Falling by the wayside: a phenomenological exploration of perceived breast-milk inadequacy in lactating women.
OBJECTIVE
To provide insight into the lived experience of breast feeding, in primiparous women. The main focus was upon women's perceptions related to the adequacy of their breast milk, for the purpose of exclusively nourishing their babies.


METHODS
A longitudinal, phenomenological study involving in-depth, interactive interviews, conducted at 6, 12 and 18 weeks following the birth of the women's babies.


METHODS
A convenience sample of ten primiparous women were recruited prior to discharge from a maternity unit, in the north of England, in 1998.


RESULTS
Two groups of participants emerged, three who became increasingly confident and empowered by breast feeding and the remaining seven whose confidence progressively diminished, with six of them expressing concern that their breast milk was inadequate. Four major themes related to the participants' perceptions emerged from the analysis: the quest to quantify and visualise breast milk; anxiety regarding the adequacy of their diet; breast feeding as a challenging journey, with most feeling that they had 'fallen by the wayside' (this related partly to inadequate and conflicting advice given by health professionals); and finally, unmet needs for support, nurturing and replenishment in return for 'giving out'.


CONCLUSIONS
Perceived breast-milk inadequacy is underpinned by a complex and synergistic interaction between socio-cultural influences, feeding management, the baby's behaviour, lactation physiology and the woman's psychological state.


CONCLUSIONS
Education of midwives and health visitors is required in relation to the needs of breast-feeding mothers within a Western industrialised society. Strong social policy is vital in the UK, to initiate socio-cultural changes, which would enable women who commence breast feeding to perceive it as an empowering and fulfilling experience and not one of 'falling by the wayside'.
Dykes
F
F
Department of Midwifery Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK. f.c.dykes@uclan.ac.uk
Williams
C
C
D001007:Anxiety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000523:psychology*; D007775:Lactation Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D012944:Social Support