title: Nickel release from coins.
abstract: Nickel allergy is the most frequent contact allergy and is also one of the major background factors for hand eczema. The clinical significance of nickel release from coins was discussed when the composition of euro coins was decided. Current European coinage is dominated by cupro-nickel coins (Cu 75; Ni 25); other nickel-containing and non-nickel alloys are also used. Nickel release from used coinage from the UK, Sweden and France was determined. It was shown that nickel ions are readily available on the surface of used coins. After 2 min in artificial sweat, approximately 2 microg of nickel per coin was extracted from cupro-nickel coins. Less nickel was extracted from non-nickel coins. Nickel on the surface was mainly present as chloride. After 1 week in artificial sweat approximately 30 microg/cm2 was released from cupro-nickel coins: less nickel was released from coins made of other nickel alloys. Theoretically, several microg of nickel salts may be transferred daily onto hands by intense handling of high-nickel-releasing coins.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lidén
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D000497:Alloys / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology*; D005602:France; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D009717:Numismatics; D013548:Sweden; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D000497:Alloys; D009532:Nickel