title: Microcatheterization of the cervical epidural space via lumbar puncture: technical note.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deposition of opiates, corticosteroids, or local anesthetics into the epidural space is useful for the management of painful maladies of the cervical and thoracic spine. We describe a novel technique for epidural medication delivery via an angiographic microcatheter inserted at or below the conus and advanced cephalad under fluoroscopic guidance. Unlike commercial kits used by anesthesiologists, this method uses a radiopaque catheter that can be precisely targeted to the levels of interest. The hazards of direct puncture, such as "wet tap" or injury to the cervical cord, are minimized.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 18-gauge Tuohy needle is inserted into the lumbar epidural space. A 2.3-French microcatheter and a 0.018-inch steerable guidewire are then introduced through the lumen of the needle. The catheter is fluoroscopically advanced to the cervical epidural space, where Depo-Medrol (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) is administered. As the catheter is withdrawn, additional corticosteroid can be delivered to the thoracic epidural space, together with long-acting morphine compounds or local anesthetics. Regional pressures within the epidural space and other physiological parameters can be measured, and the local microenvironment can be sampled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, we have performed 16 procedures for 13 patients. All patients reported improvement, of varying extent and duration. There have been no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our system of accessing the epidural space has many advantages, compared with direct puncture and commercially available kits. It provides a safe means of delivering epidural medication to multiple spinal levels and permits measurement of physiological variables that may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical and thoracic spine disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033-1029, USA. amar@aya.yale.edu
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Amar
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D013129:Spinal Puncture