title: Human impact on the environment in Japan and New Zealand: a comparison.
abstract: Because of its proximity to Asia, Japan has been populated by humans for a much longer time period than New Zealand and has a much higher population density. The similarity in geology and tectonic setting of the two island groups has forced both peoples to confront similar environmental hazards but this was achieved in different ways. During the Edo period (1600-1868) when contact with outside countries was limited, the Japanese adapted their agricultural practices to the environment and developed an agricultural system that corresponds closely to the ideals of sustainability. Indeed, it can be argued that the farming lifestyle of the Edo period was the most advanced way of life that can be adopted without depleting stock resources. Following the Meiji restoration in 1868, the policy of rapid industrialization led to many environmental mistakes, particularly after World War II. By the end of the 1960s, Japan was the world's most polluted country. The situation has subsequently improved greatly from this low point but much remains to be done. New Zealand was initially occupied by the Maori over 1000 years ago. They did more environmental damage than was previously thought, particularly in burning off bush and destroying the bird life. However, it was the colonization of New Zealand by the Europeans after 1840 that led to the greatest environmental damage with their introduction of farming methods unsuited to the conditions. Although the need for better scientific planning of land use practices within New Zealand is recognized, sustainable management of the environment remains a distant goal. More detailed study of the agricultural methods and lifestyles adopted in Japan during the Edo period could help in defining the concept of sustainability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, Japan. harada@sci.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Glasby
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000266:history*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000266:history*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D017753:Ecosystem; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000266:history*; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000266:history; D007564:Japan; D009520:New Zealand