title: Effect of moderate hypothermia on experimental severe subarachnoid hemorrhage, as evaluated by apparent diffusion coefficient changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to investigate the early changes in the mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) after severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), as a marker of ischemic damage, and to examine the effects of moderate hypothermia, induced at various time points, on ADC changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  ADC maps were calculated from diffusion-weighted, blipped-epi, spin echo, magnetic resonance imaging sequences (2.35-T BIOSPEC 24/40 scanner; Bruker Medizin Technik GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) for 21 anesthetized (0.45-1% halothane, temperature-adjusted/30% oxygen/69% nitrogen) and ventilated Wistar rats. After baseline scanning, bolus injection of 0.5 ml of autologous arterial blood or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control group), into the cisterna magna, was performed. Serial scanning was performed for 3 hours after injection, using normothermic or hypothermic (32 degrees C) rats. In an additional series of experiments, hypothermia was initiated either immediately or 60 minutes after normothermic SAH. The water contents of the removed brains were calculated using the wet/dry weight method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADC values did not change in the control group but decreased to 88.6+/-5.2% (P < 0.05 versus baseline) after SAH and remained significantly decreased throughout the experiment in normothermia. An injection of blood during hypothermia caused an initial decrease in ADC to 96.1+/-5.6% (P < 0.05 versus baseline); values continuously increased and reached normal levels within 60 minutes. Delayed hypothermia also normalized ADC values within the observation period. The brain water content in the control group was 80.3+/-0.1%, that after SAH in normothermia was 81.1+/-0.7%, and that after SAH in hypothermia was 79.3+/-0.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model of severe SAH in rats causes significant ADC changes, which are reversible by application of moderate hypothermia even when it is induced after a 60-minute delay. These findings support the concept of moderate hypothermia exerting a neuroprotective effect in severe SAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Germany. neuro@piepgras.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piepgras
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Elste
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frietsch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmiedek
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schilling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors