title: Is any female preponderance in depression secondary to a primary female preponderance in anxiety disorders?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  National community studies consistently identify higher rates of both depressive and anxiety disorders in women. The female preponderance in depression could be primary or, alternatively, a sex difference in anxiety could determine the differential depression rates. We therefore pursue whether the female preponderance in depression is secondary to a female preponderance in anxiety disorders in a community sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyse relevant data from the National Comorbidity Study (NCS) database, examining in particular whether sex differences in anxiety (here those meeting criteria for panic disorder, agoraphobia without panic disorder, generalized anxiety and social phobia) influenced sex differences in the prevalence of both major depression and dysthymia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival analyses indicated that, for both major depression and dysthymia, and within subsamples of those with early onset and late onset depression, both female sex and a preceding anxiety disorder made significant contributions, with preceding anxiety making the consistently stronger contribution of the two.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A proportion of the female preponderance in major depression and dysthymia in the general community appears determined by a primary sex difference in anxiety.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Mood Disorders Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hadzi-Pavlovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003156:Community Mental Health Services; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology