title: Laparoscopic transverse hemicystectomy with ileocystoplasty in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ideal replacement for bladder tissue is yet to be described, although multiple alternatives have been studied. Currently, enterocystoplasty, despite its limitations, is considered the gold standard for bladder augmentation. This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and morbidity of laparoscopic ileocystoplasty in a large-animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight minipigs, laparoscopy was performed using four ports. A segment of ileum was delivered through a 3-cm umbilical incision and detubularized and refashioned using standard open surgical technique. Laparoscopic hemicystectomy was then performed, followed by laparoscopic suturing of the ileal patch to the bladder. The bladder was drained with a Foley catheter, but no pelvic drain was placed. All animals were followed for for a minimum of 3 months. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation included measurement of bladder capacity, ultrasound imaging of the kidneys, blood counts, and serum electrolyte and creatinine measurements. Two of the animals were sacrificed at 3 months and one at 6 months, and the bladders were harvested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight animals underwent ileocystoplasty without intraoperative or postoperative complications. The average operating and anastomosis time was 250 minutes and 96 minutes, respectively. All animals had normal preoperative blood values that remained normal during follow-up. Bladder capacity decreased initially to 71% of the baseline volume and then increased to 83% and 117% at 3 and 6 months. One of three animals sacrificed was noted to have a right midureteral stricture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed a reliable laparoscopic technique for ileocystoplasty that may extend the advantages of laparoscopy, including better cosmesis and reduced risk of postoperative adhesions, to bladder augmentation.
authors.affiliation: Methodist Hospital Institute for Kidney Stone Disease, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lifshitz
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barret
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lingeman
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015653:Cystectomy; D003558:Cystoscopy; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D007082:Ileum / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*