title: Effect of in situ composting on reducing offensive odors and volatile organic compounds in swineries.
abstract: Seven swine farms were studied to find out how the in situ composting system, compared to the slatted floor pit system, influences the concentration and occurrence of malodorous compounds. Ammonia concentrations were measured with diffusion tubes. Small molecular sulfur compounds were analyzed using laminated bags and a gas chromatograph with a FP-detector. All other volatile organic compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with simultaneous sniffing of the eluted compounds. About 400 organic compounds were identified from the air samples, and 94 suspect odorous compounds are listed in the present article. The most intense and unpleasant odors were caused by p-cresol, carboxylic acids (C2-C7), and some ketones such as 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,3-butanedione, and 2-butanone. Terpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, and limonene), which originate from sawdust, caused the main peaks in the chromatograms of compost swineries. In swine confinement buildings where the composting system was functioning properly, the concentration of sulfur compounds, and especially of carboxylic acids, ketones, and p-cresol, fell effectively. The use of sawdust as composting material caused elevated concentrations of terpenes in the ambient air. There was clearly less airborne ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the well-functioning compost swineries than in the poorly functioning ones. Elevated hydrogen sulfide levels were measured during turning work, however. In one composting swinery, the hydrogen sulfide level was as high as 15 mg/m3 during turning work. All the other concentrations of odorous compounds did not exceed occupational exposure limit values, but several compounds exceeded the respective threshold odor concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Regional Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 93, Fin-70701, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Louhelainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kangas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veijanen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viilos
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D013552:Swine; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D000641:Ammonia; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide