title: Gene-expression profiles in hereditary breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many cases of hereditary breast cancer are due to mutations in either the BRCA1 or the BRCA2 gene. The histopathological changes in these cancers are often characteristic of the mutant gene. We hypothesized that the genes expressed by these two types of tumors are also distinctive, perhaps allowing us to identify cases of hereditary breast cancer on the basis of gene-expression profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA from samples of primary tumor from seven carriers of the BRCA1 mutation, seven carriers of the BRCA2 mutation, and seven patients with sporadic cases of breast cancer was compared with a microarray of 6512 complementary DNA clones of 5361 genes. Statistical analyses were used to identify a set of genes that could distinguish the BRCA1 genotype from the BRCA2 genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Permutation analysis of multivariate classification functions established that the gene-expression profiles of tumors with BRCA1 mutations, tumors with BRCA2 mutations, and sporadic tumors differed significantly from each other. An analysis of variance between the levels of gene expression and the genotype of the samples identified 176 genes that were differentially expressed in tumors with BRCA1 mutations and tumors with BRCA2 mutations. Given the known properties of some of the genes in this panel, our findings indicate that there are functional differences between breast tumors with BRCA1 mutations and those with BRCA2 mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significantly different groups of genes are expressed by breast cancers with BRCA1 mutations and breast cancers with BRCA2 mutations. Our results suggest that a heritable mutation influences the gene-expression profile of the cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4470, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hedenfalk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radmacher
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authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gusterson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esteller
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Kallioniemi
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authors.lastname: Wilfond
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authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trent
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raffeld
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yakhini
authors.forename: A
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authors.lastname: Ben-Dor
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kononen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bubendorf
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fehrle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pittaluga
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gruvberger
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Loman
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Johannsson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sauter
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D024682:BRCA2 Protein; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D005838:Genotype; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D024682:BRCA2 Protein; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D014157:Transcription Factors