title: Medical versus surgical treatment in children with severe bilateral vesicoureteric reflux and bilateral nephropathy: a randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephropathy associated with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and urinary tract infection can result in end-stage renal failure, hypertension, or both. Whether long-term VUR contributes to these outcomes is unknown. We compared, in a randomised trial, medical with surgical management of children with bilateral severe VUR and bilateral nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We stratified by age and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 25 boys and 27 girls aged 1-12 years and randomly assigned them to medical or surgical management. At enrolment and 4 years' follow-up we estimated GFR from the plasma clearance of 51Cr-labelled edetic acid (EDTA), and did intravenous urography. We also did a metastable 99mTc-labelled dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) assay and contrast cystography. The change in GFR at 4 years, expressed as a percentage change between enrolment and 4 years, was available for 26 of 27 patients in the medical and 24 of 25 in the surgical group. We assessed GFR in 48 patients 10 years after enrolment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean GFR at enrolment was 72.4 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (SD 24.1) in the medical and 71.7 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (22.6) in the surgical group. The mean percentage change in GFR at 4 years was 2.4% (SE 4.5) versus 4.7% (5.0) in the medical and surgical groups, respectively. The difference in change in GFR at 4 years between the two groups was not significant (7.1%, 95% CI 6.4% to 20.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data do not lend support to the view that the outcome for renal function is improved by surgical correction of VUR in children with bilateral disease.
authors.affiliation: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust and Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smellie
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Barratt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chantler
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Prescod
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ransley
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Woolf
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D014567:Urography; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents