title: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in patients with bladder carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase-2 is considered to have an important role in the development of metastasis in cancer due to angiogenesis function. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was found to be up-regulated in colorectal carcinoma and other cancers. We investigated cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 expressions in patients with bladder cancer, chronic cystitis and normal bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 118 specimens were obtained from patients treated at Osaka City University Hospital for bladder cancer, including 10 with chronic cystitis and 8 with normal bladder tissue. Immunohistochemistry, with affinity purified antibodies against human cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 that did not have cross-reactivity with each other, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to study the messenger RNA expression were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although no marked expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was observed in the normal bladder, it was slightly seen in infiltrative inflammatory cells of chronic cystitis, and a higher expression was found in cancer cells. The extent and intensity of immunoreactive cyclooxygenase-2 polypeptides in cancer cells was statistically much greater than those in cells from normal bladder tissue. Moreover, correlation between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and tissue type or progression of bladder cancer was observed. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was higher in grade 3 bladder cancer than in grade 1, and was higher in advanced than in early stage cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that generated cyclooxygenase-2 in the cells of patients with bladder cancer might be significant in the proliferation of bladder malignant cells and development of invasions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitsuhashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chargui
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D003556:Cystitis / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000201:enzymology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases