title: Vascular effects of synthetic or natural progestagen combined with conjugated equine estrogen in healthy postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synthetic, not natural, progestagen may negate the favorable effects of estrogen. Nonetheless, observational studies report no differences in risk for clinical cardiovascular events between users of unopposed estrogen and users of estrogen combined with synthetic progestin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a double-blind study, we randomly assigned 20 healthy postmenopausal women to micronized progesterone (MP) 200 mg or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 10 mg for 10 days with conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) 0.625 mg for 25 days and the remaining 5 days off cyclically during 2 months, followed by crossover to the alternate therapy. CEE+MP and CEE+MPA significantly improved the percent flow-mediated dilator response to hyperemia relative to baseline measurements (P=0.004 by ANOVA) by a similar degree (P=0.863). Both therapies significantly decreased E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 levels from baseline values (P<0.001, P=0.048, and P=0.016 by ANOVA, respectively) by a similar degree (P=0.977 for ICAM-1 and P=0.541 for VCAM-1, respectively). CEE+MPA decreased E-selectin levels more than CEE+MP did (P=0.040). Both therapies significantly decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels from baseline values (P<0.005 by ANOVA) by a similar degree (P=0.194). Both therapies significantly decreased tissue factor antigen and increased tissue factor activity levels from baseline values (P=0.003 and P<0.001 by ANOVA, respectively) by a similar degree (P=0.652 for antigen and P=0.173 for activity). Both therapies significantly lowered plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels from baseline values (P<0.001 by ANOVA) by a similar degree (P=0.533).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CEE+MP and CEE+MPA provide similar improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness and effects on markers of inflammation, hemostasis, and fibrinolysis inhibition in healthy postmenopausal women.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Menopause Clinic, Gachon Medical School, Inchon, Korea. kwangk@ghil.com
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Koh
authors: D K
authors: DK
authors: Jin
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Yang
authors: S K
authors: SK
authors: Lee
authors: H Y
authors: HY
authors: Hwang
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Kang
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Kim
authors: D S
authors: DS
authors: Kim
authors: I S
authors: IS
authors: Choi
authors: E K
authors: EK
authors: Shin
mesh_terms: D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D017698:Postmenopause; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D019040:E-Selectin; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D011372:Progestins; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D011374:Progesterone; D013925:Thromboplastin; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate