title: Ethanol enhances retinoic acid metabolism into polar metabolites in rat liver via induction of cytochrome P4502E1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term and excessive ethanol intake results in decreased plasma and hepatic levels of retinoic acid (RA), the most active derivative of vitamin A. The decrease of RA by ethanol treatment has been proposed to be a cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP)-dependent process. However, the role of the major ethanol-induced CYP, CYP2E1, in the metabolism of RA has not been defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro incubations of RA with microsomal fractions of liver tissue containing CYPs from either ethanol-exposed or non-ethanol-exposed rats were carried out using chemical inhibitors and antibodies against various CYPs. In vivo, both ethanol-exposed and non-ethanol-exposed rats were treated with or without chlormethiazole, a specific CYP2E1 inhibitor, for 1 month. RA and its catabolic metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and spectral analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of RA with the liver microsomal fraction from ethanol-exposed rats resulted in greater disappearance of RA and increased appearance of 18-hydroxy-RA and 4-oxo-RA compared with control rat liver microsomal fractions. The enhancement of RA catabolism by ethanol was inhibited by both CYP2E1 antibody and specific inhibitors (allyl sulfide and chlormethiazole) in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas the metabolism of RA into polar metabolites was abolished completely by nonspecific CYP inhibitors (disulfiram and liarozole). Furthermore, treatment with chlormethiazole in ethanol-fed rats in vivo restored both hepatic and plasma RA concentrations to normal levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethanol-induced CYP2E1 plays a major role in the degradation of RA, which may provide a possible biochemical mechanism for chronic and excessive ethanol intake as a risk for both hepatic and extrahepatic cell proliferation and carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002719:Chlormethiazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008861:Microsomes / Q000201:enzymology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013440:Sulfides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D000906:Antibodies; D000975:Antioxidants; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D018757:GABA Modulators; D013440:Sulfides; D002719:Chlormethiazole; C002202:4-oxoretinoic acid; D000431:Ethanol; D014212:Tretinoin; C038491:allyl sulfide; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1