title: Critical care unit outbreak of Serratia liquefaciens from contaminated pressure monitoring equipment.
abstract: Between October and December 1999, Serratia liquefaciens was isolated from 11 patients in an adult critical care unit. One patient was infected on two separate occasions. In total, there were 10 positive blood cultures and five positive intravascular catheter tips. Eight cases were clinically infected, three were possibly infected and one was not. All patients with clinical isolates received appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment and responded well. Environmental investigation revealed S. liquefaciens in syringes and connector tubing used to calibrate the intravascular line pressure monitoring equipment of eight patients. Three of these patients also had clinical isolates of S. liquefaciens. Analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis found clinical and environmental isolates to be of the same strain. The most likely mode of transmission was a non-sterile sphygmomanometer tip used daily for calibration. Inadequate microbiological sampling methods may have limited detection of S. liquefaciens. Several other examples of poor infection control techniques were identified during the outbreak, notably lapses in hand hygiene during intravascular pressure monitoring. It was also observed that unlabelled multidose heparin and insulin vials were shared between patients and personal hand creams were used by staff. However, these were not directly implicated in the outbreak. The outbreak ended when poor infection control practices were corrected. Calibration syringes and connector tubing were discarded after a single use. The sphygmomanometer was replaced by a pneumatic pressure transducer tester with connector tube and the frequency of calibration reduced to a single test following line insertion only. The non-disposable tube was disinfected with alcohol wipes between patients.
authors: Departments of Microbiology, St Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust, Whiston Hospital, Prescot, Merseyside L35 5DR, UK.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Harnett
authors: K D
authors: KD
authors: Allen
authors: R R
authors: RR
authors: Macmillan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015924:Blood Pressure Monitors / Q000382:microbiology*; D002404:Catheterization; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012705:Serratia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016868:Serratia Infections / Q000209:etiology*