title: Visual activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging at very high field (4 Tesla).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at very high field strengths provides functional brain mapping with the enhanced signal to noise ratio and the larger blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) effect. We report activated areas in the standard space detected by fMRI at 4 Tesla (T) during simple visual stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy young subjects were scanned using a 4 T scanner during binocular flashing visual stimulation. Functional images were realigned to the first scan and then spatially normalized. Individual and group data analyses were performed to identify areas of visual activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activation of the bilateral primary visual cortex (V1/V2) was observed along the entire calcarine fissure in all subjects. The activated area extended to the extrastriate cortex in all subjects. Activation of the bilateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was detected in all subjects. The group data showed activation of the bilateral primary visual cortex and the bilateral lateral geniculate nucleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robust activation of the vision-related areas was successfully obtained in all subjects using a 4 T magnetic resonance scanner. These results suggest that fMRI at very high field strengths may be effective in showing visual system physiology, and that it can be a promising method to assess visual function of human subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. amiki@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Englander
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bonhomme
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Modestino
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Haselgrove
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*