title: Reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis in rats using a new male contraceptive, 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-indazole-3-carbohydrazide.
abstract: The oral male contraceptive agent 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-indazole-3-carbohydrazide (AF2364) is a new analogue of indazole-carboxylic acid. AF2364 was orally administered to rats at 50 mg/kg body weight once weekly for five consecutive weeks. The effects on fertility efficacy, hormonal profile, organ weights, tissue morphology, and serum microchemistry were examined. Complete infertility was noted in rats 29 days after the initial dose of AF2364 and continued until 90 days. Fertility resumed in 25% of the group after 104 days and had resumed in 75% of the rats by the last mating at 197 days. Morphological examination of the testis showed rapid exfoliation of elongated spermatids and the generation of large multinucleated cells 6 days after the first treatment, with depletion of most germ cells after 40 days. Normal spermatogenesis was noted in 95% of the tubules in the animals that were fertile at 210 days. Morphological analysis of the epididymal compartments revealed reduced lumen size, whereas the prostate exhibited an increase in the glandular lumen with a reduction in epithelium height. No morphological changes were detected in the kidney, liver, and cerebrum by light microscopy. Kidney and liver function, as evaluated by serum chemistry, were not affected by the drug treatment. AF2364 did not alter the levels of FSH, and only minimal changes were noted for LH and testosterone, suggesting that the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis was not affected. These results illustrate the potential of AF2364 as a male contraceptive.
authors.affiliation: Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grima
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Silvestrini
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000988:Antispermatogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004822:Epididymis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D008098:Litter Size; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011467:Prostate / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C432482:1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)indazole-3-carbohydrazide; D000988:Antispermatogenic Agents; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D006834:Hydrazines; D007191:Indazoles; D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone