title: Type and timing of mothers' victimization: effects on mothers and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is mounting concern about how mothers' own victimization experiences affect their children. This study examines the effects of mothers' victimization on their own mental health and parenting and on their children's behavior, development, and health. The effects of both timing and type of victimization are assessed. A related objective was to determine if there was a cumulative risk effect produced by victimization during both childhood and adulthood, or both physical and sexual.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban families in an eastern state and urban and rural families in a southern state.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 419 mothers and their children 6 to 7 years old were identified from 2 sites. The eastern sample was recruited in the first 2 years of life from 3 pediatric clinics: 1 for children at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus disease, 1 for children with failure to thrive, and a third providing pediatric primary care. The southern sample was derived from a cohort of children at risk for adverse health or developmental outcomes, plus a systematic sampling of controls, recruited from area hospitals. At age 4, a random sample of children from the original cohort who had been maltreated along with a matched comparison group of nonmaltreated children were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, mothers victimized during both childhood and adulthood had poorer outcomes than mothers victimized during either childhood/adolescence or adulthood who in turn had worse outcomes than mothers with no history of victimization. This manifested as more maternal depressive symptoms, harsher parenting, and more externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in their children. There were no significant differences in maternal functioning or child outcomes between those abused in childhood and those abused in adulthood. These findings were similar for type of victimization. Mothers' depression and harsh parenting were directly associated with their children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal victimization appears to be a highly prevalent problem in high-risk samples and is associated with harmful implications for mental health and parenting, as well as for the offspring. Pediatricians need to consider past and current victimization of mothers. Routine screening for these problems, followed by appropriate evaluation and intervention may reduce maternal depression, improve parenting, and reduce the incidence of behavior problems in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. hdubowitz@peds.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dubowitz
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Morrel
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Everson
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Starr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*