title: Critical assessment of the nuclear import of plasmid during cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer is a promising approach for gene therapy. However, despite the significant amount of lipoplexes internalized by target cells, transgene expression remains too low. Obstacles to nuclear accumulation of plasmid DNA include: the passage of DNA across the cellular membrane, the dismantling of nucleolipidic particles in the cytoplasm and the nuclear import of plasmid DNA. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of cell status on cationic lipid-mediated transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were either growth-arrested (by aphidicolin) or synchronized (by a classical double-thymidine block protocol) and cationic lipid-mediated transfection of these cells was evaluated. For the study of the nuclear import of plasmid DNA, two techniques were developed: microinjection of plasmid DNA into intact cells, and the use of cells permeabilized with digitonin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When CV-1 cells were growth-arrested by aphidicolin, cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer was inhibited. Hela cells were synchronized and incubated with lipoplexes at different times after release of the block. Gene expression was greatly enhanced when cells underwent mitosis. When transfection was performed during the early period after block release, when fewer than 5% of the cells had divided, gene expression was carefully quantified and could be attributed to cells that escaped cell cycle block. However, by direct analysis of nuclear import of GFP-coding plasmid using cytoplasmic microinjection, GFP expression could be detected in a few cells that had not divided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer efficiency increased when cells underwent mitosis. However, when cells did not divide, gene transfer was not completely abolished. Nuclear import of plasmid was greatly facilitated by a mitotic event. In non-mitotic cells, nuclear envelope crossing by plasmid DNA could be detected but was a very rare event.
authors.affiliation: UMR7001, Vectorologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Aventis Pharma, Centre de Recherche de Vitry-Alfortville, Vitry sur Seine, France. virginie.escriou@aventis.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Escriou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrière
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bussone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wils
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scherman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016590:Aphidicolin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008845:Microinjections; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D016590:Aphidicolin