title: Male-to-female excess in diabetes diagnosed in early adulthood is not specific for the immune-mediated form nor is it HLA-DQ restricted: possible relation to increased body mass index.
abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS. We investigated whether the reported HLA-DQ/DR restricted male-to-female (M:F) excess in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus also exists in Belgian patients, is specific for immune-mediated diabetes, remains genotype-restricted after adjustment for age at diagnosis, and is associated with sex-dependent environmental factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autoantibodies, HLA-DQ and 5'INS (5'insulin gene) polymorphisms were assessed in 2,532 diabetic patients (all phenotypes) diagnosed under 40 years of age. Autoantibodies and body mass index (expressed as a standard deviation score by comparison to age-matched and sex-matched control subjects; SDS-BMI) were measured in 1986 siblings or offspring of Type I diabetes patients (0-39 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients aged 15-39 years at diagnosis, the male-to-female ratio was 1.5 or more regardless of their antibody status and significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that in the age-matched Belgian general population. There was no sex bias in patients under 15 years of age. Overall, the male-to-female ratio was significantly higher in patients without HLADQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 (p < or = 0.003) but stratification in age groups and multivariate analysis identified age as the major determinant of male-to-female ratio. The SDS-BMI increased (p < 0.01) in male antibodypositive relatives (n = 103) but not in female antibody-positive (n = 92) or in antibody-negative relatives (n = 1,791). This phenomenon tended to be restricted to male relatives who were positive only for glutamate decarboxylase antibodies (n = 44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The male-to-female excess in Belgian diabetic patients diagnosed in early adulthood is not specific for immune-mediated Type I diabetes and not HLA-DQ or 5'INS restricted. Our data suggest that, similar to Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, the metabolic burden of obesity and insulin resistance could preferentially precipitate postpubertal clinical onset in male subjects with slowly progressive subclinical (immune-mediated) diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Center, Free University, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Weets
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Autreve
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Van der Auwera
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Schuit
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Du Caju
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Decochez
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: De Leeuw
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keymeulen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rottiers
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dorchy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quartier
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Gorus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D059848:HLA-DQ alpha-Chains; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059848:HLA-DQ alpha-Chains; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069050:HLA-DQA1 antigen; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase