title: Structural immaturity of the heart in congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The form and function of the heart are the final result of an integration of cells, tissues, and extracellular material. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex array of different molecular components, and it plays an important role for the transfer of mechanical force in both contraction and relaxation phases in the cardiac cycle. ECM plays also a significant role in the development of the heart. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of important ECM components in the heart of rats with induced CDH to test the hypothesis that an alteration of ECM may contribute to the cardiac maldevelopment, which recently has been identified as a contributive factor for the high mortality rate in babies with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).
  
  
  METHODS
  CDH model was induced in pregnant rats after administration of 100 mg of nitrofen on day 9.5 of gestation (term, 22 days). In control animals the same dose of olive oil was given without nitrofen. Cesarean section was performed on day 21 of gestation. The fetuses were divided into 2 groups: normal control (n = 10) and nitrofen-induced CDH (n = 10). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the relative amount of tropoelastin and alpha1 (I) procollagen mRNA expression. Elastin protein content was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a reduction in tropoelastin mRNA (P <.05) and procollagen mRNA (P <.05) in CDH compared with controls. The cardiac alpha-elastin content also was reduced in CDH (P <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduced cardiac tropoelastin and procollagen gene expression and the reduced alpha-elastin content indicate that the heart in CDH structurally is immature. The reduced production of cardiac ECM may contribute to a contractile dysfunction, which makes the heart unable to respond to the hemodynamic load accompanying persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH).
authors.affiliation: Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guarino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puri
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004549:Elastin / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005325:Fetal Organ Maturity; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011347:Procollagen / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014333:Tropoelastin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011347:Procollagen; D014333:Tropoelastin; D004549:Elastin; C007350:nitrofen