title: Anticholinergic treatment improves glycaemic control in adolescent girls with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Metabolic control often deteriorates during puberty in girls with insulin-dependent diabetes. It is well accepted that there is an abnormality in the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (lGF-I) axis in these girls, resulting in reduced IGF-I levels and elevated GH. As GH antagonizes insulin, attempts have previously been made to reduce excess GH secretion through anticholinergic treatment. However, most of these studies have been performed on adult patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 12 wk of oral anticholinergic treatment with Pirenzepine, 100 mg twice daily, in 16 adolescent girls with diabetes. Serum samples of IGF-I, glycated haemoglobin and fasting IGF-binding protein 1 were analysed at initiation and after 3, 8 and 12 wk of Pirenzepine therapy. Nocturnal urinary GH excretion was also examined. Glycated haemoglobin declined significantly after 3 wk of Pirenzepine therapy (9.8 +/- 0.18 vs 9.2 +/- 0.17; p < 0.001) and was still improved at the end of the study. Unexpectedly, nocturnal urinary GH excretion did not change. Serum IGF-I continuously increased during the study, while IGF-binding protein 1 levels were not significantly altered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anticholinergic treatment with Pirenzepine improves glycaemic control in adolescent girls with diabetes. Although nocturnal urinary GH excretion was unchanged there may still be changes in pituitary GH secretion to explain the improvement. Effects of Pirenzepine on gastrointestinal motility can represent other possible mechanisms behind the improved metabolic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Sweden. marie.halldin@kbh.uu.se
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Halldin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brismar
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuvemo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000652:urine*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000032:analysis; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006454:Hemoglobins; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D010890:Pirenzepine; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013006:Growth Hormone