Novel neurotransmitters as natural ligands of orphan G-protein-coupled receptors.
The "orphan" G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cloned GPCRs that bind unknown ligands. Since 1995, nineteen orphan GPCRs have been used as targets to identify and isolate their natural ligands via the application of the "orphan receptor strategy". These ligands are peptides, lipids or biogenic amines, and act as transmitter molecules. One nucleotide-sugar derivative and six peptides or peptide families identified through this strategy are novel and have already enriched our understanding of various brain functions.
Civelli
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Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Irvine, 369 MedSurge II, Irvine, CA 92612, USA. ocivelli@uci.edu
Nothacker
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Saito
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Wang
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Lin
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Reinscheid
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D000818:Animals; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008024:Ligands; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D049312:Receptors, Lysophospholipid; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D009479:Neuropeptides; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D049312:Receptors, Lysophospholipid; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins