title: Endoscopic detection of transitional cell carcinoma with 5-aminolevulinic acid: results of 1012 fluorescence endoscopies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The initial encouraging results using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced fluorescence endoscopy (AFE) have promised a procedure with an outstanding sensitivity for the detection of early stage bladder cancer. Summarized here is our clinical experience and data comprising 1012 fluorescence endoscopies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hours, 30 minutes before endoscopy, 1.5 g 5-ALA dissolved in 50 mL of 5.7% sodium monohydrogen phosphate was instilled in patients intravesically. Before AFE, all patients underwent white light endoscopy, and a bladder washing cytologic specimen was obtained. A special light source provided blue light (375 to 440 nm) for fluorescence excitation. Suspicious sites were identified by their red fluorescence contrasting against backscattered blue light when observed through the long pass filter (445 nm) integrated into the telescope eyepiece.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two thousand four hundred seventy-five specimens were obtained (2.4 biopsies per AFE). In 552 AFEs (54.5%), neoplastic urothelial lesions were detected, in 34.2% only because of their positive fluorescence; 38.7% of these additionally detected neoplastic foci had poorly differentiated histologic features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AFE has proved to be a clinically feasible procedure with an outstanding detection rate for flat, urothelial, high-risk lesions.
authors: Department of Urology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Zaak
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kriegmair
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Stepp
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Stepp
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Baumgartner
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Oberneder
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Schneede
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Corvin
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Frimberger
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Knüchel
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hofstetter
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D001706:Biopsy; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid