title: Relationship of extinction to perceptual thresholds for single stimuli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the effects of target stimulus intensity on extinction to double simultaneous stimuli.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Attentional deficits contribute to extinction in patients with brain lesions, but extinction (i.e., masking) can also be produced in healthy subjects. The relationship of extinction to perceptual thresholds for single stimuli remains uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brief electrical pulses were applied simultaneously to the left and right index fingers of 16 healthy volunteers (8 young and 8 elderly adults) and 4 patients with right brain stroke (RBS). The stimulus to be perceived (i.e., target stimulus) was given at the lowest perceptual threshold to perceive any single stimulus (i.e., Minimal) and at the threshold to perceive 100% of single stimuli. The mask stimulus (i.e., stimulus given to block the target) was applied to the contralateral hand at intensities just below discomfort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extinction was less for target stimuli at 100% than Minimal threshold for healthy subjects. Extinction of left targets was greater in patients with RBS than elderly control subjects. Left targets were extinguished less than right in healthy subjects. In contrast, the majority of left targets were extinguished in patients with RBS even when right mask intensity was reduced below right 100% threshold for single stimuli. RBS patients had less extinction for right targets despite having greater left mask - threshold difference than control subjects. In patients with RBS, right "targets" at 100% threshold extinguished left "masks" (20%) almost as frequently as left masks extinguished right targets (32%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subtle changes in target intensity affect extinction in healthy adults. Asymmetries in mask and target intensities (relative to single-stimulus perceptual thresholds) affect extinction in RBS patients less for left targets but more for right targets as compared with control subjects.
authors.affiliation: Section of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-3280, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Meador
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Loring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010470:Perceptual Masking / Q000502:physiology*