title: Cleaning effectiveness of root canal irrigation with electrochemically activated anolyte and catholyte solutions: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of electrochemically activated (ECA) anolyte and catholyte solutions to clean root canals during conventional root canal preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty extracted single-rooted human mature permanent teeth were allocated randomly into four groups of five teeth. The pulp chambers were accessed and the canals prepared by hand with conventional stainless steel endodontic instruments using a double-flared technique. One or other of the following irrigants was used during preparation: distilled water, 3% NaOCl, anolyte neutral cathodic (ANC) (300 mg L-1 of active chlorine), and a combination of anolyte neutral cathodic (ANC) (300 mg L-1 of active chlorine) and catholyte. The teeth were split longitudinally and the canal walls examined for debris and smear layer by scanning electron microscopy. SEM photomicrographs were taken separately in the coronal, middle and apical parts of canal at magnification of x800 to evaluate the debridement of extracellular matrix and at a magnification of x2500 to evaluate the presence of smear layer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrigation with distilled water did not remove debris in the apical part of canals and left a continuous and firm smear layer overlying compressed low-mineralized predentine. All chemically active irrigants demonstrated improved cleaning potential compared to distilled water. The quality of loose debris elimination was similar for NaOCl and the anolyte ANC solution. The combination of anolyte ANC and catholyte resulted in improved cleaning, particularly in the apical third of canals. The evaluation of smear layer demonstrated that none of the irrigants were effective in its total removal; however, chemically active irrigants affected its surface and thickness. Compared to NaOCl, the ECA solutions left a thinner smear layer with a smoother and more even surface. NaOCl enhanced the opening of tubules predominantly in the coronal and middle thirds of canals, whereas combination of ANC and catholyte resulted in more numerous open dentine tubules throughout the whole length of canals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrigation with electrochemically activated solutions cleaned root canal walls and may be an alternative to NaOCl in conventional root canal treatment. Further investigation of ECA solutions for root canal irrigation is warranted.
authors: Faculty of Stomatology, St. Petersburg I.P. Pavlov's State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia CIS.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Solovyeva
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Dummer
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003646:Debridement; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016877:Oxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016369:Smear Layer; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D016877:Oxidants; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C118085:superoxidized water; D014867:Water; D013193:Stainless Steel; D002713:Chlorine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite