title: Persistent postpartum urinary retention in contemporary obstetric practice. Definition, prevalence and clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate the prevalence, presumed etiologies and clinical implications of persistent postpartum urinary retention in modern obstetric practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 8,402 consecutive, unselected parturients delivered in a university-affiliated maternity hospital over a one-year period. If a woman was unable to void spontaneously until the third postpartum day despite intermittent use of a Foley catheter, a diagnosis of persistent postpartum urinary retention was established. Patients were treated by insertion of a Foley catheter for up to two weeks and subsequently by a suprapubic catheter. Obstetric data were collected from the hospital records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients (0.05% of the study population), aged 29-37 years, developed persistent postpartum urinary retention. Risk factors included vaginal delivery after cesarean section, prolonged second stage of labor, epidural analgesia, and delayed diagnosis and intervention. Urodynamic evaluation, performed on two patients one month after removal of the suprapubic catheter, revealed genuine stress incontinence in one and detrusor instability in another. None had had any lower urinary tract symptoms before pregnancy and delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent postpartum urinary retention in contemporary obstetric practice is rare but may be associated with long-term bladder dysfunction. Early diagnosis and intervention are required to prevent irreversible bladder damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. agroutz@aol.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Groutz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wolman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaffa
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kupferminc
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lessing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D011247:Pregnancy; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016064:Vaginal Birth after Cesarean