title: Laparoscopic surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease during the first year of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Very few children need gastroesophageal antireflux surgery during their first year of life; hence, no series has been published so far. The authors report their experience in 3 centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1993 to December 1998, 36 infants between 23 days and 13 months of age, suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), underwent surgery by a laparoscopic approach. The patients' weights ranged from 2.4 to 8.5 kg. Preoperative diagnostic studies included esophagograms, manometries, endoscopies, and pH-metries. Fifteen babies (41.6%) had associated anomalies, and 10 (27.7%) were neurologically impaired. Thirty-six laparoscopic fundoplications were performed according to either Toupet's procedure (17 of 36), Rossetti's (10 of 36), Nissen's (8 of 36) or Lortat-Jacob's (1 of 36). Four infants previously had undergone a gastrostomy, whereas 6 needed one during the antireflux procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no mortality in our series. Three infants (8.3%) had an intraoperative complication: 1 lesion of a diaphragmatic vessel, 1 pneumothorax, and 1 case of severe hiatal hernia requiring conversion to open surgery. During the median follow-up of 22 months, 4 redo procedures were performed (11.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience shows the feasibility of laparoscopic fundoplication even in children below 1 year of age. An accurate preoperative diagnostic study is mandatory, because 50% of these patients presented associated anomalies. A long and accurate follow-up is necessary to evaluate long-term results and detect possible complications, which can occur as late as 1 year after surgery. In addition, we believe that redo antireflux surgery is possible by the laparoscopic approach without major difficulties, based on our larger experience with older children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montupet
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reinberg
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis; D000367:Age Factors; D001835:Body Weight; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome