title: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is expressed in pancreatic islets from prediabetic NOD mice and in interleukin-1 beta-exposed human and rat islet cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) attracts monocytes and T lymphocytes, and could thus contribute to mononuclear cell infiltration in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Cytokines induce MCP-1 mRNA expression in pancreatic rat beta cells. To investigate this issue, we analysed the signal transduction for IL-1 beta-induced MCP-1 expression in rat beta cells and in vitro MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein release by human islets as well as in vivo islet MCP-1 mRNA expression in prediabetic non-obese diabetic mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified rat beta cells were cultured for 6 h with IL-1 beta (30 U/ml) or MAPK inhibitors or both. Human islets were cultured for 6-72 h with the cytokines IL-1 beta, IFN-gamma or the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine or both. We measured MCP-1 mRNA by RT-PCR and protein by ELISA. The MCP-1 mRNA expression in islets from male and female non-obese diabetic mice (2-12 weeks of age) was measured by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interleukin-1 beta induced MCP-1 mRNA expression in rat beta cells, with a maximum induction after 6 h. A combination of p38 and ERK1/2 inhibitors decreased MCP-1 expression by 70%. IL-1 beta induced both MCP-1 mRNA expression and a threefold increase in medium MCP-1 protein accumulation in human islet cells. This effect was not prevented by iNOS blockers. In vivo there was an age-related increase in MCP-1 mRNA expression in islets from male and female non-obese diabetic mice, reaching a peak at 8 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rat and human islet cells MCP-1 mRNA is induced by IL-1 beta. Both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, but not nitric oxide, contribute to MCP-1 expression. In non-obese diabetic mice MCP-1 mRNA expression increases with age, peaking at the early phases of insulitis. The production of MCP-1 by pancreatic beta cells could contribute to the recruitment of mononuclear cells into pancreatic islets in early Type I diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Gene Expression Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proost
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gysemans
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Eizirik
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007375:Interleukin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine