title: A soil sampling strategy for mapping trace element concentrations in a test area.
abstract: A sampling strategy, based on previous knowledge of a test area, was compared with a Reference Sampling in the frame of the EU-funded CEEM project. The aim was a comparison of sampling strategies for the drafting of concentration maps for a set of trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn), with three-dimension information that can be used for risk assessment. The main constraint was that only 15 soil samples were to be analysed. The test area (in Dornach, Switzerland) included different soil types and land uses (forest, arable land and permanent grasslands). The sampling strategy proposed defined strata on the basis of land use, then applying a systematic regular sampling within each stratum. A composite sample was formed from each individual sample. In forests, H and Ah horizons were taken separately. In arable lands, a depth within the ploughed layer (0-15 cm) was analysed. In grasslands, samples were taken at two depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm) to provide information on the vertical variability. The comparison of the results obtained with those derived from the Reference Sampling allowed us to estimate if the information obtained from the proposed sampling strategy was sufficiently representative for an assessment of the level of elements considered. It was concluded that recommendations on sampling strategy depend on the interaction pattern of the element. In this case, for mobile trace elements, such as Cd, the information derived from sampling of two soil layers was not as important as that for the rest of metals studied that accumulated in the upper layer. If the H horizons in forests was not considered this led to unreliable predictions of the concentration levels, since the concentrations in H and Ah horizons differed irrespective of whether they were expressed in mg kg(-1) (the H horizon was enriched in those trace elements, except for Cd) and in mg m(-2) (the low bulk density of the H horizon led to a lower trace element level than in Ah horizon). Finally, in undisturbed systems such as grasslands, sampling 0-10 cm instead of 0-20 cm is recommended to prevent dilution of the concentration of trace elements.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sastre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rauret
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sauras
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004777:Environment; D005060:Europe; D005544:Forecasting; D005843:Geography; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D006109:Poaceae; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013048:Specimen Handling; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants