title: Orphanin FQ/nociceptin attenuates motor stimulation and changes in nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orphanin FQ (OFQ; also known as nociceptin), the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptor-like receptor, injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) decreases basal motor activity and basal extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (Nuc Acc) in rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to determine if OFQ similarly attenuates cocaine-induced motor stimulation and to determine if this effect is dependent on attenuation of the increase in extracellular DA.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a 1-h adaptation period, rats were injected with either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or OFQ (3-30 nmol, i.c.v.) 5 min prior to cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or apomorphine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) administration and the total distance traveled was measured for a further 1 h. In a separate experiment, changes in extracellular DA were monitored by microdialysis following cocaine and OFQ treatment in anesthetized rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OFQ dose-dependently attenuated both basal and cocaine-induced motor stimulation. OFQ (30 nmol, i.c.v.) also attenuated both the basal and the cocaine-induced increase in extracellular DA in the Nuc Acc. OFQ, at the highest dose, also decreased the motor stimulation induced by apomorphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the modulatory effect of OFQ on locomotor activity is not solely due to its inhibitory action on extracellular DA in the Nuc Acc.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90024, USA.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Lutfy
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Do
authors: N T
authors: NT
authors: Maidment
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D017551:Microdialysis; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000378:metabolism*; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D000097629:Nociceptin
chemical_list: D001058:Apomorphine; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D000097629:Nociceptin