title: Effect of low-dose milrinone on gastric intramucosal pH and systemic inflammation after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the usefulness of low-dose milrinone on gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) and systemic inflammation in patients undergoing hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients scheduled for cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients were administered a low dose of milrinone, 0.25 microg/kg/min, from the initiation of CPB to 1 hour after admission to the intensive care unit. The other patients were administered saline. Supplemental inotropes and intravenous fluid were given to obtain adequate mean arterial blood pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastric pHi and carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) were assessed by capnometric air tonometry. The difference between PCO2 and arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2), PCO2-gap, was also examined. Systemic inflammatory responses were evaluated by serum interleukin-6 and leukocyte counts. Hemodynamics, oxygen delivery index, and oxygen uptake index were monitored with catheters in the radial and pulmonary arteries (thermodilution). The hepatic venous blood flow and left ventricular flow were measured using transesophageal echocardiography. Milrinone prevented gastric intramucosal acidosis, detected as a decrease in pHi or an increase in PCO2-gap, without affecting hepatic venous blood flow. Increases in interleukin-6, leukocyte count, and oxygen uptake index, all of which developed after CPB, were significantly less in the milrinone group than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that in patients undergoing hypothermic CPB, supplemental low-dose milrinone prevents gastric intramucosal acidosis and increases in some markers of systemic inflammation.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Yamaura
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Okamoto
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Akiyoshi
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Irita
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Taniyama
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020105:Milrinone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D020105:Milrinone