title: Diagnosis of congenital heart malformations--possibilities for the employment of telepathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a study of 10 autopsy cases with congenital cardiac malformations we investigated whether obtaining a second opinion by means of telepathology could satisfy quality standards for the diagnosis of cardiac malformations and what the advantages and disadvantages of such a procedure might be.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigatory samples were 10 formalin-fixed hearts with complex malformations from 9 fetuses and one newborn on which autopsies had been performed at the Pathological Institute of the Charité Hospital. The requests for a second opinion, which included text and image data, were sent in the form of Microsoft PowerPoint presentations to 5 experts in 4 countries. Per case the number of images that were sent was between 3 and 7. The size of the files was between 439 and 942 kb. The time required for preparation of the cases for sending them to the specialists was between 1 and 2 hours: this encompassed the time for putting the notation on the images, compressing them, creating a file that included both the images and the clinical data and then sending the case file.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 cardiac malformations were correctly identified. In 8 of the 10 cases at least one expert had questions. After these questions had been answered and further images had been sent final correct diagnoses were made in all cases. All experts said that the quality of the images was very good. Use of a standardized findings questionnaire, which also included the marking of anatomic structures and of pathological findings in the images, proved useful. Standardized findings forms facilitate orientation during interpretation of the cases and should be used generally to avoid misunderstandings in telepathological communication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general it is possible to obtain an effective and reliable diagnosis of congenital heart malformations by means of telepathology. It is far quicker to get a second opinion by this means than by conventional means.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Charité, Medical Faculty of the Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. cornelia.tennstedt@charite.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tennstedt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunkel-Wehrstedt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hufnagl
mesh_terms: D001344:Autopsy / Q000379:methods*; D005333:Fetus / Q000473:pathology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D019113:Telepathology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*