title: Crohn's disease of the foregut.
abstract: Historically, Crohn's disease of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum has been reported only rarely. With more frequent use of upper endoscopy, however, upper gastrointestinal involvement has been found to be more common than previously suspected. The surgeon with an interest in Crohn's disease needs to be familiar with all areas that are potentially affected in this perplexing and sometimes devastating disease. This article examines the literature on foregut Crohn's and discusses the incidence, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical management, surgical indications, and operative techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stellato
mesh_terms: D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004378:Duodenal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004380:Duodenal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007412:Intestinal Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D015995:Prevalence; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents