Influence of plasma fibrinogen levels on the incidence of myocardial infarction and death is modified by other inflammation-sensitive proteins: a long-term cohort study.
Inflammation may play an important role in atherosclerotic disease. Plasma fibrinogen is an established predictor of cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether other inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins modify this prediction. We studied the incidence of cardiac events and death in men in relation to fibrinogen levels alone and in combination with other proteins. The study was based on 6075 men, who were, on average, 46 years old at the time of the screening examination, which included the quantitative assessment of plasma levels of fibrinogen, orosomucoid, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin. The concentration of each protein was divided into quartiles for each. This classification made it possible to identify 4 groups, ie, men in the first fibrinogen quartile and at the same time either not belonging to the fourth quartile of any of the other proteins (Q1/No group) or also belonging to the fourth quartile of >/=1 of the additional proteins (Q1/Yes group) and corresponding groups in the fourth fibrinogen quartile (Q4/No and Q4/Yes groups). During the follow-up, which occurred at an average of 16 years, 439 (7.2%) men experienced a cardiac event, and 653 (10.7%) died; 278 of these men died of cardiovascular diseases, with 206 deaths attributed to ischemic heart disease. From the lowest to the highest quartile, there was for each protein a stepwise increase in the incidence of cardiac events and mortality. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were significantly higher in the Q4/Yes group compared with the Q4/No group, but they were similar in the Q4/No and Q1/Yes groups. The incidence of cardiac events was significantly higher in the Q1/Yes and Q4/Yes groups compared with the Q1/No and Q4/No groups, respectively. The increased cardiovascular mortality and cardiac event rates remained after adjustment for several confounders when the Q4/Yes and Q4/No groups were compared. The results suggest that the incidence of cardiac events and death due to cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men predicted by plasma levels of fibrinogen is modified by other inflammation-sensitive proteins.
Division of Medical Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Peter.C.Lind@skane.se
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Hedblad
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Stavenow
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D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000378:metabolism
D006242:Haptoglobins; D009961:Orosomucoid; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002570:Ceruloplasmin