title: Electrosurgery, pacemakers and ICDs: a survey of precautions and complications experienced by cutaneous surgeons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimal information is available in the literature regarding the precautions implemented or complications experienced by cutaneous surgeons when electrosurgery is used in patients with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). The literature pertinent to dermatologists is primarily based on experiences of other surgical specialties and a generally recommended thorough perioperative evaluation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine what precautions are currently taken by cutaneous surgeons in patients with pacemakers or ICDs, and what types of complications have occurred due to electrosurgery in a dermatologic setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the winter of 2000, a survey was mailed to 419 U.S.-based members of the American College of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology (ACMMSCO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 166 (40%) surveys were returned. Routine precautions included utilizing short bursts of less than 5 seconds (71%), use of minimal power (61%), and avoiding use around the pacemaker or ICD (57%). The types of interference reported were skipped beats (eight patients), reprogramming of a pacemaker (six patients), firing of an ICD (four patients), asystole (three patients), bradycardia (two patients), depleted battery life of a pacemaker (one patient), and an unspecified tachyarrhythmia (one patient). Overall there was a low rate of complications (0.8 cases/100 years of surgical practice), with no reported significant morbidity or mortality. Bipolar forceps were utilized by 19% of respondents and were not associated with any incidences of interference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant interference to pacemakers or ICDs rarely results from office-based electrosurgery. No clear community practice standards regarding precautions was evident from this survey. The use of bipolar forceps or true electrocautery are the better options when electrosurgey is required. These two modalities may necessitate fewer perioperative precautions than generally recommended, without compromising patient safety.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Brown University School of Medicine, 593 Eddy Street, APC-10, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: El-Gamal
authors: R G
authors: RG
authors: Dufresne
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Saddler
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015580:Mohs Surgery; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial