title: SOCS-1, a negative regulator of the JAK/STAT pathway, is silenced by methylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma and shows growth-suppression activity.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death, but the molecular mechanism for its development beyond its initiation has not been well characterized. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-1; also known as JAB and SSI-1) switches cytokine signaling 'off' by means of its direct interaction with Janus kinase (JAK). We identified aberrant methylation in the CpG island of SOCS-1 that correlated with its transcription silencing in HCC cell lines. The incidence of aberrant methylation was 65% in the 26 human primary HCC tumor samples analyzed. Moreover, the restoration of SOCS-1 suppressed both growth rate and anchorage-independent growth of cells in which SOCS-1 was methylation-silenced and JAK2 was constitutively activated. This growth suppression was caused by apoptosis and was reproduced by AG490, a specific, chemical JAK2 inhibitor that reversed constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3 in SOCS-1 inactivated cells. The high prevalence of the aberrant SOCS-1 methylation and its growth suppression activity demonstrated the importance of the constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in the development of HCC. Our results also indicate therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCC including use of SOCS-1 in gene therapy and inhibition of JAK2 by small molecules, such as AG490.
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Groopman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020868:Gene Silencing; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C108944:SOCS1 protein, human; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D020032:Tyrphostins; C095512:alpha-cyano-(3,4-dihydroxy)-N-benzylcinnamide; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C507924:JAK2 protein, human; D053614:Janus Kinase 2