title: Mechanisms of opioid-induced pain and antinociceptive tolerance: descending facilitation and spinal dynorphin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Vanderah
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ossipov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Malan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porreca
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004399:Dynorphins