title: Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis.
abstract: The association of pericytes (PCs) to newly formed blood vessels has been suggested to regulate endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, survival, migration, differentiation, and vascular branching. Here, we addressed these issues using PDGF-B-- and PDGF receptor-beta (PDGFR-beta)--deficient mice as in vivo models of brain angiogenesis in the absence of PCs. Quantitative morphological analysis showed that these mutants have normal microvessel density, length, and number of branch points. However, absence of PCs correlates with endothelial hyperplasia, increased capillary diameter, abnormal EC shape and ultrastructure, changed cellular distribution of certain junctional proteins, and morphological signs of increased transendothelial permeability. Brain endothelial hyperplasia was observed already at embryonic day (E) 11.5 and persisted throughout development. From E 13.5, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and other genes responsive to metabolic stress became upregulated, suggesting that the abnormal microvessel architecture has systemic metabolic consequences. VEGF-A upregulation correlated temporally with the occurrence of vascular abnormalities in the placenta and dilation of the heart. Thus, although PC deficiency appears to have direct effects on EC number before E 13.5, the subsequent increased VEGF-A levels may further abrogate microvessel architecture, promote vascular permeability, and contribute to formation of the edematous phenotype observed in late gestation PDGF-B and PDGFR-beta knock out embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalén
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolburg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Betsholtz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000196:embryology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D015820:Cadherins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002196:Capillaries / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D021941:Caveolae; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008954:Models, Biological; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D062793:Occludin; D020286:Pericytes / Q000473:pathology*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000648:ultrastructure; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099152:Cadherin 5
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D020346:Aquaporins; D015820:Cadherins; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D062793:Occludin; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099152:Cadherin 5; C496031:Aqp4 protein, mouse; C568986:Ocln protein, mouse