title: Routine placement of ureteral stents is unnecessary after ureteroscopy for urinary calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a matched comparison of patients with and without stenting after ureteroscopy for calculi, including middle or proximal ureteral and renal calculi. The elimination of routine stenting after ureteroscopy would prevent stent pain, minimize the need for re-instrumentation, and reduce costs-as long as efficacy and safety are not diminished.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 318 patients who underwent ureteroscopy, 81 (25%) did not have a ureteral stent placed. Of those, 51 were suitable for analysis and included patients with distal ureteral (n = 22), middle or proximal ureteral (n = 11), and renal calculi (n = 18). This cohort was matched to a stented group by stone size and location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preoperative characteristics of the groups were similar. A stone-free rate of 86% and 94% was achieved in the stented and nonstented groups, respectively (P = 0.32). Complications in the nonstented group were less frequent (flank pain in 3 and postoperative nausea in 1) than in the stented group (hospital visits for flank pain in 12, persistent nausea and vomiting in 1, sepsis in 1, perinephric hematoma in 1, and urinary retention in 1) (total of 4 versus 16, P = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteroscopy for distal ureteral stones without ureteral stent placement has been previously described. Our experience expands to include the elimination of stent placement after ureteroscopy for middle or proximal ureteral (22%) and renal (35%) calculi. Our data suggest that after ureteroscopies with short operative times and minimal ureteral trauma, ureteral stents may not be necessary, even if proximal ureteral or renal ureteroscopy has been performed.
authors: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0330, USA.
authors: B K
authors: BK
authors: Hollenbeck
authors: T G
authors: TG
authors: Schuster
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Faerber
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Wolf
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D011859:Radiography; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods*