Adenosine inhibits norepinephrine release in the postischemic rat heart: the mechanism of neuronal stunning.
OBJECTIVE
Numerous studies support the concept of impaired postischemic sympathetic neurotransmission in the heart. We hypothesized that postischemic neuronal dysfunction (neuronal stunning) is caused by a transient suppression of exocytotic norepinephrine (NE) release from sympathetic nerve terminals. Furthermore, we assessed the role of presynaptic adenosine-receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors in neuronal stunning.


RESULTS
Exocytotic NE release was induced by two electrical field stimulations (S(1) and S(2)) in isolated perfused rat hearts. S(1) was performed under baseline conditions and S(2) either during or following intervention. Results are expressed as mean S(2)/S(1) ratios+/-S.E.M. Stepwise increase of global ischemic periods (10, 20, and 30 min) induced a progressive suppression of NE release in the postischemic hearts, which was reversible during reperfusion. Both the degree and duration of NE suppression was dependent on the extent of the preceding ischemic period. Following 10-min ischemia complete recovery of NE release was achieved after 5-min reperfusion (1.07+/-0.12), whereas 5-min reperfusion did not restore NE release after 30 min (0.36+/-0.07) of ischemia. The adenosine-receptor antagonists 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT; non-selective) and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; adenosine A1-receptor subtype selective) significantly increased NE release after 30-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion (0.78+/-0.06 and 0.64+/-0.07), while in the same experimental protocol blockade of alpha2-adrenoceptors by yohimbine failed to restore the postischemic release (0.24+/-0.06). In non-ischemic hearts the adenosine analogue R(-)N(6)-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA) resulted in a marked suppression of NE release (0.61+/-0.07). The inhibitory effect of R-PIA and 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; adenosine A1-receptor subtype selective agonist) persisted 5 min after cessation of R-PIA (0.62+/-0.05) and CCPA (0.58+/-0.04). Activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors by 5-bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-quinoxalinamine (UK 14,304) also caused a reduction of NE release (0.50+/-0.02), but the release increased to control levels 5 min after cessation of UK 14,304 (0.90+/-0.06).


CONCLUSIONS
The results establish the phenomenon of neuronal stunning in terms of a postischemic suppression of exocytotic NE release and provide evidence that neuronal stunning is mediated by endogenous adenosine through activation of presynaptic adenosine A1-receptors.
Burgdorf
C
C
Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lubeck, Germany.
Richardt
D
D
Kurz
T
T
Seyfarth
M
M
Jain
D
D
Katus
H A
HA
Richardt
G
G
D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000068438:Brimonidine Tartrate; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010660:Phenylisopropyladenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D058914:Purinergic Antagonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000187:drug effects; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010627:Phenethylamines; D058914:Purinergic Antagonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D014970:Xanthines; C061282:2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine; D010660:Phenylisopropyladenosine; C058394:2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine; D000068438:Brimonidine Tartrate; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D013806:Theophylline; C028322:8-phenyltheophylline; D000241:Adenosine; D009638:Norepinephrine; C090034:2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide