title: Clomiphene citrate versus varicocelectomy in treatment of subclinical varicocele: a prospective randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of varicocelectomy with that of clomiphene citrate on seminal improvement and pregnancy rates in patients with subclinical varicocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 42 infertile men with left subclinical varicocele were randomized to group I (21 patients, surgery) and group II (21 patients, medical therapy). The patients in group I were treated with varicocelectomy and those in group II with clomiphene citrate, 50 mg/day, orally. Sperm parameters (sperm density, motility and morphology) were recorded before and 6 months after beginning the treatment and pregnancy rates were estimated. In statistical analysis, paired and independent-samples t-tests, Kaplan-Meier and Log rank tests and Fisher's exact test were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SD age of the series was 32.7 +/- 6.1 years, that of group I was 32.2 +/- 5.5 years and that of group II was 33.1 +/- 6.7 years (P = 0.680). All seminal parameters increased after both surgical and medical treatment, but only increases in sperm density and motility following varicocelectomy were statistically significant. Changes in seminal parameters between groups I and II were statistically insignificant. Pregnancy was seen in two cases in group I and in one in group II (P = 0.500). The cumulative pregnancy rates were 12.5% in group I and 6.7% in group II (P = 0.589).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clomiphene citrate did not increase sperm density and motility as effectively as subclinical varicocelectomy, but there was no statistically significant difference between surgical and medical therapy methods in terms of seminal improvement and pregnancy rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey. unaldo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yeni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verit
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Karatas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D002996:Clomiphene