Evaluation and follow-up of patients with left ventricular apical to aortic conduits with 2D and 3D magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler echocardiography: A new look at an old operation.
BACKGROUND
Although the interposition of left ventricular apical to descending aorta conduits has diminished with the advent of the Ross-Konno operation, it remains a useful option. We reviewed our institutional experience imaging these conduits and tested the hypothesis that the gradient across the native left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) by echocardiography correlated with the conduit gradient by cardiac catheterization. In a patient with an unobstructed conduit, no gradient should exist across the native LVOT.


METHODS
This was a retrospective review of the echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, and history of 9 patients with these conduits over an 8-year period. In 7 of 9 patients, 8 conduit obstruction events were assessed by Doppler interrogation of the native LVOT and by cardiac catheterization. Five patients underwent 6 MRI scans.


RESULTS
In all cases of obstruction diagnosed by catheterization (56.3 +/- 21.9 mm Hg), Doppler echocardiography demonstrated gradients across the native LVOT (69.3 +/- 21.2 mm Hg, r = 0.67). Because 2D echocardiography could not visualize the entire conduit in any patient, 2- and 3-dimensional MRI was used successfully to evaluate anatomy and identify the site of obstruction. All patients manifested conduit obstruction. Four (44%) of 9 patients died, 3 underwent the Ross operation, 1 continues to live with his original conduit, and 1 was lost to follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
A gradient by Doppler interrogation of the native LVOT is an indirect means of assessing conduit obstruction. MRI is a useful tool to complement anatomic diagnosis by echocardiography. Conduit obstruction is common, and late mortality rates appear to be high.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. fogel@email.chop.edu
M A
MA
Fogel
J
J
Rychik
A J
AJ
Chin
A
A
Hubbard
P M
PM
Weinberg
D000293:Adolescent; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome