title: Determination of the ultrastructural pathology of human sperm by atomic force microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate ultrastructural changes, particularly at the surface, that occur in pathological spermatozoa by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and to examine the morphological alterations responsible for infertile sperm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal fertile and pathological spermatozoa were examined by using a conventional AFM in a noncontact mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Andrology clinic at Los Andes University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm of patients with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) and asthenozoospermia were obtained from the Los Andes University Hospital, Mérida, Venezuela.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphological details, topological information, and three-dimensional images of the head, neck, and flagellum are presented for both normal and pathological sperm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained images clearly show dramatic alterations in the morphology of the head, neck, and flagellum of pathological sperm. Even the ultrastructure at the top of the flagellum and the region of the acrosome cap are clearly distinguishable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has significant importance not only for identifying spermatozoa alterations but also for understanding morphological defects and their effects on infertility. If properly exploited, this technique could be an important research tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and Laboratory of Andrology, Los Andes University Hospital, Mérida, Venezuela. joshi@ciens.ula.ve
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Crúz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osuna
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D013082:Sperm Tail / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*