title: Promiscuous and specific phospholipid binding by domains in ZAC, a membrane-associated Arabidopsis protein with an ARF GAP zinc finger and a C2 domain.
abstract: Arabidopsis proteins were predicted which share an 80 residue zinc finger domain known from ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating proteins (ARF GAPs). One of these is a 37 kDa protein, designated ZAC, which has a novel domain structure in which the N-terminal ARF GAP domain and a C-terminal C2 domain are separated by a region without homology to other known proteins. Zac promoter/beta-glucuronidase reporter assays revealed highest expression levels in flowering tissue, rosettes and roots. ZAC protein was immuno-detected mainly in association with membranes and fractionated with Golgi and plasma membrane marker proteins. ZAC membrane association was confirmed in assays by a fusion between ZAC and the green fluorescence protein and prompted an analysis of the in vitro phospholipid-binding ability of ZAC. Phospholipid dot-blot and liposome-binding assays indicated that fusion proteins containing the ZAC-C2 domain bind anionic phospholipids non-specifically, with some variance in Ca2+ and salt dependence. Similar assays demonstrated specific affinity of the ZAC N-terminal region (residues 1-174) for phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PI-3-P). Binding was dependent in part on an intact zinc finger motif, but proteins containing only the zinc finger domain (residues 1-105) did not bind PI-3-P. Recombinant ZAC possessed GTPase-activating activity on Arabidopsis ARF proteins. These data identify a novel PI-3-P-binding protein region and thereby provide evidence that this phosphoinositide is recognized as a signal in plants. A role for ZAC in the regulation of ARF-mediated vesicular transport in plants is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lykke-Andersen
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Frandsen
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haseloff
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jespersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mundy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skriver
mesh_terms: D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010743:Phospholipids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors