The analgesic interaction between intrathecal clonidine and glutamate receptor antagonists on thermal and formalin-induced pain in rats.
Clonidine, an alpha(2) adrenergic receptor agonist, inhibits glutamate release from the spinal cord. We studied the interaction of intrathecally administered clonidine and glutamate receptor antagonists on acute thermal or formalin induced nociception. Sprague-Dawley rats with lumbar intrathecal catheters were tested for their tail withdrawal response by the tail flick test and paw flinches produced by formalin injection after intrathecal administration of saline, clonidine, AP-5 (a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist), or YM872 (an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonist). The combinations of clonidine and the other two agents were also tested by isobolographic analyses. Motor disturbance and behavioral changes were observed as side effects. The ED(50) values of clonidine decreased from 0.26 microg (tail flick), 0.12 microg (Phase 1) and 0.13 microg (Phase 2) to 0.036 microg, 0.006 microg, and 0.013 microg with AP-5, and 0.039 microg, 0.057 microg, and 0.133 microg with YM872, respectively. Side effects were attenuated in both combinations. In conclusion, spinally administered clonidine and AP-5 or YM872 exhibited potent synergistic analgesia on acute thermal and formalin-induced nociception with decreased side effects in rats.


CONCLUSIONS
Combinations of a spinally administered alpha(2) adrenergic receptor agonist and an a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist or an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonist exhibited potent synergistic analgesia in acute thermal and inflammatory-induced nociception with decreased side effects.
Nishiyama
T
T
Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA. nishiyam@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Gyermek
L
L
Lee
C
C
Kawasaki-Yatsugi
S
S
Yamaguchi
T
T
Hanaoka
K
K
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007093:Imidazoles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C110629:YM 872; C056639:2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid; D014633:Valine; D003000:Clonidine