Treatment of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms with percutaneous thrombin injection: experience in 54 patients.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the clinical success of ultrasonography (US)-guided thrombin injection for the treatment of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms and to identify criteria that may predispose to treatment failure.


METHODS
Fifty-four iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms were treated with US-guided thrombin injection. Forty-five were classified as simple (single lobe) and nine, as complex (at least two lobes and a single neck to the native vessel). Pseudoaneurysm volume, classification, thrombin dose, anticoagulation therapy status, and sheath size were compared between failed and successful cases. Seven- to 10-day follow-up US and a minimum 4-month clinical follow-up were also performed to evaluate success.


RESULTS
Fifty of 54 pseudoaneurysms were successfully treated with topical thrombin without complication and included all 45 simple and five of nine complex pseudoaneurysms. US follow-up in all 50 successful cases and clinical follow-up in 37 of these revealed no recurrence. Only a complex pseudoaneurysm classification was significantly associated with failure (P<.01). Among the complex pseudoaneurysms, successful cases involved two injections and a total thrombin dose of at least 1,500 units. In failed cases, pseudoaneurysms were treated with a single injection of 1,000 units, initially thrombosed, and recurred.


CONCLUSIONS
Simple iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms, regardless of size or concomitant anticoagulation therapy, can be treated with a single injection of up to 1,000 units of topical thrombin and require no follow-up. Complex pseudoaneurysms will likely require a second injection (total thrombin dose of at least 1,500 units) and short-term clinical and US follow-up to ensure successful treatment.
Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA. rsheiman@caregroup.harvard.edu
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D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013917:Thrombin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
D013917:Thrombin