title: Anatomic and hemodynamic considerations influencing the efficiency of retrograde cardioplegia.
abstract: One of the major issues raised by cardiac surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass is the question of myocardial protection. The preferred route for the administration of cardioplegia is controversial. A number of studies show the beneficial effects of retrograde cardioplegia but some demonstrate only partial or poor myocardial protection. This paper reviews the anatomy and anatomic variations of the coronary sinus, the coronary sinus orifice and cardiac veins, and the major systemic venous drainage, all of which may affect the distribution of retrograde cardioplegia.
authors: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Ruengsakulrach
authors: B F
authors: BF
authors: Buxton
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies / Q000601:surgery*; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*