title: Contribution of nerve-axon reflex-related vasodilation to the total skin vasodilation in diabetic patients with and without neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the contribution of nerve-axon reflex-related vasodilation to total acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in the skin of normal and diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The skin microcirculation was evaluated at the forearm level in 69 healthy subjects and 42 nonneuropathic diabetic patients and at the foot level in 27 healthy subjects and 101 diabetic patients (33 with neuropathy, 23 with Charcot arthropathy, 32 with peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy, and 13 without complications). Two single-point laser probes were used to measure total and neurovascular vasodilation response to the iontophoresis of 1% acetylcholine, 1% sodium nitroprusside, and deionized water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neurovascular response to acetylcholine was significantly higher than the response to sodium nitroprusside and deionized water (P < 0.01). At the forearm level, the contribution of neurovascular response to the total response to acetylcholine was 35% in diabetic patients and 31% in control subjects. At the foot level, the contribution was 29% in diabetic patients without neuropathy and 36% in control subjects, while it was significantly diminished in the three neuropathic groups. A significantly lower nonspecific nerve-axon-related vasodilation was observed during the iontophoresis of sodium nitroprusside, which does not specifically stimulate the C nociceptive fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurovascular vasodilation accounts for approximately one-third of the total acetylcholine-induced vasodilation at both the forearm and foot levels. The presence of diabetic neuropathy results in reduction of both the total vasodilatory response to acetylcholine and the percentage contribution of neurovascular vasodilation to the total response. Acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside cause vasodilation in the skin microcirculation through different pathways.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamdy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abou-Elenin
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: LoGerfo
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veves
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000294:innervation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012018:Reflex; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D009599:Nitroprusside; D000109:Acetylcholine