title: Clinical presentation of rhabdoid tumors of the kidney.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We designed this study to differentiate the clinical presentation, particularly the incidence of hematuria, of a rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK), a rare but highly malignant tumor, from a Wilms tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed patient flow charts from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and queried participating hospitals to obtain additional information regarding presenting symptoms and laboratory data for fifty patients. Patient ages ranged from 2 days to 3.5 years with a mean of 11 months. We documented the presence of gross and microscopic hematuria, fever, and hypercalcemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas 75% of children with rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK) had stage III (44%), IV (27%), or V (4%) tumors, 67% of children with Wilms tumors had stage I (41%) or II (26%) tumors. Either gross or microscopic hematuria was present in 84.4% (27/32) of the patients with RTK. Gross hematuria was present in 59% (22/37) of children with RTK compared with 18% previously reported with Wilms tumor. Microscopic hematuria was present in 76% (22/29) of children with RTK compared with 24% previously reported with Wilms tumor. Fever was found in 44% (16/36) of children with RTK, compared with 22% of children previously reported with Wilms tumor. Hypercalcemia was seen 26% (6/23) of children with RTK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although diagnosis of any renal mass still must be confirmed with histopathologic features, a distinct clinical presentation with fever, hematuria, a young age, and high-tumor stage at presentation suggests the diagnosis of RTK.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Virginia Childrens Medical Center, Charlottesville, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Amar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Breslow
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: de Alarcon
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006417:Hematuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018335:Rhabdoid Tumor / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis