title: Gender-related physiologic differences in human neonates and the greater vulnerability of males to developmental brain disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether gender-specific physiologic differences are present at birth and can be a basis for gender-specific vulnerability to developmental disorders in males. We report on three studies of male-female physiologic and structural differences in neonates and their relevance to observed differences in the incidence of developmental disorders in males.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study I: 56 neonates were examined for cardiac reactivity to the Moro reflex. Study II: 863 neonates' basic anthropometric data were examined to demonstrate gender-specific differences in body proportions as a possible basis for psychophysiologic differences. Study III: Developmental data on 1000 one- to 26-week-old infants were analyzed for gender-specific developmental differences in rhythmic patterns of sleeping and eating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study I: There were gender-related differences in heart rate reactivity (male > female). Study II: Male newborns had significantly larger head/chest proportions, suggesting that they may have a greater metabolic demand, related to brain size. Study III: Mothers reported that infant males' sleeping rhythm developed significantly later than females', and that they slept for shorter periods at night.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender-related vulnerability in brain development is proposed, based on physiologic differences during a specific early sensitive period in development. This hypothesis may help to explain the overrepresentation of males reported for most developmental disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Development Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, UT-MSI, 1300 Moursund St, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Emese.Nagy@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Loveland
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Orvos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Molnár
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires