title: [Comparison of susceptibility artefacts of different radiofrequency electrodes at O.2 T. Influence of electrode positioning, pulse sequence and image reconstruction methods].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interventional MRI procedure monitoring requires small but accurate susceptibility artifacts of the instruments used. In this investigation, susceptibility artifacts of different RF-electrode designs were compared using a variety of pulse sequences and k-space acquisition methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  4 different 18-gauge RF-electrodes (with three single electrodes made of stainless steel, copper, inconal, and a triple-clustered electrode configuration made of inconal) were placed in a 0.2 T MR-scanner perpendicular to the main magnetic field. Pulse sequences used included: TSE T2, FISP, true-FISP, PSIF, and a temperature sensitive ES-GRE sequence. In addition to the 2D Cartesian k-space trajectory with Fourier transformation (2DFT), projection reconstruction (PR) was used with the FISP, true-FISP and PSIF sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best tip accuracy was achieved with the combination of inconal electrodes and TSE T2. The usefulness of the tested sequences was found to be: TSE T2 > PSIF > FISP/true-FISP > ES-GRE. In general 2DFT provided better or equal tip accuracy than PR. The apparent shaft width was smaller using the copper electrode compared to the inconal electrode. However, the "match shaped" tip artifact of the copper probe led to a higher error in tip accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSE-T2 sequences and Cartesian 2DFT acquisitions should be used for accurate tip positioning at 0.2 T. Further, artifact size of the electrode shaft prevents the use of inconal for temperature sensitive sequences. Copper electrodes can be used for these purposes, although copper is not considered to be biocompatible at present.
authors: Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Aschoff
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Wendt
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Merkle
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Shankaranarayanan
authors: Y C
authors: YC
authors: Chung
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Duerk
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Lewin
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003300:Copper; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel; D003300:Copper