title: Automated PET attenuation correction model for functional brain imaging.
abstract: The failure to compensate for subject motion between attenuation correction scans and emission scans precludes the optimization of functional brain imaging techniques. We have developed an automated method for attenuation correction that compensates for subject motion by deriving each set of correction factors from the corresponding emission study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The technique consists of generation of an estimated skull image by filtered backprojection of the reciprocal of an emission sinogram; estimation of the thickness and radius of the skull on profiles extracted from the image; scaling the radius and thickness values to generate a model of the brain, skull, and scalp; and assignment of attenuation coefficients to the head model for generation of attenuation correction factors. Values for scale factors and tissue attenuation coefficients were determined empirically by fitting the emission-derived head model to measured transmission data in five subjects using nonlinear regression (group A). The average model parameters, across five datasets (group A), were then used to generate attenuation maps for five independent emission studies (group B). Mean-squared-error values were calculated between the measured transmission data and the two model groups. For comparison, mean squared error values were calculated between the measured transmission data and homogeneous ellipses that were manually fitted to emission images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference between the mean squared error for groups A and B was not significant (P>0.8), indicating that model parameters from a small group can be used for other subjects without further fitting. The mean squared error for the automated method was significantly lower than that of the ellipse method (P<0.001). The method reduced emission image variance, resulting in a higher peak Z value in activation images. The elimination of measured transmission scans resulted in a reduction in scan time ( approximately 15 min) and radiation exposure ( approximately 0.5-1.6 mrem).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed an automated attenuation correction method that compensates for subject motion between scans, accurately reproduces the characteristics of the head, and eliminates the use of measured transmission data to reduce scan duration, statistical noise propagation, and radiation dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Imaging Science Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5111, USA.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Weinzapfel
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hutchins
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed