title: Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 are affected by ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled morphine after abdominal hysterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because morphine affects various immune functions, patient-controlled analgesia with morphine may further deteriorate the immune mechanisms after surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine differences between morphine patient-controlled analgesia and a combination of morphine and ketorolac in interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 responses, and in analgesia and morphine-related side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients who underwent abdominal hysterectomy were classified randomly into two groups: (1) patient-controlled analgesia with morphine; and (2) patient-controlled analgesia with a combination of morphine and ketorolac. Blood samples to measure cytokines were collected at preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and 2 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma was separated and frozen until the analysis of cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analog score. Sedation was checked based on a protocol developed at the Samsung Medical Center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the two groups, interleukin-6 increased immediately postoperatively, and it remained consistent for 24 hours. Interleukin-10 concentrations peaked at 2 hours postoperatively and progressively decreased. Cytokine concentrations between the two groups were significantly different for interleukin-6 24 hours postoperatively (p = 0.026) and for interleukin-10 4 hours postoperatively (p = 0.045). Total analgesic use was not different, but morphine consumption was significantly different (p = 0.037 at 4 hours postoperatively, p = 0.015 at 24 hours postoperatively). Pain scores, sedation, and side effects were unaffected by the patient-controlled analgesia regimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that supplementation using ketorolac plus administration of morphine modifies cytokine responses and may contribute to immune augmentations during postoperative periods.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. mhkim@smc.samsung.co.kr
authors: M H
authors: MH
authors: Kim
authors: T S
authors: TS
authors: Hahm
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000379:methods*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009020:Morphine; D020910:Ketorolac