title: Indwelling ureteral stents: evaluation of quality of life to aid outcome analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ureteral stents cause various side effects. We have evaluated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with stents using validated questionnaires and developed a new stent symptom (intervention)-specific questionnaire (SSQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Along with structured literature review and in-depth interviews, prospective sub-studies were carried out using generic (SF-36 [N = 30], EuroQol [N = 40], and Functional Status Questionnaire FSQ [N = 20]) and symptom-specific (IPSS [N = 30] and International Continence Society ICS [N = 30]) questionnaires both with a stent in situ and after removal. The results of these studies formed the foundation for a new SSQ that was pilot tested (N = 10) and field tested (N = 20) in order to develop a final draft of the questionnaire that is formally validated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The qualitative research identified a range of problems. Urinary symptoms, pain, work performance, and general health were the most important. Most patients (80%) experienced bothersome urinary symptoms and stent-related pain. Storage symptoms and incontinence were significant urinary symptoms affecting quality of life. As many as 40% of patients experienced sexual dysfunction. The stent had a significant impact on patients' general health. None of the existing measures evaluated the complete impact. The SSQ includes five sections covering urinary symptoms, pain, sexual matters, general health, and work performance. The preliminary results showed it to be valid, reliable (alpha > 0.7) and responsive to the change in scores (p < 0.05) after stent removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indwelling ureteral stents are associated with significant morbidity, resulting in a reduced HRQoL in 80% of patients. The SSQ is a reliable intervention-specific instrument that would be useful as an outcome measure to evaluate the impact of stents.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stainthorpe
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Keeley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacDonagh
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Timoney
mesh_terms: D004651:Employment; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014513:Ureter; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology