title: Coronary endothelial injury after local occlusion on the human beating heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occlusion of coronary arteries during beating heart surgery bears the potential for mechanical trauma to the arterial wall with consequent endothelial injury. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of local occlusion on the beating heart in human coronary arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronary arteries of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 7) or ischemic heart disease (n = 10) undergoing heart transplantation were locally occluded after starting cardiopulmonary bypass. Immediately after excision of the diseased heart, the vessels were fixed. Unoccluded segments served as controls. Integrity of endothelial lining was observed with scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electron microscopy revealed significantly more severe endothelial injury in the area of occlusion than in the adjacent, not manipulated control segments. In the region of local occlusion, plaque rupture was noted in three of 34 atherosclerotic vessel specimens, injury to side branches was evident in two of 44, and local microthrombus formation was evident in six of 44 samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local occlusion of human coronary arteries during beating heart coronary surgery may cause focal endothelial denudation, local microthrombosis, atherosclerotic plaque rupture, and injury to target vessel side branches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery and Institute of Anatomy and Histology, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck, Austria. herbert.hangler@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Hangler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfaller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Antretter
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Dapunt
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Bonatti
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000601:surgery; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans