The Nordic experience of cooperative urinary bladder cancer trials.
The Nordic Urological Association Urothelial Group has been organizing phase 3 trials in urinary bladder cancer therapy since 1986. In total, around 1,000 patients from three countries have entered these studies. The results of the different trials are reviewed, and the problems with cooperative trials are discussed. The importance of these kind of trials in setting up management guidelines is underscored.
Department of Urology, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
P U
PU
Malmström
E
E
Rintala
S
S
Hellsten
D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013548:Sweden; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*