title: Influence of smoking and alcohol on gastric chemokine mRNA expression in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chemokines that play a primary role in active inflammation are increased in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, whereas alcohol might exert an antibacterial role. The aim of this study was to examine the association between smoking or alcohol consumption and mucosal chemokine mRNA expression in H pylori associated gastritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained from 46 patients with dyspepsia who were infected with H pylori, and total RNA was extracted. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the mRNA expression of three C-X-C chemokines (interleukin 8 (IL-8), growth related oncogene alpha (GRO alpha), epithelial neutrophil activating protein 78 (ENA-78)) and two C-C chemokines (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  GRO alpha and ENA-78 mRNA expression was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in 22 smokers compared with 24 non-smokers; however, no difference was seen in the expression of IL-8, RANTES, and MCP-1 mRNA. No differences were observed in chemokine mRNA expression in relation to alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased C-X-C chemokine mRNA expression seen in smokers might play a role in inducing enhanced inflammatory activity in gastritis and the consequent severe diseases associated with H pylori infection.
authors: First Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan. tsimo-hki@umin.ac.jp
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Shimoyama
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Everett
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Fukuda
authors: A T
authors: AT
authors: Axon
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Dixon
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Crabtree
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000235:genetics; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D054365:Chemokine CXCL5; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000235:genetics; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; C486263:CXCL5 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D054365:Chemokine CXCL5; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger