Guidelines as rationing tools: a qualitative analysis of psychosocial patient selection criteria for cardiac procedures.
BACKGROUND
Cardiac procedure guidelines often include psychosocial criteria for selecting patients that potentially introduce social value judgements into clinical decisions and decisions about the rationing of care. The aim of this study was to investigate the terms and justifications for and the meanings of psychosocial patient characteristics used in cardiac procedure guidelines.


METHODS
We selected English-language guidelines published since 1990 and chapters in textbooks published since 1989. These guidelines amalgamated multiple sources of evidence and expertise and made recommendations regarding patient selection for specific procedures. A multidisciplinary team of physicians and social scientists extracted passages regarding psychosocial criteria and developed categories and conceptual relationships to describe and interpret their content.


RESULTS
Sixty-five papers met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Forty-five (69%) mentioned psychosocial criteria as procedure indications or contraindications. The latter fell into several categories, including behavioural and psychological issues, relationships with significant others, financial resources, social roles and environmental circumstances.


CONCLUSIONS
Psychosocial characteristics are portrayed as having 2 roles in patient selection: as risk factors intrinsic to the candidate or as indicators of need for special intervention. Guidelines typically simply list psychosocial contraindications without clarifying their specific nature or providing any justification for their use. Psychosocial considerations can help in the evaluation of patients for cardiac procedures, but they become ethically controversial when used to restrict access. The use of psychosocial indications and contraindications could be improved by more precise descriptions of the psychosocial problem at issue, explanations regarding why the criterion matters and justification of the characteristic using a biological rationale or research evidence.
Giacomini
M K
MK
Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. giacomin@mcmaster.ca
Cook
D J
DJ
Streiner
D L
DL
Anand
S S
SS
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000523:psychology; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000523:psychology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D035862:Vulnerable Populations