title: Whole proteome pI values correlate with subcellular localizations of proteins for organisms within the three domains of life.
abstract: Isoelectric point (pI) values have long been a standard measure for distinguishing between proteins. This article analyzes distributions of pI values estimated computationally for all predicted ORFs in a selection of fully sequenced genomes. Histograms of pI values confirm the bimodality that has been observed previously for bacterial and archaeal genomes () and reveal a trimodality in eukaryotic genomes. A similar analysis on subsets of a nonredundant protein sequence database generated from the full database by selecting on subcellular localization shows that sequences annotated as corresponding to cytosolic and integral membrane proteins have pI distributions that appear to correspond with the two observed modes of bacteria and archaea. Furthermore, nuclear proteins have a broader distribution that may account for the third mode observed in eukaryotes. On the basis of this association between pI and subcellular localization, we conclude that the bimodal character of whole proteome pI values in bacteria and archaea and the trimodal character in eukaryotes are likely to be general properties of proteomes and are associated with the need for different pI values depending on subcellular localization. Our analyses also suggest that the proportions of proteomes consisting of membrane-associated proteins may be currently underestimated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. rss@alum.mit.edu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019843:Archaeal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007526:Isoelectric Point; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017017:Methanococcus / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D020543:Proteome