title: Effects of inhibition of PAF, ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 on gut barrier failure caused by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of cell adhesion molecules and transmigration of PMNs through the endothelial barrier is probably essential in intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced gut barrier dysfunction. Although cytokines are released in I/R, it is unclear whether cytokines directly increase permeability or if this phenomenon requires both expression of cell adhesion molecules and PMN adhesion-activation. Endothelial barrier dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, inducing gut barrier failure, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic value of inhibition of platelet activating factor (PAF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in gut barrier dysfunction induced by intestinal I/R.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PAF antagonist (lexipafant, BB-882) and monoclonal antibodies against rat ICAM-1 (anti-ICAM-1-MAb) and PECAM-1 (anti-PECAM-1-MAb) were used in a model of gut barrier dysfunction caused by intestinal ischemia for 40 min and concomitant reperfusion for 12 h in the rat, and endothelial permeability, myeloperoxidase activity, interleukin-1beta and protease inhibitor levels were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The endothelial permeability and tissue leukocyte recruitment in the distal small intestine significantly increased in rats with I/R treated with saline. Proteolytic activity in plasma was evident by low levels of the three measured plasma protease inhibitors. These changes were, to different degrees, reduced by treatment with lexipafant, anti-ICAM-1-MAb, or anti-PECAM-1-MAb. Alterations in systemic levels of interleukin-1beta paralleled the changes found in gut barrier permeability and leukocyte trapping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that treatment with the PAF inhibitor lexipafant and monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1 or, seemingly most efficient, PECAM-1 reduces the severity of I/R-associated intestinal dysfunction, associated with a decrease in systemic concentrations of IL-1beta local leukocyte recruitment, and partly restoring plasma protease inhibitor levels.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Surgery, Lund and Malmö University Hospitals, Lund University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lasson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Böjesson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Annborn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D007930:Leucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007093:Imidazoles; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D007930:Leucine; C103289:lexipafant