The effect of pregnancy on renal clearance of boron in humans: a study based on normal dietary intake of boron.
Boron occurs most frequently in nature as borates and boric acid, never as the free element. Its largest uses are in glass, detergents, and agriculture. Essential for higher plants, there is growing evidence for essentiality in vertebrates. Humans consume daily about a milligram of boron, mostly from fruit and vegetables. At high doses, boron is a developmental and reproductive toxin in animals. Pregnant rats were the most sensitive. An oral NOAEL of 9.6 mg B/kg/day was established for developmental toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats fed boric acid. To extrapolate from the large, animal boron toxicity database to humans, especially to pregnant women, information on renal clearance of boron was needed. This study's purpose was to measure renal clearance of boron in pregnant and nonpregnant woman. In 16 second trimester women and 15 nonpregnant age-matched referents, dietary boron provided the blood and urine boron concentrations used for calculating boron clearance. The pregnant and nonpregnant boron intake was 1.35 and 1.31 mg boron/24 h, respectively. Blood for boron, creatinine, and urea was collected at the start, at 2 h, and at 24 h. Urine was collected during the first 2 h in the Clinical Research Center and during a 22-h period outside the center for measurement of volume, boron, and creatinine. Renal boron clearance measured over the initial 2 h, the most complete urine collection period, was 68.30ml/min/1.73 m(2) for pregnant subjects and 54.31ml/min/1.73 m(2) for nonpregnant subjects. Comparison of renal boron clearance with creatinine clearance indicated that tubular reabsorption of boron occurred in both pregnant and nonpregnant women.
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA. mpahl@uci.edu
M V
MV
Pahl
B D
BD
Culver
P L
PL
Strong
F J
FJ
Murray
N D
ND
Vaziri
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001895:Boron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000652:urine*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second
D003404:Creatinine; D001895:Boron