title: Reminiscence therapy using odor in alcohol-dependent patients--psychophysiological evaluation and psychological evaluation; power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research was based on the hypothesis that when alcohol-dependent patients describe themselves, awakening of emotion by affirmative odor stimulation may facilitate memory reframing focusing on more affirmative emotion and memories. To prove the hypothesis, physiological changes accompanied by emotional awakening were evaluated by measuring the autonomic activity. In addition, subjective evaluation by a self-report manner was examined to investigate the effectiveness of Reminiscence Therapy (RT) using odor in alcohol-dependent patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients who met the DSM-IV criteria of alcohol-related disorders and were hospitalized in a ward specialized to alcohol dependence therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each patient underwent a one-to-one interview twice. For counterbalance, one interview was performed with odor stimulation using an odor with a relaxing effect that recall pleasant emotion, and the other was without odor stimulation. As the evaluation indices of physiological changes accompanied by emotional awakening, index of autonomic function (HRV; Heart rate variability) for objective evaluation and psychological indices (STAI; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory VAS; Visual Analog Scale) for subjective evaluation were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) Objective evaluation: Regarding the evaluation index of the autonomic function, the sympathetic nervous system activity (LF/HF; low frequency component/high frequency component ratio) was significantly inhibited by odor stimulation (p < 0.05). 2) Subjective evaluation: Compared to the state prior to interview, state anxiety judged by STAI was significantly decreased after interview (p < 0.01). The VAS score was significantly decreased after interview regardless of the presence or absence of odor stimulation (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reduction in state anxiety was observed. The effect of odor was not significant on the subjective evaluation, but the objective evaluation suggested that the odor inhibited the sympathetic nervous system. Thus, it was suggested that odor can be used in RT, that is, emotional changes due to stimulation of odor may be applicable in RT.
authors.affiliation: Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arizono
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakatani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001007:Anxiety; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology