title: [Validation of the French translation and factorial structure of the Tiffany and Drobes Smoking Urge Questionnaire].
abstract: Over the past 10 years researches and clinicians have made substantial progress in understanding and treating nicotine dependence. To demonstrate the effectiveness of these treatments, reliable and sensitive measures of change and outcome must be used. In the nicotine dependence treatment literature numerous outcome have been used: frequencies drug use, problems associated with substance use, psychiatric comorbidity, withdrawal severity, and craving. The term craving reflects the subjective reports of addicts regarding their attempts to abstain from drug use and the state of their minds at the point at which they attempt to fail. Exposure to cues previously associated with nicotine play a role in precipitating relapse in eliciting a conditioned craving/withdrawal response and can be measures by the Questionnaire of Smoking Urge (QSU).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Validation in a French translated version of the QSU published in 1991 by Tiffany and Drobes.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 male and 62 female participated in the study with the translated questionnaire: mean age was 36.7 years, mean age at starting and mean duration of tobacco consumption was respectively 20.2 years old and 16.5 years, daily consumption was 16.6 cigarettes per day. The French translation of the QSU was administered to smokers instructed to abstain from smoking one hour and a half to three hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The back translation has been accepted by Tiffany because more than 85% of the items are similar to the original questionnaire. We founded the same factor analysis with two factors, "desire to smoke" and "intention to smoke" accounting for 34% and 11% of the items variance, respectively. These two factors were the same than those of the original questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The validation of the French translation of the QSU gives the opportunity to use a sensitive instrument to assess craving.
authors.affiliation: SHU, Laboratoire Universitaire de Psychiatrie Biologique (EA 2501), UP V, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, 7, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guillin
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bourdel
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Olie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Poirier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
vernacular_title: Validation de la traduction française et de la structure factorielle du Questionnaire sur l'urgence à fumer de Tiffany et Drobes (QSU).