Enhanced biodegradation of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) under mixed electron-acceptor condition.
The biodegradation of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, commonly known as 'high melting explosive' (HMX), under various electron-acceptor conditions was investigated using enrichment cultures developed from the anaerobic digester sludge of Thibodaux sewage treatment plant. The results indicated that the HMX was biodegraded under sulfate reducing, nitrate reducing, fermenting, methanogenic, and mixed electron accepting conditions. However, the rates of degradation varied among the various conditions studied. The fastest removal of HMX (from 22 ppm on day 0 to < 0.05 ppm on day 11) was observed under mixed electron-acceptor conditions, followed in order by sulfate reducing, fermenting, methanogenic, and nitrate reducing conditions. Under aerobic conditions, HMX was not biodegraded, which indicated that HMX degradation takes place under anaerobic conditions via reduction. HMX was converted to methanol and chloroform under mixed electron-acceptor conditions. This study showed evidence for HMX degradation under anaerobic conditions in a mixed microbial population system similar to any contaminated field sites, where a heterogeneous population exists.
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Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA. biol-rrb@mail.nich.edu
D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001392:Azocines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002455:Cell Division; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004579:Electron Transport; D005285:Fermentation; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000378:metabolism*; D008145:Louisiana; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D019163:Reducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors
D001392:Azocines; D003470:Culture Media; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D009566:Nitrates; D019163:Reducing Agents; D012722:Sewage; C007950:octogen; D008697:Methane