title: Tobacco smoking and neutrophil activity in patients with periodontal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco smoking has considerable negative effects on periodontal health. The mechanisms behind these effects are incompletely understood but may be related to the host response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of tobacco smoking on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of elastase, lactoferrin (LF), alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-AT), and alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-MG) under periodontally diseased conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 15 smokers (5 women and 10 men) aged 34 to 69 years and 17 non-smokers (5 women and 12 men) aged 31 to 81 years. Clinical registration of gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth, as well as sampling of GCF were made at 3 sites with severe lesions and 3 sites with moderate lesions in each individual. The elastase activity was measured with a chromogenic low molecular substrate and the LF, alpha-1-AT, and alpha-2-MG concentrations with ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that, with regard to severe lesions, smokers had a significantly lower concentration of alpha-2-MG as well as significantly lower total amounts of alpha-2-MG and alpha-1-AT than non-smokers. With regard to moderate lesions, smokers tended to exhibit a lower concentration of alpha-2-MG, but the difference was not statistically significant. Comparing moderate and severe lesions, smokers exhibited no gradual increase with disease severity in contrast to non-smokers, who showed significantly or almost significantly increased levels of LF and alpha-2-MG in severe as compared to moderate lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate that the levels of alpha-2-MG and alpha-1-AT are suppressed in smokers with periodontitis, suggesting that smoking interferes with these protease inhibitors. This may be one mechanism by which smoking affects the inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Periodontology, Stockholm, Sweden. Persson@ofa.ki.se
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000032:analysis; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D007781:Lactoferrin; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase