title: Urine analysis by laser Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examine the use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze components in human urine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Targeted urine components include urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urea concentration in urine is sufficiently high that normal Raman spectroscopy may be used for its analysis. All other components are in low concentrations requiring the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic methods (SERS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both normal Raman and SERS approaches have been investigated for total urine-nitrogen determination, urine urea-nitrogen determination, and for the urea/creatinine excretion ratio.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Premasiri
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Womble
mesh_terms: D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014508:Urea / Q000652:urine; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine