Aggresomes and Russell bodies. Symptoms of cellular indigestion?
All cells are equipped with a proteolytic apparatus that eliminates damaged, misfolded and incorrectly assembled proteins. The principal engine of cytoplasmic proteolysis, the 26S proteasome, requires that substrates be unfolded to gain access to the active site; consequently, it is relatively ineffective at degrading aggregated proteins. Cellular indigestion occurs when the production of aggregation-prone proteins exceeds the cell's (or organelle's) capacity to eliminate them. Cellular pathways that resolve this indigestion exist, but appear to have limited capacities. Russell bodies and aggresomes are manifestations of cellular indigestion in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic compartments, respectively, and are often associated with disease.
Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305-5020, USA.
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D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004220:Disulfides / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017510:Protein Folding; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000378:metabolism
D004220:Disulfides; D011506:Proteins; D014452:Ubiquitins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C061553:ATP dependent 26S protease