title: Renal cell carcinoma with extension of tumor thrombus into the vena cava: surgical strategy and prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The outcome of patients who underwent radical resection of renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava was retrospectively analyzed, and risk factors for long-term survival were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1983 to 1999, 33 patients who had renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval tumor extension underwent 34 surgical procedures. There were 27 men and six women with an average age of 60.1 years. Twenty-two cases (64.7%) were classified as stage III (T1-2 N1 M0 or T3 N0-1 M0), and 12 cases (35.3%) as stage IV (T4 or N2-3 or M1). Coexistent lung metastasis was found in seven cases (20.6%). The tumor thrombi invaded into the inferior vena cava below the hepatic hilum in 19 cases, below the orifice of hepatic veins in 12, and above the diaphragm in 3. Cardiopulmonary bypass graft was applied in 13 cases (38.2%). Inferior vena cava was reconstructed by direct suture (n = 19), polytetrafluoroethylene patch angioplasty (n = 13), or graft replacement (n = 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients died during the early postoperative period because of retrohepatic caval injury and intraoperative pulmonary embolism. Late death occurred in 16 patients; the causes of death were tumor recurrence in 15 and acute pulmonary embolism as a result of graft thrombosis in 1. Overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 70%, 44%, and 26.4%, respectively. One- and 5-year survival rates were 81.3% and 52.9% for stage III and 50% and 31.2% for stage IV; a statistically significant correlation was found between surgical staging and survival (P =.049). Patients without lymph node metastasis had a significant survival advantage over those with lymph node metastasis (P =.022). There was no significant difference in survival on the basis of the presence or absence of synchronous lung metastasis (P =.291). The degree of local extension of the tumor or the level of tumor thrombus did not tend to influence survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava was determined by the staging of the tumor, especially lymph node status, and not by the level of tumor thrombus or the presence of concurrent lung metastasis. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass graft is recommended for the resection of tumor thrombus extending over the diaphragm.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division II, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Tsuji
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Goto
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Hara
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ataka
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Yamashita
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Okita
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kamidono
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D015996:Survival Rate; D013537:Sutures; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene