title: Ventricular energetics in Fontan circulation: evaluation with a theoretical model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both pulmonary and systemic circulation must be maintained by a single pump in Fontan circulation. This unique property of Fontan circulation may be related to decreased exercise tolerance or increased instantaneous postoperative mortality rate, often observed in patients with this circulation. To better understand Fontan physiology, the present study theoretically investigated cardiac performance of Fontan circulation by using ventricular-vascular coupling framework analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  End-systolic volume elastance (Ees), as a chamber contractile property, and effective arterial elastance (Ea), a lumped measure of ventricular afterload, were estimated both in normal left ventricular systemic circulation and in Fontan circulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  End-systolic volume elastance was decreased and Ea was increased in Fontan circulation. Both ventricular external stroke work (SW) and mechanical efficiency (EFF) under Fontan circulation were lower compared with those under normal circulation. Furthermore, the Ees-Ea relationship in Fontan circulation predicted limited cardiac reserve in terms of SW and EFF. Such cardiac performance in Fontan circulation stemmed from increased impedance due to the additional connection of the pulmonary vascular bed to the systemic vasculature and from the lack of a compensatory increase in contractility for increased afterload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, it was inferred that Fontan circulation had intrinsic disadvantages and this may explain, in part, abnormal functional status and decline in survival following this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Saitama Heart Institutes, Saitama Medical School Hospital, Iruma-Gun, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nogaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Senzaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masutani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokote
mesh_terms: D001775:Blood Circulation; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D016276:Ventricular Function