Hyperammonemia in urea cycle disorders: role of the nephrologist.
Hyperammonemia associated with inherited disorders of amino acid and organic acid metabolism is usually manifested by irritability, somnolence, vomiting, seizures, and coma. Although the majority of these patients present in the newborn period, they may also present in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood with failure to thrive, persistent vomiting, developmental delay, or behavioral changes. Persistent hyperammonemia, if not treated rapidly, may cause irreversible neuronal damage. After the diagnosis of hyperammonemia is established in an acutely ill patient, certain diagnostic tests should be performed to differentiate between urea cycle defects and other causes of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. In a patient with a presumed inherited metabolic disorder, the aim of therapy should be to normalize blood ammonia levels. Recent experience has provided treatment guidelines that include minimizing endogenous ammonia production and protein catabolism, restricting nitrogen intake, administering substrates of the urea cycle, administering compounds that facilitate the removal of ammonia through alternative pathways, and, in severe cases, dialysis therapy. Initiation of dialysis in the encephalopathic patient with hyperammonemia is indicated if the ammonia blood level is greater than three to four times the upper limit of normal. Hemodialysis is the most effective treatment for rapidly reducing blood ammonia levels. Continuous hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis are also effective modalities for reducing blood ammonia levels. An improved understanding of the metabolism of ammonia and neurological consequences of hyperammonemia will assist the nephrologist in providing optimal care for this high-risk patient population.
Mathias
R S
RS
Children's Renal Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143-0748, USA. rmathias@peds.ucsf.edu
Kostiner
D
D
Packman
S
S
D000465:Algorithms; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D001928:Brain Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003128:Coma / Q000209:etiology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D022124:Hyperammonemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010819:Physician's Role; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism
D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen