title: Quality of hospital care for seriously ill children in less-developed countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improving the quality of care for sick children referred to hospitals in less-developed countries may lead to better outcomes, including reduced mortality. Data are lacking, however, on the quality of priority screening (triage), emergency care, diagnosis, and inpatient treatment in these hospitals, and on aspects of these potential targets that would benefit most from interventions leading to improved health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a qualitative study in 13 district hospitals and eight teaching hospitals in seven less-developed countries. Experienced paediatricians used a structured survey instrument to assess initial triage, emergency and inpatient care, staff knowledge and practices, and hospital support services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall quality of care differed between countries and among hospitals and was generally better in teaching hospitals. 14 of 21 hospitals lacked an adequate system for triage. Initial patient assessment was often inadequate and treatment delayed. Most emergency treatment areas were poorly organised and lacked essential supplies; families were routinely required to buy emergency drugs before they could be given. Adverse factors in case management, including inadequate assessment, inappropriate treatment, and inadequate monitoring occurred in 76% of inpatient children. Most doctors in district hospitals, and nurses and medical assistants in teaching and district hospitals, had inadequate knowledge and reported practice for managing important childhood illnesses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strengthening care for sick children referred to hospital should focus on achievable objectives with the greatest potential benefit for health outcome. Possible targets for improvement include initial triage, emergency care, assessment, inpatient treatment, and monitoring. Priority targets for individual hospitals may be determined by assessing each hospital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Murdock Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Angos
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muhe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qazi
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Simoes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tamburlini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D006767:Hospitals, District / Q000592:standards*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014218:Triage / Q000458:organization & administration