Retrograde response of the rat facial motor nucleus to muscle inflammation elicited by phytohaemagglutinin.
To investigate whether motoneurons react to signals deriving from target inflammation, we studied the facial motor nucleus after injections of phytohaemagglutinin in the snout of adult rats. This plant lectin is a tool widely used to induce proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes, and we observed marked lymphocyte infiltration in the injected facial muscles. Retrograde labelling of motoneurons was not detected after peripheral injections of fluorochrome-conjugated phytohaemagglutinin. Nitric oxide synthase, revealed by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, OX-42-immunoreactive microglia, and expression of the cell death repressor gene bcl-2, investigated with nonradioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, were evaluated in the facial nucleus. Daily phytohaemagglutinin injections for 4 days, mimicking repeated muscle exposure to inflammatory stimuli, resulted after 2-day survival in NADPH-diaphorase induction in motoneurons and marked activation of the surrounding microglia. Quantitative image analysis of NADPH-diaphorase staining, and OX-42 immunoreactivity and microglial cell counts indicated highly significant increases with respect to saline-injected control cases. The occurrence of a neuroprotective retrograde response was evaluated monitoring bcl-2 expression. Following single phytohaemagglutinin administration, bcl-2 mRNA was significantly upregulated at 6 h in facial motoneurons and returned to basal levels at 24 h. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was markedly upregulated at 24 h and was still significantly higher than in controls at 7 days, when concomitant NADPH-diaphorase induction in motoneurons and microglia activation was also observed. No degenerative features were observed in motoneurons after phytohaemagglutinin injections at the examined time-points. The data point out that local muscle inflammation retrogradely elicits gene activation in motoneurons and their microenvironment.
Mariotti
R
R
Department of Morphological and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Medical Faculty, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
Tongiorgi
E
E
Bressan
C
C
Armellin
M
M
Kristensson
K
K
Bentivoglio
M
M
D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D030161:Avian Proteins; D051926:Basigin; D001798:Blood Proteins; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D017628:Microglia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000294:innervation*; D009220:Myositis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
D015703:Antigens, CD; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D030161:Avian Proteins; D001798:Blood Proteins; C102624:Bsg protein, Gallus gallus; C079432:Bsg protein, rat; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051926:Basigin; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase