title: Toward establishing procedural, criterion, and discriminant validity for PTSD in early childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore several key aspects of the diagnosis and assessment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in infants and young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen traumatized, clinic-referred children, and a comparison sample of 12 at-risk children, all younger than 48 months of age, were assessed with a standardized procedure and a semistructured diagnostic interview. The assessments were videotaped and reviewed by two blind raters for scoring DSM-IV PTSD criteria and an alternative set of PTSD criteria for young children. Raters were debriefed and consensus ratings were used to make best-estimate diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The investigation of procedural validity showed that 12% of the diagnostic criteria present in these children could be detected by a clinician through direct observation or interaction with the children. The remainder of criteria were apparent only through caregiver report. Problematic aspects of parental reporting were most evident for the avoidance/numbing of responsiveness criteria. The traumatized subjects showed significantly more alternative criteria of PTSD than DSM-IV criteria of PTSD. The main sources of rater disagreement are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional sources of information would complement the multidimensional assessment of PTSD in young children. The set of alternative criteria appears to show greater criterion validity than the DSM-IV criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA. mscheer@tulane.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Scheeringa
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Peebles
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Zeanah
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis*