title: Multiple outbreaks of Norwalk-like virus gastro-enteritis associated with a Mediterranean-style restaurant.
abstract: The role of diverse infectious agents, particularly Norwalk-like viruses (NLV), in three successive gastro-enteritis outbreaks in one setting (a restaurant) was evaluated. Methods included standard bacteriological tests, specific tests for Escherichia coli, tests for verocytotoxins, electron microscopy (EM) for viruses and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methodology for NLV. No pathogenic bacteria were detected. Verocytotoxin genes, although detected by PCR in the first outbreak, could not be confirmed in the E. coli isolated, so they did not appear to be of significance. NLV was the main agent detected in each of the three outbreaks. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the amplified products obtained from the RT-PCR positive specimens indicated that only one NLV strain was involved in each outbreak, but the NLV strains responsible for the three outbreaks were different from each other. PCR technology for detection of NLV proved highly sensitive, but failed to detect one specimen which was positive by EM. The restaurant associated with the outbreaks is a Mediterranean-style restaurant where food from a common platter is typically eaten with fingers. The findings indicate that NLV was introduced by guests or staff and was not due to a long-term reservoir within the setting.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: L K W
authors.initials: LKW
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Catton
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gunesekere
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bettelheim
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilby
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, *Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, †Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 and ‡Department of Human Services, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaston
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D009663:Norwalk virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012147:Restaurants; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D022603:Shiga Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D022603:Shiga Toxins