title: Bovine islets are less susceptible than human islets to damage by human cytokines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential benefits of islet xenografting in type 1 diabetes include the intriguing, but still unanswered, possibility that the grafted xenoislets may be less subjected to human autoimmune attack. Cytokines may play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes by causing impairment of insulin release and pancreatic islet cell toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared insulin secretion, islet cell death and survival, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, nitrite production, and Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA expression in isolated human and large mammal (bovine) islets exposed to 50 U/ml recombinant human interleukin-1, 1,000 U/ml recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha and 1,000 U/ml recombinant human interferon-gamma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 24-hr exposure, a marked decrease of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was observed with human, but not with bovine islets. After 48-hr exposure, human, but not bovine, pancreatic islets showed a significantly higher percentage of apoptotic cells compared to controls. Treatment of human islets with human cytokines induced up-regulation of iNOS mRNA, increased levels of nitrites, and down-regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA, with unchanged levels of Bax mRNA. These parameters were not affected by cytokines in bovine islets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bovine islets are less susceptible than human islets to the effects of human cytokines, which may be a potential advantage of xenotransplantation.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Endocrinologia e  Patologia Costituzionale, Università di Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lupi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dotta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patanè
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rabuazzo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marselli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santangelo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Realacci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Del Guerra
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Purrello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marchetti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D009336:Necrosis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II