title: Effect of repeated +Gz exposures on energy metabolism and some ion contents in brain tissues of rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been demonstrated that during +Gz exposure cerebral blood flow is significantly reduced, resulting in brain ischemia. In pilots, such conditions could recur several times during centrifuge training and combat maneuvers and could possibly cause reversible change in brain energy metabolism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In rats there is an association between +10 Gz exposure and the decreased brain metabolism, as indicated by decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATPase activity, and increased adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and lactate, etc. The aim of the present study was to examine the time course and recovery of brain energy metabolism, lactate, ATPase activity, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and water contents after three +10 Gz exposures in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 64 male Sprague-Dawley rats that were restrained and placed on an animal centrifuge. They were divided into groups of 16. Control rats were exposed to +1 Gz and experimental rats were exposed to +10 Gz three times each for 3 min at 30-min intervals. After being euthanized, rat brains were removed 0 h, 1 h, or 6 h after the last centrifuge run. Brain samples were analyzed for energy metabolism, lactate, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, water and electrolytes contents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cortical ATP content, Na+-K+-ATPase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities decreased significantly, whereas the cortical ADP, adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and lactate contents increased significantly 0 h after three +10 Gz exposures, as compared with those of control. The ATP, ADP, and AMP contents returned to their control levels 1 h after the +10 Gz exposures, however, lactate content, Na+-K+-ATPase and LDH activities delayed recovery 6 h after +10 Gz exposures. The cortical K+ content increased significantly 0 h and 1 h after +10 Gz exposures, and returned to the control level 6 h after +Gz exposures. Na+ and water contents increased significantly 1 h and 6 h after the +10 Gz exposures. There was no significant change in Ca2+ content after +Gz exposures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three +10 Gz (3 min each) exposures were associated with transient depression of brain metabolism as indicated by a decrease in ATP, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and an accumulation of lactate, and disturbance of ion homeostasis. It is suggested that a causal relationship might exist between repeated high +Gz exposures and brain metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China. kyxhd@fmmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: X Q
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D018471:Hypergravity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D002118:Calcium