title: Neuraminidase inhibitors: zanamivir and oseltamivir.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of zanamivir and oseltamivir for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search restricted to English-language journals was conducted (1980-May 2000).
  
  
  METHODS
  All efficacy and safety trials were included if conducted in humans and published in a journal. Abstracts were included if no other data source was available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zanamivir and oseltamivir block influenza neuraminidase and prevent the cleavage of sialic acid residues, thus interfering with progeny virus dispersement within the mucosal secretions and reducing viral infectivity. The neuraminidase trials for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza enrolled predominantly young (mean age 29-37 y), healthy, mostly unvaccinated individuals who were at the lowest risk of influenza and its complications. When zanamivir 10 mg inhaled twice daily or oseltamivir 75 mg orally twice daily were used for treatment, systemic symptoms such as myalgias,  fever, and headache were reduced by approximately 0.7-1.5 days. Greater efficacy (symptom reduction by 1.5-2.0 d) was noted in proven cases of influenza infection, in febrile patients, and in patients who received the treatment medication within 30 hours of symptom onset. Clinical efficacy did not increase when doses higher than the treatment dose approved by the Food and Drug Administration were used. When given for prophylaxis, zanamivir 10 mg inhaled once daily or oseltamivir 75 mg orally once daily was used for four to six weeks and achieved protective clinical efficacy for laboratory-confirmed influenza ranging from 67% to 74%, depending on whether culture or serologic tests were performed. The most common adverse effects (usually < 5%) included upper respiratory tract symptoms. Patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who received zanamivir had an increased incidence of a > 20% decline in forced expiratory volume in one second or peak expiratory flow rates. Headaches, nausea, and vomiting were more frequent in the oseltamivir groups than in placebo groups. The most common gastrointestinal adverse effects, nausea and vomiting, were reduced to approximately 10% by administering the medication with food.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zanamivir and oseltamivir are more effective in preventing culture-positive influenza or for treatment of culture-positive influenza in febrile (> or = 37.8 degrees C) individuals. Treatment is more effective if initiated within 30 hours of symptom onset in febrile individuals; however, it is difficult to meet these criteria. More realistically, clinical efficacy is closer to 60-70% and, for treatment started within 48 hours for laboratory-confirmed influenza, symptom reduction is approximately 0.7-1.5 days. If used appropriately to minimize the development of resistance, the neuraminidase inhibitors represent a new and unique class of antiinfluenza agents that can potentially reduce the morbidity associated with influenza.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, USA. imcnicholl@php.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: McNicholl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McNicholl
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006146:Guanidines; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000187:drug effects; D053139:Oseltamivir; D011714:Pyrans; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053243:Zanamivir
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D011714:Pyrans; D012794:Sialic Acids; D053139:Oseltamivir; D009439:Neuraminidase; D053243:Zanamivir