title: Recovery of commercially produced Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus from tires and prevalence of bacilli in artificial and natural containers.
abstract: We conducted surveys to identify the species of spore-forming bacteria present in natural and artificial containers. Most of our samples came from Illinois. Identification was based on the cellular fatty acid composition of the bacterial cell wall. In addition, we utilized a custom database for commercially produced strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and B. sphaericus, to differentiate between larvicidal isolates with commercial or native origin. Native Bti was present at low levels in almost all habitats but was not recovered from bromeliads and metal containers. In temporary woodland pools, 27.9% of the colonies recovered were native Bti. We did not recover larvicidal B. sphaericus in untreated habitats. VectoBac and VectoLex were applied to tires containing water and the tires were sampled 3 months and 9 months after treatment. Isolates of Bti and B. sphaericus with commercial origin were recovered as long as 9 months after application. We noticed numerous cadavers of Aedes triseriatus in several tires 9 months after treatment with VectoBac. We could not determine if this mortality resulted from recycling of Bti in these tires or whether insecticidal crystal proteins from the original treatment were resuspended. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis isolates with commercial ancestry were recovered from untreated tires 9 months after application. Isolates of larvicidal B. sphaericus that differed from the bacteria in VectoLex were also recovered from untreated tires.
authors.affiliation: Illinois Natural History Survey, Campaign 61820, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Novak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000502:physiology*; D009033:Culicidae / Q000502:physiology; D004777:Environment; D005431:Florida; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology