Hot flashes in the late reproductive years: risk factors for Africa American and Caucasian women.
Hot flashes are a primary reason that midlife women seek medical care, but there is little information about the onset or the predictors of hot flashes in the years before the menopause. This study examines women's experience of hot flashes in the late reproductive years, comparing African American and Caucasian women, and identifies hormonal, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for hot flashes associated with ovarian aging. Data are from a population-based prospective cohort study of ovarian aging in women who were ages 35--47, in general good health, and had regular menstrual cycles at study enrollment. Hot flashes were assessed by subject report in a structured interview at the first follow-up period and correlated highly with previous prospective daily ratings of hot flashes (p = 0.0001). Blood samples were obtained in the first 6 days of the menstrual cycle in two consecutive cycles at enrollment and two consecutive cycles at follow-up. Predictor variables include hormone measures, structured interview, and standard questionnaire data. Thirty-one percent of the sample (n = 375) reported hot flashes (mean age 41 years). In bivariate analysis, more African American than Caucasian women reported hot flashes (38% vs. 25%, p = 0.01). Significant predictors of hot flashes in the final multivariable logistic regression model were higher follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (odds ratio [OR] 3.19), anxiety (OR 1.06), baseline menopausal symptoms (OR 4.91), alcohol use (OR 1.09), body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.04), and parity (OR 1.20). Race did not predict hot flashes after adjusting for these variables. Hot flashes commonly occur before observable menstrual irregularities in the perimenopause and are associated with both hormonal and behavioral factors. The association of hot flashes with increased body mass (BMI) challenges the current "thin" hypothesis and raises important questions about the role of BMI in hormone dynamics in the late reproductive years.
Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
E W
EW
Freeman
M D
MD
Sammel
J A
JA
Grisso
M
M
Battistini
B
B
Garcia-Espagna
L
L
Hollander
D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000193:education / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology
D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone