title: Testing for antiphospholipid antibodies: problems and solutions.
abstract: The first aCL test was developed in 1983 and subsequently standardized. Although new and more specific tests have become available, the aCL ELISA and the LA tests are still the first choice to be used in diagnosis of APS. Newer tests such as the anti beta 2 GP1 ELISA and the APhL ELISA Kit (Louisville APL Diagnostics) use somewhat different antigens and likely provide a more specific (and possibly more reliable) diagnosis of APS while retaining good-to-excellent sensitivity. Other tests, such as ELISA for prothrombin antibodies and annexin V antibodies, are still undergoing development and will require standardization and extensive evaluation. We thank Dr Isabel Abreu and Dr Mittermeyer B. Santiago for performing some of the studies reported in this review.
authors.affiliation: Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA. pierans@msm.edu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pierangeli
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Gharavi
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood*; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid