title: Invasive group A streptococcal infection and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use among children with primary varicella.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use increases the risk of necrotizing soft tissue infections and, secondarily, all invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in children with primary varicella infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, multicenter case-control study among children <19 years old. Cases were children hospitalized with primary varicella complicated by invasive GAS infection or necrotizing soft tissue infection identified by a network of 45 pediatric infectious disease specialists located throughout the United States. Controls were children with uncomplicated primary varicella residing in the same communities as the cases. Data on medical history, clinical features of the varicella infection, signs and symptoms of infectious complications, and medication use were collected by structured telephone interviews. Univariate and multivariate matched odds ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between June 1996 and September 1998, 52 cases of invasive GAS infection, including 21 with necrotizing soft tissue infection, and 172 controls with uncomplicated primary varicella were enrolled. Risk of invasive GAS infection was increased among children who were nonwhite (multivariate odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-11), living in low-income households (OR 5.1, 95% CI: 1.7-15), exposed to varicella at home (OR 6.4, 95% CI: 2.6-16), or had a persistent high fever (OR 9.6, 95% CI: 2.8-33). Antipyretic regimen was associated with several measures of varicella illness severity among the controls. The risk of necrotizing soft tissue infection was not associated with the use of ibuprofen before the development of signs or symptoms of this complication (OR 1.3, 95% CI: 0.33-5.3). Risk of any invasive GAS infection was increased among children who had received ibuprofen (OR 3.9, 95% CI: 1.3-12), but not acetaminophen (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 0.50-3.0). However, there was no evidence of increasing risk with increasing duration of ibuprofen use. Subgroup analyses revealed that the risk of invasive GAS infection was increased only among children who had received both acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data do not support the hypothesis that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or ibuprofen in particular, increase the risk of necrotizing GAS infections. A statistically significant association was observed between nonnecrotizing invasive GAS infection and ibuprofen use; however, because of potential confounding, the meaning of this unexpected result is unclear. Nonetheless, these data suggest that parents use ibuprofen or ibuprofen together with acetaminophen to treat high fever and severe illness, which seems to identify children at high risk for invasive GAS infection.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA. leskos@bu.edu
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lesko
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vezina
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects; D000293:Adolescent; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002644:Chickenpox / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019115:Fasciitis, Necrotizing / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007052:Ibuprofen