title: Geometric and mechanical properties of human cervical spine ligaments.
abstract: This study characterized the geometry and mechanical properties of the cervical ligaments from C2-T1 levels. The lengths and cross-sectional areas of the anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, joint capsules, ligamentum flavum, and interspinous ligament were determined from eight human cadavers using cryomicrotomy images. The geometry was defined based on spinal anatomy and its potential use in complex mathematical models. The biomechanical force-deflection, stiffness, energy, stress, and strain data were obtained from 25 cadavers using in situ axial tensile tests. Data were grouped into middle (C2-C5) and lower (C5-T1) cervical levels. Both the geometric length and area of cross section, and the biomechanical properties including the stiffness, stress, strain, energy, and Young's modulus, were presented for each of the five ligaments. In both groups, joint capsules and ligamentum flavum exhibited the highest cross-sectional area (p < 0.005), while the longitudinal ligaments had the highest length measurements. Although not reaching statistical significance, for all ligaments, cross-sectional areas were higher in the C5-T1 than in the C2-C5 group; and lengths were higher in the C2-C5 than in the C5-T1 group with the exception of the flavum (Table 1 in the main text). Force-deflection characteristics (plots) are provided for all ligaments in both groups. Failure strains were higher for the ligaments of the posterior (interspinous ligament, joint capsules, and ligamentum flavum) than the anterior complex (anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments) in both groups. In contrast, the failure stress and Young's modulus were higher for the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments compared to the ligaments of the posterior complex in the two groups. However, similar tendencies in the structural responses (stiffness, energy) were not found in both groups. Researchers attempting to incorporate these data into stress-analysis models can choose the specific parameter(s) based on the complexity of the model used to study the biomechanical behavior of the human cervical spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumaresan
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pintar
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D017843:Ligamentum Flavum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D017846:Longitudinal Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011859:Radiography; D013718:Tensile Strength; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology