title: Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is making a major impact in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease who continue to be disabled despite the best available medical therapy. Stimulation of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) or the subthalamic nucleus (STN) can improve tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and gait disturbances in Parkinson's disease and improve the day-to-day activities of patients with these disabling symptoms. While the mechanism of action of DBS remains poorly understood, the success of technique in the treatment of movement disorders is bringing into question traditional concepts of the organization and of the basal ganglia and spearheading a re-examination of the nature and function of brain areas involved in the control of movement. Future developments in this rapidly advancing area will include the elucidation of the mechanism of action of DBS and technical advances in surgical techniques, in electrode design and in choosing better stimulation parameters. These advances will improve the scope and effectiveness of DBS and expand its clinical indications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, The Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Suite 2-433 McL, ON M5T 258, Toronto, Canada
authors.forename: A M.
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano