title: Predicting shunt failure on the basis of clinical symptoms and signs in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In evaluating pediatric patients for shunt malfunction, predictive values for symptoms and signs are important in deciding which patients should undergo an imaging study, whereas determining clinical findings that correlate with a low probability of shunt failure could simplify management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data obtained during the recently completed Pediatric Shunt Design Trial (PSDT) were analyzed. Predictive values were calculated for symptoms and signs of shunt failure. To refine predictive capability, a shunt score based on a cluster of signs and symptoms was derived and validated using multivariate methods. Four hundred thirty-one patient encounters after recent shunt insertions were analyzed. For encounters that took place within 5 months after shunt insertion (early encounters), predictive values for symptoms and signs included the following: nausea and vomiting (positive predictive value [PPV] 79%, likelihood ratio [LR] 10.4), irritability (PPV 78%, LR 9.8), decreased level of consciousness (LOC) (PPV 100%), erythema (PPV 100%), and bulging fontanelle (PPV 92%, LR 33.1). Between 9 months and 2 years after shunt insertion (late encounters), only loss of developmental milestones (PPV 83%, LR 36.7) and decreased LOC (PPV 100%) were strongly associated with shunt failure. However, the absence of a symptom or sign still left a 15 to 29% (early encounter group) or 9 to 13% (late encounter group) chance of shunt failure. Using the shunt score developed for early encounters, which sums from 1 to 3 points according to the specific symptoms or signs present, patients with scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 or greater had shunt failure rates of 4%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively. Using the shunt score derived from late encounters, patients with scores of 0, 1, and 2 or greater had shunt failure rates of 8%, 38%, and 100%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children, certain symptoms and signs that occur during the first several months following shunt insertion are strongly associated with shunt failure; however, the individual absence of these symptoms and signs offers the clinician only a limited ability to rule out a shunt malfunction. Combining them in a weighted scoring system improves the ability to predict shunt failure based on clinical findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. hgarton@umich.edu
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Garton
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kestle
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012307:Risk Factors