title: Comparison of three techniques for evaluating skin erythemal response for determination of sun protection factors of sunscreens: high resolution laser Doppler imaging, colorimetry and visual scoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sun protection factor (SPF) measurement is based on the determination of the minimal erythema dose (MED). The ratio of doses required to induce a minimal erythema between product-treated and untreated skin is defined as SPF. The aim of this study was to validate the conventionally used visual scoring with two non-invasive methods: high resolution laser Doppler imaging (HR-LDI) and colorimetry. Another goal was to check whether suberythemal reactions could be detected by means of HR-LDI measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four sunscreens were selected. The measurements were made on the back of 10 subjects. A solar simulator SU 5000 (m.u.t., Wedel, Germany) served as radiation source. For the visual assessment, the erythema was defined according to COLIPA as the first perceptible, clearly defined unambiguous redness of the skin. For the colorimetric determination of the erythema, a Chromameter CR 300 (Minolta, Osaka, Japan) was used. The threshold for the colorimetry was chosen according to the COLIPA recommendation as an increase of the redness parameter delta a* = 2.5. For the non-contact perfusion measurements of skin blood flow, a two-dimensional high resolution laser Doppler imager (HR-LDI) (Lisca, Linköping, Sweden) was used. For the HR-LDI measurements, an optimal threshold perfusion needed to be established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the HR-LDI measurements basal perfusion +1 standard deviation of all basal measurements was found to be a reliable threshold perfusion corresponding to the minimal erythema. Smaller thresholds, which would be necessary for detection of suberythemal responses, did not provide unambiguous data. All three methods, visual scoring, colorimetry and HR-LDI, produced similar SPFs for the test products with a variability of < 5% between methods. The HR-LDI method showed the lowest variation of the mean SPF. Neither of the instrumental methods, however, resulted in an increase of the sensitivity of SPF determination as compared with visual scoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both HR-LDI and colorimetry are suitable, reliable and observer-independent methods for MED determination. However, they do not provide greater sensitivity and thus do not result in lower UV dose requirements for testing.
authors.affiliation: proDERM Institute for Applied Dermatological Research GmbH, Schenfeld/Hamburg, Germany. kpw@proDERM.de
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaspar
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Funkel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003124:Colorimetry; D004890:Erythema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents