title: Childhood experiences and adult behavior in a group of women with pain accounted for by psychological factors and a group recovered from major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study twenty-four women with pain accounted for by psychological factors (DSM-IV, 307.80) and twenty-four with major depression diagnosed according to DSM-III-R were compared to study the relationship between pain and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  They were examined by a semi-structured, tape-recorded interview to study their childhood experiences and adult behavior. The interviews were rated by two independent and blind raters. Interrater correlation (Cohen-Kappa) varied between good and close agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of childhood experiences, "brutality between parents," "brutality toward child," and "sexual abuse" were often found in both groups and were more strongly represented in these than in comparison groups of former studies. As adults, the pain group had experienced more serious illness (p = 0.037) and surgery (p = 0.014). The depression group more often had a history of depression (15/24 vs. 4/24; p = 0.001). The pain group spoke negatively of its physicians (p = 0.001), was more hostile during the interview (p = 0.041), was less convinced of the benefit of the hospital stay (p = 0.029), felt less self-responsible, and was more pessimistic (p = 0.013). The pain patients also provoked negative emotions in the raters, whereas the latter's reaction to the depression group was compassion and interest (p = 0.0005) (Pearson's chi2 and Fisher's exact tests).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that negative childhood experiences are prominent and similar in patients with pain accounted for by psychological factors and in patients after major depression. Adult behavior, however, is very different.
authors.affiliation: University of Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Zlot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofer-Mayer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Adler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003710:Demography; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011611:Psychosomatic Medicine; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014167:Transference, Psychology