title: 4-Hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB. A novel flavoprotein catalyzing Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of aromatic compounds.
abstract: A novel flavoprotein that catalyses the NADPH-dependent oxidation of 4-hydroxyacetophenone to 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate, was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB. Characterization of the purified enzyme showed that 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase (HAPMO) is a homodimer of approximately 140 kDa with each subunit containing a noncovalently bound FAD molecule. HAPMO displays a tight coupling between NADPH oxidation and substrate oxygenation. Besides 4-hydroxyacetophenone a wide range of other acetophenones are readily converted via a Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement reaction into the corresponding phenyl acetates. The P. fluorescens HAPMO gene (hapE) was characterized. It encoded a 640 amino-acid protein with a deduced mass of 71 884 Da. Except for an N-terminal extension of approximately 135 residues, the sequence of HAPMO shares significant similarity with two known types of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases: cyclohexanone monooxygenase (27-33% sequence identity) and steroid monooxygenase (33% sequence identity). The HAPMO sequence contains several sequence motifs indicative for the presence of two Rossman fold domains involved in FAD and NADPH binding. The functional role of a recently identified flavoprotein sequence motif (ATG) was explored by site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of the strictly conserved glycine (G490) resulted in a dramatic effect on catalysis. From a kinetic analysis of the G490A mutant it is concluded that the observed sequence motif serves a structural function which is of importance for NADPH binding.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kamerbeek
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Van Der Ven
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Van Berkel
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Fraaije
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Janssen
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D017931:DNA Primers; D005420:Flavoproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D009249:NADP; D010105:Oxygenases; C427385:4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase; C031335:4-hydroxyacetophenone