title: Do gender and race affect decisions about pain management?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if patient gender and race affect decisions about pain management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental design using medical vignettes to evaluate treatment decisions. A convenience sample of 111 primary care physicians (61 men, 50 women) in the Northeast was asked to treat 3 hypothetical patients with pain (kidney stone, back pain) or a control condition (sinusitis). Symptom presentation and severity were held constant, but patient gender and race were varied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum permitted doses of narcotic analgesics (hydrocodone) prescribed at initial and return visits were calculated by multiplying mg per pill x number of pills per day x number of days x number of refills. No overall differences with respect to patient gender or race were found in decisions to treat or in the maximum permitted doses. However, for renal colic, male physicians prescribed higher doses of hydrocodone to white patients versus black patients (426 mg vs 238 mg), while female physicians prescribed higher doses to blacks (335 mg vs 161 mg, F1,85 = 9.65, P =.003). This pattern was repeated for persistent kidney stone pain. For persistent back pain, male physicians prescribed higher doses of hydrocodone to males than to females (406 mg vs 201 mg), but female physicians prescribed higher doses to females (327 mg v. 163 mg, F1,28 = 5.50, P =.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When treating pain, gender and racial differences were evident only when the role of physician gender was examined, suggesting that male and female physicians may react differently to gender and/or racial cues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA. weissec@union.ede
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Weisse
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sorum
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Syat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D044383:Black People; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006853:Hydrocodone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006853:Hydrocodone