title: Adverse events associated with hepatitis B vaccine in U.S. children less than six years of age, 1993 and 1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated infrequent adverse reactions to hepatitis B vaccine by investigating the association of this vaccine with adverse health outcomes for U.S. children less than six years of age. The evaluation of the association between hepatitis B vaccine and chronic arthritis provides needed data, relevant to the Institute of Medicine's Report that there are inadequate data available to assess the causal relationship of hepatitis B vaccine to arthritis risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1993 (n = 5505 children) and 1994 (n = 6515 children) National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) datasets were analyzed to provide post-marketing surveillance data from probability samples of the U.S. population. Incident cases of adverse events were determined from the temporal association between the hepatitis B vaccination and the adverse events. Logistic regression modeling was used to adjust for potential confounding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for age, race, and gender simultaneously in the 1994 NHIS, hepatitis B vaccine was found to be associated with prevalent arthritis [odds ratio (OR) = 5.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-33.14], incident acute ear infections (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.00-2.58), and incident pharyngitis/nasopharyngitis (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.95-2.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from this study suggests that hepatitis B vaccine is positively associated with adverse health outcomes in the general population of US children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D001168:Arthritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010031:Otitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines