Continuous measurements of renal perfusion in pigs by means of intravascular Doppler.
BACKGROUND
Changes in renal blood flow are considered to play a significant role in the induction and maintenance of kidney failure, but are difficult to monitor with currently available techniques. The objective was to validate renal flow measurements with Doppler guidewires and to apply this technique to assess dose and time dependency of the renal vascular effects of norepinephrine (NE).


METHODS
In 10 anesthetized pigs, flow velocity in renal arteries (FVart) and veins (FVvein) and volumetric renal blood flow (VBF) were measured before and after intravenous bolus application of incremental doses of NE (2 to 200 microg).


RESULTS
FVart curves exactly reflected the changes in VBF. Beat-to-beat analysis revealed a strong linear correlation over a mean VBF range of less than 0.05 to 0.35 L/min (median correlation coefficient with FVart, r = 0.998), and significant but less close relationships were also found between VBF and FVvein. Ten seconds after the administration of 200 microg NE, FVart dropped from 71 to 6 cm/sec and was 90% reversible after 48 seconds. Similarly, the renal vascular resistance temporarily rose from 988 to 13711 mm Hg. min/L. In contrast, NE-induced increases in systemic vascular resistance were on average a maximum of 1.5-fold but persisted for more than 60 seconds.


CONCLUSIONS
Doppler flow measurements in the renal artery provide an excellent surrogate of volumetric blood flow, which may be useful for continuous monitoring of renal hemodynamics. The renal vasculature is more sensitive when compared with the systemic vasculature, but also appears to evoke more efficient counter-regulatory mechanisms in response to NE.
Möckel
M
M
Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany. martin.moeckel@charite.de
Scheinert
D
D
Potapov
E V
EV
Wellnhofer
E
E
Combé
V
V
Nasseri
B A
BA
Maier
D
D
Meyer
S
S
Yankah
C
C
Hetzer
R
R
Frei
U
U
Eckardt
K U
KU
D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009638:Norepinephrine