Incidence and risk factors in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a prospective cohort study.
OBJECTIVE
To determine incidence of and risk factors for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).


METHODS
Three epilepsy centers enrolled 4,578 patients and prospectively followed these patients for 16,463 patient-years. The cohort was screened for death annually. Deaths were investigated to determine whether SUDEP occurred. Potential risk factors were compared in SUDEP cases and in controls enrolled contemporaneously at the same center.


RESULTS
Incidence of SUDEP was 1.21/1,000 patient-years and was higher among women (1.45/1,000) than men (0.98/1,000). SUDEP accounted for 18% of all deaths. Occurrence of tonic-clonic seizures, treatment with more than two anticonvulsant medications, and full-scale IQ less than 70 were independent risk factors for SUDEP. The number of tonic-clonic seizures was a risk factor only in women. The presence of cerebral structural lesions and use of psychotropic drugs at the last visit were not risk factors for SUDEP in this cohort. Subtherapeutic anticonvulsant levels at the last visit were equally common in the two groups. No particular anticonvulsant appeared to be associated with SUDEP.


CONCLUSIONS
These results support the idea that tonic-clonic seizures are an important proximate cause of SUDEP. This information creates a risk profile for SUDEP that may help direct preventative efforts.
MINCEP Epilepsy Care and the Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. mincep1@onvoymail.com
T S
TS
Walczak
I E
IE
Leppik
M
M
D'Amelio
J
J
Rarick
E
E
So
P
P
Ahman
K
K
Ruggles
G D
GD
Cascino
J F
JF
Annegers
W A
WA
Hauser
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors