title: Persistent respiratory irregularity in patients with panic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysregulated respiratory control may play a role in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. This could be due to abnormalities in brain stem respiratory nuclei or to dysregulation at higher brain levels. Results from previous studies using the doxapram model of panic have yielded an unclear picture. A brief cognitive manipulation reduced doxapram-induced hyperventilation in patients, suggesting that higher level inputs can substantially alter their respiratory patterns. However, respiratory abnormalities persisted, including a striking irregularity in breathing patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  To directly study respiratory irregularity, breath-by-breath records of tidal volume (V(t)) and frequency (f) from previously studied subjects were obtained. Irregularity was quantified using von Neumann's statistic and calculation of "sigh" frequency in 16 patients and 16 matched control subjects. Half of each group received a standard introduction to the study and half received a cognitive intervention designed to reduce anxiety/distress responses to the doxapram injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had significantly greater V(t) irregularity relative to control subjects. Neither the cognitive intervention nor doxapram-induced hyperventilation produced significant changes in V(t) irregularity. The V(t) irregularity was attributable to a sighing pattern of breathing that was characteristic of panic patients but not control subjects. Patients also had somewhat elevated f irregularity relative to control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The irregular breathing patterns in panic patients appear to be intrinsic and stable, uninfluenced by induced hyperventilation or cognitive manipulation. Further study of V(t) irregularity and sighs are warranted in efforts to localize dysregulated neural circuits in panic to brain stem or midbrain levels.
authors: Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0840, USA.
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Abelson
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Weg
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Nesse
authors: G C
authors: GC
authors: Curtis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D004315:Doxapram / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019141:Respiratory System Agents; D004315:Doxapram