title: Phase 2 prolongation, in the absence of instability and triangulation, antagonizes class III proarrhythmia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether prolongation of the plateau of the action potential duration, in the absence of instability and triangulation, can reverse the proarrhythmia elicited by a class III antiarrhythmic agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of almokalant, erythromycin and their combination, on cardiac electrophysiological parameters (action potential duration (APD), instability, triangulation and ectopics) were evaluated in isolated hearts from female albino rabbits. In this study, proarrhythmia was estimated quantitatively by number of ectopic beats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erythromycin lengthened the APD primarily by a prolongation of the plateau, while having only minor effects upon phase 3 repolarization. The prolongation did not induce much instability, triangulation or reverse use dependence and, as expected, erythromycin did not induce significant proarrhythmia. Almokalant also lengthened APD, but it did not lengthen the plateau; instead, it prolonged phase 3 repolarization. The prolongation markedly triangulated the action potential, elicited much instability and marked reverse use dependence. This combination of effects induced very marked proarrhythmia. When almokalant and erythromycin were combined, their effects upon APD appeared additive: both the plateau and the repolarization phase were prolonged. However, the larger prolongation of APD did not lead to more proarrhythmia; this suggests that a prolongation of APD is not proarrhythmic per se. On the contrary, proarrhythmia as a function of APD prolongation was reduced in the presence of erythromycin (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Instability plus triangulation consistently lead to serious proarrhythmia especially when combined with reverse use dependence, but prolongation of APD in itself is not necessarily proarrhythmic. In fact, APD prolongation in the absence of instability and triangulation can be antiarrhythmic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, K.U.L., Leuven B-3000, Belgium. luchondeghem@yahoo.com
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hondeghem
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dujardin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Clerck
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D011412:Propanolamines; D004917:Erythromycin; C074334:almokalant