title: Effect of camera angulation on adaptation of CAD/CAM restorations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A significant concern with computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-produced prostheses is the accuracy of adaptation of the restoration to the preparation. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of operator-controlled camera misalignment on restoration adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A CEREC 2 CAD/CAM unit (Sirona Dental Systems, Bensheim, Germany) was used to capture the optical impressions and machine the restorations. A Class I preparation was used as the standard preparation for optical impressions. Camera angles along the mesio-distal and buccolingual alignment were varied from the ideal orientation. Occlusal marginal gaps and sample height, width, and length were measured and compared to preparation dimensions. For clinical correlation, clinicians were asked to take optical impressions of mesio-occlusal preparations (Class II) on all four second molar sites, using a patient simulator. On the adjacent first molar occlusal surfaces, a preparation was machined such that camera angulation could be calculated from information taken from the optical impression. Degree of tilt and plane of tilt were compared to the optimum camera positions for those preparations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-way analysis of variance and Dunnett C post hoc testing (alpha = 0.01) revealed little significant degradation in fit with camera angulation. Only the apical length fit was significantly degraded by excessive angulation. The CEREC 2 CAD/CAM system was found to be relatively insensitive to operator-induced errors attributable to camera misalignments of less than 5 degrees in either the buccolingual or the mesiodistal plane. The average camera tilt error generated by clinicians for all sites was 1.98 +/- 1.17 degrees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Dentistry, Jackson, Mississippi, USA. Dparsell@sod.umsmed.edu
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Parsell
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tankersley
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002516:Ceramics; D017076:Computer-Aided Design / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000145:classification; D003761:Dental Impression Technique; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D003765:Models, Dental; D008963:Molar; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain; C074543:Cerec