Chronic tinnitus as phantom auditory pain.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate similarities between patients who experience chronic tinnitus or pain and to formulate treatment strategies that are likely to be effective for patients who experience phantom auditory pain.


METHODS
A total of 160 patients rated the severity and loudness of their tinnitus and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and an abbreviated version of the Beck Depression Inventory (aBDI). Patients received counseling, audiometric testing, and matched the loudness of their tinnitus to sounds played through headphones.


METHODS
A specialized tinnitus clinic within an urban medical center.


RESULTS
Tinnitus severity was highly correlated with patients' degree of sleep disturbance, STAI, and aBDI scores. The self-rated (on a 1-to-10 scale)--but not the matched--loudness of tinnitus was correlated with tinnitus severity, sleep disturbance, STAI, and aBDI scores.


CONCLUSIONS
The severity of chronic tinnitus is correlated with the severity of insomnia, anxiety, and depression. These relationships are the same for many patients with chronic pain. Treatment recommendations are discussed in reference to these results.
Tinnitus Clinic, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, 97201-3098, USA. folmerr@ohsu.edu
R L
RL
Folmer
S E
SE
Griest
W H
WH
Martin
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology