title: Etiology and management of pediatric hemoptysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the diagnostic and treatment strategies of hemoptysis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of patients evaluated between January 1, 1995, and August 31, 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary pediatric referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen consecutive children presenting with hemoptysis to the otolaryngology service.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chest radiography and bronchoscopy established the correct etiology in 15 patients. Infection and tracheostomy-related complications were the most common underlying problems. Other causes included congenital heart disease, pulmonary hemosiderosis, inflammatory bronchial mass, cystic fibrosis, factitious hemoptysis, and esophagitis. Appropriate management, ranging from antibiotics to emergency embolization, resulted in control of hemoptysis in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemoptysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening symptom of underlying respiratory tract abnormality in children. An efficient systematic evaluation is imperative to identifying the underlying etiology; aggressive management is important because of the potential severity of the problem. The otolaryngologist plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management, by flexible endoscopy of the nose, nasopharynx, and larynx, and through the use of rigid bronchoscopy, especially in cases of massive hemoptysis.
authors: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Box 25, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
authors: P S
authors: PS
authors: Batra
authors: L D
authors: LD
authors: Holinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014139:Tracheostomy