title: Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cardiovascular risk associated with early renal insufficiency is unknown. Clinicians are often reluctant to use angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with renal insufficiency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether mild renal insufficiency increases cardiovascular risk and whether ramipril decreases that risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post hoc analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Heart Outcomes and Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study, a randomized, double-blind, multinational trial involving 267 study centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  980 patients with mild renal insufficiency (serum creatinine concentration >/= 124 micromol/L [>/=1.4 mg/dL]) and 8307 patients with normal renal function (serum creatinine concentration < 124 micromol/L [<1.4 mg/dL]) Patients with a baseline serum creatinine concentration greater than 200 micromol/L (2.3 mg/dL) were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was incidence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative incidence of the primary outcome was higher in patients with renal insufficiency than in those without (22.2% vs. 15.1%; P < 0.001) and increased with serum creatinine concentration. Patients with renal insufficiency had a substantially increased risk for cardiovascular death (11.4% vs. 6.6%) and total mortality (17.8% vs. 10.6%) (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). The effect of renal insufficiency on the primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.16 to 1.69]) was independent of known cardiovascular risks and treatment. Ramipril reduced the incidence of the primary outcome in patients with and those without renal insufficiency (hazard ratio, 0.80 vs. 0.79; P > 0.2 for the difference).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients who had preexisting vascular disease or diabetes combined with an additional cardiovascular risk factor, mild renal insufficiency significantly increased the risk for subsequent cardiovascular events. Ramipril reduced cardiovascular risk without increasing adverse effects.
authors: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Schwabing General Hospital, LMU, Kolner Platz 1, D-80804 Munchen, Germany.
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Mann
authors: H C
authors: HC
authors: Gerstein
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Pogue
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bosch
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D017257:Ramipril / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D003404:Creatinine; D017257:Ramipril