title: Continuous intrathecal morphine treatment for chronic pain of nonmalignant etiology: long-term benefits and efficacy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To analyze, prospectively, the long-term effects of continuous intrathecal morphine infusion therapy in 16 patients with chronic nonmalignant pain syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with severe, chronic, nonmalignant pain that had proven refractory to conservative management were considered candidates for trial of intrathecal spinal morphine. Sixteen patients achieved more than 50% pain relief after a trial period of intrathecal morphine infusion. They were implanted with fully implantable and programmable pumps through which morphine was delivered intrathecally on a continuous basis. These patients were followed prospectively and underwent careful evaluation of their functional and mental status, and pain intensity measurements using standardized techniques before treatment and every 6 months thereafter in the follow-up period. The follow-up period ranged from 13 months to 49 months (mean 29.14 months +/- 12.44 months) for the patients who had implanted morphine pumps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean morphine dosage initially administered was 1.11 mg/day (range 0.2--6.5 mg/day); after 6 months, it was 3.1 mg/day (range 0.4--8.75 mg/day). In long-term observation, no patient had a constant dosage history. The patients who received intrathecal morphine for longer than 2 years all showed an increase in morphine dosage to more than 10 mg/day. The best long-term results were seen with deafferentation pain and mixed pain, with 75% and 61% pain reduction (visual analog scale), respectively. Nociceptive pain patients had best pain relief initially (78% pain reduction) but it tended to decrease over the follow-up period to 57% pain reduction at final follow-up. The average pain reduction for all groups after 6 months was 67.5% and at last follow-up, it was 57.5%. Ten patients were satisfied with the delivery system and eleven reported improvement in their quality of life. In two patients, morphine was not able to adequately control the pain without producing undesirable side effects requiring the addition of clonidine to their infusion medication. In this series, 12 patients were considered successes and 4 patients were considered failures. In two patients, the intrathecal opioid therapy was unable to produce satisfactory pain relief and in the other two patients the pumps had to be explanted because of intolerable side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience, the administration of intrathecal opioid medications for nonmalignant pain is justified in carefully selected patients.
authors: Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, Regina General Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kumar
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kelly
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Pirlot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine