title: Identification of active site residues in glucosylceramide synthase. A nucleotide-binding catalytic motif conserved with processive beta-glycosyltransferases.
abstract: Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) transfers glucose from UDP-Glc to ceramide, catalyzing the first glycosylation step in the formation of higher order glycosphingolipids. The amino acid sequence of GCS was reported to be dissimilar from other proteins, with no identifiable functional domains. We previously identified His-193 of rat GCS as an important residue in UDP-Glc and GCS inhibitor binding; however, little else is known about the GCS active site. Here, we identify key residues of the GCS active site by performing biochemical and site-directed mutagenesis studies of rat GCS expressed in bacteria. First, we found that Cys-207 was the primary residue involved in GCS N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity. Next, we showed by multiple alignment that the region of GCS flanking His-193 and Cys-207 (amino acids 89-278) contains a D1,D2,D3,(Q/R)XXRW motif found in the putative active site of processive beta-glycosyltransferases (e.g. cellulose, chitin, and hyaluronan synthases). Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that most of the highly conserved residues were essential for GCS activity. We also note that GCS and processive beta-glycosyltransferases are topologically similar, possessing cytosolic active sites, with putative transmembrane domains immediately N-terminal to the conserved domain. These results provide the first extensive information on the GCS active site and show that GCS and processive beta-glycosyltransferases possess a conserved substrate-binding/catalytic domain.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pagano
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016695:Glycosyltransferases; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C023246:ceramide glucosyltransferase