title: Doppler hemodynamics of 51 clinically and echocardiographically normal pulmonary valve prostheses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the normal Doppler hemodynamics of various pulmonary valve prostheses (PVPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed comprehensive Doppler echocardiographic examinations of 51 patients (mean age, 27.8 years; range, 1-59 years) with PVPs that were normal on clinical and 2-dimensional echocardiographic examinations to establish the normal hemodynamics of various types and sizes of PVPs. The earliest complete postoperative transthoracic echocardiogram was identified for each patient. Doppler examinations were analyzed for peak instantaneous velocity, right ventricular outflow tract velocity, and peak and mean systolic gradient. The frequency of prosthetic regurgitation was also noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average +/- SD peak instantaneous velocity for all PVPs was 2.24+/-0.6 m/s, with an average peak systolic gradient of 20.4+/-10.4 mm Hg and an average mean systolic gradient of 11.0+/-5.1 mm Hg. The mean right ventricular outflow tract velocity was 1.0+/-0.2 m/s. Pulmonary homografts were found to have significantly lower peak velocities (average, 1.8+/-0.6 m/s) than all heterografts combined (average, 2.4+/-0.5 m/s; P=.002). Prosthetic regurgitation was more common in pulmonary homografts (88%) than in heterografts combined (29%; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study establishes the normal range for Doppler hemodynamics of various PVPs, specifically homografts and heterografts, in both pediatric and adult patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. 55905, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Novaro
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011664:Pulmonary Valve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous