title: Biodegradability of metronidazole, olaquindox, and tylosin and formation of tylosin degradation products in aerobic soil--manure slurries.
abstract: The use of veterinary drugs (primarily antibiotics) in animal husbandry harbors the risk that these compounds end up in the farmland when manure is used as fertilizer. The biodegradability of three compounds, olaquindox (OLA), metronidazole (MET), and tylosin (TYL), was simulated in soil--manure slurries with 50 g of soil per liter. Supplemental batch sorption tests revealed that insignificant amounts of OLA and MET were located in the soil phase, whereas only 0.1 to 10% of the added amounts of TYL remained in the liquid phase. This may reduce the bioavailability and thus biodegradation rates of TYL. Unidentified metabolites of OLA and TYL and four known TYL metabolites were detected using HPLC. However, none of these substances were seen to persist in the biodegradation experiments, indicating that OLA and TYL most likely were mineralized in the experiments. Neither the use of sandy or clayey soil nor the use of 0, 1, or 10% (V/V) of manure added to these soils had a significant effect on the degradation rates. Degradation half-lives for the primary degradation were 3.3--8.1 days for TYL, 5.8--8.8 days for OLA, and 13.1--26.9 days for MET. Based on comparisons of results obtained with the benchmark chemical aniline and degradation half-lives of this compound in nature, it was assessed that results obtained with the current test method slightly overestimate real-world biodegradation rates.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical and Analytical Chemistry, Section of Environmental Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark. fi@dfh.dk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ingerslev
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halling-Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015645:Tylosin / Q000378:metabolism*; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D011810:Quinoxalines; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D008795:Metronidazole; C013168:olaquindox; D015645:Tylosin