title: Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this retrospective study were to assess the frequency with which we used different treatment modalities for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 41 patients with known CCA complicating PSC with a median age of 49 yr (range, 27-75 yr) were identified from a group of 1009 patients (4%) with PSC seen over 10 yr at the Mayo Clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These patients received mainly five forms of treatment: 10 patients were treated with radiation therapy (RT) with or without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (seven with palliative and three with curative intent), nine with stent placement for cholestasis, 12 with conservative treatment, four with surgical resection (one of four received RT and 5-FU), and three patients with orthotopic liver transplantation and RT, with or without 5-FU. One patient was treated with 5-FU alone, one with photodynamic therapy, and one patient with somatostatin analog. A total of 36 patients died, whereas four (10%) patients survived (two with surgical resection, one with orthotopic liver transplantation and RT, and one with stent placement) during a median follow-up of 5.5 months (range, 1-75 months). One patient was lost to follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In highly selective cases, resective surgery seems to be of benefit in PSC patients with CCA. However, these therapies are rarely applied to these patients because of the advanced nature of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Efforts should be directed at earlier identification of potential surgical candidates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and General Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: de Groen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nagorney
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gunderson
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Haddock
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lindor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies