Malaria in the highlands of Madagascar after five years of indoor house spraying of DDT.
The central region of Madagascar is a vast area of highlands (altitude 700-2000 m). Malaria transmission has re-established itself here since the last epidemic of 1985-90 and has caused the deaths of 40,000 persons according to the Minister of Health. To combat the main malaria vector in the region, Anopheles funestus, annual programmes of indoor house spraying of DDT were carried out between December 1993 and January 1998 in most rural areas at altitude 1000-1500 m. A parasitological and serological study was then conducted in the highland schools to evaluate the impact of the programme and set up a database on the region. Using a cluster-sampling method 2 independent selections were conducted (one of 130 sites, the other of 40 sites). During the study, 13,462 schoolchildren were examined, 71% living in sprayed villages. Parasite prevalence among schoolchildren declined as altitude increases, from 11% at 700-900 m to 0.4% at > 1500 m. Below 1500 m, the impact of the spraying on the prevalence of the parasite was very clear (an average decrease of from 20% to 2.7% below 1000 m and of from 4.5% without spraying to 0.8% at 1000-1500 m). Geographical analysis of the data showed that the marginal regions remained the most affected by malaria (especially outside spraying zones), and persistence of 'pockets of transmission' at 1000-1500 m, essentially in areas where spraying has never been used. In 9 schools, anti-Plasmodium antibodies were sought by indirect immunofluorescence on thick smears of parasitized red blood cells. The seroprevalence ranged from 22% to 63%, which suggests that the parasite is still circulating in the region. Even though our data show that vector control continues to be very successful in the Madagascan highlands, rapid reinfection could occur and must be monitored following spraying. To this end, the Minister for Health, with the support of the Italian Co-operation, has placed the region under epidemiological surveillance since 1997. An alert system for the timely detection of the sources of epidemics and the targeting of the antivectoral campaign is also in operation. Our study suggests that this strategy should be reinforced by the spraying of DDT in the marginal zones in order to consolidate the results obtained at higher altitudes.
Jambou
R
R
Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Madagascar. rjambou@pasteur.sn
Ranaivo
L
L
Raharimalala
L
L
Randrianaivo
J
J
Rakotomanana
F
F
Modiano
D
D
Pietra
V
V
Boisier
P
P
Rabarijaona
L
L
Rabe
T
T
Raveloson
N
N
De Giorgi
F
F
D000293:Adolescent; D000531:Altitude; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003634:DDT / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008270:Madagascar / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D019371:Topography, Medical
D003634:DDT