title: Olfaction preservation in anterior cranial base approaches: an anatomic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the anatomic basis for olfaction-sparing anterior cranial base approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medial anterior skull base containing the olfactory unit and delimited by the inner table of the frontal sinus, the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, and the medial orbital walls was removed from six cadaveric specimens. Histological methods were used to investigate the location, distribution, and depth of penetration of olfactory nerves. Hematoxylin and eosin and Gomori trichrome staining were used to visualize landmarks and architecture. S-100 neurofilament protein immunostaining was used to identify nerve fascicles and axons. In three cadaveric head specimens, olfaction-sparing craniofacial approaches were performed and the excised olfactory units were evaluated histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bundles of olfactory nerves were identified primarily in the nasal septum; relatively fewer bundles could be identified in the middle turbinate. Olfactory nerve endings were identified up to 20 mm below the cribriform plate (range, 7-20 mm). The superior and middle nasal meatus were most innervated; olfactory innervation was virtually absent in the inferior nasal meatus. Histological evaluation of the olfactory unit elevated during olfaction-sparing techniques routinely revealed transection of olfactory nerves that exited the skull base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In olfaction-sparing anterior cranial base approaches, the olfactory nerves are inevitably transected. The clinical significance of olfactory nerve transection for postoperative functional recovery of olfaction remains to be analyzed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Louis Bakay Neuroscience Laboratories, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, State University of New York 14209-1194, USA. dare@acsu.buffalo.edu
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Dare
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Balos
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grand
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D009832:Olfactory Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D011184:Postoperative Period; D020127:Recovery of Function; D019291:Skull Base / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D012903:Smell; D014420:Turbinates / Q000294:innervation