title: Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in the airway epithelium of asthmatic subjects and regulation by corticosteroid treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) and prostanoids are mediators of vascular and bronchial tone that are postulated to be involved in asthma. Increased levels of both are found in asthmatic subjects and are synthesised by enzymes that have cytokine inducible forms: inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), respectively. We hypothesised that the in vivo expression of iNOS and COX-2 in the airways would be increased in asthma, and that these cytokine inducible enzymes may represent targets for regulation by corticosteroid treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bronchial biopsy specimens were obtained from three groups of subjects: atopic asthmatics treated with beta(2) agonists alone (n=7), atopic asthmatics additionally receiving regular treatment with corticosteroids (n=8), and non-asthmatic control subjects (n=10). Expression of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA and immunoreactive protein was studied using in situ hybridisation and quantitative immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoreactivity and the hybridisation signal for iNOS and COX-2 were mainly localised in the airway epithelium. The proportion of epithelium immunostained was significantly greater in the non-steroid treated asthmatic subjects (iNOS 8.6 (1.8)%; COX-2 26.3 (4.6)%) than either the steroid treated asthmatics (iNOS 3.4 (1.0)%, p=0.009; COX-2 13.0 (0.6)%, p=0.0015) or the non-asthmatic controls (iNOS 4.2 (0.9)%, p=0.018; COX-2 11.6 (0.6)%, p=0.0003). Similarly, the hybridisation signal was stronger in the non-steroid treated group of asthmatic subjects than in the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the potential role of the airway epithelium both as a contributor to the inflammatory process in asthma and as a target for inhaled corticosteroid treatment in this disease.
authors: University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. a.e.redington@medschool.hull.ac.uk
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Redington
authors: Q H
authors: QH
authors: Meng
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Springall
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Evans
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Créminon
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Maclouf
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Holgate
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Howarth
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Polak
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism*; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D015415:Biomarkers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases