title: The combined action of carvacrol and high hydrostatic pressure on Listeria monocytogenes Scott A.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the combined antimicrobial action of the plant-derived volatile carvacrol and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined treatments of carvacrol and HHP have been studied at different temperatures, using exponentially growing cells of Listeria monocytogenes, and showed a synergistic action. The antimicrobial effects were higher at 1 degrees C than at 8 or 20 degrees C. Furthermore, addition of carvacrol to cells exposed to sublethal HHP treatment caused similar reductions in viable numbers as simultaneous treatment with carvacrol and HHP. Synergism was also observed between carvacrol and HHP in semi-skimmed milk that was artificially contaminated with L. monocytogenes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carvacrol and HHP act synergistically and the antimicrobial effects of the combined treatment are greater at lower temperatures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates the synergistic antimicrobial effect of essential oils in combination with HHP and indicates the potential of these combined treatments in food processing.
authors: Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences (WCFS), Wageningen, The Netherlands. a.k.karatzas@ato.wag.ur.nl
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Karatzas
authors: E P
authors: EP
authors: Kets
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Smid
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Bennik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D000081007:Cymenes; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D039821:Monoterpenes; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D013729:Terpenes; C073316:carvacrol