title: Changes in quality of life in epilepsy: how large must they be to be real?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study goal was to assess the magnitude of change in generic and epilepsy-specific health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) instruments needed to exclude chance or error at various levels of certainty in patients with medically refractory epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and clearly defined criteria of clinical stability received HRQOL measurements twice, 3 months apart, using the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-89 and -31 (QOLIE-89 and QOLIE-31), Liverpool Impact of Epilepsy, adverse drug events, seizure severity scales, and the Generic Health Utilities Index (HUI-III). Standard error of measurement and test-retest reliability were obtained for all scales and for QOLIE-89 subscales. Using the Reliable Change Index described by Jacobson and Truax, we assessed the magnitude of change required by HRQOL instruments to be 90 and 95% certain that real change has occurred, as opposed to change due to chance or measurement error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical features, point estimates and distribution of HRQOL measures, and test-retest reliability (all > 0.70) were similar to those previously reported. Score changes of +/-13 points in QOLIE-89, +/-15 in QOLIE-31, +/-6.3 in Liverpool seizure severity-ictal, +/-11 in Liverpool adverse drug events, +/-0.25 in HUI-III, and +/-9.5 in impact of epilepsy exclude chance or measurement error with 90% certainty. These correspond, respectively, to 13, 15, 17, 18, 25, and 32% of the potential range of change of each instrument.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Threshold values for real change varied considerably among HRQOL tools but were relatively small for QOLIE-89, QOLIE-31, Liverpool Seizure Severity, and adverse drug events. In some instruments, even relatively large changes cannot rule out chance or measurement error. The relation between the Reliable Change Index and other measures of change and its distinction from measures of minimum clinically important change are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada. swiebe@julian.uwo.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiebe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eliasziw
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matijevic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile