title: Trypanosoma cruzi infection of squirrel monkeys: comparison of blood smear examination, commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction analysis as screening tests for evaluation of monkey-related injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wild-caught New World monkeys (NWM) from Central or South America are often infected with Trypanosoma species, including T. cruzi. In humans, T. cruzi causes Chagas' disease. Even in closed monkey colonies, T. cruzi can be propagated by blood-to-blood exposure, sexual activity, and transplacental transmission. Animal handlers and laboratory staff who deal with blood and tissues from infected NWM are at riskfor acquiring Chagas' disease via accidental exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened 162 blood samples from wild-caught Saimiri sp. monkeys for Trypanosoma species infections by use of blood smear examination, ELISA, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Blood samples from 19 employees with recent history of monkey-associated injuries also were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six percent (10/162) of the monkey samples were T. cruzi positive on the basis of blood smear examination results, 10.4% (17/162) were positive by ELISA results, and 26.5% (43/162) were positive by PCR results. Other organisms identified by PCR analysis included T. rangeli in two animals, Plasmodium spp. in two animals (P. malariae confirmed by PCR results) and microfilariae in one animal (morphologically, Mansonella perstans). Evidence of trypanosome infection was not found in the 19 employee samples on the basis of results of any of the three aforementioned tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Close attention must be paid to worker safety where wild-caught NWM are used. The PCR analysis has a clear advantage over conventional techniques (ELISA, blood smear) for screening NWM for trypanosome infections during quarantine and after employee injury.
authors.affiliation: McGill Center for Tropical Diseases, Montreal General Hospital, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ndao
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Normandin
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whiteman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kokoskin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D002170:Canada; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006172:Guyana; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000662:veterinary; D017056:Medical Laboratory Personnel; D010568:Peru; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018419:Primate Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology; D012449:Safety; D012453:Saimiri; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000302:isolation & purification*