title: Monitoring airborne genotoxicants in the rubber industry using genotoxicity tests and chemical analyses.
abstract: This research was designed to examine the presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic compounds in airborne pollutants in the rubber industry using an integrated chemical/biological approach. Inhalable airborne particulate matter (PM-10: <10 microm) was collected in four rubber factories using a high-volume sampler equipped with a cascade impactor for particle fractionation. The organic extracts of two different fractions (0.5-10 microm and <0.5 microm) were examined for mutagenicity with the Ames test and for in vitro DNA-damaging activity in human leukocytes by single-cell microgel electrophoresis (Comet assay). The extracts were also studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. Nitrosamines in ambient air were sampled on cartridges and analysed by GC with a thermal energy analyser (TEA) detector. Airborne volatile genotoxins were monitored in situ using a clastogenicity plant test (Tradescantia/micronuclei test). The results showed that airborne particulates were mainly very fine (<0.5 microm) and that trace amounts of genotoxic nitrosamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine: 0.10-0.98 microg/m(3); N-nitrosomorpholine: 0.77-2.40 microg/m(3)) and PAH (total PAH: 0.34-11.35 microg/m(3)) were present in air samples. Some extracts, particularly those obtained from the finest fractions, were mutagenic with the Ames test and genotoxic with the Comet assay. In situ monitoring of volatile mutagens using the Tradescantia/micronuclei test gave positive results in two working environments. The results showed the applicability of this integrated chemical-biological approach for detecting volatile and non-volatile genotoxins and for monitoring genotoxic hazards in the rubber industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. monarca@master.cci.unibs.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monarca
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feretti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanardini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villarini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spiegelhalder
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zerbini
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gelatti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lebbolo
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002617:Chemical Industry; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012408:Rubber; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D018744:DNA, Plant; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012408:Rubber