Nutritional risk factors in esophageal cancer.
OBJECTIVE
The present case-control study was undertaken with the objective to study the nutritional risk factors associated with esophageal cancer.


METHODS
One hundred and fifty diagnosed esophageal cancer patients and an equal number of healthy individuals constituted the patient and control groups, respectively. Dietary consumption pattern during the preceding 20 years prior to the diagnosis of esophageal cancer was assessed utilising the standard food frequency questionnaire method. Information on alcohol consumption, smoking habits, chewing of betel leaf with tobacco was also collected.


RESULTS
Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk of esophageal cancer was 7.81 times (p < 0.01) higher with daily consumption of alcohol. The risk increased to 3.16 times (p < 0.01) with the daily habit of chewing of betel leaf with tobacco. Nearly a two fold risk was observed when the consumption of "other vegetables" was less than four times per week. A 1.95 times (p < 0.01) increase in risk was observed with the daily habit of bidi smoking.


CONCLUSIONS
Cancers in general are multifactorial in origin, and several environmental interactions are possible. It is not easy to quantify the contribution of diet to cancer risk. However, the results of the present study suggested that nutritional factors do play a role.
Nayar
D
D
Department of Human Nutrition and Institute of Rotary Cancer, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029.
Kapil
U
U
Joshi
Y K
YK
Sundaram
K R
KR
Srivastava
S P
SP
Shukla
N K
NK
Tandon
R K
RK
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014675:Vegetables