title: Nasolacrimal polyurethane stent placement for epiphora: technical long-term results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess technical problems related to implantation of a polyurethane stent to treat obstructive epiphora, and to assess the long-term patency of the nasolacrimal system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluoroscopically guided placement of a polyurethane nasolacrimal stent was performed in 70 obstructed lacrimal systems of 62 patients with grade 3-4 obstructive epiphora. Follow-up was conducted for 1-20 months (average, 11.3 months). The obstruction was at the lacrimal sac in six systems, at the junction between the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct in 60 systems, and at the nasolacrimal duct in four systems. The cause of the obstruction was idiopathic in all cases but was probably residual to dacryocystitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of these 70 procedures, stent placement was technically successful in 61 systems (87%). On long-term follow-up, 41 (67.2%) stents remained in place, with resolution or clinical improvement, and 18 (29.5%) stents were removed (because of occlusion in 17 systems), with stent malpositioning in the duct in six cases. There were seven cases of malpositioning in all. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate patency, compare patency in properly positioned stents and malpositioned stents, and establish the relationship between malpositioning and the need for irrigation to maintain stent patency. Of the total 70 stents originally placed, 41 (58.6%) were still in place and functional at long-term follow-up. At 1 year, 73% of properly positioned stents remained patent versus 0% of improperly positioned stents. Median stent patency in the former group was 20 months and was 1 month in the latter group (P = .00002). Eleven percent of properly positioned stents required irrigation versus 57% of incorrectly positioned stents (P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After follow-up for 1 year, recurrence of epiphora brought on by stent obstruction was 28%. Early stent blockage and the need for periodic irrigation may be indicative of malpositioning of the stent.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Radiología Vascular e Intervencionista, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain. isabelpinto@retemail.es
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Pabón
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de la Cal López
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D011140:Polyurethanes; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011140:Polyurethanes