title: High-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results of an open study to assess feasibility, safety, and efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with severe, refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients (3 male, 11 female, mean age 43 years, mean disease duration 10 years) with active, destructive, refractory RA entered the study. Autologous hematopoietic stem cells were collected by leukapheresis after mobilization with a single infusion of cyclophosphamide (CYC; 4 gm/m2) and subcutaneous injections of filgrastim (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor). Immunomagnetic selection of CD34+ cells from the leukapheresis products was performed to deplete potentially autoreactive lymphocytes. The conditioning regimen consisted of intravenous administration of high doses of CYC (cumulative dose 200 mg/kg), with subsequent reinfusion of the graft. Patients were monitored for disease activity, disability, adverse effects, and hematopoietic and immunologic reconstitution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 14 patients completed the mobilization and leukapheresis procedures successfully, and 12 proceeded to receive conditioning and transplantation. Engraftment occurred in all of these patients, with rapid hematologic recovery. No major unexpected toxicity was observed. Marked improvement of disease activity was recorded in 8 of 12 patients at >50% of the visits, with a followup ranging from 7 months to 21 months. The clinical responders included 2 patients who had previously failed treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocking agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous HSCT is feasible and safe, and can result in long-term improvement of disease activity in patients whose condition previously did not respond to conventional antirheumatic drugs or TNF blocking agents. The persistence of active disease in some patients may reflect the heterogeneity of the underlying disease process.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Verburg
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kruize
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: van den Hoogen
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Fibbe
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Preijers
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sont
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Barge
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: van de Putte
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Breedveld
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Laar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D000069585:Filgrastim; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012449:Safety; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D000069585:Filgrastim