title: [MRI-based 3-D analysis of the glenohumeral translation in patients with shoulder instability].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Until now, pathological translation of the glenohumeral joint could not be assessed three-dimensionally and in functionally important arm positions in the living. The objektive of this study was therefore to develop an MR-based technique for determining the three-dimensional glenohumeral translation in functionally relevant positions in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an open MR scanner both shoulder joints of 5 volunteers with an unilateral traumatic instability were examined in different positions of abduction and rotation. After semiautomatic segmentation, 3D reconstruction of the bony structures of the shoulder girdle was performed and the center of mass of the glenoid cavity was determined and used as reference point. In a virtual reality, the midpoint of the humeral head was assessed and its position relative to the center of mass of the glenoid cavity was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 30 degrees of abduction, in both shoulders, the humeral head was positioned inferior and posterior relative to the glenoid cavity (healthy: 0.42 +/- 1.1 inf., 0.75 +/- 1.0 mm post.; unstable: 1.31 +/- 0.87 mm inf., 0.51 +/- 1.28 mm post.) The maximal translation (to anterior and inferior) was observed both on the healthy side (mean 1.0 mm, max. 1.8 mm) and in the unstable shoulders (mean 2.5 mm, max. 4.6 mm) with the arm in 90 degrees of abduction and external rotation, thus being 1.7 to 2.5 times higher in the pathological shoulders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With this technique the glenohumeral translation can be quantified three-dimensionally in functionally important positions and without projectional artefacts. In the future, this method can be applied to patients with different entities of shoulder instability.
authors.affiliation: Arbeitsgruppe Kinematik und Biomechanik, Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt. r_veisenhart@yahoo.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von  Eisenhart-Rothe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wiedemann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bonel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Englmeier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Graichen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
vernacular_title: MR-basierte 3D-Analyse der glenohumeralen Translation bei Patienten mit Schulterinstabilität.