title: The influence of ventricular input impedance on the hydrodynamic performance of bioprosthetic aortic roots in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydrodynamic function testing using pulsatile flow simulators provides a valuable means of comparative assessment of heart valves in vitro. The majority of pulsatile flow simulators consist of modular rigid chambers and a positive displacement pump with an infinite input impedance, in which the inertia of the test fluid results in pressure oscillations when the valves under test are opening and closing. For mechanical and stented bioprosthetic valves these pressure oscillations decay quickly. However, due to the highly compliant nature of tissue roots, the resulting pressure and flow oscillations are extreme and extend throughout systole. With increasing interest in the use of free-sewn roots and valves it is most desirable to improve this hydrodynamic model. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence in changes in ventricular input impedance on the hydrodynamic characteristics of free-sewn aortic roots and stented valves.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Leeds pulsatile flow simulator was modified to incorporate additional compliance chambers in the form of a viscoelastic impedance adaptor (VIA) at the pump/ventricular interface. Six 23 mm bioprosthetic aortic roots fixed with 0.5% buffered glutaraldehyde at zero pressure, and a size 23 mm stented porcine aortic bioprosthesis were tested in this modified simulator, at the conditions of maximum and minimum input compliance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pressure and flow waveforms for the fixed aortic roots showed considerable differences at the conditions of maximum and minimum input compliance. Indeed, the extreme pressure oscillations observed at minimum compliance (infinite input impedance) were not present at maximum compliance, and the forward flow waveform was much smoother. In contrast, for the stented valve, the differences in the pressure and flow waveforms between maximum and minimum input compliance were minimal, but this was expected due to the lack of compliance in the stented valve itself. In addition, the flow and pressure waveforms at maximum compliance in the VIA were comparable for the fixed aortic roots and the stented bioprosthesis, thus allowing direct comparison of the characteristics of these two different devices. Using test conditions of maximum input compliance, effective orifice area for the roots was 1.69 cm2 compared with 1.47 cm2 for the stented valve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An appropriate physiological model for the hydrodynamic testing of compliant tissue roots has been established.
authors: School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK.
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Jennings
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Butterfield
authors: P G
authors: PG
authors: Walker
authors: K G
authors: KG
authors: Watterson
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Fisher
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000502:physiology*; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology*