title: Glycosylated RGD-containing peptides: tracer for tumor targeting and angiogenesis imaging with improved biokinetics.
abstract: The alpha(v)beta3 integrin plays an important role in metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Targeting with radiolabeled ligands of the alpha(v)beta3 integrin may provide information about the receptor status and enable specific therapeutic planning. Previous studies from our group resulted in tracers that showed alpha(v)beta3-selective tumor uptake. However, these first-generation compounds predominantly revealed hepatobiliary excretion with high radioactivity found in the liver. In this report, the synthesis and biological evaluation of the first glycosylated RGD-containing peptide (RGD-peptide) for the noninvasive imaging of alpha(v)beta3 expression are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peptides were assembled on a solid support using fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-coupling protocols. The precursor cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys(SAA)-) GP1 was synthesized by coupling 3-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-4,5,7-tri-O-benzyl-3-deoxy-beta-D-glycero-D-gulo-heptonic acid (SAA(Bn3)) with cyclo(-Arg(Mtr)-Gly-Asp(OtBu)-D-Tyr(tBu)-Lys-) and subsequent removal of the protection groups. Iodine labeling was performed by the Iodo-Gen method (radiochemical yield > 50%). The in vitro binding assays were performed using purified immobilized alpha(IIb)beta3, alpha(v)beta5, and alpha(v)beta3 integrins. For in vivo experiments, nude mice bearing xenotransplanted melanomas and mice with osteosarcomas were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The glycosylated peptide 3-iodo-Tyr4-cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys(SAA)-) GP2 showed high affinity and selectivity for alpha(v)beta3 in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration = 40 nmol/L). Pretreatment studies indicate specific binding of [125I]GP2 on alpha(v)beta3-expressing tumors in vivo. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of [125I]GP2 and [125I]-3-iodo-Tyr4-cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Val-) [125I]P2 revealed for [125I]GP2 an increased activity concentration in the blood (e.g., 3.59 +/- 0.35 percentage injected dose [%ID]/g vs. 1.72 +/- 0.44 %ID/g at 10 min postinjection) and a significantly reduced uptake in the liver (e.g., 2.59 +/- 0.24 %ID/g vs. 21.96 +/- 2.78 %ID/g at 10 min postinjection). Furthermore, a clearly increased activity accumulation in the tumor was found (e.g., 3.05 +/- 0.31 %ID/g vs. 0.92 +/- 0.16 %ID/g at 240 min postinjection), which remained almost constant between 60 and 240 min postinjection. This resulted in good tumor-to-organ ratios for the glycosylated tracer (e.g., 240-min postinjection osteosarcoma model: tumor-to-blood = 16; tumor-to-muscle = 7; tumor-to-liver = 2.5), which were confirmed by the first gamma-camera images of osteosarcoma-bearing mice at 240 min postinjection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the introduction of a sugar moiety improves the pharmakokinetic behavior of a hydrophobic peptide-based tracer. Additionally, this alpha(v)beta3-selective glycosylated radioiodinated second-generation tracer GP2 shows high tumor uptake and good tumor-to-organ ratios that allow noninvasive visualization of alpha(v)beta3-expressing tumors and monitoring therapy with alpha(v)beta3 antagonists. Finally, the favorable biokinetics make the glycosylated RGD-peptide a promising lead structure for tracers to quantify the alpha(v)beta3 expression using PET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haubner
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Senekowitsch-Schmidtke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019030:Receptors, Vitronectin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D016023:Integrins; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D009842:Oligopeptides; D019030:Receptors, Vitronectin; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid