title: Enhanced in situ bioremediation of BTEX-contaminated groundwater by combined injection of nitrate and sulfate.
abstract: Enhancement of in situ anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX compounds was demonstrated at a petroleum-contaminated aquifer in Seal Beach, CA. Specifically, combined injection of nitrate and sulfate into the contaminated aquifer was used to accelerate BTEX removal as compared to remediation by natural attenuation. An array of multi-level sampling wells was used to monitor the evolution of the in situ spatial distributions of the electron acceptors and the BTEX compounds. Nitrate was utilized preferentially over sulfate and was completely consumed within a horizontal distance of 4-6 m from the injection well; sulfate reduction occurred in the region outside the denitrifying zone. By combining injection of both nitrate and sulfate, the total electron acceptor capacity was enhanced without violating practical considerations that limit the amount of nitrate or sulfate that can be added individually. Degradation of total xylene appears linked to sulfate utilization, indicating another advantage of combined injection versus injection of nitrate alone. Benzene degradation also appears to have been stimulated by the nitrate and sulfate injection close to the injection well but only toward the end of the 15-month demonstration. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that benzene can be biodegraded anaerobically after other preferentially degraded hydrocarbons have been removed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahme
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lebron
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reinhard
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002140:California; D005618:Fresh Water; D009566:Nitrates; D013431:Sulfates; D014050:Toluene / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D009566:Nitrates; D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014992:Xylenes; D014050:Toluene; D001554:Benzene; C004912:ethylbenzene