title: The tuberous sclerosis-1 (TSC1) gene product hamartin suppresses cell growth and augments the expression of the TSC2 product tuberin by inhibiting its ubiquitination.
abstract: We report here that overexpression of the tuberous sclerosis-1 (TSC1) gene product hamartin results in the inhibition of growth, as well as changes in cell morphology. Growth inhibition was associated with an increase in the endogenous level of the product of the tuberous sclerosis-2 (TSC2) gene, tuberin. As overexpression of tuberin inhibits cell growth, and hamartin is known to bind tuberin, these results suggested that hamartin stabilizes tuberin and this contributes to the inhibition of cell growth. Indeed, transient transfection of TSC1 increased the endogenous level of tuberin, and transient co-transfection of TSC1 with TSC2 resulted in higher tuberin levels. The stabilization was explained by the finding that tuberin is highly ubiquitinated in cells, while the fraction of tuberin that is bound to hamartin is not ubiquitinated. Co-expression of tuberin stabilized hamartin, which is weakly ubiquitinated, in transiently transfected cells. The amino-terminal two-thirds of tuberin was responsible for its ubiquitination and for stabilization of hamartin. A mutant of tuberin from a patient missense mutation of TSC2 was also highly ubiquitinated, and was unable to stabilize hamartin. We conclude that hamartin is a growth inhibitory protein whose biological effect is likely dependent on its interaction with tuberin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benvenuto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Braverman
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Vass
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cheadle
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Halley
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wienecke
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: DeClue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002455:Cell Division; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D006023:Glycoproteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011506:Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C000624652:Tsc1 protein, rat; C000624655:Tsc2 protein, rat; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014452:Ubiquitins; C039304:calpain inhibitors; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex