title: Sequential map-guided endocardial resection for ventricular tachycardia improves outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgery for ventricular tachycardias late after myocardial infarction is frequently associated with high mortality including sudden death, and arrhythmia recurrences. We examined our results of sequential map-guided endocardial resection at normothermia in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias late after myocardial infarction to assess the efficacy of this technique as well as the early and long-term outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1995 to 1999, 22 patients underwent normothermic sequential map-guided endocardial resection for ventricular tachyarrhythmias late after myocardial infarction. Mean age was 61.2+/-6.5 years and left ventricular ejection fraction 32.5+/-8.7%. Adjunctive procedures included endoventricular patch repair of left ventricular aneurysm in 21 patients, coronary artery bypass grafting in 15 patients, and mitral valve replacement in one patient. Inducibility of ventricular tachycardia was evaluated postoperatively and patients were treated with sotalol or defibrillator implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intraoperative number of inducible different ventricular tachycardia morphologies was 4.0+/-2.7. More than one mapping-resection sequence was needed in ten patients. In only one patient, sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced postoperatively, sotalol was not tolerated and a defibrillator was implanted. Five patients with inducible non-sustained ventricular tachycardia became non-inducible while on sotalol. There was one operative death (4.5%). During a median follow-up of 26 (1--62) months, there were neither cardiac deaths nor ventricular tachycardia recurrences. Two patients died from non-cardiac causes. Cumulative probability of survival at 5 years was 0.83+/-0.09.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequential map-guided endocardial resection at normothermia was associated with low operative mortality and low postoperative inducibility of sustained ventricular tachycardia. The selected therapeutic approach resulted in freedom of arrhythmia recurrence and cardiac mortality including sudden death, during long-term follow-up.
authors: Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Heart Lung Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. p.f.a.bakker@hli.azu.nl
authors: P F
authors: PF
authors: Bakker
authors: F
authors: F
authors: de Lange
authors: R N
authors: RN
authors: Hauer
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Derksen
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: de Bakker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D004699:Endocardium / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome