title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptomatology in a sample of Gulf War veterans: a prospective analysis.
abstract: The authors examined the relationship over time of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms in a sample of Gulf War veterans. A large sample (N = 2,949) of Gulf War veterans was assessed immediately following their return from the Gulf region and 18-24 months later. Participants completed a number of self-report questionnaires including the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD (T. M. Keane, J. M. Caddell, & K. L. Taylor, 1988) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (L. R. Derogatis & N. Melisaratos, 1983) at both time points and an extended and updated version of the Laufer Combat Scale (M. Gallops, R. S. Laufer, & T. Yager, 1981) at the initial assessment. A latent-variable, cross-lag panel model found evidence for a reciprocal relation between PTSD and Depression. Follow-up models examining reexperiencing, avoidance-numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms separately showed that for reexperiencing and avoidance-numbing symptoms, the overall reciprocal relation held. For hyperarousal symptoms, however, the association was from early hyperarousal to later depression symptoms only.
authors: National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, USA. erickson_d@epi.umn.edu
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Erickson
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Wolfe
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: King
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: King
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Sharkansky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D018923:Persian Gulf Syndrome / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014857:Warfare