title: Development of a multi-modal virtual human knee joint for education and training in orthopaedics.
abstract: Due to limited simultaneous access to a greater pool of patients an effective training of medical students or young orthopedic physicians is difficult. A knee joint simulator that comprises the properties of a healthy or pathological knee can support medical education and training. In this paper a mechatronic system is presented that provides visual, acoustic, and haptic (force) feedback so that it allows a user to touch and move a virtual shank, bones or muscles within the leg, and simultaneously observe the generated movement, feel the contact force, and hear sounds. These and further features enable the user to study and assess the properties of the knee, e.g. by testing the joint laxity and end-point stiffness in six degrees-of-motion (DOF) and by grasping and pulling at muscles, rupturing ligaments or changing muscle/ligament paths. Such a tool can support training of physical knee evaluation required for diagnosis and therapeutic planning, since any kind of pathology of any subject type can be tested at any time. Furthermore, it can provide a better understanding of functional anatomy, e.g. for the education of medical students.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Automatic Control Engineering, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80290 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riener
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoogen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burgkart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buss
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface