[Acute kidney failure caused by cholesterol atheroembolism].
BACKGROUND
To describe the clinical aspects of renal failure due to cholesterol atheroembolism.


METHODS
An hospital based observational study on renal failure due to cholesterol atheroembolism was carried out. Twenty-two cases (19 males, mean age 68 yrs, range 53-83 yrs) were identified from January 1992 to September 1998.


RESULTS
Clinical symptoms were acute or rapidly progressive renal failure with blue toe and/or skin livedo reticularis in 13/22 cases (59%) and indolent progressive renal failure in 7/22 cases (32%). In 6/22 cases (27%) an abdominal organ involvement was evident; two (9%) had retinal cholesterol emboli, two (9%) peripheral and two (9%) central nervous system impairment. In 7 patients (32%) the cholesterol atheroembolism occurred spontaneously, while in 15 (68%) it followed invasive or interventional radiology (8 cases, 36%); cardiac or vascular surgery (4 cases, 18%); thrombolytic or anticoagulant therapy (3 cases, 14%). The time interval between the procedure at risk and the onset of symptoms or signs of cholesterol atheroembolism ranged between few hours to 60 days. Eleven patients (50%) required dialysis, which was then withheld in 4 cases (36%), owing to partial functional recovery after a median time of 30 days, ranging from 10 to 690 days. Median follow-up was 2.5 months (ranging from 2 days to 68 months), and eleven patients (50%) deceased.


CONCLUSIONS
Cholesterol atheroembolism is a cause of renal failure associated with high mortality rates; its prevention needs the skill of all physicians involved in the care of patients with severe atherosclerosis.
Divisione di Nefrologia e Dialisi, A.S.L. 4, Ospedale Giovanni Bosco, Torino.
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D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D017700:Embolism, Cholesterol / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged