title: Helicobacter pylori infection among Japanese children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Japan, there are few reports describing Helicobacter pylori infection among young children. The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors associated with H. pylori in school-aged children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were first-grade students of three elementary schools (n = 310) and second-grade students of a junior high school (n = 300). Personal information, such as student's medical history, parent's history, family size, sibshipsize and household pets, was collected from guardians using a questionnaire. Saliva samples and personal information were collected twice (1995 and 1996). By using the saliva samples, H. pylori IgG antibody was measured using a commercial kit. To analyze the risk factors for H. pylori infection, sex- and age-adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using a multiple logistic model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the children, factors related to Helicobacter antibody in saliva included spending a longer period of time in a nursery school or kindergarten (OR = 4.0) and a maternal history of stomach disease (OR = 2.8). Birth order (OR = 2.2), sleeping situation (OR = 2.3) and sibshipsize (OR = 1.6) were not factors that were significantly related to Helicobacter antibody in the saliva. Chewing food for the infant, family size, rooms in the household, sharing a bedroom during childhood, pets, a past history and a paternal history were not related to positivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that transmission is person-to-person, mainly through close contact with other children and intrafamilial infection. Helicobacter pylori infection seems to occur frequently early in life, probably before 6 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan. mic@med.juntendo.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology