title: Gender bias in families and its clinical implications for women.
abstract: Within the framework of feminist theory, this clinical study of 45 women with brothers explores family-based gender bias and elucidates its role in the lives of women. Bias is conceptualized along three dimensions: (1) devaluation--the woman perceives that she was less valued by her parents than a brother; (2) abuse without redress--the woman reports that she was abused by a brother and perceived herself as unable to get redress from her parents; and (3) deprivation--the woman perceives herself to have been deprived of resources or privileges that a brother had. The author identifies several legacies from the girlhood experience of gender bias that may be associated with depression in women: involvement in demeaning intimate relationships; self-doubt about competence in comparison with males; an isolating distrust of relationships; and the sacrifice of personal and relational development to serve parents and compensate for problematic brothers. Components of treatment are the therapist's self-awareness of internalized sexism; the questioning of client beliefs, based on sexist assumptions, that devalue women; and expanding women's perceived range of choice for improving their lives.
authors.affiliation: Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA, USA. atwood@aol.com
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Atwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003467:Cultural Deprivation; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D019513:Feminism; D006801:Humans; D011287:Prejudice; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012649:Self Concept; D012801:Sibling Relations; D012949:Social Work, Psychiatric; D014481:United States; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*