title: PCDD/F inhibition by prior addition of urea to the solid fuel in laboratory experiments and results statistical evaluation.
abstract: The objectives of this work were to study the effect of urea addition to the fuel before the combustion on the suppression of PCDD/F emissions, to examine the influence of urea to PCDD/F isomer patterns by employing statistical analysis techniques and to determine the most effective method of urea addition. Urea in the form of powder and as an aqueous solution was mixed with RDF and the fuel mixtures were incinerated in a lab-scale reactor at 1000 degrees C. PCDD/F emitted during combustion experiments were collected in a quartz wool filter downstream the reactor unit. Analysis and quantification of PCDD/F showed that urea significantly affected PCDD/F emissions. Combustion of RDF containing 10% w/w urea resulted in PCDD/F emissions lower than 8 I-TEQ ng/g RDF, while the corresponding average value from single RDF combustion was 17 I-TEQ ng/g RDF. The PCDD/F prevention capacity of urea was independent from the method of urea addition to the fuel, as similar results were obtained after the addition of urea in the solid and in the aqueous phases. Results assessment by statistical methods showed that isomer patterns remained almost stable and were not affected by the method of urea addition.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Solid Fuels and Environment, Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece. samaras@alexandros.cperi.certh.gr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Samaras
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blumenstock
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lenoir
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettrup