title: Preventing recurrent depression using cognitive therapy with and without a continuation phase: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive therapy (CT) may reduce depressive relapse and recurrence when patients learn and use the associated skills. Reported relapse and recurrence rates after CT discontinuation vary widely. The factors that determine when CT is preventive remain unidentified. We developed continuation-phase CT (C-CT) to teach responders skills to prevent relapse. This is the first randomized trial comparing CT with and without a continuation phase in responders to CT who were vulnerable, given their history of recurrent unipolar depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged 18 to 65 years (n = 156) with recurrent DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) entered 20 sessions of acute-phase CT (A-CT). Unmedicated responders (ie, no MDD and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score < or =9; n = 84) were randomized to either 8 months (10 sessions) of C-CT or control (evaluation without CT). Follow-up lasted an additional 16 months. A clinician blind to assignment evaluated relapse and recurrence (ie, DSM-IV MDD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over an 8-month period, C-CT significantly reduced relapse estimates more than control (10% vs 31%). Over 24 months, including the CT-free follow-up, age of onset and quality of remission during the late phase of A-CT each interacted with condition assignment to influence durability of effects. In patients with early-onset MDD, C-CT significantly reduced relapse and recurrence estimates (16% vs 67% in control). When patients had unstable remission during late A-CT, C-CT significantly reduced relapse and recurrence estimates to 37% (vs 62% in control).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that 8 months of C-CT significantly reduces relapse and recurrence in the highest-risk patients with recurrent MDD. Risk factors influenced the necessity for C-CT.
authors: The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9149, USA.
authors: R B
authors: RB
authors: Jarrett
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Kraft
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Doyle
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Foster
authors: G G
authors: GG
authors: Eaves
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Silver
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013997:Time Factors