title: Chronic toxicity of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in soil determined using the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) reproduction test.
abstract: The sublethal and chronic effects of the environmental contaminant and explosive octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in artificial soil were assessed using the earthworm (Eisenia andrei). Based on various reproduction parameters (total and hatched number of cocoons, number of juveniles and their biomass), fecundity was reduced at the different concentrations of HMX tested (from 280.0 +/- 12.3 to 2502.9 +/- 230.0 mg kg-1 dry soil) in spiked artificial soil (LOEC: 280.0 +/- 12.3 mg kg-1 dry soil). The growth of adult E. andrei was also reduced at the different concentrations tested, though no mortality occurred, even at the highest tested concentrations. The number of juveniles produced was correlated with the number of total and hatched cocoons, and the biomass of juveniles was correlated with the number of cocoons. Pooled results of these and earlier studies on explosives (TNT, RDX) using the E. andrei reproduction test confirm that effects of HMX on cocoon production are indicative of some reproductive consequences (number of juvenile and their biomass), whereas adult growth, in general, does not correlate strongly with change in reproduction capacity.
authors.affiliation: Applied Ecotoxicology Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2. pierre-yves.robidoux@nrc.ca
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Robidoux
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiboutot
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ampleman
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Sunahara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001392:Azocines / Q000633:toxicity*; D001681:Biological Assay; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C007950:octogen