title: Evaluation of carriers of bone morphogenetic protein for spinal fusion.
abstract: METHODS
  Posterolateral lumbar transverse process fusion in a rabbit model was performed using two different carriers for recombinant human morphogenetic protein-2, one having a porous structure and the other being a Type I collagen sheet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effectiveness of two different carriers for recombinant human morphogenetic protein-2 in achieving lumbar intertransverse process arthrodesis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The application of osteoinductive growth factors at various anatomic sites, such as in long bones and spinal segments, has been performed experimentally by many researchers. Although many carriers of osteoinductive factors have been reported, the most effective carrier has not been established. We have reported the efficacy of sintered bovine bone, True Bone Ceramics, which is coated with Type I collagen as a carrier of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in achieving lumbar intertransverse process arthrodesis. True Bone Ceramics is a crystallized form of bone minerals made from sintering bovine bone at high temperatures and possesses natural trabecular structure. The crystalline character of True Bone Ceramics is similar to that of artificial hydroxyapatite. In this study we focused on the structure of two different carriers to facilitate osteosynthesis in lumbar arthrodesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four adult rabbits underwent bilateral lumbar intertransverse process arthrodesis at L4-L5. The animals were divided into five groups and had implants placed as follows: Group 1, autograft group, harvested autologous corticocancellous bone from the posterior iliac crest; Group 2, TBC group, True Bone Ceramics alone; Group 3, TBC-TBMP group, True Bone Ceramics coated with Type I collagen infiltrated with 100 microg of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; Group 4, collagen group, Type I collagen sheet; and Group 5, collagen-BMP group, implanted collagen sheet containing 100 microg of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Spinal fusion was evaluated by radiographic analysis, manual palpation, biomechanical testing, and histologic examination at both 3 and 6 weeks after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiographs in the TBC-TBMP group showed a continuous trabecular pattern within the intertransverse area at 3 weeks after surgery. The fusion mass in the intertransverse area was more prominent than in the other groups. At 3 weeks after surgery the TBC-TBMP group had higher fusion rates based on manual palpation, and the fusions showed significantly higher tensile strength and stiffness. The histologic findings in the TBC-TBMP group at 3 weeks after surgery showed a cortical bone rim around the edge of the fusion mass, and contiguous new bone appearing between the recipient bone and the matrix of TBC without evidence of foreign body formation. In the collagen-BMP group, less mature bone formation was present within the grafted area and the new bone was not contiguous, even at 6 weeks after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a carrier for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, True Bone Ceramics, possessing a bony or porous structure, was more effective than a Type I collagen sheet in achieving a faster and stronger lumbar spinal fusion in a rabbit model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical College, Wakayama City, Wakayama, Japan. minamide@wakayama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minamide
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D003460:Crystallization; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000637:transplantation; D008422:Materials Testing; D023421:Models, Animal; D010173:Palpation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011817:Rabbits; D011859:Radiography; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; D003094:Collagen; D017886:Durapatite