title: Testicular microlithiasis: US follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine in patients with testicular microlithiasis (TM) the short-term natural history of classic TM (CTM) and limited TM (LTM).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 104 patients, testicular microliths were identified on ultrasonographic (US) images; 39 patients had five or more microliths on at least one US image (criterion for CTM), and 65 patients had fewer than five microliths (criterion for LTM). Attempts were made to have all patients return for follow-up US to assess for change in TM or development of tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven (18%) of the 39 patients with CTM and one (2%) of the 65 patients with LTM had tumor at presentation (P =.004). Among all 104 patients, follow-up US was performed in 72 patients (31 with CTM, 41 with LTM), with mean follow-up of 45 months (range, 12-90 months). None of these patients had interval development of testicular neoplasm. LTM did not progress to CTM in any patient. Progression in number of microliths was seen in two patients with CTM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with LTM have a lower prevalence of associated malignancy than do patients with CTM. The risk of developing malignancy in patients with isolated TM (LTM or CTM) is low at short-term follow-up. These results raise the question of the need for routine US in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.hgeesbennett@pol.net
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Teefey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018237:Germinoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D020347:Lithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography