title: Personality characteristics and accompanying symptoms in temporomandibular joint dysfunction, headache, and facial pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with different facial pain/headache pathologies usually complain of numerous accompanying symptoms relative to systemic dysfunctions or to the patient's personality characteristics. The purpose of this work was: (1) to determine the prevalence of accompanying symptoms in groups of patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction and other types of facial pain or headache disorders, (2) to assess the patients' personality characteristics and anxiety levels, and (3) to see whether significant differences were found between the groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-three patients were considered. They had TMJ intracapsular disorder (TMJ, n = 71), tension-type headache (TH, n = 52), migraine (M, n = 68), chronic daily headache (CDH, n = 26), or facial pain disorder as somatoform disorder (FP, n = 26). The presence of 23 symptoms was assessed; the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were administered and the relative scores were calculated. Four different MMPI clusters (depressive, conversive, emotional, coper) were also considered. Intergroup differences were assessed by Chi-square analysis, 1-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni t test, and a logistic regression model and then standardized for gender and age, taking the tension-type headache group as a common reference group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TMJ group had: (1) a lower prevalence of almost all symptoms; (2) significantly lower scores of several MMPI and of state anxiety; and (3) odds ratio values < 1 for all symptoms except phobias and for emotional, conversive, and depressive MMPI profiles. The FP and CDH groups had the highest prevalence of the majority of symptoms and higher MMPI and STAI scale elevations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that some types of headache and facial pain seem to correlate with the presence of a number of accompanying symptoms and with some changes in personality. These changes are particularly relevant in patients with chronic daily headache and facial pain disorder. In contrast, patients with TMJ intracapsular disorders tended to show a low prevalence of accompanying symptoms and a normal personality profile.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Headache and Facial Pain, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, I. 10126 Turin, Italy. Spertino@golgi.molinette.unito.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mongini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciccone
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ibertis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Negro
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology