title: Persistent increase in plasma thrombomodulin in patients with a history of lupus nephritis: endothelial cell activation markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the presence of continuing endothelial cell activation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its relationship with lupus nephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured plasma concentrations of soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), von Willebrand factor (vWf), sP-selectin, and ED1-fibronectin in 75 SLE patients with a median SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) of 4. Forty patients with a history of lupus nephritis, confirmed by renal biopsy in 33, were compared with 35 patients without lupus nephritis and 25 controls. For subgroup analysis in patients with clinically stable remission we excluded patients with a SLEDAI > 6 or with evidence of renal disease activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total SLE patient group sTM, sVCAM-1, vWf, and sP-selectin were significantly elevated compared with controls. In patients with a history of lupus nephritis plasma levels of sTM and vWf were significantly increased compared with SLE patients without nephritis. After adjustment for significantly associated variables, especially creatinine clearance and age, in a multivariate linear regression analysis, sTM remained significantly elevated in patients with a history of lupus nephritis (difference 28.9 ng/ml, 95% CI 11.5-46.4). In the subgroup analysis of 57 patients, the results remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase of sVCAM-1, sP-selectin, sTM, and vWf reflects a state of persistent endothelial cell activation. Multivariate regression analysis shows that the elevated sTM levels are strongly associated with a history of lupus nephritis, independent of creatinine clearance or disease activity, suggesting endothelial cell activation specifically localized in the kidneys.
authors: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. C.J.M.Frijns@neuro.azu.nl
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Frijns
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Fijnheer
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Schiel
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Donders
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sixma
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Derksen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D004727:Endothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000097:blood*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005353:Fibronectins; D019007:P-Selectin; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor