title: Assisted venous drainage cardiopulmonary bypass in congenital heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A novel active venous drainage perfusion circuit was designed to achieve effective venous return through small venous cannulas. The efficacy and safety of this new system was investigated and compared with a conventional gravity drainage system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred consecutive patients undergoing open heart repair of congenital heart lesions by one surgeon were studied. The first 200 patients were supported by gravity drainage and the next 200 patients were supported by assisted venous drainage. No patient in the time period was excluded from the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups did not differ significantly in weight, bypass time, or cross-clamp time. Priming volumes were less in the assisted group than in the gravity group (576+/-232 mL versus 693+/-221 mL, p < 0.001). Venous cannula size was smaller in the assisted group when compared with the gravity group (33.2F+/-7.4F versus 38.5F+/-7.1F, p < 0.001). There was a trend to lower operative mortality in the assisted drainage group (5 of 200, 2.5% versus 11 of 200, 5.5%; p = 0.10). Hospital stay and pulmonary, infectious, and neurologic complications were comparable in both groups. Cardiac complications were less common in the assisted group than in gravity group (22 of 200, 11% versus 38 of 200, 19%; p = 0.017). Hematologic complications were less common in the assisted group than the gravity group (6 of 200, 3% versus 19 of 200, 9.5%; p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that assisted venous drainage is safe in congenital heart operations and facilitates the use of smaller venous cannulas.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Miami Children's Hospital, Florida 33155-4069, USA.
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Ojito
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Hannan
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Miyaji
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: White
authors: T W
authors: TW
authors: McConaghey
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Jacobs
authors: R P
authors: RP
authors: Burke
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality*; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014680:Veins / Q000601:surgery