title: Spatial variability in the degradation rate of isoproturon in soil.
abstract: Thirty samples of soil were taken at 50-m intersections on a grid pattern over an area of 250 x 200 m within a single field with nominally uniform soil characteristics. Incubations of isoproturon (3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) under standard conditions (15 degrees C; -33 kPa soil water potential) indicated considerable variation in degradation rate of the herbicide, with the time to 50% loss (DT50) varying from 6.5 to 30 days. The kinetics of degradation also varied between the sub-samples of soil. In many of them, there was an exponential decline in isoproturon residues; in others, exponential loss was followed by more rapid rates of decline; in a few soil samples, rapid rates of loss began shortly after the start of the incubations. In more detailed studies with soils from a smaller number of sub-sites (20), measurements were again made of isoproturon degradation rate, and the soils were analysed for organic matter content, pH, and nutrient status (N, P, K). Measurements were also made of isoproturon adsorption by the soils and of soil microbial biomass. Patterns of microbial metabolism were assessed using 95 substrates in Biolog GN plates. Soils showing rapid biodegradation were generally of higher pH and contained more available potassium than those showing slower degradation rates. They also had a larger microbial biomass and greater microbial metabolic diversity as determined by substrate utilisation on Biolog GN plates. The implications of the results for the efficacy and environmental behaviour of isoproturon are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Soil and Environment Sciences Department, Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK. allan.walker@hri.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jurado-Exposito
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Bending
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D006207:Half-Life; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016014:Linear Models; D008782:Methylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D008782:Methylurea Compounds; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C028904:isoproturon