Molecular enzymology of carnitine transfer and transport.
Carnitine (L-3-hydroxy-4-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid) forms esters with a wide range of acyl groups and functions to transport and excrete these groups. It is found in most cells at millimolar levels after uptake via the sodium-dependent carrier, OCTN2. The acylation state of the mobile carnitine pool is linked to that of the limited and compartmentalised coenzyme A pools by the action of the family of carnitine acyltransferases and the mitochondrial membrane transporter, CACT. The genes and sequences of the carriers and the acyltransferases are reviewed along with mutations that affect activity. After summarising the accepted enzymatic background, recent molecular studies on the carnitine acyltransferases are described to provide a picture of the role and function of these freely reversible enzymes. The kinetic and chemical mechanisms are also discussed in relation to the different inhibitors under study for their potential to control diseases of lipid metabolism.
Ramsay
R R
RR
Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK. rrr@st-andrews.ac.uk
Gandour
R D
RD
van der Leij
F R
FR
D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002331:Carnitine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D002333:Carnitine Acyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; D010944:Plants; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5
D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; C492020:SLC22A5 protein, human; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; D002333:Carnitine Acyltransferases; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; D002331:Carnitine