Automatic segmentation of mammographic density.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a completely automatic method, based on Kittler's optimal threshold, to estimate breast density by using the mammographers' definition.


METHODS
Thirty-two normal, right-craniocaudal-view mammograms of women aged 37-86 years were digitized. The whole breast area was segmented by using Kittler's optimal threshold procedure, and the dense portions were then segmented by using a modified version of Kittler's method. Segmentation results were validated by three independent mammographers who provided a signed percentage (in steps of 5%) to indicate the difference between their own visual estimation of the dense portions and the results obtained with the algorithm. The difference between the algorithm measurements and the mammographers' measurements was compared to the interobserver differences.


RESULTS
A high correlation was found between the algorithm measured density and the mammographers' measurements. Spearman correlations ranged from 0.92 to 0.95 (P < .001). Algorithm-measured density differed from the mammographers' measurements by an average of 6.9% (ie, average of the absolute differences). In contrast, mammographers' measurements differed between themselves by an average of 5.4%.


CONCLUSIONS
The difference between density as measured with the algorithm and as measured by the mammographers is similar to the differences observed between mammographers. This algorithm could be useful in providing clinically accurate estimates of breast density.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
R
R
Sivaramakrishna
N A
NA
Obuchowski
W A
WA
Chilcote
K A
KA
Powell
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results