title: Wogonin, baicalin, and baicalein inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expressions induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: We previously reported that oroxylin A, a polyphenolic compound, was a potent inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In the present study, three oroxylin A structurally related polyphenols isolated from the Chinese herb Huang Qui, namely baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, were examined for their effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and iNOS and COX-2 gene expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that these three polyphenolic compounds inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a concentration-dependent manner without a notable cytotoxic effect on these cells. The decrease in NO production was in parallel with the inhibition by these polyphenolic compounds of LPS-induced iNOS gene expression. However, these three compounds did not directly affect iNOS enzyme activity. In addition, wogonin, but not baicalin or baicalein, inhibited LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and COX-2 gene expression without affecting COX-2 enzyme activity. Furthermore, N-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) pretreatment enhanced LPS-induced iNOS (but not COX-2) protein expression, which was inhibited by these three polyphenolic compounds. Wogonin, but not baicalin or baicalein, similarly inhibited PGE2 production and COX-2 protein expression in NLA/LPS or L-NAME/LPS-co-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicated that co-treatment with NOS inhibitors and polyphenolic compounds such as wogonin effectively blocks acute production of NO and, at the same time, inhibits expression of iNOS and COX-2 genes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy Science, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C038044:baicalin; C006680:baicalein; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone; C085514:wogonin; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester