title: Prospective randomized comparison of the safety and effectiveness of placement of endocardial pacemaker and defibrillator leads using the extrathoracic subclavian vein guided by contrast venography versus the cephalic approach.
abstract: The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to compare the safety and efficacy of the cephalic approach versus a contrast-guided extrathoracic approach for placement of endocardial leads. Despite an increased incidence of lead fracture, the intrathoracic subclavian approach remains the dominant approach for placement of pacemaker and implantable defibrillator leads. Although this complication can be prevented by lead placement in the cephalic vein or by lead placement in the extrathoracic subclavian or axillary vein, these approaches have not gained acceptance. A total of 200 patients were randomized to undergo placement of pacemaker or implantable defibrillator leads via the contrast-guided extrathoracic subclavian vein approach or the cephalic approach. Lead placement was accomplished in 99 of the 100 patients randomized to the extrathoracic subclavian vein approach as compared to 64 of 100 patients using the cephalic approach. In addition to a higher initial success rate, the extrathoracic subclavian vein medial approach was determined to be preferable as evidenced by a shorter procedure time and less blood loss. There was no difference in the incidence of complications. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that lead placement in the extrathoracic subclavian vein guided by contrast venography is effective and safe. It was also associated with no increased risk of complications as compared with the cephalic approach. These findings suggest that the contrast-guided approach to the extrathoracic portion of the subclavian vein should be considered as an alternative to the cephalic approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. hcalkins@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ramza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Atiga
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nsah
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomaselli
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000098:blood supply; D010690:Phlebography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013350:Subclavian Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016896:Treatment Outcome