The genetic epidemiology of irrational fears and phobias in men.
BACKGROUND
Much of our knowledge of the role of genetic factors in the etiology of phobias comes from one population-based sample of female twins. We examined the sources of individual differences in the risks for phobias and their associated irrational fears in male twins.


METHODS
In personal interviews with both members of 1198 male-male twin pairs (707 monozygotic [MZ] and 491 dizygotic [DZ]) ascertained from a population-based registry, we assessed the lifetime history of agoraphobia and social, animal, situational, and blood/injury phobias as well as their associated irrational fears. Twin resemblance was assessed by means of probandwise concordance, odds ratios, tetrachoric correlations, and univariate and multivariate biometrical model fitting.


RESULTS
The suggestive results obtained by analysis of phobias only were supported by analyzing both fears and phobias. All 5 phobia subtypes aggregate within twin-pairs. This aggregation is due largely or solely to genetic factors with heritability of liabilities ranging from 25% to 37%. Multivariate analysis revealed a common genetic factor, genetic factors specific to each subtype, and a common familial-environmental factor.


CONCLUSIONS
In male subjects, genetic risk factors, which are partially common across all subtypes and partially subtype specific, play a moderate role in the etiology of phobias and their associated irrational fears. Family environment probably has an impact on risk for agoraphobia and social phobia. The genetic liability to blood/injury phobias is not distinct from those of the more typical phobias.
Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh St, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA.
K S
KS
Kendler
J
J
Myers
C A
CA
Prescott
M C
MC
Neale
D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D015897:Comorbidity; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005239:Fear / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D012042:Registries; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data