title: Synthesis and biological activity of aminoguanidine and diaminoguanidine analogues of the antidiabetic/antiobesity agent 3-guanidinopropionic acid.
abstract: 3-Guanidinopropionic acid (1) has been demonstrated both to improve insulin sensitivity and to promote weight loss selectively from adipose tissue in animal models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). However, 1 has also been shown to be a substrate for both the creatine transporter and creatine kinase, leading to marked accumulation in muscle tissue as the corresponding N-phosphate. The corresponding aminoguanidine analogue 2 was recently discovered to retain the antidiabetic activity of 1 while being markedly less susceptible to creatine-like metabolism, suggesting that it should have less potential to accumulate in muscle. Further structural modification of 2 was undertaken to investigate whether the antidiabetic potency could be augmented while maintaining resistance to creatine-like metabolism. Modifications such as alpha-alkylation, homologation, and bioisosteric replacement of the aminoguanidine all were detrimental to antidiabetic activity. However, the simple regioisomeric aminoguanidinoacetic acid 9 and diaminoguanidinoacetic acid analogue 7 were found to be equipotent to 2, leading eventually to the discovery of the significantly more potent diaminoguanidinoacetic acid regioisomers 52 and 53. Further attempts to modify the more active template represented by 52 led only to reductions in antidiabetic activity. Each of the new active analogues displayed the same resistance to creatine-like metabolism as 2. Further testing of 7, 9, and 53 in obese diabetic ob/ob mice confirmed that weight loss is induced selectively from adipose tissue, similar to the lead 1. Administration of 53 to insulin-resistant rhesus monkeys led to reductions in both fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose levels with concomitant reductions in plasma insulin levels, suggesting that the compound improved the action of endogenous insulin. Compounds 7 and 53 were selected for further preclinical development.
authors: Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Research Biostatistics, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, USA. valerie.a.vaillancourt@am.pnu.com
authors: V A
authors: VA
authors: Vaillancourt
authors: S D
authors: SD
authors: Larsen
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Tanis
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Burr
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Connell
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Cudahy
authors: B R
authors: BR
authors: Evans
authors: P V
authors: PV
authors: Fisher
authors: P D
authors: PD
authors: May
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Meglasson
authors: D D
authors: DD
authors: Robinson
authors: F C
authors: FC
authors: Stevens
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Tucker
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Vidmar
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Yu
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003401:Creatine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000737:chemistry; D006146:Guanidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011422:Propionates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: C424914:(2-(hydrazinoiminomethyl)hydrazino)acetic acid; C424915:2-(1-(hydrazino(imino)methyl)hydrazino)acetic acid; D000085:Acetates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D006146:Guanidines; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D011422:Propionates; C080679:creatine transporter; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D003401:Creatine; C005775:guanidinopropionic acid