title: Value of transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of a prospective study in unselected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Echocardiography is advocated by some as a useful diagnostic test for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), but its diagnostic accuracy is unknown. The present study was undertaken to determine prospectively the sensitivity and specificity of transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 110 consecutive patients with suspected PE. The study protocol included assessment of clinical probability, echocardiography, and perfusion lung scanning. Pulmonary angiography was performed in all patients with abnormal scans. As echocardiographic criteria to diagnose acute PE, we used the presence of any two of the following: right ventricular (RV) hypokinesis, RV end-diastolic diameter >27 mm (without RV wall hypertrophy), or tricuspid regurgitation velocity >2.7 m/sec. Clinical estimates of PE served as pretest probabilities in calculating, after echocardiography, the posttest probabilities of PE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulmonary angiography confirmed PE in 43 (39%) of 110 patients. Echocardiographic diagnostic criteria for PE yielded a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 90%. For pretest probabilities of 10%, 50%, and 90%, the posttest probabilities of PE conditioned by a positive echocardiogram were 38%, 85%, and 98%, respectively. The posttest probabilities of PE conditioned by a negative echocardiogram were 5%, 33%, and 81%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In unselected patients with suspected PE, transthoracic echocardiography fails to identify some 50% of patients with angiographically proven PE. Although echocardiographic findings of RV strain, paired with a high clinical likelihood, support a diagnosis of PE, the transthoracic echocardiography has to have a better sensitivity to be used as a screening test to rule out PE.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miniati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pratali
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Ricco
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Formichi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prediletto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michelassi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tonelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pistolesi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity