the enzyme transglutaminase in the presence of either [3H]-labeled or unlabeled spermidine (SPD). After gel filtration chromatography and detection of the fractions containing [3H]SPD, the latter were tested for their effect on mononuclear bone marrow cell proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In three out of four patients examined, mainly SPD-protein conjugates (SPD-PC) were observed to accumulate during HD. The levels ranged from 0.17 to 4.93 pmol/mg proteins before dialysis, and these values increased at 30 minutes and at the end of the dialysis up to levels 11.90 pmol/mg. SPD-PC levels in healthy controls were 1.46 +/- 0.82. SPD-PCs synthesized in vitro were recovered in two main fractions showing a molecular weight of> 100 kD (peak 1) and of approximately 30 to 50 kD (peak 3), respectively. The SPD-PC contained in peak 1 showed the greatest inhibitory effect on colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-E) proliferation without any appreciable effect on burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that SPD-PC can accumulate in HD patients. These substances, which affect CFU-E proliferation, can be considered as an at yet unrevealed class of uremic toxins contributing to the onset of the uremic anemia.
authors.affiliation: G. Fornaini Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy. galli@uniurb.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beninati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lentini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Canestrari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tabilio
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Buoncristiani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004920:Erythropoiesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008875:Middle Aged; D011073:Polyamines / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013095:Spermidine / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011073:Polyamines; D014118:Toxins, Biological; D013095:Spermidine