title: Diaphragm adaptations elicited by severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: lessons for sports science.
abstract: In humans, the diaphragm adapts to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with (a) fast-to-slow transformations of the fiber types and myofibrillar proteins and (b) increases in the activity of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes. We suggest that progressive endurance training over several decades accounts for these adaptations.
authors.affiliation: Medical, Surgical, and Research Services, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. sdlevine@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shrager
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Camasamudram
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains