title: Differences in perinatal transmission among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether genotypes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes A, C, or D or intersubtype recombinants have the same probability of being transmitted from mother to child.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the HIV-1 genetic subtype and maternal risk factors of 51 matched transmitting and nontransmitting mothers from Tanzania. The HIV-1 gag (p24-p7) and env (C2-C5) nucleotide sequences were used for genotype classification, and matched logistic regression analysis was used to assess differences among genotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers infected with HIV-1 subtype A (odds ratio, 3.8; 95% CI, 0.8-24.7%), HIV-1 subtype C (odds ratio, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.3-30.8%), or HIV-1 intersubtype recombinant viruses (odds ratio, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.2-33.4%) were more likely to transmit HIV-1 to their infants than mothers infected with HIV-1 subtype D. Lower CD4 cell counts at enrollment were associated with transmission, but CD4 cell counts within each genotype did not explain differences in transmission among HIV-1 genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that HIV-1 genotypes might be associated with differential risk for vertical transmission. These findings provide the first evidence that HIV-1 genetic subtypes may play a role in rates of vertical transmission in an African setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6017, USA. brenjifo@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renjifo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fawzi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mwakagile
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Msamanga
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kagoma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chaplin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hertzmark
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Essex
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002213:Capsid / Q000235:genetics; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000235:genetics; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012307:Risk Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015686:Gene Products, env; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; C071884:NCP7 protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus