title: Methodologic considerations in estimating burden of disease from environmental risk factors at national and global levels.
abstract: Evidence from environmental burden-of-disease studies can provide valuable input in the decision-making process in environmental health, facilitating priority setting and cost effectiveness evaluation. This paper discusses important aspects of environmental burden-of-disease estimates in the light of) published examples. To produce reliable and comparable burden-of-disease estimates for environmental and occupational risk factors, harmonized methods are needed. Such methods should address the feasibility of data collection at national, regional, and global levels, the reliability of estimates, the uncertainty around estimates, and scenario tools to investigate the health gains of options for preventive action in different domains of policy. Any such method will require a framework (i.e., causal inference model) able to take into account the contributions of distal and proximal causes, and the possible interactions between risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Protection of the Human Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prüss
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Corvalán
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pastides
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: De Hollander
mesh_terms: D018876:Environmental Illness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants