title: Photomechanical transdermal delivery of insulin in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that photomechanical waves transiently permeabilize the stratum corneum in vivo. The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential of photomechanical waves for systemic drug delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Photomechanical waves were generated by ablation of a polystyrene target by a Q-switched ruby laser. Systemic insulin delivery in a streptozotocin-diabetic rat model was monitored by measuring the blood glucose level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After photomechanical insulin delivery, the blood glucose decreased 80 +/- 3% and remained below 200 mg/dl for more than 3 hours. Whereas in control experiments (for which insulin was applied without photomechanical waves), there was no dramatic change in the blood glucose (standard deviation of measurements over 4 hours was 7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of the photomechanical waves allowed approximately 6-kDa protein molecules (insulin) to pass through the stratum corneum and into the systemic circulation.
authors: Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: McAuliffe
authors: S E
authors: SE
authors: Mulholland
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Doukas
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013311:Streptozocin
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D013311:Streptozocin