title: The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Typhoid fever is common in developing countries. The licensed typhoid vaccines confer only about 70 percent immunity, do not protect young children, and are not used for routine vaccination. A newly devised conjugate of the capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi, Vi, bound to nontoxic recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (rEPA), has enhanced immunogenicity in adults and in children 5 to 14 years old and has elicited a booster response in children 2 to 4 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, randomized trial, we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the Vi-rEPA vaccine in children two to five years old in 16 communes in Dong Thap Province, Vietnam. Each of the 11,091 children received two injections six weeks apart of either Vi-rEPA or a saline placebo. Cases of typhoid, diagnosed by the isolation of S. typhi from blood cultures after 3 or more days of fever (a temperature of 37.5 degrees C or higher), were identified by active surveillance over a period of 27 months. We estimated efficacy by comparing the attack rate of typhoid in the vaccine group with that in the placebo group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. typhi was isolated from 4 of the 5525 children who were fully vaccinated with Vi-rEPA and from 47 of the 5566 children who received both injections of placebo (efficacy, 91.5 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 77.1 to 96.6; P<0.001). Among the 771 children who received only one injection, there was 1 case of typhoid in the vaccine group and 8 cases in the placebo group. Cases were distributed evenly among all age groups and throughout the study period. No serious adverse reactions were observed. In all 36 children studied four weeks after the second injection of the vaccine, levels of serum IgG Vi antibodies had increased by a factor of 10 or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Vi-rEPA conjugate typhoid vaccine is safe and immunogenic and has more than 90 percent efficacy in children two to five years old. The antibody responses and the efficacy suggest that this vaccine should be at least as protective in persons who are more than five years old.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7510, USA. link@exchange.nih.gov
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Khiem
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Trach
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Bay
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Thanh
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kossaczka
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bryla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shiloach
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schneerson
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Szu
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005098:Exotoxins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D037521:Virulence Factors; D000097668:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
chemical_list: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D005098:Exotoxins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; D037521:Virulence Factors; D000097668:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A; C057664:Vi polysaccharide vaccine, typhoid