Mechanisms of opioid-induced pain and antinociceptive tolerance: descending facilitation and spinal dynorphin.
Vanderah
T W
TW
Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
Ossipov
M H
MH
Lai
J
J
Malan
T P
TP
Porreca
F
F
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004399:Dynorphins