title: Determination of urinary hippuric acid in toluene abuse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volatile substance abuse is practiced mainly by adolescents and young adults. Its effects are central nervous system excitation followed by central nervous system depression, at times accompanied by seizures. It may cause sudden death as a result of ventricular arrhythmias, reflex vagal inhibition, respiratory depression, and anoxia. Chronic toxicity may involve the nervous system, heart, kidney, and liver. Toluene-based adhesives are among the most commonly inhaled substances.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 14-year-old female presented with confusion, hallucinations, and intermittent laughing and crying after having inhaled contact glue several times daily in the course of 5 days. Her condition improved within 3 h. Urinary hippuric acid was 93.9 g/g creatinine indicating heavy toluene exposure (biological exposure index, BEI, is 1.6 g/g creatinine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this patient, urinary hippuric acid was a biomarker for her toluene abuse.
authors.affiliation: Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Medical Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raikhlin-Eisenkraft
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoffer
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bentur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014050:Toluene
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006626:Hippurates; D014050:Toluene; C030514:hippuric acid