title: Time dependent smooth muscle regeneration and maturation in a bladder acellular matrix graft: histological studies and in vivo functional evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the time dependence of smooth muscle regeneration and restoration of in vivo functional properties in bladder augmented with a bladder acellular matrix graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 45 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent augmentation cystoplasty with a bladder acellular matrix graft. Two rats each were sacrificed at various intervals within the first 21 days and 6 each were sacrificed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. This second group underwent preoperative and postoperative assessment of bladder function, including cystometry, electrostimulation and stimulation with ice water, potassium and carbachol, as well as labeling of the bladder wall by the injection of fluorescent microspheres. After sacrifice slides of the bladders prepared for hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome, KI67, vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle specific alpha-actin and fluorescent microspheres were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 2 weeks the number of cells in the matrix as well as the proliferation index increased rapidly and then decreased gradually. Erythrocytes and inflammatory cells were found in the matrix within 2 to 4 days, followed by fibroblasts. A bladder host-to-matrix shift was evident by the appearance of microspheres in the matrix. Cell marker expression indicated the early appearance of vimentin and alpha-actin within the first 10 days. Distinct desmin expression was observed later, when the first smooth muscle cells were recognized. Functional evaluation revealed restored bladder function at 12 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time dependent increase of muscle cell markers during smooth muscle cell regeneration in a bladder acellular matrix graft is concordant with the progressive restoration of bladder function. These results may support the bladder acellular matrix graft concept for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wefer
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Sievert
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schlote
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wefer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahiya
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tanagho
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003094:Collagen; D003893:Desmin / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012038:Regeneration; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014563:Urodynamics; D014746:Vimentin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003893:Desmin; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D014746:Vimentin; D003094:Collagen