title: Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and associated risk factors of solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 2,129 patients who had undergone BMT for hematologic malignancies at the City of Hope National Medical Center between 1976 and 1998. A retrospective cohort and nested case-control study design were used to evaluate the role of pretransplantation therapeutic exposures and transplant conditioning regimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine patients developed solid cancers after BMT, which represents a two-fold increase in risk compared with a comparable normal population. The estimated cumulative probability (+/- SE) for development of a solid cancer was 6.1% +/- 1.6% at 10 years. The risk was significantly elevated for liver cancer (standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 27.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 57.3), cancer of the oral cavity (SIR, 17.4; 95% CI, 6.3 to 34.1), and cervical cancer (SIR, 13.3; 95% CI, 3.5 to 29.6). Each of the two patients with liver cancer had a history of chronic hepatitis C infection. All six patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin had chronic graft-versus-host disease. The risk was significantly higher for survivors who were younger than 34 years of age at time of BMT (SIR, 5.3; 95% CI, 2.7 to 8.6). Cancers of the thyroid gland, liver, and oral cavity occurred primarily among patients who received total-body irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of radiation-associated solid tumor development after BMT is likely to increase with longer follow-up. This underscores the importance of close monitoring of patients who undergo BMT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA. sbhatia@smtplink.coh.org
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashyap
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nademanee
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Niland
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spielberger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Forman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation