Nuclear factor 1 is a negative regulator of gadd153 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gene 153 (gadd153) is expressed at very low levels in growing cells but is markedly induced in response to cellular stresses, including glucose deprivation, exposure to genotoxic agents, and other growth-arresting situations. Forced expression of GADD153 can induce cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis in many types of cells. Recently, we reported that GADD153 was induced in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in neointimal lesions of balloon-injured carotid arteries. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of gadd153 gene expression in VSMCs, we isolated and characterized a promoter region of the rat gadd153 gene. Sequence alignments of this region revealed 1 TATA-like sequence and several well-known cis elements. The 5'-deletion analysis for this region showed that a domain spanning -447 through -368 drastically reduced the promoter activity to almost equal levels of promoterless control. Because this domain contained a consensus sequence for the nuclear factor 1 family of proteins (NF1), DNA-binding studies were performed by use of 2 types of NF1 consensus probes. Both probes were specifically shifted by nuclear extracts from proliferating VSMCs and were supershifted by antiserum against CCAAT transcription factor/NF1. In addition, promoter activity of a mutant luciferase vector, which was generated by a point mutation at the NF1 binding motif of the gadd153 gene, was 14-fold higher than that of a wild-type one. These results suggest that gadd153 gene expression in VSMCs is negatively regulated by an NF1-binding motif, and NF1 may act as an antiapoptotic factor by continuously suppressing gadd153 gene expression in growing VSMCs.
Second Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
M
M
Nakamura
T
T
Okura
Y
Y
Kitami
K
K
Hiwada
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001665:Binding Sites; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051839:NFI Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010957:Plasmids; D017354:Point Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D051840:Y-Box-Binding Protein 1
D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497251:Ddit3 protein, rat; D051839:NFI Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051840:Y-Box-Binding Protein 1; C070856:YBX1 protein, human; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D008156:Luciferases