title: Environmental tobacco smoke and periodontal disease in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is a leading risk factor for periodontal disease. This cross-sectional study investigated the relation between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and periodontal disease in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). The outcome was periodontal disease, defined as 1 or more periodontal sites with attachment loss of 3 mm or greater and a pocket depth of 4 mm or greater at the same site. Exposure to ETS at home and work was self-reported. The study analyzed 6611 persons 18 years and older who had never smoked cigarettes or used other forms of tobacco.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to ETS at home only, work only, and both was reported by 18.0%, 10.7%, and 3.8% of the study population, respectively. The adjusted odds of having periodontal disease were 1.6 (95% confidence interval = 1.1, 2.2) times greater for persons exposed to ETS than for persons not exposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among persons in the United States who had never used tobacco, those exposed to ETS were more likely to have periodontal disease than were those not exposed to ETS.
authors.affiliation: Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Campus Box 7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455, USA. sam_arbes@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Arbes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agústsdóttir
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Slade
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution