title: Induction of p53 expression in skin by radiotherapy and UV radiation: a randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  p53 protein plays an important role in the response to DNA damage, and radiotherapy can cause radiation dermatitis. p53 and p21 levels increase in vitro when DNA is damaged by UVA, UVB, or gamma-radiation. To determine whether this response occurs in human skin and predicts the level of radiation dermatitis, we investigated levels of p53 and p21 in skin exposed to different types of radiation as part of a randomized study of women with breast cancer to evaluate topical steroid or emollient cream treatments for radiation dermatitis of their irradiated breast.
  
  
  METHODS
  After surgery but before receiving tangential 5-mV photo-beam radiotherapy (2 Gy and 54 Gy) to the affected breast parenchyma, multiple areas on the backs of 50 women were irradiated with UVA and other areas were irradiated with UVB. Skin biopsy samples were taken from areas of normal unirradiated skin and all irradiated areas, and p53 and p21 were detected immunohistochemically. All statistical tests are two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In skin irradiated with UVA or UVB, medians of 4.4% (range = 0%-40.5%) or 45.5% (range = 5.3%-74.6%) p53-positive keratinocytes, respectively, were observed. Radiotherapy produced medians of 31.0% (range = 0%-79.3%) p53-immunoreactive cells after 2 Gy of radiation and 83.2% (range = 37.6%-95.2%) after 54 Gy of radiation. Despite large interindividual differences in p53 response, comparable increases in epidermal p53 response were independent of the type of radiation. A correlation between p53 and p21 was also evident (r(s) =.78). In breast skin, there was no association between the p53 response and the degree of erythema (a measure of radiation dermatitis) and no statistically significant difference between treatment arms and p21/p53 responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual responses to radiation-induced DNA damage varied widely and may be independent of the type of radiation. The epidermal p53 response does not predict the degree of radiation dermatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Fredrik.Ponten@genpat.uu.se
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ponten
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lindman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bostrom
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003348:Cortisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D003348:Cortisone