title: A role for CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta-liver-enriched inhibitory protein in mammary epithelial cell proliferation.
abstract: The transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta), regulates the expression of genes involved in proliferation and terminal differentiation. Dimerization of the dominant-negative C/EBPbeta-liver-enriched inhibitory protein (LIP) isoform with the C/EBPbeta-liver-enriched activating protein (LAP) isoform inhibits the transcriptional activation of genes involved in differentiation. Consequently, an increase in LIP levels may inhibit terminal differentiation and lead to proliferation. C/EBPbeta-LIP and LAP are crucial for mammary gland development (G. W. Robinson et al., Genes Dev., 12: 1907-1916, 1998; T. N. Seagroves et al., Genes Dev., 12: 1917-1928, 1998) and are also overexpressed in breast cancer (B. Raught et al., Cancer Res., 56: 4382-4386. 1996; C. A. Zahnow et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 89: 1887-1891, 1997); however, little is known about how these isoforms differentially regulate cell cycle progression. To address this question, C/EBPbeta-LIP was overexpressed in both the mammary glands of transgenic mice and in cultured TM3 mammary epithelial cells. Here we report that the involuted mammary glands from transgenic mice overexpressing C/EBPbeta-LIP contain both focal and diffuse alveolar hyperplasia and, less frequently, contain mammary intraepithelial neoplasias (high grade) and invasive and noninvasive carcinomas. Likewise, cultured TM3 cells, stably expressing C/EBPbeta-LIP, showed an increase in proliferation and foci formation attributable to a reentry into S-phase during cellular confluence. These results demonstrate that C/EBPbeta-LIP can induce epithelial proliferation and the formation of mammary hyperplasias and suggest that a C/EBPbeta-LIP-initiated growth cascade may be susceptible to additional oncogenic hits, which could result in the initiation and progression of neoplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zahnow
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cardiff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laucirica
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000378:metabolism; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D051381:Rats; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta