title: Interactions between variants in the beta3-adrenergic receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 genes and obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have reported modest associations between measures of obesity and the Trp64-Arg variant of the beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADRbeta3) and the Pro12Ala variant of the peronisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma2. We hypothesized that these single gene variants may mark mutations that act through convergent pathways to produce synergistic effects on obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 453 subjects from 10 large Mexican-American families participating in the population-based San Antonio Family Heart Study. The effects of each gene variant singly and jointly were estimated as fixed effects using the measured genotype approach framework. Analyses were conditioned on the pedigree structures to account for the correlations among family members. Statistical significance was evaluated by the likelihood ratio test with adjustment for age, sex and diabetes status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allele frequencies for the ADRbeta3 Trp64Arg and PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala variants were 18 and 12%, respectively. The ADRbeta3 variant was not significantly associated with any of the obesity-related traits, but subjects with the PPAR-gamma2 variant (n = 98) had significantly higher levels of lasting insulin (P = 0.03), leptin (P = 0.009), and waist circumference (P = 0.03) than those without. Subjects with the gene variants (n = 32) had significantly higher BMI, insulin, and leprtin levels than those with only the PPARgamma2 variant (n = 66) (P for interaction: 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 for BMI, fasting insulin, and leptin, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that epistatic models with genes that have modest individual effects may be useful in understanding the genetic underpinnings of typical obesity in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shuldiner
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Beamer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blangero
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hixson
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: MacCluer
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000328:Adult; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000235:genetics; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008214:Lymphocytes; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 / Q000235:genetics*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics*; D013781:Texas; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA