title: Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects.
abstract: Numerous reports have recently focused on various aspects of adverse trends in male reproductive health, such as the rising incidence of testicular cancer; low and probably declining semen quality; high and possibly increasing frequencies of undescended testis and hypospadias; and an apparently growing demand for assisted reproduction. Due to specialization in medicine and different ages at presentation of symptoms, reproductive problems used to be analysed separately by various professional groups, e.g. paediatric endocrinologists, urologists, andrologists and oncologists. This article summarizes existing evidence supporting a new concept that poor semen quality, testis cancer, undescended testis and hypospadias are symptoms of one underlying entity, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), which may be increasingly common due to adverse environmental influences. Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that TDS is a result of disruption of embryonal programming and gonadal development during fetal life. Therefore, we recommend that future epidemiological studies on trends in male reproductive health should not focus on one symptom only, but be more comprehensive and take all aspects of TDS into account. Otherwise, important biological information may be lost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. nes@rh.dk
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Skakkebaek
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rajpert-De Meyts
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Main
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000209:etiology; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens