title: Somatic and psychological features of headache in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Headaches--especially of migrainous type--have been considered part of the disease spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We wished to characterize prevalence and types of headaches in SLE and find out if headache is associated with disease, personality traits, or other psychological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight consecutive Caucasian patients with SLE were given a clinical examination. We recorded SLE disease activity according to the SLE Disease Activity Index, types of headache according to International Headache Society criteria, and personality traits and emotional status according to Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight SLE patients (66%) were headache sufferers; of these, 22 patients (38%) had migraine and 21 (36%) had tension-type headache. Headaches were not associated with disease activity or any other disease associated variable, including tests for antiphospholipid antibodies. Migraine was associated only with a tendency to social isolation and anxiety, while tension-type headache was associated with psychological distress, such as anxiety, somatic complaints, reduced energy, mental tension, social discomfort and withdrawal, and depressive mood according to the BDI. CONCLUSION; Migraine and tension-type headaches occur frequently in patients with SLE. Migraine shows the same clinical presentation as in a non-SLE population, and may not be part of a neuropsychiatric disease spectrum. This also applies to tension-type headache, which in contrast to migraine shows some associations with emotional and personality traits, and could represent components of a chronic pain syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Tromsø, Norway. romdal@online.no
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Omdal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waterloo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koldingsnes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Husby
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Mellgren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D009664:Norway; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology