title: Effect of plasma metabolites of (+)-catechin and quercetin on monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flavonoids may exert their health benefit in cardiovascular disease by modulating monocyte adhesion in the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis. Most in vitro studies used forms of flavonoids present in food rather than forms that appear in plasma after ingestion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the effects of plasma metabolites of (+)-catechin and quercetin on the modulation of monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma extracts of flavonoid metabolites were prepared after intragastric administration of pure compounds to rats. The plasma preparations contained sulfate or glucuronide conjugates or both and methylated forms. We measured adhesion of U937 monocytic cells to HAEC and the production of ROS in HAEC when cells were pretreated with either pure compounds or plasma extracts from control or treated rats. Adhesion assays were performed with HAEC stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1 beta or U937 cells activated with phorbol myristyl acetate; ROS were measured after challenging HAEC with IL-1 beta or hydrogen peroxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment of HAEC with (+)-catechin metabolites inhibited U937 cell adhesion to IL-1 beta-stimulated cells, whereas pretreatment with intact (+)-catechin had no effect. Generation of ROS in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated HAEC was inhibited by (+)-catechin, its metabolites, and control plasma extract, whereas ROS generation in IL-1 beta-stimulated HAEC was inhibited by (+)-catechin metabolites only. In contrast, quercetin inhibited U937 cell adhesion to IL-1 beta-stimulated HAEC, whereas its metabolites were not effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic conversion of flavonoids such as (+)-catechin and quercetin modifies the flavonoids' biological activity. Metabolites of flavonoids, rather than their intact forms, may contribute to the reported effects of flavonoids on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meydani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002392:Catechin; D011794:Quercetin