title: Validation of ICTERUS, a knowledge-based expert system for Jaundice diagnosis.
abstract: The study aimed to describe an example of the assessment and validation of knowledge-based clinical expert systems. The paper focuses on ICTERUS, an expert system for jaundice diagnosis. It describes system design, the methodology applied for upgrading and validating the program, and the most important outcomes of the validation procedure. The clinical validation of the system on a very large European database (Euricterus Project) shows that diagnostic conclusions are reliable in about 70% of eligible cases. This figure appears acceptable for a system which provides decision support only on the basis of clinical data, assuming that the final decision is achieved under user responsibility. Expected biases, limitations and inconsistencies in the practical application of the system are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Informatics, San Giovanni Battista Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy.  gmolino@molinette.piemonte.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Molino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marzuoli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Molino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Battista
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torchio
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lavelle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corless
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cappello
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005103:Expert Systems; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007565:Jaundice / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012986:Software Validation