title: Field nonuniformity correction for quantitative analysis of digitized mammograms.
abstract: Several factors, including the heel effect, variation in distance from the x-ray source to points in the image and path obliquity contribute to the signal nonuniformity of mammograms. To best use digitized mammograms for quantitative image analysis, these field non-uniformities must be corrected. An empirically based correction method, which uses a bowl-shaped calibration phantom, has been developed. Due to the annular spherical shape of the phantom, its attenuation is constant over the entire image. Remaining nonuniformities are due only to the heel and inverse square effects as well as the variable path through the beam filter, compression plate and image receptor. In logarithmic space, a normalized image of the phantom can be added to mammograms to correct for these effects. Then, an analytical correction for path obliquity in the breast can be applied to the images. It was found that the correction causes the errors associated with field nonuniformity to be reduced from 14% to 2% for a 4 cm block of material corresponding to a combination of 50% fibroglandular and 50% fatty breast tissue. A repeatability study has been conducted to show that in regions as far as 20 cm away from the chest wall, variations due to imaging conditions and phantom alignment contribute to <2% of overall corrected signal.
authors.affiliation: Imaging/Bioengineering Research, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pawluczyk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaffe
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D002138:Calibration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D014965:X-Rays