title: Botulinum toxin A treatment of adult upper and lower limb spasticity.
abstract: This article discusses the treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin A as a new approach in the neurological rehabilitation of patients after stroke. Clinical studies have been reviewed to provide information about target groups, technical aspects and the advantages and disadvantages of treating spasticity with botulinum toxin A. Open and controlled studies showed that the intramuscular injection of Dysport 500 to 1,500U or Botox 100 to 300U could reversibly relieve upper limb flexor and lower limb extensor spasticity. A reduced muscle tone, pain relief, better hand hygiene and improved walking function were the main benefits. Patients tolerated the treatment well. Activity or, if not possible, electrical stimulation of the injected muscles may enhance the effectiveness of the costly toxin. Serial casting is another option. With respect to the action of botulinum toxin A, it is suggested that the effect of the toxin could be mediated by paresis of both the extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibres, thereby altering the afferent discharge in the muscle.
authors.affiliation: Klinik Berlin Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Free University Berlin, Germany. hesse@reha-hesse.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brandi-Hesse
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bardeleben
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010291:Paresis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A