[Doping: effectiveness, consequences, prevention].
The use of doping is linked with the history of sports. Doping abuse escalated until the mid sixties when government and sports authorities responded with antidoping laws and drug testing. Today, the details of substances detected in controls give a good indication on the importance of doping use. Three classes of pharmaceuticals account for most of the positive controls. They are anabolic steroids, stimulants and narcotics. Their use can be related with the goal of the athletes. Anabolic steroids are mainly used in sports such as bodybuilding or weight lifting in order to develop strength. Stimulants are used in sports were speed favors performance. All the products that enhance blood oxygen transportation are used in endurance sports, their efficacy is not scientifically demonstrated, but their use does result in real risks. Several studies have evidenced the medical problems resulting from prolonged doping. Doping control is impaired by the fact that many products now used, e.g. EPO or rhGH, are not detectable. Regular medical examination of athletes could help prevent use of doping.
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Institut de Médecine Aérospatiale du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex.
D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D009294:Narcotics; D004921:Erythropoietin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone