Advancing the science of symptom management.
Since the publication of the original Symptom Management Model (Larson et al. 1994), faculty and students at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Nursing Centre for System Management have tested this model in research studies and expanded the model through collegial discussions and seminars.


OBJECTIVE
In this paper, we describe the evidence-based revised conceptual model, the three dimensions of the model, and the areas where further research is needed.


BACKGROUND
The experience of symptoms, minor to severe, prompts millions of patients to visit their healthcare providers each year. Symptoms not only create distress, but also disrupt social functioning. The management of symptoms and their resulting outcomes often become the responsibility of the patient and his or her family members. Healthcare providers have difficulty developing symptom management strategies that can be applied across acute and home-care settings because few models of symptom management have been tested empirically. To date, the majority of research on symptoms was directed toward studying a single symptom, such as pain or fatigue, or toward evaluating associated symptoms, such as depression and sleep disturbance. While this approach has advanced our understanding of some symptoms, we offer a generic symptom management model to provide direction for selecting clinical interventions, informing research, and bridging an array of symptoms associated with a variety of diseases and conditions. Finally, a broadly-based symptom management model allows the integration of science from other fields.
Dodd
M
M
San Francisco School of Nursing, University of California, CA 94143-0610, USA. marylin.dodd@nursing.ucsf.edu
Janson
S
S
Facione
N
N
Faucett
J
J
Froelicher
E S
ES
Humphreys
J
J
Lee
K
K
Miaskowski
C
C
Puntillo
K
K
Rankin
S
S
Taylor
D
D
D018939:Holistic Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016294:Models, Nursing