title: Transrectal ultrasonography in male subfertility patients: an intra- and interobserver study.
abstract: The purpose of this paper was to examine whether ultrasound abnormalities of the prostate and seminal vesicles, which may be related to male accessory gland infection, are reproducible. Forty-seven men attending an infertility clinic were studied. Imaging findings of transrectal ultrasonography were recorded. Kappa (kappa)-values to determine the intra- and inter-observer variation were assessed. Calcifications have good intra-observer (kappa = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.59-0.96) and good inter-observer reproducibility (kappa = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.54-0.93). Dilatation of the peri-prostatic plexus had moderate intra-observer (kappa = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.33-0.80) and good inter-observer reproducibility (kappa = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55-0.94). Other ultrasound abnormalities of the prostate were not reproducible. None of the ultrasound abnormalities of the seminal vesicles were reproducible. In our study the prevalence of ultrasound abnormalities which may be related to male accessory gland infection was as high as 96%. However, only calcifications and dilatation of the venous plexus had good reproducibility. Other observed ultrasound abnormalities of the prostate and seminal vesicles were poorly reproducible and are therefore of no use in the diagnosis of male accessory gland infection.
authors: Department of Urology, Slotervaart Ziekenhuis, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.a.schipper@wxs.nl
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Schipper
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Trum
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Messelink
authors: F
authors: F
authors: van der Veen
authors: K H
authors: KH
authors: Kurth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012007:Rectum; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging