title: Cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive cardiac operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimally invasive cardiac operations (MICOs) are reported to reduce procedural costs while at the same time decreasing operative morbidity and improving patient comfort. However, most of the cost data available for minimally invasive cardiac procedures is limited to short-term, peri-procedure, in-hospital costs. The scarcity of data to support claims for long-term cost-effectiveness prompted our interest in pursuing this research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis was used to estimate the monetary cost required to achieve a gain in health benefit. We reviewed the literature to accumulate all available relevant cost data regarding MICO in order to apply the principles of cost-effectiveness analysis to this relatively new procedure. For purposes of the analysis, two assumptions were made: (1) MICOs have a less favorable long-term survival outcome than does conventional coronary artery bypass grafting using cardiopulmonary bypass (CABG), and (2) the reintervention rates and long-term costs resulting from MICOs are similar to those of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with intracoronary stenting (PTCA/stenting).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average procedural costs from published literature were $13,782 for PTCA/stenting, $16,082 for MICO, and $23,938 for CABG. The cost-effectiveness of CABG and MICO were compared using PTCA/stenting as a standard of comparison. These estimations suggest that MICO is less cost-effective than CABG ($112,200 per year of life saved by MICO and $56,280 per year of life saved by CABG).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Usable data to provide accurate cost-effectiveness estimates for MICO is scarce. Preliminary estimates based on available data suggest two means of improving the cost-effectiveness of MICO. First, technical advances that improve the quality of MICO (e.g., improved patency rates for mammary anastomoses and complete revascularization strategies) will decrease the reintervention rates and out-of-hospital costs. Second, application of MICO to a high-risk subset of patients who will experience improved survival compared to other alternatives will improve cost-effectiveness by prolonging life for those patients. Therefore, in order to be cost-effective, MICOs must obtain high quality results, including complete revascularization, and must be used primarily in high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Suite C-208, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA. Ferraris@earthlink.net
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ferraris
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ferraris
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000191:economics; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics*; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States