title: Different associations of blood pressure with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion among pre- and post-menopausal women. WHO Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (WHO-CARDIAC) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Having found no definite relationship between blood pressure (BP) and 24h sodium excretion in women aged 48-56 years (in contrast to the results in men of the same age) in the WHO Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (WHO-CARDIAC) Study, we analyzed the data to investigate whether the sodium-BP association differed between pre- and post-menopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WHO-CARDIAC is a multicenter cross-sectional study, involving, as of July 2000, 60 collaborating centers in 25 countries. In each center, 100 men and 100 women aged 48-56 years were selected randomly from the general population of the area. In this report, 2,212 women in 21 centers located in 17 countries worldwide, who had data on menopausal status, were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI) and 24h urinary potassium excretion, 24h sodium excretion was positively and significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) [pooled regression coefficient: 0.037 (SE 0.01), P < 0.01] and with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) [0.023 (0.006), P< 0.01] in post-menopausal women. Pooled regression coefficients of sodium-BP association were not significant in pre-menopausal women (P< 0.05). Cross-center correlation analyses of the 21 centers showed that 24h sodium excretion was positively associated with SBP and DBP in both pre- and post-menopausal women, and this positive association between sodium excretion and SBP was significant in post-menopausal women (R2 = 0.23, P = 0.029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different associations between sodium and BP were observed in women with pre- and post-menopausal status. There may be a tendency for salt sensitivity to increase at the menopause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan. yamori@fischer.jinkan.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamori
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizushima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nara
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009318:Natriuresis; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D013599:Systole