title: Chronic hepatitis C is mild in menstruating women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women with chronic hepatitis C may have a slower rate of disease progression than men. We have previously demonstrated a relationship between hepatic iron concentration and liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Our aim was to compare hepatic histologic findings, iron status and other factors putatively capable of determining the severity of chronic hepatitis between menstruating women and men of comparable age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 21 consecutive hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA positive menstruating women and 24 consecutive HCV-RNA positive men of comparable age, who underwent liver biopsy for chronic hepatitis C. Alcohol intake was recorded and blood tests, HCV genotyping, serum iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, serum ferritin, hepatic iron concentration, and liver histology were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Menstruating women showed lower grading (2.7 +/- 1.5 vs 3.6 +/- 2, P = 0.09) and significantly lower staging (1.38 +/- 1.11 vs 2.42 +/- 1.64, P = 0.037) scores than men of comparable age. Among the factors putatively capable of determining the severity of chronic hepatitis, only the hepatic iron concentration correlated with the hepatic histologic staging in a multivariate analysis. Iron-depleted women (transferrin saturation < 20% and/or serum ferritin < 9 micrograms/L) showed significant lower hepatic histologic grading (1.75 +/- 0.7 vs 3.23 +/- 1.55, P = 0.027) and staging (0.75 +/- 1.03 vs 1.77 +/- 1.01, P = 0.026) scores than women with normal iron status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menstruating women with chronic hepatitis C may have a milder disease compared to men of comparable age, possibly because of menstrual blood loss and lower hepatic iron concentration. Women with chronic hepatitis C and iron deficiency have a milder disease compared to women with normal iron status, suggesting that iron deficiency results in a slower rate of disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University and Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy. sartori@mail.fausernet.novara.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andorno
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rigamonti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicosia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boldorini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008598:Menstruation; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014168:Transferrin; D007501:Iron