title: Interferon regulatory factor expression in human breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of interferon regulatory factors 1 and 2 (IRF-1 and IRF-2) in human breast cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Interferon regulatory factors 1 and 2 are transcription factors in the interferon gamma signal transduction pathway. IRF-1 acts as the effector arm of the interferon gamma response; IRF-2 binds to the same DNA consensus sequence and opposes IRF-1 activity. Previous work in the authors' laboratory has shown the tumor suppressor activity of IRF-1 expression and the oncogenic effect of IRF-2 in human and murine tumor models, including human breast cancer cell lines. The authors' hypothesis is that this pathway is involved in human tumor development, and alterations in the expression of IRF-1 and IRF-2 may occur in breast cancer tissue compared with normal breast tissue, and between more and less differentiated breast cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human archival tissue specimens were obtained from 33 patients with pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 49 women with invasive ductal cancer. Adjacent areas of normal breast tissue were assayed in 31 women. These specimens were stained with polyclonal IRF-1 and IRF-2 antibodies using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique after epitope retrieval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most normal breast tissue showed expression of IRF-1 and no expression of IRF-2 by immunohistochemistry. High-grade DCIS or node-positive invasive ductal cancers were less likely to express the tumor suppressor IRF-1 than normal tissue. More strikingly, high-grade DCIS and invasive ductal cancers were much more likely to express the oncogenic IRF-2 protein than was normal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of IRF-1 and IRF-2 is altered in human breast cancer compared with normal adjacent tissue. The loss of IRF-1 expression is consistent with tumor suppressor loss and the development of IRF-2 expression with oncogenic activation. These data support the hypothesis that this pathway is involved in human breast oncogenesis, which warrants further investigation regarding prognostic and therapeutic implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. dohertyg@msnotes.wustl.edu
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sorenson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lowney
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000378:metabolism*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D050836:Interferon Regulatory Factor-2; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494257:IRF1 protein, human; C494229:IRF2 protein, human; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D050836:Interferon Regulatory Factor-2; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors