title: Management of febrile infants and children by pediatric emergency medicine and emergency medicine: comparison with practice guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Management of febrile infants and children remains controversial despite the 1993 publication in Pediatrics and Annals of Emergency Medicine of practice guidelines. Our aim was to determine the management of febrile infants and children by pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowship directors and emergency medicine (EM) residency directors and compare their approach with the published practice guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four case scenarios were sent to 64 PEM directors and 100 EM directors in the United States and Canada, describing four febrile, nontoxic infants and children aged 25 days (case 1), 7 weeks (case 2), 5 months (case 3), and 22 months (case 4). Respondents were asked to select which laboratory tests and radiographs they would obtain and to decide on treatment and disposition for each hypothetical case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two percent (53/64) of PEM directors and 64% (64/100) of EM directors responded (overall response rate 74%). Compliance with the guidelines (PEM/EM) was 54%/16% for case 1, 31%/6% for case 2, 35%/19% for case 3, and 20%/11% for case 4. Only 11% of PEM and 2% of EM directors followed the guidelines for all four cases. Overall, directors performed fewer laboratory tests, ordered more chest radiographs and treated fewer patients with antibiotics than the expert panel suggested. EM directors ordered more chest radiographs (cases 1-4) and admitted more patients (case 2) than PEM directors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is poor compliance with published practice guidelines in the management of febrile infants and children among PEM and EM directors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Cooper Health Care System, Camden, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Belfer
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gittelman
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Muñiz
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002170:Canada; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships / Q000458:organization & administration; D005334:Fever / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000458:organization & administration; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000592:standards*; D008486:Physician Executives / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents