title: Quinupristin/dalfopristin: a therapeutic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proliferation of multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF), has created a pressing need for effective alternative antibiotics. Quinupristin/dalfopristin is a new combination streptogramin product with a selective spectrum of antibacterial activity, mainly against gram-positive aerobic bacteria. It has been assessed primarily in emergency-use protocols, in hospitalized patients with skin and skin-structure infections, and in patients with VREF bacteremia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this review were to summarize important results of in vitro microbiologic studies; to provide information on relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, drug interactions, and Y-site compatibility; and to assess efficacy and safety data from clinical studies of quinupristin/dalfopristin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles included in this review were identified by a MEDLINE search of the literature published between 1966 and September 2000 using the terms Synercid, quinupristin, and dalfopristin. Additional articles were retrieved from the reference lists of articles identified in the MEDLINE search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro analysis of the spectrum of activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin has confirmed its relatively selective coverage of gram-positive aerobic bacteria. Both quinupristin and dalfopristin undergo hepatic metabolism and are extensively excreted in the feces. Combination quinupristin/dalfopristin inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 pathway, and caution is warranted with concomitant use of other medications eliminated via this pathway. In trials in patients with VREF infections, treatment success with quinupristin/dalfopristin varied depending on the site of infection, ranging from 51.9% in bacteremia of unknown origin to 88.9% in urinary tract infections. The results of comparative clinical trials suggest that quinupristin/dalfopristin has similar efficacy to that of commonly used antibiotics, including cefazolin, oxacillin, and vancomycin, in patients with skin and skin-structure infections or nosocomial pneumonia. The most frequently reported adverse effects with administration of quinupristin/dalfopristin were infusion-site inflammation, pain, and edema; other infusion-site reactions; and thrombophlebitis. Arthralgia, myalgia, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and rash occurred in 2.5% to 4.6% of patients and were the most frequently reported systemic adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outcomes data from clinical trials indicate that quinupristin/dalfopristin has the potential to play an important role in the treatment of bacteremia, complicated skin and skin-structure infections, and nosocomial pneumonia caused by VREF. Issues of bacterial resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin and other appropriate uses of this combination agent remain to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula 59812-1522, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Allington
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rivey
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy; D017192:Skin Diseases, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance; D014769:Virginiamycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014769:Virginiamycin; C062940:quinupristin-dalfopristin