title: Photodegradation of selected herbicides in various natural waters and soils under environmental conditions.
abstract: The photochemical degradation of herbicides belonging to different chemical groups has been investigated in different types of natural waters (ground, river, lake, marine) and distilled water as well as in soils with different texture and composition. Studied herbicides and chemical groups included atrazine, propazine, and prometryne (s-triazines); propachlor and propanil (acetanilides); and molinate (thiocarbamate). The degradation kinetics were monitored under natural conditions of sunlight and temperature. Photodegradation experiments were performed in May through July 1998 at low concentrations in water samples (2-10 mg/L) and soil samples (5-20 mg/kg), which are close to usual field dosage. The photodegradation rates of all studied herbicides in different natural waters followed a pseudo-first order kinetics. The half-lives of the selected herbicides varied from 26 to 73 calendar days in waters and from 12 to 40 d in soil surfaces, showing that the degradation process depends on the constitution of the irradiated media. The presence of humic substances in the lake, river, and marine water samples reduces degradation rates in comparison with the distilled and ground water. On the contrary, the degradation in soil is accelerated as the percentage of organic matter increases. Generally, the photodegradation process in soil is faster than in water. The major photodegradation products identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were the hydroxy and dealkylated derivatives for s-triazines, the dechlorinated and hydroxy derivative for the anilides, and the keto-derivative for the thiocarbamate, indicating a similar mode of degradation for each chemical category.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Konstantinou
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Zarkadis
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Albanis
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006207:Half-Life; D006540:Herbicides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008027:Light; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010777:Photochemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical