Perinatal practices in two rural districts of Zimbabwe: a community perspective.
OBJECTIVE
To describe perinatal practices from a community perspective and identify factors associated with perinatal death.


METHODS
Cross sectional community based survey.


METHODS
Murewa and Madziwa rural areas, Zimbabwe.


METHODS
Women aged 15 to 50 years who had been pregnant within the 24 months preceding the survey.


METHODS
Where delivered, where preferred to deliver, model of delivery, use of herbs in labour, duration of labour, assistant at delivery, time of delivery, condition of baby at birth, resuscitation methods, birth weight, initiation of breast feeding, illness in the first week and outcome of pregnancy.


RESULTS
644 women were interviewed; 581/644 stated where they would have liked to deliver and 505/644 stated where they actually delivered their last baby. The majority 369/581 (62.4%) preferred to delivery at a government hospital and 240/505 (47.5%) actually delivered at a government hospital. Of the home deliveries only 27/581 (4.6%) preferred to deliver at home and yet 123/505 (24.4%) actually delivered at home. Primary care clinics were less preferred 151/581 (25.5%) as a place for delivery and 89/505 (17.6%) actually delivered there. Labour lasting more than 12 hours occurred in 20.4% of deliveries. Nurses were the commonest attendants at delivery 309/508 (60.4%) and morbidity following delivery was noted in 72/495 (14.5%). Resuscitation was carried out in 61/72 infants. Beating/shaking 36/61 (58.0%) and pouring cold water over the baby 11/61 (18.0%) were the commonest methods of resuscitation. Being delivered by a doctor compared to a nurse and being in Murewa district were statistically significant risk factors for mortality with Odds Ratio (OR) 5.21 (95% CI 2.86 to 9.51) and 3.90 (95% CI 1.51 to 10.09) respectively. The odds of dying when delivered by breech extraction were high, but not statistically significant OR 3.73 (95% CI 0.92 to 13.97) when compared to being delivered by vertex delivery. Labour more than 12 hours, use of herbs in pregnancy and time of delivery were not significantly associated with mortality with OR (95% CI) of 1.02 (0.40 to 2.19), 0.92 (0.00 to 4.38), 1.05 (0.56 to 1.97) respectively. On logistic regression analysis only being delivered in Murewa district remained significant.


CONCLUSIONS
The utilisation of primary health care centres for delivery was unexpectedly low and home deliveries were unacceptably high. Increased mortality when delivered by a doctor and high early neonatal morbidity suggest poor monitoring and delayed intervention in labour. Infant morbidity following delivery was high and methods for neonatal resuscitation inappropriate. There is a need for more studies looking into health worker skills particularly in the areas of partogram use and neonatal resuscitation in these districts.
Kambarami
R A
RA
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Medical School, Box A 178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Chirenje
M Z
MZ
Rusakaniko
S
S
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018672:Community Health Planning; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015030:Zimbabwe