title: Relationship between pattern of enhancement and local control of brain metastases after radiosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A desired goal in the radiosurgery (RS) of brain metastases is improved local control. Our earlier retrospective review identified pattern of enhancement on day-of-treatment imaging as a prognostic indicator for freedom from progression (FFP) after RS in 219 brain metastases. The current study was performed to corroborate this preliminary finding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records and imaging studies of patients treated with RS from 1991 to 1997 were reviewed. Each metastasis was categorized as homogeneously-, heterogeneously-, or ring-enhancing. Kaplan-Meier FFP was calculated from the date of RS to the first imaging showing tumor progression. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard models stratified by primary site and type of RS (alone, as a boost, or for recurrence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 682 lesions in 258 patients, 518 lesions in 193 patients were evaluable. Pattern of enhancement was homogeneous in 59%, heterogeneous in 32%, and ring-like in 8% of lesions. One-year FFP probabilities for homogeneously-, heterogeneously-, and ring-enhancing lesions were 90% (95% confidence interval, 84-93%), 76% (64-84%), and 57% (35-74%), respectively. The p-value for pattern of enhancement from the stratified multivariate analysis was 0.019 adjusting for RS dose and treatment period (1991-1994 vs. 1995-1997). Similar results were achieved adjusting for tumor volume instead of RS dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pattern of enhancement is confirmed as a significant prognostic factor for FFP of brain metastases treated with RS, independent of dose and volume. A possible explanation is radioresistance of hypoxic tumor cells associated with necrotic regions, suggesting future investigations with radiosensitizers, hypoxic cell sensitizers, or strategies to improve tumor oxygenation.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sneed
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Shiau
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lamborn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wara
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*