title: Lipid-dependent control of hepatic glycogen stores in healthy humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol could stimulate gluconeogenesis and also contribute to regulating hepatic glycogen stores. We examined their effect on liver glycogen breakdown in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  After an overnight fast healthy subjects participated in three protocols with lipid/heparin (plasma non-esterified fatty acids: 2.2 +/- 0.1 mol/l; plasma glycerol: 0.5 +/- 0.03 mol/l; n = 7), glycerol (0.4 +/- 0.1 mol/l; 1.5 +/- 0.2 mol/l; n = 5) and saline infusion (control; 0.5 +/- 0.1 mol/l; 0.2 +/- 0.02 mol/l; n = 7). Net rates of glycogen breakdown were calculated from the decrease of liver glycogen within 9 h using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Endogenous glucose production was measured with infusion of D-[6,6-2H2]glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endogenous glucose production decreased by about 25 % during lipid and saline infusion (p < 0.005) but not during glycerol infusion (p < 0.001 vs lipid, saline). An increase of plasma non-esterified fatty acids or glycerol reduced the net glycogen breakdown by about 84 % to 0.6 +/- 0.3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) (p < 0.001 vs saline: 3.7 +/- 0.5 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and by about 46 % to 2.0 +/- 0.4 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) (p < 0.01 vs saline and lipid), respectively. Rates of gluconeogenesis increased to 11.5 +/- 0.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) (p < 0.01) and 12.8 +/- 1.0 micromol x kg(-1) min(-1) (p < 0.01 vs saline: 8.2 +/- 0.7 micromol x l(-1) x min(-1)), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase of non-esterifled fatty acid leads to a pronounced inhibition of net hepatic glycogen breakdown and increases gluconeogenesis whereas glucose production does not differ from the control condition. We suggest that this effect is not due to increased availability of glycerol alone but rather to lipid-dependent control of hepatic glycogen stores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stingl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krssák
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nowotny
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fürnsinn
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Waldhäusl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D005943:Gluconeogenesis; D005947:Glucose / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D006003:Glycogen; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose; D005990:Glycerol; D006854:Hydrocortisone