Longitudinal evaluation of GCF MMP-3 and TIMP-1 levels as prognostic factors for progression of periodontitis.
BACKGROUND
To determine whether matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) could serve as prognostic factors for the progression of periodontitis, we monitored GCF MMP-3 and TIMP-1 and periodontal status of selected sites in 40 medically healthy subjects over a 6-month period.


METHODS
Clinical measurements including gingival index (GI), plaque index, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), and GCF samples were taken from 2 healthy sites (including sites with gingival recession, GI=0 PD < or =3 mm; AL < or =2 mm) and 2 periodontitis sites (GI > or =1; PD > or =5 mm; AL > or =3 mm) of each patient at baseline, 3-month and 6-month visits by means of sterile paper strips. GCF levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 were determined by sandwich ELISA assays.


RESULTS
The mean amounts of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in diseased sites were significantly higher than in healthy sites (p<0.0001). Significantly higher GCF levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 were found at progressing sites than in nonprogressing periodontitis sites (0.001<p<0.01). A progressing site was defined as a site which had > or =2 mm loss of attachment during 6- month study period. GCF levels of MMP-3 were highly correlated with clinical measurements taken at baseline, 3-month and 6-month visits (p<0.001). TIMP-1 levels were only moderately correlated with probing depth and attachment level (p<0.01). Step-wise multiple regression analysis was performed to construct models for the prediction of probing depth and attachment loss increases. The most parsimonious regression models which had the best R2 values included the following variables and accounted for the indicated % of variability. The regression model for the prediction of probing depth increase included MMP-3, smoking pack-years, TIMP-1 and accounted for 53% of the variability. The best model for the prediction of attachment loss increase included MMP-3, smoking pack-years, age, TIMP-1 and explained 59% of the variability.


CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that sites with high GCF levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 are at significantly greater risk for progression of periodontitis.
Alpagot
T
T
University of the Pacific School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA. talpagot@uop-edu
Bell
C
C
Lundergan
W
W
Chambers
D W
DW
Rudin
R
R
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000201:enzymology*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000201:enzymology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology; D013492:Suppuration; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis*
D015415:Biomarkers; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3