title: Pharmacists and immunizations: a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain information about pharmacists' current involvement in and willingness to provide immunization services, and to assess perceived barriers to providing immunization services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional mail survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  National.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random sample of 5,342 pharmacists from chain, independent, mass merchandiser/grocery, primary care clinic, and health maintenance organization settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responses to survey on pharmacy-based immunization services--current involvement, willingness to get involved, perceived obstacles, and patients' interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three mailings yielded a response rate of 25.3% (1,348 responses). Only 53.1% of respondents knew correctly whether their state allowed pharmacists to administer immunizations. Although a significant number of pharmacists were involved in immunization activities, such as counseling and promotion, only 2.2% and 0.9% of respondents were involved in actual administration of adult and childhood immunizations, respectively. In general, men, independents, owners/partners, and pharmacists who had attended immunization-related educational programs were more willing to provide immunization services than were women, chain and staff pharmacists, and educational program nonattendees. Pharmacists who had attended immunization-related educational programs also perceived pharmacist- and patient-related factors as less problematic for pharmacy-based immunization services than did nonattendees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey provides a baseline measure of the nature and extent of pharmacist involvement in immunizations that can be used now and in future years. The profession can use the findings on pharmacists' willingness to provide immunization services and their perception of obstacles to such services as a basis for targeted educational and promotional programs and materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA. smadhavan@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rosenbluth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amonkar
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Borker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States