Analysis of p53/BAX/p16(ink4a/CDKN2) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: high BAX and p16(ink4a/CDKN2) identifies patients with good prognosis.
OBJECTIVE
We have previously shown that loss of BAX expression is a negative prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer. In the present study, we addressed the prognostic relevance of BAX and its upstream regulator p53 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus. Analysis of p16(ink4a/CDKN2) was included because p16(ink4a/CDKN2) and p53 were shown previously to cooperate during induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.


METHODS
Retrospective analysis of 53 patients with curative intended R0 resection of esophageal SCC was done. Protein expression of BAX, p53, and p16(ink4a/CDKN2) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. In addition, tumor DNA was screened for BAX frameshift mutations by fragment length analysis and for p53 mutations by single-strand conformation polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction.


RESULTS
Overall median survival was 13.7 months. Patients with high BAX protein expression had a median survival of 19.5 months versus 8.0 months with low BAX expression (P <.005). High p16(ink4a/CDKN2) protein expression was associated with a median survival of 23.8 months versus 9.7 months with low p16(ink4a/CDKN2) (P =.011). The best survival (median, 45.8 months) was seen in a subgroup of 12 patients whose tumors bore the combination of both favorite phenotypes (ie, high BAX and high p16(ink4a/CDKN2) protein expression).


CONCLUSIONS
In this retrospective investigation, the combined analysis of BAX and p16(ink4a/CDKN2) shows subgroups in SCC of the esophagus with favorable (p16(ink4a/CDKN2)/BAX high expressing) or poor prognosis (loss of p16(ink4a/CDKN2)/loss of BAX). We suggest that such a multimarker analysis of apoptosis pathways could be useful for individualization of therapeutic strategies in the future, and suggest prospective studies to confirm these results.
Sturm
I
I
Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité--Campus Berlin-Buch, Humboldt University.
Petrowsky
H
H
Volz
R
R
Lorenz
M
M
Radetzki
S
S
Hillebrand
T
T
Wolff
G
G
Hauptmann
S
S
Dörken
B
B
Daniel
P T
PT
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
C494826:BAX protein, human; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein