title: Comparative genomic hybridization identifies loss of 18q22-qter as an early and specific event in tumorigenesis of midgut carcinoids.
abstract: Carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine tumors occurring in the lung or in the digestive tract where they are further subclassified as foregut, midgut, or hindgut carcinoids. To gain a better understanding of the genetic basis of the different types of carcinoid tumors, we have characterized numerical imbalances in a series of midgut carcinoids, and compared the results to previous findings in carcinoids from the lung. Numerical imbalances were revealed in 16 of the 18 tumors, and the most commonly detected aberrations were losses of 18q22-qter (67%), 11q22-q23 (33%), and 16q21-qter (22%), and gain of 4p14-qter (22%). The total number of alterations found in the metastases was significantly higher than in the primary tumors, indicating the accumulation of acquired genetic changes in the tumor progression. Losses of 18q and 11q were present both in primary tumors and metastases, whereas loss of 16q and gain of 4 were only detected in metastases. Furthermore, the pattern of comparative genomic hybridization alterations varied depending on the total number of detected alterations. Taken together, the findings would suggest a progression of numerical imbalances, in which loss of 18q and 11q represent early events, and loss of 16q and gain of 4p are late events in the tumor progression of midgut carcinoids. When compared to previously published comparative genomic hybridization abnormalities in lung carcinoids, loss of 11q was found to occur in both tumor types, whereas loss of 18q and 16q and gain of 4 were not revealed in lung carcinoids. The results indicate that inactivation of a putative tumor suppressor gene in 18q22-qter represents a frequent and early event that is specific for the development of midgut carcinoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kytölä
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Höög
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nord
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cedermark
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frisk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kjellman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 / Q000235:genetics*; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm