title: An attempt to explain why Tanzanian children drinking water containing 0.2 or 3.6 mg fluoride per liter exhibit a similar level of dental fluorosis.
abstract: The aim of this study was to identify factors that might explain the similar level of prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in two neighboring areas in Tanzania: Kibosho; 0.2 mg fluoride/l, n = 96 and Arusha; 3.6 mg fluoride/l in drinking water, n = 80. Subjects aged 8-16 years were examined for dental fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI). Based on the score on the upper left central incisor, the prevalence was not significantly different between the communities (TFI > or = 1). The severity, however, was significantly higher in Arusha. The areas had different food habits, e.g., type of weaning food used, and the use of magadi, a fluoride containing salt. In Arusha, 99% of the children had been given lishe, which is a magadi-free weaning food. Conversely in Kibosho, 61% used lishe while 39% used the magadi-containing weaning food kiborou. Magadi was used as food tenderizer in 'adult food' by 98% in Kibosho and 45% in Arusha. Residential area and use of magadi explained 5% of the variance in TFI scores in inter-area analyses. In intra-area analyses, weaning food in Kibosho and use of magadi in Arusha had a significant effect, but the total explained variance was only 5 and 4%, respectively. Apart from fluoride in the drinking water, other sources of fluoride such as use of magadi in weaning food (kiborou) and in the adult food may partly explain the high prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in the community with 0.2 mg fluoride per liter in the drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. mihaa@erasmus.uib.no
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Awadia
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Haugejorden
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bjorvatn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D005457:Fluoridation; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005503:Food Additives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016014:Linear Models; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D005459:Fluorides