title: Piezoelectric quartz crystal based label-free analysis for allergy disease.
abstract: This work presents a piezoelectric (Pz) quartz crystal based label-free quantification of total IgE and allergen-specific IgE in human sera for allergy testing. An evaluation of the different brands of crystals was first initiated with respect to variability in mass sensitivity, frequency measurement reliability and stability, and surface roughness. Thereafter, for total IgE quantification. a direct assay format was adopted. By means of thioctic acid (TA) and coupling reagents, anti-human IgE antibodies were immobilized on AT-cut Pz crystals (10 MHz). The modified crystals could detect serum IgE directly corresponding to a downward frequency shift. The results showed that silver-coated crystals as compared with their gold-coated counterparts provided approximately 1.5 times higher mass detection sensitivity for total IgE in the range of 5-300 IU/ml with a linear regression line, y = 1.8957 x + 1.5603, R2 = 0.995. For the detection of allergen-specific IgE, a sandwiched assay format was used. As the allergen-modified sensor surface captured various classes of associated antibodies (IgE, IgG, etc) and interfering serum proteins as well, the initial frequency shift downwards caused by sera sample incubation would not be proportional to specific IgE levels. Thus, following sample incubation, a second incubation step with secondary anti-human IgE was added to recognize IgE from other bound substances. The frequency shift after secondary antibody binding reflected the amount of allergen-specific IgE proportionally. Compared with 10 MHz crystals, the 20 MHz counterparts provided approximately four times higher mass detection sensitivity for allergen specific IgE in the range of 0.15-17.5 IU/ml with a linear regression line, y = 50.525 x + 107.777, R2 = 0.954. Total IgE and allergen specific IgE assay results of real patients' sera using the Pz sensors agreed well with those obtained by commercially available test kits with correlation coefficient 0.96-0.98. The possibility of regenerating the quartz crystals for further re-use was also dealt with.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Material Research and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore. xd-su@imre.org.sg
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000276:immunology; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D003460:Crystallization; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood*; D011791:Quartz
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D006023:Glycoproteins; C026408:anti-IgE antibodies; D011791:Quartz; D007073:Immunoglobulin E