title: Inhalation of [123I]alpha1-protease inhibitor: toward a new therapeutic concept of alpha1-protease inhibitor deficiency?
abstract: The alpha1-protease inhibitor (alpha1-Pi) is separated from human serum and is therefore extremely expensive. Because only 2%-3% concentrates in the lung after intravenous administration, inhalational therapy for alpha1-Pi deficiency would seem likely to be better. The aims of this study were therefore to determine the pattern of deposition of inhaled alpha1-Pi labeled with 123I and measure the amount deposited in the lungs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients with congenital severe alpha1-Pi deficiency were enrolled in the study. The low-specific-activity 123I-labeled alpha1-Pi aerosol (median particle size +/- SD, 3.9 +/- 2.5 microm) was generated by an air pressure-driven nebulizer. The patients inhaled for an average of 23.6 +/- 8.9 min. Static scintigrams in two projections were acquired immediately after (T1) and 1 (T2), 4 (T3), and 24 h (T4) after inhalation. The patients were divided into the following three groups according to their forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): group I, < or =40% of predicted normal (n = 8); group II, 40% < FEV1 < or = 60% of predicted normal (n = 4); group III, >60% of predicted normal (n = 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The absolute percentage uptake values of alpha1-Pi in group I were 12.4 for T1, 7.3 for T2, 4.6 for T3, and 1.2 for T4; in group II the values were 13.0, 9.6, 6.2, and 2.0, respectively; and in group III, 14.6, 11.4, 6.5, and 3.6, respectively. Differences between the groups were generally statistically significant. Between T1 and T2, the probability value was <0.05 for group I versus group II, <0.006 for group I versus group III, and <0.39 for group II versus group III. Between T1 and T3, the probability value was <0.29 for group I versus group II, <0.22 for group I versus group III, and <0.94 for group II versus group III. Retention (between T1 and T4) was also dependent on the grade of the disease: P < 0.2 for group I versus group II, P < 0.001 for group I versus group III, and P < 0.02 for group II versus group III. Grading of the uptake pattern by three independent experienced investigators (87% agreement) revealed a peripheral deposition that was group dependent. We found that greater peripheral deposition corresponded with lower lung functional impairment: P < 0.5 for group I versus group II, P < 0.01 for group I versus group III, and P < 0.08 for group II versus group III. Degradation also corresponded with functional impairment: P < 0.05 for group I versus group II, P < 0.006 for group I versus group III, and P < 0.3 for group II versus group III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that sufficient amounts of alpha1-Pi can be deposited in the periphery of the lung by inhalation at least in patients with low-grade disease. Inhalation of alpha1-Pi may thus represent a new and more convenient route of drug administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kropp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wencker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hotze
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wunderlich
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ulbrich
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Konietzko
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Biersack
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010634:Phenobarbital; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019896:alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D010634:Phenobarbital