title: Is diclofenac a valuable CYP2C9 probe in humans?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Besides the low therapeutic index drug tolbutamide, there is no validated in vivo probe to assess the genetically determined CYP2C9 activity in humans. The in vitro CYP2C9-specific substrate diclofenac might be a valuable, well-tolerated probe candidate. In order to validate diclofenac as an in vivo CYP2C9 probe, we planned to show that urinary 4'-hydroxydiclofenac/diclofenac metabolic ratio (MR) would correlate to the apparent partial metabolic clearance of diclofenac into 4'-hydroxydiclofenac (Clmet).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 50 mg diclofenac in its enteric-coated form. Blood and urinary pharmacokinetics of diclofenac were studied over 48 h. Identification of the CYP2C9 alleles (CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2, and CYP2C9*3) was performed with genomic DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a dramatic inter-individual variability in the delay of diclofenac intestinal absorption since its first detectable blood concentration ranged from 0.5 h to more than 12 h after drug intake. The Clmet of diclofenac could not be determined in two subjects who started to absorb the drug after 12 h. No correlation could be observed between Clmet of diclofenac and the different MRs calculated at 0-4 h, 0-8 h, 0-12 h, 0-24 h and 0-48 h urinary collections. The Clmet of diclofenac in heterozygous subjects tended to be lower than among wild-type homozygous subjects, but this difference did not reach statistical significance due to an insufficient number of subjects studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diclofenac, in its enteric-coated form, is not a useful in vivo CYP2C9 probe probably because of its highly variable intestinal absorption rate. However, since we found a lower metabolic clearance of diclofenac in heterozygous CYP2C9 subjects, as observed with other CYP2C9 substrates, diclofenac, in another galenic form, might be a potential probe to quantify CYP2C9 activity in humans.
authors: Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Saint Antoine University Hospital School of Medicine, Paris, France.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Morin
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Loriot
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Poirier
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Tenneze
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Beaune
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Funck-Brentano
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Jaillon
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Becquemont
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013608:Tablets, Enteric-Coated
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D013608:Tablets, Enteric-Coated; D004008:Diclofenac; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase