title: Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds in exercising horses with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia or dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To record respiratory sounds in exercising horses and determine whether spectrum analysis could be use to identify sounds specific for laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) and dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP).
  
  
  METHODS
  5 Standardbred horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory sounds were recorded and pharyngeal pressure and stride frequency were measured while horses exercised at speeds corresponding to maximum heart rate, before and after induction of LH and DDSP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When airway function was normal, expiratory sounds predominated and lasted throughout exhalation. After induction of LH, expiratory sounds were unaffected; however, all horses produced inspiratory sounds characterized by 3 frequency bands centered at approximately 0.3, 1.6, and 3.8 kHz. After induction of DDSP, inspiratory sounds were unaffected, but a broad-frequency expiratory sound, characterized by rapid periodicity (rattling) was heard throughout expiration. This sound was not consistently detected in all horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technique used to record respiratory sounds was well tolerated by the horses, easy, and inexpensive. Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds from exercising horses after experimental induction of LH or DDSP revealed unique sound patterns. If other conditions causing airway obstruction are also associated with unique sound patterns, spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds may prove to be useful in the diagnosis of airway abnormalities in horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Derksen
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holcombe
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000502:physiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013637:Tape Recording; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*