Estimation of muscle forces in the lumbar spine during upper-body inclination.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the muscle forces during upper-body inclination and to determine their influence on stress distribution in the annulus fibrosus of the lumbar spine discs.


METHODS
The muscle forces and stresses were calculated using a non-linear finite element model of the lumbar spine.


BACKGROUND
Little is known about the influence of muscle forces on the deformation of, and stresses in, the lumbar spine. In most studies, muscle forces are neglected.


METHODS
Three-dimensional non-linear finite element models of the ligamentous lumbar spine, with and without internal spinal fixators, were created. They were validated by use of experimental data from in vitro measurements on cadaver specimens. In a second step, the influence of muscle forces on stresses in the annulus fibrosus of the lumbar spine discs was investigated in a parameter study. This was done for different inclination angles of the upper-body.


RESULTS
Good agreement between analytical and experimental results proved achievable when loading with pure moments in the three main planes of the lumbar spine. For inclination of the upper-body, the flexion angle clearly has a strong influence on the stresses in the lumbar spine while the influence of local muscles was small. The stress distribution in the discs differed considerably when the muscle forces are neglected and only a pure moment is applied.


CONCLUSIONS
This study confirmed earlier ones that have shown that muscle forces should not be neglected when studying the stresses in the lumbar spine. The local dorsal muscles, however, have only a small influence on the stresses in the discs.


CONCLUSIONS
For investigations of the biomechanical effects of spinal implants and surgical procedures, experimental or analytical methods are used. Due to the complexity involved, as well as to a lack of information, muscle forces are often neglected. Our study showed that muscles do in fact have a major influence on the mechanical behaviour of the spine and should always be taken into account.
Zander
T
T
Orthopaedic Hospital of the Free University of Berlin, Oskar-Helene-Heim, Biomechanics Laboratory, Clayallee 229, D-14195, Berlin, Germany. rohlmann@biomechanik.de
Rohlmann
A
A
Calisse
J
J
Bergmann
G
G
D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical