title: Intra-nasal midazolam in conscious sedation of young paediatric dental patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of 3 different doses of intra-nasal midazolam in the conscious sedation of young paediatric dental patients and to compare the effectiveness of the sedation in the fasting and non-fasting child.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double blind random controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight uncooperative young children aged 2-5 years (mean age 4.02 years) were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups. The groups and the doses of midazolam administered intra-nasally were A: 0.3 mg/kg, B: 0.4 mg/kg, and C: 0.5 mg/kg body weight. Each child in each group had two visits for restorative treatment: one without food (fasting) and the other with soft drink and light food (non-fasting) before treatment. Child behaviour and sedative effects were evaluated using the scoring system of Houpt. The vital signs were monitored continuously using a pulse oximeter and Dinamap machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was rapid onset of sedation with the maximal effect between 8 and 15 minutes. This sedation lasted for 25-40 minutes in Groups A and B and for 60 minutes in Group C. Conscious sedation and dental treatment were achieved in 79%, 96% and 100% of the children in Groups A, B and C, respectively. Consistently higher Houpt scores were seen in Groups B and C, with statistically significant differences between Groups A and C, and B and C (Tukey's range test, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the general behaviour of the child, the onset and the duration of sedation between the fasting and the non-fasting child (nonparametric ANOVA P > 0.05). All the vital signs were within normal physiological limits and there were no significant adverse effects either with or without fasting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 3 doses of intranasal midazolam were effective in modifying the behaviour of the uncooperative child patient to accept dental treatment. This was irrespective of fasting.
authors: Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: al-Rakaf
authors: L L
authors: LL
authors: Bello
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Turkustani
authors: J O
authors: JO
authors: Adenubi
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D019140:Dental Care for Children; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam