title: Epigenetic inactivation of RASSF1A in lung and breast cancers and malignant phenotype suppression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recently identified RASSF1 locus is located within a 120-kilobase region of chromosome 3p21.3 that frequently undergoes allele loss in lung and breast cancers. We explored the hypothesis that RASSF1 encodes a tumor suppressor gene for lung and breast cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed expression of two RASSF1 gene products, RASSF1A and RASSF1C, and the methylation status of their respective promoters in 27 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, in 107 resected NSCLCs, in 47 small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, in 22 breast cancer cell lines, in 39 resected breast cancers, in 104 nonmalignant lung samples, and in three breast and lung epithelial cultures. We also transfected a lung cancer cell line that lacks RASSF1A expression with vectors containing RASSF1A complementary DNA to determine whether exogenous expression of RASSF1A would affect in vitro growth and in vivo tumorigenicity of this cell line. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RASSF1A messenger RNA was expressed in nonmalignant epithelial cultures but not in 100% of the SCLC, in 65% of the NSCLC, or in 60% of the breast cancer lines. By contrast, RASSF1C was expressed in all nonmalignant cell cultures and in nearly all cancer cell lines. RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation was detected in 100% of SCLC, in 63% of NSCLC, in 64% of breast cancer lines, in 30% of primary NSCLCs, and in 49% of primary breast tumors but in none of the nonmalignant lung tissues. RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation in resected NSCLCs was associated with impaired patient survival (P =.046). Exogenous expression of RASSF1A in a cell line lacking expression decreased in vitro colony formation and in vivo tumorigenicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RASSF1A is a potential tumor suppressor gene that undergoes epigenetic inactivation in lung and breast cancers through hypermethylation of its promoter region.
authors.affiliation: Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Burbee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Forgacs
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zöchbauer-Müller
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shivakumar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Randle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virmani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekido
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milchgrub
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toyooka
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gazdar
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zabarovsky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Minna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins