title: Malnutrition, urocanic acid, and sun may interact to suppress immunity in sojourners to high altitude.
abstract: Irradiation of skin by ultraviolet radiation in mice and humans leads to a suppression of cell-mediated immunity. This process is initiated when one of the photoreceptors in skin, trans-urocanic acid, is photoisomerized to cis-urocanic acid, an immunomodulator. High levels of L-histidine, histamine, and trans-urocanic acid are found in humans and animals when they are protein malnourished. Mice fed on an elevated L-histidine diet have more trans-urocanic acid in the skin and are more susceptible to UV-induced immune suppression. Sojourners to high altitudes are malnourished, suffer protein catabolism, are exposed to sun, and often acquire infectious diseases. There is evidence that sunscreens may not adequately protect the immune system. Furthermore, UV intensity increases with altitude. We propose a testable hypothesis: UV radiation causes photoimmune suppression in sojourners to high altitude and this allows infectious diseases to develop. The mechanism we propose includes protein malnutrition, high levels of trans-urocanic acid, ultraviolet radiation, formation of cis-urocanic acid, immune suppression, and infection.
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA. dhhug2@aol.com
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hug
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dunkerson
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009051:Mountaineering / Q000502:physiology*; D009748:Nutrition Disorders; D011488:Protein Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014560:Urocanic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014560:Urocanic Acid