title: Heavy drinking is associated with more severe psychosocial dysfunction among girls than boys in Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate social, psychological, and environmental factors related to heavy drinking by 15-year-old Finnish school pupils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of 240 pupils completed a questionnaire about alcohol use, smoking, and illicit drug use; an Offer Self-Image Questionnaire; an Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; and a Psychosomatic Symptoms Questionnaire. Teachers assessed each pupil according to a Social Skills Rating Scale. Academic achievement was assessed on the basis of report grades.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heavy drinking was associated with smoking, trial of drugs, poor social skills in class, and poor school achievement in both boys and girls. In girls, heavy drinking was associated with psychosomatic symptoms and a negative social self-image. Girls who drank heavily also had more difficulty with concentration and externalizing problems and more problems with teachers than those who were abstinent or consumed alcohol moderately. The self-images of boys who drank heavily were more negative than those of alcohol-abstinent boys. In boys, heavy drinking was associated with higher numbers of peer relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heavy drinking is associated with more severe psychosocial dysfunction among girls than boys. It may be possible to identify girls at school who drink heavily and guide them toward treatment.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. eila.laukkanen@kuh.fi
authors: E R
authors: ER
authors: Laukkanen
authors: S L
authors: SL
authors: Shemeikka
authors: H T
authors: HT
authors: Viinamäki
authors: P L
authors: PL
authors: Pölkki
authors: J O
authors: JO
authors: Lehtonen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires