title: Evaluation of children in six blind schools of Andhra Pradesh.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1. To determine the anatomical site and underlying causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in special education in Andhra Pradesh, India. 2. To compare the causes of blindness in two different regions in the state. 3. To evaluate improvement with correction of refractive error and low-vision devices (LVDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children in 6 schools for the blind and in 3 integrated education programmes were examined by one ophthalmologist, and were refracted and assessed for LVDs by an optometrist. The major anatomical site and underlying aetiology of severe visual impairment and blindness (SVI/BL; < 6/60 in the better eye) were recorded using the standardised WHO reporting form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and ninety one students under 16 years were examined, and after refraction, 267 (91.7%) were classified as being severely visually impaired or blind. The most common anatomical sites of SVI/BL were retina in 31.1% children; cornea in 24.3%; and whole globe in 20.2%. The aetiology was unknown in 38.2%, hereditary in 34.8% and childhood causes in 24%. 114 children (39.2%) had functional low vision (i.e. visual acuity < 6/18 to light perception with navigational vision). In this group, 36 children improved with spectacles and 16 benefited by LVDs. 41 children (15.4%) were able to read N10 point though they were studying Braille.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall 37.4% of children had "avoidable" causes of blindness. The major avoidable causes were vitamin-A deficiency and cataract. Vitamin-A deficiency and congenital anomalies were more common in the dry plateau areas of the state. One in seven children could read normal print with optical support.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Eye Health, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. s.hornby@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hornby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adolph
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Gothwal
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dandona
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001766:Blindness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology