title: Effects of formaldehyde on the frog's mucociliary epithelium as a surrogate to evaluate air pollution effects on the respiratory epithelium.
abstract: The increasing use of alcohol as an alternative fuel to gasoline or diesel can increase emission of formaldehyde, an organic gas that is irritant to the mucous membranes. The respiratory system is the major target of air pollutants and its major defense mechanism depends on the continuous activity of the cilia and the resulting constant transportation of mucous secretion. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of formaldehyde on the ciliated epithelium through a relative large dose range around the threshold limit value adopted by the Brazilian legislation, namely 1.6 ppm (1.25 to 5 ppm). For this purpose, the isolated frog palate preparation was used as the target of toxic injury. Four groups of frog palates were exposed to diluted Ringer solution (control, N = 8) and formaldehyde diluted in Ringer solution at three different concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm, N = 10 for each group). Mucociliary clearance and ciliary beat frequency decreased significantly in contact with formaldehyde at the concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 ppm after 60 min of exposure (P<0.05). We conclude that relatively low concentrations of formaldehyde, which is even below the Brazilian threshold limit value, are sufficient to cause short-term mucociliary impairment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. clauflo@zipmail.com.br
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fló-Neyret
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lorenzi-Filho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macchione
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Saldiva
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004202:Disinfectants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D005557:Formaldehyde