title: Treatment of intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline and cilostazol.
abstract: The pathophysiology of intermittent claudication (IC) and the role of pentoxifylline and cilostazol for treating IC are discussed. IC, a result of inadequate blood flow to the musculature, is the primary symptom of occlusive peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Patients with IC often have a decreased quality of life because of mobility limitations. PVD is a sign of generalized atherosclerosis and increases the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and increasing age may hasten the progression of PVD. Strategies for treating IC are aimed at improving symptoms and reducing the progression of atherosclerosis and include risk-factor modification, exercise, and antiplatelet therapy. Cilostazol and pentoxifylline are the only two drugs with FDA-approved labeling for use in treating IC. Both drugs have been shown to increase pain-free walking time and total distance walked, although there is some conflicting evidence for pentoxifylline. Cilostazol and pentoxi-fylline are fairly well tolerated; the most common adverse effects involve the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. Inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes 3A4 and 2C19 should be used cautiously in patients taking cilostazol, and this drug is contraindicated in patients with congestive heart failure. Cilostazol is more costly than pentoxifylline. Initiation of therapy with either pentoxifylline or cilostazol may be reasonable if risk-factor modifications, lifestyle changes, and antiplatelet therapy are not effective. The mainstays of therapy for IC are risk-factor modification, exercise, and antiplatelet therapy. If these prove inadequate, treatment with pentoxifylline or cilostazol may be reasonable.
authors: Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, 137 Victoria Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. tjonja@msx.upmc.edu
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Tjon
authors: L E
authors: LE
authors: Riemann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D000077407:Cilostazol; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013777:Tetrazoles; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000077407:Cilostazol; D010431:Pentoxifylline