title: Apoptosis, proliferation and p53, cyclin D1, and retinoblastoma gene expression in relation to radiation response in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the apoptotic index, the Ki67 index, and the expression of the p53, cyclin D1, and retinoblastoma genes correlate with local control, overall survival, and time to distant metastases in invasive bladder cancer treated with external beam radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin-embedded pretreatment biopsies from 83 patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were scored morphologically for apoptosis and immunohistochemically for Ki67, p53, cyclin D1, and retinoblastoma gene expression. Survival analysis methods were used to assess overall survival, local control, and freedom from distant metastases. A multiple proportional hazard (PH) regression analysis was performed to study the prognostic value of the abovementioned biologic parameters (all divided into two categories, except Ki67) in addition to classical prognostic factors such as T stage, histologic grade, multifocality of the tumor, and completeness of transurethral resection. All patients were treated with external beam radiation as sole treatment. Median follow-up for the 19 patients still living was 7.5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apoptotic index varied from 0% to 3.4% with a mean of 0.8% and a median of 0.6%. Ki67 index varied from 0% to 60% with a mean of 14% and a median of 12%. P53 protein was detectable in 61% of the tumors. Overexpression of cyclin D1 was observed in 39% of the tumors and loss of retinoblastoma protein in 23% of the tumors. High Ki67 index was found to be significantly associated with p53 expression (p = 0.04) and cyclin D1 overexpression (p = 0.023). Cyclin D1 overexpression was found more often in Rb-positive tumors than in Rb-negative tumors (p = 0.006). Other associations between the markers are less clear. Biologic markers were not correlated with T stage or grade. In the PH analysis local control was found to be significantly better for tumors with wild-type p53 (p = 0.028). Also, tumors with an apoptotic index above the median value (0.6%) had a significantly better local control rate (p = 0.035). Ki67 index (p = 0.35), retinoblastoma gene expression (p = 0.30) and cyclin D1 overexpression (p = 0.61) were not found to have an additional predictive value regarding local tumor control. None of the tested biologic parameters were found to be associated with overall survival. Time to distant metastases was significantly shorter for tumors with high Ki67 index (p = 0.01) and tumors with an apoptotic index less than median (p = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study provide evidence for a prognostic value of p53 expression and apoptotic index with respect to the radiation response in bladder cancer in addition to more conventional prognosticators. The value of these parameters as a predictive assay for radiation response warrants confirmation in larger and prospective studies.
authors: Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoeck Huis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. lmoonen@nki.nl
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Moonen
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Ong
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gallee
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Verheij
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Horenblas
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Hart
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Bartelink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019938:Cyclin D1