title: Retinal and intraventricular cerebral hemorrhages in the preterm infant born at or before 30 weeks' gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of retinal hemorrhages and their association with cerebral intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) in low-birth-weight preterm neonates born at or before 32 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied a consecutive series of 22 neonates (24-30 weeks' gestation; mean gestational age, 27 weeks; mean weight, 1065 g) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Anterior segment and indirect ophthalmoscopic examination, as well as cranial ultrasonographic examination, were performed on day 1 and day 10 of life. The prevalence of retinal and intraventricular hemorrhage was tested statistically for association with obstetric and neonatal clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of retinal hemorrhage was 9% (2/22; 95% CI, 3%-21%) on day 1 and 2% (1/22) on day 10. The prevalence of IVH was 27% (6/22; 95% CI, 9%-46%): 14% (3/22) on day 1 and 23% (5/22) on day 10. Retinal hemorrhages occurred with greater frequency in neonates born to women who had intrauterine infection (chorioamnionitis, P =.043) and low umbilical cord pH levels (P =.027). No association was found between the presence of retinal hemorrhage and IVH (P = 1.000), mode of delivery (ie, vaginal vs cesarean section, P = 1.000), birth weight (P =.476), or gestational age (P = 1.000). The presence of subconjunctival hemorrhage was associated with IVH (P =.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal hemorrhages occur in less than 10% of low-birth-weight neonates, ie, a prevalence one half that observed in term neonates (22%). The hemorrhages tend to resolve without sequelae in the first 10 days of life and occur more commonly in infants born to women with uterine infection. Retinal hemorrhages in very premature neonates are not predictive of IVH-related brain damage.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, St Louis Children's Hospital at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors: I I
authors: II
authors: Anteby
authors: E Y
authors: EY
authors: Anteby
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Chen
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hamvas
authors: W
authors: W
authors: McAlister
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Tychsen
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography