title: Changing clinical presentation and survival in HIV-associated tuberculosis after highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess changes in clinical presentation and outcome of HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) before and after widespread implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed clinical charts of HIV-infected patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB in two referral clinical centers in Rome, Italy. The 67 patients diagnosed in 1995 to 1996 were compared with 51 patients diagnosed in 1997 to 1998. To analyze factors associated with survival we used a Cox model including antiretroviral therapy as a time-dependent covariate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients diagnosed in 1997 to 1998 were more likely to have TB as the first AIDS-defining illness (78% versus 58%, p <.05), to have HIV diagnosed <2 months before TB (33% vs. 7%, p <.005) and to have typical chest radiograph pattern (45% vs. 25%, p <.05), and had a higher CD4(+) count (median 105 vs. 43, p <.005). Survival at 1 year was 80% for patients diagnosed in 1997 to 1998 vs. 65% for those diagnosed in 1995 to 1996 (p by log-rank =.02). After adjusting at multivariate analysis, time period of diagnosis was not confirmed as associated with survival (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.39--2.81). Age, CD4+ cell count <25/mm(3), and AIDS-defining illnesses before TB diagnosis were all associated with an higher risk of death, whereas a decreased risk of death was observed in patients starting a triple combination antiretroviral therapy after TB diagnosis (hazard ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.03--0.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cases of HIV-associated TB occurring in patients with advanced immunosuppression and presenting with atypical radiologic appearance tend to be relatively less common in the HAART era. HAART is a major factor in prolonging survival in these patients.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy. girardi@spallazani.roma.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cingolani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ammassari
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petrosillo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gillini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zinzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antinori
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ippolito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012384:Rome; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents