Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis.
The majority of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience genitourinary and bowel dysfunction over the course of their illness. Lower extremity pyramidal signs are excellent predictors of concurrent bladder dysfunction. Constipation is the most common bowel dysfunction, which results from a range of causes including pelvic floor spasticity, decreased gastro-colic reflex, inadequate hydration, medications, immobility, poor physical conditioning, and weak abdominal muscles. Despite the advent of new therapeutic modalities, the physician and patient commonly overlook sexual dysfunction. A detailed history of the patient is crucial to determine the cause of the dysfunction. Fatigue, pain, mood disorders, spasticity, bowel, and bladder dysfunction can all interfere with normal sexual functioning, and these subjects should be explored in detail in order to plan for proper treatment. Integrated treatment plans, often in conjunction with an urologist, can lead to amelioration of symptoms.
Hawker
Kathleen S.
KS
Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Kathleen.Hawker@UTSouthwestern.edu; Elliot.Frohman@UTSouthwestern.edu
Frohman
Elliot M.
EM