title: Red palm oil in the maternal diet increases provitamin A carotenoids in breastmilk and serum of the mother-infant dyad.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite vitamin A supplementation programs, vitamin A deficiency in children remains a public health concern in Honduras.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effectiveness of short-term dietary supplementation of mothers with red palm oil as a strategy for improving the vitamin A status of the mother-infant dyad.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lactating mothers in Colonia Los Pinos, a barrio of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, consumed a total of 90-mg beta-carotene as red palm oil (n = 32) supplements (n = 36) or placebo (n = 18) in six equal doses over 10 days. Carotenoids and retinol in maternal and infant serum, and breastmilk carotenoids and retinol were measured before and after supplementation. Maternal diet was evaluated by 24-hour recall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal serum alpha-carotene and beta-carotene concentrations were increased 2 fold by palm oil compared with 1.2 fold by beta-carotene supplements. Changes were significantly different in infant serum alpha-carotene but not beta-carotene among the three experimental groups. Increases in breastmilk beta-carotene were greater for the palm oil group (2.5 fold) than for the beta-carotene supplement group (1.6 fold) and increases in milk alpha-carotene concentrations (3.2 fold) were slightly greater than those of beta-carotene. There were also small but significant changes among groups in breastmilk lutein and lycopene. Breastmilk retinol was not significantly different among the groups over the treatment period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Red palm oil in the maternal diet increases provitamin A carotenoids in breastmilk and serum of the mother-infant dyad. The use of dietary red palm oil to improve the vitamin A status of this population should be further investigated.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724. lmcanfie@email.arizona.edu
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Canfield
authors: R G
authors: RG
authors: Kaminsky
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Taren
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Shaw
authors: J K
authors: JK
authors: Sander
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006721:Honduras; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis; D000077276:Lycopene; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009752:Nutritional Status; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000032:analysis*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010938:Plant Oils; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids; D000073878:Palm Oil; D000077276:Lycopene; D014975:Lutein