title: Synergistic growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells by 1 alpha,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and its 19-nor-hexafluoride analogs in combination with either sodium butyrate or trichostatin A.
abstract: Prostate cancer is a major cause of male cancer death. In vitro and in vivo data support a role for 1 alpha,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) in regulating the growth and differentiation of the normal prostate gland yet prostate cancer cells appear significantly less sensitive to this action. Vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR) content or mutational status do not correlate clearly with the antiproliferative effects of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and therefore it is unclear why prostate cancer cell lines are significantly less sensitive to this action. We hypothesized that the antiproliferative responses of prostate cancer cells to 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) are suppressed by a process involving histone deacetylation. Sodium butyrate (NaB) and trichostatin A (TSA) are inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Low doses of NaB or TSA (300 microM and 15 nM respectively), which alone were relatively inactive, synergized with 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in liquid and semi-solid agar to inhibit the growth of LNCaP, PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Still greater synergy was observed between vitamin D(3) hexafluoride analogs and either NaB or TSA. The mechanism appeared to involve neither the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21((waf1/cip1)) nor cell cycle arrest, but rather induction of apoptosis. These data suggest that cells dysregulate the normal pro-apoptotic signals of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) during prostate cancer development by a mechanism involving histone deacetylation. Combination therapy with potent vitamin D(3) analogs and clinically approved HDAC inhibitors may overcome this lesion and improve the treatment of both androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer.
authors: Division of Immunity & Infection, Birmingham University Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
authors: S F
authors: SF
authors: Rashid
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Moore
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Walker
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Driver
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Engel
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Edwards
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Brown
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Uskokovic
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000502:physiology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000502:physiology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000502:physiology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
chemical_list: C108274:19-nor-hexafluoride vitamin D3; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D020148:Butyric Acid; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C012589:trichostatin A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D002117:Calcitriol