title: The clinical expression of hemochromatosis in Oslo, Norway. Excessive oral iron intake may lead to secondary hemochromatosis even in HFE C282Y mutation negative subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis in Norway is one of the highest reported in the world. However, the clinical presentation in patients with hemochromatosis in Norway seems to be different compared with recent studies elsewhere. The aim of this study was to investigate patients with hemochromatosis in one community hospital in Norway and to study the prevalence of the C282Y mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty patients were consecutively admitted to one medical department in Oslo. Serum transferrin and ferritin concentrations were measured in all patients, and a percutaneous liver biopsy was obtained in 108 of 120 (90%) patients. Stainable iron (Perls stain) in hepatocytes was graded from 0 to 4+ and fibrosis from 1 to 4. Genotyping for the C282Y and H63D mutation in the HFE gene was performed by PCR-RFLP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight (40%) of the patients suffered from tiredness and astenia and 29 (24%) had typical arthropathy. Only 5 of 105 (4.5%) had biopsy confirmed cirrhosis and 5 had diabetes mellitus. Patients referred from a blood bank had significantly less symptoms and signs compared with other patients. Twenty-one of 120 (17.5%) patients were C282Y mutation negative. Seventeen (81%) of these patients (16 women and 1 man) had a history of extensive oral iron intake lasting from 5 to 50 years. When excluding those with extensive oral iron intake (n = 17), 92 of 103 (89%) were homozygous for the C282Y mutation, 7 (7%) were heterozygous including 3 compound heterozygous and 4 (4%) were mutation negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a minority of our patients with hemochromatosis had a far advanced disease at the time of diagnosis (less than 5% had cirrhosis) and hemochromatosis in a majority of the C282Y mutation negative patients was associated with excessive oral iron intake for several years.
authors.affiliation: Medical Dept, Aker University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. helge.bell@ioks.uio.no
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Undlien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Distante
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raknerud
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Try
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Thomassen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raha-Chowdhury
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thorsby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003580:Cytochromes / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D003580:Cytochromes