title: The variable outflow resistance catheter: a new method to measure bladder pressure noninvasively.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a previous study an external condom catheter was used to measure noninvasively bladder pressure during interruption of the flow rate. The pressure increase in the condom sometimes caused a sphincter contraction that made bladder pressure measurement unreliable. Therefore, we developed a new variable outflow resistance catheter to measure noninvasively bladder pressure without interrupting the flow rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The new catheter consists of an incontinence condom connected to a set of various outflow tubes and a pressure transducer. A remotely controlled pneumatic valve was fitted over each tube to interrupt flow through it. We measured isovolumetric pressure, maximum flow rate, and pressure and flow rates at various outflow resistances in 9 healthy male volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We derived a mathematical equation to estimate isovolumetric pressure from the pressure and flow rate values measured at various outflow resistances. The difference in the estimated and truly measured mean isovolumetric pressures plus or minus standard deviation was 0 +/- 6 cm. water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new variable outflow resistance catheter may be used to measure isovolumetric bladder pressure noninvasively without interrupting the flow rate. It has been previously shown that a combination of this pressure and a separately measured maximum flow rate may be used to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction noninvasively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Urodynamics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Mastrigt
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D014563:Urodynamics