title: Reducing loss in lateral charged-particle equilibrium due to air cavities present in x-ray irradiated media by using longitudinal magnetic fields.
abstract: The underdosing of lesions distal to air cavities, such as those found in upper respiratory passages, occurs due to the loss in lateral charged-particle equilibrium (CPE). The degree of underdosing worsens for smaller field sizes, resulting in more frequent recurrence of the cancer treated. Higher photon energies further aggravate the outcome by producing longer second build-up regions beyond the cavity. Besides underdosing, the larger lateral spread of secondary electron fluence in the air cavity produces diffuse dose distributions at the tissue-air interface for shaped or intensity modulated fields. These disequilibrium effects create undesirable deviations from the intended treatment. The clinical concern is further intensified by the failure of traditional treatment planning systems to even account for such defects. In this work, the use of longitudinal magnetic fields on the order of 0.5 T is proposed for alleviating lateral electronic disequilibrium due to the presence of air cavities in the irradiated volume. The magnetic field enforces lateral CPE by restricting the lateral range of electrons in the air cavity. The problem is studied in a simple water-air-water slab geometry using EGS4 Monte Carlo simulations for 6 MV photons. Electronic disequilibrium is evaluated for beams of various sizes, shapes and intensity distributions constructed by linear superposition of the dose distributions for 0.5 x 0.5 cm2 beamlets. Comparison is also made with 60Co irradiation. The results indicate that the lateral confinement of secondary electrons in the air cavity by sub-MRI strength longitudinal fields is effective in reducing deterioration of dose distributions near tissue-air interfaces. This can potentially reduce recurrence rates of cancers such as the larynx carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. snaqvi@sun2.ummc.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.forename: X A
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ramahi
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008280:Magnetics; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes