title: Visualization of the IXth to XIIth cranial nerves using 3-dimensional constructive interference in steady state, 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo and T2-weighted 2-dimensional turbo spin echo magnetic resonance imaging sequences.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visibility of the IXth to XIIth cranial nerves using different magnetic resonance sequences. Thirty healthy volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T using 3-dimensional constructive interference in steady state (CISS) sequence (TR = 17 ms, TE = 8.08 ms, alpha = 70 degrees), 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE) sequence (TR = 11.08 ms, TE = 4.3 ms, alpha = 15 degrees), and T2-weighted (w) 2-dimensional turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence (TR = 4000 ms, TE = 102 ms, alpha = 180 degrees, slice thickness = 2 mm). Visibility of the IXth to XIIth cranial nerves in each sequence was evaluated by consensus of 2 radiologists using an evaluation scale from 1 (excellently visible) to 5 (not visible). A correlation with anatomic specimens was made. The 3-dimensional CISS sequence provides best resolution of the IXth to XIIth cranial nerves and their relation to surrounding structures. Additional information is given by the 3-dimensional MP-RAGE when nerves are surrounded by soft tissues. Using the T2w 2-dimensional TSE sequence, even whole nerves cannot be visualized due to intersection gap and partial volume effects. However, even in 3-dimensional high-resolution sequences, segments of nerves are not always visualized. A combination of 3-dimensional CISS and 3-dimensional MP-RAGE proved to be useful to visualize the IXth to XIIth cranial nerves, whereas the 2-dimensional technique failed. Further investigations using 3-dimensional MP-RAGE with contrast medium should be performed in the case of abnormality.
authors: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany. johannes.seitz@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Seitz
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Held
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Fründ
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Strotzer
authors: W R
authors: WR
authors: Nitz
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Völk
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Haffke
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Feuerbach
mesh_terms: D000055:Accessory Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D005930:Glossopharyngeal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology