title: Intramuscular ceftriaxone in the treatment of childhood meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type F.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a case of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type f (Hif) in a child.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2.5-year-old white girl (18 kg) was hospitalized because of acute ataxia. The cerebrospinal fluid culture grew H. influenzae, which was later identified as type f. Therapy was limited by the inability to gain intravenous access. Treatment was initiated with dexamethasone 8 mg (0.44 mg/kg) intramuscularly, one dose on the day prior to initiation of ceftriaxone therapy, and intramuscular ceftriaxone 2 g (111 mg/kg/dose) once a day. After the first day, dexamethasone was administered at 3 mg (0.17 mg/kg/d) orally four times per day for four days. Within two days, the patient became afebrile and improved significantly. The remaining treatments were given during daily hospital visits on an outpatient basis. No complications occurred during the follow-up visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical presentation and therapeutic management of Hif meningitis is similar to that of H. influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis. Factors that may predispose a child to infections caused by Hif include upper respiratory tract infections, day care attendance, Down syndrome, and immunodeficiency. Hif meningitis usually is treated with a third-generation cephalosporin (frequently ceftriaxone). Although most often administered intravenously, intramuscular ceftriaxone can provide a satisfactory clinical outcome in a child with adequate peripheral perfusion but limited intravenous access. The majority of reported cases of Hif meningitis resolve with appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, long-term neurologic sequelae occasionally occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hif occasionally causes pediatric meningitis. In a patient with good perfusion and difficult intravenous access, daily intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone can be an effective treatment option. In this case, Hif meningitis occurred abruptly and resolved within 48 hours of initiation of ceftriaxone and dexamethasone without long-term sequelae. The risks of giving dexamethasone appear to be minimal, although efficacy for preventing Hif complications remains to be proven.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Box 8334, Pocatello, ID 83209-8334, USA. karat@otc.isu.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ratka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erramouspe
mesh_terms: D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008583:Meningitis, Haemophilus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D002443:Ceftriaxone