title: A first estimate of ground water ages for the deep aquifer of the Kathmandu Basin, Nepal, using the radioisotope chlorine-36.
abstract: The Kathmandu Basin in Nepal contains up to 550 m of Pliocene-Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine sediments which have formed a dual aquifer system. The unconfined sand and gravel aquifer is separated by a clay aquitard, up to 200 m thick, from the deeper, confined aquifer, comprised of Pliocene sand and gravel beds, intercalated with clay, peat, and lignite. The confined aquifer currently provides an important water supply to the central urban area but there are increasing concerns about its sustainability due to overexploitation. A limited number of determinations of the radioisotope 36Cl have been made on bore waters in the basin, allowing us to postulate on the age of ground water in the deeper, confined aquifer. Ground water evolution scenarios based on radioisotope decay, gradual dissolution of formational salts as the ground waters move downgradient, and flow velocity estimations produce comparable ground water ages for the deep waters, ranging from 200,000 to 400,000 years. From these ages, we deduce a mean ground water flow velocity of only 45 mm/year from recharge in the northeast to the main extraction region 15 km to the southwest. We thus estimate current recharge at about 5 to 15 mm/year, contributing 40,000 to 1.2 million m3/year to the ground water system. Current ground water extraction is estimated to be 20 times this amount. The low specific discharge confirms that the resource is being mined, and, based on current projections, reserves will be used up within 100 years.
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Rural Sciences, P.O. Box E11, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia. richard.cresswell@brs.gov.au
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cresswell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauld
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khadka
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Regmi
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D009390:Nepal; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D002713:Chlorine