title: Effect of altering the variety of sensorially distinct foods, of the same macronutrient content, on food intake and body weight in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of increasing the variety of sensorially distinct but nutritionally identical foods on appetite, food intake and body weight, over 7 days, in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six younger, lean men (mean (s.d.) age 27.0 (2.9) y; weight 74.7 (3.9) kg; height 1.78 (0.03) m; body mass index (BMI) 23.6 (1.1) kg/m2) and six older, overweight men (mean (s.d.) age 39.7 (2.9) y; weight 89.2 (4.4) kg; height 1.78 (0.04) m; BMI 28.1 (0.5) kg/m2) were each studied three times during a 9 day protocol, whilst resident in the Human Nutrition Unit. On days 1-2, subjects consumed a medium fat (MF) maintenance diet (40% fat, 13% protein and 47% carbohydrate by energy) calculated at 1.6 x resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3-9 subjects had ad libitum access to MF foods (550 kJ/100 g) with every item the same macronutrient composition and energy density. Subjects had continuous ad libitum access to 5, 10 or 15 food items per day on the low-variety (LV), medium-variety (MV) and high-variety (HV) treatments, respectively. The order of treatments was randomized across subjects. Subjective hunger was tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales (VAS). Body weight (as a proxy of changes in energy balance) was measured before eating and after voiding, each morning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Food and energy intake of the 12 men increased as the variety of foods increased, giving mean energy intakes of 10.13, 11.00 and 11.89 MJ/day on the LV, MV and HV treatments, respectively (F(2,20) = 10.32; P < 0.001). This effect was ascribable almost entirely to the lean men. Energy intake amounted to 1.57, 1.76 and 1.97 x RMR in the lean men and 1.33, 1.40 and 1.45 x RMR, for the overweight men on the LV, MV and HV diets, respectively. Weight changes amounted to -0.16, -0.28 and + 0.43 kg (lean) -1.03 and -1.52 kg and -0.66 kg (overweight), on the LV, MV and HV diets, respectively. The overweight men may have constrained their energy intake relative to expected requirements. This may have been due to a congnitive effect or an age effect. There was no significant group or diet effect on subjectively rated hunger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that increasing the variety of sensorially distinct foods that are virtually identical in composition can increase food and energy intake and in the short to medium term can alter energy balance.
authors: The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK. j.stubbs@rri.sari.ac.uk
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Stubbs
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Johnstone
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Mazlan
authors: S E
authors: SE
authors: Mbaiwa
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ferris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins