title: Epidemiology and control of Menangle virus in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology and eradication of Menangle virus infection in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field observations and interventions, structured and unstructured serological surveys, prospective and cross-sectional serological studies and laboratory investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were collected from pigs at a 2600-sow intensive piggery in New South Wales that experienced an outbreak of reproductive disease in 1997. Serum samples were also collected from piggeries that received pigs from or supplied pigs to the affected piggery and from other piggeries in Australia. Serum and tissue samples were collected from pigs at piggeries experiencing reproductive disease in New South Wales. Sera and faeces were collected from grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) in the region of the affected piggery. Serum samples were tested for neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus. Virus isolation was attempted from faeces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the outbreak of reproductive disease, sera from 96% of adult pigs at the affected piggery, including sows that produced affected litters, contained neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus. Neutralising antibodies were also detected in sera from 88% of finisher pigs at two piggeries receiving weaned pigs from the affected piggery. No evidence of Menangle virus infection was found in other piggeries in Australia. In cross-sectional studies at the affected piggery, colostral antibodies were undetectable in most pigs by 14 to 15 weeks of age. By slaughter age or entry to the breeding herd, 95% of pigs developed high antibody titres (> or = 128) against Menangle virus in the virus neutralisation test. Menangle virus was eradicated from the affected piggery following a program of serological testing and segregation. Neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus were also detected in P poliocephalus from two colonies in the vicinity of the affected piggery. Two piggery workers were infected with Menangle virus. There was no evidence of infection in cattle, sheep, birds, rodents, feral cats and a dog at the affected piggery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serological evidence of infection with Menangle virus was detected in pigs at a piggery that had experienced reproductive disease, in pigs at two associated piggeries and in fruit bats in the region of the piggery. Two humans were infected. The mode of transmission between pigs is unknown, but spread by faecal or urinary excretion is postulated. This virus can be eradicated by the segregation of pigs into discrete age groups.
authors: New South Wales Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568. peter.kirkland@agric.nsw.gov.au
authors: P D
authors: PD
authors: Kirkland
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Love
authors: A W
authors: AW
authors: Philbey
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Ross
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Davis
authors: K G
authors: KG
authors: Hart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000821:virology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018108:Respirovirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral