title: Human papillomavirus virus-like particles are efficient oral immunogens when coadministered with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin mutant R192G or CpG DNA.
abstract: Certain human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause most cervical cancer, which remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. HPV recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine candidates for controlling anogenital HPV disease and are now being evaluated as a parenteral vaccine modality in human subjects. Vaccines formulated for injection generally are more costly, more difficult to administer, and less acceptable to recipients than are mucosally administered vaccines. Since oral delivery represents an attractive alternative to parenteral injection for large-scale human vaccination, the oral immunogenicity of HPV type 11 (HPV-11) VLPs in mice was previously investigated; it was found that a modest systemic neutralizing antibody response was induced (R. C. Rose, C. Lane, S. Wilson, J. A. Suzich, E. Rybicki, and A. L. Williamson, Vaccine 17:2129-2135, 1999). Here we examine whether VLPs of other genotypes may also be immunogenic when administered orally and whether mucosal adjuvants can be used to enhance VLP oral immunogenicity. We show that HPV-16 and HPV-18 VLPs are immunogenic when administered orally and that oral coadministration of these antigens with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) mutant R192G (LT R192G) or CpG DNA can significantly improve anti-VLP humoral responses in peripheral blood and in genital mucosal secretions. Our results also suggest that LT R192G may be superior to CpG DNA in this ability. These findings support the concept of oral immunization against anogenital HPV disease and suggest that clinical studies involving this approach may be warranted.
authors: University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Gerber
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Lane
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Brown
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Lord
authors: M
authors: M
authors: DiLorenzo
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Clements
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Rybicki
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Williamson
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Rose
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000276:immunology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D014771:Virion / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C063317:L1 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli