title: Vagus nerve stimulation for children and adolescents with intractable epilepsies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of patients > 12 years of age with refractory partial epilepsies and it is suggested that VNS should be considered as one of the treatment options for these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients had partial epilepsies and one had symptomatic generalized epilepsy. After observation of the baseline seizure frequency and the average seizure frequency for 3 months, the VNS system was implanted. Thereafter, seizure frequency, average seizure frequency of each seizure type during the month just before the evaluation, seizure severity, side effects and quality of life were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In four of five patients, overall seizure frequency was reduced > 50% after VNS treatment. The seizure types that showed a > 50% reduction in frequency were auras, focal clonic, generalized tonic clonic seizures, astatic, versive, hypomotor, generalized tonic and generalized clonic seizures according to Lüders' classification. In two patients, as major convulsive seizures were reduced in number after VNS treatment, dialeptic seizures (non-convulsive seizure with lapse of consciousness) gradually appeared. In one patient without significant seizure reduction, quick recovery from postictal periods after generalized tonic seizure was seen after treatment. In one patient with generalized epilepsy, improvement of cognitive function was reported by his guardians. After VNS, the number of antiepileptic drugs was reduced from three to one in one patient. No significant adverse effects were noted in any patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that VNS is well tolerated in young patients with intractable epilepsies and it may be an important non-pharmacologic treatment option for children with severe epilepsies who cannot tolerate medical therapy and/or are not candidates for epilepsy surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, USA. wakai@sapmed.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kotagal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014630:Vagus Nerve