title: Nuclear magnetic imaging of an osmotic water uptake and delivery process.
abstract: The water absorption of NH4F-doped silicone cylinders was studied by spin-echo Fourier nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, in conjunction with gravimetric (mass uptake) and ionic concentration (release of NH4F) measurements. The addition of NH4F greatly increases the water uptake as the inclusions are surrounded by droplets of water when wetted by water diffusing in the polymer. These droplets then expand due to the osmotic pressure difference between the internal droplet and external solution; this expansion is opposed by an elastic restraining force. The rate of ingress into the polymer will depend on the relative chemical potential of water associated with the polymer and the droplet, as well as the diffusion coefficient. Later stages of the absorption process are dominated by the droplets. The dilution of the droplets (from water diffusing into the droplets) slowly reduces the chemical potential driving the process. Hence, the later stages occur without any notable concentration gradient but a slight chemical potential gradient. If the droplet expansion exceeds that which can be restrained by the material, failure around the droplet occurs resulting in the release of the salt and the solution within the droplet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials in Relation to Dentistry, IRC in Biomedical Materials, St. Bartholomew's and Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary Westfield College, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kinchesh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braden
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009995:Osmosis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014867:Water; C024822:ammonium fluoride; D005459:Fluorides