title: Endoscopic breast subpectoral augmentation for second-degree breast ptosis.
abstract: Glandular ptosis and first-degree ptosis are treated routinely with breast augmentation in select patients. Second-degree ptosis is difficult to treat with breast augmentation alone. Patients must be well informed and selected properly to obtain a satisfactory result. Historically, second-degree ptosis is treated most commonly with subglandular augmentation. The authors demonstrate that second-degree ptosis may be treated using endoscopic subpectoral augmentation. They think that the endoscopic approach gives more control and precision in the lowering of the inframammary fold and the placement of the implant. Additionally, there may be a decrease or maintenance in the distance from the clavicle to nipple because of shortening the pectoralis major as a result of dividing it from the sixth rib at the sternal attachment laterally to the serratus fascia.
authors: W R
authors: WR
authors: Burden
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Kelley
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000601:surgery*; D019928:Breast Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D018427:Breast Implants; D004724:Endoscopy; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome