title: Regulation of phospholipase D (PLD) in growth plate chondrocytes by 24R,25-(OH)2D3 is dependent on cell maturation state (resting zone cells) and is specific to the PLD2 isoform.
abstract: Many of the effects of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 24R,25-(OH)2D3 on costochondral chondrocytes are mediated by the protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway. 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 activates PKC in costochondral growth zone chondrocytes through a specific membrane receptor (1alpha,25-mVDR), involving rapid increases in diacylglycerol via a phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent mechanism. 24R,25-(OH)2D3 activates PKC in resting zone chondrocytes. Although diacylglycerol is increased by 24R,25-(OH)2D3, PLC is not involved, suggesting a phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent mechanism. Here, we show that resting zone and growth zone cells express mRNAs for PLD1a, PLD1b, and PLD2. Both cell types have PLD activity, but levels are higher in resting zone cells. 24R,25-(OH)2D3, but not 24S,25-(OH)2D3 or 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3, stimulates PLD activity in resting zone cells within 3 min via nongenomic mechanisms. Neither 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 nor 24R,25-(OH)2D3 affected PLD in growth zone cells. Basal and 24R,25-(OH)2D3-stimulated PLD were inhibited by the PLD inhibitors wortmannin and EDS. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), PKC, phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (PI-PLC), and phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC (PC-PLC) had no effect on PLD activity. Thus, 24R,25-(OH)2D3 stimulates PLD, and PI 3-kinase, PI-PLC and PKC are not involved, whereas PLD is required for stimulation of PKC by 24R,25-(OH)2D3. Pertussis toxin, GDPbetaS, and GTPgammaS had no effect on 24R,25-(OH)2D3-dependent PLD when added to cell cultures, indicating that G-proteins are not involved. These data show that PKC activation in resting zone cells is mediated by PLD and suggest that a functional 24R,25-(OH)2D3-mVDR is required. The results also support the conclusion that the 24R,25-(OH)2D3-responsive PLD is PLD2, since this PLD isoform is G-protein-independent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Sylvia
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Toro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DeVeau
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whetstone
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
mesh_terms: D015650:24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / Q000494:pharmacology; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D017931:DNA Primers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); D015650:24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3; C105606:phospholipase D2; D010739:Phospholipase D; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D013110:Sphingosine; C005682:safingol; D000077191:Wortmannin