title: Opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain. Attitudes and practices of primary care physicians in the UCSF/Stanford Collaborative Research Network. University of California, San Francisco.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hoped to determine the attitudes and practices of primary care physicians regarding the use of opioids to treat chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP). We also examined the factors associated with the willingness to prescribe opioids for CNMP.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was mailed to primary care physicians in the University of California, San Francisco/Stanford Collaborative Research Network. This survey contained questions regarding treatment in response to 3 case vignettes, the use of opioids for CNMP in general, and the demographic characteristics of the physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 230 physicians surveyed, 161 (70%) responded. Two percent of the respondents were never willing to prescribe schedule III opioids (eg, acetaminophen with codeine) as needed for patients with CNMP that persisted unchanged after exhaustive evaluation and attempts at treatment. Thirty-five percent were never willing to prescribe schedule II opioids (eg, sustained-release morphine) on an around-the-clock schedule for these patients. The most significant predictor of willingness to prescribe opioids for patients with CNMP was a lower level of concern about physical dependence, tolerance, and addiction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care physicians are willing to prescribe schedule III opioids as needed, but many are unwilling to use schedule II opioids around the clock for CNMP. Individual prescribing practices vary widely among primary care physicians. Concerns about physical dependence, tolerance, and addiction are barriers to the prescription of opioids by primary care physicians for patients with CNMP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine University of California, San Francisco 94143-0900, USA. mpotter@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Mendez
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gjeltema
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedrin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cozen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Croughan-Minihane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002908:Chronic Disease; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012495:San Francisco; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid