title: Acarbose vs. bedtime NPH insulin in the treatment of secondary failures to sulphonylurea-metformin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of secondary failures to sulphonylurea-metformin therapy, its comparison against bedtime NPH insulin, and to measure the changes in postprandial metabolism resulting from both treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred type 2 diabetic patients in a secondary failure were included. The study begun with a run-in diet period of 6 weeks, in which an isocaloric diet was prescribed. Only subjects who continued hyperglycaemic were randomly assigned to placebo and acarbose (n = 17) or bedtime NPH insulin (n = 12). Acarbose (300 mg/day) or placebo were administered using a randomized, double blind, crossover design. Treatment periods of 3 months were separated by a 3-week washout period. Insulin was administered during 3 months. At the beginning and the end of each treatment period, an i.v. glucose tolerance test and a meal test were performed. Safety tests were done every 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acarbose resulted in a small but significant improvement in fasting plasma glucose (13.5 +/- 2.4 vs. 11.3 +/- 3.9 mmol/l, p = 0.05), HbA1c (11.1 +/- 3.4 vs. 10.3 +/- 2.5%, P = 0.3) and in a decreased plasma glucose during the meal test. Bedtime insulin significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (13.1 +/- 2.9 vs. 8.2 +/- 2.3 mmol/l, p < 0.01), HbA1c (11.7 +/- 2.9 vs. 9.4 +/- 2.7%, p < 0.01) and plasma cholesterol. No change in insulin secretion resulted from insulin and acarbose treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acarbose decreases blood glucose in secondary failure to sulphonylurea-metformin therapy; however, the decrease is not enough to reach the desired metabolic control. Bedtime NPH insulin is, by far, a more effective alternative.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Diabetes y Metabolismo de Lípidos, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición, Vasco de Quiroga, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: López-Alvarenga
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Salinas
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Velasco-Perez
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arita-Melzer
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Guillen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mercado
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Pérez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rull-Rodrigo
mesh_terms: D020909:Acarbose / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D019233:Retreatment; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D008687:Metformin; D020909:Acarbose