Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors is increased, but microvascular relaxation is impaired in patients after acute myocardial ischemia.
BACKGROUND
Vascular endothelial growth factor, a specific endothelial mitogen, plays an important role in myocardial angiogenesis. Previous work has demonstrated increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in a rat myocardial infarction model, as well as in a pig model of chronic ischemia. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and other growth factors after acute myocardial ischemia in patients has not been examined. In this study we examined the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors and the responsiveness of human atrial microvessels to vascular endothelial growth factor before and after acute ischemia.


METHODS
Paired specimens of human atrial tissue were harvested before and after atrial devascularization (ligation) in 16 patients undergoing coronary bypass operations.


RESULTS
The messenger RNA (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) level of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 were increased by 22.2% +/- 4.2% and 30.7% +/- 7.6%, respectively (P <.05), in the ischemic specimens as compared with the control specimens. Protein expression (Western blotting) of vascular endothelial growth factor and that of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 also were increased significantly by 71.7% +/- 27.8% and 68.2% +/- 27.6%, respectively (P <.05). However, both RNA and protein expressions of another vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 were unchanged. Reactivity of precontracted atrial vessels was examined with video microscopy. Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced (33.9% +/- 2.4% vs 18.3% +/- 2.8% in control and ischemic vessels, respectively; P <.05), fibroblast growth factor-induced (31.6% +/- 3.2% vs 15.8% +/- 4.1%, P <.05), and substance P-induced (84.5% +/- 3.7% vs 54.3% +/- 9.0%, P <.05) microvascular relaxations were decreased in ischemic samples and in the presence of N (G)nitro-L -arginine, whereas responses to sodium nitroprusside were unchanged (90.9% +/- 2.2% vs 91.2% +/- 2.0%).


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that acute myocardial ischemia in patients results in increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor but not fibroblast growth factor and that the functional activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and that of other growth factors may be impaired.
Xu
X
X
Harvard Medical School and the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Angiogenesis Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Li
J
J
Simons
M
M
Li
J
J
Laham
R J
RJ
Sellke
F W
FW
D000208:Acute Disease; D015415:Biomarkers; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000737:chemistry; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009599:Nitroprusside; D011379:Prognosis; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013373:Substance P / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
D015415:Biomarkers; D015342:DNA Probes; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008222:Lymphokines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019335:Nitroarginine; D013373:Substance P; C496348:FGFR1 protein, human; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor