title: Factors associated with low bone mineral density in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two consecutive patients with SLE followed by rheumatology faculty between 1997 and 1999 completed a questionnaire regarding lifestyle during the clinic visit, a chart review was performed, and data were collected for the time of the first dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to assess relationships between various risk factors and BMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight percent of patients had received prednisone, 51% were postmenopausal (9 of whom received hormone replacement therapy), 68% had received hydroxychloroquine, and 15% were osteoporotic. The following factors were found to be significantly related to lower BMD by univariate analysis: Caucasian race, older age at diagnosis, higher age at the time of the first DXA, longer disease duration, higher cumulative corticosteroid dose, higher SLE Damage Index score, and postmenopausal status. In the multivariate analysis only the following factors were significant: Caucasian race, increased number of pregnancies, postmenopausal status, higher SLE Damage Index, and higher cumulative corticosteroid dose. An unexpected finding was that taking hydroxychloroquine was the only factor associated with higher BMD of the hip and spine in the univariate analysis, and it remained predictive of higher BMD of the hip and spine in the multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroxychloroquine appears to protect against low BMD in corticosteroid treated patients with SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-1310, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lakshminarayanan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohanraj
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothfield
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D011241:Prednisone