title: PH monitoring in the distal and proximal esophagus in symptomatic infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard distal esophageal pH monitoring data are sometimes within normal ranges in children with clinically suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that the amount of acid reflux reaching the proximal esophagus may be greater in some subgroups of patients than in healthy controls or in other subgroups of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parameters of 24-hour pH monitoring in the proximal part of the esophagus were analyzed in 120 symptomatic infants in who the reflux parameters in the lower esophagus were clearly within normal ranges (reflux index < 5.0%). The infants were classified into four patient groups: excessive regurgitation (n = 41): inconsolable crying (n = 31), apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) (n = 18), and chronic respiratory disorders (n = 30). The control group consisted also of 120 infants. The following parameters were calculated: reflux index, the number of reflux episodes, the number of reflux episodes lasting longer than 5 minutes, the duration of the longest reflux episode, and the acid clearance time (ACT, duration of reflux episodes divided by number of reflux episodes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with chronic respiratory disorders were significantly older than the patients in the other groups and the controls. In the distal esophagus, there was no statistically significant difference between the reflux parameters. As could be expected, every parameter was statistically (paired t test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) significantly smaller in the proximal than in the distal esophagus, except for the ACT in infants who presented with inconsolable crying. In the proximal esophagus, there was no statistically significant difference between the different patient subgroups or controls, except for the number of reflux episodes in the group with chronic respiratory disorders and the group with inconsolable crying, applying one-way analysis of variance. As determined by applying the Mann-Whitney test, the number of reflux episodes in the upper esophagus was significantly higher in the group with chronic respiratory disorders than in the other patient groups and controls. Therefore, the authors' data do not support the hypothesis that reflux reaching the proximal esophagus is a frequent cause of ALTE. However, the data may suggest that the number of reflux episodes reaching the proximal esophagus in children with chronic respiratory disorders and with distal pH monitoring data within normal ranges may be increased. Whether this finding reflects reality or a statistical coincidence, or is influenced by the older age of this patient group, needs further evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In theory, dual simultaneous esophageal pH monitoring in the distal and proximal esophagus may increase the diagnostic accuracy of pH monitoring in infants. Our results do not support a substantial advantage of a systematic application of this new technique, especially not in infants presenting with ALTE, excessive regurgitation, or inconsolable crying. In the subgroup of patients with chronic respiratory disorders, more data are needed before conclusions can be determined and recommendations can be made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Free University of Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arana
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bagucka
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hegar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Urbain
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vandenplas
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003448:Crying; D004947:Esophagus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors