Mobility of atrazine from alginate-bentonite controlled release formulations in layered soil.
The mobility of atrazine [6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] from alginate-bentonite-based controlled release (CR) formulations was investigated by using soil columns. Two CR formulations based on sodium alginate (14.0 g kg(-1), atrazine (6.0 g kg(-1), natural or acid-treated bentonite (50 g kg(-1), and water (924 g kg(-1) were compared to technical grade product and commercial liquid (CL) formulation (Gesaprim 500FW). All herbicide treatments were applied to duplicate layered bed systems simulating the typical arrangement under a plastic greenhouse, which is composed of sand (10 cm), peat (2 cm), amended soil (20 cm) and native soil (20 cm). The columns were leached with 39 cm (1500 ml) and 156 cm (6000 ml) of 0.02 M CaCl2 solution to evaluate the effect of water volume applied on herbicide movement. When 39 cm of 0.02 M CaCl2 solution was applied, there was no presence of herbicide in the leachate for the alginate-bentonite CR treatments. However, 0.11% and 0.14% of atrazine appeared in the leachate when the treatment was carried out with technical grade and CL formulations, respectively. When 156 cm of 0.02 M CaCl2 solution was applied, the use of the alginate-acid treated bentonite CR formulation retards and reduces the presence of atrazine in the leachate as compared to technical product. Analysis of the soil columns showed the highest atrazine concentration in the peat layer. Alginate-bentonite CR formulations might be an efficient system for reducing atrazine leaching in layered soil and thus, it could reduce the risks of pollution of groundwater.
Fernández-Pérez
M
M
Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Universidad de Almería, La Canada de San Urbano, Spain. mfernand@ualm.es
González-Pradas
E
E
Villafranca-Sánchez
M
M
Flores-Céspedes
F
F
D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000737:chemistry*; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control*
D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001546:Bentonite; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D001280:Atrazine