title: Assessment of ventricular filling volumes with an automated color Doppler method: validation in a pulsatile flow model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of ventricular filling volumes with the use of Doppler echocardiographic measurements critically depends on the presence of a circular-shaped flow area and a flat velocity profile across it because evaluation of flow volume is usually based on echocardiographic measurements of its diameter and pulsed Doppler recordings within the center of this area. The approach may be limited at the mitral and tricuspid ring levels as a result of their noncircular shape and because nonflat velocity profiles are present. The purpose of this study was to examine in a pulsatile flow model simulating ventricular inflow conditions the accuracy of an automated method based on the analysis of color Doppler flow velocities for evaluation of flow volumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recently-developed automated Doppler method that takes into account the velocity distribution across a region of interest was examined in a pulsatile flow model by using flows with waveforms characteristic for ventricular inflow through tubes with elliptically-shaped cross-sectional areas. Color Doppler imaging was performed against flow direction along the major and minor axes of the tubes with major diameters ranging between 3 and 5 cm and major-to-minor diameter ratios of 1.5 and 2.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A close correlation was found between flow volumes measured by the Doppler technique for registrations along the minor or major axis of the ellipses and actual values (r = 0.99, standard error of the estimate = 0.44 to 1.98 mL), with a systematic underestimation or overestimation, respectively, depending on the diameter ratio. Averaging of the data derived from 2 orthogonal measurements by using the geometric mean value yielded an excellent agreement between Doppler data and actual flow volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This automated color Doppler method enables reliable determination of flow volumes in a pulsatile flow model simulating ventricular inflow conditions with the use of 2 orthogonal imaging views. The data indicate that the method may improve the noninvasive evaluation of ventricular filling volumes.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Herzzentrum and 1. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. dennig@med.1.med.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dennig
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nesser
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schömig
mesh_terms: D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015588:Observer Variation; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology*