title: Differential expression of metastasis-associated genes in papilla of vater and pancreatic cancer correlates with disease stage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Papilla of Vater cancer has a much better prognosis than pancreatic cancer. It is not known whether this is the result of differences in the tumor biology of the two malignancies. Because metastasis formation is a critical step in tumor progression and a negative prognostic factor, we compared the expression of nm23-H1 and KAI1, two metastasis-suppressing genes, in papilla of Vater cancer and pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis was performed in nine normal human papilla of Vater samples, 27 papilla of Vater cancers, 16 normal pancreatic samples, and 29 pancreatic cancers. Expression of nm23-H1 and KAI1 was analyzed by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed to localize the respective proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in nm23-H1 and KAI1 mRNA expression levels in normal versus cancerous papilla of Vater samples. In contrast, nm23-H1 and KAI1 RNA expression was upregulated in early tumor stages of pancreatic cancer and reduced in advanced tumor stages. When expression of nm23-H1 and KAI1 RNA was analyzed by use of in situ hybridization, normal epithelial cells of the papilla of Vater exhibited mRNA staining intensity similar to that of papilla of Vater cancer cells. Similar levels of nm23-H1 and KAI1 immunoreactivity also were observed in these samples. In contrast, early stage pancreatic cancer samples exhibited stronger nm23-H1 and KAI1 immunoreactivity than normal controls. Furthermore, early pancreatic cancer stages exhibited higher KAI1 and nm23-H1 immunostaining than advanced tumor stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in the expression patterns of the two tumor suppressor genes nm23-H1 and KAI1 may contribute to the different prognoses of papilla of Vater cancer and pancreatic cancer. Our findings support the hypothesis that biologic differences rather than earlier diagnosis influence the different outcomes of these two tumor entities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland. helmut.friess@insel.ch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: X Z
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tempia-Caliera
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Martignoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korc
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Büchler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014670:Ampulla of Vater / Q000737:chemistry; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051861:Kangai-1 Protein; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase; D010179:Pancreas / Q000737:chemistry; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C497688:CD82 protein, human; D051861:Kangai-1 Protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C517938:NME1 protein, human; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins