title: Herd level husbandry factors associated with the serological Salmonella prevalence in finishing pig herds in The Netherlands.
abstract: A national program to reduce Salmonella in pork and pork products should include monitoring and intervention at farm level. To develop an adequate intervention strategy at farm level, risk factors for Salmonella infections in finishing pigs have to be determined. In this study, blood samples were collected randomly at two slaughterhouses from slaughter pigs. Samples were tested by the Dutch Salmonella ELISA, based on the O-antigens 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 12, using a cut-off of OD%=10. This ELISA has been calibrated against the Danish ELISA to give comparable results. Workers from herds from which at least forty blood samples had been collected, were asked to participate in a questionnaire. In total, 353 questionnaires were obtained and analysed. Significant risk factors associated with the proportion of seropositive samples were identified by multiple linear logistic regression. The feeding of a complete liquid feed containing fermented by-products and the omission of disinfection after pressure washing a compartment as part of an all-in/all-out procedure, were both associated with a lower Salmonella seroprevalence. A small to moderate herd size (<800 finishing pigs), a previous diagnosis of clinical Salmonella infection in the herd, the use of tylosin as an antimicrobial growth promoter in finishing feed, or herds which had more than 16% of the livers of their pigs condemned at the slaughterhouse as a result of white spots were associated with a higher Salmonella seroprevalence. Hypothetical intervention strategies based on these risk factors can be studied for their effect on the Salmonella seroprevalence and practical applicability in field studies.
authors.affiliation: Pig Health Department, Animal Health Service, P.O. Box 4, 5280 AA, Boxtel, Netherlands. p.vd.wolf@gdvdieren.nl
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van der Wolf
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Wolbers
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Elbers
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Koppen
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hunneman
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: van Schie
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tielen
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D006799:Housing, Animal; D009313:National Health Programs; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*