title: Effect of bipolar radiofrequency energy on human articular cartilage. Comparison of confocal laser microscopy and light microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate chondrocyte viability using confocal laser microscopy (CLM) following exposure to bipolar radiofrequency energy (bRFE) and to contrast CLM with standard light microscopy (LM) techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro analysis using chondromalacic human cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve fresh chondral specimens were treated with the ArthroCare 2000 bRFE system (ArthroCare, Sunnyvale, CA) coupled with 1 of 2 types of probes and at 3 energy delivery settings (S2, S4, S6). A sham-operated group was treated with no energy delivered. Specimens were analyzed for chondrocyte viability and chondral morphology with CLM using fluorescent vital cell staining and with LM using H&E and safranin-O staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LM with H&E staining showed smoothing of fine fronds of fibrillated cartilage; thickened fronds were minimally modified. Chondrocyte nuclei were present and not morphologically different than nuclei within sham-operated and adjacent untreated regions. LM with safranin-O staining showed a clear demarcation between treated and untreated regions. CLM, however, showed chondrocyte death: the depth and width of chondrocyte death increased with increasing bRFE settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CLM showed that bRFE delivered through the probes investigated created significant chondrocyte death. These changes were not apparent using LM techniques.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kalscheur
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nho
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Markel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016923:Cell Death; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy