title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: fundus-down approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the primary treatment of gallstone disease. Although refinements have made it safer, bile duct injury remains more common than with the open approach. The major difference in these techniques is that open cholecystectomy approaches the gallbladder from the fundus downward, whereas conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy proceeds in the reverse direction. A handful of fundus-down techniques appear in the literature. The use of special instruments or port sites is common. We present a technique that is safe and utilizes instruments familiar to the surgeon performing conventional LC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty consecutive LCs were included in the study. The variables monitored were age, comorbidities, postoperative diagnosis, pathologic diagnosis, length of operation, hospital length of stay, and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average operating time for chronic cholecystitis was 1 hour, and the average time for acute cholecystitis was less than 2 hours. Except for one early case of bleeding, in which the procedure was completed using the familiar conventional method, no complications and no unusual technical difficulties were encountered. There were no differences between conventional and fundus-down LC with regard to time and complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique is safe and has several benefits: (1) standard trocar sites that offer the surgeon flexibility in the approach; (2) the ability to resect as much cystic duct as desired; and (3) utilization of standard instruments familiar to the surgeon, thus avoiding costly special instruments. The approach may offer the benefit of reducing the rate of common bile duct injury to that of open cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio 44111, USA.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Urban
mesh_terms: D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome