title: Prospective double-blind study of effect of ketorolac administration after laparoscopic urologic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To decrease postoperative dependence on narcotics for analgesia, we have evaluated ketorolac as an adjunct to perioperative pain control in patients undergoing laparoscopic urologic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five patients (34 male, 31 female) were randomized to receive either ketorolac tromethamine (15-30 mg IV q 6 h) or placebo prior to laparoscopic surgery. Patient-controlled analgesia in the form of morphine sulfate was provided. Operative factors such as the type of surgery, operative time, and estimated blood loss were recorded. Postoperative factors such as analog pain score (range 0-10), narcotic usage, and length of stay were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five patients completed the study. The average pain score was 2.2 and 4.5 for the ketorolac and placebo groups, respectively (P < 0.005). The mean amounts of total morphine used were 39.2 mg (ketorolac) and 62.5 mg (placebo) (P = 0.077). The length of stay was not significantly different in the ketorolac (2.5 days) and placebo (2.6 days) groups (P = 0.74). Operative times (P = 0.21) and estimated blood loss (P = 0.60) were not significantly different in the two groups. Ketorolac did not adversely affect renal function; serum creatinine changes were not significantly different from those in the patients receiving placebo (P = 0.50). Laparoscopic pyeloplasty necessitated more narcotic analgesia than did other laparoscopic procedures (P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketorolac decreases the subjective perception of pain after laparoscopic urologic surgery. It is suggested that ketorolac administration decreases the amount of narcotic usage as well. Time to resumption of oral intake and length of hospital stay were not influenced by use of ketorolac.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fabrizio
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gelman
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010919:Placebos / Q000009:adverse effects; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010919:Placebos; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D009020:Morphine