title: Management of acute pulmonary hemorrhage in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute pulmonary hemorrhage can result from a variety of causes. This report offers a diagnosis and treatment plan for children with acute, life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage resulting from a variety of causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of children with acute pulmonary hemorrhage cared for at a tertiary care children's hospital during from January 1, 1993 to September 1, 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen children were identified with life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage during the study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bronchoscopy was the keystone to diagnosis of pulmonary hemorrhage in this series. All of the children underwent multiple procedures to stabilize the airway and control blood loss. These interventions included CO2 laser bronchoscopy, Nd-YAG laser bronchoscopy, endoscopic balloon occlusion of a lobe or main bronchus, topical airway vasoconstrictors, endoscopic tumor excision, transcatheter embolization of bronchial vessels, and lobectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three children died and 11 survived without neurological sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Control of acute pulmonary hemorrhage is a difficult problem and often requires multiple procedures. Endoscopic control is usually required for palliation until more definitive therapy can be undertaken.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric ENT Associates, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. sidma001@gold.tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sidman
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Cabalka
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Soumekh
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000465:Algorithms; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014140:Tracheotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine