title: Susceptibility to fluconazole of Candida clinical isolates determined by FUN-1 staining with flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy.
abstract: The susceptibility of clinical Candida isolates to fluconazole was assayed by flow cytometry (FCM) and epifluorescence microscopy (EFM), with FUN-1 staining. In all, 25 clinical isolates of Candida spp. (12 sensitive, 3 dose-dependently sensitive and 10 resistant to fluconazole according to the NCCLS M27-A protocol) were treated with increasing concentrations of fluconazole during 1 or 2 h staining with FUN-1 for 30 min and analysed, respectively, by FCM at 575 nm (FL2) and by EFM. Fluconazole-susceptible strains showed an increased accumulation of FUN-1 in comparison with controls as determined by FCM and a reduced metabolic processing of the probe, confirmed by EFM. Conversely, resistant strains showed decreased FUN-1 staining and were able to process the probe. The fluconazole minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined by FCM or EFM after FUN-1 staining compared very well with the corresponding values determined by the M27-A protocol, indicating that FUN-1 staining can be used as an alternative to the conventional method. MIC values of resistant strains, with the exception of C. krusei, were lower when treatment with fluconazole followed pre-incubation with 0.1 mM sodium azide, a concentration known to inhibit the activity of efflux pumps. These results show that FUN-1 staining can be used as an alternative and rapid method for the assessment of susceptibility of Candida clinical isolates to fluconazole. Furthermore, the results suggest that resistance of Candida cells to fluconazole, with the exception of C. krusei strains, is likely to be due to the activity of efflux pumps.
authors: *Department of Microbiology, Porto School of Medicine, University of Porto, †Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of Porto University, ‡Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Porto University and §Department of Gynecology, Porto School of Medicine, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Cidália
authors: C
authors: Pina-Vaz
authors: *Department of Microbiology, Porto School of Medicine, University of Porto, †Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of Porto University, ‡Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Porto University and §Department of Gynecology, Porto School of Medicine, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Filipe
authors: F
authors: Sansonetty
authors: *Department of Microbiology, Porto School of Medicine, University of Porto, †Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of Porto University, ‡Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Porto University and §Department of Gynecology, Porto School of Medicine, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Acácio G
authors: AG
authors: Rodrigues
authors: *Department of Microbiology, Porto School of Medicine, University of Porto, †Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of Porto University, ‡Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Porto University and §Department of Gynecology, Porto School of Medicine, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Sofia
authors: S
authors: Costa-DE-Oliveira
authors: *Department of Microbiology, Porto School of Medicine, University of Porto, †Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of Porto University, ‡Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Porto University and §Department of Gynecology, Porto School of Medicine, Porto, Portugal.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Martinez-DE-Oliveira
authors: *Department of Microbiology, Porto School of Medicine, University of Porto, †Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of Porto University, ‡Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Porto University and §Department of Gynecology, Porto School of Medicine, Porto, Portugal.
authors: António F
authors: AF
authors: Fonseca
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015725:Fluconazole; D019810:Sodium Azide