title: Aberrant respiratory sensitivity to CO(2) as a trait of familial panic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to three earlier studies, well individuals with a family history of panic disorder experience more anxiety following a single breath of 35% CO(2) than do those without such a family history. This study sought to determine whether a heightened sensitivity to CO(2) manifests specifically in respiratory changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 18--35 years old and had no history of panic attacks and no current DSM-IV diagnosis other than simple or social phobia. Those at high risk for panic disorder (HR-P) (n = 46) had a first-degree relative with treated panic disorder. Low-risk control subjects (LR-C) (n = 39) had no first-degree relative with panic disorder. Respiratory measurements were taken continuously while subjects breathed room air through an attached mask for 3 min and, subsequently, while they breathed a 5% CO(2)/air mixture for an additional 3 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HR-P subjects did not differ from control subjects by group means of the principal measure of respiratory response, changes in minute volume (MV) during CO(2) inhalation. However, these values assumed clearly different distributions in the two groups. Fifteen (32.6%) of the HR-P subjects showed a paradoxical decrease in MV while breathing CO(2) and six (13%) displayed a particularly rapid increase in MV. Only one (2.6%) of the control subjects had a negative MV slope and none had a high value [chi(2)(1) = 12.3, p <.001, p =.021, Fisher exact test, respectively]. Though the subjects with high MV increases also described greater increases in anxiety after breathing CO(2), a regression analysis indicated that the MV increase was the more important in discriminating high-risk from control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that respiratory sensitivity to CO(2) inhalation is operative in the familial transmission of panic disorder.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1000, USA.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Coryell
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Fyer
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Pine
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Martinez
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Arndt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide