title: A comparison of thermocouple and infrared thermographic analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during the continuous wave of condensation technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to use two methods of temperature measurement to analyse and quantify the in vitro root surface temperature changes during the initial stage of the continuous wave technique of obturation of 17 single-rooted premolar teeth with standard canal preparations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model was designed to allow simultaneous temperature measurement with both thermocouples and an infrared thermal imaging system. Two thermocouples were placed on the root surface, one coronally and the other near the root apex. A series of thermal images were recorded by an infrared thermal imaging camera during the downpack procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean temperature rises on the root surface, as measured by the two thermocouples, averaged 13.9 degrees C over the period of study, whilst the infrared thermal imaging system measured an average rise of 28.4 degrees C at the same sites. Temperatures at the more apical point were higher than those measured coronally. After the first wave of condensation, the second activation of the plugger in the canal prior to its removal always resulted in a secondary rise in temperature. The thermal imaging system detected areas of greater temperature change distant from the two selected thermocouple sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The continuous wave technique of obturation may result in high temperatures on the external root surface. Infrared thermography is a useful device for mapping patterns of temperature change over a large area.
authors: Conservation Department, Eastman Dental Hospital, 256 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, England, UK. PMcCullagh@eastman.ucl.ac.uk
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Mc Cullagh
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Setchell
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Gulabivala
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Hussey
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Biagioni
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Lamey
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007259:Infrared Rays; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000379:methods*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013821:Thermometers; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000502:physiology; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials