Chronic occupational repetitive strain injury.
OBJECTIVE
To review common repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) that occur in the workplace, emphasizing diagnosis, treatment, and etiology of these conditions.


METHODS
A MEDLINE search from January 1966 to June 1999 focused on articles published since 1990 because RSIs are relatively new diagnoses. MeSH headings that were explored using the thesaurus included "cumulative trauma disorder," "overuse injury," and "repetitive strain injury." The search was limited to English articles only, and preference was given to randomized controlled trials.


RESULTS
Repetitive strain injuries result from repeated stress to the body's soft tissue structures including muscles, tendons, and nerves. They often occur in patients who perform repetitive movements either in their jobs or in extracurricular activities. Common RSIs include tendon-related disorders, such as rotator cuff tendonitis, and peripheral nerve entrapment disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. A careful history and physical examination often lead to the diagnosis, but newer imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound, can help in refractory cases. Conservative management with medication, physiotherapy, or bracing is the mainstay of treatment. Surgery is reserved for cases that do not respond to treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Repetitive strain injury is common; primary care physicians must establish a diagnosis and, more importantly, its relationship to occupation. Treatment can be offered by family physicians who refer to specialists for cases refractory to conservative management.
O'Neil
B A
BA
Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Clinic of Nova Scotia, Halifax.
Forsythe
M E
ME
Stanish
W D
WD
D002908:Chronic Disease; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009983:Orthopedic Equipment; D010808:Physical Examination; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D010819:Physician's Role; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012008:Recurrence; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D017132:Workplace