title: Prognostic significance of cardiopulmonary exercise testing for 10-year survival in patients with mild to moderate heart failure.
abstract: Although a number of studies have investigated the prognostic significance of exercise variables, they have focused only on short-term prognosis in relatively severe heart failure. This study was carried out to determine whether the indices obtained during cardiopulmonary exercise testing have prognostic significance during a 10-year follow-up in mild to moderate heart failure. Three hundred and sixty-four consecutive patients with cardiac disease performed 4 min of 20-W warm-up, followed by a symptom-limited incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer. In addition to the measurements of peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and gas exchange (anaerobic) threshold, the time constant of VO2 kinetics during the onset of warm-up exercise was calculated using a single exponential equation. Data on mortality were available for follow-up in 260 patients. After 3,331+/-610 days of follow-up, 29 cardiovascular-related deaths occurred. The time constant of VO2 in the nonsurvivors was 76.7+/-43.3 s and was significantly prolonged compared with that of survivors (55.3+/-30.6 s, p=0.001). Peak VO2 and gas exchange threshold were both significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for 10 years of follow-up demonstrated a survival rate of 89.0% for patients with a normal VO2 time constant (< 80 s) and 71.7% for those with a longer time constant (> or = 80 s), showing a significant difference in survival (p=0.0028). Respiratory gas parameters obtained during exercise testing, particularly the time constant of VO2 kinetics, were found to be useful for predicting long-term prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. These results suggest that cardiopulmonary exercise testing could be more applicable in ambulatory patients with minimal symptoms or minimal functional impairment.
authors.affiliation: The Cardiovascular Institute, Tokyo, Japan. koike@cepp.ne.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marumo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiroe
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D015996:Survival Rate