title: Effects of retinoids on cancerous phenotype and apoptosis in organotypic cultures of ovarian carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoic acid analogues, called retinoids, have shown promise in clinical trials in preventing breast and ovarian cancers. Classic retinoids bind to retinoic acid receptors, which regulate cell growth. Some novel retinoids, such as fenretinide, i.e., N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), induce apoptosis through retinoic acid receptor-independent mechanisms; however, they appear to do so only at concentrations above those achieved in clinical chemoprevention trials. At lower concentrations (< or =1 microM), 4-HPR acts like classic retinoids, by inducing differentiation through a receptor-dependent mechanism. Our goal was to compare the effects of novel receptor-independent (apoptotic) retinoids with those of classic growth-inhibitory retinoids at clinically achievable doses on growth, differentiation, and apoptosis in ovarian tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four receptor-independent (apoptotic) and seven growth-inhibitory retinoids, including synthetic, low-toxicity compounds called heteroarotinoids, were administered at concentrations of 1 microM to organotypic cultures of ovarian primary and cancer cell lines: OVCAR-3, Caov-3, and SK-OV-3. After fixation, embedding, and sectioning, the growth fraction was quantified by measuring expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67/myb, differentiation was assessed by expression of mucin, and apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL assay. Spearman correlation analysis was performed on the data, and all P values were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 11 retinoids reversed characteristics associated with the cancerous phenotype in all neoplastic cultures. Glandular structures were observed consistently in retinoid-treated, but not in untreated, OVCAR-3 and Caov-3 cultures. All retinoids decreased growth fractions, and some increased mucin expression. All receptor-independent retinoids and two receptor-dependent retinoids induced apoptosis, and the induction correlated significantly with increased expression of the mucin MUC1 (r =.83; P =.03). Retinoids with ester-linking groups did not induce apoptosis but decreased the growth fraction in correlation with MUC1 induction (r = -.93; P =.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At clinically achievable concentrations, all retinoids tested decrease the growth fraction, induce differentiation and apoptosis. Induction of MUC1 expression is implicated in the mechanisms of action.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Guruswamy
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Lightfoot
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Gold
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hassan
authors: K D
authors: KD
authors: Berlin
authors: R T
authors: RT
authors: Ivey
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Benbrook
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001565:Benzoates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D012176:Retinoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001565:Benzoates; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018396:Mucin-1; D012176:Retinoids; D017313:Fenretinide; D013890:Thiourea