title: T-helper cell responses to HIV envelope peptides in cord blood: protection against intrapartum and breast-feeding transmission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acquired HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses have been observed in exposed-uninfected individuals, and it has been inferred, but not demonstrated, that these responses constitute a part of natural protective immunity to HIV. This inference was tested prospectively in the natural exposure setting of maternal-infant HIV transmission in a predominantly breast-fed population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cord blood from infants of HIV-seropositive women in Durban, South Africa, were tested for in vitro reactivity to a cocktail of HIV envelope peptides (Env) using a bioassay measuring interleukin-2 production in a murine cell line. Infants were followed with repeat HIV RNA tests up to 18 months of age to establish which ones acquired HIV-infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T-helper cell responses to Env were detected in 33 out of 86 (38%) cord blood samples from infants of HIV-seropositive women and in none of nine samples from seronegative women (P = 0.02). Among infants of HIV-seropositive mothers, three out of 33 with T-helper responses to Env were already infected before delivery (HIV RNA positive on the day of birth), two were lost to follow-up, and none of the others (out of 28) were found to be HIV infected on subsequent tests. In comparison, six out of 53 infants unresponsive to Env were infected before delivery, and eight out of 47 (17%) of the others were found to have acquired HIV infection intrapartum or post-partum through breast-feeding (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T-helper cell responses to HIV envelope peptides were detected in more than one-third of newborns of HIV-infected women; no new infections were acquired by these infants at the time of delivery or post-natally through breast-feeding if these T-helper cell responses were detected in cord blood.
authors.affiliation: Gertrude H Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Division of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health,Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coutsoudis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moodley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trabattoni
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mngqundaniso
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clerici
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coovadia
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000276:immunology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015686:Gene Products, env; D010455:Peptides; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins