title: Costimulatory molecules in human periodontal disease tissues.
abstract: An immunoperoxidase technique was used to examine CD28, CD152, CD80 and CD86 positive cells in gingival biopsies from 21 healthy/gingivitis and 26 periodontitis subjects. The samples were placed into 3 groups (small, intermediate, large) according to the size of the infiltrate. The percent CD28+ T cells in the connective tissue infiltrates was highly variable with no differences between the healthy/gingivitis and periodontitis groups. While there was an increase in positive cells in intermediate infiltrates from both healthy/gingivitis (28.5%) and periodontitis (21.4%) patients compared with small infiltrates (8.6% and 11.8%, respectively), this was not significant, although the percent CD28+ T cells did increase significantly in tissues with increased proportions of B cells relative to T cells (p=0.047). A mean of less than 5% infiltrating T cells were CD152+ which was significantly lower than the mean percent CD28+ T cells in intermediate healthy/gingivitis lesions (p = 0.021). The mean percent CD80+ and CD86+ B cells and macrophages was 1-7% and 8-16%, respectively, the difference being significant in intermediate healthy/gingivitis tissues (p = 0.012). Analysis of these cells in relation to increasing numbers of B cells in proportion to T cells and also to macrophages, suggested that CD80 was expressed predominantly by macrophages while CD86 was expressed by both macrophages and B cells. Few endothelial cells expressed CD80 or CD86. Keratinocytes displayed cytoplasmic staining of CD80 rather than CD86 although the numbers of positive specimens in the healthy/gingivitis and periodontitis groups reduced with increasing inflammation. In conclusion, percentages of CD28, CD152, CD80 and CD86 did not reflect differences in clinical status. However, the percent CD28+ T cells increased with increasing size of infiltrate and with increasing proportions of B cells suggesting increased T/B cell interactions with increasing inflammation. The percent CD152+ cells remained low indicating that CD152 may not be involved in negative regulation of T cells in periodontal disease. CD80 and CD86 have been reported to promote Th1 and Th2 responses, respectively, and the higher percent CD86+ cells suggests a predominance of Th2 responses in both healthy/gingivitis and periodontitis tissues. Nevertheless, other factors including cytokines themselves and chemokines which modulate T cell cytokine profiles must be monitored to determine the nature of Th1/Th2 responses in periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Immunopathology Laboratory, Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. e.gemmell@mailbox.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gemmell
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grieco
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Seymour
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis*; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004727:Endothelium / Q000473:pathology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000473:pathology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens; C497964:CD86 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D018925:Chemokines; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000069594:Abatacept