title: Surface characteristics, equipment height, and the occurrence and severity of playground injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether surface characteristics (absorption level (g-max), material) and the height of play equipment are related to the occurrence and severity of injuries from falls.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the summers of 1991 and 1995, conformity of play equipment to Canadian standards was assessed in a random sample (n = 102) of Montreal public playgrounds. Surface absorption (g-max) was tested using a Max Hic instrument and the height of equipment was measured. Concurrently, all injuries presenting at the emergency department of Montreal's two children's hospitals were recorded and parents were interviewed. Inspected equipment was implicated in 185 injuries. The g-max measurements (1995 only) were available for 110 of these playground accidents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One third of falls (35 %) occurred on a surface exceeding 200 g and the risk of injury was three times greater than for g level lower than 150 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45 to 6.35). On surfaces having absorption levels between 150 g and 200 g, injuries were 1.8 times more likely (95% CI 0.91 to 3.57). Injuries were 2.56 times more likely to occur on equipment higher than 2 m compared with equipment lower than 1.5 m. Analysis of risk factors by severity of injury failed to show any positive relationships between the g-max or height and severity, whereas surface material was a good predictor of severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the relationships between risk of injury, surface resilience, and height of equipment, as well as between type of material and severity of injury. Our data suggest that acceptable limits for surface resilience be set at less than 200 g, and perhaps even less than 150 g, and not exceed 2 m for equipment height. These findings reinforce the importance of installing recommended materials, such as sand, beneath play equipment.
authors: Montreal Public Health Department, Montréal, Québec, Canada. lucsofi@hotmail.com
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Laforest
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Robitaille
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Lesage
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Dorval
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012306:Risk; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control