title: Fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy of ethyl nile blue A in animal models of (pre)malignancies.
abstract: Discrimination between normal and premalignant tissues by fluorescence imaging and/or spectroscopy may be enhanced by a tumor-localizing fluorescent drug. Ethyl Nile Blue A (EtNBA), a dye with no phototoxic activity, was investigated for this purpose. The pharmacokinetics and tissue-localizing properties were investigated in a rat palate model with chemically induced premalignant mucosal lesions (0.5 mg/kg EtNBA intravenous [i.v.]), a hairless mouse model with UVB-induced premalignant skin lesions (1 mg/kg EtNBA intraperitoneal) and in a rat skin-fold observation chamber model on the back of a rat with a transplanted solid tumor (2.5 mg/kg EtNBA i.v.). Fluorescence images and spectra were recorded in vivo (600 nm excitation, 665-900 nm detection) and in frozen tissue sections at several time points after EtNBA administration. In the rat palate the EtNBA fluorescence was maximum almost immediately after injection, whereas in the mouse skin and the observation chamber the fluorescence maximum was reached between 2 and 3 h after injection. EtNBA cleared from tissues after 8-24 h. EtNBA localizes in the transplantable solid tumor, but is not targeted specifically to the dysplastic location in the rat palate and mouse skin. However, in the rat palate the EtNBA fluorescence increased significantly with increasing dysplasia, apparently due to the increasing thickness of the upper keratinized layer of the epithelium where the dye was found to localize. Localization in this layer occurred both in the rat palate and in hairless mouse skin.
authors.affiliation: Photodynamic Therapy and Optical Spectroscopy Program, Division of Clinical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, University Hospital Rotterdam, P.O. Box 5201, 3008 AE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Staveren
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Speelman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Witjes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cincotta
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Star
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010078:Oxazines; D010157:Palatal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D010078:Oxazines; C008619:Nile Blue