title: An eight-year longitudinal comparison of clinical course and characteristics of social phobia among men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Social phobia is a chronic disorder with a higher prevalence among women than men. Data from an eight-year longitudinal study were analyzed to investigate the course of social phobia and to explore potential sex differences in the course and characteristics of the illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Program, a naturalistic, observational study begun in 1989 in which patients with social phobia are assessed every six to 12 months. Treatment was observed but not prescribed by the program personnel. Data on comorbidity, remission, and health-related quality of life were collected for 176 patients with social phobia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 38 percent of women and 32 percent of men experienced a complete remission during the eight-year study period, a difference that was not significant. A larger proportion of women than men had the generalized form of social phobia, although the difference was not significant. Women were more likely to have concurrent agoraphobia, and men had a higher rate of comorbid substance use disorders. Social phobia had a more chronic course among women who had low Global Assessment of Functioning scores and a history of suicide attempts at baseline than among men who had these characteristics. Health-related quality of life was similar for both men and women, except that women were slightly but significantly more impaired in household functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chronicity of social phobia was striking for both men and women. Although remission rates did not differ significantly between men and women, clinicians should be alert to the fact that women with poor baseline functioning and a history of suicide attempts have the greatest chronicity of illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 142 Temple Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. kimberly.yonkers@yale.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Yonkers
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012074:Remission Induction; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome