title: Toward a culturally inclusive understanding of wisdom: historical roots in the East and West.
abstract: To establish a clearer definition of wisdom as a psychological concept, Western and Eastern historical literatures were reviewed and assessed within a general analytical/synthetic framework. In the West, either in an ancient Egyptian, biblical, or philosophical sense, wisdom had been often identified as a form of analytical ability such as an increase in the knowledge database or an increase in information processing efficiency. By contrast, the Eastern understanding of wisdom, primarily derived from the ancient Vedic text, had been more inclusive, with both analytical and synthetic domains regarded as necessary moments to the whole of wisdom. The inclusive account was also discussed with respect to two important Eastern themes of wisdom: "void" and "codependence."
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago 60625-4699, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D019359:Knowledge; D007858:Learning