title: Effects of novel phenylretinamides on cell growth and apoptosis in bladder cancer.
abstract: Superficial bladder cancer is a major target for chemoprevention. Retinoids are important modulators of epithelial differentiation and proliferation and are effective in the treatment and prevention of several epithelial cancers. One class of compounds, the retinamides, is structurally similar to other retinoids but have the added feature of being potent apoptosis inducers. Among these, fenretinide (N-[4-hydroxyphenyl]retinamide), or 4HPR, has promise for bladder cancer chemoprevention and is currently under Phase III study in this setting. In addition to 4HPR, there are several new structurally related phenylretinamides bearing hydroxyl, carboxyl, or methoxyl residues on carbons 2, 3, and 4 of the terminal phenylamine ring [designated N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)retin amide, N-(2-carboxyphenyl)retin- amide, N-(3-carboxyphenyl)retin amide, N-(4-carboxy- phenyl)retinamide, and N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide, respectively]. The objective of this study was to compare the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of these phenylretinamides with 4HPR in human bladder transitional cell cancer-derived cell lines of varying histological grade (RT4, grade 1; UM-UC9 and UM-UC10, grade 3; and UM-UC14, grade 4) by cell counting, cell cycle fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and a dual stain apoptosis assay. All of the seven phenylretinamides reduced cell number, altered the cell cycle distribution, and induced apoptosis when administered at a concentration of 10 microM, which is within the pharmacologically achievable range. Although the relative potencies of the phenylretinamides varied depending on the cell line, N-(3-hydroxy phenyl)retin- amide was the most active with significantly greater growth inhibition than 4HPR in all of the four cell lines. These in vitro findings warrant further study of these novel phenylretinamides, which may have potential as preventive or therapeutic agents in transitional cell cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. jclifford@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sabichi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kelloff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D012176:Retinoids; D017313:Fenretinide; D014212:Tretinoin; C054441:retinamide