title: Management of background pain and anxiety in critically burned children requiring protracted mechanical ventilation.
abstract: Optimal control of pain and anxiety is an elusive but important goal in children with protracted critical illness. This review represents an effort to document the doses of background medication required to achieve this goal in a group of children managed under a pain and anxiety protocol that adjusts background infusions to comfort. The course of children with wounds involving at least 10% of the body surface and coincident respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days managed 1 Jan 97 to 31 Dec 98 was reviewed. A pain and anxiety protocol was used, including background infusions of morphine and midazolam adjusted to comfort. These 28 children had a mean (+/- standard deviation) age of 5.3 +/- 4.6 years, wound size of 48.3 +/- 28.4%, and were intubated for 25.0 +/- 23.9 days. Neuromuscular blocking drugs were administered for 65 of 447 (14.5%) ventilator days. To maintain comfort, drugs were required at doses substantially above standard dosing schemes. The highest daily background infusion of morphine sulfate averaged 0.40 mg/kg/hr +/- 0.24 mg/kg/hr (usual starting dose was 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg/hr) and was reached 14.1 +/- 12.8 days after admission. The highest daily background infusion of midazolam averaged 0.15 +/- 0.07 mg/kg/hr (usual starting dose was 0.04 mg/kg/hr) and was reached 14.0 +/- 3.8 days after admission. Morphine infusions at extubation averaged 0.22 +/- 0.17 mg/kg/hr and midazolam infusions 0.10 +/- 0.12 mg/kg/hr. All children survived to discharge and there was no perceived morbidity related to these high doses of medication. Children with serious burns and respiratory failure will require high doses of background opiates and benzodiazepines to remain comfortable, because they develop drug tolerance during protracted critical illness. Infusions can be continued at a reduced dose through extubation, do not result in addiction or other apparent morbidity if adjusted to desired level of comfort, and may contribute to a reduced incidence of treatment-related stress disorders.
authors: Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sheridan
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Stoddard
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Querzoli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D009020:Morphine; D008874:Midazolam