title: Age-related macular degeneration is associated with increased vascular endothelial growth factor, hemorheology and endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate laboratory evidence of abnormal angiogenesis, hemorheologic factors, endothelial damage/dysfunction, and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 78 subjects (26 men and 52 women; mean age 74 years; standard deviation [SD] 9.0) with ARMD attending a specialist referral clinic. Subjects were compared with 25 healthy controls (mean age, 71 years; SD, 11).
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, an index of angiogenesis), hemorheologic factors (plasma viscosity, hematocrit, white cell count, hemoglobin, platelets), fibrinogen (an index of rheology and hemostasis), and von Willebrand factor (a marker of endothelial dysfunction) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median plasma VEGF (225 vs. 195 pg/ml, P = 0.019) and mean von Willebrand factor (124 vs. 99 IU/dl, P = 0.0004) were greater in ARMD subjects than the controls. Mean plasma fibrinogen and plasma viscosity levels were also higher in the subjects (both P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in other indices between cases and controls. When "dry" (drusen, atrophy, n = 28) and "exudative" (n = 50) ARMD subjects were compared, there was no significant differences in VEGF, fibrinogen, viscosity, or von Willebrand factor levels. There were no significant correlations between the measured parameters. Stepwise multiple regression analysis did not demonstrate any significant clinical predictors (age, gender, smoking, body mass index, history of vascular disease, or hypertension) for plasma VEGF or fibrinogen levels, although smoking status was a predictor of plasma von Willebrand factor levels (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests an association between markers of angiogenesis (VEGF), hemorheologic factors, hemostasis, endothelial dysfunction, and ARMD. The interaction between abnormal angiogenesis and the components of Virchow's triad for thrombogenesis may in part contribute to the pathogenesis of ARMD.
authors: Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, England, UK.
authors: P L
authors: PL
authors: Lip
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Blann
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hope-Ross
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Gibson
authors: G Y
authors: GY
authors: Lip
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000097:blood*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D005340:Fibrinogen