title: Increased mortality with oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists: a meta-analysis of phase III multicenter randomized trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous clinical trials have established the benefits of intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in the management of coronary artery disease. In contrast, the recent large-scale, placebo-controlled, randomized trials of the oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists have failed to provide commensurate reductions in late composite ischemic end points despite potent inhibition of platelet aggregation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ORs for death, myocardial infarction, urgent revascularization, and major bleeding from the 4 large-scale, placebo-controlled, randomized trials with oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were calculated and combined. Stratification by low-dose or high-dose therapy and the use of concurrent aspirin was also undertaken. In 33 326 patients followed for >30 days, a consistent and statistically significant increase in mortality was observed with oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa therapy (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.66; P:=0.001). This effect was evident regardless of aspirin coadministration and treatment with either low-dose or high-dose therapy. Although a reduction in urgent revascularization was observed with oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition, pooled analysis favored an increase in myocardial infarction that did not demonstrate statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although we found a highly significant excess in mortality consistent across 4 trials with 3 different oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor agents, this was associated with a reduction in the need for urgent revascularization and no increase in myocardial infarction. These findings suggest the potential for a direct toxic effect with these agents and argue against a prothrombotic mechanism. Further investigation to elucidate the cause of this increased fatality risk is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000409:Alanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001550:Benzamidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010091:Oximes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D001550:Benzamidines; D010091:Oximes; D010880:Piperidines; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D011759:Pyrrolidines; C120234:orbofiban; D000409:Alanine; C091295:xemilofiban; D001241:Aspirin; C100917:sibrafiban