title: Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation examined clinical features of periodontal disease and patterns of attachment loss in adult periodontitis subjects who were current, past or never smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  289 adult periodontitis subjects ranging in age from 20-86 years with at least 20 teeth and at least 4 sites with pocket depth and/or attachment level >4 mm were recruited. Smoking history was obtained using a questionnaire. Measures of plaque accumulation, overt gingivitis, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level were taken at 6 sites per tooth at all teeth excluding 3rd molars at a baseline visit. Subjects were subset according to smoking history into never, past and current smokers and for certain analyses into age categories <41, 41-49, >49. Uni- and multi-variate analyses examined associations between smoking category, age and clinical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current smokers had significantly more attachment loss, missing teeth, deeper pockets and fewer sites exhibiting bleeding on probing than past or never smokers. Current smokers had greater attachment loss than past or never smokers whether the subjects had mild, moderate or severe initial attachment loss. Increasing age and smoking status were independently significantly related to mean attachment level and the effect of these parameters was additive. Mean attachment level in non smokers <41 years and current smokers >49 years was 2.49 and 4.10 mm respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression indicated that age, pack years and being a current smoker were strongly associated with mean attachment level. Full mouth attachment level profiles indicated that smokers had more attachment loss than never smokers particularly at maxillary lingual sites and at lower anterior teeth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In accord with other studies, smokers had evidence of more severe periodontal disease than past or never smokers. At all levels of mean attachment loss, smokers exhibited more disease than never smokers. Difference in mean attachment level between smokers and never smokers at individual sites was not uniform. Significantly more loss was observed at maxillary lingual sites and lower anterior teeth suggesting the possibility of a local effect of cigarette smoking.
authors: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115-3799, USA.
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Haffajee
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Socransky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000145:classification; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013492:Suppuration; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification