title: Hypospadias: a contemporary epidemiologic assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the incidence of hypospadias is increasing and whether racial differences among patients are significant, we evaluated the current incidence of hypospadias and patient race in an equal-access healthcare system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a retrospective review of discharge records between 1990 and 1998 from 15 military treatment facilities to determine the total number of male live births and the number of male live births with hypospadias reported by race (categorized as white, black, Asian, Native American, and unknown).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 99,210 male live births, 709 cases of hypospadias were identified (0.7%). Of the total male live births, 68,444 were white, 18,984 were black, 1761 were Asian, 175 were Native American, and 9846 were unknown, with an incidence of hypospadias of 0.8%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.6%, and 0.6%, respectively. Racial differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 0.7% incidence of hypospadias detected is near the upper limit of what has been historically reported. No significant difference between races was found, but the incidence of hypospadias in minorities is higher than previously reported.
authors: Urology Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Gallentine
authors: A F
authors: AF
authors: Morey
authors: I M
authors: IM
authors: Thompson
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000208:ethnology*; D015994:Incidence; D007198:Indians, North American; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American