title: The measurement of glucocorticoid concentrations in the serum and faeces of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) after ACTH stimulation.
abstract: Conventionally, the assessment of adrenal responses to stress relies on blood sample collection. However, blood collection from animals is impossible without restraint or immobilisation that influences results. This study was undertaken to validate recently established enzyme immunoassays that measure faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in elephants, and to perform a preliminary investigation into the biological relevance of this non-invasive method for use in assessing the degree of stress in this species. Four juvenile African elephants were injected i.m. with 2.15 mg synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (Synacthen, Novartis, Switzerland). Blood and faecal samples were collected over 4 h and 7 d respectively. Concentrations of serum cortisol and faecal cortisol metabolites were determined using immunoassay. Variability of basal and peak values in blood and faeces was observed among the elephants. After ACTH injection, serum cortisol concentrations increased by 400-700%. An 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) proved best suited to measure cortisol metabolites (11,17-dioxoandrostanes) when compared to a cortisol and corticosterone EIA in faecal samples. Concentrations of faecal 11,17-dioxoandrostanes increased by 570-1070%, reaching peak levels after 20.0-25.5 h. Greater levels of glucocorticoid metabolites were measured in faecal samples from elephants kept in small enclosures compared to levels in the faeces of animals ranging over a larger area. The results of this preliminary study suggest that non-invasive faecal monitoring of glucocorticoid metabolites is useful in investigating adrenal activity in African elephants.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Stead
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palme
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D004606:Elephants / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone