title: Use of infrared TV cameras built into head-mounted display to measure torsional eye movements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The head-mounted display (HMD) has produced conflict between visual and vestibular stimuli because the HMD image does not move with the head motion of the wearer. The HMD can show binocular parallax three-dimensional (3D) images, in which vergence and accommodation conflict. Thus, the HMD may affect the normal visual/vestibular functions. We attempted to develop a system that makes possible the measurement of torsional eye movements, vergence eye movements, and pupillary responses of the HMD wearer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our apparatus is composed of two infrared CCD cameras installed in the HMD. Iris images produced by these cameras are analyzed by a personal computer using free software. Further, a third camera fixed on the HMD projects an image of the view as the subject sees it, via video tape recorder or frame memory to the HMD. Images can be stored, replayed, or frozen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our system can measure torsional eye movement with 0.20 degrees resolution every 1/30 (or 1/60) seconds even though the pupil size alternates during measurement. Binocular eye movement and pupillary response are also measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A system was developed which can be used for assessment of the effect of 3D HMD on the visual system. A third camera coupled with HMD can control visual stimulus independently of head motion (vestibular stimulus).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social and Information Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ukai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008838:Microcomputers; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology