title: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol in fatal civil aviation accidents between 1994 and 1998.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of drugs and alcohol in aviation is closely monitored by the FAA Office of Aviation Medicine's (OAM's) Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) through the toxicological analysis of specimens from pilots who have died in aviation accidents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frozen specimens received from local pathologists were tested and the results entered into a computer database for future analysis. The data were sorted based on the class of drug, controlled dangerous substance schedules II, and I controlled dangerous substance schedules III-V, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and alcohol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specimens from 1683 pilots were analyzed between 1994 to 1998. Controlled dangerous substances, CDS, (schedules I and II) were found in 89 of the pilots analyzed. Controlled dangerous substances (schedules III-V) were found in 49 of the pilots tested. Prescription drugs were found in 240 of the pilots analyzed. Over-the-counter drugs were found in 301 of the pilots analyzed. Alcohol at or above the legal limit of 0.04% was found in 124 pilots. No abused drugs were found in Class 1 air transport fatal pilots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research supports the very low incidence rate of drugs found in the FAA random drug-testing program. Over-the-counter medications are the most frequently found drugs in fatal aviation accidents and many of these drugs could impair a pilot's ability to safely fly an aircraft. This data is helpful to the FAA in developing programs to reduce the usage of dangerous drugs and identify potentially incapacitating medical conditions that may cause an accident. Data collected from this research can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the FAA drug-testing program.
authors.affiliation: Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, USA. dennis_canfield@mmacmail.jccbi.gov
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hordinsky
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Millett
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Endecott
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000437:Alcoholism; D001344:Autopsy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009026:Mortality; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs