Histopathologic consequences of hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs.
BACKGROUND
This study examined whether 34 degrees C or 31 degrees C hypothermia during global cerebral ischemia with hyperglycemic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in surviving pigs improves electroencephalographic (EEG) recovery and histopathologic scores when compared with normothermic animals.


METHODS
Anesthetized pigs were placed on CPB and randomly assigned to 37 degrees C (n = 9), 34 degrees C (n = 10), or 31 degrees C (n = 8) management. After increasing serum glucose to 300 mg/dL, animals underwent 15 minutes of global cerebral ischemia by temporarily occluding the innominate and left subclavian arteries. Following reperfusion, rewarming, and termination of CPB, animals were recovered for 24 (37 degrees C animals) or 72 hours (34 degrees C and 31 degrees C animals). Daily EEG signals were recorded, and brain histopathology from cortical, hippocampal, and cerebellar regions was graded by an independent observer.


RESULTS
Before ischemia, serum glucose concentrations were similar in the 37 degrees C (307+/-9 mg/dL), 34 degrees C (311+/-14 mg/dL), and 31 degrees C (310+/-15) groups. By the first postoperative day, EEG scores in 31 degrees C animals (4.2+/-0.6) had returned to baseline and were greater than those in the 34 degrees C (3.4+/-0.5) and 37 degrees C (2.5+/-0.4) groups (p < 0.05, respectively, between groups). Cooling to 34 degrees C showed selective improvement over 37 degrees C in hippocampal, temporal cortical, and cerebellar regions, but the greatest improvement in all regions occurred with 31 degrees C. Cumulative neuropathology scores in 31 degrees C animals (13.5+/-2.2) exceeded 34 degrees C (6.8+/-2.2) and 37 degrees C (1.9+/-2.1) animals (p < 0.05, respectively, between groups).


CONCLUSIONS
Hypothermia during CPB significantly reduced the morphologic consequences of severe, temporary cerebral ischemia under hyperglycemic conditions, with the greatest protection at 31 degrees C.
Conroy
B P
BP
Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0591, USA.
Grafe
M R
MR
Jenkins
L W
LW
Vela
A H
AH
Lin
C Y
CY
DeWitt
D S
DS
Johnston
W E
WE
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D013552:Swine
D009418:S100 Proteins