Role of human FcepsilonRI+ cells in HIV-1 infection.
Enhanced serum IgE levels in adults and children with HIV-1 infection could be a marker of poor prognosis. HIV-1 infection is believed to involve a switch toward a "TH2-like" cytokine pattern. HIV-1 gp120 from different clades is a potent stimulus for histamine release from human basophils and mast cells. Gp120 also induces IL-4 and IL-13 synthesis from basophils. It functions as a viral superantigen by interacting with the VH3 region of IgE to induce mediator release from human FcepsilonRI+ cells. The chemokine receptor CCR3, which binds the chemokines eotaxin and RANTES, is expressed by basophils and lung mast cells. By interacting with the CCR3 receptor on FcepsilonRI+ cells, HIV-1 Tat protein is a potent chemoattractant for basophils and lung mast cells. Tat protein also induces IL-4 and IL-13 release from basophils. Incubation of basophils with Tat protein upregulates the surface expression of the CCR3 receptor, a co-receptor of HIV-1 infection. Extracellular Tat affects the directional migration of human FcepsilonRI+ cells, CCR3 expression and TH2 cytokines release. We have shown that HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat trigger the release of cytokines critical for TH2 polarization from FcepsilonRI+ cells through two distinct mechanisms. In addition, Tat upregulates the beta-chemokine receptor CCR3, making FcepsilonRI+ cells more susceptible to infection with CCR3 tropic HIV-1 isolates.
Marone
G
G
Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy. marone@unina.it
Florio
G
G
Petraroli
A
A
Triggiani
M
M
de Paulis
A
A
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000937:Antigen-Antibody Reactions; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D001491:Basophils / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D002633:Chemotaxis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000502:physiology; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000494:pharmacology; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000378:metabolism; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D017455:Receptors, IgE / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C515456:CCL11 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D016207:Cytokines; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D018793:Interleukin-13; D007377:Interleukin-3; D017455:Receptors, IgE; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D015847:Interleukin-4