title: Electrical storm presages nonsudden death: the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators (AVID) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrical storm, multiple temporally related episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF), is a frequent problem among recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). However, insufficient data exist regarding its prognostic significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This analysis includes 457 patients who received an ICD in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial and who were followed for 31 +/- 13 months. Electrical storm was defined as > or = 3 separate episodes of VT/VF within 24 hours. Characteristics and survival of patients surviving electrical storm (n = 90), those with VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm (n = 184), and the remaining patients (n = 183) were compared. The 3 groups differed in terms of ejection fraction, index arrhythmia, revascularization status, and baseline medication use. Survival was evaluated using time-dependent Cox modeling. Electrical storm occurred 9.2 +/- 11.5 months after ICD implantation, and most episodes (86%) were due to VT. Electrical storm was a significant risk factor for subsequent death, independent of ejection fraction and other prognostic variables (relative risk [RR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 4.2; P = 0.003), but VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm was not (RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.7; P = 0.9). The risk of death was greatest 3 months after electrical storm (RR, 5.4; 95% Cl, 2.4 to 12.3; P = 0.0001) and diminished beyond this time (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.6; P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrical storm is an important, independent marker for subsequent death among ICD recipients, particularly in the first 3 months after its occurrence. However, the development of VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent death.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Canada. exner@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Exner
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pinski
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wyse
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Renfroe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Follmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coromilas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hallstrom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents