title: Glucocorticoids stimulate p21(CIP1) in mesangial cells and in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucocorticoids are widely used for the treatment of glomerulonephritis, but the mechanism of cell cycle inhibition by glucocorticoids is poorly understood at a molecular level.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of dexamethasone on cell cycle progression were examined in rat mesangial cells. To investigate the mechanisms of cell cycle inhibition by dexamethasone, we transfected the -2.3 kb p21(CIP1) promoter-CAT construct to mesangial cells using an electroporation
  
  
  METHODS
  We also examined whether glucocorticoids stimulate the expression of p21(CIP1) and inhibit cell proliferation in glomeruli of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dexamethasone inhibited 3H-thymidine uptake and the percentages of S and G2/M phases in rat mesangial cells. Dexamethasone stimulated CAT activity of the p21(CIP1) promoter 4.5-fold. Deletion analysis of the p21(CIP1) promoter revealed that the glucocorticoid-responsive region (GRE) is present between -1.4 and -1.1 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site. Dexamethasone inducibility of p21(CIP1) promoter activity requires the presence of the C/EBP alpha DNA binding site in the GRE of the p21(CIP1) promoter and C/EBP alpha protein. Intravenous injection of anti-GBM antibody caused mesangial proliferation, crescent formation, and proteinuria in rats. Ten days of administration of prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) reduced proteinuria and inhibited mesangial cell proliferation and crescent formation. The glomerular-sieving method revealed that prednisolone increased p21(CIP1) expression in glomeruli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the cell cycle arrest of mesangial cells is mediated by a functional link between the glucocorticoid receptor and the transcriptional control of p21(CIP1) not only in vitro but also in vivo. Our observations provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in glomerulonephritis.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. yterada.kid@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okado
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoshita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marumo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000378:metabolism; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000276:immunology; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; C493958:Cdkn1a protein, rat; C493962:Cdkn1b protein, rat; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019927:Cyclin E; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019938:Cyclin D1; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D003907:Dexamethasone; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495892:Cdk2 protein, rat; C495903:Cdk4 protein, rat; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases