Drosophila transcription factor AP-2 in proboscis, leg and brain central complex development.
We report loss- and gain-of-function analyses that identify essential roles in development for Drosophila transcription factor AP-2. A mutagenesis screen yielded 16 lethal point mutant alleles of dAP-2. Null mutants die as adults or late pupae with a reduced proboscis, severely shortened legs (approximately 30% of normal length) lacking tarsal joints, and disruptions in the protocerebral central complex, a brain region critical for locomotion. Seven hypomorphic alleles constitute a phenotypic series yielding hemizygous adults with legs ranging from 40-95% of normal length. Hypomorphic alleles show additive effects with respect to leg length and viability; and several heteroallelic lines were established. Heteroallelic adults have moderately penetrant defects that include necrotic leg joints and ectopic growths (sometimes supernumerary antennae) invading medial eye territory. Several dAP-2 alleles with DNA binding domain missense mutations are null in hemizygotes but have dominant negative effects when paired with hypomorphic alleles. In wild-type leg primordia, dAP-2 is restricted to presumptive joints. Ectopic dAP-2 in leg discs can inhibit but not enhance leg elongation indicating that functions of dAP-2 in leg outgrowth are region restricted. In wing discs, ectopic dAP-2 cell autonomously transforms presumptive wing vein epithelium to ectopic sensory bristles, consistent with an instructive role in sensory organ development. These findings reveal multiple functions for dAP-2 during morphogenesis of feeding and locomotor appendages and their neural circuitry, and provide a new paradigm for understanding AP-2 family transcription factors.
Monge
I
I
Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
Krishnamurthy
R
R
Sims
D
D
Hirth
F
F
Spengler
M
M
Kammermeier
L
L
Reichert
H
H
Mitchell
P J
PJ
D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000254:growth & development*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005121:Extremities / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000254:growth & development*; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000254:growth & development
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C493674:TfAP-2 protein, Drosophila; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors