title: Human cystinuria-related transporter: localization and functional characterization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystinuria has been proposed to be an inherited defect of apical membrane transport systems for cystine and basic amino acids in renal proximal tubules. Although the mutations of the recently identified transporter BAT1/b(0,+)AT have been related to nontype I cystinuria, the function and localization of human BAT1 (hBAT1)/b(0,+)AT have not been well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cDNA encoding hBAT1 was isolated from human kidney. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed to map the hBAT1 gene on human chromosomes. Tissue distribution and localization of expression were examined by Northern blot and immunohistochemical analyses. hBAT1 cDNA was transfected to COS-7 cells with rBAT cDNA, and the uptake and efflux of 14C-labeled amino acids were measured to determine the functional properties. The roles of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation were investigated using inhibitors or activators of protein kinases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hBAT1 gene was mapped to 19q12-13.1 on the human chromosome, which is the locus of nontype I cystinuria. hBAT1 message was expressed predominantly in kidney. hBAT1 protein was localized in the apical membrane of proximal tubules in human kidney. When expressed in COS-7 cells with a type II membrane glycoprotein rBAT (related to b(0,+)-amino acid transporter), hBAT1 exhibited the transport activity with the properties of amino acid transport system b(0,+), which transported cystine as well as basic and neutral amino acids presumably via a substrate exchange mechanism. BAT1-mediated transport was reduced by the protein kinase A activator and enhanced by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hBAT1 exhibited the properties expected for a transporter subserving the high-affinity cystine transport system in renal proximal tubules. The hBAT1 gene was mapped to the locus of nontype I cystinuria, confirming the involvement of hBAT1 in cystinuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chairoungdua
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shigeta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Awa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akakura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goya
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Endou
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanai
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D019556:COS Cells; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003555:Cystinuria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020365:RNA Helicases; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000596:Amino Acids; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011494:Protein Kinases; C498428:DDX39A protein, human; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D020365:RNA Helicases