title: Choroid plexus tumors in children: significance of stromal invasion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A group of choroid plexus tumors fit the cellular criteria for choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) except for invasion into the adjacent parenchyma, with associated loss of the normal villus architecture at the site of invasion. These tumors retain a benign cellular appearance. In the existing literature, it is unclear whether these tumors are classified as choroid plexus carcinomas or as CPPs. In our experience, although evidence of invasion is present, these tumors tend to exhibit benign behavior. We suggest that stromal invasion of this type remains consistent with a benign clinical course, although surgical results may demonstrate higher morbidity rates, given the invasive nature of the tumors. The failure to classify these tumors as CPPs may explain some of the variability in outcomes reported for various studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study this question, clinical and histological data for children diagnosed with CPPs (either with or without stromal invasion) between 1985 and 1995 were examined. Only cases with pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging data were included in the series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12 patients with CPPs were identified, with 4 tumors being notable for stromal invasion. After gross total tumor removal, none of the eight children with CPPs received adjuvant therapy at our institution; all are alive without evidence of tumor recurrence after surgical excision (mean, 108 mo). Of the four patients with stromal invasion, three underwent gross total resection. The one patient who underwent subtotal resection received chemotherapy at another facility. All four of these patients are alive, after a mean of 100 months of follow-up monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is recommended that CPPs with a benign cellular appearance but with evidence of local parenchymal invasion and loss of the normal villus architecture at the site of invasion be classified as CPPs. Patients with these tumors respond to surgical therapy alone, without the need for adjuvant treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, California 90027, USA. mlevy@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hyder
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gonzales-Gomez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Gilles
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: McComb
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016545:Choroid Plexus Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010212:Papilloma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome