title: Usefulness of home blood pressure measurements in assessing the effect of treatment in a single-blind placebo-controlled open trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reproducibility of home blood pressure measurements (HBP), and the placebo effect on HBP, were examined to establish the number of subjects required in order to observe a significant antihypertensive effect of a drug for a comparative study between placebo and active treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reproducibility of HBP (n = 172 for systolic blood pressure and n = 137 for diastolic blood pressure) and the placebo effect on HBP (n = 35 for systolic and n = 42 for diastolic blood pressure) were examined using a semi-automatic electronic device on untreated hypertensive subjects during 21 consecutive days of measurements. From these two studies, the number of subjects required in order to observe a significant antihypertensive drug effect was assessed. In both studies, measurements from the first 3 days were excluded from the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reproducibility, defined as the difference between the initial 5 day average (days 4-8) and the last 5 day average (days 17-21) was -1.9 +/- 7.0/-1.4 +/- 4.8 mmHg (mean +/- SD), indicating high reproducibility with a minimal regression to the mean effect. A placebo was administered after the 8 day run-in period. The difference between the initial 5 day average (days 4-8) and the last 5 day average (days 17-21) was compared. The mean difference was 1.1 +/- 6.2/0.2 +/- 5.7 mmHg, suggesting that there was a minimal, if any, placebo effect. As determined by the power calculations, based on the standard deviations of the tests for reproducibility and the placebo effect, nine of 13 subjects are required to show that a 9/5 mmHg decrease in systolic HBP/diastolic HBP (50% of estimated effective decrease in systolic HBP/diastolic HBP according to the guidelines for clinical trials in Japan) is statistically significant
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the HBP measurement is highly reproducible and that there is a minimal, if any, placebo effect. These characteristics of HBP contribute to minimizing the number of subjects necessary for assessment of antihypertensive drug effects in comparative studies between an active treatment and placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chonan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikuya
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hisamichi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015990:Placebo Effect; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016037:Single-Blind Method