title: Psychological risk factors in pregnant inmates. A challenge for nursing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore pregnant prisoners' experiences with childhood violence and substance abuse, their parenting attitudes, and their psychological health.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a prospective design to describe incarcerated pregnant women's experiences with childhood violence, substance abuse, parenting attitudes, and psychological health and the relationships among these factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three pregnant prisoners in their third trimester were interviewed. Owing to the low literacy of this population, all questions were read to participants to maximize comprehension and reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 60% of respondents reported experiencing family violence during childhood or adolescence. Almost one-half of the women reported using drugs and alcohol during the past year and in their current pregnancy. Substance-abusing respondents were twice as likely to have been victims of physical abuse. All of the women who had been sexually abused during childhood were substance abusers; women who did not use drugs had no such history. Many women in the study had parenting and child rearing attitudes indicative of risk for poor parenting and abuse. More than 70% of the women reported depressive symptoms above the level considered indicative of clinical depression. Women reported low levels of social support; further, 50% of the women had lost an important relationship within the last year and 80% were not in a relationship with a partner at the time of their interview.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The essential components of caring for pregnant prisoners should include extensive screening for substance abuse as well as history of past and current violence. Pregnant prisoners, with their many risk factors, are a group that could benefit from programs that address substance abuse and violence to decrease mental distress.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7460, USA. cfogel@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belyea
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*