title: Paramedic use of endotracheal tube introducers for the difficult airway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of paramedics to learn and apply the skill of introducer-aided oral intubation in the setting of the simulated "difficult airway." The authors hypothesized that, following a brief introduction to the device, intubation success rates would not differ for traditional and introducer-aided intubations of an immobilized airway mannequin.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a paramedic recertification class, experienced paramedics were given a brief didactic introduction to the "bougie-like" Flex Guide endotracheal tube introducer (ETTI). The participants were then asked to intubate adult mannequins immobilized in the head-neutral position, with and without the ETTI. "Successful placement" was defined as completion of the procedure within 30 seconds and endotracheal tube position confirmed by the investigator with direct visualization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both traditional and ETTI intubations, 34 (97%) of the 35 paramedics successfully intubated within 30 seconds. The two unsuccessful intubation attempts were recognized by the paramedic as esophageal intubations, and correct tube placement was obtained within an additional 30 seconds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, use of the ETTI was mastered by the participants after only a brief didactic introduction to the device, with their ability to intubate an immobilized mannequin using the ETTI being equal to their ability to perform traditional intubation. These results suggest that use of the ETTI is easily learned, and may support the device's role in the prehospital management of the difficult airway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse 13210, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008348:Manikins