Pharmacotherapy of ascariasis.
Ascaris lumbricoides, the most frequent human intestinal nematode, is the causative agent of ascariasis, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of over one billion people, especially in moist tropical and subtropical regions, but also in cooler climates. Although characterised with low morbidity and mortality rates, the global prevalence of ascariasis still results in approximately 20,000 deaths annually, primarily as a consequence of intestinal obstruction. In humans, transmission usually occurs by hand-to-mouth route by way of contaminated agricultural products and food, or from dirty hands. Three phases of ascariasis may be present, namely, the pulmonary, intestinal and the complications stage. Although generally asymptomatic, heavy infestation may cause serious pulmonary disease, or partial or complete obstruction of biliary or intestinal tracts. Anthelminthic chemotherapy is required to eradicate the parasites and prevent potentially serious complications. Mebendazole, albendazole and pyrantel pamoate are the most widely used agents to treat ascariasis. Preventive chemotherapy delivered to communities in endemic regions may serve as an affordable and cost-effective strategy to reduce the prevalence and morbidity in endemic regions. Under unusual circumstances, Ascaris suum, the cause of helminthic infection in pigs, may also cause disease in humans.
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH 6700-B Rockledge Drive, Room 2102, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. vg8q@nih.gov
D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001196:Ascariasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary; D017164:Ascaris lumbricoides / Q000187:drug effects*; D017165:Ascaris suum / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal