Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: a review.
We reviewed various dietary strategies to contain the toxic effects of mycotoxins using antioxidant compounds (selenium, vitamins, provitamins), food components (phenolic compounds, coumarin, chlorophyll and its derivatives, fructose, aspartame), medicinal herbs and plant extracts, and mineral and biological binding agents (hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, bentonites, zeolites, activated carbons, bacteria, and yeast). Available data are primarily from in vitro studies and mainly focus on aflatoxin B1, whereas much less information is available about other mycotoxins. Compounds with antioxidant properties are potentially very efficacious because of their ability to act as superoxide anion scavengers. Interesting results have been obtained by food components contained in coffee, strawberries, tea, pepper, grapes, turmeric, Fava tonka, garlic, cabbage, and onions. Additionally, some medicinal herbs and plant extracts could potentially provide protection against aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. Activated carbons, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, and bacteria seem to effectively act as binders. We conclude that dietary strategies are the most promising approach to the problem, considering their limited or nil interference in the food production process. Nevertheless, a great research effort is necessary to verify the in vivo detoxification ability of the purposed agents, their mode of action, possible long-term drawbacks of these detoxification-decontamination procedures, and their economical and technical feasibility.
Galvano
F
F
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroforestali ed Ambientali, Universita di Reggio, Gallina di Reggio Calabria, Italy. fgalvano@mbox.fagr.unict.it
Piva
A
A
Ritieni
A
A
Galvano
G
G
D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D004032:Diet; D005503:Food Additives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010946:Plants, Medicinal
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005503:Food Additives; D009183:Mycotoxins