title: Changing socioeconomic correlates for cancers of the upper digestive tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancers of the upper digestive tract have long been associated with low socio-economic levels. It has however been suggested that in recent times the social gradient for these cancers is leveling off.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from three case-control studies on oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancer conducted in Northern Italy during the periods 1984-1992 and 1992-1997 were combined and re-analyzed. Cases were subjects admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals in the areas under study with incident, histologically confirmed cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (n = 1126) and oesophagus (n = 714). Controls were subjects admitted to the same hospitals for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic conditions, not related to smoking or alcohol consumption (n = 4642).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 1980s a significant association was observed with low education and social class level. The multivariate odds ratios for oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers combined was 1.78 for the lowest versus the highest educational level, and 1.75 for the lowest versus the highest social class. No consistent pattern of risk was observed with any of the socio-economic indicators considered in the studies conducted in the 1990s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that the socio-economic correlates of cancers of the upper digestive tract have changed over the last few years in Italy, with a disappearance of the social gradient.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. bosetti@marionegri.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomei
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004522:Educational Status; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires