title: Frames of reference for the display of battlefield information: judgment-display dependencies.
abstract: In 2 experiments, U.S. Army soldiers viewed computer-generated displays that presented battlefield information from 3 different frames of reference: a 2D plan view display (with contour lines), a 3D exocentric perspective display, and an interactive 3D immersed display. In Experiment 1, soldiers made geographical judgments. The results suggested that both 3D displays suffered from ambiguity of distance estimates but that the 3D immersed display was most accurate for judging whether a location is directly visible from another. In Experiment 2, the 3D exocentric display was compared with a 3D immersed view, coupled with a small 2D inset map, in a more continuous battlefield scenario in which judgments of enemy activity were made. The findings of 3D ambiguity were replicated from Experiment 1. The accuracy of judgments of enemy activity suffered with the immersed display when information necessary to answer correctly did not appear in the initial forward view and required panning to acquire, reflecting the cognitive demands of integration across different views. This display also hindered soldiers' ability to report changes in enemy activity from one scene to the next. The results of this research will help to provide guidelines for the appropriate choice of computer display technology to assist in designing battlefield visualization aids. Caution should be exercised in choosing immersive viewpoints.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois Aviation Research Laboratory, Savoy 61874, USA. cwickens@psych.uiuc.edu
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wickens
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D003199:Computer Systems; D016288:Computer Terminals; D003626:Data Display; D006801:Humans; D013028:Space Perception; D014857:Warfare