title: The effects of extended play on professional baseball pitchers.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic and kinetic changes as a result of extended play in baseball pitching. Seven major league baseball pitchers were videotaped with high-speed (120 Hz) cameras during multiple innings of the same game. For each athlete, two fastballs (one thrown during the initial inning of play and one from the final inning) were chosen for analysis. Twenty-one physical landmarks were manually digitized from the video data. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were subsequently calculated relative to four phases of the pitching motion: windup, cocking, acceleration, and follow-through. Paired t-tests revealed that seven parameters changed significantly between early and late innings. These included decreases in maximum external rotation of the shoulder, knee angle at ball release, ball velocity, maximum distraction force at both the shoulder and elbow, and horizontal adduction torque at both release and its maximum value. Ultimately, a decline in performance was evident by a 2 m/s (5 mph) drop in ball speed. It is unclear whether the kinematic and kinetic changes occurred because of fatigue or if protective mechanisms were adopted.
authors: Steadman-Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation, Vail, Colorado 81657, USA.
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Murray
authors: T D
authors: TD
authors: Cook
authors: S L
authors: SL
authors: Werner
authors: T F
authors: TF
authors: Schlegel
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014743:Videotape Recording