Etiological studies of severe or familial hypospadias.
OBJECTIVE
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly occurring in 1250 to 1830 live male births, of which 20% involve a severe type. The recurrence risk in families is high. In the majority of cases the underlying etiology remains unknown, which hampers further management based on the specific requirements associated with a specific etiology.


METHODS
In a single center study 63 unselected cases of severe hypospadias were studied for all presently known causes of hypospadias using clinical as well as molecular biological techniques. Also, 16 families with hypospadias were analyzed for possible androgen receptor gene mutations.


RESULTS
In 31% of cases of severe hypospadias the underlying etiology was identified. Of these 31% of cases 17% were due to complex genetic syndromes, 9.5% were due to chromosomal anomalies, and 1 involved the vanishing testes syndrome, the androgen insensitivity syndrome and 5alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency, respectively. Based on hormone stimulation tests Leydig cell hypoplasia and disorders of testosterone biosynthesis were suspected in some patients but not confirmed by mutation analysis of the respective genes. Familial hypospadias was due to androgen insensitivity in only 1 family but no other etiologies were identified in this group.


CONCLUSIONS
Using patient history, physical examination, karyotyping, hormonal evaluation, including human chorionic gonadotropin testing in prepubertal cases and additional biochemical and molecular genetic evaluation, an etiological diagnosis was made in 31% of cases of severe hypospadias. This diagnosis has implications for further patient treatment. In addition, familial hypospadias is rarely due to the androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Boehmer
A L
AL
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam The Netherlands.
Nijman
R J
RJ
Lammers
B A
BA
de Coninck
S J
SJ
Van Hemel
J O
JO
Themmen
A P
AP
Mureau
M A
MA
de Jong
F H
FH
Brinkmann
A O
AO
Niermeijer
M F
MF
Drop
S L
SL
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000235:genetics*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies
D011944:Receptors, Androgen