title: Plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of hypericin in nonhuman primates.
abstract: Hypericin, a polycyclic aromatic dianthroquinone, is a natural pigment derived from the plant Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort). The compound has been synthesized and shown to inhibit the growth of malignant glioma cell lines in vitro via inhibition of protein kinase C. Oral hypericin has entered clinical trials in adults with recurrent malignant glioma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was performed to characterize the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of hypericin in nonhuman primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypericin was administered as an intravenous bolus dose of 2 mg/kg (n = 3) or 5 mg/kg (n = 1). Plasma and CSF (ventricular or lumbar) were sampled prior to administration and at frequent intervals for up to 50 h after administration of the drug. Hypericin concentrations in plasma and CSF were determined using a specific reverse-phase HPLC assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean peak plasma concentration of hypericin following the 2 mg/kg dose was 142 +/- 45 microM. Elimination of hypericin from plasma was biexponential, with an average alpha half-life of 2.8 +/- 0.3 h and average terminal half-life of 26 +/- 14 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2 mg/kg dose in the nonhuman primate was sufficient to maintain plasma concentrations above 10 microM (the in vitro concentration required for growth inhibition of human glioma cell lines) for up to 12 h. No hypericin was detected in the CSF of any animal (lower limit of detection 0.1 microM); the CSF penetration is therefore less than 1%. A severe dose-limiting photosensitivity skin rash was seen at the 5 mg/kg dose level.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McCully
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Adamson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010569:Perylene / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010569:Perylene; C004965:hypericin