Immune monitoring of cancer patients undergoing experimental immunotherapy.
Advancements in the understanding of cellular immunity within the last decade, along with the characterization of tumor antigens, have led to immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer therapy. This mode of treatment is expected to provide more tumor-specific activity, thereby being less toxic to normal cells than standard modalities. Clinical trials are underway throughout the world to determine whether immunotherapy is a practical and viable alternative to conventional cancer therapies. Unlike radiotherapy and chemotherapy, wherein tumor regression is the standard for determining efficacy of the regimens, immunotherapy has to be evaluated by the examination of several immunological parameters within patients. The purpose of this article is to review the methods currently utilized to evaluate the induction, maintenance, and duration of antitumor immune reactivity in cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy.
Shankar
G
G
Antigen Research and Discovery, Northwest Biotherapeutics Inc, Suite 200, 2203 Airport Way South Seattle, WA 98134, USA. mls@nwbio.com
Salgaller
M L
ML
D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D007159:Immunologic Tests; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D016207:Cytokines