title: Outpatient vancomycin use and vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonization in maintenance dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although outpatient vancomycin is widely used as empiric therapy for dialysis-associated infections, its relationship with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) colonization is not established.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a two-year prospective cohort study, rectal swabs obtained from patients at the start and finish of the study period and during interim hospitalizations were cultured for VRE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten of 124 patients initially grew VRE. Twenty-four of the remaining patients had no follow-up cultures because of patient death (62%), transfer to another dialysis facility (17%), patient's refusal (7%), and transplantation (4%), and were thus excluded. The remaining patients (N = 90) had a median age of 54.3 years and were 92% African American and 50% male. Fifty-eight percent were treated by hemodialysis. They received 403 g of intravenous vancomycin over 157.2 patient-years of follow-up, 73% as outpatients. Sixteen of 90 patients (17.8%) became colonized with VRE, an incidence rate of one case per 9.8 patient-years of follow-up. None of the 29 patients who did not receive vancomycin developed VRE compared with 26% of those treated with vancomycin (P = 0.001). The odds ratio (95% CI) for the association of outpatient vancomycin (g per year) with VRE colonization was 1.23 (1.05, 1.44, P = 0.008). The association remained significant following adjustment in separate logistic regression analyses for relevant demographic, clinical, antimicrobial (inpatient vancomycin, oral or intravenous cephalosprins, aminoglycosides, quinalones, or antianaerobics), and hospitalization exposures. The unadjusted relative risk of death in patients growing VRE was significantly higher than in those not colonized with VRE (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VRE colonization is a relatively common and under recognized problem among chronic dialysis patients. It is strongly and independently associated with the outpatient use of vancomycin, which should be avoided whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. atta@welch.jhu.edu
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Atta
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eustace
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Scheel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin