title: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of homeopathic solutions.
abstract: The efficacy of homeopathy is controversial. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to study homeopathic solutions, showing provocative results. We examined the reproducibility of one of the allegedly positive studies. 1H NMR spectra were recorded for Sulphur D4, diluted and succussed up to D30 (called potentization) at two different frequencies (300 and 500 MHz). The Sulphur solution had been potentiated according to homeopathic principles with deionized water and alcohol. Water proton T1 relaxation measurements were performed also at 20 MHz for the different potentiated Sulphur solutions. Furthermore, the homeopathic remedy Betula alba 30c (birch pollen extract) and appropriate control solution (deionized water, unsuccussed solutions and placebo globules) were measured analogously, both with frequencies giving spectra and T1 relaxometry. The Sulphur remedies showed identical one dimensional proton spectra (1H NMR) at 300 and 500 MHz, regardless of dilution/succussion stage, from D4 to D30. Furthermore, Betula 30c as a potentiated solution and its controls (ethanol dilutions and Betula diluted but not succussed) showed identical spectra. Nor were there any statistically significant differences in longitudinal (T1) relaxation times between deionized water and Sulphur D10 to D30 preparations. The shorter T1 of the Sulphur D4 preparation could be ascribed to the higher microviscosity within the sample matrix caused by the high concentration of dissolved material. Also, the T1 values of the Betula alba 30c preparation (in globular form) and control placebo globules were identical. In conclusion, published results from NMR research on homeopathy indicating differences between homeopathic solutions and control samples could not be reproduced.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aabel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fossheim
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rise
mesh_terms: D006705:Homeopathy / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D011058:Pollen; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012996:Solutions; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D012996:Solutions; D013455:Sulfur