title: Comparison of sensory and sympathetic innervation of the dura mater and posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine after removal of the stellate ganglion.
abstract: Although cervical spinal tissues are rich in sensory and sympathetic fibers, which play a significant role in clinical phenomena, there is little information available regarding their anatomical characteristics. In this study, we compared the innervation of the cervical dura mater and the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) to that after removal of the stellate ganglion to determine whether the anatomical background plays a significant role in clinical manifestations. Immunoreactivities for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) were used as sensory markers, and immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y (NPY) was used as a sympathetic marker. Sensory fibers in the cervical dura mater were distributed within each cervical segment, but those in the PLL extended beyond the segmental borders. A dense sensory fiber network forming a single layer was seen at the intervertebral disc region in the cervical PLL, whereas sympathetic fibers in this region were sparsely distributed. Sympathetic fibers were distributed not only around the vascular wall but also in the region independent from vessels, and some occasionally ran together with sensory fibers in both the dura mater and the PLL. Removal of the stellate ganglion had little effect on the distribution of sensory fibers but denervated the sympathetic fiber networks in the region independent from vessels of the upper ipsilateral cervical PLL. In conclusion, the cervical dura mater and the PLL have different sensory and sympathetic innervations. Sympathetic fibers pass through the stellate ganglion to project to the region independent from vessels in the upper cervical PLL. Clinical symptoms may be attributed to this characteristic innervation of the cervical spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yaginuma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D003714:Denervation; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017846:Longitudinal Ligaments / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000502:physiology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide