title: Awareness during drowsiness: dynamics and electrophysiological correlates.
abstract: During drowsy periods, performance on tasks requiring continuous attention becomes intermittent. Previously, we have reported that during drowsy periods of intermittent performance, 7 of 10 participants performing an auditory detection task exhibited episodes of non-responding lasting about 18 s (Makeig & Jung, 1996). Further, the time patterns of these episodes were repeated precisely in subsequent sessions. The 18-s cycles were accompanied by counterbalanced power changes within two frequency bands in the vertex EEG (near 4 Hz and circa 40 Hz). In the present experiment, performance patterns and concurrent EEG spectra were examined in four participants performing a continuous visuomotor compensatory tracking task in 15-20 minute bouts during a 42-hour sleep deprivation study. During periods of good performance, participants made compensatory trackball movements about twice per second, attempting to keep a target disk near a central ring. Autocorrelations of time series representing the distance of the target disk from the ring centre showed that during periods of poor performance marked near-18-s cycles in performance again appeared. There were phases of poor or absent performance accompanied by an increase in EEG power that was largest at 3-4 Hz. These studies show that in drowsy humans, opening and closing of the gates of behavioural awareness is marked not by the appearance of (12-14 Hz) sleep spindles, but by prominent EEG amplitude changes in the low theta band. Further, both EEG and behavioural changes during drowsiness often exhibit stereotyped 18-s cycles.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, USA. scott@salk.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makeig
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sejnowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012892:Sleep Deprivation; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*