title: A modest reduction in c-myc expression has minimal effects on cell growth and apoptosis but dramatically reduces susceptibility to Ras and Raf transformation.
abstract: Dergulation of c-myc and mutation of ras genes is commonly found in many human tumors. Several lines of evidence indicate that c-Myc and oncogenic Ras cooperate in causing malignant transformation, but the mechanism of this cooperation is not understood. We set out to investigate the effect on transformation of a modest reduction in endogenous c-Myc expression, which was achieved using a c-myc heterozygous cell line constructed by targeted homologous recombination. In contrast to previous reports where c-Myc expression or activity was ablated using antisense or dominant-defective methods, use of c-myc +/- cells provides a stable and homogeneous cell culture system with a precisely defined c-Myc expression level. In addition, this approach does not suffer from nonspecific artifacts such as antisense oligonucleotide toxicity or interference of dominant-defective proteins with multiple (and often undefined) target proteins. The striking and unexpected finding communicated here is that the relatively modest 50% reduction in c-Myc expression resulted in a greater than 10-fold reduction in susceptibility to transformation by oncogenic Ras or Raf proteins. This very significant defect in transformation potential cannot be explained on the basis of a generalized cell-cycle defect, because c-myc +/- cells exhibit only a minimal (20%) reduction in proliferation. Genetic epistasis analysis indicated that c-Myc and Ras acted by independent pathways that converged to regulate the abundance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein p27Kip1. Anchorage deprivation elicited a strong up-regulation of p27, and a 50% reduction in c-Myc expression significantly compromised the ability of Ras to down-regulate p27. We propose that Ras and c-Myc signals cooperate to regulate the activity of cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes: the former by up-regulating the expression of cyclin D1 and the latter by affecting the activity of the complexes. Ectopic expression of cyclin A restored the transformation potential of c-myc +/- cells, implicating it as a downstream genetic component in the pathway. From a therapeutic standpoint, it is of interest that, although transformation appears to be very sensitive to c-Myc expression levels, much larger reductions can be tolerated without causing any significant cell cycle defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Bazarov
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mateyak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sedivy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020868:Gene Silencing; D016259:Genes, myc; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D027384:Oncogene Proteins v-raf; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011922:Rats, Mutant Strains; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C493962:Cdkn1b protein, rat; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D016213:Cyclins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D027384:Oncogene Proteins v-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D018631:ras Proteins