title: Management of chronic tension-type headache with tricyclic antidepressant medication, stress management therapy, and their combination: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic tension-type headaches are characterized by near-daily headaches and often are difficult to manage in primary practice. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies each appear modestly effective, but data are lacking on their separate and combined effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical efficacy of behavioral and pharmacological therapies, singly and combined, for chronic tension-type headaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted from August 1995 to January 1998 at 2 outpatient sites in Ohio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred three adults (mean age, 37 years; 76% women) with diagnosis of chronic tension-type headaches (mean, 26 headache d/mo).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to receive tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline hydrochloride, up to 100 mg/d, or nortriptyline hydrochloride, up to 75 mg/d) medication (n = 53), placebo (n = 48), stress management (eg, relaxation, cognitive coping) therapy (3 sessions and 2 telephone contacts) plus placebo (n = 49), or stress management therapy plus antidepressant medication (n = 53).
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly headache index scores calculated as the mean of pain ratings (0-10 scale) recorded by participants in a daily diary 4 times per day; number of days per month with at least moderate pain (pain rating >/=5), analgesic medication use, and Headache Disability Inventory scores, compared by intervention group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tricyclic antidepressant medication and stress management therapy each produced larger reductions in headache activity, analgesic medication use, and headache-related disability than placebo, but antidepressant medication yielded more rapid improvements in headache activity. Combined therapy was more likely to produce clinically significant (>/=50%) reductions in headache index scores (64% of participants) than antidepressant medication (38% of participants; P =.006), stress management therapy (35%; P =.003), or placebo (29%; P =.001). On other measures the combined therapy and its 2 component therapies produced similar outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that antidepressant medication and stress management therapy are each modestly effective in treating chronic tension-type headaches. Combined therapy may improve outcome relative to monotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA. holroyd@ohio.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Holroyd
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stensland
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Lipchik
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Cordingley
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000639:Amitriptyline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009661:Nortriptyline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D000639:Amitriptyline; D009661:Nortriptyline