title: Longitudinal study assessing the joint effects of socio-economic status and birth risks on adult emotional and nervous conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous investigations into the impact of birth complications and social environment have generally followed their subjects only at young ages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-range impact of socio-economic status (SES) and birth risks on the development of emotional and nervous conditions through adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Johns Hopkins Pathways Study interviewed 1824 subjects born between 1960 and 1965. The median household income of the children at age 7-8 years was used to divide the cohort into high and low income categories. Differences in life time prevalence of emotional and nervous conditions through adulthood between the two income groups were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the lower income group were 1.86 times more likely to report an emotional or nervous condition as adults. Boys in the lower income group at age 7-8 years were 3.2 times more likely to do so. The risks of difficult birth for adult mental disturbance were accentuated in the low-income group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children who experience birth complications are at increased risk of developing adult mental disturbances; this increase is mitigated by higher SES.
authors: Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. angelaf@mail.jhmi.edu
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Fan
authors: W W
authors: WW
authors: Eaton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology; D001034:Apgar Score; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors