title: A new transducer based on the evanescent field effect for high-resolution displacement and force measurements.
abstract: A new transducer, using the effect of frustrated total internal reflection of electromagnetic waves, was developed for displacement and force measurements in muscle research. The physical theory for this effect predicts the formation of an evanescent electromagnetic field in the gap between two separated optical surfaces. This evanescent electromagnetic field enables the transmission of light across the gap between the two media, an effect not contained in ray optics formalism. In the apparatus described here, the optical surfaces were obtained by bevelling 2 optical fibres to angles higher than the specific critical angle of the media used. Since the amount of transmitted light depends strongly on the distance between the surfaces, very small forces are detectable if one fibre is used as a cantilever. To test the transducer a small myofibrillar bundle (20 microm diameter) was mounted isometrically on it and contraction activated by release of "caged" Ca2+. Force and displacement steps of 180-220 nN and 9-11 nm respectively were measured with resolutions of 10 nN and 288 pm, respectively. From theoretical and practical considerations, it is expected that the presented principle will be able to achieve even much higher sensitivity for the determination of force (better than picoNewton) and distance (femtometre).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Knobloch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002138:Calibration; D004548:Elasticity; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D008027:Light; D008433:Mathematics; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000502:physiology*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D016658:Psoas Muscles; D011817:Rabbits; D014159:Transducers; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium