title: Incidence of hematoma associated with ketorolac after TRAM flap breast reconstruction.
abstract: Ketorolac is frequently used as an adjunct for postoperative pain relief, especially by anesthesiologists during the immediate postoperative period. It can be used alone as an analgesic but is more often used to potentiate the actions of narcotics such as morphine or meperidine in an attempt to reduce the total dose and side effects of those drugs. The manufacturer of ketorolac cautions against its use in patients who have a high risk of postoperative bleeding, for fear of increasing the risk of hematoma, but the risk in transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap patients has never been reported. In a study of 215 patients who had undergone TRAM flap breast reconstruction, it was determined that patients who received intravenous ketorolac (n = 65) as an adjunct to their treatment with morphine administered by use of a patient-controlled analgesia device required less morphine (mean cumulative dose, 1.39 mg/kg) than did patients who did not receive ketorolac (n = 150; mean cumulative dose, 1.75 mg/kg; p = 0.02). There was no increase in the incidence of hematoma in patients who were treated with ketorolac. The data presented in this study suggest that the use of intravenous ketorolac does reduce the need for narcotics administration in patients undergoing TRAM flap breast reconstruction, without significantly increasing the risk of hematoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koutz
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Langstein
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kroll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016462:Mammaplasty; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D020910:Ketorolac