title: Toleration of high doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the ATLAS trial. The Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduces mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), but most affected patients are not receiving these agents or are being treated with doses lower than those found to be efficacious in trials, primarily because of concerns about the safety and tolerability of these agents, especially at the recommended doses. The present study examines the safety and tolerability of high- compared with low-dose lisinopril in CHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Assessment of Lisinopril and Survival study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial in which patients with or without previous ACE inhibitor treatment were stabilized receiving medium-dose lisinopril (12.5 or 15.0 mg once daily [OD]) for 2 to 4 weeks and then randomized to high- (35.0 or 32.5 mg OD) or low-dose (5.0 or 2.5 mg OD) groups. Patients with New York Heart Association classes II to IV CHF and left ventricular ejection fractions of no greater than 0.30 (n = 3164) were randomized and followed up for a median of 46 months. We examined the occurrence of adverse events and the need for discontinuation and dose reduction during treatment, with a focus on hypotension and renal dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 405 patients not previously receiving an ACE inhibitor, doses in only 4.2% could not be titrated to the medium doses required for randomization because of symptoms possibly related to hypotension (2.0%) or because of renal dysfunction or hyperkalemia (2.3%). Doses in more than 90% of randomized patients in the high- and low-dose groups were titrated to their assigned target, and the mean doses of blinded medication in both groups remained similar throughout the study. Withdrawals occurred in 27.1% of the high- and 30.7% of the low-dose groups. Subgroups presumed to be at higher risk for ACE inhibitor intolerance (blood pressure, <120 mm Hg; creatinine, > or =132.6 micromol/L [> or =1.5 mg/dL]; age, > or =70 years; and patients with diabetes) generally tolerated the high-dose strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that ACE inhibitor therapy in most patients with CHF can be successfully titrated to and maintained at high doses, and that more aggressive use of these agents is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA. Barry.Massie@med.va.gov
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Massie
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Poole-Wilson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rydén
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017706:Lisinopril