Timing of activation of the erector spinae and hamstrings during a trunk flexion and extension task.
METHODS
Timing of activation of the hamstrings and erector spinae was assessed using surface electromyography.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the influence of posture and movement speed during trunk flexion-extension on the flexion-relaxation response and trunk muscle activation patterns.


BACKGROUND
The literature contains numerous reports on coactivity and synergistic behavior of major muscle groups during trunk flexion-extension. There are few reports on the timing of muscle activation.


METHODS
Six subjects were recruited for a training session and six biweekly test sessions. Ten surface electromyogram electrodes and a lordosimeter were used to record timing of lumbar motion and muscle recruitment in the hamstrings and at four sites in the thoracolumbar region. A 3 x 2 within-subject factorial design was used to test the effects of posture and speed on activation patterns.


RESULTS
Patterns of muscle activation were found to be dependent on posture and the direction of movement. The flexion-relaxation response was pervasive in the lumbar region but was less consistent at the T9 and hamstring sites. Significant differences in the delay between electromyogram activation and lumbar motion were found for the standing postures at initiation of extension, in which activation progressed in the caudad-to-cephalad direction.


CONCLUSIONS
The flexion-relaxation response is ubiquitous in the lumbar erector spinae and is present in the hamstrings and lower thoracic erector spinae, although not consistently in all subjects. In standing, timing of activation differed significantly by site in extension but not in flexion. Muscle activation patterns and flexion-relaxation were consistent over six biweekly test sessions.
Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health, Hopkinton, Massachusetts, USA. Raymond.Mcgorry@LibertyMutual.com
R W
RW
McGorry
S M
SM
Hsiang
F A
FA
Fathallah
E A
EA
Clancy
D000328:Adult; D001415:Back / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors