title: Baseline STD prevalence in a community intervention trial of the female condom in Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present baseline sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence rates from an ongoing intervention trial at Kenyan agricultural sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  After gaining the cooperation of management, we identified six matched pairs of tea, coffee, and flower plantations and enrolled approximately 160 women at each site. Six intervention sites received an information programme and distributed female and male condoms, while six control sites received male condoms only and similar information about them. At clinic visits, we tested participants for cervical gonorrhoea (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) by ligase chain reaction on urine specimens, and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) by culture. The study has 80% power to detect a 10% prevalence difference during follow up, assuming a combined STD prevalence of 20%, 25% loss to follow up and intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.03.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants at intervention and control sites (total 1929) were similar at baseline. Mean age was 33 years, the majority were married, more than half currently used family planning, 78% had never used male condoms, and 9% reported more than one sexual partner in the 3 months before the study. Prevalences of GC, CT, and TV were 2.6%, 3.2%, and 20.4% respectively (23.9% overall), and were similar at intervention and control sites. The ICC for STD prevalence was 0.0011. Baseline STD was associated with unmarried status, non-use of family planning, alcohol use, and more than one recent sexual partner, but the highest odds ratio was 1.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline results confirm a high prevalence of trichomoniasis and bacterial STD at these Kenyan rural sites. Improved STD management is urgently needed there. Our ongoing female condom intervention trial is feasible as designed.
authors.affiliation: Family Health International (FHI), PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. pfeldblum@fhi.org
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Feldblum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuyoh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omari
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bwayo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D019111:Single-Use Internal Condom / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D017533:Marital Status; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012747:Sexual Partners; D014247:Trichomonas Vaginitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control