title: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: a prospective study of risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydrocephalus is a common condition of childhood that usually requires insertion of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt. Infection is one of the most devastating complications that may arise from the presence of CSF shunts. In this study, the authors prospectively analyzed perioperative risk factors for CSF shunt infection in a cohort of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 1999, 299 eligible patients underwent CSF shunt operations (insertions and revisions) that were observed by a research nurse at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Several perioperative variables were recorded. All cases were followed postoperatively for 6 months to note any development of CSF shunt infection. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the relationship between the variables and the development of shunt infection. Thirty-one patients (10.4%) experienced shunt infection. Three perioperative variables were significantly associated with an increased risk of shunt infection: 1) the presence of a postoperative CSF leak (hazard ratio [HR] 19.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.96-52.91); 2) patient prematurity (< 40 weeks' gestation at the time of shunt surgery: HR 4.72, 95% CI 1.71-13.06), and 3) the number of times the shunt system was inadvertently exposed to breached surgical gloves (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three variables associated with an increased incidence of shunt infection have been identified. Changes in clinical practice should address these variables, as follows. 1) Great care should be taken intraoperatively to avoid a postoperative CSF leak. 2) Alternatives to placement of a CSF shunt in premature infants should be studied. 3) Surgeons should minimize manual contact with the shunt system and consider the use of double gloves.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamberti-Pasculli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology*