title: Gonadotropins at menopause: the influence of obesity, insulin resistance, and estrogens.
abstract: Obese, postmenopausal women have lower FSH levels. To determine whether this is due to higher estrogen exposure, we compared feedback gonadotropin sensitivity and its relation to insulin resistance in four groups of obese and lean, postmenopausal women. Group one was treated with 400 mg troglitazone (TG) daily for two weeks; 150 clomiphene citrate (CC) was added daily for the second week. Group two received 150 mg CC daily for a week. Group three received 1000 mg metformin (MET) daily for two weeks, with 120 mg raloxifene (RAL) added during the second week. Group four received 120 mg RAL for a week. Before and after each period, a serum pool was obtained from samples taken every minute during a 10 ml interval. The women recruited for this study were categorized as obese or lean based on BMI >/= 29 or BMI < 29, respectively. Obese, menopausal women had lower FSH (45.5 IU/l) and LH (16.2 IU/l) values than those of lean (64.1 IU/l and 23.0 IU/l), but the obese menopausal women had higher leptin, DHEAS, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels. Log [FSH] was associated with BMI (r = -0.53, P < 0.000001) and number of pregnancies (r = -0.37, P = 0.0009). TG treatment did not change HOMA-IR or gonadotropin levels, but DHEAS and androstenedione levels decreased significantly. CC alone or together with TG, diminished FSH (-7.9 and -9.2) and LH (-2.5 and -3.6) concentrations, with a greater reduction in lean women. MET reduced glucose and the HOMA-IR index without affecting gonadotropin or steroid levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  obese, menopausal women have lower FSH levels due to greater estrogen exposure, by mechanisms unrelated to insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, 20 de Enero 929, 37320 León, Gto, Mexico.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Malacara
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fajardo
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nava
mesh_terms: D002839:Chromans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008593:Menopause / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D004967:Estrogens; D006062:Gonadotropins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D002996:Clomiphene; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D008687:Metformin; D000077288:Troglitazone