title: Influence of carvedilol on hospitalizations in heart failure: incidence, resource utilization and costs. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carvedilol reduces disease progression in heart failure, but to our knowledge, its effects on hospitalizations and costs have not been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects on hospitalization frequency and costs in the U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Trials Program. This program consisted of four concurrent, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies involving 1,094 patients with New York Heart Association class II to IV heart failure, which treated patients with placebo or carvedilol for up to 15 months (median, 6.5 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed resource utilization data were collected for all hospitalizations occurring between randomization and the end of follow-up. In-patient care costs were estimated based on observed levels of resource use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with placebo, carvedilol reduced the risk of hospitalization for any reason by 29% (p = 0.009), cardiovascular hospitalizations by 28% (p = 0.034) and heart failure hospitalizations by 38% (p = 0.041). Carvedilol also decreased the mean number of hospitalizations per patient (for cardiovascular reasons 30% [p = 0.02], for heart failure 53% [p = 0.03]). Among hospitalized patients, carvedilol reduced severity of illness during hospital admission, as reflected by shorter length of stay and less frequent use of intensive care. For heart failure hospital admissions, carvedilol decreased mean length of stay by 37% (p = 0.03) and mean number of intensive care unit/coronary care unit days by 83% (p = 0.001), with similar effects on cardiovascular admissions. As a result, estimated inpatient care costs with carvedilol were 57% lower for cardiovascular admissions (p = 0.016) and 81% lower for heart failure admissions (p = 0.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carvedilol added to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition reduces hospitalization risk as well as severity of illness and resource utilization during admission in patients with chronic heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA. Mfowler@Stanford.edu
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vera-Llonch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oster
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bristow
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lukas
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richner
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol