title: Anal carcinoma: prognostic value of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS). Results of a prospective multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The classification of anal carcinoma is based on the clinical examination and the estimation of the tumor height (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) 1987 Classification). This classification has a direct therapeutic application since tumors which are designated T1 and T2 are generally treated by radiotherapy whereas T3, T4 or N+ lesions are treated by concomitant radiation and chemotherapy. The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to evaluate endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) and to define an ERUS-based classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1994 and May 1997, 146 patients (42 men and 104 women; mean age, 63) from eight different centers were studied prospectively. The ERUS classification incorporates disease of the anal canal and the perirectal lymph nodes, thus: usT1 describes involvement of the mucosa and submucosa with sparing of the internal sphincter; usT2, involvement of the internal sphincter with sparing of the external sphincter; usT3, involvement of the external sphincter; usT4, involvement of a pelvic organ; N0 describes no suspicious perirectal lymph nodes, and N+, perirectal lymph nodes fulfilling endosonographic criteria for malignancy (e.g. round, hypoechoic). Tumors classified as UICC T1-T2 (<4cm) N0 were treated by radiotherapy alone, whereas lesions with a UICC classification of T2 (> 4 cm), T3-T4, N0-N1-2-3 received combined radiochemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data concerning the treatment and follow-up were available for 115/146 patients (78.7%). We compared the prognostic importance of the two classification schemes for treatment response and the rate of local relapse (chi-squared test). A significantly greater proportion of T1-T2N0 lesions classified by ERUS had a complete response to treatment than those classified by conventional UICC staging (94.5% vs. 80%, respectively; P = 0.008). The ERUS T and N stage were significant predictors of relapse (P=0.001 and P=0.03, respectively) whereas the corresponding clinical (UICC) stages were not (P = 0.4 and P = 0.5, respectively). Using a Cox model, usT stage was the only significant predictive factor for patient survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This muticenter prospective study demonstrated the superiority of ERUS-based staging over traditional clinical staging in the prediction of important outcomes such as local tumor recurrence and patient survival.
authors: Oncology and Endoscopic Unit, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, Marseilles, France. hdjchir@marseille.fnclcc.fr
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Giovannini
authors: V J
authors: VJ
authors: Bardou
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Barclay
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Palazzo
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Roseau
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Helbert
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Burtin
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Bouché
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Pujol
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Favre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate