Immuno- and genetic therapy in autoimmune diseases.
Animal models of autoimmune disease have been developed that mimic some aspects of the pathophysiology of human disease. These models have increased our understanding of possible mechanisms of pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular level and have been important in the testing, development and validation of new immunotherapies. The susceptibility to develop disease in the majority of these models is polygenic as is the case in humans. The exceptions to this rule are gene knock outs and transgenic models of particular genes which, in particular genetic backgrounds, have also contributed to the understanding of single gene function and their possible contribution to pathogenesis. Gene therapy approaches that target immune functions are being developed with encouraging results, despite the polygenic nature of these diseases. Basically this novel immuno-genetic therapy harnesses the knowledge of immunology with the myriad of biotechnological breakthroughs in vector design and delivery. Autoimmune disease is the result of genetic dysregulation which could be controlled by gene therapy. Here we summarize the genetic basis of these human diseases as well as some of the best characterized murine models. We discuss the strategies for their treatment using immuno- and gene therapy.
Chernajovsky
Y
Y
Bone and Joint Research Unit, St. Bartholomew's and Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. Y.Chernajovsky@mds.qmw.ac.uk
Dreja
H
H
Daly
G
G
Annenkov
A
A
Gould
D
D
Adams
G
G
Croxford
J L
JL
Baker
D
D
Podhajcer
O L
OL
Mageed
R A
RA
D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy