title: Mechanical properties and microstructures of glass-ionomer cements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the flexural strength (FS), compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), Knoop hardness (KHN) and wear resistance of ten commercial glass-ionomer cements (GICs). The fracture surfaces of these cements were examined using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques to ascertain relationships between the mechanical properties and microstructures of these cements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens were fabricated according to the instructions from each manufacturer. The FS, CS, DTS, KHN and wear rate were measured after conditioning the specimens for 7 d in distilled water at 37 degrees C. One-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple range test was used to determine which specimen groups were significantly different for each test. The fracture surface of one representative specimen of each GIC from the FS tests was examined using a scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resin-modified GICs (RM GICs) exhibited much higher FS and DTS, not generally higher CS, often lower Knoop hardness and generally lower wear resistance, compared to the conventional GICs (C GICs). Vitremer (3M) had the highest values of FS and DTS; Fuji II LC (GC International) and Ketac-Molar (ESPE) had the highest CS; Ketac-Fil (ESPE) had the highest KHN. Ketac-Bond (ESPE) had the lowest FS; alpha-Silver (DMG-Hamburg) had the lowest CS. Four GICs (alpha-Fil (DMG-Hamburg), alpha-Silver, Ketac-Bond and Fuji II) had the lowest values of DTS, which were not significantly different from each other; alpha-Silver and Ketac-Silver had the lowest values of KHN. The highest wear resistance was exhibited by alpha-Silver and Ketac-Fil; F2LC had the lowest wear resistance. The C GICs exhibited brittle behavior, whereas the RM GICs underwent substantial plastic deformation in compression. The more integrated the microstructure, the higher were the FS and DTS. Higher CS was correlated with smaller glass particles, and higher KHN was found where there was a combination of smaller glass particles and lower porosity. Larger glass particle sizes and a more integrated microstructure contributed to a higher wear resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanical properties of GICs were closely related to their microstructures. Factors such as the integrity of the interface between the glass particles and the polymer matrix, the particle size, and the number and size of voids have important roles in determining the mechanical properties.
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Brantley
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Culbertson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016722:Cermet Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008298:Maleates / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D019563:Mechanics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D018583:Pliability; D016062:Porosity; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D016722:Cermet Cements; D003188:Composite Resins; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008298:Maleates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; C084550:Vitremer; C110712:ketac-molar; D014867:Water; C061499:Ketac-Bond; C040964:Ketac-Fil