Heavy coffee drinking and the risk of suicide.
Earlier research has implicated coffee drinking as a possible protective factor for suicide. We followed-up 43,166 subjects for the mean 14.6 years, and 213 suicides were committed. Daily coffee drinking had a J-shaped association with the risk of suicide. Using the Cox model we controlled for potential covariates, and found that among heavy coffee drinkers (> or = 8 cups/day) the risk of suicide was 58% higher compared with more moderate drinkers.
Tanskanen
A
A
Department of Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Finland. antti.tanskanen@kuh.fi
Tuomilehto
J
J
Viinamäki
H
H
Vartiainen
E
E
Lehtonen
J
J
Puska
P
P
D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D002423:Cause of Death; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D003625:Data Collection; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine