title: Management of thrombosis in women with antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: 1) Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome may be associated with unusual sites of thrombosis. 2) Laboratory evaluation involves testing for antiphospholipid antibodies: lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies. 3) Acute management of thrombosis involves immediate anticoagulation. Low-molecular-weight heparins are as safe and effective as unfractionated heparin in this setting. Arterial events may require emergent thrombolytic therapy. Monitoring of the APTT with unfractionated heparin in the presence of a lupus anticoagulant is ineffective; these patients require monitoring of antifactor Xa levels or the use of LMWH, which does not require monitoring. 4) The pharmacokinetics of LMWH change in pregnancy, resulting in a shorter plasma half-life and larger volume of distribution. Monitoring of antifactor Xa levels is necessary. 5) Chronic anticoagulation is best achieved with warfarin, with significantly decreased rates of recurrent events when the INR is > or = 3.0. Long-term, if not life-long, anticoagulation is often necessary. Warfarin is teratogenic, and individuals desiring pregnancy will need to convert to therapeutic, not prophylactic, doses of either unfractionated heparin or LMWH. 6) As part of optimal management of thrombosis in APS, additional risk factors for thrombosis should be eliminated or reduced. These include comorbid illnesses such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia, as well as smoking. 7) Tamoxifen, raloxifene, oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy are all associated with an increased risk of DVT in the general population. In APS patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation, the addition of these drugs should not increase thrombosis risk. In APS patients not receiving anticoagulant therapy, these hormonal therapies may increase the thrombosis risk.
authors.affiliation: Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Oncology Division, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Suite 2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Chandramouli
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin