Leisure-time physical activity and other factors in relation to blood pressure in Japanese-Americans in Hawaii, USA.
To examine physical activity at work and during leisure-time as well as other factors related to blood pressure (BP) in Japanese-Americans living in Hilo, Hawaii, USA, we performed a population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 238 participants aged 42-64 years old. This survey was carried out between 19 February and 1 March 2000 in Hilo. All participants were invited to Hilo Medical Center for a free physical examination and experimental tests including an examination of blood and urine samples. A self-administered health questionnaire was used that included items related to demographics, smoking, alcohol consumption, and habitual physical activity at work and during leisure-time. A summary score of physical activity (PA) was calculated. BP was measured using an automated BP measurement system (Khi machine, VINE Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). The results showed the following. 1) Mean (SD) PA scores at work (WPA) and during leisure-time (LTPA) were 2.9 (0.5) and 2.5 (0.5) in men, and 3.0 (0.5) and 2.4 (0.3) in women, respectively; 2) Pearson correlation analyses (adjustment for age) indicated that WPA and LTPA in men show significant negative associations with SBP and DBP (p<0.05 and p<0.01), while LTPA shows significant negative associations with SBP and DBP in women (p<0.05 and p<0.01). After further adjustment for education, occupation, smoking, and alcohol consumption status, LTPA continued to show significant and negative associations with both SBP and DBP in men (p<0.01) and with DBP alone in women (p <0.01). 3) Hypertensive subjects had significantly lower mean LTPA scores than normotensive men (2.39 vs. 2.61, p<0.05) and women (2.32 vs. 2.45, p<0.05). 4) Body mass index and the ratio of sodium to potassium excretion showed significant and positive associations with SBP and DBP in multiple linear regression analyses. In conclusion, the results further emphasize that the health benefits of LTPA, control of body weight, and reduction in salt intake should continually receive strong attention in population-based high BP control.
Liu
L
L
Otsuka Department of International Preventive Nutritional Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Research on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.
Kanda
T
T
Sagara
M
M
Hirao
S
S
Yasui
N
N
Negishi
H
H
Sekine
Y
Y
Honda
K
K
Ikeda
K
K
Yamori
Y
Y
D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology*; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine
D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium