title: Pubovaginal sling using cadaveric fascia and bone anchors: disappointing early results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pubovaginal sling procedures offer highly effective treatment for patients with female stress urinary incontinence. A recent modification of this technique is the use of cadaveric fascia lata as a sling material supported with titanium anchors placed bilaterally in the pubic bone. We reviewed our experience with this procedure and assessed our outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 154 consecutive patients underwent a bone anchored, cadaveric fascia pubovaginal sling procedure by a single surgeon from July 1998 to June 1999. All patients were evaluated preoperatively with a detailed history, pelvic examination and radiographic or multichannel video urodynamic studies to diagnose stress urinary incontinence. Our technique begins with the nonincision placement of titanium bone anchors transvaginally into the pubic bone bilaterally. A 2 cm. wide tunnel is created bluntly beneath the vaginal epithelium between the 2 puncture sites with a right angle clamp. A 2 x 7 cm. strip of cadaveric fascia is then passed through the tunnel, into the retropubic space and secured to 2-0 polypropylene sutures attached to the anchors. After securing the sling, the transvaginal puncture sites are closed with 2-0 polyglactin sutures. Patients were seen postoperatively at 6 weeks, and 3 and 6-month followup. Patient age averaged 60 years (range 38 to 85), with an overall average length of followup from surgery of 10.6 months (range 6 to 16). All patients were mailed a self-administered questionnaire and participated in a telephone interview with an office nurse to retrospectively assess outcome and evaluate for recurrent stress urinary incontinence. Recurrent stress urinary incontinence was graded as 0-none, 1-rare, 2-moderate and 3-severe. Repeat pubovaginal sling procedure that was performed in patients with grades 2 to 3 stress urinary incontinence was considered a failure for the purpose of our study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all 154 patients 58 (37.6%) had recurrent moderate to severe (grades 2 to 3) stress urinary incontinence at followup. A total of 26 patients underwent a second pubovaginal sling procedure for a reoperation rate of 16.9%. Intraoperative findings at reoperation revealed the titanium anchors to be in position, the polypropylene sutures to be intact, and retropubic fibrosis and scarring of the urethropelvic ligament suggesting appropriate retropubic placement of the sling in all cases. Uniformly all allogenic cadaveric fascia used for sling material appeared to be fragmented, attenuated or simply absent. Average time to reoperation was 9 months (range 3 to 15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early results using a bone anchored cadaveric fascia pubovaginal sling procedure were discouraging. Based on findings at reoperation, we attribute this result to the failure of our sling material and have abandoned the use of cadaveric fascia allografts in all pubovaginal slings at our institution.
authors.affiliation: Danville Regional Medical Center, Danville, Virginia, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kavaler
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005206:Fascia Lata / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011630:Pubic Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014025:Titanium; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium