Non-alpha-helical elements modulate polytopic membrane protein architecture.
In "all alpha-fold" transmembrane proteins, including ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), bacterial rhodopsins and photosynthetic reaction centers, relatively long alpha-helices, straight, curved or kinked, pack into compact elliptical or circular domains. Using both existing and newly developed tools to analyze transmembrane segments of all available membrane protein three-dimensional structures, including that very recently elucidated for the GPCR, rhodopsin, we report here the finding of frequent non-alpha-helical components, i.e. 3(10)-helices ("tight turns"), pi-helices ("wide turns") and intrahelical kinks (often due to residues other than proline). Often, diverse helical types and kinks concatenate over long segments and produce complex inclinations of helical axis, and/or diverse frame shifts in the "canonical", alpha-helical side-chain pattern. Marked differences in transmembrane architecture exist even between seemingly structurally related proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin. Deconvolution of these non-canonical features into their composite elements is essential for understanding the pleiotropy of polytopic protein structure and function, and must be considered in developing valid macromolecular models.
Riek
R P
RP
Molecular Cardiology Unit Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia.
Rigoutsos
I
I
Novotny
J
J
Graham
R M
RM
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001436:Bacteriorhodopsins / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D019992:Databases as Topic; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry
D008565:Membrane Proteins; D001436:Bacteriorhodopsins; D012243:Rhodopsin