title: Energy cost and mechanical efficiency of riding a four-wheeled, human-powered, recumbent vehicle.
abstract: Oxygen consumption at steady state ( VO2, l x min(-1)) and mechanical power (W, W) were measured in five subjects riding a human-powered vehicle (HPV, the Karbyk, a four-wheeled recumbent cycle) on a flat concrete road at constant sub-maximal speeds. The external mechanical work spent per unit of distance (W, J x m(-1)), as calculated from the ratio of W to the speed (v, m x s(-1)), was found to increase with the square of v: W = 8.12 + (0.262 x v2) (r = 0.986, n = 31), where the first term represents the mechanical energy wasted, over a unit of distance, against frictional forces (rolling resistance, Rr), and the second term (k x v2) is the work performed, per unit distance, to overcome the air drag. The rolling coefficient (Cr, obtained dividing Rr by m x g, where m is the overall mass and g is the acceleration of gravity) amounted to [mean (SD)] 0.0084 (0.0008), that is about 60% higher than that of a racing bicycle. The drag coefficient was calculated from the measured values of k, air density (p) and frontal area (A) [Cx = k x (0.5 x A x rho)-1], and amounted to 1.067 (0.029), that is about 20% higher than that of a racing bicycle. The energy cost of riding the HPV (Ck, J x m(-1)) was measured from the ratio of metabolic power above rest (net VO2, expressed in J x s(-1)) to the speed (v, m x s(-1)); the value of this parameter increased with the square of v, as described by: Ck = 61.45 + (0.675 x v(2)) (r = 0.711, n = 23). The net mechanical efficiency (eta) was calculated from the ratio of W to Ck: over the investigated speed range this turned out to be 0.22 (0.021). Best performance times (BPTs) of a "typical" elite athlete riding the Karbyk were calculated over the distances of 1, 5 and 10 km: these were about 8% longer than the BPTs calculated, on the same subjects, when riding a conventional racing bicycle.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, Italy. pzamparo@makek.ostb.uniud.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamparo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cencigh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation