title: Methodologies and tools for proton beam design for lung tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proton beams can potentially increase the dose delivered to lung tumors without increasing the dose to critical normal tissues because protons can be stopped before encountering the normal tissues. This potential can only be realized if tissue motion and planning uncertainties are correctly included during planning. This study evaluated several planning strategies to determine which method best provides adequate tumor coverage, minimal normal tissue irradiation, and simplicity of use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proton beam treatment plans were generated using one or more of three different planning strategies. These strategies included designing apertures and boluses to the PTV, apertures to the PTV and boluses to the CTV, and aperture and bolus to the CTV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The planning target volume as specified in ICRU Report 50 can be used only to design the lateral margins of beams, because the distal and proximal margins resulting from CT number uncertainty, beam range uncertainty, tissue motions, and setup uncertainties, are different than the lateral margins resulting from these same factors. The best strategy for target coverage with the planning tools available overirradiated some normal tissues unnecessarily. The available tools also made the planning of lung tumors difficult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that inclusion of target motion and setup uncertainties into a plan should be performed in the beam design step instead of creating new targets. New computerized treatment planning system tools suggested by this study will ease planning, facilitate abandonment of the PTV concept, improve conformance of the dose distribution to the target, and improve conformal avoidance of critical normal tissues.
authors: Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. moyers@proton.llumc.edu
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Moyers
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Miller
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Bush
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Slater
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D010825:Physics; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011859:Radiography; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons