title: Steady-state dispositions of valproate and diflunisal alone and coadministered to healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of coadministration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diflunisal (DF) on glucuronidation and beta-oxidation of the antiepileptic agent valproic acid (VPA), and of VPA on DF glucuronidation, were studied in human volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven healthy male volunteers received sodium valproate (NaVPA, 200 mg) orally twice daily for 7 days, after which all drug intake ceased for 1 month. The volunteers then took DF (250 mg) orally twice daily for 7 days. Both drugs were then taken (at the same doses as previously) twice daily for 7 days. On day 7 of each dosing phase, serial blood samples and all urine passed over the 12-h inter-dosing interval were collected. VPA, DF and selected metabolites were analysed using validated methods. Statistical comparisons of pharmacokinetic parameters were made using paired Student's t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean plasma concentrations of total VPA were lower and apparent plasma clearances significantly higher during DF coadministration. This was associated with a significant 20% increase in the unbound fraction of VPA (from 6.6+/-1.3% to 7.9+/-1.8%). The apparent clearance of unbound VPA was not different. There was no evidence of any significant effect of DF coadministration on VPA metabolism: urinary recoveries of and formation clearances to urinary VPA-glucuronide, E-2-en-VPA, 3-oxo-VPA and 4-en-VPA were not significantly altered. However, there was a highly significant 35% increase in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0-12 h (AUC0-12h) of 3-oxo-VPA and its renal clearance was lower, though not significantly so. VPA coadministration had no effect on DF pharmacokinetics or formation clearances of DF to its acyl glucuronide (DAG), phenolic glucuronide (DPG) or sulfate (DS) conjugates. However, plasma AUC0-12h values of the glucuronides were significantly lower and their renal clearances higher (though significantly so only in the case of DPG) during VPA coadministration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Steady-state coadministration of VPA and DF leads to a significant displacement of VPA from plasma protein binding sites. There was no evidence of competition for glucuronidation capacity or other metabolic interactions. Rather, the interactions detected appeared to be renal in nature, with renal clearance of 3-oxo-VPA being reduced by DF coadministration, and renal clearance of DPG and perhaps DAG being increased by VPA coadministration.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Studies in Drug Disposition, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia. r.addison@medicine.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Addison
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Parker-Scott
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eadie
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dickinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001711:Biotransformation; D004061:Diflunisal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D020719:Glucuronides; D014635:Valproic Acid; D004061:Diflunisal