title: Major orbital complications of endoscopic sinus surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The paranasal sinuses are intimately related to the orbit and consequently sinus disease or surgery may cause severe orbital complications. Complications are rare but can result in serious morbidity, the most devastating of which is severe visual loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was undertaken of four cases of severe orbital trauma during endoscopic sinus surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the cases suffered medial rectus damage, one had additional injury to the inferior rectus and oblique, and two patients were blinded as a result of direct damage to the optic nerve or its blood supply.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some ophthalmic complications of endoscopic sinus surgery are highlighted, the mechanisms responsible are discussed, and recommendations for prevention, early recognition, and management are proposed.
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rene
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenthall
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moseley
mesh_terms: D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D009915:Orbit / Q000293:injuries*; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies