title: Auditory P300 event-related potentials and number connection test for evaluation of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: a follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The P300 event-related potentials (P3ERP) have been recently advocated for detection of cognitive disturbances in early encephalopathy. However, no systematic follow-up study has been conducted to understand the clinical significance of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) detected by this or other methods. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the diagnostic usefulness of auditory P3ERP in the detection of SHE, to compare it with that of the number connection test (NCT), and to investigate the clinical outcome of patients with SHE in terms of progression to overt encephalopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  P300 event-related potential latencies were measured and the NCT time was recorded in 81 non-encephalopathic cirrhotic patients (Aged 43.8 +/- 11 years, 23 alcoholic and 58 non-alcoholics) attending the outpatient department at our tertiary care hospital (All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital). Cut-off values for abnormality in the tests were developed from age-, sex- and education-matched controls. Patients were followed up at regular intervals for the development of overt encephalopathy, and the identifiable precipitating factors were noted. The P3ERP latencies (363 +/- 34 msec vs 349 +/- 23 msec), as well as NCT time (54.6 +/- 30.6 s vs 39.5 +/- 15.8 s) were significantly prolonged (P< 0.01) in patients with liver cirrhosis when compared with the non-cirrhotic controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The P3ERP defects were seen in 24.6% of cirrhotic patients, while NCT time was prolonged in 19.7% of the patients. Nearly 43% of the patients with SHE progressed to overt encephalopathy within a mean duration of 5 months, while only 3.9% of the non-SHE patients did so. Of the patients who developed overt encephalopathy, 64.2% had P3ERP latency prolongations while 35.7% had abnormal NCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that P3ERP and NCT are valid tools for the screening of SHE in cirrhotic patients as there is a greater likelihood of overt encephalopathy development in patients with an abnormality detected by these tests than in patients with no such abnormality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Tandon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time; D013997:Time Factors