National serologic survey of measles immunity among persons 6 years of age or older, 1988-1994.
BACKGROUND
Measles incidence in the United States is at a record low, and indigenous transmission has been interrupted in each year since 1996, suggesting that measles is no longer endemic. A national estimate of measles immunity and an understanding of predictors of measles susceptibility are essential for assuring sustained elimination of endemic disease.


OBJECTIVE
To assess patterns of immunity and to determine predictors of susceptibility to measles.


METHODS
Sera and data on participants from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) (NHANES III) were examined. NHANES III was a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States.


METHODS
20,100 persons 6 years of age or older were tested for measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody by an enzyme immunoassay.


METHODS
Participants with serum positive for measles antibody were considered protected or immune to measles disease.


RESULTS
Prevalence of measles immunity was 93%. Nearly all persons (99%) born in the prevaccine era (before 1957) were immune. Immunity declined among persons born in the vaccine era (after 1956) to 81% among those born in 1967-1976, and increased again to 89% among those born in 1977-1988. Among persons born in the vaccine era, independent predictors of measles susceptibility varied by birth cohort and included birth in the United States, residence in a noncrowded household, residence in a nonmetropolitan area, and, among males, non-Hispanic white and Mexican American race/ethnicity. Among adults 17 years of age or older, additional predictors of susceptibility included living at or above the poverty line and not currently being married.


CONCLUSIONS
Population immunity among persons 6 years of age or older is very high; however, as many as 15 million persons across the United States may lack humoral immunity. While it is unclear that the susceptible population can support continuous, indigenous transmission of measles, providers should follow current recommendations to evaluate the measles susceptibility of patients born in the vaccine era and vaccinate eligible patients.
Hutchins
S S
SS
National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. ssh1@cdc.gov
Redd
S C
SC
Schrag
S
S
Kruszon-Moran
D
D
Wooten
K
K
McQuillan
G M
GM
Bellini
W
W
Meyer
P A
PA
Hadler
S
S
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007110:Immunity, Active; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D008459:Measles virus / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008458:Measles Vaccine