title: Effect of early or delayed insertion of tympanostomy tubes for persistent otitis media on developmental outcomes at the age of three years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A main indication for the insertion of tympanostomy tubes in infants and young children is persistent otitis media with effusion, reflecting concern that this condition may cause lasting impairments of speech, language, cognitive, and psychosocial development. However, evidence of such relations is inconclusive, and evidence is lacking that the insertion of tympanostomy tubes prevents developmental impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 6350 healthy infants from 2 to 61 days of age and evaluated them regularly for middle-ear effusion. Before the age of three years 429 children with persistent effusion were randomly assigned to have tympanostomy tubes inserted either as soon as possible or up to nine months later if effusion persisted. In 402 of these children we assessed speech, language, cognition, and psychosocial development at the age of three years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By the age of three years, 169 children in the early-treatment group (82 percent) and 66 children in the late-treatment group (34 percent) had received tympanostomy tubes. There were no significant differences between the early-treatment group and the late-treatment group at the age of three years in the mean (+/-SD) scores on the Number of Different Words test, a measure of word diversity (124+/-32 and 126+/-30, respectively); the Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised test, a measure of speech-sound production (85+/-7 vs. 86+/-7); the General Cognitive Index of McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (99+/-14 vs. 101+/-13); or on measures of receptive language, sentence length, grammatical complexity, parent-child stress, and behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children younger than three years of age who have persistent otitis media, prompt insertion of tympanostomy tubes does not measurably improve developmental outcomes at the age of three years.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2538, USA. jpar@pitt.edu
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Paradise
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Feldman
authors: T F
authors: TF
authors: Campbell
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Dollaghan
authors: D K
authors: DK
authors: Colborn
authors: B S
authors: BS
authors: Bernard
authors: H E
authors: HE
authors: Rockette
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Janosky
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Pitcairn
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Sabo
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kurs-Lasky
authors: C G
authors: CG
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D001299:Audiometry; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000601:surgery*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013060:Speech; D013997:Time Factors