title: Prevalence and risk factors of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies in European HIV infected women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies in HIV infected women and the association between recurrent genital ulcerations and HIV disease progression in HSV-2 positive women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of HSV antibodies was tested in 276 of the 487 women participating in a European cohort study of HIV infected women. Prevalence rate ratios described the association between HSV infection and its risk factors, using log binomial regression. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) analysis was performed to determine the impact of markers of HIV disease progression on recurrent genital ulcerations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies was 76% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 71-81) and 42% (95% CI: 36-50); 30% (95% CI: 24-35) of the women had antibodies against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. The prevalence of HSV-1 was 86% (95% CI: 80-92) in southern Europe compared with 69% (95% CI: 57-79) and 67% (95% CI: 55-77) in central and northern Europe (p=0.002). This geographical variation remained after adjustment for other risk factors. An increasing number of years of sexual activity (p=0.0002) and a history of prostitution (p=0.0001) were independently associated with HSV-2 prevalence. In HSV-2 positive women, symptomatic cases of HSV infection were minimal, but increased with decreasing CD4 count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV infected women, the prevalence of HSV antibodies is high and symptomatic cases of HSV infection are minimal, but increase with decreasing CD4 count. HSV-2 but not HSV-1 was related to sexual behaviour (that is, a history of prostitution and the number of sexually active years) in this group of HIV infected women.
authors: Municipal Health Service, Division of Public Health and Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. gggd@amsterdam.nl
authors: B H
authors: BH
authors: van Benthem
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Spaargaren
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: van Den Hoek
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Merks
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Coutinho
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Prins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D016010:Binomial Distribution; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003710:Demography; D018450:Disease Progression; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012725:Sexual Behavior
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral