title: Pilot study of prescription-event monitoring in Japan comparing troglitazone with alternative oral hypoglycemics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine adverse events reported in a pilot study of the prescription-event monitoring in Japan (J-PEM) scheme, comparing troglitazone with other oral hypoglycemics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cohort study with a concurrent control in which information was gathered from both doctors and pharmacists. Crude event rates were calculated and compared between troglitazone (T) and alternative oral hypoglycemics (control drugs, C) using the likelihood ratio test. When the difference was statistically significant, possible confounding mechanisms were examined using Poisson regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3,115 patient codes registered, pharmacists were sent 2,078 questionnaires and returned 1,814 (87%), while doctors were sent 1,858 questionnaires and returned 671 (36%). The difference in crude rates was statistically significant in 11 events (seven where T > C and four where C > T) reported by pharmacists and ten events (three where T > C and seven where C > T) reported by doctors. Among those, in two events, "weight increased" (T > C) and "abnormal hepatic function" (T > C), significant differences were observed in data from both doctors and pharmacists. Regression analysis revealed that the difference in crude rates for "nausea" (T > C) was possibly due to an uneven distribution of genders and that for "weight increased" (T >C) was possibly due to an uneven distribution of compliance. Patients with hepatic function abnormalities associated with troglitazone could be divided into two subtypes: one with a slight increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration only and the other with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparison of the event rates between troglitazone and control drugs, followed by regression analysis, revealed several features of adverse events associated with drugs, including possible confounding mechanisms. Troglitazone-induced hepatic function abnormalities may be divided into two subtypes.
authors: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. kubotape-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kubota
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Kawabe
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Hinotsu
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Hamada
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Ohashi
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kurokawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002839:Chromans / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology; D010819:Physician's Role; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077288:Troglitazone