title: Assessment of target dose delivery in anal cancer using in vivo thermoluminescent dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure anal dose during external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) using in vivo dosimetry, to study the difference of measured from prescribed dose values, and to evaluate possible associations of such differences with acute and late skin/mucosal toxicity and anorectal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one patients with localized anal carcinoma underwent in vivo measurements during the first EBRT session. Themoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were placed at the center of the anal verge according to a localization protocol. No bolus was used. Patients received a median dose of 39.6 Gy (range: 36-45 Gy) by anteroposterior opposed AP/PA pelvic fields with 6 or 18 MV photons, followed by a median boost dose of 20 Gy (range: 13-24 Gy). Concomitant chemotherapy (CCT), consisting of 1-2 cycles of continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and bolus mitomycin-C (MMC), was usually administered during the first weeks of the pelvic and boost EBRT courses. Acute and late skin/mucosal reactions were recorded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) toxicity scale. Anal sphincter function was assessed using the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLD anal doses differed by a mean of 5.8% (SD: 5.8) in comparison to the central axis prescribed dose. Differences of at least 10% and at least 15% were observed in eight (26%) and three (9.7%) patients, respectively. TLD doses did not significantly correlate with acute or late grade 2-3 skin or mucosal toxicity. However, patients having good-fair MSKCC anal function had a significantly greater mean difference in anal TLD dose (10.5%, SD: 5.9) than patients having excellent function (3.8%, SD: 4.6) (P = 0.004). Prescribed dose values, length of follow-up, and age at diagnosis did not correlate with late sphincter function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that AP/PA fields using megavoltage photons deliver adequate dose to the anal verge. However, in about one quarter of patients treated with this technique the anal dose varied from the prescribed dose by at least 10%. The observed correlation of TLD values and late sphincter function suggests that direct measurement of the dose delivered to the anal verge might be clinically relevant.
authors: Radiation Oncology Department of the University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: D C
authors: DC
authors: Weber
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Nouet
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Kurtz
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Allal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000379:methods*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D016896:Treatment Outcome