title: The use of mirrors during an assembly task: a study of ergonomics and productivity.
abstract: Industrial assembly tasks often require awkward, sustained neck and/or shoulder postures that can lead to increased musculoskeletal discomfort and reduced productivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mirror and periscope visual aids as ergonomic interventions designed to eliminate awkward postures of the cervicobrachial region during assembly tasks. Participants simulated a simple assembly task by using a cordless screwdriver to drive screws into a pre-tapped aluminium block. Trials of 15 min were run for each of four distinct assembly workstation configurations: industry standard (in-line screwdriver, work at elbow height, no visual aid); pistol grip (pistol grip screwdriver, work at shoulder height, no visual aid); mirror (in-line screwdriver, work at elbow height, single mirror visual aid); and periscope (in-line screwdriver, work at elbow height, two-mirror visual aid system). Muscular activity, discomfort, body posture, productivity and operator subjective assessment were recorded to determine the effects of the visual aid interventions. The results show that when comparing the interventions to the industry standard condition, there was a 45% reduction in average cervical erector spinae activity, a 90% reduction in average neck flexion angle and a 72% reduction in neck discomfort with the interventions. When comparing these interventions to the pistol grip condition there was an 80% reduction in activity of the dominant side deltoid, a 92% reduction in shoulder flexion angle and an 81% decrease in shoulder discomfort with the interventions. Productivity was greatest in the industry standard configuration followed by the pistol grip (9% lower), the periscope (13% lower) and the mirror (23% lower) configurations. A follow-up study that compared the productivity of the periscope configuration with that of the industry standard configuration showed that within a 4-h work period this productivity differential decreased by over 33%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7906, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Monroe
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Joines
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mirka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D004526:Efficiency; D004576:Electromyography; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis