title: Monte Carlo MCNP-4B-based absorbed dose distribution estimates for patient-specific dosimetry.
abstract: This study was intended to verify the capability of the Monte Carlo MCNP-4B code to evaluate spatial dose distribution based on information gathered from CT or SPECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new three-dimensional (3D) dose calculation approach for internal emitter use in radioimmunotherapy (RIT) was developed using the Monte Carlo MCNP-4B code as the photon and electron transport engine. It was shown that the MCNP-4B computer code can be used with voxel-based anatomic and physiologic data to provide 3D dose distributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study showed that the MCNP-4B code can be used to develop a treatment planning system that will provide such information in a time manner, if dose reporting is suitably optimized. If each organ is divided into small regions where the average energy deposition is calculated with a typical volume of 0.4 cm(3), regional dose distributions can be provided with reasonable central processing unit times (on the order of 12-24 h on a 200-MHz personal computer or modest workstation). Further efforts to provide semiautomated region identification (segmentation) and improvement of marrow dose calculations are needed to supply a complete system for RIT. It is envisioned that all such efforts will continue to develop and that internal dose calculations may soon be brought to a similar level of accuracy, detail, and robustness as is commonly expected in external dose treatment planning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For this study we developed a code with a user-friendly interface that works on several nuclear medicine imaging platforms and provides timely patient-specific dose information to the physician and medical physicist. Future therapy with internal emitters should use a 3D dose calculation approach, which represents a significant advance over dose information provided by the standard geometric phantoms used for more than 20 y (which permit reporting of only average organ doses for certain standardized individuals)
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoriyaz
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Stabin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: dos Santos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted