title: Injury reduction and bounce characteristics of safety baseballs and acceptability by youth leagues.
abstract: The only reasonable way to reduce the potential for ball-related youth baseball injuries sustained by the defensive players (the majority of ball-related injuries) is to make the ball less injurious. The American Academy of Pediatrics' 1994 statement on youth baseball injuries in this regard reads, "Consideration should be given to utilizing low-impact NOCSAE-approved baseballs and softballs for children 5 to 14 years of age, if these balls demonstrate satisfactory playing characteristics and reduce injury risk. A variety of studies should be undertaken to determine the efficacy of low-impact balls in reducing serious impact injuries." The purpose of this study, in accordance with this AAP policy, is to investigate the following: A) injury reduction potential of softer baseballs, B) their bounce characteristics, and C) their acceptability by youth leagues. Six simple injury models were studied, baseball bounce characteristics were analyzed, and attitudes of safety baseballs among statewide Little League district presidents were surveyed. Injury models demonstrated less injury potential with safety baseballs compared to that with standard hard baseballs. Safety baseballs bounced higher after vertical drops and slow throws, but during fast throws (with the greatest injury potential), the bounce heights were similar for all ball types. Of 27 survey cards sent out, 13 were returned. While 9 respondents indicated that they were already using safety baseballs for the younger players, none of the 13 respondents indicated that they were planning to expand the use of safety baseballs in their leagues. In conclusion, safety baseballs are less injurious in these models. The bounce characteristics of safety baseballs are satisfactory. Youth baseball league officials are not very willing to expand the use of safety baseballs. We recommend using safety baseballs as a standard for all youth baseball leagues because these balls are safer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawaii John A Burns School of Medicine, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826, USA.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans