title: Lymphoscintigraphic sentinel node imaging and gamma probe detection in breast cancer with Tc-99m nanocolloidal albumin: results of an optimized protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to aid in the standardization of lymphoscintigraphy for detecting the sentinel node (SN) in breast cancer using Tc-99m-labeled nanocolloidal albumin.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-three women with proved breast cancer were enrolled. Four injections of 10 to 15 MBq (0.27 to 0.41 mCi) Tc-99m nanocolloid in 0.1 ml physiologic saline were administered intra- and subdermally at the margin of the skin overlying the tumor. Planar scintigraphic images in the lateral and anterior projections were obtained 2.5 to 18 hours after tracer administration. With a gamma probe used as a guide, all radioactive lymph nodes in the axilla were resected. Complete dissection then followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 116 of the 123 (94%) women, axillary nodal tracer uptake was revealed. Six of the 7 women in whom detection failure occurred had histologically proved tumor infiltration of the lymphatics and axillary involvement. In 36 (31%) of the patients with visualized lymph nodes, the SN was metastatic. The remaining 80 patients with negative SN included three cases with axillary involvement. The sensitivity of the SN with respect to the histologic status of the entire axilla thus was 92.3%, and the negative predictive value was 96.3%. The overall accuracy of the method was 97.4%. The number of hot nodes in women with and without axillary involvement was significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described protocol represents an easily reproduced and reliable method for SN detection in breast cancer. Furthermore, the number of visualized axillary nodes reflects the histologic status of the axilla.
authors: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Municipal Hospital, Hanau, Germany. Rink@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Rink
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Heuser
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Fitz
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Schroth
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Weller
authors: H H
authors: HH
authors: Zippel
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin