title: Retrograde cerebral perfusion during thoracic aortic surgery and late neuropsychological dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) is commonly used in thoracic aortic surgery, ostensibly to provide metabolic support, maintain cerebral hypothermia and/or wash out particulate emboli. We tested the hypothesis that RCP would affect neuropsychological outcome in a clinical cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four patients undergoing elective thoracic aortic repairs requiring deep hypothermic circulatory arrest consented to participate in this study. These patients underwent preoperative neuropsychological evaluation and comprise the reference group. Fifty-six of these patients also underwent neuropsychological evaluation several weeks postoperatively, 12 of whom (21%) had RCP. The neuropsychological domains tested were attention, processing speed, memory, executive function, and fine motor function. A global assessment of impairment, negative neuropsychological outcome (NNO), was defined as a postoperative decrease in function in two or more neuropsychological domains for patients with at least three domains tested both pre- and postoperatively (n=48). The relationship of three potential predictors (RCP, cerebral ischemia time and patient age) to negative outcomes was analyzed using Wilcoxon two-sample tests, chi(2) tests, Mantel-Haenszel tests and multiple logistic regression. P<0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Memory dysfunction and NNO had strong associations with RCP. This effect remained significant when controlling separately for age and cerebral ischemia time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of RCP are difficult to distinguish from those of age and prolonged cerebral ischemia time, because complex thoracic aortic repairs are associated with advanced age, prolonged cerebral ischemia and use of RCP. Despite this limitation, these preliminary data indicated that RCP had no beneficial effect (and most likely a negative effect) upon cognitive outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. david.reich@mssm.edu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ergin
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bodian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Griepp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*