title: Ablation depths and morphological changes in human enamel and dentin after Er:YAG laser irradiation with or without water mist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation was performed quantitatively to determine the ranges of ablation and to evaluate the morphological changes in human enamel and dentin irradiated by Er:YAG laser with or without water mist.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recently, several infrared lasers have been introduced in the dental clinic to remove carious dental hard tissues in anticipation of replacing the high-speed dental drill. Among them, the Er:YAG laser has shown the most promise for hard tissue ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Er:YAG laser was used to ablate human dental hard tissues using a pulse energy that ranged from 100 to 400 mJ at a frequency of 2 Hz for 5 seconds. Ablation rates with or without water mist at different pulse energies were measured, and the morphological changes on enamel and dentin were also investigated by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relationship between ablation depths and energies was almost linear at both enamel and dentin samples. The irradiation with water mist reduced the ablation depths, but only minimally, when compared to those irradiated without water mist. Morphological findings by SEM indicated that Er:YAG laser irradiation with water mist could produce the cavities without signs of thermal damage to the surrounding enamel and dentin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that addition of a fine water mist directed at the ablation sites does not greatly decrease the ablation, and does not cause any carbonization and melting in the surrounding dental hard tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water