title: Modern concepts of frontal sinus surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate the endonasal surgical approach to frontal sinus in inflammatory sinus disease, trauma, and selective tumor surgery, and to define the role of external approaches to the frontal sinus. Endonasal frontal sinusotomy can range from endoscopic removal of obstructing frontal recess cells or uncinate process to the more complex unilateral or bilateral removal of the frontal sinus floor as described in the Draf II-III drainage procedures. In contrast, the osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy remains the "gold standard" for external approaches to frontal sinus disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 1286 patients undergoing either endonasal or external frontal sinusotomy by the authors at four university teaching programs from 1977. Prior author reports were updated and previously unreported patient series were combined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hundred thirty-five patients underwent type I frontal sinusotomy, 312 type II sinusotomy, and 156 type III sinusotomy. A successful result was seen in these groups, 85.2% to 99.3%, 79% to 93.3%, and 91.5% to 95%, respectively. External frontal sinusotomy or osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy was successfully performed in 187 of 194 patients. Clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance image scanning, and reoperation rate measured postoperative success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A stepwise approach to the surgical treatment of frontal sinusitis, trauma, and selective benign tumors yields successful results as defined by specific criteria which vary from 79% to 97.8%. The details of specific techniques are discussed, essential points emphasized, and author variations noted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, and Communication Disorders, Fulda Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Marburg, Germany. rainer-K-weber@t-online.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Draf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kratzsch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hosemann
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D004322:Drainage; D004724:Endoscopy; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D015522:Frontal Sinusitis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000601:surgery; D010027:Osteotomy; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome