title: Pulmonary valve insertion late after repair of Fallot's tetralogy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the results of pulmonary valve insertion late after initial repair of Fallot's tetralogy. Pulmonary insufficiency (PI) after correction of Fallot's tetralogy is usually well tolerated in the short term, but is associated with symptomatic right ventricular dilatation and an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias over longer periods of time.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1993 to July 2000, 51 patients were reoperated for PI at a mean age of 25.7+/-11.9 years. The mean age at initial repair was 6.4+/-7.2 years. Patients with a conduit inserted at initial operation, with absent pulmonary valve syndrome or with a more than moderate ventricular septal defect at reoperation were excluded from the study. A cryopreserved pulmonary (96%) or aortic (4%) homograft was implanted in the orthotopic position with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass 19.3+/-9.1 years (2.7-40.3 years) after initial correction. Preoperative symptoms (New York Heart Association, NYHA class), degree of PI (echo-Doppler, MRI), right ventricular dimensions (MRI) and QRS duration were compared to findings at last follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up is complete and had a mean duration of 1.7+/-1.4 years. Hospital mortality was 2%. No serious morbidity occurred. Severe PI was present preoperatively in all patients. At last follow-up echo-Doppler studies showed PI to be absent or trivial in 96% and mild in 4% of patients. In 13 patients MRI studies were performed both pre- and postoperatively: in this group PI was reduced from a mean of 48 to 4%. After 6 months NYHA capacity class had improved significantly from 2.3+/-0.6 to 1.4+/-0.5. After 1 year end-diastolic and end-systolic right ventricular volumes were reduced significantly. Right ventricular ejection fraction and QRS duration remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PI late after correction of Fallot's tetralogy may lead to serious symptomatic right ventricle dilatation. After pulmonary homograft insertion right ventricular dimensions decrease rapidly and functional improvement is observed in almost all patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.g.hazekamp@lumc.nl
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hazekamp
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kurvers
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Schoof
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Vliegen
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Roest
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ottenkamp
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dion
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D011665:Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous