title: Echocardiographic dimensions and maximal oxygen uptake in elite soccer players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess cardiac dimensions in elite Saudi soccer players, and to correlate these measurements with maximal oxygen uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three soccer players representing the Saudi National soccer team, and 19 untrained males participated in this study. Cardiac dimensions were measured by M-mode echocardiography, and maximal oxygen uptake was assessed by open-circuit spirometry during treadmill running.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with age-matched untrained males, soccer players appeared to have significantly (P < 0.05) greater values (mm.m-2) in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (28.8 +/- 2.7 vs 26.5 +/- 2.3), right ventricular cavity (14.1 +/- 2.5 vs 11.8 +/- 2.6), left atrial cavity (16.7 +/- 1.6 vs 14.9 +/- 2.2) and left ventricular mass (117.4 +/- 21.2 vs 89.0 +/- 16.0 g.m-2). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in left ventricular posterior wall (5.3 +/- 0.77 vs 5.3 +/- 0.61) or in interventricular septum (5.5 +/- 0.65 vs 5.2 +/- 0.59). When soccer players were grouped by playing position, there were no significant differences in cardiac dimensions between the players, though the midfielders and the full-backs showed the highest values for left ventricular cavity and maximal oxygen uptake. Further, maximal oxygen uptake relative to body mass (ml.kg.(-1) min(-1)) exhibited a significant correlation with left ventricular cavity normalized to either body mass (r = 0.62; P <0.01), or to body surface area (r = 0.53; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elite Saudi soccer players appear to have significantly greater left ventricular cavity and mass than age-matched untrained males. Such cardiac adaptation seems to result from the highly dynamic nature of the soccer game.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Hazzaa
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chukwuemeka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001830:Body Surface Area; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005080:Exercise Test; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012016:Reference Values; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012916:Soccer; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology