title: Nitrogen transformation during organic waste composting by the Rutgers system and its effects on pH, EC and maturity of the composting mixtures.
abstract: The evolution of the different forms of nitrogen during the composting of several wastes was studied, as well as its relation to the pH, electrical conductivity and parameters of maturity of the composts obtained. Four mixtures were prepared from different organic materials: sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, brewery sludge, sorghum bagasse, cotton waste and pine bark. The evolution of the different forms of nitrogen during composting depended on the material which supplied the nitrogen to the mixtures and the organic matter (OM) degradation rate during composting. The greatest concentration of ammonium was observed during the first weeks of composting, coinciding with the most intense period of OM degradation, and ammonium then decreased gradually to reach final values of below 0.04%. The use of urea as a nitrogen source in the mixtures led to high ammonium levels during the first weeks as a result of its rapid hydrolysis. The nitrification process began only when the temperature of the mixtures had dropped below 40 degrees C and its intensity depended on the quantity of ammonium present when the process began. The highest concentrations of NO3-N were always produced at the end of maturation, reaching values of 0.52%, 0.53%, 0.12% and 0.20% in the four mixtures studied. Nitrogen losses during composting depended on the materials used and on the pH values of the mixtures. Mixtures with the highest lignocellulose content showed the lowest losses (below 25%), while those containing municipal solid waste lost more than 40% of the initial content. Statistically significant correlations at a high probability level were found between the NO3-N concentration and pH and electrical conductivity. confirming that nitrification was responsible for the falling pH values and increasing electrical conductivity. The ratio of NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations was shown to be a clear indicator of the maturity of the mixtures during composting, the final values of 0.08, 0.04, 0,16 and 0.11 for the four mixtures being equal to, or below the maximum value established as a maturity index in other materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Monedero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roig
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bernal
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002482:Cellulose; D005308:Fertilizers; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009576:Nitrobacter / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen; D009606:Nitrosomonas / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods; D012722:Sewage; D013997:Time Factors; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012722:Sewage; D002482:Cellulose; C027433:bagasse; D009584:Nitrogen