Using intranasal midazolam spray to prevent claustrophobia induced by MR imaging.
OBJECTIVE
Up to 37% of patients undergoing MR imaging examinations experience moderate to severe levels of anxiety that necessitate the termination of the procedure in 5-10% of patients. Although the clinical use of MR imaging has increased, effective procedures to handle claustrophobia are lacking. We evaluated the effectiveness of intranasally administered midazolam spray in preventing claustrophobic responses of patients undergoing MR imaging.


METHODS
Fifty-four patients scheduled for MR imaging were included in this prospective study. Anxiety and sedation of patients were evaluated before drug administration, immediately before MR imaging, and at the end of the procedure. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the visual analogue scale of anxiety, and a five-point sedation scale were used. Half the patients received intranasal spray applications of 4 mg midazolam, whereas the other patients received a placebo, in a randomized, double-blind study design (six sprayings of 0.5% midazolam solution or NaCl 0.9%, respectively). The intensity of the sensation of burning of the nasal mucosa was rated by patients using a three-point scale (no, slight, or strong burning). The quality of scan images was evaluated by a radiologist using a five-point scale (0 = extremely poor, 5 = excellent).


RESULTS
No cancellations occurred with patients who received midazolam, whereas four of 27 patients receiving placebo panicked and terminated the scanning procedure. The initial anxiety and sedation scores did not differ between the groups. Patients who received midazolam spray were more sedated and less anxious immediately before entering the MR scanner and reported a more intense slight transient burning of the nasal mucosa than those in the placebo group. The quality of the MR image was higher in the midazolam group.


CONCLUSIONS
A sizeable reduction in MR imaging-related anxiety and improved MR image quality were seen with patients who received intranasal midazolam spray. With the exception of transient burning of the nasal mucosa, no adverse effects were reported. This simple and safe method is useful in sedating patients for MR imaging and other minor procedures.
Hollenhorst
J
J
Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
Münte
S
S
Friedrich
L
L
Heine
J
J
Leuwer
M
M
Becker
H
H
Piepenbrock
S
S
D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic / Q000187:drug effects; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies
D008874:Midazolam