title: Computerized infrared thermographic imaging and pulpal blood flow: Part 1. A protocol for thermal imaging of human teeth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the thermographic appearance of teeth and to develop a suitable protocol for imaging teeth in human subjects using modern thermographic imaging (TI) equipment in a thermologically controlled environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The emissivity of enamel was investigated using an extracted incisor tooth. A total of 12 unrestored maxillary lateral incisors in six healthy patients were then imaged under rubber dam after a 20-min equilibration period and the thermographic data analysed using a dedicated software package. Recordings were made from standardized gingival and incisal sites on each tooth and the temperature gradient established for each tooth. Subsequently, a sequence of images of both maxillary central incisors in one patient was stored every 30 s during a 20-min equilibration period with and without an air-conditioning unit in operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the lateral incisors there was a consistent temperature gradient (mean 1.28 degrees C) from gingival area to incisal area and there were no statistically significant differences between right and left sides for the gingival site (t = 0.34, NS) or the incisal site (t = 0.62, NS). The air-conditioning unit had a rapid and profound cooling effect. With the air-conditioning disabled there was a mean tooth surface temperature increase of 1.1 degrees C from 0 to 5 min of the equilibration period and 0.3 degree C from 15 to 20 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no significant difference in gingival or incisal temperatures between pairs of contralateral maxillary lateral incisors and a consistent temperature gradient existed from gingival to incisal areas of healthy maxillary lateral incisor teeth. The protocol described is suitable for TI of vital teeth. However, TI measured tooth surface temperature only which was extremely sensitive to air currents. A 15-min acclimatization period under rubber dam was adequate to allow stable tooth surface temperature measurement.
authors: School of Dentistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors: B E
authors: BE
authors: Kells
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Kennedy
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Biagioni
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Lamey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000098:blood supply*; D003791:Dental Pulp Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007180:Incisor; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*