title: Hyperectasis: the hyperinflated tympanic membrane: the middle ear as an actively controlled system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and analyze a middle ear condition in which the steady state of the middle ear pressure is elevated above the atmospheric pressure. SETTING AND STUDY DESIGN: This is a long-term survey of 59 patients from a private clinic who were observed on routine examination to have a ballooned out (hyperinflated) tympanic membrane.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent hearing tests, tympanometry, and Shullers (lateral) mastoid radiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hyperinflated tympanic membrane indicates a middle ear pressure that is higher than atmospheric pressure. The ballooned tympanic membrane returns to its physiological level after being punctured. This pressure situation is the reverse or opposite of atelectasis and is therefore termed hyperectasis. Hyperectasis, like atelectasis, is associated with a poorly pneumatized mastoid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine hyperectatic ears persisted in their hyperinflated state for weeks, months, or even years. The hyperectasis was preceded by atelectasis, and both conditions occasionally changed one into the other. The ballooned part of the tympanic membrane is usually thin and "scarred." Hyperectasis is not a rare situation and, once recognized, can be readily encountered in an otologic clinic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Like most biologic systems (e.g., blood pressure, temperature), the middle ear's central feature, i.e., pressure, also has a dynamic character vacillating up and down. It is conceivable that middle ear pressure is also actively regulated and controlled with the aid of a feedback mechanism. Passage of gas through the eustachian tube or absorption by diffusion-perfusion is also at least partly an active process. The up and down middle ear pressure vacillations are usually clinically benign and do not lead to any pathologic features as long as they are buffered by an accompanying normal mastoid pneumatization. It is the ear with a nonpneumatized mastoid that has limited ability to buffer pressure changes and that will present as an atelectasis, a retraction pocket, or (eventually a cholesteatoma) or their reverse, a hyperectatic tympanic membrane.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sadé
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001299:Audiometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008416:Mastoid / Q000002:abnormalities; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000503:physiopathology*