title: Cigarette smoking, salivary/gingival crevicular fluid cotinine and periodontal status. A 10-year longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary purpose of this study was to determine the association of salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cotinine levels with periodontal disease status in smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  147 male smokers and 30 male non-smokers were included in the current longitudinal study. The 177 individuals were part of a group of 200 subjects (89%) seen 10 years previously for a baseline survey. Oral hygiene indices, probing depth and attachment loss were recorded. Salivary and GCF cotinine levels of 58 smokers were determined by means of ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that no significant difference was found in subjects who smoked, when compared to subjects who did not smoke with respect to plaque accumulation and calculus deposits. Smokers, however, had fewer gingival bleeding sites. Cigarette smoking was associated with a greater increase in probing depth and attachment loss, as well as greater tooth loss at an earlier age. There was greater tooth loss in smokers than non-smokers (p < 0.001). 11 smokers became edentulous, while only 1 non-smoker lost all his teeth within 10 years. The degree of periodontal tissue breakdown was different in each age group with greater periodontal deterioration as age increased. All smokers had detectable salivary and GCF cotinine. Mean GCF cotinine was about 4x higher than mean salivary cotinine levels. Individuals who smoked > or = 20 pack years when compared to <20 pack years, had significantly higher saliva and GCF cotinine levels (p < or = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither salivary cotinine nor GCF cotinine was significantly correlated with probing depth, attachment loss and tooth loss (p > 0.05).
authors: University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Wolff
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Aeppli
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Guo
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Luan
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Baelum
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Fejeskov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis*; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000145:classification; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000145:classification; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007575:Jaw, Edentulous / Q000145:classification; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine