title: Prepulses reduce the pain of cutaneous electrical shocks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both the startle reflex elicited by an intense acoustic or tactile stimulus and the perceived intensity of that stimulus can be diminished by a weak "prepulse" that precedes the startling stimulus. The present study examined whether prepulses can also diminish the pain produced by an intense electrical stimulus similar to that used to treat life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias in conscious patients with implantable cardioverter/defibrillators or transcutaneous pacemakers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perceptual and pain thresholds for electrical shocks to the arm were determined in 20 adults. Participants then rated the painfulness of 25 electrical shocks that were 1.5 times the pain threshold (mean shock intensity, approximately 160 V) and either presented alone or preceded (at 40-60 ms) by weak electrical prepulses equal to or 25% above the perceptual threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prepulses significantly reduced the pain produced by the intense shocks. Individuals with the lowest pain thresholds experienced the greatest pain reduction with prepulses. In these more sensitive individuals, the most effective prepulses reduced perceived pain by 26% across the entire test session and by 54% in the initial block of five shocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prepulses may be useful in diminishing the pain associated with the therapeutic electrical shocks used to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
authors: Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA. blumen@wfu.edu
authors: T D
authors: TD
authors: Blumenthal
authors: T T
authors: TT
authors: Burnett
authors: C D
authors: CD
authors: Swerdlow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D004597:Electroshock / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000523:psychology*; D013216:Reflex, Startle