title: Extra-anatomic bypass graft for management of axillary artery occlusion in pitchers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to evaluate the long-term results of vein bypass grafts for axillary artery occlusion, specifically those placed extra-anatomically to prevent arterial injury in pitchers.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the greater saphenous veins used as the selected conduit, arterial bypass grafts were routed anterior to the pectoralis minor muscle in four baseball pitchers who had occlusion of the axillary artery. We performed a follow-up in excess of 10 years with evaluations of the bypass grafts by ultrasonic duplex scan and magnetic resonance angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four pitchers treated in this manner returned to the game and played for several seasons without a recurrence of the arterial injury. Long-term evaluation of the bypass grafts did not reveal any structural or functional disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Axillary artery occlusion in an athlete can be effectively treated with a vein bypass graft placed extra-anatomically, anterior to the pectoralis minor muscle. The greater saphenous vein should be considered the conduit of choice.
authors: Department of Surgery and the Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. ishitobi@pmet.or.jp
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ishitobi
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Moteki
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Nara
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Akiyama
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kodera
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kaneda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001366:Axillary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000098:blood supply; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000637:transplantation*