title: Methods of measurement of image quality in teleultrasound.
abstract: In recent years, teleultrasound has emerged as a potentially effective method of provision of ultrasound services to remote areas of the community. Transmission of teleultrasound, however, requires a high degree of compression when utilizing the relatively low bandwidth ISDN connections available within the UK. The actual amount of compression occurring varies both with the connection and the image content, often on a frame to frame basis. For this reason, traditional measurements of image quality using test tools are ineffective. Most studies to date have assessed equipment performance by testing diagnostic performance. Although this is the most important method of assessing the results of image degradation, few studies have attempted to perform physical measurements of degradation. The aims of this study were to measure the amount of degradation within a teleultrasound system and, using a number of methods, to ascertain the most useful indicators of loss of image quality. Groups of successive abdominal ultrasound images were captured and digitized both before and after degradation via an ISDN6 teleultrasound system. Normalized mean squared error (NMSE), pixel histograms, line and surface plots, Fourier spectra and contrast measurements were carried out on regions of interest in both sets of images. The NMSE was most sensitive to degradation, with alterations in the NMSE value depending on image content and degree of degradation. Fourier analysis was also indicative, showing consistent changes in high frequency content again varying with image content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Aberdeen Royal Hospitals Trust, Foresterhill,  UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burgul
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Undrill
mesh_terms: D005583:Fourier Analysis; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012606:Scotland; D019112:Teleradiology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards*