Effect of gamma-butyrobetaine on fatty liver in juvenile visceral steatosis mice.
We pharmacokinetically examined the effect of gamma-butyrobetaine, a precursor of L-carnitine, on the change of fatty acid metabolism in juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice, which have systemic L-carnitine deficiency due to lack of L-carnitine transporter activity. The concentrations of total free fatty acid (FFA), palmitic acid and stearic acid in the liver of JVS mice were significantly higher than those in wild-type mice. After intravenous administration of gamma-butyrobetaine (50 mg kg(-1)), the concentration of L-carnitine in the plasma of JVS mice reached about twice that of the control level and levels in the brain, liver and kidney were also significantly increased, whereas those in wild-type mice hardly changed. Although the plasma concentrations of FFA in both types of mice were unchanged after administration of gamma-butyrobetaine, the concentrations of palmitic acid and stearic acid were significantly decreased. In particular, the liver concentration of FFA in JVS mice was decreased to the wild-type control level, accompanied by significant decreases in long-chain fatty acids, palmitic acid and stearic acid, whereas those in wild-type mice were not changed. These results suggest that gamma-butyrobetaine can be taken up into organs, including the liver, of JVS mice, and transformed to L-carnitine. Consequently, administration of gamma-butyrobetaine may be more useful than that of L-carnitine itself for treatment of primary deficiency of carnitine due to a functional defect of the carnitine transporter.
Higashi
Y
Y
Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan.
Yokogawa
K
K
Takeuchi
N
N
Tamai
I
I
Nomura
M
M
Hashimoto
N
N
Hayakawa
J I
JI
Miyamoto
K I
KI
Tsuji
A
A
D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000172:deficiency*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; C492019:Slc22a5 protein, mouse; D000074058:Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; D001622:Betaine; C002889:gamma-butyrobetaine; D002331:Carnitine