Immunomodulation using bacterial enterotoxins.
Immunologic unresponsiveness (tolerance) is a key feature of the mucosal immune system, and deliberate vaccination by a mucosal route can effectively induce immune suppression. However, some bacterial-derived proteins, e.g. cholera toxin and the heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli, are immunogenic and immunomodulatory at mucosal surfaces and can effectively adjuvant immune responses to codelivered bystander antigens. This review summarizes some of the structural and biological characteristics of these toxins and provides examples of how these properties have been exploited for tolerance induction and mucosal vaccine development.
Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK. c.simmons@ic.ac.uk
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Simmons
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Ghaem-Magami
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Petrovska
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Lopes
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Williams
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Dougan
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D021122:Protein Subunits; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D021122:Protein Subunits; D002772:Cholera Toxin; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases