title: A comparison of para-anastomotic compliance profiles after vascular anastomosis: nonpenetrating clips versus standard sutures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anastomotic compliance is an important predictive factor for long-term patency of small diameter vascular reconstruction. In this experimental study we compare the compliance of continuous and interrupted sutured vascular anastomoses with those using nonpenetrating clips.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both common carotid arteries in nine goats (average weight, 57 +/- 5.7 kg) were transected, and end-to-end anastomoses were constructed with nonpenetrating clips or polypropylene sutures. The latter were applied with both interrupted and continuous techniques. Intraluminal pressure was measured with a Millar Mikro-tip transducer, and vessel wall motion was determined with duplex ultrasound equipped with an echo-locked wall-tracking system. Diametrical compliance was determined. Environmental scanning electron microscopy was performed on explanted anastomoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a reduction in anastomotic compliance and associated proximal and distal para-anastomotic hypercompliant zones with the use of all techniques. However, compliance loss was significantly less in those anastomoses with clips and interrupted sutures when compared with continuous suture (P <.001). Furthermore, the total compliance mismatch across anastomoses with continuous sutures was significantly greater than those with clips or interrupted sutures (P <.05). The mean time for constructing clipped anastomoses was 5.7 +/- 1.4 minutes, which was significantly less than either continuous (P <.0001) or interrupted sutures (P <.0001). Furthermore, environmental scanning electron microscopy demonstrated minimal intimal damage with good intimal apposition in the clip group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anastomoses performed with nonpenetrating clips resulted in improved para-anastomotic compliance profiles and reduced intimal damage when compared with those with polypropylene sutures. These benefits may enhance long-term graft patency by reducing the risk of anastomotic intimal hyperplasia.
authors: Department of Vascular Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary and Medical School, UK.
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Baguneid
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Goldner
authors: P E
authors: PE
authors: Fulford
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Hamilton
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Walker
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Seifalian
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003187:Compliance; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014463:Ultrasonography