title: Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) among HIV- positive children and adults in Zambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among adults with advanced HIV infection in developing countries, bacteremia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is common and bacteremia due to M. bovis (bacille Calmette-Guérin; BCG) is rare. Comparable data are not available for children with HIV.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of bacteremia due to M. tuberculosis or M. bovis BCG in hospitalized children and adults with HIV infection in a developing country with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV and > 95% BCG immunization coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively hospitalized patients in Lusaka, Zambia who were suspected to have HIV infection underwent phlebotomy for HIV ELISA, HIV viral load, and lysis-centrifugation blood culture for mycobacteria. Histories were obtained and patients were examined for BCG scars. Mycobacterial isolates were identified using DNA probes for MTB complex (MTBC), multiplex PCR and IS6110 typing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of 387 HIV-positive children was 15 months; 98% were BCG immunized. The median age of 344 HIV-positive adults was 32 years; 44% were BCG immunized. Blood cultures were positive for mycobacteria in six children (2%) and 38 adults(11%) (P < 0.001). The six pediatric isolates included five MTBC (40% clustered) and one BCG. The 38 adult isolates included 36 MTBC (16% clustered) and two M. avium complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacteremia due to MTB is less common among children than adults with advanced HIV infection in Zambia. Bacteremia due to M. bovis BCG is rare even among children with recent BCG immunization and symptomatic HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lishimpi
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: von Reyn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chintu
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Baboo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kreiswirth
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Karagas
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology