title: The impact of reduced frequency of cage changes on the health of mice housed in ventilated cages.
abstract: Our purpose in this investigation was to determine if we could reduce cage changing frequency without adversely affecting the health of mice. We housed mice at three different cage changing frequencies: 7, 14, and 21 days, each at three different cage ventilation rates: 30, 60 and 100 air changes per hour (ACH), for a total of nine experimental conditions. For each condition, we evaluated the health of 12 breeding pairs and 12 breeding trios of C57BL/6J mice for 7 months. Health was assessed by breeding performance, weanling weight and growth, plasma corticosterone levels, immune function, and histological examination of selected organs. Over a period of 4 months, we monitored the cage microenvironment for ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations, relative humidity, and temperature one day prior to changing the cage. The relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentrations, and temperature of the cages at all conditions were within acceptable levels. Ammonia concentrations remained below 25 ppm (parts per million) in most cages, but, even at higher concentrations, did not adversely affect the health of mice. Frequency of cage changing had only one significant effect; pup mortality with pair matings was greater at the cage changing frequency of 7 days compared with 14 or 21 days. In addition, pup mortality with pair matings was higher at 30 ACH compared with other ventilation rates. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, cage changes once every 14 days and ventilation rates of 60 ACH provide optimum conditions for animal health and practical husbandry.
authors.affiliation: The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Reeb-Whitaker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paigen
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Beamer
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Bronson
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008098:Litter Size; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000641:Ammonia; D003345:Corticosterone