title: Productivity losses associated with diabetes in the US.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of productivity losses in the U.S. attributable to diabetes, with regard to specific demographic and disease-related characteristics in the U.S..
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the 1989 National Health Interview Survey, a random survey of individuals in the U.S. that included a diabetes supplement. Data on individuals were obtained for labor force participation, hours of work, demographic and occupational characteristics, self-reported health status, and several variables that indicated the presence, duration, and severity (complications) of diabetes. Using multivariate regression analyses, we estimated the association of independent variables (e.g., demographics, health, and diabetes status) with labor force participation, hours of work lost, and the economic value of lost work attributable to diabetes and its complications and duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, the presence of diabetes and complications were found to be related to workforce participation variables. The magnitude of the lost-productivity costs depended on personal characteristics and on the presence and status of diabetes. In general, the loss of yearly earnings amounted to about a one-third reduction in earnings and ranged from $3,700 to $8,700 per annum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes has a considerable net effect on earnings, and the complications and duration of diabetes have compound effects. Our findings have implications for the cost-effectiveness of diabetes control; the presence of complicating factors is the single most important predictive factor in lost productivity costs attributable to diabetes, and thus the avoidance or retardation of complications will have an impact on indirect health-related costs.
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Baptist University, China.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004651:Employment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D018582:Sick Leave