title: Virtual pointer projection of the central sulcus to the outside of the skull using frameless neuronavigation -- accuracy and applications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this prospective study was to localize the central sulcus by frameless neuronavigation and to project this anatomical structure to the outside of the skull on the skin. This method was analyzed in respect to its practicability, accuracy, and potential applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 27 patients investigated (28 unaffected hemispheres), the central sulcus was virtually projected to the outside of the skull using frameless neuronavigation and a virtual pointer elongation of 15 or 20 mm. The following parameters were measured on the scalp: 1. the distance between the bregma and the midline junction of the central sulcus, and 2. the angle between the central sulcus and the midline. These dada were compared with measurements based on the original axial MR images of these patients. Finally, a laboratory phantom study was designed in analogy to a patient's examination for estimation of the overall accuracy of the neuronavigation system in the experimental setup used in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virtual pointer projection of the central sulcus to the outside of the skull using frameless neuronavigation was found to be easily possible. The distance between the bregma and the midline junction of the central sulcus amounted to a mean of 55 mm on the left and 56 mm on the right. The angle between the central sulcus and the midline reached a mean of 63 degrees on the left and 60 degrees on the right. These data confirmed results of other studies with no frameless neuronavigation devices. The phantom study revealed a mean overall inaccuracy of 0.9 mm at a virtual pointer elongation of 15 mm. At a virtual pointer elongation of 20 mm, the mean overall inaccuracy of our study was 1.1 mm. These results correspond to the inaccuracy of frame based stereotaxy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is easily possible, valid, and reliable to virtually project the central sulcus to the outside of the skull with an acceptably low inaccuracy using frameless neuronavigation. This is important for research studies that correlate and integrate different functional imaging methods with the aid of frameless neuronavigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Germany.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Reinges
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Küker
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Spetzger
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Hütter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thron
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gilsbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012886:Skull; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014584:User-Computer Interface