title: Risk factors for ARDS in the United States: analysis of the 1993 National Mortality Followback Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify specific comorbid factors that are present in US decedents with ARDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the 1993 National Mortality Followback Study for all decedents who had a code for ARDS mentioned on their death certificate. We also searched for comorbid conditions both on the death certificates (sepsis, medical or surgical misadventures, cirrhosis) and in the study database (current or former smoking, use of alcohol at least 3 d/wk, race, gender, and age). We calculated proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for these risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 19,003 decedents for whom data were available, 252 decedents, representing an estimated 19,460 US decedents, had ARDS listed on their death certificate. PMRs among decedents with ARDS were significantly increased for medical or surgical misadventures (PMR, 11.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8 to 36.7), sepsis (PMR, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.0 to 16.0), nonwhite race (PMR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.0), and cirrhosis (PMR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.6). PMRs were increased but not statistically significant for current smokers (PMR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.5 to 3.0) or former smokers (PMR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.7 to 4.3) compared to never smokers, and drinking alcohol on > or = 3 d/wk in the year prior to death, when compared to drinking alcohol less than < 3 d/wk (PMR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.6 to 4.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm the positive associations between ARDS mortality and the presence of sepsis and cirrhosis, and suggest possible new relationships between ARDS mortality and nonwhite individuals and patients with medical or surgical misadventures.
authors: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Crawford Long Hospital of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30365-2225, USA.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: TenHoor
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Mannino
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Moss
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D044469:Racial Groups; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications; D012907:Smoking; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology