title: Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, enhanced radiosensitivity in human esophageal cancer cell lines in vitro: possible involvement of inhibition of survival signal transduction pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on radiosensitivity was examined, especially focusing on "survival signal transduction pathways."
  
  
  METHODS
  Two human esophageal squamous cell cancer cell lines, TE-1 (p53, mutant) and TE-2 (p53, wild), were used. Radiosensitivity was determined by clonogenic assay, and activation of survival signals was examined by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genistein (30 microM) greatly enhanced radiosensitivity in these cell lines by suppressing radiation-induced activation of survival signals, p42/p44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT/PKB. Significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and increased poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase cleavage were observed in TE-2, but not in TE-1 even after combination of genistein with irradiation. In terms of changes in expression of p53-related proteins, increase in expression of Bax and decrease in that of Bcl-2 were observed in TE-2 but not in TE-1, suggesting that the main mode of cell death induced by genistein in a cell line with wild type p53 differed from that with mutant p53.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that survival signals, including p42/p44 ERK and AKT/PKB, may be involved in determining radiosensitivity, and genistein would be a potent therapeutic agent that has an enhancing effect on radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan. takimoto@sb.gunma-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akimoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitsuhashi
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019833:Genistein; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases