International perspectives on antiretroviral resistance. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance assays: methodology, reliability, and interpretations.
Phenotypic and genotypic resistance assays-methods to measure the susceptibility of HIV to drug therapy-are becoming widely available to clinicians for use in aiding long-term antiretroviral treatment planning. Phenotypic tests assess the actual response of a patient's viral isolate to individual antiretroviral drugs in culture, and genotypic tests sequence viral DNA, providing an inferred measure of resistance based on the evaluator's knowledge of established HIV-1 genetic mutational patterns for resistance to antiretroviral drugs. These tests, when used as intended, can provide information useful in planning successful antiretroviral regimens. Both types of assays have been shown to provide reliable and reproducible measures of resistance, with certain caveats: accuracy depends on the experience of the interpreter and laboratory; results from the available tests are not interchangeable, and clinically relevant thresholds of resistance have not been fully defined. Because of pharmacokinetic and cross-resistance issues, the extrapolation of single-drug data to combination regimens is difficult to accomplish and must be pooled with treatment and viral load history to best identify effective subsequent treatment regimens. This article describes the experience to date establishing the efficacy, accuracy, reproducibility, and limitations of the phenotypic and genotypic resistance assays used today.
Demeter
L
L
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA. lisa_demeter@urmc.rochester.edu
Haubrich
R
R
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents