title: High salt intake and the brain renin--angiotensin system in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess changes in the activity of the brain renin-angiotensin system during (i) the development of salt-sensitive hypertension; and (ii) the prevention of salt-sensitive hypertension by blocking brain 'ouabain'.
  
  
  METHODS
  In protocol I, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA and activity and angiotensin I and II levels were assessed in the hypothalamus and pons of Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) and salt-resistant (Dahl R) rats on regular (120 micromol Na+ per g) or high (1370 micromol Na+ per g) salt diet from 4-6 weeks or 4-9 weeks of age. In protocol II, ACE mRNA and activity were assessed in the hypothalamus and pons in Dahl S on regular or high salt treated with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) Fab fragments blocking brain 'ouabain' or gamma-globulins, and in Dahl R on high or regular salt ACE mRNA was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and angiotensin I and II by radioimmunoassay after high-performance liquid chromatography. In protocol III, effects of i.c.v. angiotensin I and i.c.v. bradykinin on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), heart rate and blood pressure before and after i.c.v. captopril were assessed in Dahl S and R rats on regular or high salt intake from 4-8 weeks of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High salt diet caused a gradual, but marked increase in blood pressure in Dahl S but not Dahl R rats. Dahl S rats showed small but significant increases in ACE mRNA in the hypothalamus on regular salt diet. In Dahl S rats on high salt diet for 2 or 5 weeks ACE mRNA levels significantly increased in both hypothalamus and pons, compared with Dahl R rats on either diet or Dahl S rats on regular diet. After 5 weeks of high salt diet, ACE mRNA levels in the hypothalamus in Dahl S rats were almost three-fold higher and in the pons two-fold higher than in Dahl R rats on either diet or Dahl S on regular salt diet. High salt diet also increased ACE activity of the hypothalamus and pons in Dahl S but not Dahl R. Consistent with this increased ACE activity, central responses to angiotensin I were clearly enhanced and to bradykinin markedly diminished in Dahl S on high salt intake. Chronic blockade of brain 'ouabain' by i.c.v. Fab fragments prevented the increases in blood pressure, ACE mRNA and activity in the hypothalamus and pons by high salt intake in Dahl S rats. Angiotensin I levels in the hypothalamus and pons were similar in both groups of rats and there were no significant changes caused by high salt diet in Dahl S and R rats. On regular salt intake angiotensin II levels in the hypothalamus of Dahl S rats showed a significant decrease as compared with Dahl R rats on regular salt diet, and were similar in the pons of the two strains. High salt intake did not affect angiotensin II levels in either hypothalamus or pons in Dahl S and R rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that high salt intake increases blood pressure, ACE expression and activity in the hypothalamus and pons of Dahl S rats without a parallel increase in angiotensin II levels. Effects of high salt intake on ACE mRNA and activity appear to be secondary to activation of brain 'ouabain'.
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Huysse
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Leenen
mesh_terms: D000803:Angiotensin I / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D010042:Ouabain / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051381:Rats; D020303:Rats, Inbred Dahl; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000633:toxicity*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D000804:Angiotensin II; D010042:Ouabain; D000803:Angiotensin I; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D001920:Bradykinin