title: Radiosurgical management of benign cavernous sinus tumors: dose profiles and acute complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiosurgery has emerged as an alternative treatment modality for cranial base tumors in patients deemed not suited for primary surgical extirpation, patients with recurrent or residual tumor after open surgery, or patients who refuse surgical treatment. We review our short-term experience with radiosurgical management of cavernous sinus region tumors with the Leksell gamma knife.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 1994 to February 1999, 69 patients with cavernous sinus lesions were treated in 72 separate treatment sessions. The tumor type distribution was 29 pituitary adenomas, 35 meningiomas, 4 schwannomas, and 1 paraganglioma. The median follow-up was 122 weeks. Lesions were stratified according to a five-level surgical grade. The grade distribution of the tumors was as follows: Grade I, 13; Grade II, 21; Grade III, 19; Grade IV, 12; Grade V, 4. Median tumor volume was 4.7 cm3. The median radiation dose was 15 Gy to the 50% isodose line. Median maximal radiation dose was 30 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of tumor characteristics and radiation dose to optic nerve and pontine structures revealed a significant correlation between distance and dose. Much lower correlation coefficients were found between tumor volume and dose. One lesion in this series had evidence of transient progression and later regression on follow-up radiographic studies. No other lesions in this series were demonstrated to have exhibited progression. Complications after radiosurgical treatment were uncommon. Two patients had cranial nerve deficits after treatment. One patient with a surgical Grade III pituitary adenoma had VIth cranial nerve palsy 25 months after radiosurgical treatment that spontaneously resolved 10 months later. A patient with a bilateral pituitary adenoma experienced bilateral VIth cranial nerve palsy 3 months after treatment that had not resolved at 35 months after treatment. Six patients with preoperative cranial nerve deficits experienced resolution or improvement of their deficits after treatment. One patient with a prolactin-secreting adenoma experienced normalization of endocrine function with return of menses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiosurgical treatment represents an important advance in the management of cavernous sinus tumors, with low risk of neurological deficit in comparison with open surgical treatment, even in patients with high surgical grades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA. josephcc@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Giannotta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Petrovich
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Apuzzo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011379:Prognosis; D011874:Radiometry; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*