title: Serpin protein CrmA suppresses hypoxia-mediated apoptosis of ventricular myocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we ascertain whether caspase 8 activation and mitochondrial defects underlie apoptosis of ventricular myocytes during hypoxia. As an approach to circumvent the potential shortcomings surrounding the limited permeability and short half-life of the synthetic peptide inhibitors designed to block caspase activation, we constructed a replication-defective adenovirus encoding the serpin caspase inhibitor protein CrmA to ensure efficient and continual inhibition of caspase 8 activity during chronic hypoxia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to normoxic cells, oxygen deprivation of postnatal ventricular myocytes for 24 hours resulted in a 9-fold increase (P<0.05) in apoptosis as determined by Hoechst 33258 staining and nucleosomal DNA laddering. Moreover, hypoxia provoked a 1.5-fold increase (P<0.01) in caspase 8-like activity. Furthermore, hypoxia provoked perturbations to mitochondria consistent with the mitochondrial death pathway, including permeability transition pore (PT) opening, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential ((m)), and cytochrome c release. Importantly, CrmA suppressed caspase 8 activity, PT pore changes, loss of (m), and apoptosis but had no effect on hypoxia-mediated cytochrome c release. Furthermore, Bongkrekic acid, an inhibitor of PT pore, prevented hypoxia-induced PT pore changes, loss of (m), and apoptosis but had no effect on hypoxia-mediated cytochrome c release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, we provide the first direct evidence for the operation of CrmA as an antiapoptotic factor in ventricular myocytes during prolonged durations of hypoxia. Furthermore, our data suggest that perturbations to mitochondria including PT pore changes and (m) loss are caspase-regulated events that appear to be separable from cytochrome c release.
authors: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, and the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Gurevich
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Regula
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Kirshenbaum
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006690:Bisbenzimidazole; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001865:Bongkrekic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects; D007473:Ion Channels; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015843:Serpins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007473:Ion Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D015843:Serpins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C107472:red dye CMXRos; D001865:Bongkrekic Acid; C074641:interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitor; C505528:Casp8 protein, rat; C506435:Casp9 protein, rat; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; D006690:Bisbenzimidazole