title: Metal exposure from amalgam alters the distribution of trace elements in blood cells and plasma.
abstract: Twenty-seven consecutive patients with health problems associated with dental amalgam were recruited. In spite of thorough medical examinations, there were no diagnoses available. The patient group was dominated by women. A healthy age- and sex-matched control group with dental amalgams without symptoms was also recruited. Metal level monitoring in plasma and nuclear microscopy of isolated individual blood cells were carried out. Significant increases of copper, iron, zinc and strontium were found in patient plasma. There was no significant difference in plasma selenium between the groups. Mercury was significantly increased in patient plasma, although there was overlap between the groups. In erythrocytes a significant increase in calcium and a significant decrease in magnesium, copper, manganese and zinc were found. Calcium, magnesium, manganese and copper increased in patient neutrophil granulocytes. A significant decrease was found for zinc. A conspicuous finding was the presence of measurable mercury in a few of the cells from the patient but not in the control group. Thus, nuclear microscopy of isolated individual blood cells might provide a better diagnostic tool for metal exposure than blood plasma measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Uppsala University, Sweden. Ulf.Lindh@bms.uu.se
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carlmark
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Grönquist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindvall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014131:Trace Elements; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D008628:Mercury