title: Absence of mutations in the growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone receptor gene in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a potent stimulator of somatotroph cell proliferation and GH secretion. GHRH acts via binding to a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) (GHRH-R), that activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) and increases growth and function of somatotroph cells. Indeed, a subset (30--40%) of somatotrophic adenomas contain somatic mutations of the GNAS1 gene that encodes the alpha subunit of the G-protein (G(s)alpha) that stimulates AC. As activating mutations of other GPCRs cause development of endocrine tumours, we hypothesized that somatic activating mutations of the GHRH-R might provide the molecular basis for somatotroph cell proliferation in a subset of human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed genomic DNA isolated from 26 somatotrophinomas, 17 of which lacked activating mutations in the GNAS1 gene. We individually amplified via polymerase chain reaction all 13 coding exons and the exon-intron boundaries of the GHRH-R gene. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to search for abnormalities in exons 1 through 11. Abnormally migrating bands were subjected to direct sequencing. Exons 12 and 13, encoding for the intracellular C-terminal domain, were subjected to direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mutations were not detected in any of the tumours, but a rare polymorphism in codon 225 corresponding to the third transmembrane domain (V225I) was discovered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GHRH-R mutations are absent or rare in somatotrophinomas, and other mechanisms must explain the somatotroph cell proliferation in the adenomas that lack activating mutations in the GNAS1 gene.
authors: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. salvator@jhmi.edu
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Salvatori
authors: R V
authors: RV
authors: Thakker
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Lopes
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Fan
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Eswara
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Ellison
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Lees
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Harding
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Yang
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Levine
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000235:genetics*; D018017:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; D018017:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone; C039542:somatocrinin receptor; D013006:Growth Hormone