title: Effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation on smear layer at the apical stop and apical leakage after obturation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the removal of smear layer at the apical stop by pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation with or without black ink, and the degree of apical leakage after obturation in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty extracted human single-rooted teeth were used in this study. The teeth were instrumented up to a size 40 K-file, and then divided into three groups of 20 teeth each: group 1 was unlased as a control group; group 2 was treated with a laser; group 3 was treated with a laser and black ink. The laser was operated at 2 W and 20 pp for 2 s, and irradiation was performed twice with a 30-s interval. In each group, 10 teeth for the leakage study were obturated and immersed in rhodamine B solution for 48 h at 37 degrees C, and the others were used for evaluation of remaining smear layer. All teeth were bisected longitudinally and observed by stereoscopy or scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The smear layer in the laser-treated groups almost melted or evaporated, and was removed significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Leakage was observed in 60% of samples in group 1 and in 20% of samples in group 2. No leakage was observed in group 3, which was significantly different from the control (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation with black ink increases the removal of smear layer compared with that without black ink, and reduces apical leakage after obturation significantly.
authors: Department of Endodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Goya
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Yamazaki
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Tomita
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Kimura
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009354:Neodymium; D011897:Random Allocation; D012389:Root Canal Obturation; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019227:Tooth Apex
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; C028433:chinese ink; D009354:Neodymium; D002244:Carbon