title: Cofactor dependence and isotype distribution of anticardiolipin antibodies in viral infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibodies to cardiolipin (aCLs) are often detected in patients with autoimmune disorders or infectious diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the distribution of aCL isotypes and requirement of protein cofactor in viral infections in order to establish the importance, if any, of these antibodies in these infectious diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The isotype distribution of aCLs in the sera from 160 patients with infection caused by HIV-1 (n=40), hepatitis A virus (n=40), hepatitis B virus (n=40), or hepatitis C virus (n=40) was studied by standardised enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the presence and absence of protein cofactor (mainly beta2-glycoprotein I). Serum samples from healthy volunteers and patients with syphilis and antiphospholipid syndrome were also included and served as negative and positive control groups respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of one or more aCL isotypes in serum of patients with HIV-1, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus infection was 47%, 92%, 42%, and 17% respectively (principally IgM and/or IgA). Most of these antibodies were mainly cofactor independent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of aCLs in viral infections is principally cofactor independent, suggesting that cofactor dependence of the aCLs should be assessed to distinguish subjects most likely to suffer from clinical symptoms observed in the presence of these antibodies.
authors: Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos Especializados (LACE), Córdoba, Argentina. hgugli@bioclin.fcq.unc.edu.ar
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Guglielmone
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Vitozzi
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Elbarcha
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000032:analysis*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000276:immunology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000097:blood; D013587:Syphilis / Q000276:immunology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D006023:Glycoproteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I