title: Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of hip fracture in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies regarding the impact of cigarette smoking on the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women have been inconsistent, suggesting different effects in different groups. The effect of alcohol intake on fracture risk is puzzling: moderate alcohol intake appears to increase bone density, and its association with hip fracture is not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the associations of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with hip fracture risk among postmenopausal women, we conducted an analysis of a population-based case-control study from Sweden. Cases were postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 81 years, who sustained a hip fracture after minor trauma between October 1, 1993, and February 28, 1995; controls were randomly selected from a population-based register during the same period. A mailed questionnaire requesting information on lifestyle habits and medical history was used 3 months after the hip fracture for cases and simultaneously for controls. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by means of logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of those eligible, 1328 cases (82.5%) and 3312 controls (81.6%) responded. Compared with never smokers, current smokers had an increased risk of hip fracture (age-adjusted OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.41-1.95). Duration of smoking-particularly postmenopausal smoking-was more important than the amount smoked. Former smokers had a small increase in risk (age-adjusted OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.97-1.37) that decreased with the duration of cessation. The age-adjusted OR for women consuming alcohol was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69-0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for hip fracture among postmenopausal women; risk decreases after cessation. Alcohol consumption has a weak inverse association with risk.
authors: 7927 Rubin Bldg, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. John.Baron@Dartmouth.edu
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Baron
authors: B Y
authors: BY
authors: Farahmand
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Weiderpass
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Michaëlsson
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Alberts
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Persson
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ljunghall
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017698:Postmenopause; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology