title: Initial and follow-up MR imaging findings in AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have shown the beneficial effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the initial and follow-up imaging findings and survival in patients with PML who were treated with HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical course and MR imaging findings on initial and follow-up MR studies in four consecutive AIDS patients with PML who were treated with HAART are described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients were short-term survivors and died after 3 months. Two patients are still alive, with a survival time of 22 and 43 months, respectively. On initial MR studies, more extensive white matter changes were seen in the short-term survivors. Development of a mass effect and temporary enhancement (in one patient) was observed in two HAART responders on follow-up MR studies. Increased hypointensity on T1-weighted images with concomitant low signal on fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery fast spin-echo (FLAIR-FSE) images was seen in two responders, representing leukomalacia. Atrophic changes of the involved areas of the brain, consistent with burnt out PML lesions, were seen in two long-term survivors. In the short-term survivors, increased hypointensity was present on T1-weighted images with increased high signal on FLAIR-FSE images, representing progressive destructive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that a clinical and radiologic response can be seen in some patients with AIDS-associated PML on HAART while in others there may be no beneficial response. Development of a mass effect and temporary enhancement on MR images in the early phase of treatment might represent positive predictive factors for prolonged survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Thurnher
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleibl-Popov
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loewe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schindler
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007968:Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016019:Survival Analysis