title: Trisomy 6 in basal cell carcinomas correlates with metastatic potential: a dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization study on paraffin sections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are indolent lesions; a few become locally aggressive or even metastatic. Little is known about the molecular and genetic alterations in this malignant transformation. Conventional karyotyping in BCC has revealed a high frequency of nonclonal, structural rearrangements, with few cases that show multiple, unrelated, small clones suggestive of a multicellular origin. Trisomy 6 was described recently in a few BCCs, but the biologic significance of the appearance of trisomy 6 in BBCs was not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty cases including 4 metastatic, 4 locally aggressive, and 22 conventional nonaggressive BCCs were studied. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on 4 microm tissue sections, using alpha-centromeric enumeration probes for chromosome 6 (SpectrumGreen, Vysis Inc., Downers Grove, IL) and chromosome 4 (SpectrumOrange, Vysis Inc., Downers Grove, IL, used as disomic cell control). Trisomy 6 was semiquantitated within tumor cells and nonneoplastic cells in each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trisomy 6 was identified in all 4 metastatic BCCs within tumor cells and in corresponding BCCs at the primary cutaneous site in 2 of these 4 cases. Two locally aggressive BCCs, 1 of which had preceding radiation exposure, also showed trisomy 6. All nonaggressive BCCs and nonneoplastic cells were disomic for chromosome 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trisomy 6 has been identified as a cytogenetic aberration representative of tumor cells in aggressive and metastatic BCC. None of the nonaggressive BCCs in this study demonstrated trisomy 6. Acquisition of trisomy 6 by tumor cells in BCC may lead to the emergence of metastatic potential. Additional studies to define the underlying mechanisms may be valuable in preventing aggressive behavior in BCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA. rnangia@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nangia
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sait
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000235:genetics; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D014314:Trisomy
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers