Genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The initial molecular genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluated two candidate genes (DAT and DRD4) suggested by dopamine theories of this common disorder and its treatment with stimulant medication. The initial reports of weak associations with ADHD have been replicated by many (but not all) investigators, as is expected for genes with small effects. This literature is reviewed, along with emerging literature generated by active research groups investigating additional genes that might contribute to the genetic basis of this complex disorder.
Child Development Center, University of California at Irvine, 19722 MacArthur Boulevard, Irvine, CA 92612, USA. jmswanso@uci,edu
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Swanson
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Posner
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Fusella
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Wasdell
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Sommer
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Fan
D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4