title: Metabolic alterations in cerebrospinal fluid from double hemorrhage model of dogs.
abstract: Even though cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes cerebral ischemia or infarction, the metabolic alterations in cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) after SAH have not been studied. This study was undertaken to measure the levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glutamate in CSF from double hemorrhage dog models. Thirty-two mongrel dogs of either sex, weighing 18-24 kg, underwent double hemorrhage by percutaneous needle puncture of the cistema magna and injection of autologous blood on day 0 and day 2. The dogs were then sacrificed on day 3, 5 and 7, after collecting CSF. In another study, the dogs were treated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126, and caspase-2 and caspase-3 inhibitors from day 3 to day 6 after initial blood injection. CSF was collected on day 7 before dogs were sacrificed. The concentration of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glutamate in CSF was measured by photometrical method. Compared with CSF collected on day 0, glucose was decreased on days 5-7, lactate was increased on days 2-7, pyruvate was increased on days 2-7, and glutamate was increased on days 3-7 (p < 0.05). In the groups treated with MAPK or caspase inhibitors, most of the metabolic alterations remained unchanged as compared with CSF from untreated dogs. Clinically, caspase inhibitors-2 and -3, and MAPK inhibitor U0126 all failed to prevent vasospasm. MAPK inhibitor PD98059 partially prevented vasospasm. Our data demonstrated a metabolic alteration of glucose, glutamate, lactate and pyruvate in CSF during cerebral vasospasm. This metabolic change in consistent with the time course of cerebral vasospasm. This study suggests that brain energy metabolites and excitative amino acids are altered during cerebral vasospasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tibbs
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020169:Caspases; D005947:Glucose