title: Ultrastructure of selected calcium oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the ultrastructural details of calcium oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs. Sample Population-38 specimens selected from a collection of 8,297 oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs: 22 specimens composed of calcium oxalate (calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM], calcium oxalate dihydrate [COD], or COM and COD) and 16 specimens composed of calcium oxalate with amorphous calcium phosphate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses of specimens included use of plain, reflected, and polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with backscattered electron (BSE) imagery, and electron microprobe analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four texture types were observed in calcium oxalate calculi; 4 texture types of calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate-mixed calculi were recognized. Texture types were delineated through differences in calcium oxalate crystal sizes, which were affected by urine supersaturation and abundance of crystal nucleation sites. Segregation of calcium oxalate from calcium phosphate indicated they do not precipitate under the same conditions. Deposition of calcium phosphate between calcium oxalate crystals decreased the volume of pore spaces within calculi. Porosity was observed along boundaries between COM and COD. Minute pores increased the surface area of calculi exposed to urine, and this increase in liquid-solid interface promotes interaction of crystals with the surrounding urine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium oxalate urolithiasis is of major concern, because it is often a recurrent disease among dogs, principally treated by surgical removal of calculi, with few effective dissolution strategies. Understanding the ultrastructure and mineralogic content of calcium oxalate and its association with amorphous calcium phosphate is a step toward the solution of this increasingly important medical problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Domingo-Neumann
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ruby
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000652:urine; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004285:Dogs; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis / Q000662:veterinary; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000662:veterinary; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate