Fast maximum-likelihood image-restoration algorithms for three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy.
We have evaluated three constrained, iterative restoration algorithms to find a fast, reliable algorithm for maximum-likelihood estimation of fluorescence microscopic images. Two algorithms used a Gaussian approximation to Poisson statistics, with variances computed assuming Poisson noise for the images. The third method used Csiszar's information-divergence (I-divergence) discrepancy measure. Each method included a nonnegativity constraint and a penalty term for regularization; optimization was performed with a conjugate gradient method. Performance of the methods was analyzed with simulated as well as biological images and the results compared with those obtained with the expectation-maximization-maximum-likelihood (EM-ML) algorithm. The I-divergence-based algorithm converged fastest and produced images similar to those restored by EM-ML as measured by several metrics. For a noiseless simulated specimen, the number of iterations required for the EM-ML method to reach a given log-likelihood value was approximately the square of the number required for the I-divergence-based method to reach the same value.
Markham
J
J
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Conchello
J A
JA
D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000592:standards*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013997:Time Factors