title: Psychological factors and depressive symptoms in ischemic heart disease.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether learned helplessness, cognitive distortions, self-efficacy, and dispositional optimism assessed at Time 1 (T1; questionnaires mailed at 1 month postdischarge) would predict depressive symptoms at Time 2 (T2; questionnaires mailed at 1-year follow-up) in a sample of 86 patients hospitalized with ischemic heart disease. Multiple regression results indicated that optimism and cognitive distortions at T1 were significantly associated with T1 depressive symptoms after controlling for confounding variables. When the T1 psychological factors were analyzed with T2 depressive symptoms, only optimism continued to predict depressive symptoms after controlling for confounds and T1 depressive symptoms. The global expectancies that optimism assessed appeared to be more stable over time than the statelike beliefs of cognitive distortions and may have accounted for why optimism predicted T2 depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Credit Valley Hospital, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. z.shnek@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Shnek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbey
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D020377:Self Efficacy