Psychologic and obstetric predictors of couples' grief during pregnancy after miscarriage or perinatal death.
OBJECTIVE
To determine if the psychologic constructs of self-criticism and marital adjustment, considered jointly with obstetric and demographic factors, are significant predictors of grief during a pregnancy after a miscarriage or perinatal death.


METHODS
Participants included 60 pregnant women with previous miscarriages or perinatal deaths, and 50 of their partners. Participants completed a package of psychometric instruments between the tenth and 19th week of gestation. Predictors of grief (active grief, difficulty coping, despair) included (1) psychologic factors: marital adjustment and self-criticism; (2) demographic factors: age and number of living children; and (3) obstetric factors: gestational age at time of loss, number of losses, and time between loss and subsequent conception.


RESULTS
Stepwise regression analyses were conducted for each grief component for women and men. For women, active grief was significantly associated with high self-criticism and later losses (R(2) = 0.31). Later losses and longer time between loss and conception were significantly associated with difficulty coping (R(2) = 0.55) and despair (R(2) = 0.44). In men, active grief was associated with high self-criticism and later losses (R(2) = 0.28), difficulty coping (R(2) = 0.18), and despair (R(2) = 0.25) with high self-criticism. A trend was found for poor marital adjustment to be associated with higher levels of difficulty coping and despair in men.


CONCLUSIONS
High levels of self-criticism and later gestational age at time of loss are predictors of increased grief during a pregnancy after a miscarriage or perinatal death. Increased time between loss and subsequent conception is also predictive of increased grief for women. For men, low levels of marital adjustment are predictive of increased grief. These results may be helpful in counselling couples considering pregnancy after a loss.
Franche
R L
RL
Institute for Work & Health and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. rfranche@iwh.on.ca
D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D005865:Gestational Age; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D018454:Spouses; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires