title: A new diagnostic algorithm for the evaluation of microscopic hematuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a new diagnostic algorithm for microscopic hematuria in which intravenous urography (IVU) is performed as a secondary radiographic study when microhematuria has persisted for 3 months after the initial workup with renal ultrasound (US) and cystoscopy was negative.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 372 consecutive patients who presented with microhematuria and negative urine cultures and cytologic findings at our institution. All patients underwent renal US scanning and cystoscopy as their initial evaluation. All patients underwent re-evaluation 3 months after the initial workup. Patients with persistent microhematuria with no apparent etiology were then evaluated with IVU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial evaluation was negative in 212 of 372 patients. Eighty-one of these patients had persistence of their microhematuria at the 3-month follow-up without a definitive diagnosis. Seventy-five of these patients underwent IVU. Abnormalities were found in 11 of the 75 patients. Six patients had renal stones, two had ureteral stones, two had ureteral tumors, and one had a tumor of the renal pelvis. Forty of the 131 patients with resolution of their microhematuria underwent IVU at their request. All those studies were normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of cystoscopy and renal US along with urinalysis, urine culture, and cytology is a good initial evaluation in patients with microhematuria. Those patients with persistent microhematuria after 3 months without definite etiology of the bleeding may still benefit from IVU.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Harkaway
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D014567:Urography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging