title: Facial myokymia in brain death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain death (BD) is the irreversible loss of all functions of the brain and brainstem. Spontaneous and reflex movements of the limbs have been described in this condition. However, facial myokymia (FM) in BD has not been previously reported. The origin of that motor phenomenon in alive patients is still uncertain, since supranuclear, nuclear and peripheral mechanisms have been proposed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe the presence of FM in a patient who fulfilled the criteria for BD. A 40-year-old-man had right-sided weakness and impaired consciousness. After 14 h admission, he fulfilled the criteria for BD. A CT scan of the head showed a large putaminal hemorrhage. The EEG was isoelectric. At that time, fine spontaneous twitches of the left cheek were noticed. They consisted of repetitive and rhythmic movements in groups of 3-5 lasting for < 5 s. These movements appeared every 2-10 min during 6 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal reflexes have been described in BD. The presence of any movements other than the recognized reflexes may question this diagnosis and limit organ procurement for transplantation. The recognition of FM as an accepted movement in BD patients has practical and legal implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Movements in Brain Death Study Group, Hospital J M Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina. gsaposnik@yahoo.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saposnik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mauriño
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saizar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001926:Brain Death / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D005155:Facial Nerve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D011699:Putamen / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed