title: Impact of varying transmission bandwidth on image quality.
abstract: The objective of this paper is to determine the effect of varying transmission bandwidth on image quality in laparoscopic surgery. Surgeons located in remote operating rooms connected through a telemedicine link must be able to transmit medical images for interaction. Image clarity and color fidelity are of critical importance in telementoring laparoscopic procedures. The clarity of laparoscopic images was measured by assessing visual acuity using a video image of a Snellen eye chart obtained with standard diameter laparoscopes (2, 5, and 10 mm). The clarity of the local image was then compared to that of remote images transmitted using various bandwidths and connection protocols [33.6 Kbps POTS (IP), 128 Kbps ISDN, 384 Kbps ISDN, 10 Mbps LAN (IP)]. The laparoscopes were subsequently used to view standard color placards. These color images were sent via similar transmission bandwidths and connection protocols. The local and remote images of the color placards were compared to determine the effect of the transmission protocols on color fidelity. Use of laparoscopes of different diameter does not significantly affect image clarity or color fidelity as long as the laparoscopes are positioned at their optimal working distance. Decreasing transmission bandwidth does not significantly affect image clarity or color fidelity when sufficient time is allowed for the algorithms to redraw the remote image. Remote telementoring of laparoscopic procedures is feasible. However, low bandwidth connections require slow and/or temporarily stopped camera movements for the quality of the remote video image to approximate that of the local video image.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University's Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, USA. tjbroder@hsc.vcu.edu
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Harnett
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Merriam
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Doarn
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Merrell
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D016288:Computer Terminals; D003626:Data Display; D004293:Dominican Republic; D004484:Ecuador; D007089:Image Enhancement; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014768:Virginia