title: Prevalence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Kuwait.
abstract: The worldwide incidence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae has increased at an alarming rate during the past decade. However, there has been little published data about the extent of this problem in Kuwait. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the preponderance of S. pneumoniae, either resistant or intermediate-resistant to penicillin, other beta-lactams and non-beta-lactam antimicrobials in Kuwait. Two hundred and fifty fresh isolates from as many patients suffering from different clinical conditions were collected from all clinics and hospitals in Kuwait. Optochin sensitivity and bile solubility tests reconfirmed these. Susceptibility testing to penicillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, imipenem, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin was done using E-test strips and to oxacillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim and amoxicillin-clavulanate by disc diffusion technique. Full and intermediate resistance to penicillin was observed in 1.6% and 52.8% of the isolates respectively. Full resistance to third-generation cephalosporins ranged from 0.4% to 3.2%, however, intermediate resistance to these antibiotics varied between 18.8% and 21.2%. Ampicillin resistance was noted in 0.8%, but 40.4% of isolates were intermediately resistant. However, only 0.4% of the isolates showed either intermediate or full resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Resistance to imipenem was observed in 0.4% and intermediate to 13.6% of the organisms. The rates of S. pneumoniae resistant to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim were between 8.4% and 37.6% and intermediate resistance between 1.2% and 17.6% while only 0.4% showed resistance to ciprofloxacin and none to vancomycin. Multiresistance to both beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antibiotics was observed in 52% of the penicillin-resistant isolates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine & Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mokaddas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sanyal
mesh_terms: D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D006801:Humans; D007730:Kuwait / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance