title: Impact of normative feedback on problem drinkers: a small-area population study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As many as one in four adults in North America experiences some problems due to alcohol consumption. Although most of these problem drinkers do not have concerns that are severe enough to merit formal treatment, such drinking has large economic costs and can place the drinker at risk for long-term negative health and social consequences. The present study evaluated a minimal intervention that used normative feedback about population drinking to motivate changes in alcohol use.
  
  
  METHODS
  An intervention pamphlet was mailed to over 6,000 households in Toronto, randomized by block from a region containing almost 10,000 households. In the month after the mailing, a general population survey was conducted in the region to assess alcohol use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents from households receiving normative feedback (n = 472) reported significantly lower alcohol use than controls (n = 225), but this effect occurred only among respondents who met an objective criterion for problem drinking and who perceived some risk associated with their drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viewed from a public health perspective, normative feedback interventions have the potential for a significant payoff because they can be provided at low cost and to problem drinkers who might ordinarily never access any treatment services.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. John_Cunningham@camh.net
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bondy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012647:Self-Assessment