title: Diffusion in the endoplasmic reticulum of an aquaporin-2 mutant causing human nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
abstract: Mutations in the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel cause the hereditary renal disease nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). The missense mutation AQP2-T126M causes human recessive NDI by retention at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of renal epithelial cells. To determine whether the ER retention of AQP2-T126M is due to relative immobilization in the ER, we measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching the intramembrane mobility of green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras containing human wild-type and mutant AQP2. In transfected LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells, GFP-labeled AQP2-T126M was localized to the ER, and wild-type AQP2 to endosomes and the plasma membrane; both were localized to the ER after brefeldin A treatment. Photobleaching with image detection indicated that the GFP-AQP2 chimeras were freely mobile throughout the ER. Quantitative spot photobleaching revealed a diffusion-dependent irreversible process whose recovery depended on spot size and was abolished by paraformaldehyde fixation. In addition, a novel slow reversible fluorescence recovery (t(12) approximately 2 s) was characterized whose recovery was independent of spot size and not affected by fixation. AQP2 translational diffusion in the ER was not slowed by the T126M mutation; diffusion coefficients were (in cm(2)/s x 10(-)10) 2.6 +/- 0.5 (wild-type) and 3.0 +/- 0.4 (T126M). Much faster diffusion was found for a lipid probe (diOC(4)(3), 2.7 x 10(-)8 cm(2)/s) in the ER membrane and for unconjugated GFP in the aqueous ER lumen (6 x 10(-)8 cm(2)/s). ER diffusion of GFP-T126M was not significantly affected by up-regulation of molecular chaperones, cAMP activation, or actin filament disruption. ATP depletion by 2-deoxyglucose and azide resulted in comparable slowing/immobilization of wild-type and T126M AQP2. These results indicate that the ER retention of AQP2-T126M does not result from restricted or slowed mobility and suggest that the majority of AQP2-T126M is not aggregated or bound to slowly moving membrane proteins.
authors: Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521.
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Levin
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Haggie
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Vetrivel
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Verkman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D051403:Aquaporin 6; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D020126:Brefeldin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018500:Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic / Q000235:genetics*; D004058:Diffusion; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D019459:Urothelium / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: C496023:AQP2 protein, human; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D051403:Aquaporin 6; D020346:Aquaporins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D020126:Brefeldin A