title: In vivo assessment of enhanced topical delivery of terbinafine to human stratum corneum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate, using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the stratum corneum (SC) bioavailability of terbinafine (TBF) following topical treatment with four different formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four skin sites on the ventral forearms of five healthy volunteers were treated for 2 h using one of four formulations based on a vehicle consisting of 50% ethanol and 50% isopropyl myristate. Three of these formulations included a percutaneous penetration enhancer: either 5% oleic acid, 10% 2-pyrrolidone or 1% urea. The SC concentration profile of TBF was measured by repeated infrared spectroscopic measurements while sequentially stripping off the layers of this barrier membrane with adhesive tape. This method was validated by HPLC analysis of TBF extracted from the stripped tapes. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements were also performed, to permit facile estimation of SC thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SC concentration profiles of TBF were fitted to the appropriate solution of Fick's second law of diffusion, thereby allowing determination of the characteristic diffusion and partitioning parameters of the permeating drug. This analysis enabled the efficacies of the different formulations tested to be compared to the no-enhancer control. While it was found that the formulation containing 5% oleic acid significantly enhanced the SC availability of TBF, the other formulations did not improve the apparent drug delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A facile and minimally invasive methodology to evaluate an important aspect of topical drug bioavailability has been described. The analytical methods used (infrared spectroscopy and HPLC) allow estimates of both relative and absolute drug bioavailability in the SC and may be useful, therefore, in the critical determination of bioequivalence between topical formulations.
authors: Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement, Pharmapeptides, Campus Universitaire, Parc d'Affaires International, F-74166 Archamps, France.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Alberti
authors: Y N
authors: YN
authors: Kalia
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Naik
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Bonny
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Guy
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D000077291:Terbinafine
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009281:Naphthalenes; D000077291:Terbinafine