title: Modulation of alveolar-capillary sodium handling as a mechanism of protection of gas transfer by enalapril, and not by losartan, in chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to compare the protective efficacy of enalapril and losartan on lung diffusion in chronic heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In CHF, hydrostatic overload causes disruption of the alveolar-capillary membrane and depression of carbon monoxide diffusion (DCO); enalapril improves DCO through mechanisms still undefined; and saline infusion in the pulmonary circulation worsens DCO, putatively because of an upregulated sodium transport to the alveolar interstitium. We investigated whether enalapril modulates sodium handling and whether losartan shares the same properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 29 patients with CHF, DCO, its membrane diffusion subcomponent (DM) and right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures were monitored during saline infusion, in the control condition, during enalapril therapy (20 mg/day) for two weeks and after crossover to losartan (50 mg/day) for two weeks (first 20 patients), or after the combination of enalapril with aspirin (325 mg/day) for one week (last 9 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Saline, 150 ml, lowered DCO (-7.9%; p < 0.01) and DM (-9.9%; p < 0.01) without hydrostatic variations. Responses to 750 ml of saline were qualitatively similar. After treatment with enalapril, baseline DCO (p < 0.01) and DM (p < 0.01) were augmented; after sodium loading, the percent reductions of DCO (p < 0.01) and DM (p < 0.01) were comparable to those before it, resulting in higher absolute values. This suggests that the greater the gas conductance improvement with enalapril, the lower the impedance with saline. Losartan was ineffective on gas transfer at rest and under salt challenge. Aspirin counteracted the benefits of enalapril.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CHF, enalapril protects lung diffusion, possibly through a prostaglandin-mediated modulation of sodium overfiltration to the alveolar interstitium; losartan does not share this ability.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Cardiologia dell'Università degli Studi, Centro di Studio per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IRCCS, Milano, Italy. marco.guazzi@cardiologicomonzino.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guazzi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Guazzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004656:Enalapril / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019808:Losartan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000098:blood supply*; D011653:Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015222:Sodium Channels; D004656:Enalapril; D012964:Sodium; D019808:Losartan