Articulatory changes with short-term deactivation of the cochlear implants of two prelingually deafened children.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this investigation was to determine how suddenly diminished auditory feedback affects articulatory behaviors for prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants (CIs).


METHODS
Two 6-yr-old children served as participants. Considering their level of hearing impairment, one child had above average speech perception and production skills while the other child had exceptionally good speech perception and production abilities. Baseline data were collected four times over the course of 2 days with the children wearing their CIs. For three additional days, data were collected while the children wore their CIs (ON condition) and then again after their CIs had been deactivated for 1 hr (OFF condition). Variables assessed included amount of jaw opening, F1, F2, nasal air flow, voice onset time (VOT), voicing duration, and the magnitude and duration of intraoral air pressure (Po). Findings were related to each other and to previously reported phonatory findings from the same two children (Higgins, McCleary, & Schulte, 1999) to determine whether changes in articulatory variables in the OFF condition were consistent with a direct effect of diminished auditory feedback or an indirect influence of suprasegmental parameters.


RESULTS
Both children exhibited consistent and significant changes in articulatory parameters in the absence of auditory feedback. Such changes occurred more often for the child who had especially proficient speech perception and production skills. Some changes (i.e., reduced Po for [p] and reduced nasal air flow for [m]) appeared related to the influence of suprasegmental parameters, in particular, reduced subglottal air pressure. Other effects (i.e., increased F2 for [a] and reduced VOT for [p]) were suggestive of changes in the children's abilities to maintain appropriate articulatory placements and timing. Finally, a few changes (reduced jaw opening for [i] and increased Po duration for [p]) may have reflected compensatory strategies to maintain correct tongue placement and enhance temporal distinctions in the absence of auditory feedback.


CONCLUSIONS
Based on the data of our two participants, it appears that some prelingually deafened children with CIs and good speech perception/production skills rely on auditory feedback to maintain articulatory precision. In the absence of auditory feedback, such children may demonstrate changes in articulatory placement and timing. In addition, data from one of our participants are consistent with the idea that some children may be aware that their articulatory control is compromised in the absence of auditory feedback and attempt to compensate by altering articulatory durations or the range of associated articulatory movements.
Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA.
M B
MB
Higgins
E A
EA
McCleary
L
L
Schulte
D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement