title: Bidirectional Glenn procedure improves the mechanical efficiency of a total cavopulmonary connection in high-risk fontan candidates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) is a widely performed surgical procedure for Fontan candidates. High-risk candidates who have undergone the bidirectional Glenn procedure (BDG) before TCPC have shown good results. The exact mechanism of this procedure, however, is still poorly understood. We hypothesized that a volume reduction with BDG improved ventricular contractility, thereby optimizing mechanical efficiency after TCPC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured percent normal systemic ventricular end-diastolic volume (%N-EDV), contractility (end-systolic elastance; E(es)), afterload (effective arterial elastance; E(a)), and mechanical efficiency (ventriculoarterial coupling; E(a)/E(es)) on the basis of the cardiac catheterization data before and after TCPC. Eighteen patients who underwent staged TCPC after BDG (staged group) were compared with 29 patients who underwent primary TCPC (primary group). E(es) and E(a) were approximated as follows: E(es)=mean arterial pressure/minimal ventricular volume, and E(a)=maximal ventricular pressure/(maximal ventricular volume-minimal ventricular volume), and E(a)/E(es) was then calculated. The ventricular volume was normalized with the body surface area. A canine experimental model with conductance catheter was used to validate the accuracy of this approximation of E(es) and E(a). %N-EDV decreased after TCPC in both groups. In the staged group, a smaller ventricular volume resulted in better contractility (E(es)). Although afterload (E(a)) increased in both groups, the increment of E(a) was smaller in the staged group. These changes resulted in an improvement of E(a)/E(es) in the staged group, whereas E(a)/E(es) increased in the primary group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The volume reduction of BDG preceding TCPC allows for any afterload mismatch to be corrected, thereby improving ventricular energetics after TCPC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Pediatric Cardiology, Kyushu Kosei-Nenkin Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan. tanoue@heart.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanoue
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sese
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Joh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hijii
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004285:Dogs; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016896:Treatment Outcome