title: A phantom with tissue-like optical properties in the visible and near infrared for use in photomedicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Modeling of light transport in tissue requires development of theoretical models and experimental procedures, as well as tissue-simulating phantoms. Our purpose was to develop a phantom that matches the optical characteristics of human skin in the visible and near infrared spectral range.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phantom consists of a transparent silicone rubber in which Al(2)O(3) particles and a cosmetic powder are embedded. Layers with thickness as thin as 0.1 mm can be made. The optical properties of Al(2)O(3) particles and cosmetic powder, i.e., total attenuation, absorption and scattering coefficients, and phase function, have been determined in the visible and near infrared spectral range, by using direct and indirect techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By varying the concentration of scattering and absorbing particles, tissue-like layers can be produced with predictable optical properties. In particular, mixing at suitable concentration Al(2)O(3) particles and cosmetic powder with the silicone rubber, the optical properties of human skin have been simulated over a range of wavelengths from 400 to 1,000 nm. The comparison between the phantom diffuse reflectance spectrum and that of human skin, averaged over a sample of 260 patients, showed a good agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed technique allows to produce a stable and reproducible phantom, with accurately predictable optical properties, easy to make and to handle. This phantom is a useful tool for numerous applications involving light interaction with biologic tissue.
authors: Medical Physics Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. fisica@istitutotumori.mi.it
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lualdi
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Colombo
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Farina
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Tomatis
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Marchesini
mesh_terms: D046508:Culture Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008954:Models, Biological; D010316:Particle Size; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin; D013499:Surface Properties