title: In vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation of whole cottonseed coated with gelatinized corn starch and urea.
abstract: We conducted an in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation study to determine the effect of coating whole cottonseed with gelatinized corn starch and feed grade urea. Treatments were arranged as a 3 x 4 factorial to provide three concentrations of starch (0.0, 2.5, and 5.0%) and four concentrations of urea (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0%). All treatments were prepared from one lot of whole cottonseed. Batch culture fermentations were conducted using anaerobic medium that contained 20% (vol/vol) ruminal fluid in 160-ml serum bottles. Whole cottonseed was ground to pass through a 6-mm screen and weighed amounts (0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 g) were added to the serum bottles. As starch increased, H2, CH4, total volatile fatty acids, and molar proportions of propionate increased linearly, whereas pH, molar proportions of acetate, and the acetate to propionate ratio decreased linearly. L-Lactate concentrations were highest with 2.5% starch compared with 0 or 5.0%. As the amount of urea in the coating increased, pH and CH4 increased linearly, whereas H2 concentrations decreased linearly. Ammonia concentrations exhibited a quadratic response due to moderate increases with the addition of 0.25 and 0.5% urea, and a greater increase was observed with 1.0% urea. Interactions between starch and urea were observed for H2, CH4, NH3, and L-lactate. Concentrations of H2 decreased and CH4 was relatively constant as urea increased in the presence of 0 and 2.5% starch, but increased with 5% starch. L-Lactate concentrations were unchanged (0% starch), higher (2.5% starch), or lower (5.0% starch) as urea increased. Ammonia concentrations increased after urea exceeded 10% of the starch concentration. The addition of urea did not prevent the decline in pH, but did reduce H2 and CH4 accumulation with 2.5% starch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793-0748, USA. jbernard@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wedegaertner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003369:Cottonseed Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005780:Gelatin; D006859:Hydrogen; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D008697:Methane; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D003369:Cottonseed Oil; D006859:Hydrogen; D014508:Urea; D005780:Gelatin; D013213:Starch; D008697:Methane