title: First Scandinavian experience of electrical sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of the overactive bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of electrical sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) in the treatment of urinary incontinence and urinary retention refractory to conservative treatment, and to assess the impact of urodynamic abnormalities and electrode position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients (10 men, 20 women) with a mean age of 59 years (range 21-79 years), all of whom had longstanding symptoms ranging from 2 to 46 years (mean 12.4 years), were subjected to a percutaneous test stimulation. Ten patients responded well, resulting in a permanent implant in nine patients. Electrode positions were determined by plain X-ray and computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiologically, a variety of positions of the temporary electrodes was seen. In the implanted patients, long-term symptom reduction varied over time, ranging from total relief to partial or total recurrence of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNS is a new promising option for the treatment of urge incontinence. Refined instruments for proper patient selection and the optimal way to position the electrode remain to be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edlund
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peeker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000628:therapy*