Influence of nozzle-to-skin distance in cryogen spray cooling for dermatologic laser surgery.
OBJECTIVE
Cryogen sprays are used for cooling human skin during various laser treatments. Since characteristics of such sprays have not been completely understood, the optimal atomizing nozzle design and operating conditions for cooling human skin remain to be determined.


METHODS
Two commercial cryogenic spray nozzles are characterized by imaging the sprays and the resulting areas on a substrate, as well as by measurements of the average spray droplet diameters, velocities, temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients at the cryogen-substrate interface; all as a function of distance from the nozzle tip.


RESULTS
Size of spray cones and sprayed areas vary with distance and nozzle. Average droplet diameter and velocity increase with distance in the vicinity of the nozzle, slowly decreasing after a certain maximum is reached. Spray temperature decreases with distance due to the extraction of latent heat of vaporization. At larger distances, temperature increases due to complete evaporation of spray droplets. These three variables combined determine the heat transfer coefficient, which may also initially increase with distance, but eventually decreases as nozzles are moved far from the target.


CONCLUSIONS
Sprayed areas and heat extraction efficiencies produced by current commercial nozzles may be significantly modified by varying the distance between the nozzle and the sprayed surface.
Whitaker Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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G
Aguilar
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B
Majaron
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K
Pope
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LO
Svaasand
E J
EJ
Lavernia
J S
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Nelson
D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D003880:Dermatology / Q000379:methods*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000528:radiation effects