title: Suspected caffeine and ephedrine toxicosis resulting from ingestion of an herbal supplement containing guarana and ma huang in dogs: 47 cases (1997-1999).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical signs following ingestion of an herbal supplement containing guarana and ma huang in dogs, estimate minimum dose at which clinical signs of toxicosis and death were reported, and evaluate treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  47 dogs with evidence of ingestion of an herbal supplement containing primarily guarana and ma huang.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of dogs that had ingested an herbal supplement containing ma huang and guarana between July 1997 and October 1999 were retrieved from the National Animal Poison Control Center database. Data were retrieved and reviewed regarding signalment, dose ingested, clinical signs, laboratory test results, treatment, and final outcome. Cases were assessed by staff veterinarians as toxicosis or suspected toxicosis on the basis of strength of evidence supporting a diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most dogs (80%) developed clinical signs of toxicosis within 8 hours of ingestion, and clinical signs persisted for up to 48 hours. Hyperactivity, tremors, seizures, and behavior changes were reported in 83% of dogs; other signs included vomiting (47%), tachycardia (30%), and hyperthermia (28%). Seventeen percent of the dogs died or were euthanatized. Estimated doses of guarana and ma huang ranged from 4.4 to 296.2 mg/kg (1.98 to 133.2 mg/lb) and 1.3 to 88.9 mg/kg (0.58 to 40.0 mg/lb) of body weight, respectively; minimum dose at which death was reported was 19.1 mg of guarana/kg (8.7 mg/lb) and 5.8 mg of ma huang/kg (2.6 mg/lb).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accidental ingestion of herbal supplements containing primarily guarana and ma huang in dogs can lead to a potentially lethal condition that may require prompt detoxification and supportive treatment for several days. Most dogs recovered with supportive treatment.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ooms
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Means
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000506:poisoning*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000506:poisoning*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000506:poisoning; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013805:Theobromine / Q000506:poisoning*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D004338:Drug Combinations; C092099:guarana powder; D002110:Caffeine; D013806:Theophylline; D004809:Ephedrine; D013805:Theobromine