Time trends of occupational pesticide-related injuries in Costa Rica, 1982-1992.
To evaluate time trends of occupational pesticide-related injuries in Costa Rica, a survey was carried out three times over a ten-year period at a national reporting system for occupational accidents and diseases among wage-earning workers. The sample comprised the accidents reported during the months of June of the years 1982, 1987, and 1992. The overall incidence rates were 1.8, 2.7, and 2.5 per 1,000 agricultural workers, respectively. Rates among female workers increased (3.1, 3.7, 5.4) and were elevated as compared with male workers (1.7, 2.6, 2.3). The trend for topical lesions was upgoing (1.2, 1.4, 2.1), consistent with an increased use of fungicides and lack of safety measures for pesticides with low acute toxicity. Systemic poisonings peaked in 1987 (0.6, 1.2, 0.5), declining in 1992 with increased use of biologic pest control and pyrethroid insecticides less toxic than cholinesterase inhibitors, and improved safety during nematocide applications on banana plantations. In 1992, despite the largest decline of systemic poisonings in the banana-producing Atlantic Region, poisonings as well as topical injuries were still four times more frequent in this region than in the rest of the country. Restriction of highly toxic pesticides together with implementation of occupational safety measures can reduce systemic poisonings in developing countries. Such policies need to be extended to other pesticides to prevent less life threatening but often disabling skin and eye injuries.
Wesseling
C
C
Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. cwesseli@una.ac.cr
Hogstedt
C
C
Fernandez
P
P
Ahlbom
A
A
D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000383:Agriculture; D003364:Costa Rica / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
D010575:Pesticides