title: Kinematic analysis of handwriting movements in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Basal ganglia dysfunction is supposed to play a part in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A new computer aided technique for the analysis of hand movements, allowing the detection of subtle motor performance abnormalities, was applied in this study of patients with OCD and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a digitising graphic tablet, hand motor performance was studied in 22 unmedicated patients with OCD and compared with 22 healthy controls. All subjects drew superimposed concentric circles with both the right and the left hand, in addition to writing a given sentence, their personal signature, and letter sequences in four different sizes. Kinematic parameters were calculated to quantify hand motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with OCD had significant impairments of handwriting performance, reflected by lower peak velocity (sentence t=3.6; p=0.001; signature t=2.8; p=0.01) and micrographia (sentence t=3.4; p=0.002; signature t=2.5; p=0.02), compared with controls and shortened acceleration phases per stroke (sentence t=2.4; p=0.02; signature t=4.1; p=0.000). By contrast, in repetitive drawing, patients with OCD had higher peak velocity than healthy controls (group x task interaction p<0.01). There were no significant differences in left and right hand performance between groups. Patients with early versus late age of onset differed in handwriting parameters, such as handwriting consistency. Greater severity of obsessions and compulsions correlated with increasingly poor handwriting performance in patients with OCD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A subtle motor dysfunction in OCD can be detected with a digitising tablet. The findings show handwriting impairments in patients with OCD, in line with the assumption that basal ganglia dysfunction is part of OCD pathophysiology. Repetitive motor pattern performance was not impaired, but rather tended to be even better in patients with OCD than in controls. The findings also support the concept that patients with OCD with early versus late age of onset differ in pathophysiological mechanisms and basal ganglia dysfunction.
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology and Outpatient Clinic for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstrasse 7, D-80336 München, Germany.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Mavrogiorgou
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Mergl
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Tigges
authors: J
authors: J
authors: El Husseini
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Schröter
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Juckel
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Zaudig
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Hegerl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales