title: Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging combined with neuronavigation: a new concept.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraoperative image data may be used not only to evaluate the extent of a tumor resection but also to update neuronavigation, compensating for brain shift. To date, however, intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be combined only with navigation microscopes that are separated from the magnetic field, thus requiring time-consuming intraoperative patient transport. To help solve this problem, we investigated whether a new navigation microscope can be used within the fringe field of the MRI scanner.
  
  
  METHODS
  The navigation microscope was placed at the 5-G line of a 0.2 MRI device. Patients were positioned lying down directly on the table of the scanner, with their heads placed approximately 1.5 m from the center of the magnet, fixed in an MRI-compatible ceramic head holder. Standard operating instruments were used. For intraoperative imaging, we slid the table into the center of the magnet in less than 30 seconds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By use of this setup, we operated on 22 patients. In all patients, anatomic neuronavigation could be used in combination with intraoperative MRI. In addition, in 12 patients, functional data from magnetoencephalographic or functional MRI studies were integrated, resulting in functional neuronavigation. We did not encounter adverse effects of the low magnetic field during navigation. Moreover, intraoperative imaging was not disturbed by the navigation microscope and vice versa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional neuronavigation and intraoperative MRI can be used essentially simultaneously without the need for lengthy intraoperative patient transport. The combination of intraoperative imaging with functional neuronavigation offers the opportunity for more radical resections and fewer complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. nimsky@nch.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nimsky
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ganslandt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchfelder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fahlbusch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted