Phosphatidic acid: an emerging plant lipid second messenger.
Evidence is accumulating that phosphatidic acid is a second messenger. Its level increases within minutes of a wide variety of stress treatments including ethylene, wounding, pathogen elicitors, osmotic and oxidative stress, and abscisic acid. Enhanced signal levels are rapidly attenuated by phosphorylating phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol pyrophosphate. Phosphatidic acid is the product of two signalling pathways, those of phospholipases C and D, the former in combination with diacylglycerol kinase. Families of these genes are now being cloned from plants. Several downstream targets of phosphatidic acid have been identified, including protein kinases and ion channels.
Munnik
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Dept of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, NL-1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. munnick@science.uva.nl
D011756:Diphosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010712:Phosphatidic Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
D011756:Diphosphates; D010712:Phosphatidic Acids; C408642:diacylglycerol pyrophosphate; D011494:Protein Kinases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D010739:Phospholipase D; D005990:Glycerol