Improved early results with cavopulmonary connections.
BACKGROUND
We describe the recent results in a large cohort of patients with functionally single ventricle who underwent various modifications of cavopulmonary connections.


METHODS
Using the database at our institution, we identified all children who underwent cavopulmonary connection operations between June 1995 and June 1997. Demographic data, surgical history, and perioperative course were reviewed.


RESULTS
We performed 130 consecutive operations in 113 patients. The procedures included superior cavopulmonary connections in the form of the HemiFontan procedure in 45 instances, and bidirectional Glenn procedures in 11, and bilateral superior cavopulmonary connections in 7. The median age of these patients was 7.0 months. We completed Fontan operations using a fenestrated lateral tunnel on 47 occasions, and using an extracardiac conduit 9 times, 5 of which were fenestrated. A lateral tunnel without fenestration was constructed in one patient. The median age for these procedures was 19.5 months. In the remaining 10 instances, we revised Fontan procedures at a median age of 8 years. Diagnoses included hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 43 patients, double outlet right ventricle in 22, heterotaxy in 13, tricuspid atresia in 13, and a miscellaneous group accounting for the other 22. One death (0.7%) occurred within 30 days of surgery. Clinical seizures occurred in 7 children (5.3%), 6 had no residual neurologic deficits. Atrial pacing was needed in 14 children (10.7%) because of transient junctional rhythm, and 2 received treatment for supraventricular tachycardia. Pleural effusions were diagnosed radiographically after 31 of 130 (24%) procedures. Diuretic therapy resolved the effusion in 21 of these, with only 6 children requiring thoracostomy catheter drainage, and 4 undergoing thoracentesis alone. The median length of stay on the intensive care unit was 2 days, with a range from 1 to 30 days, and median stay in hospital was 6 days, with a range from 3 to 58 days.


CONCLUSIONS
Mortality and perioperative morbidity after cavopulmonary connections have decreased dramatically in the current era. The long-term results of staged reconstruction for functionally single ventricle, nonetheless, await ongoing study.
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
A R
AR
Mott
T L
TL
Spray
J W
JW
Gaynor
R I
RI
Godinez
S C
SC
Nicolson
J M
JM
Steven
W M
WM
DeCampli
G J
GJ
Schears
G
G
Wernovsky
D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000592:standards; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome