title: Contribution of net hepatic glycogen synthesis to disposal of an oral glucose load in humans.
abstract: The contribution of hepatic glycogen synthesis to whole body glucose disposal after an oral glucose load was examined using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure liver glycogen content in healthy, volunteers after an overnight fast. In group 1 (n = 14), hepatic glycogen synthesis was measured using (13)C-NMR spectroscopy for 240 minutes after ingestion of 98 +/- 1 g glucose. Liver volumes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To assess the direct (glucose --> glucose-6-P --> glucose-1-P --> uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose --> glycogen) and indirect (3-carbon units --> --> glycogen) pathways of liver glycogen synthesis, group 2 (n = 6) was studied with an identical glucose load enriched with [1-(13)C]glucose along with acetaminophen to noninvasively assess the (13)C enrichment in hepatic UDP-glucose. The fasting hepatic glycogen content was 305 +/- 17 mmol/L liver, and the liver volume was 1.46 +/- 0.07 L. For the initial 180 minutes after ingestion of glucose, hepatic glycogen concentrations increased linearly (r =.94, P =.0006) achieving a maximum concentration of 390 +/- 7 mmol/L liver and then remained constant until the end of the study. The mean maximum rate of net hepatic glycogen synthesis was 0.48 +/- 0.07 mmol/L liver-minute. Total liver glycogen synthesis could account for 16.7 +/- 3.8 g (17% +/- 4%) of the glucose ingested, and of this, 10.5 +/- 2.4 g (63% +/- 7%) was synthesized by the direct pathway. In conclusion, after ingestion of 98 g of glucose: (1) 16.7 +/- 3.8 g (17% +/- 4%) glucose was stored in the liver as glycogen, and (2) 63% +/- 7% (10.5 +/- 2.4 g) of this glycogen was formed via the direct pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Shulman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D014532:Uridine Diphosphate Glucose / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D007328:Insulin; D006003:Glycogen; D005947:Glucose; D014532:Uridine Diphosphate Glucose