title: The 'cleavage' activities of foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A site-directed mutants and naturally occurring '2A-like' sequences.
abstract: The 2A/2B cleavage of aphtho- and cardiovirus 2A polyproteins is mediated by their 2A proteins 'cleaving' at their own C termini. We have analysed this activity using artificial reporter polyprotein systems comprising green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked via foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A to beta-glucuronidase (GUS) -- forming a single, long, open reading frame. Analysis of the distribution of radiolabel showed a high proportion of the in vitro translation products (approximately 90%) were in the form of the 'cleavage' products GUS and [GFP2A]. Alternative models have been proposed to account for the 'cleavage' activity: proteolysis by a host-cell proteinase, autoproteolysis or a translational effect. To investigate the mechanism of this cleavage event constructs encoding site-directed mutant and naturally occurring '2A-like' sequences were used to program in vitro translation systems and the gel profiles analysed. Analysis of site-directed mutant 2A sequences showed that 'cleavage' occurred in constructs in which all the candidate nucleophilic residues were substituted -- with the exception of aspartate-12. This residue is not, however, conserved amongst all functional '2A-like' sequences. '2A-like' sequences were identified within insect virus polyproteins, the NS34 protein of type C rotaviruses, repeated sequences in Trypanosoma spp. and a eubacterial alpha-glucosiduronasesequence(Thermatoga maritima aguA). All of the 2A-like sequences analysed were active (to various extents), other than the eubacterial alpha-glucosiduronase 2A-like sequence. This method of control of protein biogenesis may well not, therefore, be confined to members of the PICORNAVIRIDAE: Taken together, these data provide additional evidence that neither FMDV 2A nor '2A-like' sequences are autoproteolytic elements.
authors: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK1.
authors: Michelle L L
authors: MLL
authors: Donnelly
authors: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK1.
authors: Lorraine E
authors: LE
authors: Hughes
authors: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK1.
authors: Garry
authors: G
authors: Luke
authors: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK1.
authors: Heidi
authors: H
authors: Mendoza
authors: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK1.
authors: Edwin
authors: E
authors: Ten Dam
authors: The University of Birmingham, The School of Chemistry, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK2.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Gani
authors: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK1.
authors: Martin D
authors: MD
authors: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D005537:Aphthovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004279:DNA, Viral; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000235:genetics; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007304:Insect Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017354:Point Mutation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C057421:virus protein 2A; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D005966:Glucuronidase; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C057400:picornain 2A, Picornavirus