title: Contribution to red marrow absorbed dose from total body activity: a correction to the MIRD method.
abstract: The contribution to red marrow absorbed dose from beta-emitting radionuclides distributed uniformly in the total body can be overestimated using either MIRD 11 or MIRDOSE3. The S value assigned to the red marrow target region from activity distributed in the remainder of the body is of particular concern. The assumption that the specific absorbed fraction for total body irradiating red marrow and other skeletal tissues is the inverse of the total-body mass can result in an inappropriate remainder-of-body contribution to marrow dose. We evaluated differences in the calculation of marrow dose using MIRD 11 and MIRDOSE3 formulations and developed methods to correct the results from either to remove inappropriate contributions. When bone takes up significantly less activity than is predicted from an apportionment of remainder-tissue activity based on mass, the standard remainder-of-body correction may substantially overestimate the electron component of the S value from remainder tissues to red marrow using either MIRD 11 or MIRDOSE3. If bone takes up activity, this contribution is negligible using MIRD 11 S values but remains with MIRDOSE3 S values. This overestimate can be significant, particularly when the residence time of activity in the remainder of the body is much higher than in the red marrow and a different correction is needed. As the ratio of the remainder of body to marrow residence time is lowered, the overestimate becomes less significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this article, we show the magnitude of this overestimate (which is most important for nuclides with large "nonpenetrating" emission components and for pharmaceuticals that have a large ratio of remainder of body to marrow residence times), show the appropriate corrections to be made in each case, and propose a new method for calculating marrow dose contributions that will avoid this complication in future applications. Because all models give approximate doses for real patients, with uncertainties within those involved in these corrections, we do not suggest that changes be made to existing marrow dose estimates. We suggest only that future calculations be as accurate as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2675, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Stabin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Eckerman
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Breitz
mesh_terms: D001610:Beta Particles; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011868:Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes