title: Ability of fractionated petroleum refinery effluent to elicit cyto- and photocytotoxic responses and to induce 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in fish cell lines.
abstract: The ability of fractionated petroleum refinery effluent to cause cellular responses in fish cell lines was evaluated. The cellular responses, which included direct and indirect cytotoxicity, photocytotoxicity and induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, may potentially be linked to sublethal effects observed in effluent-exposed fish and fish larvae. In order to be able to quantify cellular responses rapidly, microtitre plates were used along with fluorescent probes. For the quantification of cyto- and photocytotoxicity, the fluorescent probes were alamar Blue and carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM), which monitor metabolic activity and cell membrane integrity, respectively. EROD activity was measured as the rate of conversion by EROD of the substrate 7-ethoxyresorufin to its fluorescent product, resorufin. Effluent from an Ontario refinery was fractionated into aqueous and particulate phase. As well, a solid phase extract (SPE) was used to prepare concentrated effluent for testing in the cell lines. The effluent was able to elicit all of the responses of interest although significant cyto- and photocytotoxicity required effluent equivalent concentrations above 100% effluent and could only be revealed upon exposure of cells to the SPE concentrated effluent. Based on their retention on C18, the cytotoxicants are likely to be non-polar to moderately polar chemicals. The presence of polar compounds affecting cellular metabolism was indicated by the responses of exposed cells to a 90% aqueous phase effluent. In contrast to cyto- and photocytotoxicity, EROD induction occurred at effluent equivalent concentrations well below 100% effluent and was elicited by the SPE and the particulate fraction thereby suggesting that most EROD-inducers were particle-bound. Among other applications, the described techniques could help to determine the source of causative agents of sublethal effects in the refining process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tom
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bols
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sherry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002460:Cell Line; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005399:Fishes; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1