title: Effect of tibial plateau leveling on cranial and caudal tibial thrusts in canine cranial cruciate-deficient stifles: an in vitro experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of tibial plateau leveling (TPL) on tibial subluxation and tibial axial rotation; to determine the minimal tibial plateau rotation (MinTPR) angle that provides stifle stability; and to evaluate caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL) strain following tibial plateau rotation in cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen canine cadaver hind limbs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tibial subluxation was measured from lateral radiographs in intact, loaded stifles and after sequential CrCL transection, MinTPR, TPL, and CaCL transection. The MinTPR angle was determined using a custom-made hinge plate and compared with the TPL angle. Tibial axial rotation was evaluated in CrCL-deficient stifles before and after TPL. Finally, CaCL strain was recorded in intact, loaded stifles, and following MinTPR, TPL, and tibial plateau over-rotation (MaxTPR) using a force probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cranial tibial subluxation in CrCL-deficient stifles was eliminated with TPL. Tibial plateau rotation, however, induced caudal tibial subluxation, which significantly increased from MinTPR to TPL before and after CaCL transection. The MinTPR angle was 6.5 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees less than the TPL angle (P <.05). Tibial internal rotation decreased significantly after TPL in CrCL-deficient stifles. Finally, CaCL strain increased with increasing tibial plateau rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that, during stance phase, TPL transforms cranial tibial thrust into caudal tibial thrust, thereby stabilizing the stifle in the cranio-caudal plane via the constraint of the CaCL. The increase in CaCL stress, which results from tibial plateau rotation, could predispose the CaCL to fatigue failure and therefore would caution against tibial plateau over-rotation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Comparative Orthopaedic Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Warzee
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dejardin
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Arnoczky
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004285:Dogs / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D013264:Stifle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*