title: Frequency and predictors of osteoporotic fractures after cardiac or liver transplantation: a follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis and related fractures are a major complication after organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to find out the frequency and predictors of osteoporotic fractures after cardiac or liver transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  235 consecutive patients who had a cardiac transplant (n=105; 88 men, 17 women) or a liver transplant (130; 75 men, 55 women) were followed. Vertebral fractures were assessed by a standardised analysis of spinal radiographs before and annually after transplantation. Clinical and non-vertebral fracture data were noted from hospital records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first and second years after transplantation, the proportion of patients (Kaplan-Meier estimates) who had at least one vertebral fracture was slightly higher in the cardiac group (first year 21%, second year 27%) than in the liver group (first year 14%, second year 21%). In the third and fourth years, one third of patients from both groups had had one or more vertebral fractures. Non-vertebral fractures occurred in nine patients (7%) after liver transplantation and avascular necrosis of the hip head in three patients (3%) after cardiac transplantation. In both groups, no dose-dependent effect of immunosuppressive therapy on fracture development could be identified. Independent predictors assessed by multivariate analysis were age (hazard ratio [95% CI] increase of 5 years, 1.71 [1.1-2.7]) and lumbar bone-mineral density (decrease of 1 SD t score, 1.97 [1.2-3.2]) in cardiac transplantation patients, and vertebral fractures before transplantation (6.07 [1.7-21.7]) in the liver group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high frequency of osteoporotic fractures in the 2 years after transplantation and the limitations of reliable fracture-risk predictions, show the need to investigate preventive therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany. thomas.bruchner@t-online.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leidig-Bruckner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dodidou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ritschel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conradt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klose
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Theilmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pritsch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus