title: Approach to the diagnosis of thin basement membrane nephropathy in females with the use of antibodies to type IV collagen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thin basement membrane nephropathy is recognized by a diffusely thin glomerular basement membrane (GBM) ultrastructurally. In contrast to Alport syndrome (AS), there is no GBM thickening, lamellation, or granular inclusions. Morphologically, there is overlap between thin basement membrane nephropathy and AS in female patients in whom there might be only thin GBM and no pathognomonic findings of AS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the use of antibodies to collagen IV is helpful in making the distinction between thin basement membrane nephropathy and AS in female patients with primarily thin GBMs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined renal biopsies from 9 adult female patients with thin GBMs for the presence of alpha1, alpha3, alpha4, and alpha5 chains of type IV collagen by immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2 patients with segmental GBM staining, no suggestion for AS was found on physical examination or in their family history. In the remaining 7 patients with normal GBM staining, 4 had family members with end-stage renal disease of unknown etiology, raising the suspicion of X-linked or autosomal-recessive AS. Three patients were presumed to have thin basement membrane nephropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Segmental GBM staining for alpha3, alpha4, and alpha5 chains of type IV collagen raises the suspicion of AS in the presence of adequate controls and other supporting evidence. Normal GBM staining for alpha3, alpha4, and alpha5 chains of type IV collagen, however, does not exclude AS.
authors: Department of Pathology, Eaton Wing 4-323, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4 Canada. ginette.lajoie@uhn.on.ca
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Lajoie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003094:Collagen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009394:Nephritis, Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D003094:Collagen