title: Validating mini-mental status, cognitive capacity screening and Hamilton depression scales utilizing subjects with vascular headaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination (CCSE) are easily and rapidly administered tests for quantifying the general cognitive status of young as well as geriatric subjects. Likewise, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) is a brief instrument for quantifying depression that may confound cognitive test performances. Testing by means of all three scales concurrently provides useful information for longitudinal research among the elderly.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate the combined longitudinal use of MMSE, CCSE and HDRS among a specific cohort of normal subjects with vascular headaches characterized by known well-established temporary cognitive decline occurring only during temporary intervals with headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MMSE, CCSE and HDRS were serially tested at 3-12 monthly intervals among 196 healthy subjects attending our out-patient headache clinic who suffered from migraine or cluster headaches. Stability and specificity of MMSE, CCSE and HDRS were evaluated by comparing consecutive normative scores during headache-free intervals. Sensitivity of MMSE and CCSE for detecting temporary cognitive decline were evaluated by comparing scores during headache and headache-free intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCSE, MMSE and HDRS gave stable headache-free normative values over intervals of 3-10 years among 182 subjects. Among 77 subjects during headache intervals, temporary cognitive decline were confirmed by both CCSE and MMSE (p < 0.0001). When cutoff points for both CCSE and MMSE normal scores were placed at >/= 27, specificity for detecting cognitively normal values for CCSE and MMSE when headache-free were 92.2 and 89.6%, respectively (p > 0.05), while sensitivity for detecting cognitively decline during headache intervals were 83.7 and 49%, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared with scoring by a single rater, reliability estimates for all three rating scales were slightly lower when tested by different raters, but these differences were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCSE is reliable and more sensitive than MMSE for detecting cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Cerebrovascular Research Laboratories, Bldg. 110, Room 225, Holcombe Boulevard 151A, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jmeyer@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thornby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity