title: Impact of the change in polio vaccination schedule on immunization coverage rates: a study in two large health maintenance organizations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In January 1997, one of the most significant changes to United States vaccine policy occurred when polio immunization guidelines changed to recommend a schedule containing inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). There were concerns that parent or physician reluctance to accept IPV into the routine childhood immunization schedule would lead to lowered coverage. We determined whether adoption of an IPV schedule had a negative impact on immunization coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study of 2 large health maintenance organizations (HMOs), Group Health Cooperative and Kaiser Permanente Northern California, was conducted. For analysis at 12 months of age, children who were born between October 1, 1996, and December 31, 1997, and were commercially insured and covered by Medicaid were continuously enrolled; for analysis at 24 months of age, children who were born between October 1, 1996, and June 30, 1997, and were commercially insured and covered by Medicaid were continuously enrolled. The 3 measures of immunization status at 12 and 24 months of age were up-to-date status, cumulative time spent up-to-date, and the number of missed opportunity visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both HMOs, children who received IPV were as likely to be up to date at 12 months as were children who received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), whereas at Group Health, children who received IPV were slightly more likely to be up to date at 24 months (relative risk: 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05, 1.19). These findings were consistent for children who were covered by Medicaid. At Kaiser Permanente, children who received IPV spent ~3 fewer days up to date in the first year of life, but this difference did not persist at 2 years of age. At Group Health, children who received IPV were no different from those who received OPV in terms of days spent up to date by 1 or 2 years of age. At Group Health, children who received IPV were less likely to have a missed opportunity by 12 months old (odds ratio [OR] 0.46; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.70), but this finding did not persist at 24 months of age. At Kaiser Permanente, children who received IPV were more likely to have a missed opportunity by 12 months (OR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.84, 2.30), and 24 months of age (OR 1.50; 95% CI: 1.36, 1.67).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changeover from an all-OPV schedule to one containing IPV had little if any negative impact on vaccine coverage. Use of IPV was associated with a small increase in the likelihood of being up to date at 2 years of age at one of the HMOs and conversely was associated with a small increase in the likelihood of having a missed-opportunity visit in the other HMO.polio, poliomyelitis, vaccination, immunization coverage.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, Washington 98101-1448, USA. rdavis@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lieu
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Mell
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Capra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zavitkovsky
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Quesenberry
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Shinefield
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rodewald
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D014481:United States; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral