title: Etiology and treatment of achalasia in the pediatric age group.
abstract: Achalasia in children bears many similarities to the disorder in adults, both in terms of clinical features and in terms of the approach to therapy. Pharmacologic management is of limited temporary benefit until more definitive therapy is undertaken. Intrasphincteric injections of botulinum toxin provides safe but short-term relief from symptoms. Based on our review of the safety and effectiveness of pneumatic dilation, we advocate this procedure as the primary form of definitive therapy for achalasia in children. In patients who do not achieve satisfactory results from a series of graduated pneumatic dilations, Heller myotomy provides safe and effective surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA. vpineiro@usuhs.mie
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Piñeiro-Carrero
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004106:Dilatation; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000601:surgery; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018579:Patient Selection; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A