title: Correlation between the age of pinealectomy and the development of scoliosis in chickens.
abstract: METHODS
  Pinealectomy induces experimental scoliosis in chickens. This study analyzed the correlation between the age at which pinealectomy was performed and the development of scoliosis in chickens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the differences in the rate or magnitude of scoliosis and the type of curvature in chickens pinealectomized at different times after hatching.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Scoliosis develops in almost all chickens pinealectomized within 3 days after hatching, but there are no data on whether the condition will develop in chickens pinealectomized earlier or later after hatching.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 106 female white leghorn chickens were divided into six groups: four pinealectomy groups (pinealectomy was performed 2, 4, 11, or 18 days after hatching in Groups P-2, P-4, P-11, and P-18, respectively), a control group (Group C), and a sham operation group (Group S). Ventrodorsal radiographs of the spine were taken at 4-week intervals until the age of 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, a 1-mL sample of blood was taken from the heart at the middle of the dark cycle, and the serum melatonin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the age of 12 weeks, scoliosis was present in 63.6% of the chickens in Group P-2, 72.7% in Group P-4, 81% in Group P-11, and 70% in Group P-18, and the Cobb angles in the scoliotic chickens averaged 32.6, 29.8, 23.8, and 22.3 degrees in the respective groups. There were no significant differences in the rate or magnitude of scoliosis and the type of curvature among the pinealectomy groups at the age of 12 weeks. At the age of 12 weeks, the serum melatonin levels at the middle of the dark cycle in the pinealectomized chickens were significantly lower than those of chickens in Groups C and S. However, there were no differences in the serum melatonin levels between scoliotic and nonscoliotic pinealectomized chickens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study show that scoliosis develops in 60% to 80% of chickens pinealectomized within 18 days after hatching, and that scoliotic development is not influenced by the age at which pinealectomy is performed. However, this study suggests that melatonin plays a complicated role in spinal development, inasmuch as the serum melatonin levels after pinealectomy approximated zero. Yet scoliosis did not develop in all pinealectomized chickens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya Daiichi Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan. inoh@rb3.so-net.ne
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoh
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanemura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Natsume
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwata
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D005260:Female; D008550:Melatonin / Q000097:blood; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin