title: Plasma leptin concentrations and four-year weight gain among US men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Leptin, a primarily adipose tissue-derived protein product of the obesity (ob) gene, is an important regulator of energy metabolism. The strong association between body fat mass and elevated circulating leptin levels in humans suggests that leptin resistance, rather than leptin production, may contribute to the development of obesity and associated disorders. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between circulating plasma leptin levels and regulation of body weight over time among US men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-year prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 247 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, who at baseline (1994), were 47-64 y of age, were free of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and malignant neoplasmas, and completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire. In addition, all participants completed a follow-up questionnaire in 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline plasma leptin levels and 4-y weight change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the start of follow-up, men in the highest quintile for plasma leptin (mean=12.1 ng/ml) weighed more, were less physically active, and had higher circulating insulin levels than men in the lowest quintile (mean=2.7 ng/ml). After adjustments for baseline age, weight, height, smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity, each 10 ng/ml increase in plasma leptin concentration was associated with a 1.68 kg (95% CI 0.14-3.18 kg) weight gain over the 4-y follow-up period. The observed association between leptin level and weight gain was limited to men with a baseline body mass index (BMI) of > or =25 kg/m2, in whom a 10 ng/ml higher baseline leptin was associated with a 2.45 kg (95% CI 0.73-4.18-kg) weight gain. Further adjustments for baseline total energy intake, plasma insulin and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors levels did not appreciably alter these results. Plasma insulin level was not independently associated with subsequent weight gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that elevated plasma leptin concentrations among overweight men may be a marker of leptin resistance and subsequent weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. chuepi@ndmctsgh.edu.tw
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hotamisligil
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020738:Leptin