title: Hand-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The indications for partial nephrectomy are expanding as newer and more complete data come forth. A partial nephrectomy has traditionally required a generous flank incision. We report our experience using hand-assisted laparoscopy (HAL) as a less-invasive approach to partial nephrectomies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 1999 and May 2000, we performed 11 HAL partial nephrectomies. The average age of the patients was 55.7 years, the average body mass index was 25.6, and the average ASA class was 2.2. The indications for partial nephrectomy were enhancing solid renal lesions (N = 9) and nonfunctioning renal moiety in a duplicated system (N = 2). In the majority of cases, access to the renal pedicle was obtained prior to the partial nephrectomy. However, in no case did the renal artery or vein require occlusion. Several excisional techniques were employed, but all relied heavily on the Harmonic Scalpel in conjunction with the argon beam coagulator. Different hemostatic agents were applied to the renal defect, including Surgicel, Avitene, and fibrin-soaked Gelfoam activated by thrombin. In several instances, pledget reinforced sutures were placed in the renal capsule to aid with hemostasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average operative time was 273 minutes, the estimated blood loss 319 mL, and the change in hematocrit 7.3 points. No patient required a transfusion, and there was one conversion to open. Postoperatively patients, required an average of 35.6 mg of morphine sulfate equivalent and 8.2 narcotic tablets, resumed oral intake in 1.7 days, and were discharged home in 3.3 days. There were no major complications and only two minor complications. Postoperatively, five lesions were found to be benign, four lesions were confirmed to be malignant, and two lesions were consistent with a nonfunctioning duplicated renal moiety. Specimen size averaged 180 cc, and the tumor diameter averaged 1.9 cm. There were no positive surgical margins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is feasible and reproducible. The surgeon's hand in the operative field facilitates dissection, vascular control, hemostasis, and suturing. Further long-term and prospective studies are underway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10021, USA. uro99@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stifelman
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nakada
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shichman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000601:surgery; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000601:surgery; D003560:Cysts / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome