The expanding world of co-stimulation: the two-signal model revisited.
The crucial role for CD28, its homolog CTLA-4 and their binding partners B7-1 and B7-2 in the generation of effective T-cell responses has been well documented. Recently, two new pairs of the CD28/B7 families were identified. The ability of these molecules to regulate T-cell expansion and effector function and the dynamic integration of the co-stimulatory and T-cell receptor signals are just beginning to be explored. Understanding these processes will be crucial for designing clinically relevant approaches to manipulate the adaptive immune system.
Chambers
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Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. cynthia.chambers@umassmed.edu
D000069594:Abatacept; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology*; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology*; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000276:immunology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D008024:Ligands; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens; C497964:CD86 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C556692:ICOS protein, human; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D000069594:Abatacept