Anticholinergic bronchodilators in combination.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which affects approximately 14 million Americans, is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and is responsible for an estimated US$6.5 billion in direct and indirect costs per year [1,2]. Its usual course is a slow deterioration of lung function and progressive breathlessness with activities. The age-adjusted death rate for COPD rose 71% from 1967 to 1987, and the 10 year mortality rate is about 50%. Bronchodilators form one of the mainstays of therapy in COPD patients. The judicious use of these agents increases airflow and reduces dyspnea in patients with COPD. Patients often experience a reduction in symptoms and improvement in their quality of life. There are several classes of bronchodilators available for the treatment of COPD, each with specific clinical benefits: anticholinergics, short-acting beta 2 agonists, combination anticholinergic and short-acting beta 2 agonist, long-acting beta 2 agonists and methylxanthines. This chapter reviews the use of an anticholinergic (ipratropium bromide) concomitantly with other bronchodilators, focusing on patients with COPD.
Pineda
R
R
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Rennard
S I
SI
D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000627:therapeutic use
D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013806:Theophylline