title: High-dose progestins for the treatment of cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to summarise evidence from scientific studies on cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome in order to assess and highlight the efficacy of high-dose progestins (megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate) compared with placebo in patients with hormone-independent tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of published randomised clinical trials was carried out by an extensive electronic and hand search through databases, relevant journals and books, congress, proceedings, reference lists, without any language or year of publication restriction. The research was conducted by two independent operators who collected the data in a form specifically designed for this review. Among the several possible outcomes, appetite and body weight were chosen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen randomised clinical trials (more than 2000 patients) were retrieved for the review. There was a statistically significant advantage for high-dose progestins as regards improved appetite: pooled odds ratio (OR) = 4.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.53-7.04. Although the effect of high-dose progestins on body weight was less impressive, statistical significance was also reached for this outcome: pooled OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.80-3.92. Treatment morbidity was very low, due to the brief period of the treatment in most of the studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of high-dose progestins on appetite and body weight were clearly demonstrated. However, further studies are undoubtedly warranted to investigate other aspects of progestin activity, especially as regards dosage, duration and timing with best therapeutic index.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Pierantoni Hospital, Forli, Italy. i.o.r@fo.nettuno.it malto.ma@tin.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maltoni
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nanni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scarpi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amadori
mesh_terms: D000855:Anorexia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002100:Cachexia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D011372:Progestins