title: A noninvasive test for vesico-ureteric reflux in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the development and testing of a device for the noninvasive diagnosis of vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) which avoids the need for urethral catheterization (currently required to reliably determine the presence of VUR), and which thus avoids the anxiety of parents and patients that causes many families to refuse such evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four children (49 girls and five boys, mean age 7.2 years, range 4-14) previously evaluated as having VUR volunteered to participate; no child was symptomatic at the time of the study. Refluxing units were known to be present by voiding cysto-urethrography (within 1 year, mean 7 months) in 45 and absent in 16. The device developed acquires electronically processed acoustic signals from the child during an observed urination. The signals are then analysed 'off-line' to determine the presence or absence of VUR. The initial preparation for the test included: (i) a full bladder [at least 0.80 x ((2 + age) x 30 mL)] measured by ultrasonography; and (ii) localization of the pelvi-ureteric junction by ultrasonography to accurately place the device's sensors on the child's back. The children were then positioned at a commode after placing the sensors; the recording was started and continued until voiding occurred. The children were tested with the recording and analysis team unaware of the presence and/or degree of VUR. The first 47 studies were single-kidney examinations and the remaining seven included simultaneous monitoring of both kidneys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one renal units were assessed and interpretable signals were obtained from 54 (89%). There were seven episodes of 'system failure' when no interpretable data were obtained. One unit with no VUR had a 'reflux' signal; in four kidneys, spontaneous (two) and postsurgical (two) resolution of reflux was predicted by the testing and subsequently verified by cyclic radionuclide cystography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This noninvasive diagnostic technique detected VUR in 35 of 37 refluxing units and verified no reflux in 16 of 17 units without VUR. Further refinements may allow this technology to be used in all children with suspected VUR.
authors: University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Mevorach
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Cilento
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zahorian
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Badgett
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Walker
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Atala
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Iannello
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013016:Sound; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology