title: Coronary artery motion during the cardiac cycle and optimal ECG triggering for coronary artery imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to investigate the motion characteristics of the coronary arteries and determine optimal electrocardiographic (ECG) trigger time during the cardiac cycle to minimize motion artifacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast-enhanced multislice movie studies of electron beam tomography (EBT) images were performed on 70 subjects. The EBT datasets, which covered an entire cardiac cycle at 58-ms intervals, were acquired for a short-axis view of the heart with ECG triggering. The pixel values along x and y axes were measured at multiple intervals during the cardiac cycle to establish the motion distance and velocity of three major coronary arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coronary artery motion varied greatly throughout the cardiac cycle in three major coronary arteries and increased with the patient's baseline heart rate. The greatest and lowest velocities of coronary arterial movement during the cardiac cycle were determined. Based on the lowest velocity of right coronary artery movement during the cardiac cycle, the optimal ECG trigger times were located at approximately 35% (31.4%-37.6%) or 70% (68.7%-71.4%) of the R-R interval in patients whose resting heart rate was < or =70 beats per minute (bpm); at 50% (47.2%-61.1%) of the R-R interval in the 71- to 100-bpm group; and at 55% (52.8%-59.1%) of the R-R interval in the >100-bpm group. Our data demonstrated that the motion characteristics of the left circumflex artery were quite similar to those of the right coronary artery and that the left anterior descending coronary artery had no significant differences in motion throughout the cardiac cycle. A minimum scan speed of 35.4 to 75.5 ms per slice is needed to completely diminish cardiac motion artifacts (in-plane coronary artery motion with <1-mm displacement).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For coronary artery screening, the optimal ECG trigger time should be determined according to the patient's heart rate, thus greatly reducing motion and motion artifacts during 100-ms acquisitions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Saint John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Torrance, California, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bakhsheshi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takasu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Budoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged