title: Migration of 4-nonylphenol from polyvinyl chloride food packaging films into food simulants and foods.
abstract: Migration of 4-nonylphenol (NP) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films for food packaging into food simulants and foods has been studied in domestic applications such as wrapping of food and reheating in a microwave oven. The migration of NP from the PVC films was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical coulometric-array detection (LC/ED). Twelve PVC films intended for commercial use and ten for domestic applications (total: 22 samples) were analysed. Some of the PVC films (two home-use and ten retail-use) contained NP at concentrations of between 500 and 3300 microg/g. Migration of NP from the films was influenced by the test conditions (n-heptane at 25 degrees C for 60 min, distilled water at 60 degrees C for 30 min and 4% acetic acid at 60 degrees C for 30 min). The amount of NP migrating from the PVC films into n-heptane (0.33-1.6 microg/cm2) was higher than the amount migrating into distilled water or 4% acetic acid (up to 9.7 ng/cm2) for the 11 films in which NP was detected. Up to 0.23% of the NP migrated into distilled water and 4% acetic acid and up to 62.5% into n-heptane. In addition, we investigated NP migration into cooked rice samples wrapped in PVC film. Using spiked samples the method gave an average recovery of 83.7% (n = 5) with a standard deviation of 2.5%. Migration of NP ranged from not detectable (< 1.0 ng/g) to 410.0 ng/g by reheating samples in a microwave oven for 1 min and from not detectable to 76.5 ng/g by keeping samples at room temperature for 30 min.
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University,Tokyo, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Inoue
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kondo
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Yoshie
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kato
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Yoshimura
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Horie
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Nakazawa
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D005506:Food Contamination; D018857:Food Packaging; D006801:Humans; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; C041594:4-nonylphenol