title: Efficient detection of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer gene carriers by screening for tumor microsatellite instability before germline genetic testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The optimal strategy for the detection of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) gene carriers remains uncertain. We evaluated whether microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis or MSH2 and MLH1 protein immunostaining of tumors will screen individuals efficiently for germline MSH2 and MLH1 testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case-series study of 114 eligible families enrolled in our high-risk colorectal cancer (CRC) registry. Medical history data were collected on probands and relatives. MSI analysis was performed on proband tumors, and MSH2 and MLH1 protein immunostaining was assessed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to identify germline MSH2 or MLH1 mutations in probands found to have tumors with high-frequency MSI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor tissue and adequate clinical data were available in 109 of the 114 families. Amsterdam criteria and Bethesda guidelines were met by 23% and 70% of the families, respectively. High-frequency MSI was identified in the proband tumors in 47 of the 109 families (43%). Germline MSH2 and MLH1 gene testing was carried out in the probands of 32 of 47 families with MSI-H tumors. Mutations were detected in 16 families (9 in MSH2 and 7 in MLH1) and sequence variants of uncertain significance in 5 families (1 in MSH2 and 4 in MLH1). Germline mutations or sequence variants of uncertain significance were detected in 15 of 19 (79%) of our Amsterdam families and in 6 of 13 (46%) of our non-Amsterdam families with MSI-H tumors. MSH2 and MLH1 protein immunostaining was assessed in 38 of the 47 MSI-H tumors. Unequivocal loss of hMLH1 expression was found in 20 tumors and loss of MSH2 expression in 9 tumors. Corresponding loss of protein expression was seen in 17 of 18 (94%) of tumors from probands with germline mutations or variants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection of high-frequency MSI or the loss of MSH2 or MLH1 immunostaining in CRCs are both useful criteria for selecting high-risk patients who should be tested for germline mutations in MSH2 or MLH1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. jterd@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Terdiman
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gum
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Crawley
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hepburn
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sleisenger
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005192:Family Health; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein