title: Detailed endocardial mapping accurately predicts the transmural extent of myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study delineates between infarcts varying in transmurality by using endocardial electrophysiologic information obtained during catheter-based mapping.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The degree of infarct transmurality extent has previously been linked to patient prognosis and may have significant impact on therapeutic strategies. Catheter-based endocardial mapping may accurately delineate between infarcts differing in the transmural extent of necrotic tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electromechanical mapping was performed in 13 dogs four weeks after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation, enabling three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricular chamber. A concomitant reduction in bipolar electrogram amplitude (BEA) and local shortening indicated the infarcted region. In addition, impedance, unipolar electrogram amplitude (UEA) and slew rate (SR) were quantified. Subsequently, the hearts were excised, stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and sliced transversely. The mean transmurality of the necrotic tissue in each slice was determined, and infarcts were divided into <30%, 31% to 60% and 61% to 100% transmurality subtypes to be correlated with the corresponding electrical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the three-dimensional reconstructions, a total of 263 endocardial points were entered for correlation with the degree of transmurality (4.6 +/- 2.4 points from each section). All four indices delineated infarcted tissue. However, BEA (1.9 +/- 0.7 mV, 1.4 +/- 0.7 mV, 0.8 +/- 0.4 mV in the three groups respectively, p < 0.05 between each group) proved superior to SR, which could not differentiate between the second (31% to 60%) and third (61% to 100%) transmurality subgroups, and to UEA and impedance, which could not differentiate between the first (<30%) and second transmurality subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of infarct transmurality extent can be derived from the electrical properties of the endocardium obtained via detailed catheter-based mapping in this animal model.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular System Laboratory, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gepstein
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dror
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hayam
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shofti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaretzky
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uretzky
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Oron
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ben-Haim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D017097:Electric Impedance; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted