title: Theramal, mechanical, optical, and morphologic changes in bovine nucleus pulposus induced by Nd:YAG (lambda = 1.32 microm) laser irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To examine the biophysical effects of photothermal heating on herniated intervertebral discs during laser decompression surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo bovine nucleus pulposus specimens were irradiated with a Nd: YAG laser (lambda = 1.32 microm, 100 seconds exposure time, 9-31 W/cm(2), 4.8 mm spot diameter), whereas changes in tissue thermal, mechanical, and optical properties were monitored by using, respectively, infrared radiometry, tissue tension measurements, and diffuse reflectance from a HeNe probe laser. Morphologic changes and mass reduction were monitored by recording shape changes on video and weighing specimens before and after laser exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At power densities below 20 W/cm(2), evaporation of water and specimen volume reduction (shrinking) were consistently observed on video during irradiation. In contrast, above 20 W/cm(2), vapor bubbles formed within the specimen matrix and subsequently ruptured (releasing heated vapors). When radiometric surface temperature approaches approximately 60 to 70 degrees C (denaturation threshold for tissue), tissue tension begins to increase, which is consistent with observations of specimen length reduction. The onset of this change in tissue tension is also reflected in characteristic alterations in diffuse reflectance. With cessation of laser irradiation, a sustained increase in tissue tension is observed, which is consistent with changes in specimen length and volume. Higher laser power results in a faster heating rate and subsequently an accelerated tension change. Specimen mass reduction increased with irradiance from 19 to 72% of the initial mass for 9--31 W/cm(2), respectively. Irradiated specimens did not return to their original shape after immersion in saline (48 hours) in contrast to air-dried specimens (24 hours), which returned to their original shape and size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that photothermal heating results in irreversible matrix alteration causing shape change and volume reduction (observed on video and evidenced by the increase in tissue tension) taking place at approximately 65 degrees C. Inasmuch as high laser power results in vapor bubble formation and specimen tearing, the heating process must be controlled. Diffuse reflectance measurements provide a noncontact, highly sensitive means to monitor dynamically changes in tension of nucleus purposus.
authors: Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA.
authors: J Y
authors: JY
authors: Choi
authors: B S
authors: BS
authors: Tanenbaum
authors: T E
authors: TE
authors: Milner
authors: X V
authors: XV
authors: Dao
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Nelson
authors: E N
authors: EN
authors: Sobol
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002417:Cattle; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D009354:Neodymium; D010789:Phototherapy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D009354:Neodymium