Characterization of Aloeride, a new high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Aloe vera with potent immunostimulatory activity.
We have characterized a new immunostimulatory polysaccharide called Aloeride from commercial aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) juice. Aloeride is between 4 and 7 million Da, and its glycosyl components include glucose (37.2%), galactose (23.9%), mannose (19.5%), and arabinose (10.3%). At 0.5 microg/mL Aloeride increased NF-kappa B directed luciferase expression in THP-1 human monocytic cells to levels 50% of those achieved by maximal concentrations (10 microg/mL) of LPS. Aloeride induced the expression of the mRNAs encoding IL-1beta and TNF-alpha to levels equal to those observed in cells maximally activated by LPS. Acemannan, the major carbohydrate component from aloe, used at 200 microg/mL in the macrophage assay resulted in negligible NF-kappa B activation. Analysis of acemannan and Aloeride using size-exclusion chromatography suggests that the low activity of acemannan is due to trace amounts of Aloeride. Although Aloeride comprises only 0.015% of the aloe juice dry weight, its potency for macrophage activation accounts fully for the activity of the crude juice.
Pugh
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Department of Pharmacognosy, National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
Ross
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ElSohly
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Pasco
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D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000504:Aloe / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C426304:aloeride; D008156:Luciferases