title: Bone growth increases the knee flexion contracture angle: A study using rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of bone growth on the flexion contracture angle at the knee, to measure the bone growth pattern in rats, and to assess the impact of immobility on bone growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone and joint laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Knee joints of 40 rats were immobilized unilaterally in flexion. Sham-operated animals (n = 20) were controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The contracture angle and the femur and tibia lengths on radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The angle of flexion increased over time and was largely explained by bone growth (r =.725, p <.01). Femur and tibia grew in rats until they were 11 months old. Immobility enhanced growth in bone length, especially of the femur, after 16 and 32 weeks of immobility (p <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knee flexion contracture angle increased as a consequence of normal bone growth, a situation that is also encountered in skeletally immature children. The continued growth in length of bones in children may influence the progression of contractures and add to the therapeutic challenge. Ongoing bone growth should be considered when interpreting reports that use animal models for bone and joint diseases.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Joint Laboratory, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Animal Care Services, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trudel
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kilborn
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Uhthoff
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D003286:Contracture / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005269:Femur / Q000254:growth & development*; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013977:Tibia / Q000254:growth & development*