title: Expression of retinoic acid receptor gamma correlates with retinoic acid sensitivity and metabolism in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.
abstract: Retinoids, analogues of vitamin A, can reverse premalignant lesions and prevent second primary tumors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The effects of retinoids are mediated by retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which act as ligand-activated transcription factors. The regulation of cell growth, differentiation and retinoid metabolism in normal, premalignant and malignant cells by retinoids is thought to be a result of their effects on gene expression. We investigated mRNA expression of RARs (alpha, beta, and gamma) and RXR-beta by means of RNase protection and related this to retinoic acid (RA)-induced growth inhibition and RA turnover in four HNSCC cell lines (UM-SCC-14C, UM-SCC-22A, UM-SCC-35 and VU-SCC-OE). An RA-resistant subline of UM-SCC-35 was generated by exposure to increasing concentrations of RA for 8 months (designated UM-SCC-35R). RA turnover was determined on the basis of decreasing RA levels in the cells and culture medium after exposure to 1 microM RA. We found that RAR-gamma mRNA expression was strongly correlated with RA-induced growth inhibition (p = 0.016, R = 0.92) and RA turnover (p = 0.041, R = 0.86). RAR-beta transcript levels were reduced in three of five cell lines compared with normal mucosa, and these did not correlate with RA-induced growth inhibition and RA turnover. Expression of RAR-alpha and RXR-beta was not substantially altered in any of the cell lines. These findings suggest that in HNSCC cell lines RAR-gamma is the most important retinoid receptor for regulation of RA turnover rate and RA-induced growth inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Section of Tumor Biology, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klaassen
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brakenhoff
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Braakhuis
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000097768:Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin; D000097768:Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta