title: Safety and ethics of bronchoscopy and endobronchial biopsy in difficult asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the safety of bronchoscopy and endobronchial biopsy in children with difficult asthma, and discuss the ethical issues associated with the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three year prospective observational study was performed in two tertiary paediatric respiratory centres specialising in the management of children with difficult asthma. A total of 48 children with difficult asthma and 35 non-asthmatic children were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flexible bronchoscopy was performed under general anaesthesia in 38 children with difficult asthma, and rigid bronchoscopy was performed in 10, following a two week course of prednisolone. Endobronchial biopsy was performed in 47 patients. Perioperative complications occurred in one asthmatic undergoing flexible bronchoscopy (desaturation) and in two undergoing rigid bronchoscopy (desaturation in one, and bronchospasm and desaturation in one). There were no cases of significant bleeding or pneumothorax among the asthmatics. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed in 35 non-asthmatic patients with a variety of clinical indications. The total number of perioperative complications was greater in the non-asthmatics undergoing flexible bronchoscopy than in the asthmatics (17 complications in 35 children versus one in 38). Fever requiring hospital admission was documented in two asthmatics following bronchoscopy. Four asthmatics reported an increase in symptoms in the week following bronchoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bronchoscopy and endobronchial biopsy under general anaesthesia can be performed safely in children with difficult asthma, when the bronchoscopist and anaesthetist are suitably trained. The procedure is acceptable to the families involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haxby
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bush
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents