title: Computer-enhanced "robotic" cardiac surgery: experience in 148 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A computer-enhanced instrumentation system was used in 148 patients to minimize access in cardiac surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The da Vinci telemanipulation system (Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, Calif) provides a high-resolution 3-dimensional videoscopic image and allows remote, tremor-free, and scaled control of endoscopic surgical instruments with 6 degrees of freedom. By April 2000, the system had been used in 131 patients for coronary artery bypass grafting and 17 patients for mitral valve repair. In the coronary bypass group, the system was used in one of three ways: (1) to take down the internal thoracic artery followed by a minimally invasive direct coronary bypass procedure (n = 81); (2) to perform the anastomosis between the internal thoracic artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery in standard-sternotomy coronary bypass (n = 15); or (3) for total endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting to anastomose the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending on the arrested heart (n = 27) or the beating heart (n = 8). In 17 patients with nonischemic mitral valve insufficiency the mitral valve was repaired. Closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest (Port-Access technique; Heartport, Inc, Redwood City, Calif) was used for arrested-heart total endoscopic coronary bypass and mitral valve repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The da Vinci system allows for precise tissue handling and enables the endoscopic performance of cardiac surgical tasks that require a high degree of dexterity (coronary anastomosis, mitral valve repair). No technical mishaps have occurred. The internal thoracic artery was successfully taken down in 79 of 81 patients in the group undergoing minimally invasive coronary bypass and, after a steep learning curve, is currently performed in less than 40 minutes. The postoperative patency rate is 96.3%. Total endoscopic coronary bypass was completed in 22 of 27 cases with 95.4% patency as demonstrated by angiography at 3 months' follow-up. Closed-chest endoscopic beating-heart bypass grafting was successfully performed in 2 out of 8 patients with the use of a new endoscopic stabilizer. In the group having mitral valve repair, primary endoscopic computer-enhanced repair was successfully completed in 14 of 17 patients; three others had to be changed to a standard endoscopic technique, including 1 who required valve replacement. At 3 months' follow-up, 1 additional patient underwent early reoperation for recurrent mitral insufficiency. Overall early and late mortality in this cohort of 148 patients was 2.0% and was not related to the use of the system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, computer-enhanced endoscopic cardiac surgery can be performed safely in selected patients. Internal thoracic artery takedown is now routinely performed with good results. Total endoscopic coronary bypass is feasible on the arrested heart but does not offer a major benefit over the minimally invasive direct approach because cardiopulmonary bypass is still required. The early clinical experience with closed-chest beating-heart bypass grafting outlines the limitations of this approach despite some procedural success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Russenstrasse 19, 04289 Leipzig, Germany. mohf@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diegeler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gummert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bucerius
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autschbach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004285:Dogs; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D007387:Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*