title: The association of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and physician recommendation for mammography: who gets the message about breast cancer screening?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the association between physician recommendation for mammography and race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other characteristics in a rural population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1993 through 1994, we surveyed 1933 Black women and White women 52 years and older in 10 rural counties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three percent of the women reported a physician recommendation in the past year. White women reported recommendations significantly more often than did Black women (55% vs 45%; odds ratio = 1.49). Controlling for educational attainment and income eliminated the apparent racial/ethnic difference. After control for 5 personal, 4 health, and 3 access characteristics, recommendation for mammography was found to be more frequent among women who had access to the health care system (i.e., had a regular physician and health insurance). Recommendation was less frequent among women who were vulnerable (i.e., were older, had lower educational attainment, had lower annual family income).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic status, age, and other characteristics--but not race/ethnicity--were related to reports of a physician recommendation, a precursor strongly associated with mammography use. Efforts to increase physician recommendation should include complementary efforts to help women address socioeconomic and other barriers to mammography use.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Earp
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*