Chronological analysis of physiological T2* signal change in the cerebrum during breath holding.
The purpose of this study was to examine which physiological factors affect cerebral T2* signal intensity (SI) during breath holding (BH) (apnea after inspiration and breathing after expiration) in normal volunteers. We examined SI changes caused by anoxic gas inhalation, by respiratory movements, and by BH. High-speed echo planar images (EPI) showed changes in SI that could be divided into five phases. Reports indicate that SI changes induced by BH are due to the effects on the magnetic susceptibility of deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin (dHb)) and to hypercapnia, but these reports could not fully explain the observed five phases. In addition to deoxyhemoglobin susceptibility and hypercapnia, we found that respiratory movements play a third critical role in modifying SI by affecting blood flow into the region of interest (ROI), as judged from right carotid artery flow. Consequently, we propose that the physiological SI changes induced by BH are derived from blood oxygenation, hypercapnia, and respiratory movements.
Nakada
K
K
Department of Radiology, Kochi Medical School, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan. kaz@i-kochi.or.jp
Yoshida
D
D
Fukumoto
M
M
Yoshida
S
S
D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology
D006454:Hemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin