title: Expression of molecular mediators of apoptosis and their role in the pathogenesis of lower-extremity varicose veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an earlier study, we observed a significant decrease in apoptosis in varicose veins, as compared with healthy veins, indicating that deregulated apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of varicosities. In addition, significant differences were noted in the expression and subcellular localization of the cell cycle regulatory protein, cyclin D1 in varix tissues, as compared with controls. Because cell cycle checkpoint controls are linked to the signaling and execution of apoptotic cascades, we examined the expression of bcl-2 family members bax and bcl-x, known molecular mediators of apoptosis, and that of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a downstream substrate of DNA cleavage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty varicose vein specimens were retrieved from 20 patients (10 men, 10 women; mean age, 53.6 +/- 4.7 years) undergoing lower-extremity varicose vein excision. Healthy greater saphenous vein segments (n = 27) were obtained from 27 patients (14 men, 13 women; mean age, 59.5 +/- 2.4 years) undergoing infrainguinal arterial bypass grafting surgery. All tissues were distal portions. As per CEAP classification for chronic lower-extremity venous disease, most of the patients were in class 2 for clinical signs (n = 11); some patients were in class 3 (n = 4) or class 4 (n = 4), and only one patient was in class 5. Five 5-microm thick sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were used as a means of immunohistochemically localizing the expression of bax, bcl-x, and PARP, and 10 random high-power fields per section were evaluated by two independent reviewers blinded to the clinical findings. Statistical analyses were conducted by means of chi(2), analysis of variance, Student and Fisher exact t tests with StatView software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoreactivity to pro-apoptotic bax was significantly higher in the normal veins (P <.001). Cytoplasmic expression of bcl-x was prominent in the cells of the vasa vasorum in both varicose and healthy veins. PARP expression was diminished in the varicose vein group, with 2.8 +/- 0.7 (P =.01) and 1.4 +/- 0.5 (P =.05) cells per high-power field in the intima and media, respectively. Neither bax nor PARP was noted in the adventitia of varicose veins, although their expression was detected in this layer of the control group (P <.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The entry of smooth muscle cells into the apoptotic pathway may be regulated by the induction of bax in this model, because there is significant presence of this pro-apoptotic protein in healthy veins. Both bax and PARP are downregulated in varicose veins, as compared with healthy veins, and this may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of varicose veins.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ascher
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tsemekhin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gunduz
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000737:chemistry; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000737:chemistry; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000737:chemistry; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014680:Veins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases