title: Continuous changes in the optical properties of liver tissue during laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) is a promising treatment for irresectable liver tumors. To predict the effects of laser applications and to optimize treatment planning in LITT, it is essential to gain knowledge about light distribution in tissue, tissue optical properties (absorption, scattering, anisotropy, penetration depth), and their continuous changes during therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of optical properties were performed with a double integrating-sphere system and a laser diode (830 nm). Porcine liver tissue samples were examined in a native state (35 degrees C) and after exposure to different temperatures (45 degrees C to 80 degrees C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rising temperature was accompanied by a decrease in the absorption coefficient and anisotropy factor and an increase in the scattering coefficient. These changes were only significant in the temperature range of 50 degrees to 65 degrees C (P < 0.01). The optical penetration depth decreased from 3.1mm in the native state to 1.7mm at 65 degrees C (P < 0.01). Above 65 degrees, there was no significant change in the tissue optical properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optical properties of liver tissue change significantly under the influence of tissue heating, resulting in a decreased optical penetration depth. These changes occur mainly in the temperature range of 50 degrees C to 65 degrees C, corresponding to protein denaturation. To ensure a safe and effective procedure, an adjustment of the laser power to the actual penetration depth is recommended during therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roggan
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Germer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Isbert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Buhr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature