Urea as a PCDD/F inhibitor in municipal waste incineration.
Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from municipal waste incineration have been widely studied because of their extensive toxicity, and many efforts have been made to restrict their emissions. Although a number of chemical compounds have been shown in laboratory-scale tests to inhibit the formation of PCDD/Fs, few have been tested in pilot- or full-scale plants. This work evaluates the effect of urea as a PCDD/F inhibitor in a pilot-scale incinerator that uses refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The decomposition of urea under the test conditions was also studied using detailed kinetic modeling. An aqueous solution of urea was injected into the flue gas stream after the furnace at approximately 730 degrees C, with varied urea concentrations and flue gas residence times used between the furnace and the sampling point. The results demonstrate that urea can successfully inhibit PCDD/F formation in waste incineration if concentrations and injection points are properly adjusted. The kinetic model showed that urea can be rapidly decomposed under appropriate flue gas conditions, indicating that in addition to the urea molecule itself, decomposition products of urea can also be responsible for the reduction of PCDD/F production during incineration.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland.
P
P
Ruokojärvi
A
A
Asikainen
J
J
Ruuskanen
K
K
Tuppurainen
C
C
Mueller
P
P
Kilpinen
N
N
Yli-Keturi
D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D017745:Incineration; D007700:Kinetics; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
D001572:Benzofurans; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014508:Urea