title: Polyamines, NO and cGMP mediate stimulation of DNA synthesis by tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharide in chick embryo cardiomyocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have recently shown that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulate DNA synthesis in chick embryo cardiomyocytes (CMs). The aim of the present research was to investigate the pathways involved in this mitogenic response.
  
  
  METHODS
  CMs were isolated from 10-day-old chick embryos and grown to confluence. After 20 h of serum starvation the cells were treated with TNFalpha and LPS, and/or specific agonists and antagonists to manipulate the levels of polyamines, NO, cGMP and their biosynthetic enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). ODC, NOS, sGC activities and cGMP contents were determined by radiochemical procedures. DNA synthesis was determined by incorporation of [3H]-thymidine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of CMs with TNFalpha and LPS increased cell number and [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Addition of TNFalpha and LPS provoked an induction of ODC, with consequent polyamine accumulation, and a more delayed enhancement of NOS activity, which appeared to be independent of the activation of the ODC-polyamine system. TNFalpha and LPS treatment also enhanced cGMP level in CMs and both polyamine and NO biosyntheses appeared to be required. Experiments with specific inhibitors of ODC and NOS, as well as with inhibitors of sGC and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), showed that polyamine-, NO- and cGMP-dependent pathways are required for the mitogenic action of TNFalpha and LPS. Moreover, addition of exogenous polyamines to untreated cells raised the cGMP level in a NO-dependent fashion, and enhanced [3H]-thymidine incorporation. The latter effect was inhibited by sGC or PKG inhibitors. Treatment of quiescent cells with NO donors, 8-bromo-cGMP or YC-1, an sGC activator, also promoted DNA synthesis. Furthermore, putrescine and NO donor can additively activate sGC in cell-free extracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNFalpha and LPS stimulate DNA synthesis in chick embryo CMs and this effect is mediated by polyamines, NO and intracellular cGMP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry "G.Moruzzi", School of Medicine, University of Bologna, via Irnerio, 48 40126, Bologna, Italy. tantini@biocfarm.unibo.it
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tantini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flamigni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pignatti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fattori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Facchini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clô
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Caldarera
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002227:Carbazoles; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000518:Eflornithine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D065108:Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000634:Aminoquinolines; D002227:Carbazoles; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D065108:Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors; D011073:Polyamines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C073601:KT 5823; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004247:DNA; C041715:6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D008751:Methylene Blue; D000518:Eflornithine