title: Clinical and cognitive factors associated with verbal memory task performance in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors have previously shown the role of depression, slowing of processing speed, and selective attention deficit in verbal memory task performance in schizophrenia. They wished to determine the specific contribution of each of these factors to various types of memory impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The negative symptom score from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, a measure of processing speed, and a measure of selective attention were entered as predictors in regression analyses. Furthermore, analyses of covariance were conducted on the memory measures to test the significance of the differences between schizophrenic patients and healthy comparison subjects after control for processing speed and selective attention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression was associated only with deep encoding reflected by semantic clustering. Selective attention was associated only with superficial encoding reflected by serial recall. Slowing of processing speed was associated with both deep and superficial encoding. Negative symptoms were not associated with memory impairment except for the avolition item from the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Processing speed accounted for all the group differences on the memory measures that reflected superficial encoding. In addition, a subgroup of patients with no or minor depression was not significantly impaired on deep encoding relative to the healthy comparison group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors suggest that verbal memory impairment in schizophrenia is a consequence of depression and slowness, rather than a primary feature of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA. g.brebion@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brébion
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malaspina
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sharif
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Amador
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011939:Mental Recall; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data