title: Towards a molecular epidemiology of alcohol dependence: analysing the interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progress in identifying genetic factors protective against alcohol dependence (AlcD) requires a paradigm shift in psychiatric epidemiology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To integrate analysis of research into the genetics of alcoholism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from prospective questionnaire and interview surveys of the Australian twin panel, and from a subsample who underwent alcohol challenge, were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, effects of alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2*1/*2 genotype or high alcohol sensitivity (risk-decreasing), and of history of childhood conduct disorder, or having monozygotic co-twin or twin sister with AlcD (risk-increasing) were significant and comparable in magnitude. Religious affiliation (Anglican versus other) was associated with the ADH2 genotype, but did not explain the associations with AlcD symptoms. No protective effect of the ADH2*1/*2 genotype was observed in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early onset and strong familial aggregation of AlcD, and opportunity for within-family tests of genetic association to avoid confounding effects, make epidemiological family studies of adolescents and young adults and their families a priority.
authors: Missouri Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA. andrew@matlock.wustl.edu
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Heath
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: Whitfield
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Madden
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Bucholz
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Dinwiddie
authors: W S
authors: WS
authors: Slutske
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Bierut
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: Statham
authors: N G
authors: NG
authors: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012945:Social Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase