title: Evaluation of minimally invasive approaches to achalasia in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Achalasia is an uncommon disease in children, but when present can result in severe disabling symptoms often requiring surgical intervention. This report describes the authors' experience with thoracoscopic (TH) and later laparoscopic Heller (LH) myotomy for definitive treatment of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients with achalasia were referred for surgical therapy. Ages ranged from 5 to 17 years and weight from 23 to 78 kg. All had undergone at least one dilatation with recurrence of symptoms. The first 4 were treated by TH and the last five by LH. The 5 LH procedures also included a partial fundoplication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All procedures were completed successfully using minimally invasive techniques. Operating times averaged 95 minutes for TH and 62 minutes for LH. One patient undergoing TH had a small esophageal perforation repaired primarily. The other 3 TH patients were started on clear liquids within 1 day and discharged on day 2. One patient had recurrent symptoms at 6 months and underwent a LH for an incomplete TH. All 5 LH patients were discharged on postoperative day 1. One had an esophageal perforation 4 days after operation requiring laparoscopic repair. Seven of 9 patients are asymptomatic. Studies of pH levels in 2 asymptomatic TH patients show mild gastroesophageal reflux (GER).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive Heller myotomy is a safe and effective procedure in children. TH results in a slightly longer operating time and hospital stay and, without a partial fundoplication, also may be associated with a higher incidence of silent GER. From these results, we prefer LH with a Dor fundoplication for treatment of achalasia in children.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Infants and Children, Presbyterian/St Luke's Medical Center and The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rothenberg
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Partrick
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bealer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008365:Manometry; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011859:Radiography; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001466:Barium Sulfate