title: Stressful life events, bipolar disorder, and the "kindling model".
abstract: A common misconception is that bipolar disorder is an endogenous process. However, previous research suggests a role for life events in the onset of and recovery from bipolar episodes. Yet, there remains some question as to whether the relationship between life events and onset changes over the course of the disorder as a result of the number of episodes an individual has experienced. Using a rigorous interview measure of stressful life events, the current study tested the kindling model (R. M. Post, 1992), which theorizes that major life events play a diminishing role over the course of illness in bipolar patients. Analyses revealed that the number of episodes experienced does not appear to have a significant effect on bipolar 1 patients' reactivity to external stressors. In addition, the results suggest that a more complex relationship exists among age, stress, and onset of new episodes than can be adequately explained by the kindling model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hlastala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sherrill
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kupfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors