title: Failure of a 3D conformal boost to improve radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the use of 3-dimensional (3D) boost for patients with nasopharynx cancer improves local control and reduces the risk of long-term complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1988 to 1998, 68 patients with nasopharynx cancer received conventional external beam therapy followed by a 3D boost. Disease characteristics of treated patients were as follows: WHO I histology 7%, WHO II 62%, WHO III 31%, clinical AJCC stage T1--2 45%, T3--4 55%, N0--1 63%, N2--3 37%, M0 100%. The median radiation dose was 70 Gy (68--75.6 Gy). Thirty-five patients (52%) received cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The median follow-up of surviving patients was 42 months (12--118 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-year actuarial local control was 77%, regional control was 97%, progression-free survival was 56%, and overall survival was 58%. Stage was the only identifiable prognostic factor: 5-year progression-free survival was 65% for Stages I--III vs. 40% for Stage IV (p = 0.01). The incidence of Grade 3-4 complications was 25% and included hearing loss, trismus, dysphagia, chronic sinusitis, and cranial neuropathy. These results are comparable to outcomes reported with conventional radiation techniques for similarly staged patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of a major benefit with the 3D boost may be related to the fact that CT planning was only used for a fraction of the total dose. We are now using intensity modulated radiation therapy to deliver the entire course of radiation. Intensity modulated radiation therapy achieves better conformal distributions than conventional 3D planning, allowing dose escalation and increased normal tissue sparing.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. woldens@mskcc.org
authors: S L
authors: SL
authors: Wolden
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Zelefsky
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Hunt
authors: K E
authors: KE
authors: Rosenzweig
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Chong
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Kraus
authors: D G
authors: DG
authors: Pfister
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Leibel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure