title: Regulated production of interferon-inducible T-cell chemoattractants by human intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human intestinal epithelial cells inducibly express neutrophil and monocyte chemoattractants, yet little is known about the regulated production of T-cell chemoattractants by the intestinal epithelium. IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC are 3 CXC chemokines that are known to act as CD4(+) T-cell chemoattractants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied constitutive chemokine expression in human colon, and defined the regulated expression of these chemokines by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistology using cultured human intestinal epithelial cell lines and a novel adaptation of an in vivo human intestinal xenograft model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IP-10 and Mig were constitutively expressed by normal human colon epithelium, and their cognate receptor, CXCR3, was expressed by mucosal mononuclear cells. Interferon (IFN)-gamma stimulation increased mRNA expression and the polarized basolateral secretion of these chemokines by human colon epithelial cell lines; infection with enteroinvasive bacteria, or stimulation with the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1alpha, strongly potentiated IFN-gamma-induced epithelial cell IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC production. Epithelial cell mRNA and protein expression of IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC were rapidly up-regulated in human intestinal xenografts in response to stimulation with IFN-gamma alone or in combination with IL-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The constitutive and regulated production of the IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC by human intestinal epithelium, and the expression of their cognate receptor, CXCR3, by mucosal mononuclear cells, suggest that the intestinal epithelium can play a role in modulating physiologic and pathologic T cell-mediated mucosal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dwinell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lügering
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eckmann
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kagnoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004751:Enteritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016332:Fetal Tissue Transplantation; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C515202:CXCL11 protein, human; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; C515187:CXCR3 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C515203:Cxcl11 protein, mouse; C515188:Cxcr3 protein, mouse; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018793:Interleukin-13; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma