Molluscan engrailed expression, serial organization, and shell evolution.
Whether the serial features found in some molluscs are ancestral or derived is considered controversial. Here, in situ hybridization and antibody studies show iterated engrailed-gene expression in transverse rows of ectodermal cells bounding plate field development and spicule formation in the chiton, Lepidochitona cavema, as well as in cells surrounding the valves and in the early development of the shell hinge in the clam, Transennella tantilla. Ectodermal expression of engrailed is associated with skeletogenesis across a range of bilaterian phyla, suggesting a single evolutionary origin of invertebrate skeletons. The shared ancestry of bilaterian-invertebrate skeletons may help explain the sudden appearance of shelly fossils in the Cambrian. Our interpretation departs from the consideration of canonical metameres or segments as units of evolutionary analysis. In this interpretation, the shared ancestry of engrailed-gene function in the terminal/posterior addition of serially repeated elements during development explains the iterative expression of engrailed genes in a range of metazoan body plans.
Jacobs
D K
DK
Department of Organismal Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1606, USA. djacobs@ucla.edu
Wray
C G
CG
Wedeen
C J
CJ
Kostriken
R
R
DeSalle
R
R
Staton
J L
JL
Gates
R D
RD
Lindberg
D R
DR
D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008974:Mollusca / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors
D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C106185:engrailed homeobox proteins