The Schizophrenia Suicide Risk Scale (SSRS): development and initial validation.
BACKGROUND
Estimations about the lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia vary between 4 and 10%. At present, there does not exist a suicide risk scale developed particularly for schizophrenic patients. The aims of the present study were to: (1) develop a clinically useful semi-structured scale for the estimation of short-term suicide risk among schizophrenic patients, and (2) to carry out an initial validation of the scale.


METHODS
A 25-item Schizophrenia Suicide Risk Scale (SSRS) was constructed on the base of the literature. The SSRS scores of 69 living schizophrenic patients (LS group) were compared with the scores of 69 schizophrenic suicides (SS group) whose data had been collected previously from The Finnish nationwide and representative psychological autopsy study. Internal consistency of the SSRS was evaluated with Cronbach alpha. The most important SSRS items predicting suicide were identified with a logistic regression analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the SSRS in predicting suicide with various cut-off scores were calculated.


RESULTS
In the final logistic regression model, the following SSRS items significantly predicted suicide: suicide plans communicated to someone during the past 3 months; one or more previous suicide attempts; loss of professional skills demanding job; depression observed during an interview; and suicide plans communicated during an interview. With high cut-off scores the specificity of the SSRS became satisfactory, but the sensitivity dropped below 32%. Internal consistency of the anamnestic history of the SSRS was low, which suggests that anamnestic risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia are multifactorial. Internal consistency of the interview-based items was high, and present state risk factors seemed to consist of two separate factors, depression-anxiety and irritability.


CONCLUSIONS
The SSRS may be clinically useful in identifying schizophrenic patients with a particularly high risk for suicide. However, the SSRS seems not to be a practical screening instrument for suicide risk in schizophrenia, and it is probably impossible to construct a suicide risk scale with both high sensitivity and high specificity in this disorder.
Taiminen
T
T
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku Central Hospital, Rak. 9, III krs., TKS, Kunnallissairaalantie 20, FIN-20700 Turku, Finland. tero.taiminen@utu.fi
Huttunen
J
J
Heilä
H
H
Henriksson
M
M
Isometsä
E
E
Kähkönen
J
J
Tuominen
K
K
Lönnqvist
J
J
Addington
D
D
Helenius
H
H
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000092864:Suicide Prevention