title: Postmarketing surveillance of medications and pregnancy outcomes: clarithromycin and birth malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective surveillance study used linked administrative claims data and medical records to determine the rate and types of birth malformations in infants born to women exposed to the antibiotic, clarithromycin (Biaxin), during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacy and hospital claims from eight geographically diverse health plans were used to identify women who had a delivery claim within 270 days of a clarithromycin prescription over a 5-year period (1991-1995). Hospital delivery admission medical records for 143 mothers and their 149 infants were abstracted to identify birth malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five infants were identified with major malformations, three with minor malformations, and four with undescended testicles likely to resolve with time. The observed rate of 3.4% (95% CI, 0.5, 6.3) for major malformations was not statistically significantly different compared to an expected rate of 2.8% based on earlier national data. There was no consistency across types of major malformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide no evidence that clarithromycin is a likely major teratogen in humans. Use of claims data is one way to evaluate quickly and efficiently the safety of prescription medications in humans during pregnancy, especially when both exposure and outcome are rare.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Policy and Evaluation, United Health Group, Minneapolis, MN, USA. carol_r_drinkard@uhc.com
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Drinkard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shatin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clouse
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017291:Clarithromycin