title: Transcranial electrical motor evoked potential monitoring for brain tumor resection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to examine whether transcranial electrical motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring is safe, feasible, and valuable for brain tumor surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty consecutive patients undergoing brain tumor resection were studied, using nitrous oxide/propofol anesthesia. MEPs were continuously recorded throughout surgery, using a Sentinel 4 evoked potential system (Axon Systems, Inc., Hauppauge, NY). The MEPs were elicited by transcranial electrical stimulation (train of 5; stimulation rate, 0.5-2 Hz; square wave pulse with a time constant of 0.5 ms; stimulation intensity, 40-160 mA) through spiral electrodes placed over the primary motor cortex and were recorded by needle electrodes inserted into the contralateral orbicularis oris, biceps, abductor pollicis brevis, and anterior tibialis muscles. When MEP amplitudes decreased by more than 50%, MEP stimulation was repeated, with increased stimulation intensity, and MEP changes were reported to the surgeon. The motor function of each patient was examined before and after surgery, using a reproducible scale. The relationship between MEP amplitude decreases and worsening motor status was analyzed using linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative neurological examinations revealed mild to moderate motor deficits (2/5 to 4/5) for 38% of patients (19 of 50 patients). Most of the patients (96%) exhibited recordable baseline MEPs. Persistent MEP decreases of more than 50% were noted for eight patients (16%) (11 muscles). The MEPs were completely abolished in two patients (three muscles). The degree of postoperative worsening of motor status was correlated with the degree of intraoperative MEP amplitude reduction (r = -0.864; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent intraoperative MEP reductions of more than 50% were associated with postoperative motor deficits. The degree of MEP amplitude reduction was correlated with postoperative worsening of motor status. Transcranial electrical MEP monitoring is feasible, safe, and valuable for brain tumor surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology