Use of a pulsatile beating heart model for training surgeons in beating heart surgery.
BACKGROUND
Coronary artery bypass on the beating heart has undergone resurgence with the introduction of minimally invasive techniques and new stabilizing devices. It is important to develop a method for training surgeons to perform accurate anastomoses despite cardiac motion and to develop the skills needed for consistent results in this demanding field.


METHODS
A prosthetic model of the beating heart was created by Limbs and Things, Ltd. (Bristol, UK) and used in our center to simulate clinical situations of beating heart surgery. Anastomotic quality was evaluated using a pre-established set of criteria on patency and suturing with each anastomosis graded on a 12-point scale.


RESULTS
The average scores for trainees using the Pulsatile Beating Heart Model were 8.5 while that of the expert surgeon with MIDCAB experience was 11. Defects seen included cross-wall suturing and significant narrowing of the toe of the anastomosis. Scores improved with increasing practice during each session. Operators with more clinical experience scored higher. All surgeons felt the model duplicated the exposure and feel of the tissue characteristic of clinical cases.


CONCLUSIONS
The beating heart simulator provides excellent training for new as well as experienced surgeons, provides visual feedback of anastomotic errors, and instills increasing confidence in the participants in their ability to construct accurate anastomoses on the beating heart.
Stanbridge
R de L
Rde L
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY UK.
O'Regan
D
D
Cherian
A
A
Ramanan
R
R
D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002983:Clinical Competence; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D006801:Humans; D007387:Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000193:education*