title: Adolescent cigarette smoking in U.S. racial/ethnic subgroups: findings from the National Education Longitudinal Study.
abstract: Using nationally representative data for 16,454 8th graders and 13,840 10th graders, we explore racial/ethnic differences in "daily cigarette initiation," beginning to smoke on a daily basis between baseline interviews and reinterviews conducted two years later. In both samples, the initiation rate among whites is more than double the rate among blacks and higher than rates among Asian/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics. Risk factors at the individual, family, and peer-group levels of analysis do not explain most racial/ethnic differences. We develop alternative hypotheses by extending theories of cigarette use to the school level, and we test them using multilevel models: Consistent with social learning theory, cigarette risk among blacks and Hispanics decreases as the percentage of racial/ethnic minority students in the school increases. Consistent with strain theory, cigarette risk increases with the academic competitiveness of the school--especially among females--after controlling for the adolescent's academic performance.
authors.affiliation: National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Washington Office, 1350 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology