title: Dynamics of male circumcision practices in northwest Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male circumcision status is considered an important cofactor in the spread of HIV and sexually transmitted disease. There is limited evidence that male circumcision practices in Africa may be changing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the determinants of male circumcision status in a traditionally noncircumcising ethnic group and to investigate the reasons for increasing acceptance of circumcision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a factory workers study and a rural cohort study in northwest Tanzania were used to analyze the levels and determinants of male circumcision status and assess the reliability of self-reported data. Qualitative data from focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were obtained to ascertain norms and values in relation to male circumcision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male circumcision has become more popular in recent years, and 21% of 3,491 men reported themselves as circumcised. An increase in circumcision rates was observed in the rural cohort study during 1994 to 1997, though reporting inconsistencies are common. Circumcision rates were higher among men with higher levels of education and in Muslim men. Men are often circumcised in their late teens or twenties. The reasons for the increasing popularity of circumcision were investigated in group discussions and in-depth interviews. The most frequently mentioned reason was health-related; circumcision was thought to enhance penile hygiene, reduce sexually transmitted disease incidence, and improve sexually transmitted disease cure rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male circumcision is becoming more popular among a traditionally noncircumcising ethnic group in Tanzania, especially in urban areas and among boys who have attended secondary schools.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, The Tanzania-Netherlands Project to Support AIDS Control in Mwanza Region.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nnko
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Washija
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urassa
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Boerma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004522:Educational Status; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012067:Religion; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D013636:Tanzania; D014505:Urban Population