Quaternary ammoniums and other preservatives' contribution in oxidative stress and apoptosis on Chang conjunctival cells.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate some of the toxicity mechanisms of 10 preservatives currently used in ophthalmic solutions in vitro.


METHODS
A continuous human conjunctival cell line was treated with different concentrations of various preservatives for 15 minutes and for 15 minutes followed by 24 hours of cell recovery: three benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) with different hydrocarbon chain length, benzododecinium bromide (BOB), cetrimide (Cet), phenylmercuric nitrate (PM), thimerosal (thi), methyl parahydroxybenzoate (MPHB), chlorobutanol (clb), and EDTA. An inhibition study was then conducted using a 1-hour vitamin E pretreatment followed by a 15-minute BAC treatment. Membrane integrity was assessed using a neutral red test and chromatin condensation with a Hoechst 33342 test. Reactive oxygen species were measured using dichlorofluorescein diacetate test for H2O2 production and hydroethidine test for O2.- production. These tests were performed using microplate cold light cytofluorometry. Cell size and DNA content were also analyzed using flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy was used to explore morphologic changes.


RESULTS
A significant decrease of membrane integrity with chromatin condensation was observed with all the quaternary ammoniums tested at concentrations of 0.005% and higher. The effect was amplified after 24 hours of cell recovery. The other preservatives tested did not decrease membrane integrity. H2O2 production was observed with all the preservatives, whereas O2.- production was significantly higher with the quaternary ammoniums at 0.005% and 0.01%, compared with the other preservatives. Flow cytometry results confirmed the cytotoxicity observed with cold light cytofluorometry.


CONCLUSIONS
The quaternary ammoniums tested (BAC, BOB, and Cet) were the most cytotoxic preservatives in the current model. An apoptotic mechanism appeared to be present at low concentrations of quaternary ammoniums, whereas a necrotic process appeared at higher concentrations. Superoxide anions may play an important role in tissue damage induced by preservatives in ocular surface disorders.
Debbasch
C
C
Unit of Cellular Pharmacotoxicology, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, the Toxicology Laboratory, University of Paris-V., France.
Brignole
F
F
Pisella
P J
PJ
Warnet
J M
JM
Rat
P
P
Baudouin
C
C
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D048429:Cell Size; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000633:toxicity*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004247:DNA; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide