title: Titanium particles stimulate bone resorption by inducing differentiation of murine osteoclasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loosening of orthopaedic implants is mediated by cytokines that elicit bone resorption and are produced in response to phagocytosis of implant-derived wear particles. This accelerated bone resorption could be due to increased osteoclastic activity, survival, or differentiation. Although a number of in vitro studies have shown that wear particles increase osteoclastic activity, the increase was less than twofold in all cases. The objective of the current study was to test the hypothesis that wear particles stimulate bone resorption by inducing osteoclast differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conditioned media were prepared from murine marrow cells or human peripheral blood monocytes incubated in the presence or absence of titanium particles. The effects of conditioned media on osteoclast differentiation were examined with use of a recently developed assay in which osteoclast precursors are co-cultured with mesenchymal support cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study showed that titanium particles induced both murine marrow cells and human peripheral blood monocytes to produce factors that stimulated osteoclast differentiation. The mean increase in osteoclast differentiation was 29.3+/-9.4-fold. The stimulation of osteoclast differentiation led to a parallel increase in bone resorption. The amount of stimulation was regulated in a dose-dependent manner by the concentration of both titanium particles and conditioned media. The stimulation of osteoclast differentiation required interactions between the cells and the particles themselves and, therefore, was not due to metal ions, soluble contaminants released from the particles, or submicrometer particles. In contrast, conditioned media from control cells incubated in the absence of titanium particles had no detectable effect on any of the examined parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that titanium particles stimulate in vitro bone resorption primarily by inducing osteoclast differentiation. In contrast, the titanium particles had only small effects on osteoclast activity or survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5000, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Van De Motter
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ragab
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001862:Bone Resorption; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D014025:Titanium