title: MR imaging of vascular stents: effects of susceptibility, flow, and radiofrequency eddy currents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to examine the various sources of artifacts in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and angiography of vascular stents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five low-artifact stents-Wallstent (cobalt alloy), Memotherm (nitinol), Perflex (stainless steel), Passager (tantalum), and Smart (nitinol)-were imaged in a vascular flow phantom, consisting of a thin-walled cellulose vessel model connected to a pump system. The echo time and the angulation of the stents with respect to the direction of the main magnetic field were varied. Spin echo and gradient echo images as well as three-dimensional MR angiograms were obtained to study the effects of flow, magnetic susceptibility, and radiofrequency-induced eddy currents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Susceptibility artifacts were restricted to the stents' direct environment and were mildest at short echo times and with the stents aligned with the main magnetic field. Nitinol stents showed less artifacts than steel stents did. Radiofrequency artifacts obscuring the stent lumen and flow-related lumen displacement were seen in all stents. The extent to which these occurred depended on strut geometry and orientation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For low-artifact stents, the material the stent is made of is not the only important factor in the process of artifact formation. Susceptibility artifacts, radiofrequency eddy currents and flow-related artifacts all contribute to the image distortion, and are dependent on the geometry and orientation of the struts and on the orientation of the stent in the main magnetic field.
authors: Department of Radiology, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan, The Netherlands. w.bartels@azu.nl
authors: L W
authors: LW
authors: Bartels
authors: H F
authors: HF
authors: Smits
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Bakker
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Viergever
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001808:Blood Vessels; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015607:Stents