title: Hypouricemia and hyperuricemia in type 2 diabetes: two different phenotypes.
abstract: METHODS
  Conflicting data exist about uric acid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus, as low levels were found in diabetic patients, while elevated serum uric acid is a feature of hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose tolerance. The present study was addressed to evaluate the relation between uric acid and metabolic parameters, creatinine clearance and albumin excretion rate in a cohort of type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperuricemic patients were older and had higher values of body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, albumin excretion rate, C-peptide and prevalence of hypertension, metabolic syndrome and macroalbuminuria and lower values of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, creatinine clearance and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The correlations between uric acid levels and triglycerides, BMI, systolic blood pressure, albumin excretion rate, C-peptide, creatinine clearance, HDL-cholesterol and HbA1c remained significant in a multiple regression analysis after adjustment for age, sex and duration of diabetes. After performing multiple logistic regression analyses, uric acid levels were independently associated with hypertension [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6--2], after adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes and macroalbuminuria (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.1--2.0), after adjustment for age, sex, HbA1c levels, creatinine clearance, duration of diabetes and blood pressure levels and the metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.5--1.8), after adjustment for age, sex and creatinine clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 2 diabetes, hyperuricemia seems to be associated with the insulin-resistant syndrome and with early onset or increased progression to overt nephropathy, while hypouricemia is associated with worse metabolic control, hyperfiltration and a late onset or decreased progression to overt nephropathy.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Bo
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Cavallo-Perin
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Gentile
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Repetti
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Pagano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D003404:Creatinine