title: Comparative analysis of organ-specific autoantibodies and celiac disease--associated antibodies in type 1 diabetic patients, their first-degree relatives, and healthy control subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In type 1 diabetes the coexistence with other endocrine diseases and organ-specific autoantibodies has been frequently reported leading to the concept of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS). In addition, an association of type 1 diabetes with celiac disease has been described. These disorders share a similar genetic background, and first-degree relatives of type 1 diabetic patients may also be affected significantly. Screening for specific antibodies allows early diagnosis of these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present cross-sectional study, we analyzed sera from 197 recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients at the time of diagnosis, 882 first-degree relatives, and sera of 150 healthy control subjects for prevalence and co-occurence of the following antibodies (method): insulin autoantibodies (radioimmunoassay); GAD and IA-2 antibodies (radioligand assay); islet cell antibody, anti-adrenal cortex antibodies, and anti-gastric parietal cell antibodies (indirect immunofluorescence); anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies; and gliadin IgG/A and tissue-transglutaminase IgA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall frequency of gastric patietal cell antibodies and adrenal antibodies did not differ significantly among groups. In contrast, type 1 diabetes-associated antibodies and thyroid antibodies were significantly more frequent both in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients and in the group of first-degree relatives (P < 0.05). The prevalence of gliadin IgG/IgA and transglutaminase IgA was significantly higher in the group of recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients (P < 0.05), but the difference between first-degree relatives and control subjects did not reach statistical significance. Focusing on the coexistence of antibodies, the group of recentonset type 1 diabetic patients presented with 27.4% of the subjects testing antibody-positive-specific for two or more of the envisaged disorders (i.e., type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, and celiac disease) compared with 3.1% in the group of first-degree relatives and 0 of 150 in the control population (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that, in an active case-finding strategy, recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients should be routinely screened at least for concomitant autoimmune thyroid disease and additionally for celiac disease. Screening in their first-degree relatives should include at a minimum the search for thyroid autoimmunity in addition to screening for pre-type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Third Medical Department and Policlinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatziagelaki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petzoldt
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bretzel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005903:Gliadin / Q000276:immunology; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006681:HLA-D Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000276:immunology; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010295:Parietal Cells, Gastric / Q000276:immunology; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000276:immunology; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D006681:HLA-D Antigens; D007328:Insulin; D007527:Isoenzymes; D005903:Gliadin; D013954:Thyroglobulin; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D011503:Transglutaminases; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2