title: A polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region and a Met229-->Leu variant in exon 5 of the human UCP1 gene are associated with susceptibility to type II diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cumulative effects of several thrifty factors could contribute to the pathogenesis of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We screened the human UCP1 gene (UCP1) for polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to Type II diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using PCR and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, UCP1 were screened for mutations in 25 Type II diabetic subjects and 25 healthy control subjects. The allele frequencies of the detected polymorphisms were determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 320 diabetic subjects and 250 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An A-->C transition in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of exon 1 (112 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon) and a Met229-->Leu variant were detected. The allele frequencies for the C variant and for the Leu229 variant were higher in the Type II diabetic group than in the control group (p = 0.017 and p = 0.038, respectively). These polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium (p < 0.00001). Luciferase assay showed that the former variant in the 5' UTR may affect the promoter activity of UCP1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the A-->C polymorphism and the Met229-->Leu polymorphism of UCP1 are in linkage disequilibrium and could be one of the diabetes associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okazawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashiramoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasuga
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels; D007564:Japan; D007930:Leucine; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008715:Methionine; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012016:Reference Values; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; C000604371:UCP1 protein, human; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; D008715:Methionine; D007930:Leucine