title: Evaluation of some properties of individual bioequivalence (IBE) from replicate-design studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the claimed benefits of the individual bioequivalence (IBE) approach has been that the aggregate regulatory model rewards a test formulation when it has a within-subject variation smaller than the reference product. Hauck et al. [1996] demonstrated that, in the absence of random variations, this property of IBE was due to the tradeoff between the difference of the means and the deviation between the intrasubject variances of the two formulations. The tradeoff was a consequence of the aggregate regulatory model. However, calculations of Endrenyi and Hao [1998] showed that, in the presence of random variations, not only rewards but also penalties can arise due to chance alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A data set of 55 investigations made public by the FDA in 1999 and containing replicate crossover designs was analyzed. Two parameters, AUC and Cmax, were determined in each investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyses of the FDA data indicate that: rewards and penalties occur at similar frequencies, large rewards and penalties are recorded quite often, and the aggregate IBE model is rather insensitive to the difference between the estimated means and is compatible with the frequent occurrence of large deviations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rewards and penalties, apparently arising from random variations, can affect regulatory decisions on the acceptance of IBE and can lead to incorrect conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University of Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tothfalusi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Endrenyi
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration