title: Long-term outcome of urinary function after extended lymphadenectomy in patients with distal rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extended lymphadenectomy for rectal cancer has been superseded by autonomic nerve-sparing surgery, but it still has historical significance. It is useful to document the long-term outcome of urinary function in cases who had resection of the inferior hypogastric nerve plexus (pelvic nerve plexus).
  
  
  METHODS
  The long-term urinary function following extended lymphadenectomy was studied retrospectively through the medical records of 83 patients who had been followed-up for more than 5 years after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four per cent of the male patients and 17% of the female patients had to perform clean intermittent self-catheterization (CIC) for more than 1 year; these rates were almost the same at 3 years after the procedure. Urinary incontinence was reported in 34% of the male patients and 45% of the female patients. Complicated cystitis (eight patients), complicated pyelonephritis (two patients), bladder stones (five patients) that required surgical treatment, and chronic renal failure (two patients) were considered as adverse outcomes of extended surgery. In particular, one case needed to undergo urinary diversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A surprisingly large proportion of patients suffered various urinary tract problems due to extended lymphadenectomy. The findings demonstrate the importance of selection of well-balanced operations that can encompass both radicality and quality of life. The extent of resection should be decided by the extent of the cancer and routine excision of the inferior hypogastric nerve plexus should not be performed.
authors: Department of Urology and Department of Surgery, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Matsuoka
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Moriya
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Akasu
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017763:Autonomic Denervation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000601:surgery; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000294:innervation; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology