title: Increased rat mammary tissue vitamin A associated with increased vitamin A intake during lactation is maintained after lactation.
abstract: Although increases in dietary vitamin A increase milk vitamin A, little is known about effects of vitamin A intake on mammary tissue vitamin A levels during and after the reproductive cycle. First, we measured vitamin A concentrations in milk, mammary tissue and liver of lactating rats fed 0, 4, or 50 micromol of vitamin A/kg diet during pregnancy and through d 12 of lactation. Liver vitamin A concentration was significantly affected by diet in lactating females and pups 12 d after parturition. Milk vitamin A concentrations were significantly higher (7.1 +/- 2.2 micromol/L, n = 8) in dams fed 50 micromol/kg than in those fed 0 or 4 micromol/kg (1.9 +/- 0.3, n = 5 and 2.9 +/- 0.7 micromol/L, n = 7; P < 0.001), as were mammary tissue vitamin A concentrations (5.1 +/- 1.1 versus 2.2 +/- 0.4 and 2.4 +/- 0.6 nmol/g; P < 0.001). Next, we maintained female rats on 50 or 10 micromol vitamin A/kg diet during pregnancy and lactation and then on 4 micromol/kg diet after pups were weaned on d 21. On d 21, mammary tissue vitamin A concentrations were 3.14 +/- 0.75 versus 1.52 +/- 0.21 nmol/g in dams fed 50 versus 10 micromol/kg (n = 4/group; P < 0.001). Mammary tissue vitamin A concentrations were not significantly affected by time from 7 to 49 d after lactation and averaged 8.5 +/- 0.4 and 4.9 +/- 0.8 nmol/g on d 49 in dams fed 50 versus 10 micromol/kg (n = 4; P < 0.001). We conclude that diet-induced differences in rat mammary tissue vitamin A developed during pregnancy and lactation are maintained for > or =7 wk after lactation.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. mhg@psu.edu
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Akohoue
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A