title: Pharmacokinetic modeling of paclitaxel encapsulation in Cremophor EL micelles.
abstract: Nonlinear disposition of paclitaxel (Taxol) in cancer patients has been described in several studies, but the underlying mechanism is still a matter of speculation. Previously, we have shown in vitro that the paclitaxel formulation vehicle, Cremophor EL (CrEL), alters the blood distribution of paclitaxel as a result of entrapment of the compound in circulating CrEL micelles, thereby reducing the free drug fraction available for cellular partitioning. Based on these findings, we prospectively re-evaluated the linearity of paclitaxel disposition in patients using whole blood and plasma analysis, and sought to define a new pharmacokinetic model to describe the data. Seven patients with solid tumors were treated with paclitaxel infused over 3 h, each at consecutive 3-weekly dose levels of 225, 175 and 135 mg/m2 (CrEL dose level, 18.8, 14.6, and 11.3 ml/m2, respectively). Patient samples were collected up to 24 h after the start of infusion, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Paclitaxel peak levels and areas under the curve in whole blood increased linearly with dose, whereas plasma levels showed substantial deviation from linearity. This was shown to be caused by a CrEL concentration-dependent decrease in paclitaxel uptake in blood cells, as reflected by the blood:plasma concentration ratios which altered significantly from 0.83 +/- 0.11 (at 135 mg/m2) to 0.68 +/- 0.07 (at 225 mg/m2). It is concluded that the nonlinear disposition of paclitaxel is related to paclitaxel dose-related levels of the formulation vehicle CrEL, leading to a disproportionate drug accumulation in the plasma fraction. The pharmacokinetic model developed accurately described the data, and will help guide future development and refinement of clinical protocols, especially in defining the exposure measure best linked to paclitaxel effects and toxicities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek) and University Hospital Rotterdam, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. zuylen@onch.azr.nl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Zuylen
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nooter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stoter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sparreboom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005079:Excipients; D005260:Female; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008823:Micelles; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D001798:Blood Proteins; D005079:Excipients; D008823:Micelles; C000515:cremophor EL; D017239:Paclitaxel; D005990:Glycerol