Wet extrusion of fibronectin-fibrinogen cables for application in tissue engineering.
A method for the wet extrusion of human plasma-derived fibronectin-fibrinogen cables is described. Solutions of fibronectin and fibrinogen with and without sodium alginate and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) are tested. The rheological properties of the protein solutions changed from Newtonian to shear thinning non-Newtonian in the presence of small quantities of these additives, the apparent viscosity increased, and the extrusion properties of the protein solutions improved. Cables were prepared using a capillary with a diameter of 1 mm and overall length of 18 mm. Cable diameter was reduced to about 0.5 mm by drawing using a series of rollers. Cables prepared with sodium alginate were found to have suitable properties, and those made with CMC were sticky and difficult to handle. Solutions containing no sodium alginate required a minimum total protein concentration of about 70 mg/mL for extrusion. Extruded cables were prepared with solutions containing 140 mg/mL total protein with 12.9 mg/mL alginate (high protein), and 46 mg/mL total protein with 47.6 mg/mL of sodium alginate (high alginate). The mechanical strength of the extruded cables was within the range suitable for application in tissue engineering. Extrusion of the protein solutions into cables was achieved in a coagulation bath. Cables with a mechanical strength of approximately 30 N/mm(2), suitable for wound repair and nerve regeneration applications, were prepared with a coagulation bath containing 0.25 M HCl, 2% CaCl(2) at a pH of <0.9. These cables also had a large average elongation at break of 52%, and showed an increase in cable length after breakage (permanent set) of 20%, demonstrating the potential for drawing the cables down to a fine diameter.
Underwood
S
S
Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Torrington Place, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
Afoke
A
A
Brown
R A
RA
MacLeod
A J
AJ
Shamlou
P A
PA
Dunnill
P
P
D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D003029:Coagulants / Q000737:chemistry*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012212:Rheology
D000464:Alginates; D003029:Coagulants; D005353:Fibronectins; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium