Six-minute walking performance in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure; is it a useful indicator in clinical practice?
OBJECTIVE
The 6-min walk test has been incorporated into studies on the efficacy of new therapies and into prognostic stratification for chronic heart failure patients. Firm conclusions on the usefulness of the test in clinical practice are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) the correlation between walk test performance and standard indices of cardiac function and exercise capacity, and (2) the prognostic value of the walk test with respect to peak VO2 and NYHA class.


RESULTS
Three hundred and fifteen chronic heart failure patients (age: 53+/-9 years, NYHA class: II (182), III (133)) underwent a functional evaluation and a 6-min walk test. Of these, 270 were followed-up for a minimum of 6 months (mean 387+/-177 days). Walked distance was 396+/-92 m. There was no significant correlation between distance walked and central haemodynamic data. Functional capacity, as measured by ergometry, correlated moderately with distance walked (duration: r=0.48, peak VO2: r=0.59, anaerobic threshold: r=0.54; all P<0.001). During follow-up, 46 patients died from cardiovascular causes and 12 were urgently transplanted. Either of these events were considered end points of the study. Survival analysis was performed from a continuous walk test and peak VO2 measurements or after categorization of (a) quartile segmentation, (b) cut-off points from the literature and (c) thresholds from receiver operating characteristic curves. At univariate survival analysis (Cox regression), the association of the walk test with survival was of significance (P=0.03, continuous variable), or borderline significance (0.05< or =P< or =0.1, after categorization). Peak VO2 was always significant, independent of the scale used (0.005< or =P< or =0.03). The strongest association was found for NYHA class (P<0.001), which showed the highest sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of the event (0.64 and 0.65, respectively). When walk test performance, continuous or categorized, was entered into a multivariate model with NYHA class or peak VO2, it lost any significant association with survival (P>0.76 in all models with NYHA class and P>0.27 in all models with peak VO2).


CONCLUSIONS
In moderate-to-severe chronic heart failure patients, the 6-min walk test is not related to cardiac function and only moderately related to exercise capacity. Walking performance does not provide prognostic information which can complement or substitute for that provided by peak VO2 or NYHA class. Hence the test is of limited usefulness as a decisional indicator in clinical practice.
Cardiology Division, Medical Center of Pavia, S. Maugeri Foundation, Institute of Care and Scientific Research, Pavia, Italy.
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C
Opasich
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GD
Pinna
A
A
Mazza
O
O
Febo
R
R
Riccardi
P G
PG
Riccardi
S
S
Capomolla
G
G
Forni
F
F
Cobelli
L
L
Tavazzi
D000328:Adult; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis