title: Dose-response relation of liquid aerosol inhaled insulin in type I diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The AERx insulin Diabetes Management system (AERx iDMS) is a liquid aerosol device that enables insulin to be administered to the peripheral parts of the lung. This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin which is inhaled using AERx iDMS with insulin which is subcutaneously administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 18 C-peptide negative patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus participated in this randomised, open-label, 5-period crossover trial. Human regular insulin was administered subcutaneously (0.12 U/kg body weight) or inhaled by means of the AERx iDMS (dosages 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 U/kg body weight). Thereafter plasma glucose was kept constant at 7.2 mmol/l for a 10-h period (glucose clamp technique).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhaled insulin provided a dose-response relation that was close to linear for both pharmacokinetic (AUC-Ins(0-10 h); Cmax-Ins) and pharmacodynamic (AUC-GIR(0-10 h); GIRmax) parameters. Time to maximum insulin concentration (Tmax-Ins) and time to maximum glucose infusion rate (TGIRmax) were shorter with inhaled insulin than with subcutaneous administration. The pharmacodynamic system efficiency of inhaled insulin (AUC-GIR(0-6 h) was 12.7% (95% C.I.: 10.2-15.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inhalation of soluble human insulin using the AERx iDMS is feasible and provides a clear dose response. Further long-term studies are required to investigate safety aspects, HbA1c values, incidence of hypoglycaemic events and the quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Karl-Franzens University, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balent
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellmerer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schaupp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siebenhofer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jendle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okikawa
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin