Interactions of posaconazole and flucytosine against Cryptococcus neoformans.
A checkerboard methodology, based on standardized methods proposed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing, was applied to study the in vitro interactions of flucytosine (FC) and posaconazole (SCH 56592) (FC-SCH) against 15 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. Synergy, defined as a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of <0.50, was observed for 33% of the isolates tested. When synergy was not achieved, there was still a decrease in the MIC of one or both drugs when they were used in combination. Antagonism, defined as a FIC of >4.0, was not observed. The in vitro efficacy of combined therapy was confirmed by quantitative determination of the CFU of C. neoformans 486, an isolate against which the FC-SCH association yielded a synergistic interaction. To investigate the potential beneficial effects of this combination therapy in vivo, we established two experimental murine models of cryptococcosis by intracranial or intravenous injection of cells of C. neoformans 486. At 1 day postinfection, the mice were randomized into different treatment groups. One group each received each drug alone, and one group received the drugs in combination. While combination therapy was not found to be significantly more effective than each single drug in terms of survival, tissue burden experiments confirmed the potentiation of antifungal activity with the combination. Our study demonstrates that SCH and FC combined are significantly more active than either drug alone against C. neoformans in vitro as well in vivo. These findings suggest that this therapeutic approach could be useful in the treatment of cryptococcal infections.
Barchiesi
F
F
Istituto di Malattie Infettive e Medicina Pubblica, Biostatistica e Informatica Medica, Università degli Studi di Ancona, Ancona, Italy. cmalinf@popsci.unian.it
Schimizzi
A M
AM
Najvar
L K
LK
Bocanegra
R
R
Caselli
F
F
Di Cesare
S
S
Giannini
D
D
Di Francesco
L F
LF
Giacometti
A
A
Carle
F
F
Scalise
G
G
Graybill
J R
JR
D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005437:Flucytosine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014230:Triazoles; C101425:posaconazole; D005437:Flucytosine