title: Electrochemical corrosion of titanium and titanium-based alloys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two varieties of unalloyed titanium, Ti-6Al-4V and NiTi, commonly are used in medical and dental fields. Several other types of alloys for potential use in these fields have been developed, including Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe and vanadium-free alloys (Ti-5Al-2.5Fe and Ti-5Al-3Mo-4Zr). The corrosion of these alloys under simulated physiologic conditions is not known. Purpose. This study compared the corrosion behaviors of 6 titanium materials through electrochemical polarization tests in 37 degrees C Ringer's solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The applied voltage was potentiostatically scanned from -0.6 to 1.0 V. From polarization curves, the corrosion rate (averaged over 3 samples) for each alloy was calculated and compared with that of other alloys. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test were performed at a 95% overall confidence level to identify statistically significance differences in corrosion rates. Surface oxide films were identified by electron diffraction, and the electrolyte medium was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after each alloy was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Commercially pure titanium and Ti-5Al-2.5Fe were the most resistant to corrosion; Ti-5Al-3Mo-4Zr, Ti-6Al-4V, and NiTi were the least resistant to corrosion. NiTi exhibited pitting corrosion along with transpassivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electron diffraction patterns indicated that all titanium alloys were covered mainly with rutile-type oxide (TiO(2)) after corrosion tests. The oxides that formed on Ti-5Al-2.5Fe were identified as a mixture of TiO(2) and Ti(9)O(17), and those that formed on NiTi were identified as a mixture of TiO(2) and Ni(2)Ti(4)O.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5186, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuphasuk
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshida
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Andres
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Hovijitra
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Barco
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003343:Corrosion; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000737:chemistry; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014639:Vanadium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010087:Oxides; D014639:Vanadium; C040654:titanium nickelide; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); C009495:titanium dioxide; D009532:Nickel; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D008982:Molybdenum; D015040:Zirconium; D000535:Aluminum; D014025:Titanium; D007501:Iron