title: Human auditory steady-state responses to tones independently modulated in both frequency and amplitude.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Independent amplitude and frequency modulation (IAFM) of a carrier tone uses two different modulating frequencies, one for amplitude modulation (AM) and one for frequency modulation (FM). This study measured the human steady-state responses to multiple IAFM tones. The first question was whether the IAFM responses could be recorded without attenuation of the AM and FM components. The second question was whether IAFM stimuli would provide a more effective demonstration of responses at intensities near threshold than the responses to AM tones. The third question was whether the responses to multiple IAFM stimuli would relate to the discrimination of words at different intensities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple AM, FM, or IAFM stimuli were presented simultaneously. Responses were recorded between the vertex and the neck and analysed in the frequency domain. The first experiment compared IAFM responses with AM and FM responses. The second experiment compared IAFM responses with AM responses between intensities 20 to 50 dB SPL. The third experiment related the IAFM responses to the discrimination of monosyllabic words at intensities between 20 and 70 dB SPL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Steady-state responses to the individual component of the IAFM stimuli were clearly recognizable although attenuated a little (14%) from the responses to AM or FM alone. Using IAFM stimuli was not different than simply using AM stimuli when trying to recognize responses at low intensities. The number of responses detected during multiple IAFM stimulation and the amplitudes of these responses correlated significantly with word discrimination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IAFM of a carrier using two different modulating frequencies (one for AM and one for FM) elicits separate AM and FM responses that are relatively independent of each other. These separate responses can be used to detect whether a particular carrier has been processed in the cochlea, but they are not as effective as measuring responses to carriers that have been modulated in both amplitude and frequency at the same modulation frequency (mixed modulation). The detectability of eight different responses (four AM and four FM) to an IAFM stimuli relates well to the ability of subjects to discriminate words. IAFM stimuli therefore show promise as an objective test for assessing suprathreshold hearing.
authors.affiliation: Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimitrijevic
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Roon
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Picton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014825:Vocabulary