title: National standards for the long-term care ombudsman program and a tool to assess compliance: the Huber Badrak Borders Scales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We propose national standards previously recommended for the Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program by an Institute of Medicine program evaluation committee, and introduce a tool to measure the compliance of local ombudsman programs to those standards: the Huber Badrak Borders Scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  The best practices for ombudsman programs detailed in the committee's report were adapted to 43 Likert-type scales that were then averaged into 10 infrastructure component scales: (a) program structure, (b) qualifications of local ombudsmen, (c) legal authority, (d) financial resources, (e) management information systems, (f) legal resources, (g) human resources, (h) resident advocacy services, (i) systemic advocacy, and (j) educational services. The scales were pilot-tested in 1996 and 1999 with Kentucky ombudsmen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The means of 9 of these 10 scales were higher in 1999 than in 1996, suggesting that local ombudsman programs were more in compliance with the proposed standards in 1999 than three years earlier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development process consisted of 10 adopt-test-revise-retest steps that can be replicated by other types of programs to develop program compliance tools.
authors.affiliation: Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA. ruth.huber@louisville.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Borders
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Badrak
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Netting
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007629:Kentucky; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000592:standards*; D010344:Patient Advocacy / Q000592:standards*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*