title: Surgical treatment of patients with T2 gallbladder carcinoma invading the subserosal layer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because T2 carcinoma of the gallbladder that invades perimuscular connective tissue without extension beyond serosa or into the liver has a hope for longterm survival, we attempted to clarify significant prognostic factors with respect to tumor- and surgery-related variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 65 patients with gallbladder carcinoma who had undergone surgical resection from 1983 to 1999, 28 had T2 carcinoma histologically proved. The significance of variables for survival was examined by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test followed by multivariate analyses using Cox's proportional hazard model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 17 patients with stage II carcinoma (T2 N0 M0), 6 with stage III (T2 N1 M0), and 5 with stage IVB. Lymph node metastasis was present in 11 patients (39%) and it reached to the peripancreatic head region (N2) in 5 of them. Lymphatic, venous, and perineural invasions were found in 68%, 57%, and 43%, respectively. With respect to tumor factors, the absence of perineural invasion (Odds ratio [OR] 16.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.17-129.94, p = 0.0069), absence of lymph node metastasis (OR 15.00, 95% CI 2.08-108.33, p = 0.0073), and stage II (II versus III and IVB, OR 15.00, 95% CI 2.08-108.33, p = 0.0073) were significant factors related to good postoperative survival in the multivariate analysis. Surgical procedure (radical resection versus cholecystectomy, OR 4.31, 95% CI 1.34-13.82, p = 0.0142) and surgical margin (OR 7.41, 95% CI 2.19-25.13, p = 0.0013) were significant factors in the univariate analysis. Cancer-free surgical margins provided a significantly better survival (5-year survival rate, 62%); none with cancer-positive surgical margins survived for more than 27 months. In the multivariate analysis, surgical procedure was significant (OR 25.49, 95% CI 1.62-400.72, p = 0.021). Radical surgery, including extended cholecystectomy (resection of the gallbladder together with the gallbladder bed of the liver) and anatomic resection of liver segment 5 and of the lower part of segment 4, gave a significantly better 5-year survival rate than cholecystectomy (59% versus 17%). The 5-year survival rate after radical resection in patients with stage II was 75%; that in patients with stage III and IVB was 33%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that radical surgery is the treatment of choice for patients with T2 carcinoma of the gallbladder. The presence of lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion, or both suggests the necessity of additional treatment after radical surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chijiiwa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noshiro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents