title: In vivo T-lymphocyte activation and transient reduction of viral replication in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: While it is well established that cellular activation can increase human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in T lymphocytes, it is also clear that both activated CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes mediate anti-HIV activity. To assess the relative importance of these contrary effects on HIV replication in vivo, we evaluated the consequences of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) inoculation in vivo in rhesus monkeys chronically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac). BCG inoculation induced as much as a 2.5-log reduction of plasma and intracellular SIV RNA in SIVmac-infected monkeys. This down-regulation of virus replication persisted as long as 4 weeks after BCG inoculation. Similarly, SEB injection resulted in up to a 3-log decrease in plasma and intracellular SIV RNA in SIVmac-infected macaques. Interestingly, the short-term reduction of viremia in these monkeys correlated with the peak in vivo production of SEB- and BCG-induced cytokine responses. However, no long-term clinical benefit was observed in the SIVmac-infected macaques. These studies provide in vivo evidence that potent T-cell stimulation driven by antigens other than the virus itself can, under some circumstances, mediate short-term reduction of viremia in AIDS virus-infected individuals.
authors: Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. zchen@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors: Z W
authors: ZW
authors: Chen
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Shen
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Zhou
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Simon
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Kou
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Lee-Parritz
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Shen
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Sehgal
authors: N L
authors: NL
authors: Letvin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D018089:Superantigens / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018089:Superantigens; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D007371:Interferon-gamma