title: Development and implementation of resuscitation guidelines: a personal experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to develop and implement guidelines on the appropriate use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which would ensure patient involvement in decision-making about cardiopulmonary resuscitation whenever possible but without offering illusory choices where resuscitation was unlikely to succeed.
  
  
  METHODS
  quantitative guidelines were developed after a review of the literature on survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Patients were classified according to their estimated likelihood of survival to discharge after resuscitation: < 1%, group A; 1-10%, group B; and > 10%, group C. Qualitative guidelines were developed after consideration of the legal and ethical principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It was decided to inform competent patients in group A that cardiopulmonary resuscitation would be inappropriate, and to seek the preferences of competent patients in group B. The operation of the guidelines was examined in patients aged 65 years or more admitted under a single consultant in an acute community hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  147 patients were studied: 39 in group A, 26 in group B and 82 in group C. Of 36 patients in groups A and B judged competent, cardiopulmonary resuscitation discussions were only undertaken in 17, usually because acute distress or anxiety precluded effective communication. Of the 23 patients or family members from whom cardiopulmonary resuscitation preferences were sought, four opted for full cardiopulmonary resuscitation and six for limited cardiopulmonary resuscitation (usually witnessed-arrest only and no ventilation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  it is difficult to involve acutely ill elderly patients in cardiopulmonary resuscitation decision-making. Limited cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a useful option for patients, relatives and doctors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Merlin Park Regional Hospital and University College Hospital, Galway, County Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D018447:Medical Futility; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic