title: Development of bladder control in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.
abstract: The study aimed to investigate the development of bladder control in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to determinate subgroups with deviant development of bladder control and a higher risk of not achieving urinary continence. Children and adolescents between the ages of 4 and 18 years with a diagnosis of CP, from six Dutch rehabilitation centres were included in the study (n=601). Parents of these participants were sent a questionnaire, of whom 76% responded. Prevalence of primary urinary incontinence was 23.5%. Survival curves were made to determine the development of achieving bladder control in CP. For participants who achieved urinary continence, the development was delayed in comparison with normally developing children and adolescents. The most important factors influencing the occurrence of urinary incontinence in CP were tetraplegia and low intellectual capacity. At age six, 54% of participants with spastic tetraplegia and 80% with spastic hemiplegia or diplegia gained urinary continence spontaneously. Of those who had low intellectual capacity, 38% were dry at this age.
authors.affiliation: St Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Ruroijen@wxs.nl
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Roijen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Postema
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Limbeek
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Kuppevelt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000254:growth & development*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology