title: Patient dosimetry of intravenously administered 99mTc-annexin V.
abstract: Annexin V labeled with 99mTc is evaluated as a potential in vivo marker for tissue with increased apoptosis. Promising results in patients have been obtained with 99mTc-(n-1-imino-4-mercaptobutyl)-annexin V (99mTc-i-AnxV). Because information on biodistribution and radiation burden is desired for the application of any radiopharmaceutical, a dosimetric study of 99mTc-i-AnxV was undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight persons with normal kidney and liver functions were included in this study: six patients with myocardial infarction, one with Crohn's disease, and one healthy volunteer. Approximately 600 MBq 99mTc-i-AnxV were injected intravenously immediately before a dynamic study with a dual-head gamma camera in conjugate view mode. In the next 24 h, two to four whole-body scans were acquired. Patient thickness was determined from a transmission scan with a 57Co flood source. Organ uptake was estimated after correction for background, attenuation, and scatter, using a depth-independent buildup factor and an organ-size-dependent attenuation correction. Residence times were calculated from the dynamic and whole-body studies and used as input for the MIRDOSE 3.1 program to obtain organ-absorbed doses and effective dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activity strongly accumulated in the kidneys (21% +/- 6% of the injected dose at 4 h postinjection) and the liver (12.8% +/- 2.2%). Uptake in the target tissues (myocardium or colon) was limited and negligible from a dosimetric point of view. The biologic half-life of activity registered over the total body was 62 +/- 13 h. Of the excreted activity, approximately 75% went to the urine and 25% to the feces. The absorbed dose for the more strongly exposed organs was (in microGy/MBq): kidneys, 93 +/- 24; spleen, 22 +/- 6; liver, 17 +/- 2; testes, 15 +/- 3; thyroid, 10 +/- 6; urinary bladder wall, 7.5 +/- 2.6; and red bone marrow, 5.5 +/- 0.8. The effective dose was 9.7 +/- 1.0 microSv/MBq, corresponding to a total effective dose of 5.8 +/- 0.6 mSv for a nominally injected activity of 600 MBq.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  99mTc-i-AnxV strongly accumulates in the kidneys and to a lesser degree in the liver. The associated effective dose per MBq is in the midrange of values found for routine 99mTc-labeled compounds. From a dosimetric point of view 99mTc-i-AnxV is therefore well suited for the study of apoptosis in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kemerink
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hofstra
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Reutelingsperger
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Heidendal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017209:Apoptosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C417036:technetium Tc 99m annexin V