The determinants of Canadian children's personal exposures to magnetic fields.
Study of the health effects of magnetic fields often depends on identifying determinants and hence indicators of personal exposure. This study identified determinants of children's exposure to magnetic fields and constructed a prediction model for them. For 632 children participating in a case-control study of childhood leukemia, we made direct measures of exposure over 48 h using a portable device, together with observations on candidate determinants. A child's age and sex, the proportion of time spent in the home, and their parents' education or income were very weak predictors of (logged) mean 48 h magnetic field (R(2) < 1%). More important were province (R(2) = 8.0%) and type of residence (R(2) = 11.3%). Low temperatures at the time of measurement were associated with high fields (about 20% increase for each 10 degrees C below 14, R(2) = 4.9%). Several visible attributes of wiring around residences predicted exposure, mostly captured in the Wertheimer-Leeper wire code (R(2) = 13.5%). Stationary 24 h measurement in the bedroom (R(2) = 63.3%) and spot measurements outside the house (R(2) = 40.7%) predicted personal exposures best. Adding other minor predictors increased only slightly variance explained by 24 h stationary (R(2) = 66.2%) and spot (R(2) = 46.8%) measurements. Without spot or stationary measurements, the best model was much less powerful (R(2) = 29.0%). We conclude that spot measurements outside the residence provide a moderately effective basis for estimating exposure for children living there, but do not perform as well as 24 h stationary measurements in the child's bedroom. Although several other easily-observed variables were associated with personal exposure, they were weak determinants, either individually or in combination.
Armstrong
B G
BG
Environmental Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. b.armstrong@lshtm.ac.uk
Deadman
J
J
McBride
M L
ML
D000293:Adolescent; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007938:Leukemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008834:Microclimate; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors