title: Comorbidities and quality of life in patients with interferon-refractory chronic hepatitis C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) consistently report a reduction in multiple domains of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) that does not correlate with liver disease severity. This may in part be due to the use of insensitive HRQOL instruments or extrahepatic factors that independently influence HRQOL. We hypothesized that a past history of substance abuse or active medical and psychiatric comorbidities would correlate with HRQOL scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 107 patients who had failed previous interferon therapy, HRQOL was measured by using the modified SF-36, a disease-specific instrument, and the Health Utilities Index (HUI) Mark III, a generic instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple SF-36 subscale and summary scores as well as the HUI Mark III attributes of emotion and pain were significantly reduced in the study population compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). Serum alanine aminotransferase and HCV RNA levels, HCV genotype, liver histology, and HCV risk factors as well as demographic variables did not correlate with modified SF-36 and HUI scores. In addition, a history of alcohol abuse or dependency and intravenous drug use or dependency, identified in 52 and 51% of participants, respectively, did not correlate with HRQOL scores. However, the presence of one or more active medical comorbidities, defined as a chronic medical condition requiring treatment and monitoring, was significantly associated with both the modified SF-36 scores and HUI attribute deficits (p < 0.001). In particular, painful medical comorbidities or depressed mood requiring treatment were significantly associated with modified SF-36 scores and with HUI attribute deficits and utility scores (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active medical and psychiatric comorbidities may account for some of the reduction and variability in HRQOL scores in patients with chronic HCV who have failed previous interferon therapy. Future studies that control for the presence of active comorbidities in large groups of treatment naive patients with varying severity of chronic HCV are needed to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Consortium for Health Outcomes Innovation and Cost-Effectiveness Studies University of Michigan Medical School, Huron Gastroenterology Associates, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moyer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonnad
authors.lastname: Lok ASF
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sneed-Pee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha