title: The effect of tissue plasminogen activator on premacular hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early vitrectomy is recommended for eyes with premacular hemorrhage, which causes fibrovascular proliferation and macular traction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on premacular hemorrhage, and the clearing of hemorrhage from the macula.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors injected tPA (25-37.5 microg) into the vitreous cavity of 13 eyes with premacular hemorrhage. The causes of premacular hemorrhage were diabetic retinopathy in 11 eyes and traumatic injuries in 2 eyes. Prior to tPA injection, 4 eyes had complete posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and 9 eyes had no PVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After tPA injection, the hemorrhages in 10 eyes were completely absorbed. They were absorbed partially in 2 eyes and were not absorbed at all in 1 eye. Absorption of hemorrhage in the 4 eyes with complete PVD took an average of 5.5 days, and in the 6 eyes with no PVD, it took an average of 12.7 days (P=0.002). After tPA injection, visual acuity improved in 9 eyes, remained stable in 3 eyes, and worsened in 1 eye. In 5 eyes, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was required after tPA injection because of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, macular traction or nonabsorbed premacular hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TPA seems to be a good alternative method of treatment for premacular hemorrhage, especially in eyes with complete PVD. It appears to improve vision and defer the need for PPV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator