title: Fungal infections of the spine. Report of eleven patients with long-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fungal infections of the spine are noncaseating, acid-fast-negative infections that occur primarily as opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. We analyzed eleven patients with spinal osteomyelitis caused by a fungus, and we developed suggestions for treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with a fungal infection of the spine treated by the authors over a sixteen-year period at three teaching institutions were evaluated. There was a total of eleven patients. Medical records and roentgenograms were available for every patient. Long-term follow-up of the nine surviving patients was performed by direct examination by the authors or by the patient's primary physician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For ten of the eleven patients, the average delay in the diagnosis was ninety-nine days. Nine patients were immunocompromised secondary to diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid use, chemotherapy for a tumor, or malnutrition. The sources of the spinal infections included direct implantation from trauma (one patient), hematogenous spread (four patients), and local extension (two patients). The infection followed elective spine surgery in three patients, and the cause was unknown in one. Paralysis secondary to the spine infection developed in eight patients. Ten patients were treated with surgical debridement. All eleven patients were treated with systemic antifungal medications for a minimum of six weeks. One patient died of generalized sepsis at thirty-three days, and another patient died of gastrointestinal hemorrhage at five months. After an average of 6.3 years of follow-up, the infection had resolved in all nine surviving patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of fungal spondylitis is often delayed because of difficulty with the diagnosis. Delay in the diagnosis led to poorer results in terms of neurologic recovery in our study. Performing fungal cultures whenever a spinal infection is suspected might hasten the diagnosis. Patients should be given a guarded prognosis and informed of the many possible complications of the disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Garvey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiesel
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bohlman
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Eismont
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors