title: Effects of prism orientation on tensile strength of enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the hypothesis that the tensile strength of enamel varies according to prismatic orientation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight extracted, caries-free human third molars were thoroughly cleaned with pumice and water. The entire enamel surface was conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s, air dried, and bonded with Single Bond adhesive system. Several layers of composite (Z-100) were incrementally applied to the crown to build up a "cube-like" resin structure approximately 5 mm thick covering the entire crown of the teeth. The teeth were stored for 24 h in water at 37 degrees C, and then the crown was serially, vertically sectioned in a mesio-distal direction to obtain several slices approximately 0.7 mm thick. The slices were sectioned into halves, and each half was gently trimmed from both sides with a diamond bur to reduce the cross-sectional area to a "neck" located in enamel, either on the external slope or functional slope of the cusps. The specimens were trimmed to permit testing of enamel with its prisms either oriented parallel (PL) or perpendicular (PD) to the applied load. The trimmed specimens were glued to the fixtures of a Vitrodyne tester and stressed in tension at 0.5 mm/min. SEM images were taken from the fractured surfaces to examine the site of failure and confirm the prism orientation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean tensile strength of enamel was 24.7 +/- 9.6 MPa (n = 22) for PL and 11.4 +/- 6.3 MPa (n = 22) for PD oriented enamel prisms (t value = -5.45, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between specimens originating from different slopes of the cusps (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that tensile strength of enamel is dependent on the prismatic orientation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil. rickcarvalho@hotmail.com
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008964:Molar, Third; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013718:Tensile Strength; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000473:pathology; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; C083568:Z100 composite resin; C115612:single bond; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium