title: Treatment of patients with myocardial infarction who present with a paced rhythm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A paced rhythm can mask the electrocardiographic features of an acute myocardial infarction, complicating timely recognition and treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate characteristics, treatment, and outcomes among patients presenting with paced rhythms during myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. acute care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  102 249 Medicare beneficiaries at least 65 years of age who were treated for acute myocardial infarction between 1994 and 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Provision of three treatments for acute myocardial infarction (emergent reperfusion, aspirin, and beta-blockers), death at 30 days, and long-term follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1954 patients (1.9%) presented with paced rhythms during myocardial infarction. These patients were older; were predominantly male; and had higher rates of congestive heart failure, diabetes, and previous infarction. They were significantly less likely to receive emergent reperfusion (relative risk [RR], 0.27 [95% CI, 0.22 to 0.33]), aspirin (RR at admission, 0.91 [CI, 0.88 to 0.94]; RR at discharge, 0.87 [CI, 0.83 to 0.92]), and beta-blockers at admission (RR, 0.89 [CI, 0.82 to 0.96]). In addition, there was a trend toward decreased use of beta-blockers at discharge (RR, 0.91 [CI, 0.76 to 1.06]). Crude mortality rates were higher among patients with paced rhythms than among those without at 30 days (25.8% vs. 21.3%; P = 0.001) and at 1 year (47.1% vs. 36.1%; P = 0.001). Among patients with paced rhythms, risk for death at 30 days decreased after adjustment for illness severity and decreased use of therapy (RR, 1.03 [CI, 0.93 to 1.14]). Patients with paced rhythms remained at additional risk for long-term mortality (hazard ratio, 1.12 [CI, 1.06 to 1.18]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with paced rhythms were less likely than those without to receive treatment for acute myocardial infarction and had poorer short- and long-term outcomes. However, this mortality risk diminished after adjustment for treatment. This suggests that improved recognition and treatment of myocardial infarction may improve outcomes, particularly in the short term.
authors: Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Room IE-61 SHM, Box 208025, New Haven, CT 06520-8025, USA.
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Rathore
authors: K P
authors: KP
authors: Weinfurt
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Gersh
authors: W J
authors: WJ
authors: Oetgen
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Schulman
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D001241:Aspirin