title: Dermal exposure, handwashing, and hand dermatitis in the rubber manufacturing industry.
abstract: Skin diseases, such as hand dermatitis, are thought to be a common problem in the rubber manufacturing industry, as workers are exposed to a wide range of chemicals with known irritant and sensitizing potential. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of rubber manufacturing workers (N = 202), selected from nine different rubber companies. Prevalence of hand dermatitis ("major" and "minor" dermatitis) and skin injuries was assessed on the basis of a diagnosis by a dermatologist. We investigated the possible relations between actual skin exposure, handwashing practices, and hand dermatitis. Prevalence of major hand dermatitis (7%) was comparable with that in the general population; however, minor signs of dermatitis were more common among the surveyed population (28%), as were traumata of the skin (17%). Dermal exposure to cyclohexane-soluble agents at work was related to the occurrence of major hand dermatitis, but not to the occurrence of minor hand dermatitis. Moderate and frequent handwashing especially with industrial surfactants containing scrubbing particles were found to be strongly associated with the occurrence of minor dermatitis [odds ratio = 4.27 (95% confidence interval = 0.90-20.27) and odds ratio = 6.38 (95% confidence interval = 1.33-30.17, respectively)].
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 238, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bruynzeel
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012408:Rubber / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
chemical_list: D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012408:Rubber