title: Catheter cryoablation of the atrioventricular node in patients with atrial fibrillation: a novel technology for ablation of cardiac arrhythmias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent animal studies demonstrated the feasibility and safety of applying percutaneous catheter cryoablation technology for ablation of arrhythmogenic sites. The studies also showed that reversible "ice mapping" can be performed before creating permanent lesions. We investigated the feasibility and safety of applying this new technology in man.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cryoablation of the AV node (AVN) using a 9-French quadripolar catheter with a 4-mm electrode tip was attempted in 12 patients (mean age 67.8 +/- 11.4 years) with refractory atrial fibrillation. Whereas technical issues prevented adequate tissue contact in two patients, complete AVN block was obtained in the remaining 10 patients after 4.8 +/- 1.9 cryoapplications lasting 5.5 +/- 0.2 minutes resulting in temperatures of -58.1 degrees +/- 5.4 degrees C. In all patients with sinus rhythm at the time of the procedure, cryomapping at warmer temperatures induced reversible AVN block and allowed confirmation of a successful site before definitive ablation. Intracardiac echocardiography was performed in three patients and allowed visualization of the cryocatheter-endocardial contact and cryolesion formation. No major procedural complications were reported. After 6 months of follow-up, 8 of 10 initially successful patients remained in complete block; 1 had partial recovery of AVN conduction manifested by atrial fibrillation with a slow ventricular response, and 1 fully recovered AVN conduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Catheter cryoablation of the AVN can be performed safely in man. (2) Reversible cryomapping is feasible and may offer an advantage over radiofrequency ablation. (3) Cryocatheter-endocardial contact and cryolesion growth can be monitored with intracardiac echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada. dubuc@icm.umontreal.ca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dubuc
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khairy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Santiago
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talajic
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tardif
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thibault
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003452:Cryosurgery; D004452:Echocardiography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome