title: Prolonged QTc interval predicts mortality in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate prolonged QTc interval and QT dispersion as predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality after adjustment for well-established risk factors in Type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a cohort of all adult Type 1 diabetic patients, duration of diabetes >or= 5 years, attending the clinic in 1984 and followed in an observational study for 10 years (n = 939), all subjects with resting baseline electrocardiograms were identified (n = 697, 360 males). The QT length was measured and corrected for heart rate (QTc). Maximal QTc length (QTc max) and QT dispersion were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 431 had normoalbuminuria (< 30 mg/24 h), 138 had microalbuminuria (30-299 mg/24 h) and 128 had macroalbuminuria (>or= 300 mg/24 h) of whom 66 (15%), 35 (25%) and 61 (48%) died during follow-up, respectively (26 (6%), 14 (10%), 21 (16%) from cardiovascular disease). QTc max. was 442 (1.2) ms (mean (SEM)) for survivors and 457 (3.7) in patients who died (P < 0.001). In a Cox proportional hazards model including baseline values of putative risk factors, independent predictors of death were QTc max (P = 0.03), age (P < 0.001), presence of hypertension (P = 0.001), male sex (P < 0.001), log urinary albumin excretion (P < 0.001), smoking (P = 0.04), log serum-creatinine (P < 0.001), height (P < 0.001), low social class (P = 0.04), whereas QT dispersion, heart rate, and HbA1c were not included. In the subgroup with macroalbuminuria, but not for all patients, QTc max was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QTc prolongation, but not increased QT dispersion, is an independent marker of increased mortality in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark. prossing@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossing
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Breum
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Major-Pedersen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Winding
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kastrup
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012923:Social Class; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine