title: Photographic reproduction of out-of-focus and distorted ocular imagery.
abstract: The necessary settings and parameters were determined for ordinary camera and lens systems to faithfully reproduce out-of-focus and distorted imagery as it falls upon the retina of the human eye. Theoretic considerations of both geometric and physical optics were used to calculate the "relative blur" and distortion produced by refractive error added to ordinary camera lenses as opposed to refractive error in an arbitrary thick-lens optical system bounded by air and fluid (i.e. the eye). In both the camera and the eye, "relative blur" was determined to be directly proportional to dioptric defocus and to aperture size, and effectively independent of the focal length. Distortion of imagery was also found to be independent of the focal length. Photographs corroborate the theoretic findings. A given amount of relative blur, however, appeared somewhat greater when recorded on photographic film than when appreciated by the human eye. The Stiles-Crawford effect, the chromatic aberration of the eye, and neural processing probably each contribute to this difference. Previous investigators have grossly exaggerated blur and distortion in photographs intended to simulate ocular imagery and have drawn misleading conclusions from their results.
authors.affiliation: The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maumenee 517, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287-9237, USA. cparsa@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Parsa
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Guyton
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D010469:Perceptual Distortion / Q000502:physiology*; D010781:Photography; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results