title: Partially wedged beams improve radiotherapy treatment of urinary bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Partially wedged beams (PWBs) having wedge in one part of the field only, can be shaped using dynamic jaw intensity modulation. The possible clinical benefit of PWBs was tested in treatment plans for muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional treatment plans for 25 bladder cancer patients were analyzed. The originally prescribed standard conformal four-field box technique, which includes the use of lateral ordinary wedge beams, was compared to a modified conformal treatment using customized lateral PWBs. In these modified treatment plans, only the anterior parts of the two lateral beams had a wedge. To analyze the potential clinical benefit of treatment with PWBs, treatment plans were scored and compared using both physical parameters and biological dose response models. One tumour control probability model and two normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models were applied. Different parameters for normal tissue radiation tolerance presented in the literature were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By PWBs the dose homogeneity throughout the target volume was improved for all patients, reducing the average relative standard deviation of the target dose distribution from 2.3 to 1.8%. A consistent reduction in the maximum doses to surrounding normal tissue volumes was also found. The most notable improvement was demonstrated in the rectum where the volume receiving more than the prescribed tumour dose was halved. Treatment with PWBs would permit a target dose escalation of 2-6 Gy in several of the patients analyzed, without increasing the overall risk for complications. The number of patients suitable for dose escalation ranged from 3 to 15, depending on whether support from all or only one of the five applied NTCP model/parameter combinations were required in each case to recommend dose escalation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PWBs represent a simple dose conformation tool that may allow radiation dose escalation in the treatment of muscle-infiltrating urinary bladder tumours.
authors: Department of Radiophysics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
authors: L P
authors: LP
authors: Muren
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hafslund
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Gustafsson
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Smaaland
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Dahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy*