title: Evaluation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis and their roles in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis and ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 42 patients with TCC of the renal pelvis and ureter were studied. Cell proliferation was assessed by Ki-67 immunostaining, and the proliferation index (PI) was expressed as a percentage of Ki-67-positive cells. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), and the apoptotic index (AI) was expressed as a percentage of TUNEL positive cells. Angiogenesis was evaluated by CD31 immunostaining, and microvessel density (MVD) was expressed as the average of the microvessel count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PI ranged from 5.9% to 48.0% (median 20.03%), AI from 1.0% to 4.2% (median 2.26%), and MVD from 16.0 to 146.0 (median 56.88) in TCC of the renal pelvis and ureter. Statistical analysis revealed close associations of both PI and MVD with tumor stage and of AI with tumor grade. Our study demonstrated a strong relationship between PI and MVD, but did not show associations of AI with PI or MVD in TCC of the renal pelvis and ureter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that the high activity of tumor cell proliferation with rich neovascularization may be related to the high malignant potential of the cancer, and evaluation of cell proliferation combined with angiogenesis may be useful in predicting the progression of the renal pelvic and ureteral TCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takenaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D014513:Ureter / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen