title: Suppressive effects of citrus fruits on free radical generation and nobiletin, an anti-inflammatory polymethoxyflavonoid.
abstract: Citrus fruit intake is known to be associated with a reduction of cancer incidence. Free radicals, including superoxide (O2-) and nitric oxide (NO), are involved in some epithelial carcinogenesis processes. In the present study, we screened thirty-one citrus fruits for their suppressive activities toward three lines of free radical generating systems: 1) O2- generation by the xanthine (XA)-xanthine oxidase (XOD) system; 2) O2- generation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in differentiated human promyelocytic HL-60 cells; and 3) NO generation in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma. As a result, the inhibitory activities of peel parts were largely found to be higher than those of the corresponding juice sac parts. In particular, the peel portion of Dancy tangerine (Citrus tangerinia) showed marked anti-oxidative activities in these systems. In addition, nobiletin, a polymethoxyflavonoid isolated from C. nobilis, showed a higher anti-inflammatory activity than indomethacin in a TPA-induced edema formation test in mouse ears. These results indicate that citrus fruits could be notable sources of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cancer preventive compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological Science, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Iwade-Uchita, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koshiba
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koshimizu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokuda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohigashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005609:Free Radicals; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D019820:Xanthine / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids; D005609:Free Radicals; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013481:Superoxides; D019820:Xanthine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C008661:nobiletin; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate