title: Active therapy for chronic low back pain: part 3. Factors influencing self-rated disability and its change following therapy.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of the factors influencing self-rated disability associated with chronic low back pain and prospective study of the relationship between changes in each of these factors and in disability following active therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relative influences of pain, psychological factors, and physiological factors on self-rated disability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In chronic LBP, the interrelationship between physical impairment, pain, and disability is particularly complicated, due to the influence of various psychological factors and the lack of unequivocal methods for assessing impairment. Investigations using new "belief" questionnaires and "sophisticated" performance tests, which have shown promise as discriminating measures of impairment, may assist in clarifying the situation. Previous studies have rarely investigated all these factors simultaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-eight patients with cLBP completed questionnaires and underwent tests of mobility, strength, muscle activation, and fatigability, and (in a subgroup) erector spinae size and fiber size/type distribution. All measures were repeated after 3 months active therapy. Relationships between each factor and self-rated disability (Roland and Morris questionnaire) at baseline, and between the changes in each factor and changes in disability following therapy, were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stepwise linear regression showed that the most significant predictors of disability at baseline were, in decreasing order of importance: pain; psychological distress; fear-avoidance beliefs; muscle activation levels; lumbar range of motion; gender. Only changes in pain, psychological distress, and fear-avoidance beliefs significantly accounted for the changes in disability following therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of pain, psychological and physiological factors was best able to predict baseline disability, although its decrease following therapy was determined only by reductions in pain and psychological variables. The active therapy program-in addition to improving physical function-appeared capable of modifying important psychological factors, possibly as a result of the positive experience of completing the prescribed exercises without undue harm.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland. afm@kws.ch
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mannion
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Junge
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taimela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müntener
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dvorak
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000473:pathology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000534:rehabilitation