title: Characteristics of sighing in panic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sighs, breaths with larger tidal volumes than surrounding breaths, have been reported as being more frequent in patients with anxiety disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with panic disorder, 15 with generalized anxiety disorder, and 19 normal control subjects were asked to sit quietly for 30 min. Respiratory volumes and timing were recorded with inductive plethysmography and expired pCO(2), from nasal prongs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Panic disorder patients sighed more and had tonically lower end-tidal pCO(2)s than control subjects, whereas generalized anxiety disorder patients were intermediate. Sighs defined as >2.0 times the subject mean discriminated groups best. Sigh frequency was more predictive of individual pCO(2) levels than was minute volume. Ensemble averaging of respiratory variables for sequences of breaths surrounding sighs showed no evidence that sighs were triggered by increased pCO(2) or reduced tidal volume in any group. Sigh breaths were larger in panic disorder patients than in control subjects. After sighs, pCO(2) and tidal volume did not return to baseline levels as quickly in panic disorder patients as in control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypocapnia in panic disorder patients is related to sigh frequency. In none of the groups was sighing a homeostatic response. Panic disorder patients show less peripheral chemoreflex gain than control subjects, which would maintain low pCO(2) levels after sighing.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors: F H
authors: FH
authors: Wilhelm
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Trabert
authors: W T
authors: WT
authors: Roth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000503:physiopathology*