title: An improved three-dimensional direct numerical modelling and thermal analysis of a female breast with tumour.
abstract: It is well known that malignant tumour tissue generally has higher metabolic and blood perfusion rates than most normal tissues. The authors aim to show that the tissue temperature profile within the breast and the surface temperature profile can be quantified to develop an expert system or diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection. The surface temperature and tissue temperature profiles are analysed for a three-dimensional numerical model of a normal breast and a breast with a tumour. Tumours of different sizes are placed at various locations. In the model, the tissue temperature profile is distorted at the tumour location and was found to compare well with in vivo tests. It was also found that as the tumour was moved to deeper locations its effect on surface temperature was lower. It was observed that small tumours in deeper regions do not have a significant isolated impact on the surface. The numerical results could also capture a shift in the position of the tumour. For tumours greater than 10 mm in the superficial regions and of significant size in deeper regions, it could be seen that the surface temperature distribution of the breast is directly related to the position and size of the tumour embedded in it. The feasibility of providing a diagnostic tool in conjunction with numerical modelling and high-resolution thermograms is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798.
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Sudharsan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity