Selective behaviors altered in plasminogen-deficient mice are reconstituted with intracerebroventricular injection of plasminogen.
In vitro studies demonstrate a role for the plasminogen (Plg) system in neurological function and recently in vivo studies show a role of the Plg system in neurodegeneration after the injection of an excitotoxic agent. Differences in the development of neurological function, however, have not been demonstrated in the Plg-deficient (Plg-/-) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The role of Plg system in neurological function may relate to remodeling which occurs in response to various environmental challenges. In this study, behaviors (open field, grooming, hind-leg gait, water maze, and acoustic startle reflex) were tested in the Plg-deficient and WT mice at 6-8 weeks of age. Grooming, a response to the stress of an open field or fur moistening, was increased in the Plg-/--deficient mice compared to WT mice, and the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) was markedly decreased in the Plg-/- mice. The reduced ASR in Plg-/- mice occurred in mice with a mixed C57BL:129 background or in mice with a C57BL background. Plg was required for the ASR, since a deficiency of the Plg activators, urokinase (uPA) or tissue Plg activator (tPA), did not cause a reduction in the ASR compared to their WT control. Infusion of Plg directly into the brain was effective in restoring the ASR in the Plg-/- mice, but had no effect on the ASR of WT mice. Peripheral bolus injections of Plg or infusion into the jugular vein were ineffective in restoring the ASR in the Plg-/- mice. These results indicate that Plg is required for the appropriate response to the environmental challenge of a sudden loud sound, and that the response can be restored in Plg-/- mice by directly infusing Plg into the brain.
Hoover-Plow
J
J
Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA. hooverj@ccf.org
Skomorovska-Prokvolit
O
O
Welsh
S
S
D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006120:Grooming / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics
D010958:Plasminogen; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator