title: Standard case management of pneumonia in hospitalized children in Uruguay, 1997 to 1998.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the results of the use of antimicrobial guidelines for the management of children with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Admittance and discharge criteria and algorithms for diagnosis and treatment were established. The decision to treat with antibiotics was based on radiologic findings in pneumonia with pulmonary consolidation and left to the attending physician's criteria in the remaining cases. The use of antibiotics was limited to penicillin and derivatives (ampicillin, amoxicillin) and macrolides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1163 children treated as bacterial pneumonia, hospitalized in public and private health facilities in Montevideo from September, 1997, through September, 1998, standard case management was applied in 1082 (93%). Age distribution was: <1 month, 1%; between 1 and 11 months, 29%; between 1 and 5 years, 50%; >5 years, 20%. Chest radiography showed evidence of pulmonary consolidation in 843 children (73%). Bacteria were detected in blood culture and/or pleural fluid of 57 children (5%). In 51 the identified microorganism was Streptococcus pneumoniae, susceptible to penicillin in 30, intermediate in 6 and resistant in 5 (maximum MIC, 4 microg/ml); in 10 cases etiologic diagnosis was made by antigen detection. Empyema was present in 62 children (5.3%); 38 (3.27%) required treatment in an intensive care unit; and 5 (0.4%) died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compliance with standard case management was highly satisfactory. Outcome of children treated with penicillin and derivatives was good, including children with empyema and pneumatocele and two patients with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. At the present time S. pneumoniae resistant to penicillin is not an important problem in children with pneumonia in Uruguay. Surveillance of identified microorganisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility must continue.
authors: Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Comités de Infectología, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Pírez
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Martínez
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Ferrari
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Nairac
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Montano
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Rubio
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Saráchaga
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Brea
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Picon
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Pinchack
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Torello
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Algorta
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Mogdasy
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018942:Macrolides; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides; D010406:Penicillins