Achieving optimal diabetic control in adolescence: the continuing enigma.
The transition from childhood through adolescence to adulthood is a difficult stage, particularly for patients with type 1 diabetes. The yearning for autonomy and independence, as well as the hormonal changes around the time of puberty, can manifest in poor glycaemic control. The focus on diet and weight increases the prevalence of eating disorders, compounding the difficulties in supervising diabetes patients. This can be exacerbated by the realisation that hyperglycaemia induces weight loss and the use of this knowledge to further manipulate diabetes control to gain a desired body image. The management of adolescents with type 1 diabetes is therefore challenging and requires close collaboration between psychological medicine and diabetes teams. This review describes the difficulties frequently encountered, with a description of four cases illustrating these points. Case 1 demonstrates the problem of needle phobia in a newly diagnosed patient with type 1 diabetes leading to persistent hyperglycaemia, the recognition of weight loss associated with this and the development of bulimia. The patient's overall management was further complicated by risk-taking behaviour. By the age of 24 years, she has developed diabetic retinopathy and autonomic neuropathy and continues to partake in risk-taking behaviour. Case 2 illustrates how the lack of parental support shortly after the development of type 1 diabetes led to poor glycaemic control and how teenagers often omit insulin to accommodate lifestyle and risk-taking behaviour. Case 3 further exemplifies the difficulty in managing patients with needle phobia and the fear of hypoglycaemia. Case 4 adds further weight to the need for parental support and the impact of deleterious life events on glycaemic control by manipulation of insulin dosage.
Diabetes Unit, Ulster Hospital, 700 Upper Newtownards Road, Dundonald, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT16 1RH, UK.
E M
EM
McConnell
R
R
Harper
M
M
Campbell
J K
JK
Nelson
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012944:Social Support
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin