title: Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. The Pioglitazone 027 Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Their complimentary mechanisms of action suggest that a combination of pioglitazone hydrochloride and metformin may have clinically beneficial effects in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and tolerability of pioglitazone in combination with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 16-week, double-blind study with the option of enrollment in a separate open-ended, open-label study. It included patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] > or =8.0%, fasting C-peptide >1.0 ng/mL) who had been receiving a stable regimen of metformin for > or =30 days. Patients with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, or neuropathy; impaired liver or kidney function; or unstable cardiovascular or cerebrovascular conditions were excluded. Patients were randomized to receive once-daily pioglitazone 30 mg + metformin or placebo + metformin. Patients in the open-label extension received pioglitazone 30 mg (with optional titration to 45 mg) + metformin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred twenty-eight patients were randomized to treatment (168 pioglitazone + metformin, 160 placebo + metformin), and 249 completed the study. Of these, 154 elected to enter the open-label extension study. Patients' mean age was 56 years; most (84%) were white and slightly more than half (57%) were male. Patients receiving piogli- tazone 30 mg + metformin had statistically significant mean decreases in HbA1c (-0.83%) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (-37.7 mg/dL) compared with placebo + metformin (P < or = 0.05). Decreases in FPG levels occurred as early as the fourth week of therapy, the first time point at which FPG was measured. The pioglitazone + metformin group had significant mean percentage changes in levels of triglycerides (-18.2%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+8.7%) compared with placebo + metformin (P < or = 0.05). Mean percentage increases were noted in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (7.7%, pioglitazone + metformin; 11.9%, placebo + metformin) and total cholesterol (4.1%, pioglitazone + metformin; 1.1%, placebo + metformin), with no significant differences between groups. In the extension study, patients treated with open-label pioglitazone + metformin for 72 weeks had mean changes from baseline of -1.36% in HbA1c and -63.0 mg/dL in FPG. The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups. Throughout the study, no patient in either treatment group had an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) value > or =3 times the upper limit of normal, a commonly used marker of potential liver damage. Thus, no evidence of drug-induced hepatotoxicity or drug-induced elevations in serum ALT was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pioglitazone + metformin significantly improved HbA1c and FPG levels, with positive effects on serum lipid levels and no evidence of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. These effects were maintained for >1.5 years, including the open-label extension.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Endocrine Associates and Sharp HealthCare, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Einhorn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rendell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Mathisen
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D010919:Placebos; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010919:Placebos; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D008687:Metformin; D000077205:Pioglitazone