title: Effect of a tongue-tie on upper airway mechanics in horses during exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of a tongue-tie on upper airway mechanics in exercising horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  5 Standardbreds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peak inspiratory and expiratory tracheal and pharyngeal pressures and airflow were measured while horses exercised on a treadmill with and without a tongue-tie. Respiratory rate was also measured. Horses ran at speeds that corresponded to 50 (HR50), 75, 90 (HR90), and 100% of maximal heart rate. The tongue-tie was applied by pulling the tongue forward out of the mouth as far as possible and tying it at the level of the base of the frenulum to the mandible with an elastic gauze bandage. Peak inspiratory and expiratory tracheal, pharyngeal, and translaryngeal resistance, minute ventilation, and tidal volume were calculated. Data were analyzed by use of 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA. For post hoc comparison of significant data, the Student-Newman-Keuls test was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We were unable to detect significant differences between groups for peak inspiratory or expiratory tracheal or pharyngeal resistance, peak pressure, peak expiratory flow, tidal volume, respiratory rate, or minute ventilation. Horses that ran with a tongue-tie had significantly higher peak inspiratory flows, compared with horses that ran without a tongue-tie. In the post hoc comparison, this effect was significant at 4 m/s, HR50, and HR90.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of a tongue-tie did not alter upper respiratory mechanics in exercising horses and may be beneficial in exercising horses with certain types of obstructive dysfunction of the upper airways. However, application of a tongue-tie does not improve upper airway mechanics in clinically normal horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48624, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cornelisse
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holcombe
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Derksen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berney
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*