The expanding world of co-stimulation: the two-signal model revisited.
The crucial role for CD28, its homolog CTLA-4 and their binding partners B7-1 and B7-2 in the generation of effective T-cell responses has been well documented. Recently, two new pairs of the CD28/B7 families were identified. The ability of these molecules to regulate T-cell expansion and effector function and the dynamic integration of the co-stimulatory and T-cell receptor signals are just beginning to be explored. Understanding these processes will be crucial for designing clinically relevant approaches to manipulate the adaptive immune system.
Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. cynthia.chambers@umassmed.edu
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D000069594:Abatacept; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology*; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology*; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000276:immunology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D008024:Ligands; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens; C497964:CD86 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C556692:ICOS protein, human; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D000069594:Abatacept