title: Vascular risk and cognitive impairment in an older, British, African-Caribbean population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an older, British, African-Caribbean population with high prevalence rates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, we ascertained clinical vascular disease (stroke or ischemic heart disease) and vascular risk (including hypertension, diabetes, and lipid profile) and investigated their associations with cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional community-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was drawn from registration lists for seven primary care services in south London, United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  278 individuals, age 55 to 75, who were born in a Caribbean nation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were interviewed and examined for cardiovascular risk factors, including a blood test for lipid profile and fibrinogen. A battery of 11 psychometric tests was administered blind to medical status. Cognitive impairment was defined on the basis of a composite measure derived from individual test scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine (28%) subjects were classified as having relative cognitive impairment and were compared with the remainder of the sample. Marked differences were seen between low and normal/high educational levels in the strength of associations between measures of vascular risk and cognitive impairment. Hypertension, diabetes, and raised triglycerides were significant factors in those with lower levels of education. Low fibrinogen (negatively associated), high cholesterol, and manual occupation were significant factors in those with normal/high levels of education. Physical exercise was negatively associated with cognitive impairment: an association that persisted after adjustment for age, occupation, depression, and physical disability and after excluding subjects with the most severe imipairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measures of vascular risk were associated with relative cognitive impairment in this population. These associations were modified by previous educational attainment. Physical activity was negatively associated with cognitive impairment.
authors: Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Stewart
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Richards
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Brayne
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Mann
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000208:ethnology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data