title: Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular pathology study of 12 cases.
abstract: Small cell carcinomas of the gallbladder are unusual neoplasms that have been characterized only recently. The authors describe the clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of 12 small cell carcinomas of the gallbladder. The mean age at diagnosis was 69 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 5:7. The neoplasms had an average size of 3 cm, and 90% showed invasion of the muscularis propria and perimuscular connective tissue. Seventy-five percent of the carcinomas had metastasized or extended locally beyond the gallbladder at surgery. Survival was uniformly poor, with a mean survival of 10.7 months (range, 3-25 months). Half the small cell carcinomas were combined with other neoplasms. Four had foci of adenocarcinoma, one contained areas of squamous differentiation, and another had a component of carcinosarcoma. Immunohistochemical analysis showed focal reactivity for chromogranin (six of six cases), neuron-specific enolase (six of six cases), and Leu-7 (three of three cases). The molecular changes in small cell carcinomas were similar to those of adenocarcinomas occurring at this site, with a high frequency of p53 (75%) and p16INK4a (33%) abnormalities, and a low frequency of deleted in pancreatic carcinoma-4 inactivation (0%) and K-ras codon 12 mutations (17%). In contrast to pulmonary small cell carcinomas, p16INK4a function appears to be abrogated more frequently in these carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tascilar
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hruban
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albores-Saavedra
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D017354:Point Mutation; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003062:Codon; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D005819:Genetic Markers; C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)