title: Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (a) concentrations: analysis of studies published from 1974-2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish reference estimates of the effects of different hormone replacement therapy (HRT) regimens on lipid and lipoprotein levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review and pooled analysis of prospective studies published up until the year 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trials centers, hospitals, menopause clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estrogen alone, estrogen plus progestogen, tibolone, or raloxifene in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein (a).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-hundred forty-eight studies provided information on the effects of 42 different HRT regimens. All estrogen alone regimens raised HDL cholesterol and lowered LDL and total cholesterol. Oral estrogens raised triglycerides. Transdermal estradiol 17-beta lowered triglycerides. Progestogens had little effect on estrogen-induced reductions in LDL and total cholesterol. Estrogen-induced increases in HDL and triglycerides were opposed according to type of progestogen, in the order from least to greatest effect: dydrogesterone and medrogestone, progesterone, cyproterone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, transdermal norethindrone acetate, norgestrel, and oral norethindrone acetate. Tibolone decreased HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Raloxifene reduced LDL cholesterol levels. In 41 studies of 20 different formulations, HRT generally lowered lipoprotein (a).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Route of estrogen administration and type of progestogen determined differential effects of HRT on lipid and lipoprotein levels. Future work will focus on the interpretation of the clinical significance of these changes.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom. i.godsland@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Godsland
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D053241:Apoprotein(a); D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D001053:Apolipoproteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004967:Estrogens; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D009652:Norpregnenes; D011372:Progestins; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D014280:Triglycerides; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol; D002784:Cholesterol; D053241:Apoprotein(a); C027385:tibolone