title: Erythrocyte calcium influx is related to severity of ventricular arrhythmias in uraemic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial disorders are a remarkable cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic haemodialysed patients (HD). They could be favoured by alteration of cell Ca(2+) handling. In previous studies we characterized an erythrocyte Ca(2+) influx, sensitive to membrane potential and inhibited by Ca(2+) antagonists. Since its maximal influx rate was decreased in HD patients, this study investigates if Ca(2+) influx alterations are related to myocardial disorders in HD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Voltage-sensitive erythrocyte Ca(2+) influx was measured in 30 healthy controls and in 53 patients (47 HD patients and six patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and normal kidney function), using fura 2. In 29 HD patients and in six healthy subjects Ca(2+) influx was also determined in the presence of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in vitro. Patients were classified according to Lown's ventricular arrhythmias classification after 24-h Holter electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring. Forty-six patients underwent echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Voltage-sensitive erythrocyte Ca(2+) influx was significantly reduced in HD patients. Maximal influx rate was significantly higher in HD patients of Lown's classes 3 and 4 (0.789 +/- 0.156 nmol/s, n = 8; P < 0.01) than in patients of classes 1 and 2 (0.499 +/- 0.055 nmol/s, n=15), or without ventricular arrhythmias (0.400 +/- 0.041 nmol/s, n = 24). Maximal influx rate was directly correlated to left ventricular mass index (LVM) (r = 0.353, P < 0.05). Subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy and normal kidney function displayed erythrocyte Ca(2+) influx similar to that of normal subjects. Multiple regression indicates that LVM and Ca(2+) influx were independently related to severity of arrhythmias. When added to the influx assay, PTH increased the maximal influx rate only in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial dysfunction and altered ventricular excitability could be related in uraemic HD patients to alterations of calcium transport, as found in the erythrocyte model. Reduced resistance to PTH could contribute to this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Hypertension, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soldati
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adamo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manunta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stella
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ciurlino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spotti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Slaviero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melandri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cusi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vezzoli
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002118:Calcium