title: Morphometry and histology of gonads from 13 children with dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism (DMP) is a sexual differentiation disorder characterized by bilateral dysgenetic testes, persistent müllerian structures, and cryptorchidism in individuals with a 46,XY karyotype. However, the histologic criteria for the diagnosis of DMP are poorly established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine gonadal histology in children with DMP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1996 and 1998, 13 patients with DMP were evaluated on our service. The clinical diagnosis of DMP was based on a 46,XY karyotype, sex ambiguity, high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and low levels of antimüllerian hormone, a decreased testosterone response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation without accumulation of testosterone precursors, and the presence of müllerian structures. Molecular sequencing the HMGbox region of the SRY gene did not reveal any mutations. Biopsies were performed for 22 of 26 gonads (patient age at the time of biopsy, 16 months to 10 years). Conventional microscopy was used to evaluate mean tubular diameter, tubular fertility index, and number of Sertoli cells per tubular profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 26 gonads were located outside of the labioscrotal folds. Their histologic features varied from only a reduction in tubular size to features of a streak gonad. Five of the 22 gonads grossly resembled a streak gonad. The mean tubular diameter was severely reduced (>30% reduction relative to the normal tubular diameter for the patient's age) in 4 gonads, markedly reduced (10%-30%) in 11 gonads, slightly reduced (<10%) in one gonad, and normal in one gonad. The tubular fertililty index, expressed as the percentage of tubular profiles containing germ cells, was severely reduced (<30% of normal values) in 9 gonads, markedly reduced (50%-30%) in 2 gonads, and normal in 6 gonads. The number of Sertoli cells per tubular profile was elevated in 16 gonads and normal in one gonad. Thin tubules surrounded by fibrous tissue were occasionally observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The histologic findings confirmed the clinical diagnosis of DMP in every patient in the present series. However, gonadal histology was variable, and careful morphometric evaluation may be necessary to establish the diagnosis.
authors: Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ribeiro Scolfaro
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Aparecida Cardinalli
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Gabas Stuchi-Perez
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Palandi de Mello
authors: J
authors: J
authors: de Godoy Assumpção
authors: M T
authors: MT
authors: Matias Baptista
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Bustorff Silva
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Trevas Maciel-Guerra
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Guerra
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000473:pathology*; D006059:Gonadal Dysgenesis / Q000473:pathology*; D006066:Gonads / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male