title: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.
abstract: Although open nephrectomy is the standard of care for localized renal-cell carcinoma, the significant postoperative pain and lengthy convalescence have encouraged the use of laparoscopy, which can yield similar 2- to 5-year survival rates. Either a transperitoneal or a retroperitoneal approach may be used, and sometimes, they are combined. Generally, the technique is limited to tumors <10 cm, but larger tumors can be removed. Nitrous oxide is avoided as an anesthetic agent. The dissection follows accepted oncologic principles: in situ renal dissection within Gerota's fascia, early ligation of the renal vessels, and careful removal of the specimen to prevent tumor spillage. Dissection of the hilum is facilitated by a PEER retractor and an Endoholder. On average, patients having laparoscopic radical nephrectomy return to normal activities approximately 4.5 weeks sooner than those having open surgery, a fact not taken into account in cost analyses. Laparoscopic nephrectomy may offer a special benefit in patients with known metastatic disease, as interleukin-2 administration can be started a month earlier than after open surgery. There may also be immunologic benefits of minimally invasive v open surgery. The technique and instruments continue to evolve, and cost-effectiveness should continue to improve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate