Social differentials in the decline of child mortality in nineteenth century Stockholm.
BACKGROUND
Mortality had declined dramatically by the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. Little is known about the development of social differentials in infant and child mortality in Stockholm at the turn of the century. This study investigates social differentials in child mortality during the years 1885, 1891 and 1910 in one parish in Stockholm.


METHODS
Individual entries from computerised records originally collected for civil registration purposes in Stockholm for 1878-1925 (the Roteman Archives) were analysed with respect to social class of the head of household and marital status of the mother for 36,718 children aged 0-14 years. Age- and cause-specific mortality rates were calculated for each year of study. Cox' regression analysis was used to analyse the mortality risk (relative rates (RRs) of mortality) by socioeconomic group and by marital status of the mother.


RESULTS
Child mortality rates were nearly halved between 1885 and 1910. Socioeconomic differentials in mortality between the four social classes emerged from 1891 as the overall mortality declined. The decline was sharpest in the upper and middle social classes. Children born out of wedlock had higher mortality rates than children of married mothers in all 3 years studied.


CONCLUSIONS
The social differentials in child mortality risk were substantial and the gradient emerged sharper from 1891 to 1910. The results are in line with studies from England and Wales, Germany and the USA for the same time period. The differentials mostly increased because of a greater decline in mortality among higher socioeconomic groups.
Department of Public Health, Division of Social Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. bo.burstrom@phs.ki.se
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Burström
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Bernhardt
D002675:Child, Preschool; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology