title: Changes in cardiovascular risk factors during the perimenopause and postmenopause and carotid artery atherosclerosis in healthy women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to describe the changes in cardiovascular risk factors during the perimenopausal and early postmenopausal years and correlate those changes in risk factors with carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT) and plaque index measured 5 to 8 years after menopause.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were women (n=372) from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, enrolled in the Healthy Women Study who had been postmenopausal for at least 5 years. Risk factor changes were measured during the perimenopause, ie, between the premenopausal and first year postmenopausal examinations, and during the early postmenopause, ie, between the first and fifth year postmenopausal examinations. Carotid ultrasound scans measured IMT and plaque at examinations 5 to 8 years after menopause among 314 of the women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and declines in HDL cholesterol were greater during perimenopause than postmenopause, whereas increases in blood pressure and fasting glucose levels were greater during postmenopause. Premenopausal systolic and pulse pressure, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and body mass index predicted IMT and plaque. Only the change in pulse pressure between premenopausal and first year postmenopausal examinations was related to both IMT and plaque.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Absolute risk for cardiovascular disease increases substantially in midlife, with a particularly adverse effect on lipid metabolism at the menopause. Premenopausal levels of risk factors are adequate to identify which women should be targeted for intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides