title: Intraoperative superficial femoral artery balloon angioplasty and popliteal to distal bypass graft: an option for combined open and endovascular treatment of diabetic gangrene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of combining intraoperative balloon angioplasty (IBA) of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) with distal bypass graft originating from the popliteal artery as a method of lower extremity revascularization in diabetic patients with gangrene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 380 infrainguinal bypass grafts performed over a 6-year period, there were 110 reversed saphenous vein bypass grafts to the tibial or pedal arteries to treat diabetic patients with gangrene. Diffuse infrainguinal disease was treated with femoral-distal bypass graft (long; n = 46). Popliteal-distal bypass graft was performed when the inflow femoral artery was not significantly diseased (short; n = 52). Focal SFA stenosis and severe infrageniculate disease were treated with combined IBA of the SFA and distal bypass graft originating from the popliteal artery (combined; n = 12). Follow-up was performed with duplex scan surveillance of both the bypass graft and IBA sites. Treatment groups were compared with life-table analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no perioperative graft failures or amputations. The perioperative mortality rate was 1% (1 of 110). The 2-year primary patency rates were similar in the three groups: 72% in the long bypass graft group, 82% in the short bypass graft group, and 76% in the combined group (P =.8, log-rank test). SFA IBA sites developed recurrent stenosis in two patients, at 7 and 48 months; both were detected with surveillance and treated with percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. The overall 5-year rate of primary patency was 63%, secondary patency was 78%, limb salvage was 81%, and survival was 35%. There were no significant differences among the three treatment groups with respect to these outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results with the combined procedure were similar to those achieved with either femoral-distal bypass graft or popliteal-distal bypass graft without SFA IBA. These data suggest that IBA of the inflow SFA may be combined with popliteal to distal bypass graft and that this technique is a reasonable alternative to longer, femoral-origin bypass graft in selected diabetic patients with gangrene.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Therapy, Hawaii Permanente Medical Group, Honolulu, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Caps
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hayman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply*; D005734:Gangrene / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000637:transplantation; D016909:Tibial Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods