title: Chemokine/CD4 receptor density ratios correlate with HIV replication in lymph node and peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lymphoid tissue is a major reservoir for virus replication in HIV-infected subjects. The relationship of CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptor density and HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lymph node (LN) mononuclear cells (LNMC) of HIV-infected subjects was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  PBMC and cervical LNMC from 12 HIV-infected patients were examined for virological and immunological parameters including chemokine receptor density, HIV plasma and cellular viral load, coreceptor usage and CD38/HLA-DR expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of CCR5 and CXCR4 molecules on CD4 lymphocytes in the LN were significantly higher than in PBMC. In contrast the number of CD4 molecules/CD4 T cell was higher in PBMC than in LNMC. The CXCR4/CD4 and CCR5/CD4 ratios in the LN were significantly higher than in the PBMC. This was associated with a cellular viral load in the LN that was approximately 110-fold higher than in PBMC. The absolute number of coreceptor molecules per cell did not correlate with the viral load. However, the CCR5/CD4 and CXCR4/CD4 ratios in the LN positively correlated with HIV cellular and plasma RNA. Characterization of the viral isolates suggested an association between clinical isolates using a distinct coreceptor and the upregulation of the corresponding chemokine receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ratios of chemokine receptors to CD4 molecules in CD4 T cells from LN is higher than in PBMC and may account for the relative difference in cellular viral load in these compartments. Additionally, the coreceptor/CD4 ratios, particularly in the lymphoid tissue, were highly related to HIV replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0835, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nokta
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mallen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Asmuth
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Pollard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4