title: Significance of the clinical course and early upper gastrointestinal studies in predicting complications associated with repair of esophageal atresia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In many centers, use of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) contrast studies in the early postoperative period after esophageal atresia (EA) repair is considered routine. Indications for this are many, including searching for existing problems and predicting future complications. However, most major complications, both early and late, usually are identified clinically before any radiologic studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that may anticipate the development of postoperative complications after EA repair, looking particularly at the predictive value of routine early postoperative UGI studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 111 consecutive cases of EA were identified retrospectively over a 10-year period from 2 major Canadian pediatric health centers. One hundred one were associated with a distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), of which, 90 had repairs. Ninety-seven percent of these had a UGI study at a median of 9.1 postoperative days (range, 2 to 23) before consideration of oral feeding. Charts were reviewed looking at patient variables, surgical factors, early UGI findings, and postoperative courses. Complications that required intervention were noted, including anastomotic leaks, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), strictures, and recurrent and missed fistulae. All initial UGI studies were reexamined by 1 of 2 pediatric radiologists. Logistic regression was used to examine relationships between these clinical and radiologic variables and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the variables analyzed, univariate analysis showed clinically significant leaks to be associated with intraoperative factors (subjective degree of anastomotic tension, and the use of myotomies) and early postoperative clinical evidence suggesting a leak. In a multivariate model, all remained independently significant except for the use of myotomies. Later development of clinically significant GER also was associated with the degree of tension. It had no relationship, however, with findings of dysmotility, esophageal shortening, or reflux at the initial UGI study. Development of a stricture requiring dilatations or resection was associated with a history of clinically evident GER only; no relationships were seen with a history of an anastomotic leak or any other clinical, operative, or radiographic variables. Missed or recurrent fistulae were all suspected clinically before radiologic confirmation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early and late complications after repair of EA can be identified and potentially anticipated based on clinical findings at the time of repair and during the postoperative period. The use of early "routine" UGI studies, with no suspicion of a problem, has little value in terms of predicting complications or future clinical course.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric General Surgery, IWK-Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Yanchar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dunlap
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soucy
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D003287:Contrast Media; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001466:Barium Sulfate