title: Risks of smoking in treated and untreated older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the health risks associated with smoking and blood pressure in Chinese hypertensive patients and to compare the benefit of antihypertensive drug treatment with the risk attributable to smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multiple Cox regression to correlate outcome with blood pressure and smoking status in 2284 older (aged > or = 60 years) patients enrolled in the Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Trial (systolic/diastolic blood pressure > or = 160/< 95 mmHg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up was 3.0 years. After adjustment for sex, age, active antihypertensive treatment and various entry characteristics, the relative hazard rates associated with smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day were 2.04 (P = 0.04), 4.66 (P < 0.001) and 4.74 (P = 0.002) for all-cause, noncardiovascular and cancer mortality, respectively. With similar adjustments applied, the relative hazard rates for total (fatal and non-fatal) stroke associated with smoking 10-20 and more than 20 cigarettes per day were 1.78 (P = 0.04) and 2.23 (P = 0.03), respectively. Furthermore, both smoking and systolic blood pressure were associated with higher risk of stroke. Compared with the overall risk in the whole group, treating 1,000 patients for 5 years prevented 40 [95% confidence interval (CI), 5-75] strokes in smokers as well as never smokers. Prognosis in never smokers and past smokers was similar. Quitting smoking had the potential to prevent 51 (95% CI, -21 to 122) strokes in untreated hypertensive patients and to prevent 45 (95% CI, - 14 to 104) additional strokes in treated patients, over and above the effects of antihypertensive treatment. If, in addition to stroke, non-cardiovascular mortality was also accounted for, the estimated absolute benefit of quitting smoking increased to 69 (95% CI, -18 to 155) and 97 (95% CI, 23-171) events in the untreated and the treated group, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In elderly Chinese patients, smoking was a risk factor for all-cause, non-cardiovascular and cancer mortality, as well as fatal and non-fatal stroke. The potential benefits of antihypertensive treatment and quitting smoking were approximately similar. In our view, these findings are important in terms of public health policies and health economics.
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Division, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol