title: Leanness as early marker of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not clear whether the purported association of leanness with cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx was due to cancer-related weight loss or to the influence of factors associated with leanness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred fifty-four incident cases of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx and 1775 controls, admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic diseases, in Italy and Switzerland. Questionnaire included height, lifetime history of weight and of physical activity, waist and hip measurements, and a validated food-frequency section.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leanness at diagnosis was associated with elevated risk in men (adjusted odds ratio, OR for 5-unit decrease in body-mass index, BMI = 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6-2.2 in men). Male cases were significantly leaner than control subjects at the age of 30 and of 50. Thinner women also had an increased risk, but the inverse association with BMI was non linear. In both sexes, the association with leanness was restricted to smokers and moderate/heavy drinkers, but was not accounted for by drinking and smoking habits, nor by differences in physical activity or dietary habits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leanness appears to be an early marker of some unknown biological effect of smoking and/or of alcohol abuse, which may contribute to the prediction of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. Cessation of smoking and substantial reduction of alcohol intake may improve nutritional status, besides stopping carcinogen exposure.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Epidemiologia, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (PN), Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Maso
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers; D001824:Body Constitution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D013851:Thinness / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers