title: Facilitating participatory decision-making: what happens in real-world community practice?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Participatory decision-making (PDM), a widely held ideal, depends on physician facilitation of patient participation. However, little is known about how PDM facilitation is actualized in outpatient primary care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of physician facilitation of PDM in community family practices and associated physician, patient, and visit characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 3,453 patients seen by 138 family physicians in 84 community practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research nurses directly observed PDM facilitation in consecutive adult outpatient visits. The association between PDM facilitation and patient, physician, and visit characteristics was assessed with multilevel multivariable regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDM facilitation occurred during 25% of observed patient visits. Rates varied considerably among physicians, from 0% to 79% of visits. Patient satisfaction was not associated with PDM facilitation. In multivariable analyses, employed physicians, chronic illness visits, longer visit duration, and visits involving referral were independently associated with PDM facilitation. Visits in which greater time was spent planning treatment and conducting health education were also more likely to involve facilitation of PDM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community family physicians facilitate PDM at highly variable rates but focus it on patients with the greatest medical needs and most complex levels of decision making. This selective approach appears to meet patient expectations, because PDM facilitation and patient satisfaction are not associated. If patient participation is to be more widely incorporated into outpatient primary care, it must be addressed within the complexity and multiple demands of community practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and the Center for Research in Family Practice and Primary Care, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. rsh@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gotler
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Flocke
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zyzanski
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Stange
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009820:Ohio; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data