title: Pictorial outcome measures for the hospital care of older patients--a suggested toolkit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to propose three pictorial methods of presenting hospital outcome data, suitable for use in older patients entering medical specialties (including rehabilitation).
  
  
  METHODS
  224 patients (mean age 80.6 years, 56% female, 75% emergencies) admitted to a department of medicine for the elderly. PRESENTATIONAL TECHNIQUES: the methods we propose for the presentation of outcome data are (i) place of discharge, using a two-dimensional diagram; (ii) 'survival' analyses, but using discharge from hospital rather than death as the endpoint; and (iii) 'phase diagrams', a novel method of charting the progress of a cohort of patients. To illustrate these methods, the relationship between admission case-mix (with patients put into tertiles on the basis of their Barthel index score) and outcome is shown graphically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  each of the three techniques has different relative strengths, but their pictorial nature allows for rapid interpretation of data, showing, for example, the marked influence of case-mix. Separate analyses of subgroups of patients (such as those who die in hospital and those who survive) are also readily attainable by the three methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the three methods of presenting outcome should be of benefit in comparing the performance of different units, particularly when case-mix is taken into account. The pictorial methods are complementary both to more conventional patient-based methods (mean duration of stay, median duration of stay, percentile duration of stay, regression analyses etc) and to modelling techniques using 'census' data from large numbers of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Woodend Hospital, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Primrose
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gibbons
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003626:Data Display; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012606:Scotland; D016019:Survival Analysis