title: Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs.
abstract: Platelets have a crucial role in the maintenance of normal haemostasis, and perturbations of this system can lead to pathological thrombus formation and vascular occlusion, resulting in stroke, myocardial infarction and unstable angina. ADP released from damaged vessels and red blood cells induces platelet aggregation through activation of the integrin GPIIb-IIIa and subsequent binding of fibrinogen. ADP is also secreted from platelets on activation, providing positive feedback that potentiates the actions of many platelet activators. ADP mediates platelet aggregation through its action on two G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes. The P2Y1 receptor couples to Gq and mobilizes intracellular calcium ions to mediate platelet shape change and aggregation. The second ADP receptor required for aggregation (variously called P2Y(ADP), P2Y(AC), P2Ycyc or P2T(AC)) is coupled to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. The molecular identity of the Gi-linked receptor is still elusive, even though it is the target of efficacious antithrombotic agents, such as ticlopidine and clopidogrel and AR-C66096 (ref. 9). Here we describe the cloning of this receptor, designated P2Y12, and provide evidence that a patient with a bleeding disorder has a defect in this gene. Cloning of the P2Y12 receptor should facilitate the development of better antiplatelet agents to treat cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hollopeter
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jantzen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: England
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nurden
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nurden
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Julius
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Conley
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D016466:CHO Cells; D002893:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006224:Cricetinae; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D051676:G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009865:Oocytes; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000502:physiology; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D051381:Rats; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D051676:G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C548576:P2RY12 protein, human; C553058:P2ry12 protein, rat; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D011188:Potassium