title: Multiple sclerosis: current pathophysiological concepts.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an often disabling disease primarily affecting young adults that exhibits extraordinary clinical, radiological, and pathological heterogeneity. We review the following: (a) known environmental and genetic factors that contribute to MS susceptibility; (b) current knowledge regarding fundamental pathophysiological processes in MS, including immune cell recruitment and entry into the central nervous system (CNS), formation of the plaque, and orchestration of the immune response; (c) descriptive and qualitative distinct pathological patterns in MS and their implications; (d) the evidence supporting the causative role of direct toxins, cell-mediated and humorally mediated immune mechanisms, and the concept of a "primary oligodendrogliopathy" in demyelination and axonal injury; (e) the potential benefits of inflammation; (f) the prospects for remyelination; and (g) therapeutic implications and approaches suggested by putative pathophysiological mechanisms.
authors: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Wingerchuk
authors: C F
authors: CF
authors: Lucchinetti
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Noseworthy
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000473:pathology