title: The value of pre-emptive analgesia in the treatment of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative pain is an important surgical problem. Recent studies in pain pathophysiology have led to the hypothesis that with pre-operative administration of analgesics (pre-emptive analgesia) it may be possible to prevent or reduce postoperative pain. This study was planned to investigate the efficacy of pre-emptive analgesia on postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  45 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized into three groups. Bupivacaine was injected into the area of skin incision before trocar entry and after trocar removal in group 1 and 2, respectively; however, this procedure was not applied to the control group. The pain score of the patients was evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) at 1, 4, 12( )and 24 h after surgery. The daily analgesic requirement was evaluated in terms of diclophenac sodium (Diclomec, Abdi Ibrahim, 75 mg) intake/day. Analgesics were given to the patients whose VAS was 5 or higher.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While there was no significant difference in VAS scores between group 1 and 2, the mean pain scores of these two groups were found to be significantly lower than of the control group although the analgesic requirement of the patients in each group was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-emptive analgesia is as effective as postsurgical local anaesthesia in reducing postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Harran University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uzunköy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coskun
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Akinci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D011300:Preoperative Care
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine