title: Mutual information analysis of the EEG in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutual information provides a measure of both the linear and nonlinear statistical dependencies between two time series. Cross-mutual information (CMI) is used to quantify the information transmitted from one time series to another, while auto mutual information (AMI) in a time series estimates how much on average the value of the time series can be predicted from values of the time series at preceding points. The aim of this study is to assess information transmission between different cortical areas in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients by estimating the average CMI between EEG electrodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded the EEG from 16 scale electrodes in 15 AD patients and 15 age-matched normal controls, and estimated the local, distant, and interhemispheric CMIs of the EEG in both groups. The rate of decrease (with increasing delay) of the AMI of the EEG was also measured to evaluate the complexity of the EEG in AD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The local CMI in AD subjects was lower than that in normal controls, especially over frontal and antero-temporal regions. A prominent decrease in information transmission between distant electrodes in the right hemisphere and between corresponding interhemispheric electrodes was detected in the AD patients. In addition, the AMIs throughout the cerebrums of the AD patients decreased significantly more slowly with delay than did the AMIs of normal controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with previous findings that suggest the association of EEG abnormalities in AD patients with functional impairment of information transmission in long cortico-cortical connections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8042, USA. jsjeong@complex.korea.ac.kr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results