title: Renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Several renal cell carcinoma (RCC) prognostic factors show promise, including K1-67, p53/mdm-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor. The combination of increased incidence of RCC and diagnosis during earlier stages has generated interest in local therapeutic options. Nephron-sparing surgery and laparoscopic nephrectomy continue to gain support and may become the standard of care in select patients. Standard therapy for metastatic disease continues to be cytokine-based therapy with little benefit gained from adding granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, retinoic acid, or adoptive immunotherapy. The addition of chemotherapy, such as capecitabine, floxuridine, and vinblastine, may increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy; nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation has shown early promise in metastatic disease.
authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7305, USA.
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Godley
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Taylor
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis