title: An investigation of female adolescent twins with both major depression and conduct disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conduct disorder (CD) and major depression (MDD) frequently co-occur in adolescents, but little is known about the characteristics and functioning of youths, especially females, with both disorders. This study describes the functioning of female adolescents with histories of both CD and MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were selected from an epidemiological sample of 17-year-old female twins based on having a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis of MDD and/or CD; control subjects had no history of either disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nearly all domains examined, including measures of academic success (including academic achievement and school adjustment), personality, quality of peer relationships, and high-risk behavior (including substance dependence and early sexual experience), main effects of one or both disorders were found and related to impaired functioning. In addition, interaction effects were found in the areas of substance dependence symptoms (for all classes of substances), negative school-related events, and a personality-based predisposition not to experience positive emotions, indicating that those with both diagnoses were especially impaired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In some domains, histories of MDD and CD interact and relate to particularly severe problems. The implications of these findings for research and treatment, including the high likelihood of substance and school adjustment problems in these youths, are discussed.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors: N R
authors: NR
authors: Marmorstein
authors: W G
authors: WG
authors: Iacono
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D004493:Education; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D010551:Personality; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders