title: Expression of the human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor gene in SK-N-MC cells is under the control of a distal enhancer.
abstract: Mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor were studied using SK-N-MC cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line that expresses beta(3)- and beta(1)-adrenergic receptors endogenously. Deletions spanning different portions of a 7-kb 5'-flanking region of the human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor gene were linked to a luciferase reporter and transfected in SK-N-MC, CV-1, and HeLa cells. Maximal luciferase activity was observed when a 200-bp region located between -6.5 and -6.3 kb from the translation start site was present. This region functioned only in SK-N-MC cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts from SK-N-MC, CV-1, and HeLa cells using double stranded oligonucleotides spanning different portions of the 200-bp region as probes and transient transfection studies revealed the existence of three cis-acting regulatory elements: A) -6.468 kb-AGGTGGACT--6.458 kb, B) -6.448 kb-GCCTCTCTGGGGAGCAGCTTCTCC-6.428 kb, and C) -6.405 kb-20 repeats of CCTT-6.385 kb. These elements act together to achieve full transcriptional activity. Mutational analysis, antibody supershift, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay competition experiments indicated that element A binds the transcription factor Sp1, element B binds protein(s) present only in nuclear extracts from SK-N-MC cells and brown adipose tissue, and element C binds protein(s) present in both SK-N-MC and HeLa cells. In addition, element C exhibits characteristics of an S1 nuclease-hypersensitive site. These data indicate that cell-specific positive cis-regulatory elements located 6.5 kb upstream from the translation start site may play an important role in transcriptional regulation of the human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor. These data also suggest that brown adipose tissue-specific transcription factor(s) may be involved in the tissue-specific expression of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor gene.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Diseases Department, Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Inc., CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA. susuliv@war.wyeth.com
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Susulic
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: LaVallette
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duzic
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shuey
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Karathanasis
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 / Q000235:genetics*; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases