title: Effect of excess dietary sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus on excreta moisture of laying hens.
abstract: 1. Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium or phosphate on the water intake and excreta moisture of laying hens. A fifth experiment examined the effect on these variables of increasing amounts of 2 different sodium salts (chloride or bicarbonate) and the interactions with 2 levels of dietary phosphorus. 2. All experiments involved individually caged laying hens fed on diets varying in 1 or 2 minerals in replacement for washed sand. The experimental diets contained mineral concentrations that either met or exceeded the expected requirement of the hens. The diets were given for a 7 or 8 d feeding period and food and water intakes were measured and excreta were collected for the last 48 h of each feeding period. These data were corrected for evaporative water loss to the environment during the collection period. 3. Increasing dietary concentrations of sodium, potassium or phosphorus gave linear increases (P<0.001) in the water intake of the laying hens and linear increases (P<0.01) in the moisture content of their excreta. Each 1 g/kg increase in dietary mineral increased the moisture content of the excreta by 9.04 (+/- 1.57), 11.95 (+/- 2.02) and 5.59 (+/- 0.31) g/kg (+/- standard error) for sodium, potassium and phosphorus, respectively. Increasing concentrations of dietary calcium did not significantly affect the water intakes or excreta moisture levels of the laying hens. 4. The fifth experiment showed that, although there was a sodium x phosphorus interaction (P<0.05), the effects of the 2 mineral additions were approximately additive. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in water intakes or excreta moisture contents due to the 2 different sodium salts (chloride or bicarbonate).
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Poulltry Husbandry, Harper Adams University College, Newport, England.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pirgozliev
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking / Q000187:drug effects; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D010058:Oviposition; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D014867:Water; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate