title: Production and characterization of 188Re-C595 antibody for radioimmunotherapy of transitional cell bladder cancer.
abstract: Bladder cancer was responsible for >12,000 deaths in the United States in 1999. The high-molecular-weight glycoprotein MUC1 mucin is overexpressed on bladder tumors and represents a useful target for radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy. We report on the production and initial tracer studies of a 188Re-antibody complex directed against this target and intended for intravesical radioimmunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  188Re perrhenate was eluted from a 188W/188Re generator. C595 antibody was reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol and was labeled in the presence of stannous tartrate. The final reaction mixture contained high-molecular-weight contamination, which was removed from the complex using an affinity separation technique. The specificity and integrity of the antibody complex were tested by radioimmunoassay and size exclusion chromatography. Tumor localization was investigated using an ex vivo model in human cystectomy specimens. Tracer amounts of the complex were also administered intravesically to three patients with bladder cancer, who were then imaged by gamma scintigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complex was immunoreactive (70% +/- 17%) and specific for MUC1 antigens. A peak corresponding to a protein of 150 kDa was observed on size exclusion chromatography, showing that the complex was homogeneous. Binding to bladder tumors was observed in an ex vivo model in which tumors were successfully imaged in four specimens. The mean tumor-to-normal tissue ratio in ex vivo bladders was 7:1. Tumor uptake after intravesical administration was confirmed in three patients with bladder cancer (mean tumor-to-normal tissue ratio, 4:1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C595 antibody was labeled with 188Re, providing a radioimmunoconjugate with high immunoreactivity and specificity. Its ability to localize in tumors both in an ex vivo model and after intravesical administration to patients has been shown. This approach will now be extended for the therapy of superficial bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Simms
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Scholfield
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012211:Rhenium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018396:Mucin-1; D011868:Radioisotopes; D012211:Rhenium