title: Effect of ultrasonic frequency on polymerization of styrene under sonication.
abstract: The effect of ultrasonic frequency on polymerization of styrene under sonication at 50 degrees C was studied at the frequencies of 23.4, 45.7, 92, 518 kHz and 1 MHz. Polymerization under sonication was carried out at the ultrasonic intensity that gives the same reaction rate of decomposition of porphyrin. The magnitude of the polymerization rate increases in the order of 92, 45.7 and 23.4 kHz. At the high frequencies of 518 kHz and 1 MHz, no polymerization was observed. These facts mean that there is an optimum frequency in the range from 92 to 518 kHz for effective polymerization. The average-number molecular weights at the sonication time of 3 h are 5.5 x 10(4), 8.0 x 10(4) and 11.5 x 10(4) for the irradiated frequencies of 92, 45.7 and 23.4 kHz, respectively. Sonication for 3 h at 92 kHz gives polystyrene with very high polydispersity, about 5.0, in comparison with the results obtained at 23.4 and 45.7 kHz. These observations indicate that polymerization under sonication is influenced by the irradiated frequency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomura