title: Carvedilol as therapy in pediatric heart failure: an initial multicenter experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the dosing, efficacy, and side effects of the nonselective beta-blocker carvedilol for the management of heart failure in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carvedilol use in addition to standard medical therapy for pediatric heart failure was reviewed at 6 centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with dilated cardiomyopathy (80%) and congenital heart disease (20%), age 3 months to 19 years (n = 46), were treated with carvedilol. The average initial dose was 0.08 mg/kg, uptitrated over a mean of 11.3 weeks to an average maintenance dose of 0.46 mg/kg. After 3 months on carvedilol, there were improvements in modified New York Heart Association class in 67% of patients (P =.0005, chi2 analysis) and improvement in mean shortening fraction from 16.2% to 19.0% (P =.005, paired t test). Side effects, mainly dizziness, hypotension, and headache, occurred in 54% of patients but were well tolerated. Adverse outcomes (death, cardiac transplantation, and ventricular-assist device placement) occurred in 30% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carvedilol as an adjunct to standard therapy for pediatric heart failure improves symptoms and left ventricular function. Side effects are common but well tolerated. Further prospective study is required to determine the effect of carvedilol on survival and to clearly define its role in pediatric heart failure therapy.
authors: Division of Cardiology, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Bruns
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Chrisant
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Lamour
authors: R E
authors: RE
authors: Shaddy
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Pahl
authors: E D
authors: ED
authors: Blume
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Hallowell
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Addonizio
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Canter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol