title: Radiofrequency catheter ablation of posteroseptal accessory pathways--results of a step-by-step ablation approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter radiofrequency ablation of posteroseptal accessory pathways (AP) is challenging. A number of different interventional approaches have been suggested by different groups. The selection of the initial approach is crucial in order to reduce radiation exposure and the number of unsuccessful lesions applied. We present our ablation technique as guided by a simplified electrocardiographic analysis of the delta wave polarity and the electrophysiologic mapping results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 35 manifest APs encountered in the right (n=17) or the left posteroseptum (n=18) in 35 patients, 34 were successfully ablated. Despite their left sided location, 7 of the 18 "left" sided APs were ablated after switching from an initial arterial to a venous approach looking for an appropriate target site in the right posteroseptal space or within the coronary sinus network. The other 11 left sided APs were ablated in the mitral ring, on 2 occasions, on their atrial aspect through a retrograde transmitral approach. On the contrary, 16 of the 17 "right" sided APs were successfully ablated exclusively through a venous approach. Fourteen of these were ablated in the right posteroseptum, in 2 cases, only after reaching their ventricular aspect. Two right sided APs were interrupted in the coronary sinus os and the middle cardiac vein respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that even though the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic location of the AP in the posteroseptal space helps select the appropriate initial approach, it does not always guarantee a successful ablation procedure in the expected site of the corresponding atrioventricular ring. Not uncommonly, it will be necessary to look after intermediate target sites within the coronary sinus to improve the overall ablation success rate.
authors.affiliation: University and State Cardiac Departments, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gatzoulis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Apostolopoulos
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Costeas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zervopoulos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papafanis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gialafos
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toutouzas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006327:Heart Block / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012008:Recurrence; D013995:Time