title: PPARalpha activators inhibit tissue factor expression and activity in human monocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue factor (TF), expressed on the surface of monocytes and macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions, acts as the major procoagulant initiating thrombus formation in acute coronary syndromes. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha), a nuclear receptor family member, regulates gene expression in response to certain fatty acids and fibric acid derivatives. Given that some of these substances reduce TF activity in patients, we tested whether PPARalpha activators limit TF responses in human monocytic cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment of freshly isolated human monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages with PPARalpha activators WY14643 and eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) led to reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TF activity in a concentration-dependent manner (maximal reduction to 43+/-8% with 250 micromol/L WY14643 [P:<0.05, n=5] and to 42+/-12% with 30 micromol/L ETYA [P:>0.05, n=3]). Two different PPARgamma activators (15-deoxy(_Delta12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) and BRL49653) lacked similar effects. WY14643 also decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein expression in supernatants of LPS-stimulated human monocytes. Pretreatment of monocytes with WY14643 inhibited LPS-induced TF protein and mRNA expression without altering mRNA half-life. Transient transfection assays of a human TF promoter construct in THP-1 cells revealed WY14643 inhibition of LPS-induced promoter activity, which appeared to be mediated through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB but not to be due to reduced nuclear factor-kappaB binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPARalpha activators can reduce TF expression and activity in human monocytes/macrophages and thus potentially reduce the thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic lesions. These data provide new insight into how PPARalpha-activating fibric acid derivatives and certain fatty acids might influence atherothrombosis in patients with vascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm, Germany. nikolaus.marx@medizin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mackman
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schönbeck
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hombach
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Libby
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plutzky
mesh_terms: D015117:5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D020025:Peroxisome Proliferators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel / Q000378:metabolism; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D020025:Peroxisome Proliferators; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015117:5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid; C006253:pirinixic acid; D004247:DNA; D013925:Thromboplastin