title: Metabolic, hormonal and gastric fluid and pH changes after different preoperative feeding regimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the metabolic, hormonal and gastric fluid and pH changes after administration of a small volume of different preoperative feeding regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study 375 adult patients were allocated to one of five groups. Patients ingested 60 ml honey, glucose-fructose-sucrose-maltose mixture (GFSM), apple juice or water two hours before surgery or continued their overnight fast (controls). Blood samples were obtained from an indwelling venous catheter before the administration of feeding regimens and before induction of anesthesia for determination of glucose, triglycerides, insulin, epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Before anesthesia induction, patients were asked to grade the degree of thirst and hunger. After tracheal intubation residual gastric volume (RGV) was suctioned through an orogastric tube.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of honey, GFSM, apple juice or water resulted in increases in RGV without changes in the gastric pH. The median RGV values were 15 ml in controls and 20-25 ml in other groups. Thirst was noted after administration of fluids containing sugars. Hunger was noted in the apple juice group. Plasma concentrations of glucose increased and triglycerides decreased after ingestion of fluids containing sugars. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased in GFSM and apple juice groups. Norepinephrine concentrations increased in the control, apple juice and water groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small volumes of fluid increased RGV (P < 0.05). Apple juice resulted in increased incidence of thirst and hunger and plasma glucose and norepinephrine concentrations. Compared with GFSM or apple juice, honey had a gentler effect on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia at the University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242-1009, USA. mohamed-naguib@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naguib
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Samarkandimb
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Al-Hattab
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turkistani
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Delvi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Riad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D009638:Norepinephrine