title: What is the yield of intraoperative ultrasonography during partial hepatectomy for malignant disease?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) during hepatic resection for malignancy changes the operative plan or identifies occult unresectable disease in a large proportion of patients. This study was undertaken to reassess the yield of IOUS in light of recent improvements in preoperative staging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with potentially resectable primary or metastatic hepatic malignancies subjected to exploration, bimanual palpation of the liver, and IOUS were evaluated prospectively. Intraoperative findings were recorded, and preoperative imaging studies were reanalyzed by radiologists blinded to the intraoperative findings. The extent of disease based on preoperative imaging was compared with the intraoperative findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From October 1997 until November 1998, 111 patients were evaluated. At exploration, a total of 77 new findings or findings different than suggested on the imaging studies were identified in 61 patients (55%), the most common of which was additional hepatic tumors (n = 37). Thirty-five of 77 (45%) new findings were identified by IOUS alone and 10 (13%) by palpation alone; the remainder were identified by both palpation and IOUS. Forty-seven of 61 patients (77%) underwent a complete resection despite new intraoperative findings, with a modification (n = 28) or no change (n = 19) in the planned operation. Twenty-one patients (19%) had new findings identified only on IOUS. Thirteen of these patients underwent resection with no change in the operative plan, six underwent a modified resection and two were considered to have unresectable disease based solely on the findings of IOUS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with hepatic malignancies submitted to a potentially curative resection, new intraoperative findings or findings different than suggested on preoperative imaging studies are common. But resection with no change in the operative plan or a modified resection is still possible in the majority of patients despite such findings. The findings on IOUS alone rarely lead to a change in the operative plan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarnagin
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Winston
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hann
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loumeau
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: DeMatteo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Blumgart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011172:Portography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards