title: Sonographic needle guidance in cholangiography in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate feasibility and benefits of sonographic guidance of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in children with liver transplants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors prospectively followed 24 PTC procedures in 19 pediatric patients (11 females, 8 males; age 3 months to 17 years) randomized to fluoroscopic or sonographic guidance. The number of needle passes, the contrast material dose, fluoroscopy time, and procedure time for each procedure were recorded. All patients were transplant recipients-six whole and 13 reduced-size grafts. Cases were randomly assigned to two groups: group I, fluoroscopically guided PTC (12 procedures); group II, sonographically guided PTC (12 procedures).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The technical success rate was 92% (11 of 12) for each group. In group I, there were two procedure-related complications: postprocedural fever caused by biliary to portal vein fistula, and peritoneal bleeding requiring surgery. In group II, there were no procedure-related complications. A mean of 8.2 +/- 3.7 needle passes were required in group I compared to only 2.0 +/- 1.3 in group II (P < .0001). A mean contrast material dose of 19.5 mL +/- 13.4 was required in group I compared to only 2.5 mL +/- 1.9 in group II (P < .001). A mean procedure time of 15.7 minutes +/- 7.4 was required in group I compared to only 6.1 minutes +/- 4.5 in group II (P < .001). A mean fluoroscopy time of 10.4 minutes +/- 5.0 was required in group I compared to only 1.0 minutes +/- 0.7 in group II (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pediatric patients who have undergone liver transplantation, sonographic guidance significantly decreases the number of needle passes, contrast material dose, and fluoroscopy time required for PTC.
authors: Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago Hospitals, IL 60637, USA. jonathanlorenz@hotmail.com
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Lorenz
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Leef
authors: C H
authors: CH
authors: Chou
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Funaki
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Straus
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Rosenblum
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional