title: Utility of biofeedback for the daytime syndrome of urinary frequency and urgency of childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in a preliminary study the utility of biofeedback for the treatment of the daytime syndrome of urinary frequency and urgency of childhood, a benign, self-limited condition with symptoms that can last for months or years. Observation is a commonly recommended approach to this syndrome because medications and other forms of therapy are often not effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 2-year period, 89 children (34 boys and 55 girls) presented with this syndrome. Patient age ranged from 4 to 11 years, and duration of symptoms ranged from 1 to 38 months. All children were evaluated with a history, physical examination, urinalysis and culture, and renal and bladder ultrasound scanning. After the evaluation, the parents were offered either observation or surface patch electromyography biofeedback for the problem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 84 parents (94.3%) selected biofeedback for their child. After 1 month of biofeedback, 34.5% of children were able to achieve a 2 to 4-hour voiding interval. After 2 to 4 months of biofeedback, another 51.2% of patients experienced the same improvement. Overall, 85.7% of children who underwent biofeedback had symptom improvement. In 14.3% of children, no symptom improvement was noted after 4 months of biofeedback and these children were considered nonresponders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that biofeedback may be a treatment option for this disorder and warrants further investigation.
authors: Division of Urology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: Glazier
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Ankem
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Ferlise
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gazi
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Barone
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*