Hypoxia-induced proliferative response of vascular adventitial fibroblasts is dependent on g protein-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
Hypoxia has been shown to act as a proliferative stimulus for adventitial fibroblasts of the pulmonary artery. The signaling pathways involved in this growth response, however, remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced proliferation of fibroblasts would be dependent on distinct (compared with serum) activation and utilization patterns of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases initiated by Galpha(i/o) proteins. We found that hypoxia stimulated increases in DNA synthesis and growth of quiescent fibroblasts in the absence of exogenous mitogens and also markedly augmented serum-stimulated growth responses. Hypoxia caused a transient activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the time course and pattern of which was somewhat similar to that induced by serum but which was of lesser magnitude. On the other hand, hypoxia-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase was biphasic, whereas serum-stimulated activation of p38 MAP kinase was transient, and the magnitude of activation was greater for hypoxia compared with that of serum stimulation. ERK1/2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase but not JNK2 were necessary for hypoxia-induced proliferation because PD98059, SB202190, and JNK1 antisense oligonucleotides nearly ablated the growth response. JNK2 appeared to act as a negative modulator of hypoxia-induced growth because JNK2 antisense oligonucleotides led to an increase in DNA synthesis. In serum-stimulated cells, antisense JNK1 oligonucleotides and PD98059 had inhibitory effects on proliferation, whereas SB202190 led to an increase in DNA synthesis. Pertussis toxin, which blocks Galpha(i/o)-mediated signaling, markedly attenuated hypoxia-induced DNA synthesis and activation of ERK and JNK but not p38 MAP kinase. We conclude that hypoxia itself can act as a growth promoting stimulus for subsets of bovine neonatal adventitial fibroblasts largely through Galpha(i/o)-mediated activation of a complex network of MAP kinases whose specific contributions to hypoxia-induced proliferation differ from traditional serum-induced growth signals.
Das
M
M
Cardiovascular Pulmonary and Developmental Lung Biology Research Labs and the Department of Renal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA. Mita.Das@uchsc.edu
Bouchey
D M
DM
Moore
M J
MJ
Hopkins
D C
DC
Nemenoff
R A
RA
Stenmark
K R
KR
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D007700:Kinetics; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D011725:Pyridines; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; C090942:4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole