Norepinephrine release after acute brain death abolishes the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning in rabbit.
OBJECTIVE
Brain death (BD) abolishes the infarct-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning (IP) in rabbits. We wished to define the role of the norepinephrine storm in this observation.


METHODS
Rabbits were randomized into six groups of ten animals each. In control group (CTRL), anaesthetized rabbits were subjected to 30 min left coronary marginal branch occlusion and 90 min reperfusion. In CTRL+IP group, anaesthetized rabbits were preconditioned with a 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion sequence before coronary occlusion. In CTRL+NE+IP group, anaesthetized rabbits received a 10 microg/kg norepinephrine injection 90 min before IP. In BD group, rabbits were subjected to 90 min of BD before coronary occlusion. In BD+IP group, brain-dead rabbits were preconditioned before coronary occlusion. In BD+LA+IP group, rabbits received an intra-arterial bolus injection of an alpha and beta adrenoreceptor blocking agent (labetolol, 1 mg/kg) prior to brain death induction and subsequent preconditioning. BD was induced by rapid inflation of an intracranial balloon. At termination of the experiment, left ventricular volume (LVV), myocardial volume at risk (VAR) and infarct volume (IV) were determined with methylene blue and tetrazolium staining, and measured using planimetry.


RESULTS
LVV was not significantly different among groups. Myocardial VAR/LVV was not significantly different between groups (CTRL, 22.5+/-6.9%; CTRL+IP, 23.3+/-2.2%; CTRL+NE+IP, 25.9+/-12.7%; BD, 19.9+/-4.8%; BD+IP, 21.7+/-3.1%; BD+LA+IP, 23.4+/-5.8%; P=NS). IV/VAR was significantly reduced in the CTRL+IP group as compared with CTRL and CTR+NE+IP groups (12.2+/-1.2 vs. 49.7+/-1.7 and 49.3+/-4.7%; P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in IV/VAR between BD and BD+IP groups. In contrast, IV/VAR was reduced in BD+LA+IP compared to BD and BD+IP groups (13.9+/-5.4 vs. 50.0+/-1.4 and 49.6+/-1.5%; P<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
The loss of infarct-limiting effect of IP in brain-dead rabbits is related to the massive release of norepinephrine that occurs as a consequence of BD.
Farhat
F
F
Centre de Recherches Chirurgicales Henri Mondor, CNRS UPRES-A 7054, Association Claude Bernard, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Loisance
D
D
Garnier
J P
JP
Kirsch
M
M
D000818:Animals; D001926:Brain Death / Q000378:metabolism*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D007741:Labetalol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011336:Probability; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D007741:Labetalol; D009638:Norepinephrine