Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery with individual templates and comparison to conventional operation method.
METHODS
Comparison was made of the accuracy of a pedicle bore performed by conventional technique and by using an individual template in the lumbar spine of cadavers.


OBJECTIVE
The fixation of pedicle screws necessitates a high amount of surgical skill and experience to avoid lesions of nerves and vessels. By using individual templates in a cadaver study the goal was to prove the accuracy and efficiency of this less-invasive image-guided surgery in comparison with the conventional technique by fluoroscopy and computed tomographic (CT) scan.


BACKGROUND
Based on three-dimensional models generated from CT scans of the lumbar spine, precise preoperative planning of the position and trajectory of pedicle screws is possible. In comparison with other means of computer-assisted spine surgery with navigation systems, in which a time-consuming intraoperative matching of the bone surface structure is necessary, the use of individual templates enables the surgeon to reduce the operation time considerably.


METHODS
Individual templates are customized on the basis of three-dimensional reconstructions of the bone structures extracted from CT image data and depending on the individual preoperative surgical planning, which uses the desktop image processing system for orthopedic surgery (DISOS). A desktop-computer-controlled milling device is used as a three-dimensional printer to automatically mold the shape of small reference areas of the bone surface into the body of the template. Postoperative CT scans were obtained and the accuracy of the pedicle bore rated by two independent observers.


RESULTS
The preparation time with the individual template lasted slightly longer than with the conventional operation technique (555 seconds and 482 seconds, respectively). Fluoroscopic study took a mean time of 31.5 seconds, with the conventional operation technique and 5.5 seconds with the individual template. The assessment of the postoperative CT scans demonstrated a higher accuracy of the pedicle bore with the individual template.


CONCLUSIONS
This cadaveric study has shown that overall operation time including the fluoroscopy time can be shortened by using the individual template for the pedicle bore. The individual template is an alternative to the computer-assisted navigation systems with a good cost-performance ratio without excessive technical workload on the physicians or the surgical personnel. Further investigations must be conducted to validate the clinical applicability of this system.
Birnbaum
K
K
Orthopedic Department, the Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Technique, and the Anatomical Institute, University Hospital of the Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany. DrBirnhaum@web.de
Schkommodau
E
E
Decker
N
N
Prescher
A
A
Klapper
U
U
Radermacher
K
K
D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*