title: Identifying futility in a paediatric critical care setting: a prospective observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent of futile care provided to critically ill children admitted to a paediatric intensive care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective evaluation of consecutive admissions to a 20 bedded multidisciplinary paediatric intensive care unit of a North London teaching hospital over a nine month period. Three previously defined criteria for futility were used: (1) imminent demise futility (those with a mortality risk greater than 90% using the Paediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM II) score); (2) lethal condition futility (those with conditions incompatible with long term survival); and (3) qualitative futility (those with unacceptable quality of life and high morbidity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 662 children accounting for 3409 patient bed days were studied. Thirty four patients fulfilled at least one of the criteria for futility, and used a total of 104 bed days (3%). Only 33 (0.9%) bed days were used by patients with mortality risk greater than 90%, 60 (1.8%) by patients with poor long term prognosis, and 16 (0.5%) by those with poor quality of life. Nineteen of 34 patients died; withdrawal of treatment was the mode of death in 15 (79%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost containment initiatives focusing on futility in the paediatric intensive care unit setting are unlikely to be successful as only relatively small amounts of resources were used in providing futile care. Paediatricians are recognising futility early and may have taken ethically appropriate measures to limit care that is futile.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK. adrian@medicine.med.um.edu.my
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mok
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003363:Cost Control; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000145:classification*; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D018447:Medical Futility; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index