Questionnaire versus direct technical measurements in assessing postures and movements of the head, upper back, arms and hands.
OBJECTIVE
This study compares questionnaire-assessed exposure data on work postures and movements with direct technical measurements.


METHODS
Inclinometers and goniometers were used to make full workday measurements of 41 office workers and 41 cleaners, stratified for such factors as musculoskeletal complaints. The subjects answered a questionnaire on work postures of the head, back, and upper arms and repeated movements of the arms and hands (3-point scales). The questionnaire had been developed on the basis of a previously validated one. For assessing worktasks and their durations, the subjects kept a 2-week worktask diary. Job exposure was individually calculated by time-weighting the task exposure measurements according to the diary.


RESULTS
The agreement between the self-assessed and measured postures and movements was low (kappa = 0.06 for the mean within the occupational groups and kappa = 0.27 for the whole group). Cleaners had a higher measured workload than office workers giving the same questionnaire response. Moreover, the subjects with neck-shoulder complaints rated their exposure to movements as higher than those without complaints but with the same measured mechanical exposure. In addition, these subjects also showed a general tendency to rate their postural exposure as higher. The women rated their exposure higher than the men did.


CONCLUSIONS
The questionnaire-assessed exposure data had low validity. For the various response categories the measured exposure depended on occupation. Furthermore, there was a differential misclassification due to musculoskeletal complaints and gender. Thus it seems difficult to construct valid questionnaires on mechanical exposure for establishing generic exposure-response relations in epidemiologic studies, especially cross-sectional ones. Direct technical measurements may be preferable.
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. gert-ake.hansson@ymed.lu.se
G A
GA
Hansson
I
I
Balogh
J U
JU
Byström
K
K
Ohlsson
C
C
Nordander
P
P
Asterland
S
S
Sjölander
L
L
Rylander
J
J
Winkel
S
S
Skerfving
D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D016526:Workload