title: Shear bond strength, microleakage, and confocal studies of 4 amalgam alloy bonding agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the relative shear bond strengths and microleakage of 4 bonding agents to dentin and amalgam and to investigate the bonding to dentin through confocal laser scanning microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty noncarious molars were restored with 1 of 4 different systems, and the shear bond strengths were determined. For the microleakage study, Class V amalgam restorations were placed in 60 noncarious teeth. The specimens were thermocycled, the teeth were sectioned, and dye penetration was assessed. For confocal examinations, the first component of the bonding adhesives was labeled with rhodamine B. Each of the adhesives was applied to 3 dentin specimens, which were examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4 restorative systems tested, AmalgamBond Plus + HPA and Prime & Bond 2.1/base-catalyst showed significantly higher shear bond strengths. Prime & Bond 2.1/base-catalyst had the lowest microleakage value, which was significantly lower than that of AmalgamBond Plus + HPA and AmalgamBond Plus. AmalgamBond Plus + HPA had the highest variation in both the bond strength and microleakage values. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed tag formation, penetration of the bonding agents deep into the tubules, and hybrid layer formation for all 4 bonding systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2 best systems, Prime & Bond 2.1/base-catalyst and, to a lesser extent, AmalgamBond Plus + HPA, utilized a supplemental bonding agent.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Dental Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Private Bag X1, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa. srg@maties.sun.ac.za
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Grobler
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Oberholzer
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rossouw
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grobler-Rabie
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Van Wyk Kotze
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000145:classification*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000145:classification; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008963:Molar; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D012235:Rhodamines; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; C070606:Amalgambond; D003722:Dental Alloys; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C103500:Prime & Bond; D012235:Rhodamines; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D003723:Dental Amalgam; C029773:rhodamine B; C035956:methyl acrylate