title: Peptidoglycan from sterile human spleen induces T-cell proliferation and inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peptidoglycan (PG), a component of Gram-positive bacteria, may be involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because of its ability to induce production of proinflammatory cytokines, to induce arthritis in rodents, and its presence in antigen-presenting cells in RA joints.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, physiologically relevant PG was able to induce T-cell proliferation in peripheral blood and synovial fluid samples of RA patients, but the magnitude of the response did not differ from that of cells from healthy subjects. In addition, production of cytokines associated with RA (interleukins (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor alpha) and of the matrix metalloproteinase, gelatinase B (MMP-9), was induced in blood and synovial fluid cultures of RA patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fact that PG, which can be found in synovial tissues of RA patients is able to induce the production of inflammatory mediators supports the hypothesis that PG plays a role in the pathogenesis of RA by influencing the inflammatory microenvironment of the joint.
authors: Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: I A
authors: IA
authors: Schrijver
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Melief
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Markusse
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Van Aelst
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Opdenakker
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Hazenberg
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Laman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9