title: EAT/mcl-1 expression in the human embryonal carcinoma cells undergoing differentiation or apoptosis.
abstract: Differentiation and apoptosis are precisely regulated events in early embryogenesis. Retinoic acid-induced differentiation in the embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line NCR-G3 triggers concurrent induction of apoptosis. Using this system, which serves as a model of early embryogenesis, the expression of various bcl-2-related genes was analyzed as these genes display either positive or negative regulatory effects on apoptosis. EAT/mcl-1, an antiapoptotic bcl-2-related gene and immediate early gene, was dramatically expressed at an early stage of NCR-G3 differentiation. Bcl-xL, another antiapoptotic gene, was induced at a middle stage of differentiation and then gradually decreased to basal level. Expression of Bax, a proapoptotic molecule, was detected at a high level and remained relatively constant. Meanwhile, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xS were below detectable levels throughout the various stages of differentiation. As the balance of bcl-2 genes is a crucial regulatory step in apoptosis, the results suggest that EAT and Bax likely regulate apoptosis in the early stages of differentiation. In later stages of differentiation, down-regulation of EAT was found to coincide with a gradual increase in apoptosis of NCR-G3 cells. Furthermore, use of the monoclonal antibody (3A2) specific to EAT revealed that EAT is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane in human EC cells. In addition, EAT immunoreactivity was not detected in apoptotic NCR-G3 cells while it was observed in nearly all viable cells. The findings suggest that rapid induction of EAT may prevent NCR-G3 cells from undergoing apoptosis, thereby supporting viability at the early stage of differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-582, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umezawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akatsuka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hata
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D054278:Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008954:Models, Biological; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014212:Tretinoin