title: Novel magnetic technology for intraoperative intracranial frameless navigation: in vivo and in vitro results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the accuracy of the Magellan electromagnetic navigation system (Biosense Webster, Tirat HaCarmel, Israel) and to demonstrate the feasibility of its use in image-guided neurosurgical applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Magellan system was developed to provide real-time tracking of the distal tips of flexible catheters, steerable endoscopes, and other surgical instruments, using ultra-low electromagnetic fields and a novel miniature position sensor for image-correlated intraoperative navigation and mapping applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  An image registration procedure was performed, and static and qualitative accuracies were assessed in a series of phantom, animal, and human neurosurgical studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the human study phase, an accuracy error of up to 5 mm was deemed acceptable. Results demonstrated that this degree of accuracy was maintained throughout all procedures. All anatomic landmarks were reached with precision and were accurately viewed on the display screen. Navigation that relied on the system was also successful. No interference with operating room equipment was noted. The accuracy of the system was maintained during regular surgical procedures, using standard surgical tools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The system provides precise lesion localization without limiting the line of vision, the mobility of the surgeon, or the flexibility of instruments. Electromagnetic navigation promises new advances in neuronavigation and frameless stereotactic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. mzaaroor@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaaroor
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bejerano
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weinfeld
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Haim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008280:Magnetics; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013679:Technology, Radiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted