title: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity promotes ischaemic skin flap survival.
abstract: We have examined the role of nitric oxide (NO) in a model of functional angiogenesis in which survival of a skin flap depends entirely on angiogenesis to provide an arterial blood supply to maintain tissue viability. The different effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors on rat skin flap survival appeared to be explained on the basis of their NOS isoform selectivity. Skin flap survival was decreased by iNOS-selective (inducible NOS) inhibitors, S-methyl-isothiourea, aminoguanidine and aminoethylthiorea; unaffected by the non-selective inhibitor nitro-imino-L-ornithine; and enhanced by the cNOS (constitutive NOS, that is endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS)) inhibitor, nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Skin flap survival was reduced in mice with targeted disruption of the iNOS gene (iNOS knockout mice), and the administration of nitro-L-arginine methyl ester significantly increased flap survival in iNOS knockout mice (P<0.05). iNOS immunoreactivity was identified in mast cells in the angiogenic region. Immunoreactive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor were also localized to mast cells. The combination of interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha induced NO production and increased VEGF levels in mast cells cultured from bone marrow of wild-type, but not iNOS KO mice. The increased tissue survival associated with the capacity for iNOS expression may be related to iNOS-dependent enhancement of VEGF levels and an ensuing angiogenic response. Our results provide both pharmacological and genetic evidence that iNOS activity promotes survival of ischaemic tissue.
authors: Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Kane
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Barker
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Mitchell
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Theile
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Romero
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Messina
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Wagh
authors: F O
authors: FO
authors: Fraulin
authors: W A
authors: WA
authors: Morrison
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000201:enzymology*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse