title: Long-term effect of preventive therapy for tuberculosis in a cohort of HIV-infected Zambian adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term effect of preventive therapy (PT) for tuberculosis on the rates of tuberculosis, mortality and HIV progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized controlled trial, 1053 HIV-positive Zambian adults received isoniazid (H) for 6 months, rifampicin plus pyrazinamide (RZ) for 3 months, or a placebo. CD4 percentage, neopterin, absolute lymphocyte count and haemoglobin were measured from enrolment (absolute CD4 cell counts from 12 months after enrolment). Because PT reduced the incidence of tuberculosis, eligible placebo subjects were offered H. Here, tuberculosis and mortality rates are compared in the three original arms (intention to treat) using data beyond the end of the trial (average follow-up 3 years; maximum 7 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 102 cases of tuberculosis and 281 deaths (rates 3.6 and 9.0/100 person-years, respectively). There was no significant difference between the tuberculosis rates in the H and RZ groups at any time. The effect of H/RZ on tuberculosis diminished over time (P = 0.011) but the cumulative risk of tuberculosis in the first 2.5 years was significantly lower in the H/RZ group than the placebo group (rate ratio 0.55; 95% confidence interval 0.32-0.93; P = 0.028). There was no significant effect of PT on mortality or progression markers. Tuberculosis was associated with an increased mortality (adjusted rate ratio 1.96; 95% confidence interval 1.21-3.18; P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both PT regimens protect against tuberculosis for at least 2.5 years but appear to have no effect on HIV progression or mortality. These results may be used in cost-effectiveness models of PT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mwinga
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosp
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lisse
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.lastname: Porter JDH
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Godfrey-Faussett
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D011718:Pyrazinamide; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin