title: Comparison of antioxidant efficacy of vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A and fruits in coronary heart disease: a controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of various antioxidant vitamins and a major dietary source of antioxidants (fruits) we performed a randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  175 successive patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) presenting to our centre were recruited and using a Latin-square design divided into five groups of 35 each. The groups were matched for age, lifestyle and dietary variables, clinical diagnosis and drug treatment status. None of the patients was on lipid-lowering drugs. Supplemental vitamins were stopped for one month before study began and American Heart Association Step II dietary advice was given to all. At baseline, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol and lipid peroxide measured as thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined. Group I received placebo capsules; Group II vitamin E 400 units/day; Group III vitamin C 1,000 mg; Group IV vitamin A 25,000 IU; Group V received 400 gm of fruit daily. Lipids and lipid peroxide levels were determined at 30 days follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rate in various groups varied form 86% to 91%. No significant changes in total, HDL, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were seen in Groups I, II, III and IV (paired t-test p > 0.05). In Group V there was a significant decrease in total cholesterol (-7.8 +/- 11.1%), and LDL cholesterol (-11.2 +/- 25.4%) and increase in HDL cholesterol (+12.9 +/- 20.1%) (paired t-test p < 0.01). Lipid peroxide levels decreased significantly in all the treatment groups (p < 0.01). This decrease was the highest in Group II (vitamin E; -36.4 +/- 17.7%) as compared to Group III (vitamin C -19.8 -/+ 10.8%); Group IV (vitamin A -5.4 +/- 17%) and Group V (fruits -13.1 +/- 12.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the antioxidant vitamins and fruits significantly decrease lipid peroxide levels and oxidant load in CHD patients. However, fruits are the best choice as they also favourably modify the lipid profile.
authors: Department of Home Science, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Singhal
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Gupta
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Goyle
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D014280:Triglycerides; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002784:Cholesterol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid