Branched co-polymers of histidine and lysine are efficient carriers of plasmids.
We previously determined that a linear co-polymer of histidine and lysine (HK) in combination with liposomes enhanced the transfection efficiency of cationic liposomes. In the current study, we designed a series of HK polymers with increased branching and/or histidine/lysine ratio to determine if either variable affects transfection efficiency. In the presence of liposomes, the branched polymer with the highest number of histidines, HHK4b, was the most effective at enhancing gene expression. Furthermore, when serum was added to the medium during transfection, the combination of HHK4b and liposomes as a gene-delivery vehicle increased luciferase expression 400-fold compared to liposomes alone. In contrast to linear HK polymers, the higher branched HHK polymers were effective carriers of plasmids in the absence of liposomes. Without liposomes, the HHK4b carrier enhanced luciferase expression 15-fold in comparison with the lesser branched HHK2b carrier and increased expression by 5-logs in comparison with the HHK or HK carrier. The interplay of several parameters including increased condensation of DNA, buffering of acidic endosomes and differential binding affinities of polymer with DNA have a role in the enhancement of transfection by the HK polymers. In addition to suggesting that branched HK polymers are promising gene-delivery vehicles, this study provides a framework for the development of more efficient peptide-bond-based polymers of histidine and lysine.
Department of Pathology and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Chen
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Zhang
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Stass
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Mixson
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016466:CHO Cells; D002417:Cattle; D006224:Cricetinae; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006639:Histidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry; D008156:Luciferases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D018942:Macrolides; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D008081:Liposomes; D018942:Macrolides; D011108:Polymers; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C057620:bafilomycin A; D006639:Histidine; D008156:Luciferases; D008239:Lysine