title: Age-related changes in monochromatic wave aberrations of the human eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relations between age and the optical aberrations of the whole eye. The eye's optical quality, as measured by the modulation transfer function (MTF), degrades with age, but the MTF does not provide a means to assess the contributions of individual aberrations, such as coma, spherical aberration, and other higher order aberrations to changes in optical quality. The method used in this study provides measures of individual aberrations and overall optical quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wave aberrations in 38 subjects were measured psychophysically using a spatially resolved refractometer. Data were fit with Zernike polynomials up to the seventh order to provide estimates of 35 individual aberration terms. MTFs and root mean square (RMS) wavefront errors were calculated. Subjects ranged in age from 22.9 to 64.5 years, with spherical equivalent corrections ranging from +0.5 to -6.0 D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall RMS wavefront error (excluding tilts, astigmatism, and defocus) was significantly positively correlated with age (r = 0.33, P = 0.042). RMS error for the highest order aberrations measured (fifth through seventh order) showed a strong positive correlation with age (r = 0.57, P = 0.0002). Image quality, as quantified by the MTF, also degraded with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wave aberrations of the eye increase with age. This increase is consistent with the loss of contrast sensitivity with age observed by other investigators.
authors.affiliation: Schepens Eye Research Institute, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. mclellan@vision.eri.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D011601:Psychophysics; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology