Velocardiofacial syndrome: are structural changes in the temporal and mesial temporal regions related to schizophrenia?
OBJECTIVE
Velocardiofacial syndrome results from a microdeletion on chromosome 22 (22q11.2). Clinical studies indicate that more than 30% of children with the syndrome will develop schizophrenia. The authors sought to determine whether neuroanatomical features in velocardiofacial syndrome are similar to those reported in the literature on schizophrenia by measuring the volumes of the temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus, and mesial temporal structures in children and adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome.


METHODS
Twenty-three children and adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome and 23 comparison subjects, individually matched for age and gender, received brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Analysis of covariance models were used to compare regional brain volumes. Correlations between residualized brain volumes and age were standardized and compared with the Fisher r-to-z transformation.


RESULTS
Children with velocardiofacial syndrome had significantly smaller average temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus, and hippocampal volumes than normal comparison children, although these differences were commensurate with a lower overall brain size in the affected children. In a cross-sectional analysis, children with velocardiofacial syndrome exhibited aberrant volumetric reductions with age that were localized to the temporal lobe and left hippocampal regions.


CONCLUSIONS
Abnormal temporal lobe and hippocampal development in velocardiofacial syndrome is potentially concordant with MRI findings in the schizophrenia literature. Temporal lobe and mesial temporal structures may represent a shared substrate for the effects of the 22q11.2 deletion and for the complex etiological pathways that lead to schizophrenia. Longitudinal research may help determine which children with velocardiofacial syndrome are at risk for serious psychiatric illness in adulthood.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5719, USA. eliez@stanford.edu
S
S
Eliez
C M
CM
Blasey
E J
EJ
Schmitt
C D
CD
White
D
D
Hu
A L
AL
Reiss
D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D002648:Child; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D019066:Facies; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D013577:Syndrome; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics