title: Perioperative administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors decreases the severity and duration of pleural effusions following bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pleural effusions after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis remain a significant cause of morbidity. Prolonged effusions in such patients have been associated with persistent elevations in plasma renin and angiotensin II.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a controlled study in 36 patients (median age 8 months) undergoing bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Enalapril (5 mcg/kg) was administered intravenously within 1 hour of surgery and every 12 hours thereafter in 18 patients; when these patients were tolerating feeds, enalapril was switched to enteral captopril (3 mg/kg/day) every 8 hours. The other 18 patients did not receive perioperative angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Using standardized criteria for discontinuation of chest tubes (< 2 mL/kg/day), volume and duration of pleural drainage were compared between groups. RESULTS. There were no differences between groups in demographic, diagnostic, or hemodynamic factors. There was no difference in cardiopulmonary bypass time between groups and no difference in postoperative pulmonary arterial pressures. The duration of pleural drainage was shorter (2.2+/-1.4 vs 5.9+/-1.4 days, p<0.001) and the volume less during the first 24 hours (4.7+/-1.2 vs 7.7+/-2.1 mL/kg, p<0.001) and overall (10.6+/-2.4 vs 19.6+/-4.5 mL/kg, p<0.001) in patients who received angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors than those who did not. Readmission for persistent effusions was required in 3 patients who did not receive angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and none who did (p=0.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is associated with decreased severity and duration of pleural effusions following bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis.
authors: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. ThompsonL@surgery.ucsf.edu
authors: L D
authors: LD
authors: Thompson
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: McElhinney
authors: C B
authors: CB
authors: Culbertson
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Hardy
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Brook
authors: V M
authors: VM
authors: Reddy
authors: F L
authors: FL
authors: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002216:Captopril / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D004656:Enalapril / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril; D002216:Captopril