title: Procalcitonin: a new marker of inflammation in haemodialysis patients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although procalcitonin (PCT) has been described as a new marker of infection and inflammation, it has not been extensively studied in dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured plasma PCT levels in 62 patients on maintenance haemodialysis (30 M/32 F, age 61.8+/-17.1 years, on dialysis for 75+/-93 months, 12 h/week, with a Kt/V of 1.53+/-0.31, high-flux membrane being used in 25 patients and low-flux in 37 patients, without reuse). PCT levels were compared with other markers of inflammation and nutritional status, including C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukocytes, urea, creatinine, albumin, prealbumin, normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), haemoglobin (Hb), and epoetin (Epo) doses. Patients were divided into different groups according to their infectious and vascular status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCT plasma levels before dialysis were 0.69+/-0.81 ng/ml. Fifty-seven per cent of PCT values were higher than the upper normal limit of 0.5 ng/ml. CRP and PCT concentrations were high in patients with a current infection, while IL-6 values were elevated in all patients regardless of infection status. Plasma CRP concentrations before dialysis were 21.2+/-31.4 mg/l, and 70% of these values were higher than the upper normal limit. CRP, PCT, IL-6, and fibrinogen were positively correlated with each other and were all negatively correlated with albumin. Prealbumin was negatively correlated with CRP and IL-6. In the 43 patients treated with Epo, haemoglobin was negatively correlated with IL-6 and Epo doses, while Epo doses were positively correlated with IL-6 but not with CRP or PCT. The 23 patients with both elevated PCT and CRP plasma levels had the lowest Hb, albumin, and prealbumin concentrations, and the highest fibrinogen concentrations and Epo doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCT in haemodialysis patients is positively correlated with currently used markers of inflammation such as CRP and fibrinogen, and negatively correlated with markers of nutritional status such as albumin. The concomitant elevations in PCT and CRP could be more sensitive in the evaluation of inflammation than each marker separately.
authors.affiliation: Service de Néphrologie et Hémodialyse, Hôpital Pellegrin, 1 rue Jean Burguet, F-33075 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Level
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chauveau
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Delmas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lasseur
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pellé
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peuchant
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Montaudon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Combe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide