title: Opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels enhances cardioplegic protection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitochondrial and sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels have been implicated in cardioprotection; however, the role of these channels in magnesium-supplemented potassium (K/Mg) cardioplegia during ischemia or reperfusion is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbit hearts (n = 76) were used for Langendorff perfusion. Sham hearts were perfused for 180 minutes. Global ischemia hearts received 30 minutes of global ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion. K/Mg hearts received cardioplegia before ischemia. The role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in K/Mg cardioprotection during ischemia and reperfusion was investigated, separately using the selective mitochondrial ATP sensitive potassium and channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate, and the selective sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker HMR1883. Separate studies were performed using the selective mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, diazoxide, and the nonselective ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener pinacidil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infarct size was 1.9%+/-0.4% in sham, 3.7%+/-0.5% in K/Mg, and 27.8%+/-2.4% in global ischemia hearts (p < 0.05 versus K/Mg). Left ventricular peak-developed pressure (percent of equilibrium) at the end of 120 minutes of reperfusion was 91%+/-6% in sham, 92% +/-2% in K/Mg, and 47%+/-6% in global ischemia (p < 0.05 versus K/Mg). Blockade of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels in K/Mg hearts had no effect on infarct size or left ventricular peak-developed pressure. However, blockade of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels before ischemia significantly increased infarct size to 23%+/-2% in K/Mg hearts (p < 0.05 versus K/Mg; no statistical significance [NS] as compared to global ischemia) and significantly decreased left ventricular peak-developed pressure to 69%+/-4% (p < 0.05 versus K/Mg). Diazoxide when added to K/Mg cardioplegia significantly decreased infarct size to 1.5%+/-0.4% (p < 0.05 versus K/Mg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardioprotection afforded by K/Mg cardioplegia is modulated by mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Diazoxide when added to K/Mg cardioplegia significantly reduces infarct size, suggesting that the opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels with K/Mg cardioplegic protection would allow for enhanced myocardial protection in cardiac operations.
authors: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Toyoda
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Levitsky
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: McCully
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D011336:Probability; D011817:Rabbits; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D015221:Potassium Channels; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003981:Diazoxide