title: Protein kinase C inhibition abrogates hepatic ischemic preconditioning responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A transient period of warm ischemia prior to a longer ischemic episode (ischemic preconditioning) protects the hepatic graft from cold ischemia. The mechanism for this protection is unknown, as is the role of protein kinase C in ischemic preconditioning responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Livers from 40 kg Yorkshire pigs were harvested and subjected to 2 h of cold ischemia (n = 6) (control). Another group of harvested livers was pretreated with a 15-min ischemic period followed by 15 min of in situ perfusion with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) a protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythrine. Following cold ischemia, all grafts were reperfused on a perfusion circuit and the following variables evaluated: (1) hepatic graft function, (2) graft circulatory impairment, (3) hepatocellular damage, and (4) endothelial cell damage. Protein kinase C levels were also evaluated by Western blot in the cytoplasm of all grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic preconditioned grafts demonstrate improved graft function, reduced graft circulatory impairment, and reduced endothelial cell damage as compared to cold ischemia controls. When preconditioned grafts were pretreated with chelerythrine, graft function, graft circulatory impairment, and endothelial cell damage were no different than cold ischemia controls. Ischemic preconditioned grafts demonstrated decreased levels of protein kinase C prior to cold ischemia. There was no change in protein kinase C levels in cold ischemia controls or chelerythrine-pretreated grafts prior to cold ischemia. These data indicate that modulation of protein kinase C is essential for ischemic preconditioning responses in the cold preserved hepatic graft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Donohue
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Callery
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chari
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004727:Endothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000601:surgery; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010617:Phenanthridines; C016299:chelerythrine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011493:Protein Kinase C